text
stringlengths 12
234k
| embeddings
sequencelengths 1.02k
1.02k
|
|---|---|
T. G. Kavanagh, J.
This suit for mandamus was instituted under the following circumstances.
In 1966 the Congress of the United States enacted the Uniform Time Act, 15 USCA §§ 260-267 which required “Daylight Savings Time” to be kept in all time zones from the last Sunday in April until the last Sunday in October. Pursuant to a provision of the Uniform Time Act, the Michigan legislature exempted this state from the act thus keeping Michigan on Standard Time. MCLA § 435-.211, et seq. (Stat Ann 1970 Cum Supp § 18.872 [1], et seq.).
The effect of MCLA § 435.211, et seq., supra was suspended by the filing of referendum petitions (See Michigan Farm Bureau v. Secretary of State [1967], 379 Mich 387) and Michigan went on Daylight Savings during most of the summer of 1967 and all of the summer of 1968. The referendum at the general election on November 5, 1968 resulted in the approval of MCLA § 435.211, et seq., supra, however and Michigan was thus exempted from the Uniform Time Act.
On February 12, 1970 the plaintiffs inquired of the defendant whether initiative petitions would be accepted and filed with the 1970 session of the legislature and submitted to the electorate at the November 1970 general election if the legislature did not enact the law proposed.
The defendant replied on February 16, 1970 that MCLA § 168.472 (Stat Ann 1956 Rev § 6.1472) required the filing of the petitions not less than ten days before the start of the legislative session and since the 1970 legislative session had already commenced the petitions conld not be submitted to the 1970 session of the legislature or to the electorate at the November, 1970 general election.
On February 20, 1970 the plaintiffs filed a complaint for mandamus seeking to compel the defendant to accept petitions. It does not appear from the record that plaintiffs had or tendered any petitions to the defendant at or prior to this time. Plaintiffs’ brief argues that to tender any petitions would have been fruitless in light of the defendant’s stated intention to reject them.
Under this circumstance it might be argued that a suit for a declaratory judgment would have been a more appropriate form of action than a suit for mandamus. However, “Mandamus proceedings * * # are governed by equitable principles * # * Since the grant or denial of a petition for mandamus is, as in equity * * # determinable according to germane conditions existing at the time of hearing and determination rather than at the time of institution of the proceeding * * * ” (Franchise Realty Interstate Corporation v. Detroit [1962], 368 Mich 276, 279, 280) the Court of Appeals properly issued a show cause order pursuant to such complaint.
On June 15, 1970 argument was had thereon and the Court of Appeals granted plaintiffs’ oral motion to amend their complaint to add the allegation that they had a sufficient number of signatures on petitions for prima facie compliance with the requirements Const 1963, art 2, § 9. The Court then took “judicial notice” of the fact that plaintiffs filed petitions allegedly bearing 206,000 signatures with the defendant on June 17,1970.
Under date of June 25,1970 the Court of Appeals ordered the defendant to “forthwith accept the initiatory petitions presented by the plaintiffs for canvass and immediate submission to the present session of the Legislature”.
On November 21, 1970 (after the general election of November 3, 1970) the State Board of Canvassers found the petitions to be in compliance with law other than the challenged provision (PA 1954, No 116, § 472) and the defendant petitioned us for instructions.
Our order of January 12, 1971 pointed out that our order of August 17, 1970 maintaining “the mandatory order of the Court of Appeals be continued pending determination of the issues by this Court” meant notifying the Secretary of the Senate and the Clerk of the House of Representatives of the finding of sufficiency of the petitions.
Such notice was given January 13, 1971 to the “present session of the legislature” which started on that date.
We hold the Court of Appeals was not in error.
The fundamental issue here involved is: “Is the provision of (MCLA § 168.472 [Stat Ann 1956 Rev § 6.1472]) requiring initiative petitions to be filed not less than 10 days before the start of a legislative session a constitutionally permissible implementation of Const 1963, art 2, § 9?”
The history of the initiative and referendum provision of the Constitution of 1908 and the statutory enactments pursuant thereto are' carefully detailed in the opinions of Judges Lesinski and Levin in the Court of Appeals decision in this case, supra. Likewise are the debates and committee reports of the Constitutional Convention which drafted the Constitution of 1963.
It would serve no good purpose to repeat them here.
For neither the historical analysis or present examination affords any basis for according validity to the statute. The historical analysis leads inevitably to the conclusion that the statute reiterated the provisions of Const 1908, art 5, § 1 and hence drew its viability from it. There is no specific authority for such statute in Const 1963. On the contrary it was eliminated.
We do not regard this statute as an implementation of the provision of Const 1963, art 2, § 9. We read the stricture of that section, “the legislature shall implement the. provisions of this section,” as a directive to the legislature to formulate the process by which initiative petitioned legislation shall reach the legislature or the electorate. This constitutional procedure is self-executing.
As pointed out by Judge Lesinski in the opinion below (1970), 24 Mich App 711, 725:
“It is settled law that the legislature may not act to impose additional obligations on a self-executing constitutional provision. Soutar v. St. Clair County Election Commission (1952), 334 Mich 258; Hamilton v. Secretary of State (1924), 227 Mich 111, 125:
“ ‘ “The only limitation, unless otherwise expressly indicated, on legislation supplementary to self-executing constitutional provisions is that the right guaranteed shall not be curtailed or any undue burdens placed thereon.” ’ ”
Whether we view the ten-day-filing requirement in an historical context or as a question of constitutional conflict, the conclusion is the same — the requirement restricts the utilization of the initiative petition and lacks any current reason for so doing.
We hold that the petitioners were entitled to file their initiative petitions without regard to the ten- day-before-session requirement, and since the Board of State Canvassers has notified the Secretary of the Senate and the Clerk of the House of Representatives of the sufficiency of such petitions, petitioners are entitled to have the matter submitted to the legislature now in session.
Affirmed.
No costs, a public question being involved.
T. M. Kavanagh, C. J., Adams and T. E. Brennan, JJ., concurred with T. G. Kavanagh, J.
Black, J., concurred in the result.
Swainson and Williams, JJ., did not sit in this case. | [
-0.0033416748046875,
0.0159912109375,
0.002105712890625,
0.01171875,
-0.046875,
-0.004119873046875,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.034912109375,
0.09326171875,
0.0035400390625,
0.00927734375,
0.0341796875,
-0.0126953125,
-0.025146484375,
-0.020751953125,
-0.012451171875,
0.01129150390625,
0.017822265625,
0.0537109375,
0.01409912109375,
0.0189208984375,
-0.04443359375,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.017333984375,
0.023193359375,
0.005035400390625,
-0.0086669921875,
0.05810546875,
0.032958984375,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.0216064453125,
0.0284423828125,
-0.036865234375,
-0.01513671875,
-0.0654296875,
0.05517578125,
-0.03466796875,
0.050048828125,
-0.006622314453125,
0.0028076171875,
-0.0286865234375,
0.0029754638671875,
-0.044677734375,
-0.05712890625,
-0.068359375,
-0.044189453125,
0.004119873046875,
0.03466796875,
-0.0177001953125,
0.0000743865966796875,
0.0157470703125,
-0.028076171875,
-0.0035858154296875,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.0693359375,
-0.0247802734375,
0.030029296875,
0.0244140625,
0.0146484375,
0.0198974609375,
-0.059814453125,
0.03125,
0.0299072265625,
0.00628662109375,
-0.004486083984375,
-0.005828857421875,
-0.03125,
0.0036468505859375,
0.00433349609375,
0.0169677734375,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.0019378662109375,
0.0189208984375,
-0.0107421875,
-0.04638671875,
-0.0037078857421875,
0.01422119140625,
-0.0103759765625,
0.0198974609375,
0.03125,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.03955078125,
0.0157470703125,
-0.006622314453125,
0.046875,
0.0260009765625,
0.014892578125,
-0.033935546875,
0.031005859375,
-0.0830078125,
-0.0225830078125,
0.056396484375,
0.029541015625,
-0.02734375,
0.0125732421875,
0.024658203125,
-0.02197265625,
-0.01226806640625,
0.0211181640625,
-0.026611328125,
0.0556640625,
-0.006622314453125,
0.01708984375,
-0.0031585693359375,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.02099609375,
0.048828125,
0.0035552978515625,
-0.0030975341796875,
0.00127410888671875,
-0.0247802734375,
0.00099945068359375,
-0.025634765625,
0.00872802734375,
-0.04345703125,
-0.035400390625,
0.058837890625,
0.0029144287109375,
0.0380859375,
0.035888671875,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.008056640625,
-0.0281982421875,
0.0556640625,
0.00970458984375,
0.0166015625,
0.030517578125,
0.0257568359375,
0.023193359375,
0.006561279296875,
0.01953125,
0.03857421875,
0.0267333984375,
-0.001373291015625,
0.041015625,
-0.0216064453125,
0.00885009765625,
-0.0281982421875,
0.0263671875,
0.046875,
0.033447265625,
0.01434326171875,
0.015380859375,
0.00958251953125,
0.0130615234375,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.029052734375,
-0.006103515625,
-0.002777099609375,
0.0162353515625,
0.03662109375,
-0.01068115234375,
0.03564453125,
-0.028564453125,
0.01434326171875,
0.0322265625,
-0.0263671875,
0.050537109375,
0.001434326171875,
0.0020294189453125,
0.00958251953125,
0.005615234375,
-0.04052734375,
-0.005950927734375,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.04345703125,
0.001434326171875,
-0.039794921875,
-0.052490234375,
-0.029052734375,
0.0546875,
-0.0037994384765625,
0.04931640625,
0.00323486328125,
-0.0057373046875,
0.01202392578125,
-0.027099609375,
0.0128173828125,
0.058349609375,
0.005279541015625,
-0.014892578125,
0.02197265625,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.0703125,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.035400390625,
0.023193359375,
-0.021484375,
0.002655029296875,
0.01904296875,
0.041748046875,
0.0203857421875,
-0.009521484375,
-0.011474609375,
0.0189208984375,
0.009033203125,
-0.03369140625,
-0.00482177734375,
0.031494140625,
0.040771484375,
-0.03857421875,
-0.05517578125,
0.06640625,
0.0146484375,
-0.025634765625,
0.04541015625,
-0.00830078125,
-0.020263671875,
-0.002227783203125,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.0181884765625,
0.0047607421875,
-0.005523681640625,
0.033935546875,
-0.06201171875,
0.0166015625,
-0.0279541015625,
0.0205078125,
0.01422119140625,
0.03515625,
0.031494140625,
0.0135498046875,
0.035888671875,
0.0177001953125,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.00079345703125,
0.000885009765625,
0.0004520416259765625,
0.04736328125,
0.046630859375,
0.03857421875,
-0.02392578125,
0.0286865234375,
0.03564453125,
0.039306640625,
0.0196533203125,
-0.020263671875,
0.013427734375,
0.0654296875,
0.0120849609375,
0.02099609375,
0.05126953125,
0.01348876953125,
-0.05126953125,
0.028076171875,
0.010498046875,
0.022705078125,
0.0279541015625,
0.0184326171875,
0.004730224609375,
0.005828857421875,
0.0013580322265625,
0.04638671875,
0.0177001953125,
-0.03125,
-0.038818359375,
0.037109375,
0.02099609375,
-0.0625,
-0.044921875,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.01226806640625,
0.0281982421875,
0.034912109375,
0.017333984375,
-0.0263671875,
-0.038818359375,
-0.019775390625,
0.00286865234375,
-0.004150390625,
-0.02685546875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.057373046875,
0.0576171875,
-0.05517578125,
-0.0086669921875,
0.0201416015625,
-0.0286865234375,
0.042236328125,
-0.04931640625,
0.0517578125,
-0.0155029296875,
0.0218505859375,
0.0037689208984375,
0.0439453125,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.0400390625,
-0.052001953125,
0.042236328125,
0.032470703125,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.0002918243408203125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.00135040283203125,
0.00933837890625,
0.020751953125,
-0.0020904541015625,
-0.046875,
0.0004291534423828125,
-0.044189453125,
-0.0322265625,
0.00653076171875,
-0.007110595703125,
-0.0062255859375,
0.0390625,
-0.000568389892578125,
0.017822265625,
-0.03759765625,
0.03955078125,
0.0301513671875,
0.041015625,
0.01019287109375,
-0.05859375,
-0.02880859375,
-0.0220947265625,
0.0024261474609375,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.0174560546875,
0.00982666015625,
0.0654296875,
-0.0517578125,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.0654296875,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.013916015625,
-0.0115966796875,
0.0194091796875,
0.0113525390625,
-0.03271484375,
0.020751953125,
-0.026611328125,
0.014404296875,
0.01007080078125,
0.05322265625,
-0.020263671875,
0.003326416015625,
0.03466796875,
-0.0238037109375,
0.05029296875,
0.0012969970703125,
-0.044921875,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.008544921875,
0.00341796875,
0.00008630752563476562,
0.0234375,
0.008056640625,
0.01904296875,
-0.0042724609375,
-0.041015625,
-0.060302734375,
0.0108642578125,
-0.0022430419921875,
-0.0017547607421875,
-0.0576171875,
0.01361083984375,
-0.01043701171875,
0.007354736328125,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.018798828125,
0.03857421875,
-0.0269775390625,
0.010498046875,
0.03076171875,
-0.026611328125,
0.0140380859375,
-0.06103515625,
-0.04833984375,
0.0299072265625,
0.050048828125,
0.00933837890625,
0.005035400390625,
0.01324462890625,
-0.0517578125,
-0.016357421875,
0.002105712890625,
0.05126953125,
-0.0029296875,
-0.035888671875,
0.0238037109375,
-0.0220947265625,
0.00156402587890625,
-0.002410888671875,
-0.05126953125,
-0.000789642333984375,
-0.014404296875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.035888671875,
0.01416015625,
0.014892578125,
0.0242919921875,
0.07275390625,
0.043212890625,
-0.00140380859375,
-0.0023040771484375,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.029052734375,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.030029296875,
0.053955078125,
-0.011474609375,
0.01434326171875,
-0.02294921875,
-0.00799560546875,
0.024169921875,
0.033935546875,
0.0115966796875,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.0230712890625,
0.0125732421875,
0.03857421875,
-0.012939453125,
-0.054443359375,
0.00274658203125,
0.028076171875,
-0.00115203857421875,
0.0034637451171875,
-0.0196533203125,
0.036376953125,
-0.0361328125,
0.0274658203125,
0.030029296875,
0.018798828125,
-0.0220947265625,
0.03076171875,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.0390625,
0.08740234375,
0.01953125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.015625,
-0.005889892578125,
0.039306640625,
0.0771484375,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.0400390625,
0.00738525390625,
-0.016845703125,
-0.000690460205078125,
-0.01190185546875,
0.01434326171875,
0.031494140625,
0.037353515625,
-0.0693359375,
0.01806640625,
-0.0419921875,
-0.0517578125,
-0.01141357421875,
0.04345703125,
-0.016357421875,
0.0556640625,
-0.043212890625,
0.01953125,
-0.009765625,
-0.03466796875,
-0.01513671875,
-0.006011962890625,
0.0361328125,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.01409912109375,
0.05810546875,
-0.0233154296875,
0.033447265625,
0.0291748046875,
0.00518798828125,
0.031494140625,
-0.006744384765625,
0.0091552734375,
0.008544921875,
0.0252685546875,
-0.025146484375,
0.005126953125,
-0.02099609375,
0.0252685546875,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.025634765625,
-0.035888671875,
-0.016845703125,
-0.00022029876708984375,
-0.0213623046875,
0.02099609375,
0.0130615234375,
0.0263671875,
-0.0032196044921875,
0.0162353515625,
-0.06005859375,
0.0302734375,
-0.0595703125,
-0.0634765625,
-0.0026397705078125,
-0.0079345703125,
0.0341796875,
-0.01470947265625,
0.006317138671875,
0.0184326171875,
0.0213623046875,
-0.048583984375,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.042724609375,
-0.0157470703125,
0.02490234375,
-0.01708984375,
0.001007080078125,
0.0250244140625,
0.06640625,
0.014404296875,
-0.0040283203125,
0.039794921875,
0.0267333984375,
0.00836181640625,
0.050048828125,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.04150390625,
-0.05126953125,
-0.015380859375,
-0.0289306640625,
0.01239013671875,
0.0084228515625,
-0.02392578125,
-0.0439453125,
-0.0732421875,
0.0250244140625,
-0.00067901611328125,
-0.036376953125,
-0.027099609375,
-0.0220947265625,
0.01361083984375,
0.0162353515625,
0.01068115234375,
-0.0064697265625,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.0101318359375,
0.048583984375,
-0.00011348724365234375,
0.013427734375,
0.0093994140625,
-0.059326171875,
-0.041015625,
0.03076171875,
0.004180908203125,
-0.006072998046875,
0.00811767578125,
-0.045166015625,
-0.05078125,
-0.0322265625,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.034912109375,
-0.0294189453125,
0.0264892578125,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.0106201171875,
0.01165771484375,
0.041748046875,
0.02734375,
0.018798828125,
0.01361083984375,
-0.033935546875,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.016357421875,
0.033447265625,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.00384521484375,
0.01068115234375,
0.0458984375,
0.01141357421875,
0.0235595703125,
0.0234375,
0.0216064453125,
-0.0234375,
-0.053466796875,
0.0238037109375,
0.0198974609375,
0.0260009765625,
-0.0693359375,
-0.050537109375,
0.006439208984375,
-0.0849609375,
0.0130615234375,
0.044677734375,
0.006195068359375,
0.002288818359375,
-0.03173828125,
0.0125732421875,
0.0087890625,
-0.018798828125,
0.005523681640625,
0.006927490234375,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.04150390625,
-0.005401611328125,
-0.01416015625,
-0.01141357421875,
0.039306640625,
0.0206298828125,
-0.00799560546875,
0.00762939453125,
-0.016845703125,
-0.04638671875,
-0.01519775390625,
0.046875,
0.00909423828125,
0.01214599609375,
0.045654296875,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.0419921875,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.0546875,
0.00055694580078125,
0.03857421875,
0.007568359375,
-0.033447265625,
0.039794921875,
0.02490234375,
-0.045654296875,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.026123046875,
-0.02294921875,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.0164794921875,
0.0194091796875,
0.02783203125,
-0.0234375,
0.005767822265625,
0.005859375,
0.029052734375,
-0.00250244140625,
-0.039794921875,
0.051513671875,
0.00179290771484375,
-0.0546875,
-0.0037994384765625,
-0.0026092529296875,
0.02197265625,
-0.022216796875,
0.003936767578125,
-0.018798828125,
-0.00994873046875,
0.021484375,
-0.035888671875,
0.0017547607421875,
0.0024566650390625,
0.0189208984375,
0.046875,
-0.044921875,
-0.037109375,
0.033447265625,
0.021728515625,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.025634765625,
0.03369140625,
-0.004180908203125,
-0.0615234375,
-0.03271484375,
0.0208740234375,
0.023681640625,
0.03564453125,
-0.026123046875,
-0.029541015625,
0.0093994140625,
0.032958984375,
-0.0262451171875,
0.05712890625,
-0.003814697265625,
0.08447265625,
-0.06689453125,
-0.05078125,
-0.017578125,
0.0140380859375,
0.020263671875,
-0.042724609375,
-0.041259765625,
-0.035888671875,
-0.03271484375,
-0.03369140625,
-0.03271484375,
-0.023193359375,
-0.010986328125,
0.003021240234375,
-0.006622314453125,
0.003326416015625,
-0.0133056640625,
0.0130615234375,
-0.00567626953125,
-0.01953125,
0.031494140625,
-0.0208740234375,
0.022216796875,
0.027099609375,
-0.001312255859375,
-0.0003662109375,
0.044677734375,
0.0286865234375,
0.006256103515625,
-0.053955078125,
0.01031494140625,
0.029296875,
0.00836181640625,
0.06787109375,
-0.00616455078125,
-0.07177734375,
-0.049560546875,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.031494140625,
0.0303955078125,
0.0027313232421875,
0.03662109375,
-0.012939453125,
-0.045166015625,
-0.027587890625,
0.01171875,
0.005340576171875,
0.017822265625,
-0.0023040771484375,
-0.01318359375,
0.02490234375,
0.0101318359375,
-0.037841796875,
0.0233154296875,
0.01129150390625,
-0.005462646484375,
0.023193359375,
0.01171875,
-0.00179290771484375,
0.03466796875,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.0023956298828125,
-0.039306640625,
-0.01318359375,
0.031982421875,
0.0478515625,
0.06298828125,
0.004669189453125,
0.004974365234375,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.03564453125,
0.0123291015625,
-0.064453125,
-0.03125,
0.0615234375,
0.0033721923828125,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.00518798828125,
0.006103515625,
-0.037841796875,
0.00897216796875,
-0.060302734375,
0.01519775390625,
0.0057373046875,
0.00897216796875,
0.08642578125,
0.01220703125,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.005645751953125,
0.031005859375,
-0.035888671875,
-0.01171875,
-0.007537841796875,
0.076171875,
0.00049591064453125,
0.017333984375,
-0.0556640625,
0.00384521484375,
-0.06005859375,
0.017822265625,
0.003753662109375,
0.00445556640625,
0.01507568359375,
-0.012451171875,
-0.05517578125,
-0.00537109375,
0.025146484375,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.05224609375,
-0.07275390625,
0.012939453125,
0.0322265625,
-0.01300048828125,
0.03662109375,
0.03076171875,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.018310546875,
-0.019775390625,
0.00799560546875,
0.07568359375,
0.023193359375,
0.007476806640625,
-0.017578125,
0.0235595703125,
0.0220947265625,
-0.002471923828125,
0.0654296875,
-0.00244140625,
-0.00096893310546875,
-0.002105712890625,
-0.00396728515625,
-0.0537109375,
0.01336669921875,
-0.0054931640625,
-0.0189208984375,
0.042236328125,
-0.0238037109375,
0.019287109375,
-0.044677734375,
-0.0164794921875,
0.00421142578125,
-0.006866455078125,
-0.0030059814453125,
-0.0291748046875,
0.02783203125,
0.0322265625,
0.0286865234375,
0.00390625,
0.0228271484375,
0.03564453125,
0.05029296875,
0.01190185546875,
0.026611328125,
0.00848388671875,
0.0196533203125,
-0.0296630859375,
0.023193359375,
0.0322265625,
0.056396484375,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.00762939453125,
0.01348876953125,
0.00323486328125,
-0.002716064453125,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.021728515625,
-0.0576171875,
0.000171661376953125,
-0.04296875,
0.080078125,
-0.0390625,
0.0166015625,
0.01318359375,
-0.01953125,
-0.052978515625,
0.059326171875,
-0.017578125,
0.03564453125,
0.038330078125,
0.01446533203125,
0.004425048828125,
0.00201416015625,
0.03662109375,
-0.0252685546875,
0.0289306640625,
0.031005859375,
-0.048095703125,
-0.01318359375,
0.026123046875,
-0.031982421875,
-0.047607421875,
-0.0224609375,
-0.004547119140625,
0.006591796875,
0.004119873046875,
-0.03173828125,
-0.0045166015625,
-0.00830078125,
-0.019775390625,
-0.039794921875,
0.0155029296875,
-0.0146484375,
0.04638671875,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.004364013671875,
0.0084228515625,
-0.043212890625,
0.00775146484375,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.0478515625,
-0.05419921875,
-0.011474609375,
0.01806640625,
0.00811767578125,
-0.054931640625,
0.0166015625,
0.05126953125,
0.044677734375,
-0.0024566650390625,
-0.018310546875,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.005126953125,
0.0164794921875,
0.040771484375,
0.0147705078125,
0.00201416015625,
0.01361083984375,
0.0296630859375,
0.033447265625,
0.03662109375,
-0.016845703125,
0.01275634765625,
0.0125732421875,
-0.0205078125,
-0.023681640625,
-0.046142578125,
-0.023193359375,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.0078125,
0.0162353515625,
-0.0048828125,
-0.036376953125,
-0.018798828125,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.037109375,
-0.0419921875,
-0.00689697265625,
-0.00640869140625,
0.037841796875,
-0.0595703125,
0.26171875,
0.01336669921875,
-0.035888671875,
0.0027008056640625,
0.0024261474609375,
0.053466796875,
0.01446533203125,
0.01092529296875,
-0.031982421875,
0.030517578125,
0.01080322265625,
-0.052978515625,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.043212890625,
0.03955078125,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0220947265625,
0.040283203125,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.027099609375,
-0.0341796875,
0.06640625,
0.028564453125,
0.0242919921875,
0.013671875,
-0.03076171875,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.005706787109375,
0.0022735595703125,
-0.031982421875,
0.006500244140625,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.006866455078125,
0.042236328125,
0.0037994384765625,
0.021728515625,
-0.0238037109375,
0.00421142578125,
0.00927734375,
0.040283203125,
0.0220947265625,
-0.037353515625,
0.0159912109375,
-0.005706787109375,
-0.0057373046875,
0.000247955322265625,
0.0869140625,
-0.0224609375,
0.051025390625,
0.03662109375,
0.021240234375,
0.016845703125,
-0.06640625,
0.0615234375,
0.025146484375,
0.01275634765625,
-0.0034637451171875,
-0.058837890625,
-0.00799560546875,
0.041748046875,
0.036865234375,
0.02783203125,
-0.023193359375,
0.032958984375,
0.01904296875,
0.0166015625,
-0.031982421875,
0.01953125,
-0.000823974609375,
0.01123046875,
-0.019287109375,
-0.0155029296875,
0.046875,
0.03076171875,
-0.04150390625,
0.0277099609375,
0.022705078125,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0162353515625,
-0.045166015625,
-0.0211181640625,
0.004547119140625,
0.045166015625,
0.01068115234375,
-0.006103515625,
-0.0262451171875,
0.007171630859375,
0.000031948089599609375,
0.00860595703125,
0.00146484375,
0.01416015625,
-0.033447265625,
-0.015625
] |
Williams, J.
"What is truth?” asked Pilate in the trial of Jesus. John 18:38. Today the polygraph really poses the same question. In the intervening nineteen hundred years, everything from trial by ordeal to jury trial has been used to try to establish truth.
This case requires us to determine whether polygraph evidence which heretofore has not been admissible at trial may be used to assist a judge in determining whether to grant a motion for a new trial. (For a description of how a polygraph and a polygraph test work, please see the appendix.)
The Michigan test presently applied to determine the admissibility of polygraph testimony is that which we enunciated in People v Becker, 300 Mich 562, 566; 2 NW2d 503 (1942), and repeated with approval in People v Davis, 343 Mich 348, 370; 72 NW2d 269 (1955), that there be:
"testimony offered which would indicate that there is at this time a general scientific recognition of such [polygraph] tests. Until it is established that reasonable certainty follows from such tests, it would be error to admit in evidence the result thereof.”
In Becker and in Davis we concluded that "the results of such tests have not, as yet, reached the stature of evidence admissible in a court of law”. 343 Mich 370.
This follows the traditional test used in other jurisdictions, which, as originally set forth in Frye v United States, 54 US App DC 46, 47; 293 F 1013, 1014 (1923), requires:
"[W]hile courts will go a long way in admitting expert testimony deduced from a well-recognized scientific principle or discovery, the thing from which the deduction is made must be sufficiently established to have gained general acceptance in the particular field in which it belongs.”
The Frye court, finding no such "standing and scientific recognition among physiological and psychological authorities” did not admit testimony based on the tests. 54 US App DC 47; 293 F 1014.
In this case defendant, who seeks to introduce into evidence the results of polygraph tests, has presented distinguished testimony as to the improved nature of the polygraph itself, the reliability of polygraph operators and the claimed accuracy of polygraph tests. While it is apparent that advances have been made in the state of the art, the fact of the matter is that all submitted testimony was given by polygraph operators, polygraph teachers or others connected with the use of polygraphs.
What defendant/appellant made a strong case of showing was that those whose business is the use or operation of polygraphs have confidence in the tests. There was no testimony by disinterested and impartial experts "in the particular field [physiological and psychological] in which it belongs” (Frye test), and thus no demonstration of "general scientific recognition of such [polygraph] tests” (Michigan rule).
So unless Michigan changes from its traditional Davis/Frye rule, polygraph tests are still not admissible in evidence. We have declined to make such a change for the following reasons:
(1) The Frye test remains the accepted standard for the admission of polygraph testimony in most jurisdictions.
(2) Serious questions still remain concerning the state of the art of the polygraph.
(3) Even if the Frye requirements were satisfactorily met, serious policy questions remain to be resolved.
However, the question of whether the polygraph may be used to assist the judge in determining whether to grant a motion for a new trial is another matter. Less formal evidentiary requirements are commonly found at the post-conviction motion, and matters such as affidavits which may not be admissible at trial may be used to assist the judge to determine whether the request for a new trial has merit. Polygraph tests permitted in this context would be merely used to buttress the credibility of new witnesses, the evidentiary value of whose testimony satisfies traditionally strict criteria for ordering a new trial. Thus, the polygraph examination would not itself be evidence, either at the post-conviction motion or at the trial itself, should one be granted.
On this basis, and within carefully drawn and defined limitations, we hold that a judge may use, in his discretion, polygraph tests and testimony offered by defendant only to help determine whether to grant a post-conviction motion for a new trial.
Remanded for further action pursuant to this opinion.
I — Facts
In 1969, defendant Joseph Barbara, Jr., was convicted by a jury of extortion from Delores Lazaros, wife of Peter Lazaros. Both Peter and Delores Lazaros testified at trial. Delores Lazaros testified that defendant Barbara came to her home while her husband was in prison, and raped her and extorted money from her by threatening the lives of her husband and son. She also said she told no one about this until her husband returned from prison because she feared for his safety. At that time, Mrs. Lazaros and her husband informed the authorities.
Defendant’s claim of appeal was rejected by the Court of Appeals. People v Barbara, 23 Mich App 540, 548; 179 NW2d 105 (1970). We denied leave to appeal. 383 Mich 803 (1970). The United States District Court granted defendant’s writ of habeas corpus, but was reversed by the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals. Barbara v Johnson, 449 F2d 1235 (CA 6, 1971). Defendant is now before our Court appealing denial of his motion for a new trial.
The basis for defendant’s request for a new trial was his claim that Lazaros lied. To support this, defendant offered two new witnesses and evidence of polygraph tests passed by himself and one of two new witnesses.
Albert Spadafore, although not called to testify at the original trial, reported he had been ready to tell an untrue version supporting Lazaros’ story, under instructions from Lazaros. There was some question as to whether Spadafore had indeed told the "untrue version” in another unrelated trial involving Lazaros.
Theodore Metropoulos, a cousin of Lazaros, testi fled through an interpreter that Lazaros told him his wife was not raped. He said Lazaros admitted making up the story "because this was the only way to get out of the cursed jail or prison”. Metropoulos said he had successfully taken a polygraph examination. He also explained that he came forward with his story at this time because he had learned that defendant had been sentenced to a long prison term.
The trial court refused to accept the polygraph tests in evidence but gave counsel permission to make a special record concerning the polygraph examinations given to Metropoulos and defendant. Proceedings in a 1970 case involving Peter Lazaros in Oakland Circuit Court were made part of this special record. In that case, Lazaros’ defense counsel F. Lee Bailey undertook to lay a foundation for admissibility of the polygraph evidence and to qualify Lynn Marcy as a polygraph expert.
Marcy was also Barbara’s polygraph witness in the case at bar. Marcy presented the results of the tests made on Barbara and on Metropoulos. He concluded that Barbara was not guilty of either rape or extortion and testified as to the procedures used, indicating that accuracy of the polygraphic examination under circumstances as given is in excess of 99 percent. The same procedure was used on Metropoulos, with the addition of an interpreter, and Marcy concluded that Metropoulos also was telling the truth.
The court observed that Lazaros had sent letters indicating that he, too, had passed a polygraph examination.
The motion for a new trial was denied. The court held, first, that Michigan law prevents the admission into evidence of polygraph examinations, even in a post-conviction proceeding.
The judge also ruled that, in any event, the testimony did not constitute sufficient newly discovered evidence to warrant granting a new trial, first, because Spadafore’s testimony was never part of the original trial and further, since he admitted being prepared to testify falsely, the trial court could not now rely on his testimony. In addition, although Metropoulos’ testimony "clearly tended to discredit the testimony of Peter Lazaros, his own cousin”, it did not discredit that of the complainant, Delores Lazaros. Since the conviction was primarily based on Delores Lazaros’ testimony, and the alleged attack took place while her husband was in prison, the court was not satisfied that the purported new evidence would render a different result probable on retrial.
The Court of Appeals denied leave. We granted leave to appeal January 25, 1974. 391 Mich 761 (1974).
II — Standards For a New Trial
Before a court will grant a new trial because of newly discovered evidence,
"[I]t must be shown that the evidence itself, not merely its materiality, was newly-discovered; that it is not cumulative; that it is such as to render a different result probable on a retrial of the cause; and that the party could not with reasonable diligence have discovered and produced it at trial.” People v Clark, 363 Mich 643, 647; 110 NW2d 638 (1961).
Where such evidence, however, takes the form of witnesses’ recantation testimony, it has been tradi tionally regarded as suspect and untrustworthy. People v Smallwood, 306 Mich 49, 58; 10 NW2d 303 (1943); People v Jimmerson, 30 Mich App 147, 149; 186 NW2d 37 (1971); People v Bersine, 48 Mich App 295, 299; 210 NW2d 501 (1973); 58 Am Jur 2d, New Trial, § 175, p 391. Generally, too, where the new evidence is useful only to impeach a witness, it is deemed merely cumulative. Kube v Neuenfeldt, 353 Mich 74, 82; 90 NW2d 642 (1958).
However, the discovery that testimony introduced at trial was perjured may be grounds for ordering a new trial. 58 Am Jur 2d, New Trial, § 175, p 391. The problem for defendant becomes, then, how he or she goes about demonstrating that perjury was committed when the newly discovered evidence consists of a new witness or of an old witness’s revised story. What defendant suggests in the case at bar is that the polygraph may assist the judge to determine whether the newly-discovered evidence is worthy of belief. Specifically, if the jury would believe Metropoulos, then that would not only impeach the credibility of Lazaros, it would affect the credibility of Delores Lazaros as well.
We therefore review the question of whether, in a post-conviction motion for a new trial, polygraph evidence may be admissible to help the trial judge determine the credibility of witnesses offering to testify at this new trial. This is particularly significant when, as in the instant case, the only evidence that an offense was ever committed was largely based on the testimony of individuals whose credibility might be put into question by these new witnesses.
Ill — Michigan Rule of Non-Admissibility of Polygraph
Michigan decisions have uniformly held against admissibility of the polygraph. The basic rationale has been our determination that the polygraph technique had not received the degree of standardization or acceptance among scientists which would warrant admissibility.
"[T]estimony [must be] offered which would indicate that there is at this time a general scientific recognition of such tests. Until it is established that reasonable certainty follows from such tests, it would be error to admit in evidence the result thereof.” People v Davis, 343 Mich 348, 370; 72 NW2d 269 (1955), quoting People v Becker, 300 Mich 562, 566; 2 NW2d 503 (1942).
This approach is similar to the Frye requirement that "the thing from which the deduction is made must be sufficiently established to have gained general acceptance in the particular field in which it belongs”. 54 US App DC 46, 47; 293 F 1013, 1014. The policy of exclusion applies equally to civil cases, and test results may not be admitted in either civil or criminal cases pursuant to stipulation. Stone v Earp, 331 Mich 606, 611; 50 NW2d 172 (1951).
We have applied this rule to other types of evidence. For example, in determining the admissibility of drunkometer results we used the rule because "both [polygraph and Drunkometers] involve tests by scientific devices, the accuracy of which can scarcely be determined by a jury on the basis of complicated, scientific testimony concern ing the theory and operation of the devices in the face of a difference of scientific opinion as to their accuracy”. People v Morse, 325 Mich 270, 274; 38 NW2d 322 (1949). Compare, People v Kenney, 354 Mich 191, 196; 92 NW2d 335 (1958), where evidence of a speedwatch was admitted when defendant offered no evidence that the instrument was mechanically and scientifically inaccurate.
We have not required infallibility, but only that "reasonable certainty” follow from "such tests”. 300 Mich 562, 566.
Therefore, before the polygraph may be admitted into evidence in Michigan, there must be a showing by the proponent of the evidence that the state of the art satisfies the Davis/Frye requirements.
Both Davis and Frye emphasize that it is the burden of the party seeking admissibility to demonstrate acceptability of the proposed technique. We must therefore examine the record in the case at bar to determine if a showing has been made that polygraph test results meet the standards of the Davis/Frye test.
IV — Defendant’s Case for Admissibility of the Polygraph
To establish the reliability of polygraph testimony and to meet the Davis/Frye tests for admissibility of polygraph findings, the defendant in this case introduced Lynn Marcy, a well-known private polygraph examiner and the special record made outside the presence of the jury in the case of People v Lazaros (Oakland Circuit Court Docket No. CR-6237) before then Circuit Judge James P. Churchill. In that case, attorney F. Lee Bailey sought to lay a foundation for the introduction into evidence of the results of a polygraph examination.
In that hearing, Bailey presented testimony of Lynn Marcy and five other polygraph experts. William J. Yankee was Dean of Academic Affairs at Delta College and a teacher at Keeler Polygraph Institute in Chicago. He received a master’s degree in psychology from Michigan State University as well as a Ph.D. in higher education. Leonard H. Haroldson was President of Keeler Polygraph Institute, Chicago. John E. Reid was a polygraph operator, attorney and co-author with Professor Fred E. Inbau of a standard book on polygraphy. Richard North and Eugene Dinkel were Michigan State Police Officers and polygraph operators. All six witnesses had polygraphy as a principal occupation.
The record made by the defense in the Lazaros case was, as acknowledged by the trial judge, outstanding. Even a summary of some of the highlights of the testimony is lengthy, but necessary to a proper determination of the case at bar.
Marcy, who had been Bailey’s witness on the polygraph in other trials, discussed the theory and operation of the device and the techniques of administering a test. He also indicated that several states require that polygraph operators be licensed, but have varying standards, although all require a formal training course approved by the licensing authority. There was testimony that there were five accredited polygraph schools. The accrediting agency, Bailey explained, is the American Polygraph Association.
Marcy testified to being able to verify, by "guesstimate,” 30 percent of the over 9,000 examinations he reported administering over a 14-year period. Of these he reported that "better than 95 percent” were consistent with later developments. Less than 3 percent of his results were inconclusive. He also reported that of the mistakes he could recall, almost all were screening cases involving inventory pilferage where he cleared individuals who were implicated by later investigations.
Marcy also testified concerning whether various devices might be effective in "beating” the machine. He stated that hypnosis would not work if the examiner were qualified and "aware of the various facets of hypnosis and how it might be used against him”. He asserted that there was no way somebody "through their own act” could deceive an examiner into diagnosing as true that which is not. Mistakes were due, he said, "[o]nly through human frailty”. The cause of such errors could, he said, be detected by retracing steps through the charts.
The polygraph, he said, could distinguish between a deceptive and a nervous subject. Individuals who would lie about anything and everything also pose no problem. He also said there are no illnesses or diseases, even those that require drugs, that cause him a problem.
He reported he would be able to read charts made by another examiner "[i]f we were within the same ballpark on technique and systems”. He could form an opinion on the charts if he knew something about the circumstances at the time. However, he admitted he would have to rely on the original examiner to report what question was asked when.
Marcy testified it was quite common to be asked to give an opinion based on another operator’s chart, having in addition to the charts "full faith and confidence in the individual who is asking”. Only infrequently do two polygraphers reviewing the same charts come up with opposing results, he said.
He acknowledged too, that opinions on polygraph results were subjective, based not only on the tracing, but on the operator’s interpretation of his or her reactions during the pretest period when the subject is prepared, and on the post-test period when results are discussed with the subject.
There were instances, he reported, where, after running the tests and coming to a conclusion, he changed his mind after sitting down and talking to the subjects.
Police polygraphs, he said, were generally easier to interpret than those made by individuals paying for and offering their own examinations, perhaps because the fear of detection is less in the latter situation.
He testified in a general way to the use of the polygraph, usually as a screening device, by business and industry. He also expressed the opinion that the device has great value in the initial phase of the investigation before the warrant is issued. He reported what he characterized as the police or law enforcement position, that admissibility in evidence would cause the polygraph to lose its utility as an investigative aid, because individuals would refuse to take the test since there was no longer the safeguard that it could not be used in court.
It was his opinion that the polygraph technique has developed to the point where it should be admitted in court in criminal cases where the polygraph shows that the defendant is not deceptive. It was also his opinion that the properly instructed jury would not be overwhelmed by the polygraph and gave, as an example, a 1960 New Jersey case where he had testified the defendant was deceptive, and the jury still acquitted him. He also placed polygraph evidence "on a plane of reliability” with other kinds of scientific evidence such as fingerprints.
Dr. Yankee testified concerning the psychological aspects of polygraphy, the subject he taught at the Keeler Polygraph Institute.
Psychopaths and sociopaths do not present a problem to the polygraph operator, he said, because the device relies on the operation of the sympathetic, or involuntary, nervous system. Further, the charts of individuals such as sociopaths are so characteristic, he testified, there would be no chance of such an individual passing without detection.
The neurotic personality, however, he said, usually shows a very erratic slant which may be a little more difficult to interpret. Individuals with IQs below 70 may also present some difficulty. He would also choose not to examine an individual suffering a psychotic episode because he would not know whether the subject was responding to his questions or to his or her own delusions.
The test also only indicates that an individual is telling what he or she believes to be true or untrue, not what the truth actually is. Thus, two individuals with diametrically opposed stories may "pass” the test as long as each believes he or she is telling the truth. However, such a situation, he said, is not likely to happen.
He testified that the frequency of verifiable errors was rather small. He also predicted that the polygraph would not eliminate the jury because there is always the possibility of error on the part of the examiner.
. Leonard Haroldson, President of the Keeler Polygraph Institute, testified that approximately 25 Keeler graduates were working in Michigan. All potential operators are subjected to psychological, intelligence and polygraph tests before training.
He also testified to the common policy in many states that individuals who are cleared by the polygraph examiner are not prosecuted. He therefore believed that law enforcement officials rely highly on the polygraph.
It was also his opinion that different examiners would get the same result testing the same individual.
He also testified that since approximately 1956, the techniques and requirements have remained pretty well settled, and that there have not been any radical changes or breakthroughs. Some new instruments are being used, but,. Haroldson explained, they are only recording additional phenomena.
He said the device was useful to verify truth rather than to detect lies, and that, in fact, would be a more accurate description of its function. Further, test results are reliable when analyzing two conflicting stories even if only one of the individuals involved is tested.
John Reid, involved with the polygraph for over 30 years, has run his own company since 1947 and had trained, at the time of this record, approximately 50 examiners. Of the 35,000 tests he said he had run in his career, he knew of only six instances where a guilty person was classified as innocent. He knew of no case with which he was associated in which an innocent person was diagnosed as guilty.
He acknowledged that he and Professor Fred E. Inbau, co-authors of the standard book in the field, Reid & Inbau, Truth and Deception: The Polygraph ("Lie-Detector”) Technique (Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins Co, 1966), had been opposed to the use of polygraph evidence in the courtroom because of concern about the caliber of examiners and the non-uniformity of the technique. They were concerned about the lack of self-regulation, but feel this is being resolved by the polygraphers’ formation of the American Polygraph Association (APA) which is setting standards for the field.
As a consequence of the formation of the APA and the beginning of state licensing, he believed there is significant improvement in the standardization of the experts.
He qualifies polygraphy as a scientific discipline, comparable to other kinds of scientific evidence such as electroencephalograms, fingerprints and firearm identification. Just as the handwriting examiner compares the known exemplar with the unknown in order to determine if both were written by the same person, the polygraph examiner compares responses to the known irrelevant and control questions which are then compared with the questions to which the answer is not known. The significant thing is not what the subject says, but his or her reactions to the questions and their answers.
It was his opinion that the judicial process would not be impaired if the polygraph were used in evidence, and that there would be no difference in the ability of juries to reach an accurate result. He also felt the polygraph would be useful to assist the judge in sentencing and was at the time of this record preparing legislation to accomplish this in Illinois.
Richard Howard, a polygraph examiner, testified about the polygraph examination in the case for which the special F. Lee Bailey record was originally made. Of general interest was the statement that only the one examination selected by defendant could be considered by the jury, and not any other tests which might have been taken. Further, that the entire selected test would have to be used, and not just certain favorable portions.
Richard North, a member of the Michigan State Police and a polygraph examiner at the Second District Headquarters in Detroit, reported administering 825 tests since his graduation from the National Training Center of Lie Detection in New York City three years before. He could recall only one instance where his test conclusions had been proven wrong by extrinsic evidence. He was able to re-evaluate his charts and find his mistake, but reported that the case had been borderline, the kind which most examiners ordinarily characterize as inconclusive. The subject, who had been considered truthful by the examiner, confessed when he returned to the police station following the test.
It was his judgment that the amount of verified error was 1 percent.
His opinion was that almost 2 percent of his own tests were inconclusive, and 4 percent throughout the department were.
He also opined it would be unusual for two experts to have diametrically opposed opinions about a single chart.
He reported use of the polygraph as, for example, a way to avoid injustices resulting from mistaken identification, and as valuable in cases where there were sharply conflicting versions of an incident. The preferred technique is to test the victim first. The polygraph examiner is the sole judge of who is tested, but the polygraph is no substitute for investigation.
His experience was that the prosecutor and State Police relied heavily on the opinions of the polygraphers. His department of the State Police had 8 full time operators and a relief person. There were other examiners who had been promoted out of the polygraph unit. He estimated there were 50 examiners, including police and private examiners, who were members of the state polygraph association.
He also felt that the polygraph was no different from other kinds of expert testimony, and a bad test could be revealed as such on cross-examination.
He also testified that the use of polygraphs as courtroom evidence would not be detrimental to the use of polygraphs as an investigative device because, for example, he has told people taking tests of instances where tests have been admitted by stipulation and it did not seem to have much effect on those tested. This was his own opinion, however, and not that of his department.
He testified that some polygraph operators were not members of the professional association. Nothing would stop an amateur from calling himself or herself an expert, and the only way to determine if an individual was really an expert would be to look at that person’s qualifications and experience. Those in the profession, however, would be aware of the charlatans.
Eugene Dinkel, a State Policeman who was also a polygraph examiner, noted that it was the State Police policy to test any person under suspicion who requested a test.
Bailey himself testified as to his experience with the polygraph. He had no doubt, as a trial lawyer, that "the ordinary safeguards of judicial control” would be sufficient to effectively and safely handle polygraph evidence. He noted that the polygraph community itself has come forward to give attorneys information to impeach a charlatan on the witness stand. He noted that the military never brings a person to trial if the G-2 section performing polygraph examinations clears him or her. He said the military has a much higher conviction rate than civil courts and is more accurate in its results.
Bailey claimed he knew of no conflict between experts on a single chart. He maintained this even though, in the subject case, the defendant passed part of one test and failed another. Bailey said that there was no conflict even in this case, because there had been no effort to reconcile these two tests.
He also felt an unethical lawyer could not use polygraphs to deceive the court.
Judge Churchill, observing that "the people came forth with nothing, absolutely nothing in the way of evidence * * * that attacks the scientific reliability of this device, except as it was developed on cross-examination”, concluded:
"I am convinced from the evidence that within a certain field of use, assuming there are proper circumstances, competent and credible witnesses as experts, that the polygraph is a scientifically reliable instrument to determine deception.”
He observed there were serious problems concerning its use, including the possibility that there would be a battle of experts, and that unless the courts control an expected proliferation of polygraphers "we are going to have offers of expert testimony that simply can be bought”.
However, despite his hope that "someday we have an enlightened use of the polygraph in court”, he felt obliged to deny admissibility of the proposed polygraph evidence until the Michigan Supreme Court decreed it would be admissible.
V — Defendant Fails to Meet Davis/Frye Test
This special record, which so impressed the trial judge seven years ago, also was the basis of the offer of proof in the instant case. The record is clearly superior advocacy.
However, the witnesses were not disinterested scientists. While one would not want an expert witness without experience or background in the technical field, one would want, where the task was to demonstrate general scientific acceptability, and acknowledgment of the value of the device and the techniques by disinterested scientists whose livelihood was not intimately connected with it. In addition, the Davis/Frye test requires acceptability by those in certain established scientific disciplines. This was not forthcoming.
Further, with the aid of excellently written and argued amicus presentations in the matter at bar, we find that the case for the polygraph has not in fact been clearly decided and that acceptance by scientists rather than polygraph operators has not been general and widespread.
It is significant to note that only the defendant and the American Polygraph Association argued for admissibility. Even those who might be generally expected to be the first to advocate devices which would favor defendants, such as the State Appellate Defender Office (SADO) and the Michigan Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers, op posed admissibility. The prosecutors, as represented by the Oakland County Prosecutor in the case at bar, and the Prosecuting Attorneys Appellate Service, argued on the same side of the issue as SADO and the Criminal Defense Lawyers.
Numbers by themselves are not necessarily persuasive, but, where we are looking for evidence of general acceptability, such a broad spectrum of opinions arguing against acceptability is certainly significant.
While the special record before us establishes that the polygraph is accepted as reliable by polygraphers, it does not establish that polygraph analysis is accepted as reliable by the scientific community. Credentials of the witnesses, although outstanding for polygraph technicians, are not those of scientists. Therefore, unless we depart from the standard Davis/Frye test for admissibility, defendant has failed to convince us that the polygraph should be admitted into evidence at trial in our state.
VI — Should Michigan Depart from the Davis/ Frye Rule?
A. Where Do Other Jurisdictions Stand?
a) Frye Majority Rule.
No appellate court opinion specifically overruling Frye has been called to our attention or discovered by our research. As late as 1974, it was said in United States v Skeens, 161 US App DC 131, 134; 494 F2d 1050, 1053 (1974):
"The leading case in this Circuit is Frye v United States, 54 US App DC 46; 293 F 1013 (1923), which holds such tests inadmissible. This case has been followed uniformly in this and other Circuits and there has never been any successful challenge to it in any federal court.”
See also the most recent ALR survey, 23 ALR2d 1306, § 2 (Later Case Service, 1976, Supp, pp 127-128), which cited cases holding polygraph tests inadmissible in the following states: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Texas, Virginia and Washington. See further the excellent survey in 3A Wigmore, Evidence (Chadbourn rev), § 999, pp 946-949, fn 2.
b) Admission by Stipulation in a Few States.
There has been some chipping away from Frye by those states admitting polygraph evidence by stipulation of the parties. See, especially, State v Valdez, 91 Ariz 274; 371 P2d 894 (1962). See also, State v Ross, 7 Wash App 62, 69; 497 P2d 1343, 1347 (1972); State v Stanislawski, 62 Wis 2d 730, 742-743; 216 NW2d 8, 14 (1974). See also State v McDavitt, 62 NJ 36, 46; 297 A2d 849, 854-855 (1972); People v Houser, 85 Cal App 2d 686, 695; 193 P2d 937, 942 (1948); State v Brown, 177 So 2d 532, 533 (Fla App, 1965); State v Freeland, 255 Iowa 1334, 1339; 125 NW2d 825, 828 (1964) (allowed admission by joint stipulation, but rejected ordering test even at defendant’s request); State v Galloway, 167 NW2d 89, 94-95 (Iowa, 1969).
However, consideration of polygraph evidence even with a stipulation of admissibility has not been unanimous. State v Trimble, 68 NM 406; 362 P2d 788 (1961); Pulakis v State, 476 P2d 474, 479 (Alas, 1970) ("A stipulation for admission does not increase the reliability of polygraph results and therefore should not lead to any deviation from the exclusionary policy.”); LeFevre v State, 242 Wis 416, 425; 8 NW2d 288, 292 (1943); People v Zazzetta, 27 Ill 2d 302, 309; 189 NE2d 260, 264 (1963) (”[W]e think it manifestly unfair to bind him [defendant] by a stipulation regarding the trustworthiness of scientific opinion far beyond his expected ken.”)
c) Some Academic Criticism.
The Frye standard has been criticized as stricter than that applied to other scientific evidence, and as in effect amounting to a test of judicial notice. See, e.g., McCormick, Evidence (1st ed), § 170, pp 363-364; Kaplan, The Lie Detector: An Analysis of Its Place in the Law of Evidence, 10 Wayne L Rev 381, 402-407 (1964). Thus, while other tests may be admitted in the face of serious scientific dispute concerning their credibility, in states following Frye, polygraph tests have not been.
d) Five Cases Challenging Frye.
Certain jurisdictions, however, particularly several Federal district courts, have opted to admit polygraph evidence by substituting, at least implicitly, another standard for Frye.
For example, although the polygraph was not admitted in United States v Wainwright, 413 F2d 796, 803 (CA 10, 1969), it was precluded only because the expert did not testify
" 'that the proposed test is an accepted one in his profession and that it has a reasonable measure of precision in its indications.’ 3 Wigmore on Evidence (3d ed), § 990. The trial court properly excluded it even though in a proper case it may be admissible.” (Emphasis added.)
Thus, in this instance, by looking to acceptability by the profession, the tenth circuit appeared to substitute the polygraph profession for the professions of physiology and psychology as required by Frye.
A similar approach to modifying Frye was taken in an extremely thoughtful United States District Court opinion, United States v DeBetham, 348 F Supp 1377, 1381 (SD Cal, 1972). That Court reviewed testimony of physiologists and psychologists and applied it to the Frye standard. The Court concluded that "physiologists as a group have no real quarrel with the polygraph as an instrument for measuring and recording certain physiological responses of the human body”. Thus, the evidence apparently indicated that a properly designed, operated and maintained machine would accurately record certain specified physical changes. 348 F Supp 1381. A psychophysiologist, however, testified that while the device is "a useful tool for studying physiological changes”, "he expressed doubts as to whether any conclusions about deception could be derived therefrom”. 348 F Supp 1381 (emphasis added).
Psychologists, the Court indicated, also do not support the polygrapher’s claim of widespread acceptance. The Court noted that even defendant’s psychologist witness "could not state unequivocally that the polygraphic lie detection technique enjoyed the general recognition of his profession”, and had authored a paper conceding:
" 'The lie detection technique was developed pragmatically by the field users, with the theoretical underpinnings following later. Even now, there exists no generally accepted theory which adequately explains all of the phenomena.’ ” Quoting Raskin, "An Experimental Study of Field Techniques in 'Lie Detection’ ”, a paper presented at the Society for Psychophysiological Research, St. Louis, October 24, 1971. 348 F Supp 1381, fn 10.
The Court concluded that while psychologists and psychophysiologists may eventually scientifically verify "the underlying psychological hypothesis of the polygraph, no conclusive findings have been brought to the Court’s attention which would warrant a holding that the Frye test of admissibility, as interpreted by subsequent decisions, has finally been satisfied after almost half a century”. 348 F Supp 1381-1382.
However, the DeBetham opinion did not stop there, but instead interpreted Frye to indicate a concern with "the normal obligation of the trial judge to protect the jury from exposure to evidence which might mislead them”. 348 F Supp 1382. Thus, the court says that Frye itself did not intend "to require a specially rigorous standard of admissibility for such evidence”. 348 F Supp 1382. However, the Court acknowledges that nearly all subsequent decisions have applied Frye "to require more of the polygraph than of other types of scientific evidence”. 348 F Supp 1383.
To this the Court responded by noting the recommendations of McCormick, supra, fn 13, and of Kaplan, and agreeing that the standard for the admission of polygraph evidence is artifically high and that normal evidentiary requirements for admissibility should be established. This would weigh the probative value of the polygraph evidence against factors such as the possibility of jury prejudice or undue delay, but would apparently require the support of at least "a substantial body of scientific opinion”. 348 F Supp 1384. Under the DeBetham approach, the qualified expert would be permitted to present foundational evidence demonstrating the device’s "substantial reliability and acceptance, in an effort to establish its probative value.” 348 F Supp 1384.
Thus DeBetham looked to the testimony of poly graphers who testified to accuracy in excess of 90 percent, and of studies performed by polygraphers in which they experimentally achieved accuracy between 80 and 90 percent. 348 F Supp 1385. The Court justified placing the opinions of these polygraphers along with those of the more critical physiologists and psychologists because of advances in the field of instrumental lie detection since Frye. Therefore, the Court reasoned, the search for scientific acceptance should not be limited "to those branches of science familiar to the courts in 1923”. 348 F Supp 1388.
The Court found particularly significant that the polygraph is extensively used in Federal and state law enforcement agencies,
"who apparently rely upon the technique in their day-to-day prosecutorial decision making. * * * Such widespread acceptance, though not of a strictly 'scientific’ nature, is considerably more important, in terms of its practical effect on society, than any academic approval by the psychological community could ever be; and the Court finds it to be an ample substitute, if necessary, for the requirement of substantial scientific acceptance.” 348 F Supp 1389.
Having found that the probative value of the polygraph was established, the Court also examined various policy issues which might militate against admission. However, the Court found that none of these objections had merit.
However, because this was a District Court decision, and the Circuit Court of Appeals had held that polygraph results are properly excluded from evidence, the Court did not adopt a finding of admissibility. The Court of Appeals affirmed that result. 470 F2d 1367 (CA 9, 1972).
Similar deference did not deter the United States District Court in United States v Ridling, 350 F Supp 90 (ED Mich, 1972). There, in a perjury case, the court, citing United States v Wainwright, supra, declared that the question of reliability of the polygraph is to be determined in each individual case, noting that evidence in the case at bar was that the techniques and equipment had improved markedly in the past ten years.
In order to determine what it considered to be the proper test of admissibility, the court first analyzed what it felt to be the "historical process of developing the admissibility of opinions interpreting scientific evidence”. 350 F Supp 94. First,
"Someone has an idea and a theory * * * developed] * * * until it has some acceptance.
"When opinions interpreting the results are first offered in Court, the underlying premises require a great deal of proof, as well as does the proper use of these premises, the necessary controls used in the specific cases and the appropriate qualifications of the expert. On proper proof, the evidence becomes admissible. The attention of the Courts at this point seems to be directed at the proper qualification of an expert witness, including testimony, establishing the underlying theory.
"Finally, the underlying principles and premises become so well established and known that the only real issues for determination in connection with the reception of evidence is the proper use of the principles, premises and theories and the use of adequate controls in the specific case to assure good results. In other words, at this stage the Courts judicially notice the basic theories and premises. They need no longer be proved.”
The Court then held:
"The use of expert opinions interpreting the results of lie detector tests in Court is still at one of the first two stages, and judicial opinions denying admissibility give way to the developments in the science itself or in the techniques used in its application or in the interpretation of the results. The record in this case indicates that the theory of the polygraph is sound and that it is directly relevant to this case (a perjury case), and that therefore the cases denying admissibility on these grounds are not controlling.” 350 F Supp 95.
Thus, declaring "the scientific psychological basis for the polygraph examination is well established”, 350 F Supp 93, Ridling rejected the Frye conclusion. The only hesitation the Court expressed about the technology of the device was that the machine seems "to have outstripped the general acceptance of polygraph personnel in development”. To surmount this obstacle, Ridling provided for the use of court-approved experts to test the defendant, with the opinions of both defendant’s polygrapher and that of the court to be admissible as long as the court’s expert was able to come to a conclusion, even if the two experts disagreed. 350 F Supp 96-97.
F. Lee Bailey appeared before the Court in United States v Zeiger, 350 F Supp 685 (DDC, 1972), rav'd 155 US App DC 11; 475 F2d 1280 (1972). That Court, similar to DeBetham but contrary to Ridling, recognized it was bound by Frye. The Court then recognized that "polygraphy has emerged from * * * [the] twilight zone into an established field of science and technology”. 350 F Supp 688. To so establish this status the Zeiger court, like DeBetham, gave consideration "to the opinions of experts who are neither physiologists nor psychologists”. Although Frye required " 'recognition among physiological and psychological authorities’ ”, the Court rejected this exclusive approach because although "polygraphy at one time may have been dependent on physiological and psychological authorities for certification of its reliability, it is no longer appropriate to confine consideration solely to those disciplines”. 350 F Supp 689.
Therefore, the Court concluded,
"The testimony of the experts and the studies appearing in the exhibits lead the Court to believe that the polygraph is an effective instrument for detecting deception. The failure of the Government to demonstrate significant disagreement with this basic proposition, the absence of statistical data pointing to any other conclusions, and the accepted and widespread absorption of the polygraph into the operations of many government agencies, all confirm the Court’s conclusion that the polygraph has been accepted by authorities in the field as being capable of producing highly probative evidence in the court of law when properly used by competent, experienced examiners.” 350 F Supp 690.
Zeiger was reversed by the appellate Court. 155 US App DC 11; 475 F2d 1280 (1972).
Commonwealth v A Juvenile (No 1), 365 Mass 421; 313 NE2d 120 (1974), is a somewhat unique case involving the trial court’s reluctant refusal to admit defendant’s polygraph test results because of the Massachusetts equivalent of the Frye rule. The defendant originally moved for consideration of polygraph tests already performed by an examiner of his own choice but subsequently requested a court-ordered polygraph examination as well.
The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court recognized the advances in the state of the art but stated "we nevertheless are unwilling to say at this time that the standard in the Fatalo [Frye] case [Commonwealth v Fatalo, 346 Mass 266; 191 NE2d 479 (1963)] has been met and that the polygraph test results should henceforth be subject to the same rules of evidence applicable to other forms of acceptable expert scientific evidence.” 313 NE2d 123-124. It reached this conclusion because it found, after considering the District Court decisions in DeBetham, Zeiger and Ridling and the relevant data:
"[D]espite very significant progress in recent years, the field of polygraphy is still challenged forcefully on theoretical grounds and has yet to achieve a predictable level of consistency among examiners. For these reasons we do not believe that at this time polygraph test results should be generally admissible in evidence in criminal trials. Commonwealth v Fatalo, supra.” 313 NE2d 125.
The Court, however, went on to hold
"that if a defendant agrees in advance to the admission of the results of a polygraph test regardless of their outcome the trial judge, after a close and searching inquiry, * * * may, in the proper exercise of his discretion admit the results, not as binding or conclusive evidence, but to be considered with all other evidence as to innocence or guilt.” 313 NE2d 124.
It further held "a defendant could not be compelled initially to take such an [polygraph] examination”. 313 NE2d 127.
This case is peculiar in that it purports to follow the Frye rule but nonetheless makes a special exception to permit the defendant to submit to polygraph testing and offer the tests in evidence, if he agrees "in advance that the results would be admissible irrespective of the results”, 313 NE2d 126-127.
e) Present Status of Frye.
No appellate court has specifically overruled Frye, and Frye remains the majority rule on the admissibility of polygraph evidence. Although several states admit such evidence on a limited basis upon stipulation of the parties, still other states specifically exclude this evidence, even on stipulation. There has been some academic criticism, noted in a few courts, that the Frye rule is more stringent than the rule ordinarily used to test the admissibility of scientific evidence. Four interesting Federal cases have called the Frye rule into question. In Wainwright, a Federal Circuit Court of Appeals sub silentio substituted a different rule for Frye. In DeBetham, a different Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed a District Court opinion which thoughtfully considered a rule different from Frye but retained Frye. In Zeiger, still a different circuit sharply reversed a District Court trying to overrule Frye. Finally, the District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan substituted, in Ridling, a more lenient test than Frye. A peculiar Massachusetts case, Commonwealth v Juvenile, supra, claims to follow the Frye rule, but makes a special exception where the defendant agrees in advance to take a polygraph test and submit the tests irrespective of results. Yet, by and large, these cases remain anomalies.
B. Why the Frye Rule Should Not Be Changed
The two reasons why the Frye requirement of acceptability by the scientific community should not be changed were summed up succinctly in Juvenile:
"[Djespite very significant progress in recent years, the field of polygraphy is still challenged forcefully on theoretical grounds and has yet to achieve a predictable level of consistency among examiners.”
Even the Federal Courts which modified Frye recognized that these problems existed, but they were not deemed dispositive because these courts also found that the polygraph had received general acceptance. Their new tests effectively substituted the judgment of polygraphers for those of scientists in order to demonstrate scientific acceptance.
However, in order to find such acceptance, these courts adopted what was in fact a logical fallacy.
Under the present state of the art the general acceptance of the polygraph among psychologists and physiologists cannot be demonstrated, because such acceptance does not exist. Therefore, these courts, in order to find general acceptance, found it amongst polygraphers. Once finding general acceptance, the courts then found they did not have to rely on scientific testimony, but were able to rely on the testimony of polygraphers to establish reliability of the device.
Such reasoning is circular and further reinforces our decision not to modify or otherwise change the Frye/Davis rule.
To further buttress this position, it is useful to review the factors behind the theoretical and practical problems still confronting the polygraph.
To begin with, serious scientific questions have been raised about the ability to evaluate the polygraph at all.
The basic question which challenges the funda mental theory underlying the polygraph is whether there is a measurable relationship between conscious deception and a person’s physiological state. Skolnick, Scientific Theory and Scientific Evidence: An Analysis of Lie-Detection, 70 Yale LJ 694, 700-702 (1961); People v Leone, 25 NY2d 511, 515; 255 NE2d 696, 698; 307 NYS2d 430, 433 (1969); and see Henderson v State, 94 Okla Crim 45, 51-52; 230 P2d 495, 501-502 (1951), cert den 342 US 898; 72 S Ct 234; 96 L Ed 673 (1951).
While there appears to be little question that a properly designed, maintained and operated machine will accurately record physiological phenomena, there is a great deal of debate concerning what precisely these recordings mean.
One famous survey of 1,200 psychologists is often pointed to as signifying that psychologists have indeed accepted the device. Cureton, A Consensus as to the Validity of Polygraph Procedures, 22 Tenn L Rev 728 (1953), cited in Richardson, Modern Scientific Evidence (2d ed), § 10.3, p 311. The results, however, do not appear to sustain that contention. For example, in response to the request for an opinion concerning validity of the polygraph "as an indicator of emotional reaction”, 25 percent of the psychologists polled indicated they thought it was .highly valid and useful, and 70 percent felt it was moderately valid and useful. The responses, however,
"by no means justify the conclusion that psychologists regard the polygraph as a valid instrument for the detection of lies. What the question asks, in essence, is whether the psychologist believes that blood-pressure can be measured with a sphygmomanometer and whether respiration can be measured with a pneumo graph.” Levitt, Scientific Evaluation of the "Lie Detector”, 40 Iowa L Rev 440, 456-457 (1955).
The question does not ask if the respondent believes the recorded emotional reaction indicates lying. More significant, therefore, is that 64 percent disagreed with the polygraphers’ basic statement of the theory underlying effectiveness of the device, viz.,
"The fear of being found out and/or conscious efforts to deceive are the main cause of significant reactions in polygraphic tests of deception.” Levitt, 40 Iowa L Rev 457.
Furthermore, the group tested included non-psychologists as well as psychologists, and the non-psychologists including polygraph examiners seemed to be twice as enthusiastic as the psychologists as to the high efficacy of the polygraph. Cureton, supra, 22 Tenn L Rev 734.
This challenge to the basic premise behind operation of the polygraph is long-standing. Both the literature and the record in this case indicate that experimentation began early to demonstrate that emotional changes created physiological changes which could be recorded by predecessors of the polygraph. However, it is still argued that while these changes can be recorded and noted,
"There seems to be little evidence that upholds the claim to a regular relationship between lying and emotion; there is even less to support the conclusion that precise inferences can be drawn * * * between emotional change and physiological response.” Skolnick, supra, 70 Yale LJ 727.
"[T]he autonomic response to the critical question will always be influenced by individual difference variables which are not a function of the subject’s guilt or innocence.” Lykken, Psychology and the Lie Detector Industry, 29 Am Psychologist 725, 733 (1974).
Further,
"[a] change in respiration, blood pressure, or GSR [skin response] beyond what would seem normal is considered important, but no speciGc physiological change is uniquely associated with lying. Instead, deception is diagnosed by comparing the subject’s response on relevant items with his response on items that should be equally arousing or anxiety-provoking to an individual who is not lying.” Greenfield & Sternbach, eds, Handbook of Psychophysiology (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, Inc, 1972) ch 19, p 749. Hereafter Greenfield & Sternbach. (Emphasis added.)
Thus, the Warren Commission investigating the assassination of President Kennedy "concluded that physiological responses due to factors other than deception, such as fear, anxiety, nervous and other emotions, had to be given consideration in evaluating the polygraph”. Burkey, The Case Against the Polygraph, 51 ABA J 855, 856 (1965). See also, Dearman & Smith, Unconscious Motivation and the Polygraph Test, 119 Am J Psychiatry 1017 (1963), cited id.
The theoretical opposition is apparently strengthened by another operational weakness of the test. Scoring of the physiological parameters is performed on an individual basis, with the scores which indicate deception determined by the judg ment of the individual examiner on each individual subject. Thus, the same score may indicate deception for one subject and not for another. The determination is ultimately made only by the examiner each time. Thus, there appear to be no standard "normal” ranges outside of which deception is indicated, and decisions appear to be highly judgmental and ad hoc.
"When one considers the use of the polygraph in a real life situation, it becomes clear why it is difficult to evaluate. The interrogation procedure is an art rather than a science — much depends upon the manner in which the individual interrogator formulates his questions, the tone of his voice, and the subtle cues he may provide in the interrogation, etc.. The experienced interrogator must intuitively deal with problems inherent in such issues as individual differences in reactivity, response specificity, and the overall state of the person being questioned. Interrogators who have worked with 'lie detection’ will readily admit that the psychological edge the machine provides during the pretest interview is, from their point of view, of major importance. Some go on to say that, even if the machine were out of order, it would still be a major asset. Scientific evaluation of the validity of the 'lie detection’ procedure is very difficult, since the test itself is only a small part of the total procedure * * * No fully satisfactory way is available at this time for evaluating the overall effectiveness of the technique.” Greenfield & Sternbach, pp 749-750, 751.
Further, we find there is difficulty in empirically verifying polygraphic findings, Skolnick, supra, 70 Yale LJ 699, some questions concerning the accuracy figures, 70 Yale LJ 714-721, Lykken, supra, 29 Am Psychologist 725, 734, 738, and an apparent lack of a rational scientific explanation for this phenomenon.
The fact is, that the results of most polygraph examinations are not verified by extrinsic evidence, and there are no scientific studies performed by other than polygraphers which purport to demonstrate scientific means of verification. This factor alone has been responsible for much of the anti-polygraph sentiment outside the polygraph profession.
Reid and Inbau themselves recognize that there may never be a confession or other evidence developed to support the examiner’s conclusion. Inbau & Reid, The Lie-Detector Technique: A Reliable and Valuable Investigative Aid, 50 ABA J 470, 472 (1964). United States v Wilson, 361 F Supp 510, 513-514 (D Md, 1973). Most studies have been performed by polygraphers, with few psychological or other scientific studies available on the validity of polygraphic investigation, partly "because of the difficulty in checking the results against irrefutable extrinsic facts”, Burkey, The Case Against the Polygraph, 51 ABA J 855, 856 (1965), and perhaps, partly, because of "lack of funds rather than lack of interest”. Levitt, Scientiñc Evaluation of the "Lie Detector”, 40 Iowa L Rev 440 (1955). One well-known text, not by polygraphers but by psychophysiologists, forthrightly states, "No adequate evaluation of the validity of the polygraph * * * [as 'a scientific way to record lying’] is yet available”. Greenfield & Sternbach, Handbook of Psycho-physiology, p 750.
Thus, claimed accuracy figures in the polygraph must be considered with these limitations in mind:
(1) They are reported by polygraphers.
(2) They are largely unverified by extrinsic evidence.
(3) There appears to have been no significant scientific studies by other than polygraph operators purporting to demonstrate such accuracy.
(4) There appear to be no substantial techniques developed outside the polygraph profession which would permit scientific verification of these figures.
Further, even if we grant polygraphers that their accuracy claims are true, we must confront the question of what is, after all, being analyzed. The operator "cannot prove that he [the subject] is telling the truth, but only that he is telling what he believes to be the truth”. Streeter & Belli, The 'Fourth Degree’: The Lie Detector, 5 Vand L Rev 549, 557 (1952), cited by Note, Problems Remaining for the Generally Accepted” Polygraph, 53 B U L Rev 375, 385, fn 94 (1973).
Thus, even proponents of the device agree:
"[T]he polygraph will not detect the witness who makes honest misstatements of fact, and it may not detect the hardened individual who recognizes no responsibility to conform to moral codes or standards of the community.” Richardson, Modern Scientific Evidence (2d ed), § 10.3, p 310.
In addition, the polygraph, unlike many other devices, relies solely on examiner judgment for its value.
Without examiner opinions, results of "lie detector” tests are meaningless. While the results of the examination are recorded on graphs, or polygrams, the determination of veracity or falsehood is made as a result of the examiner’s interpreting both the polygraph and his or her evaluation of the behavior of the person tested in the light of the questions asked. Note, Pinocchio’s New Nose, 48 NY UL Rev 339, 341 (1973). Reid and Inbau themselves state that the single most important factor in assuring proper testing procedures and interpretation is the polygraph examiner. Reid & Inbau, Truth and Deception, p 235. See discussion, Henderson v State, 94 Okla Crim 45; 230 P2d 495 (1951); United States v Wilson, 361 F Supp 510, 512-513 (D Md, 1973).
Without a capable examiner, even a totally effective polygraph would be worthless.
"An untrained, inexperienced examiner is about as incapable of detecting deception with a polygraph as a layman is to diagnose a heart condition with a stethoscope or a cardiograph * * * .” Wicker, The Polygraphic Truth Test and the Law of Evidence, 22 Tenn L Rev 711, 712 (1953).
This extreme dependence on the operator is emphasized by studies indicating that successful tests vary directly with the experience of the examiner. Horvath & Reid, The Reliability of Polygraph Examiner Diagnosis of Truth and Deception, 62 J Crim L C & P S 276, 279 (1971). It is also suggested that a trained examiner can recognize abnormalities which might affect test results.
There is a question whether one examiner will arrive at the same conclusion as another from the first examiner’s test records. Examiners testifying in the instant case said this was the usual result. But see Bersh, A Validation of Polygraph Examiner Judgments, 53 J Applied Psychology 399-403 (1969), cited in Lykken, supra, 29 Am Psychologist 735; Skolnick, supra, 70 Yale LJ 704; Note. The Polygraphic Technique: A Selective Analysis, 20 Drake L Rev 330, 335 (1971).
The polygraphers maintain, too, that no one can "beat” the machine. However, others dispute this.
Inbau and Reid themselves initially found that psychopathology in the suspect, especially neurotics and psychopaths, made detection difficult. Levitt, supra, 40 Iowa L Rev 451. While the examiners testifying in the instant case did not consider this a significant problem, the controversy remains whether certain physiological and mental abnormalities may materially affect test results, without being detected by the examiner. See, e.g., Note, supra, 20 Drake L Rev 333, fn 36. Henderson v State, 94 Okla Crim 45, 51; 230 P2d 501-502 (1951). This may include even factors well within the control of the subject, such as flexing the toes, or taking certain drugs. It has been demonstrated that habituation renders the technique ineffective, and it has been suggested that biofeedback training may make it possible to "beat” the machine. See Greenfield & Sternbach, pp 776-779.
The original Inbau publication which opposed the admission of the polygraph did so largely because of concern about the competence of examiners. The operator plays such a substantial part in the testing procedure, in the formulation of questions and the subjective evaluation of the subject, in addition to the reading of graphs, that this disquiet was obviously well-founded. The importance of the pretest interrogation and the lack of standardized procedures, even today, make such concern still significant. So despite real progress, it does not appear that the goal of uniform and high competence has yet been reached.
The "American Academy of Polygraph Examiners was formed with the avowed purposes of training experts and gaining more widespread recognition for the profession”. Comment, Evidence: Lie Detector Tests — Effect of Prior Stipulation on Admissibility of Results, 18 U Fla L Rev 527, 532 (1965). For AAPE statement of principles see Richardson, Modern Scientific Evidence (2d ed), § 10.17, pp 332-335. However, even where there are statutorily-imposed standards, the statutes apparently do not require the study of psychology and physiology, the two fields which seem to be most critical of the polygraph, and the fields described in Frye as those in which the polygraph must attain general acceptance before it is to be admitted into evidence.
Further, even some courts which have admitted the polygraph, recognize that "as a profession, polygraphy has yet to achieve a uniform minimum level of competence”. Commonwealth v A Juvenile (No 1), 365 Mass 421; 313 NE2d 120, 124-125 (1974) (admitting polygraph where defendant requests he be given a test and agrees to abide by whatever results ensue). Judge Joiner wrote, in Ridling,
"[W]ith the polygraph, the theory, the technique and the hardware seem to have outstripped the general acceptance of polygraph personnel in development. Although the profession of polygraph experts is becoming standardized and professionalized, it has not yet developed adequate ways and means to police itself. Although the profession has adopted a code of ethics and machinery exists in the professional organization to discipline the unqualified and unethical, the chance of serious impropriety on the part of polygraph examiners must be considered.” 350 F Supp 96.
In view of the critical, even decisive, role of the polygraph examiner in the testing and evaluation process, we find such concerns to be disturbing and not easily overlooked.
We therefore find that the Frye./Davis test establishes the requisite standard for polygraph testimony and that there has been no clear consensus established on the part of the relevant scientific community which would demonstrate that the state of the art is such that the polygraph should be admissible at trial in our state.
Serious questions remain about the reliability of the technique and of its operators. We are also not convinced that the validity of the device has been satisfactorily established.
The record in this case, while full and well-documented, seems to demonstrate that polygra phy has made substantial strides. Perhaps eventually, the technique will have progressed to the point where we may again consider the question. As of the present, however, the technique is yet too questionable to satisfy the high evidentiary requirement of our state.
It is true that the polygraph has apparently become widely used as an investigative tool by government and by private industry. Note, supra, 20 Drake L Rev 343-344; Trovillo, Scientific Proof of Credibility, 22 Tenn L Rev 743 (1953). But the differences between use as an investigative and as an evidentiary device are great, and a technique accepted for one limited purpose may not yet be suitable for use in the other. Damage done by false results may be more easily correctible in an investigative situation. This was recognized by the prosecuting attorneys who opposed admissibility in the case at bar in the face of the documented use of the polygraph by prosecutors in the investigative phase.
We have also found that the Frye/Davis standard is the appropriate one to use to determine admissibility of polygraph testimony. Very basic questions concerning the theory, validity and reliability of the device have not been satisfactorily answered, and until it is demonstrated that they have been, it is unwise to follow the new tests of admissibility recommended by some of the federal district courts which have permitted use of polygraph testimony.
The fact is that the polygraph, while scientific evidence, is different from other scientific evidence. "[T]he quantity it attempts to measure — the truthfulness of a witness — is * * * directly related to the essence of the trial process”. Note, The Emergence of the Polygraph at Trial, 73 Colum L Rev 1120, 1141 (1973). This does not render the evidence less admissible than others, but it does serve to underscore at least some of the rationale underlying the judiciary’s concern for as much scientific consensus as possible concerning the polygraph’s value. Further concern is based on a fear that by use of the polygraph, we run dangerously close to substituting a trial by machine for a trial by jury.
It therefore is best to adhere to a standard which in effect permits the experts who know most about a procedure to experiment and to study it. In effect, they form a kind of technical jury, which must first pass on the scientific status of a procedure before the lay jury utilizes it in making its findings of fact. In the case of the polygraph, such forbearance has proved appropriate, for the dispute concerning its value, which apparently persists in the scientific community, should not be prematurely decided in the courtroom. Note, Evolving Methods of Scientific Proof, 13 NY L Forum 679, 683, fn 18, 696 (1968).
It is argued that "the principal role of a trier of fact is the search for truth and any reasonable procedure or method to assist the court for truth should be employed”. Tarlow, Admissibility of Polygraph Evidence in 1975: An Aid in Determining Credibility in a Perjury-Plagued System, 26 Hastings LJ 917, 919-920, fn 21 (1975), citing People v Cutler, (Cal Super Ct, Los Angeles County, Docket No A176965, Nov 6, 1972), 12 Crim L Rep (BNA) 2133 (1972). But first, it must be ascertained that the procedure will indeed assist in finding the truth. To this end, the Davis/Frye test was developed, and to this end our Michigan courts shall retain it.
VII — Some Other Questions About the Polygraph
Even if the Frye criteria had been met, or if another test were adopted which polygraph testimony could satisfy, the amici have raised some philosophical and constitutional questions concerning the wisdom of admitting this evidence. While it is not necessary to, and we do not resolve these today, it is wise to at least recognize that these questions exist.
Thus, for example, the United States Supreme Court intimated in Schmerber v California, 384 US 757, 764; 86 S Ct 1826; 16 L Ed 2d 908 (1966), that forcing a defendant to take a polygraph test would violate the fifth amendment right against self-incrimination. It has been argued that it is impossible to waive this right where a polygraph examination is involved, because, since such tests reveal the unconscious, the examinee never knows in advance the precise scope of his or her waiver. Silving, Testing of the Unconscious in Criminal Cases, 69 Harv L Rev 683, 692 (1956).
Silving also brilliantly discusses a German case, which reversed a conviction based on results of a polygraph test to which the defendant had consented. While we express no opinion on whether, if polygraph evidence is scientifically valid it may be admitted with the consent of defendant, we observe that the court, according to Silving, reasoned that
"application of the polygraph test, in the course of which the unconscious mind of the accused answers involuntarily, violated both the procedural requirement of freedom of the accused to conduct his defense and his ethical status as an independent moral 'personality.’ For moral personality implies 'an essential and inalienable autonomous area of the mind, which must remain inviolate also in criminal procedure.’ ” 69 Harv L Rev 689 (footnotes omitted).
The accused’s " 'freedom of will with regard to decision and action’ ” thus makes any waiver in regard to the polygraph untenable because
"freedom precludes deliberate suspension of his consciousness for the purpose of exploring his unconscious. The accused cannot waive this standing and this freedom, for they are not privileges granted to him, but fundamental principles of criminal procedure, based upon law, which must be observed in accordance with the idea of government of laws.” 69 Harv L Rev 688-689.
Thus, the Court accepted defendant^ contention, based on a principle of the Constitution of the Bonn Republic: " 'Man’s dignity is inviolate. All state authority has the duty to respect and protect it.’ ” 69 Harv L Rev 688.
In our own country, considerations of fairness have also been significant in considering admissibility of the polygraph. For example, one Court rejected polygraph evidence after noting, among other reasons, that only those defendants who "pass” examinations want them admitted, thereby making it difficult for the indigent defendant to be similarly advantaged, primarily because he or she could not afford to take an examination in confidence knowing that the results need not be revealed until and unless they were favorable. This is a significant advantage compared with the indigent defendant who can take an examination only with the government’s financing and knowledge, and who must stick with the results of that one attempt. Further, the Court observed that the sense of security exhibited by the defendant who knows he or she can continually take examinations "diminishes the fear of discovered deception, upon which an effective examination depends.” United States v Wilson, 361 F Supp 510, 514 (D Md, 1973).
For an excellent marshalling of arguments against use of the polygraph as substantive evidence at trial, see statement of Henry S. Dogin, Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Criminal Division, the Department of Justice, in testimony before the Foreign Operations and Government Information Subcommittee of the House Committee on Government Operations, 16 Crim L Rep (BNA) 2306 (1975).
The amici and the authorities on which they rely suggest there may also be a possibility of bogging down trials with collateral matters, perhaps resulting in a trial of the polygraph, or a battle of experts. They note there may be a sixth amendment problem involving the right to confrontation because of the impossibility of cross-examining the machine. There is also the possibility of a hearsay problem if polygraph evidence is used to prove the truth of the statement made by the subject during the test. Note, The Polygraph: Scientiñc v Judicial Acceptance, 27 U Miami L Rev 254, 259-260 (1972). Contra, United States v Ridling, 350 F Supp 99.
Such arguments are of varying merit, but there is neither the need to decide these today nor the record before us to help us do so. Indeed, perhaps it is most useful to observe that such serious questions serve, if nothing else, to reinforce the propriety of the high standard of admissibility required of the polygraph.
VIII — Use of Polygraph at New Trial Motion
Our conclusion thus far is that the state of the art does not warrant the introduction of poly-graphic tests into evidence in a trial. But the precise question before us is different. We are asked whether a judge may consider polygraph tests in a motion for a new trial on the basis of newly discovered evidence. More specifically, the issue in this case is whether polygraph tests could be used to bolster the testimony of a new witness (the defendant’s own test is immaterial since he had already testified at trial and the jury rejected his testimony).
In short, is the character of the proceedings on a motion for new trial because of newly discovered evidence so significantly different from the proceedings at trial as to permit the use of polygraph tests in the one and deny its use in the other?
The answer is that the procedure at trial and at a post-conviction hearing for new trial is different and significantly so. The procedures are significantly different because their purposes are significantly different. The purpose of a trial is to determine the guilt or innocence of the defendant. The purpose of a post-conviction hearing for a new trial is, as its name suggests, an action to determine whether there should be such a trial. It is a preliminary, not a final procedure.
The implication of this difference is basic. Since the defendant’s guilt or innocence is not at issue, some procedures are permissible which would not be acceptable at trial. For example, the motion may be argued on the basis of affidavits, which, of course, would not be possible at trial. It does not determine the defendant’s guilt or innocence.
The question arises therefore whether, under these post-trial conditions preliminary to actual trial, the judge may exercise his or her sound discretion as to whether to be guided in the exercise of that discretion by the results of a polygraph test. In other words, may the judge at this stage prior to trial exercise a discretion similar to that which the prosecutor often exercises before going to trial, namely consider the results of a voluntarily taken polygraph test?
In our opinion the judge in a post-conviction hearing on a motion for new trial based on newly found evidence may in his or her discretion consider the results of a polygraph examination. If the judge chooses to consider such results it must be under certain hereinafter enumerated conditions.
(1) The results of the polygraph tests are offered on behalf of the defendant.
(2) The polygraph test was taken voluntarily.
(3) The professional qualifications of the polygraph examiner are approved.
(4) The quality of the polygraph equipment is approved.
(5) The procedures employed are approved.
(6) Either the prosecutor or the court may ask the subject of the polygraph examination to be examined by a polygraph operator of the court’s choice or such operator may be asked to review the offered data with the original operator, or both.
(7) The test results shall be considered only with regard to the general credibility of the examinee not as to the truth or falsehood of any particular statement.
(8) The affidavits or testimony of the polygraph operator shall be a separate record and shall not be used in any way at any subsequent trial.
(9) A judge granting a new trial on the basis of polygraph tests shall not thereafter act as a trier of fact in that case but may preside with a jury. A substitute judge as trier of fact shall not be privy to the polygraph examination or results, or to the fact that a polygraph examination was taken or was in any way involved.
By permitting such limited use of the polygraph, we are operating well within the limits prescribed by the state of the art. Further, we avoid prematurely considering those policy questions . which inevitably accompany use of such evidence at trial.
The advantage of permitting the polygraph to be used for such limited purposes is two-fold:
(1) It gives us an opportunity to use this potentially useful device under strictly controlled conditions, thereby permitting it to establish a "track record” in our state and help provide some of the missing data.
(2) All the polygraph does in this context is, in effect, help the judge decide whether the evidence is good enough to go to the jury. Thus it provides individuals some assistance in arguing their case, and it gives a judge some assistance in making a decision, without casting the polygraph in a decisive role.
IX — Conclusion
The attraction of the polygraph is obvious. The issue of credibility is central to any legal dispute. A device which purports to determine once and for all who is telling the truth and who is lying would be of tremendous service to our system of justice.
The fact is, we don’t know the extent of the polygraph’s usefulness. If we totally foreclose admissibility, we may never know. On the other hand, experimentation would be unwise when an individual’s life or freedom might hinge directly on the effect at trial of a questionable device.
Admission of polygraph evidence for purposes of assisting the judge to determine a post-conviction motion is a different matter. The orderly trial process has already been concluded, and the finder of fact has rendered its judgment within a constitutionally structured adversarial system.
Post-conviction hearings are handled within different constraints from trials. The judge, for example, may use certain data which would be inadmissible at trial to assist in rendering decisions. Yet precisely because the adversarial process has been completed and has done its job, the post-conviction stage of judicial proceedings can be conducted under slightly different rules.
Therefore, admission of the polygraph at a post-conviction hearing for a new trial would not set a pattern for admissibility at trial, but it would provide an opportunity to test effectiveness of the polygraph while at the same time adding another tool to assist the judge.
The need for such assistance is particularly evident in the type of situation presented by the instant case. Traditionally, the testimony of recanting or suddenly discovered witnesses has been highly suspect, largely because it is impossible to determine when the truth is being told. The polygraph won’t do this either; not even its most ardent proponents would so contend. But it might help.
Further, the decision of the judge would be followed by a trial at which the finder of fact would have an opportunity to render a decision totally independent of any influence of the polygraph test.
Thus, in a post-conviction motion for a new trial, the polygraph may be observed in as close to an experimental status as is possible within the actual judicial process, the only way apparently it will be possible to truly gauge its worth. We hold, therefore, that polygraph results may be considered, within the discretion of the judge, to enable a decision to be reached at a post-conviction hearing for a new trial.
Certain safeguards must, of course, be present.
Validity of the machine, the test and testing condition, and competence of the examiner must be established.
The polygraph tests must be presented on behalf of thé defendant so that a constitutionally satisfactory waiver is established. As a new trial may be awarded only upon presentation of genuinely new evidence meeting certain strict standards, supra, the polygraph results must be used to support the credibility of new witnesses or to otherwise sup port new evidence which the finder of fact in the previous trial has not already reviewed. Thus, a polygraph test purporting to demonstrate that the defendant whose story the finder of fact has already rejected is actually telling the truth would not satisfy the conditions. This is as it should be, for the polygraph is not a truth machine, and the collective wisdom of the jury has already passed on defendant’s story.
The trial judge may also appoint the court’s own expert, or the prosecutor may request an expert to conduct another examination, or to merely review the results of the test already taken.
Results of the polygraph itself may not be admitted at the new trial and the judge so granting a new trial may not become a finder of fact at that trial.
In this case, the trial judge assumed he had no discretion to consider the polygraphic evidence, even if he was satisfied with the reliability and proficiency of the polygraph machine and the polygraph operator. This was error.
As we have just indicated, we hold that polygraph evidence properly qualified may be considered, within the discretion of the judge, to enable a decision to be reached at a post-conviction hearing for a new trial.
We therefore remand this matter to the trial court to permit the judge to exercise his discretion to consider whether to admit testimony about polygraph results in a post-conviction hearing on a motion for new trial, provided that he finds a proper foundation has been laid for such testimony as outlined in this opinion.
Kavanagh, C. J., and Levin, J., concurred with Williams, J.
Fitzgerald, Ryan, and Blair Moody, Jr., JJ., took no part in the decision of this case.
Appendix A
Relevant portions of the testimony of Lynn Marcy concerning the polygraph examinations given in the instant case are summarized below to illustrate appropriate procedures for utilizing polygraph evidence in a motion for a new trial:
The polygraph examiner testified to the questions asked, answers given, and his opinion as to truthfulness or deception on each. The procedure used was a controlled question technique using three types of questions.
One type is the irrelevant question to which the answer is obvious and which the examiner knows in advance. It is used for purposes of comparison. An example is, "Are you now in Michigan?”
The second type, a question of a broad general nature, is the control question, or the "known lie”. The subject is either presumed to be lying or it could be presumed from the nature of the question, that he could not be sure he was answering it truthfully. Marcy explained its purpose is for diagnostic comparison basis and said it also helped the examiner achieve a psychological set during the examination procedure. It enables the examiner to see what a reading of deception looks like for a particular person. An example is, "Did you ever steal anything of value in your life?”
The third type is the relevant or issue question, to which Marcy testified the attention of the individual attempting deception will be directed because he or she finds that area of greatest consequence. The person who believes he or she is answering the relevant or issue questions correctly will direct his or her attention and psychological set toward the control or lie questions. The polygraph operator's diagnosis is based on whether there is greater emotional stimulation on the control, or on the relevant issue questions.
The instrument used in these procedures was a Keeler Polygraph, a four-stylus machine recording upper and lower respiratory movement changes, galvanic skin responses, and cardiovascular response changes.
In order to prepare the instant examinations, Marcy testified to spending time reviewing the facts of the case, and then had a pretest interview with Barbara in which he took a history and discussed with Barbara his background and physical condition. In addition, Marcy attempted to ensure, during the pretest conference, that Barbara and he mutually understood the particular wordings of questions. Another purpose of the review was to remove the element of surprise which might distort results. The tests of Barbara occurred on two successive days, one involving primarily questioning on the rape charge, the other, that of extortion.
Marcy testified that the facts and circumstances of the instant case would be the proper subject of the polygraph examination. He further specified that such an examination is a test of whether, on the specific questions asked and reported, the subject is telling what he or she believes to be the truth. He also testified:
"With the conditions, as outlined in the record that has been made a part of this proceeding, and a qualified examiner with a suitable subject, proper equipment and the use of proper techniques, the accuracy that has been found by examiners in the field, including myself, would be something on the plus side of 99 percent.”
Marcy concluded that Barbara answered "each of the listed relevant questions truthfully * * * to the best of his knowledge and belief’.
Marcy reviewed the results of Barbara’s polygraph examination with two polygraph examiners for the Michigan State Police, and did the same for that of Metropoulos. The only change in procedure with Metropoulos was an interview with the interpreter, briefing him on the polygraph procedures which would facilitate working with Marcy, and working with him on question structure so that they could be clearly conveyed in Greek. Marcy also attempted to assure the court that it was not unusual to conduct polygraph examinations through an interpreter. He concluded that Metropoulos told the truth on the relevant questions in the examination.
Appendix B
How the Polygraph Works
The polygraph has matured since the systolic blood measurement device in Frye was first used. Today’s machines measure several changes, pal-mar skin resistance or galvanic skin response (GSR), Lykken, Psychology and the Lie Detector Industry, 29 Am Psychologist 725, 729 (1974), abdominal respiration, thoracic respiration, and blood pressure-pulse rate. Horvath & Reid, The Reliability of Polygraph Examiner Diagnosis of Truth and Deception, 62 J Crim L C & P S 276, 277 (1971). Others may add a Psychological Stress Evaluator that records the presence of a low-frequency component which diminishes in speed for sounds under stress. Lykken, supra, 29 Am Psychologist 729. Most have a device for recording muscular activity, added when it was discovered the examinee could affect the accuracy of the diagnosis by tensing or relaxing muscles unobserved by the operator. Note, The Polygraphic Technique: A Selective Analysis, 20 Drake L Rev 330, 331 (1971).
The theory is that a suspect’s awareness that he or she is lying, combined with concern over being caught in a lie, create emotional disturbances which are transformed into physiological changes which can be detected by the polygraph. Reid & Inbau, Truth and Deception: The Polygraph ("LieDetector”) Technique, pp 50, 196.
To risk oversimplification, following a pre-test interview, the examiner generally administers a specific response test, including relevant, irrelevant, and control questions. A peak-of-tension test, using some critical detail of the alleged offense which the suspect does not know has been discovered, is rarely used. Note, supra, 20 Drake L Rev 331.
Inbau & Reid maintain the accuracy rate is 95 percent, with a 4 percent margin of inconclusive results and a 1 percent margin of possible error. They also maintain that the errors tend to be a failure to detect the lies of guilty subjects, rather than a finding of false-positives. Note, supra, 20 Drake L Rev 334, citing Inbau & Reid, Lie Detection and Criminal Interrogation (Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins Co, 3d ed, 1953), pp 110-111, and Inbau & Reid, The Lie Detector Technique: A Reliable and Valuable Investigative Aid, 50 ABA J 470, 472 (1964). In the case at bar, the examiner testified his test was 99 percent accurate. This is consistent with the results reported on the special record. Such results, however, have not been universally accepted. See, eg., United States v Wilson, 361 F Supp 510, 512-513 (D Md, 1973), reporting the accuracy range from 70 percent to 95 percent.
See Appendix A for summary.
The polygraph test of defendant Barbara, because it serves only to in effect duplicate evidence the jury has already heard, i.e., Barbara’s denial of his guilt, is merely cumulative, and does not properly fall within the purview of new evidence. The same reasoning would apply had Metropoulos testified. It is not clear whether Spadafore’s testimony is new or had been given at another unrelated trial in Federal Court.
This, of course, does not preclude questions raised concerning admissibility of an otherwise accepted technique in a particular trial, such as adequacy of the given test and of the particular examiner.
Bailey also took the stand himself, basing his expertise on his experience as an investigator in the Marine Corps G-2 section, as a private investigator who referred cases to polygraph examiners, and as an attorney who uses the polygraph in investigative work, who lectures extensively about the polygraph, and who has done research with the polygraph, especially investigations in the field of hypnosis with Marcy. Bailey is a former associate member of the American Polygraph Association, and has lectured at the Keeler Polygraph Institute and the National Training Center of Lie Detection (now the Baxter School of Lie Detection).
There was no showing of the nature of this follow-up, i.e., if there were convictions or corroboration by extrinsic evidence, for example.
He explained these circumstances as occurring when a subject confessed after he had determined the test showed deception. This, he maintained, was not inconsistent with the conclusion reached.
Although a licensed psychological examiner, Dr. Yankee’s Ph.D. is in higher education. His bachelor’s and master’s degrees are in psychology.
Since the problem of potential conflict between two experts is so central to the ultimate question, Bailey’s observations are useful:
"Mr. Goussy [Assistant Attorney General]: That report indicates that Mr. Zimmerman passed Peter Lazaros in relation to the affair that occurred in the Diplomat Towers in Florida.
"Mr. Bailey: Right. In part he passed it.
"Mr. Goussy: In part.
"Mr. Bailey: Yes.
"Mr. Goussy: I have personal knowledge of a polygraph of a highly respected person that it failed Peter Lazaros.
"Mr. Bailey: I am aware of that.
"Mr. Goussy: It seems to me this very situation in this case indicates that there can be serious conflicts among polygraph experts as to a given incident.
"Mr. Bailey: No one made an eifort to reconcile these two tests. If the examiners were to sit down and go over their questions together, the information they had at the time they conducted the examination and compared their charts, I am quite satisfied that you would not wind up with a conflict.
"On two examiners who had not had any contact with each other, run the same subject and it is very possible Mr. Lazaros withheld information from the examiner, which didn’t mean he was lying but which he would more readily disclose to counsel, which is a critical part of a clearing test that could well explain it. Mr. Lazaros did show responses which merely fortify the result because it is a control, it shows responses to one aspect of that transaction.”
Amicus briefs were submitted by the American Polygraph Association, the State Appellate Defenders Office (also adopted by the Michigan Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers), the American Civil Liberties Union of Michigan, and the Prosecuting Attorneys Appellate Service.
The most significant departure until recently from this solid wall of non-admissibility was People v Kenny, 167 NY Misc 51; 3 NYS2d 348 (1938), where the results of a pathometer test administered to defendant were admitted over the prosecutor’s objection. However, Kenny was probably overruled sub silentio the same year by People v Forte, 279 NY 204; 18 NE2d 31 (1938), when the New York Court of Appeals affirmed the trial judge’s exclusion of lie-detector test results. The only other substantial situation when polygraph evidence has been admitted in some states has been when the parties have stipulated to the admission of the testimony. See discussion, infra.
Wigmore cites cases prohibiting admission from federal courts including the tenth circuit, Marks v United States, 260 F2d 377 (CA 10, 1958); eighth circuit, McCroskey v United States, 339 F2d 895 (CA 8, 1965), and from states including Arizona, California, Florida, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia and Wisconsin.
The complete Valdez requirements are:
(1) That all parties sign a written stipulation;
(2) The judge may still refuse to admit the test, if, for example, the examiner is not qualified or if the test conditions were faulty;
(3) The examiner may be cross-examined as to his or her qualifica tions and training, the test conditions, limitations of the polygraph technique, and any other matter deemed relevant by the trial judge;
(4) The jury shall be instructed as to limited use of polygraph evidence to indicate defendant’s veracity at the time of the examination, and not to prove any element of the crime charged, and that corroborative weight and effect of the testimony is for them to determine. 91 Ariz 283-284; 371 P2d 900-901.
This includes, necessarily, the Davis standard and those of other states which derive from Frye.
" 'General scientific acceptance’ is a proper condition for taking judicial notice of scientific facts, but not a criterion for the admissibility of scientific evidence. Any relevant conclusions which are supported by a qualified expert witness should be received unless there are other reasons for exclusion.” McCormick, Evidence (2d ed), § 203, p 491.
"Even if judicial notice is not taken of the validity of a general proposition of science, that validity may still be established by an appropriate evidentiary showing by expert testimony.” Strong, Questions Affecting the Admissibility of Scientific Evidence, 1970 U Ill L Forum 1, 9.
McCormick would apply the same standard for all scientific evidence, that it should be admissible if it would "render the desired inference more probable than it would be without the evidence”. McCormick, Evidence (1st ed), § 152, p 318.
Polygraph adherents maintain that scientific evidence such as psychiatry, which they maintain is even less verifiable than that of the polygraph, is readily admissible without such a test. Reid & Inbau, Truth and Deception: The Polygraph ("Lie-Detector") Technique (Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins Co, 1966), pp 255, 257.
It is suggested that scientific disagreement should affect only the weight and not the admissibility of evidence. See, e.g., how courts handled disputed status of Breathalyzer. State v Olivas, 77 Ariz 118; 267 P2d 893 (1954); People v Bobczyk, 343 Ill App 504; 99 NE2d 567 (1951).
One Federal district court recommended still another approach:
"[A] polygraph examiner, having satisfied a particular court that he is qualified as an expert in his field, should be permitted to present foundational evidence to that court demonstrative of the polygraph’s substantial reliability and acceptance, in an effort to establish its probative value.” United States v DeBetham, 348 F Supp 1377, 1384 (SD Cal, 1972) (emphasis added).
See Coppolino v State, 223 So 2d 68, 70-71 (Fla App, 1968), cert den, 399 US 927; 90 S Ct 2242; 26 L Ed 2d 794 (1970), where a test showing death resulted from succinylcholine chloride was admitted, even though the test was designed specially for that case and therefore was not generally accepted. The court held the lack of general acceptance affected only the weight and not the admissibility of the evidence. The court further supported admissibility as within the wide discretion exercised by the trial judge, noting that the prosecution witnesses stated they held their conclusions "with reasonable medical centainty”, that unlike lie detector and intoxication tests, "there is a dearth of literature and specific case law to guide the trial and appellate courts”, and that defendant did not show the court abused its discretion. Compare Hodo v Superior Court of Riverside County, 30 Cal App 3d 778; 106 Cal Rptr 547, 553 (1973), applying Frye standard to voiceprints, and Worley v State, 263 So 2d 613 (Fla App, 1972), which does not, cited in Tarlow, Admissibility of Polygraph Evidence in 1975: An Aid in Determining Credibility in a Perjury-Plagued System, 26 Hastings LJ 917, 939, fn 107 (1975).
"[W]here judicial notice is not appropriate, due to substantial scientific disagreement, the courts [should] apply the more normal standard of admissibility, which simply weighs the probative value of the proferred evidence against the traditional policy factors, such as the possibilities of misleading or prejudicing the jury, or of unduly consuming the court’s time.” 348 F Supp 1383-1384, citing Kaplan, The Lie Detector: An Analysis of Its Place in the Law of Evidence, 10 Wayne L Rev 381, 402-407 (1964).
"This is not to say that the polygraph may escape all requirements of demonstrating its reliability, since that is an integral part of whatever probative value the technique may possess. Nor is this to say that in applying the normal standard of admissibility of scientific evidence the polygraph need not demonstrate the support of at least 'a substantial body of scientific opinion.’ ” 348 F Supp 1384.
There was no indication whether the lone psychologist testifying was also involved in the polygraph field, but he presented a validation test reporting a percentage of accuracy better than 80 percent.
Issues discussed included the effect of the polygraph on self-incrimination, possible violation of the right to privacy, and danger of displacing the jury. 348 F Supp 1389-1391. These are referred to in somewhat greater detail in part VII of this opinion, infra.
The record of exhibits apparently included a bibliography of scientific studies, 350 F Supp 688, fn 15, and studies performed by David Raskin, a psychologist who performed research in the areas of psychophysiology.
As acknowledged in the special record, polygraph techniques and devices have remained largely the same since 1956, and we have been presented with no indication by proponents of the original special record that matters have changed since then. Thus, it does not appear that conclusions and studies of recent years need be relied upon.
Apparently, based on John E. Reid’s testimony in the special record, Reid and Inbau’s celebrated change in position to urging admissibility of the polygraph stems from formation of the professional association and its attempts at self-policing, and not from any new developments in the area or improvements in technique or instrumentation.
The text also reports that "the preponderance of evidence seems to indicate * * * the technique is effective — at least more effective than alternative methods of ascertaining truth — it still remains to be determined how accurately and under what conditions.” Greenfield & Sternbach, p 751.
In a previous publication, one of the text’s authors concluded, " * * * there exists no public body of knowledge to support the enthusiastic claim of operators”. Sternbach, Gustafson & Colier, Don’t Trust the Lie Detector, 40 Harvard Bus Rev 127, 130 (1962), quoted in Burkey, The Case Against the Polygraph, 51 ABA J 855, 856 (1965).
See Appendix B for brief description of how the polygraph works.
The special record in this case indicated that most cases are never verified, and the record did not clarify the method used on those which were verified.
One possibility might well be a Law Enforcement Aid Administration-funded study which would be designed, not just to compile statistics, but to verify field operation of the polygraph. Mere statistical studies are not sufficient, for their weakness is again usually lack of verification.
There may, however, be some extrinsic verification from police investigation. For example, the fifth column in the chart below, "Reported Guilty and Confessed” provides some measure of extrinsic support:
PERIODIC REPORTS FROM POLICE RE: POLYGRAPH EXAMINATIONS (Total Subjects: 7622)
Trovillo, Scientíñc Proof of Credibility, 22 Tenn L Rev 743, 758 (1953). (Data was computed by writing letters to about 50 police departments in principal United States cities.) Trovillo, 22 Tenn L Rev 759. The author acknowledges that "some of the most important information as to validity or reliability is missing”. However, this chart is an interesting demonstration of the usefulness of the polygraph as an investigative tool. Kg., the Michigan State Police reported 50 percent "Reported Guilty and Confessed” out of a reported 41.7 percent guilty.
The examiner in this case reported he was able to verify only approximately 30 percent of the examinations he has made. Without giving more details, he reported that of these, "something better than 95 percent” were consistent with later developments.
Such claims, made in the context of the difficulties of evaluating the polygraph, must also be weighed against such competing conten tions that "the degree of success is close to 70 percent”, Burkey, supra, 51 ABA J 856, and that "a leading polygraph firm claiming 95% accuracy could verify only 18.9% of its judgments”, Note, Evolving Methods of Scientific Proof, 13 NY L Forum 679, 690, fn 12 (1968), citing Hearing Before the Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations of the House of Representatives [on the Use of the Polygraph] by the Federal Government, 88th Cong, 2d Sess, pt 1, p 32 (1964).
Reid & Inbau, however, report that the percentage of known errors with the technique in the laboratories of John E. Reid & Associates is
"less than 1 percent. Of the remainder no diagnosis at all is attempted in about 5 percent of the cases, because of such factors as the physiological or psychological impairment of the subjects.” Reid & Inbau, Truth and Deception, p 234.
Other proponents report accuracy ranging from 75 percent to 96 percent. 13 NY L Forum, 690, fn 12.
One problem involved in evaluating the statements of polygraphers is that these would involve laboratory studies. The difficulties of comparing field and laboratory studies are closely bound up with the problem of motivation: in the field, the suspect’s concern about the test and the consequences of a positive evaluation are obvious. Greenfield & Sternbach, p 752. While many will not completely subscribe to the judgment that "[laboratory studies cannot provide adequate validity estimates”, Lykken, Psychology and the Lie Detector Industry, 29 Am Psychologist 725, 734 (1974) (emphasis in original), the obvious problems with comparability make the validation question even more urgent.
Obviously, in addition to the difficulties of developing extrinsic evidence to support the polygraph conclusion, other problems of verification in the field include the probability that "false-negatives” will not challenge the results, and that a jury verdict, although legally conclusive, is not a scientifically controlled means of verification.
E.g., "The process of reading the charts involves considerable interpretation, and the possibility that the examiner’s biases may affect his conclusions cannot be discarded.” United States v Urquidez, 356 F Supp 1363, 1367 (CD Cal, 1973). Fred Inbau, one of the most active proponents of the polygraph, reported in 1964 that only 20 percent of those calling themselves polygraph operators at the time were actually qualified. Note, The Emergence of the Polygraph at Trial, 73 Colum L Rev 1120, 1124, fn 23 (1973). A classic article by an early polygraph pioneer, Leonarde Keeler, concluded by emphasizing "the importance of having only well trained persons as operators must be stressed. This approach to criminal investigation can prove dangerous in the hands of the untrained.” Keeler, A Method for Detecting Deception, 1 Am J Police Sci 38, 51 (1930), quoted in 3A Wigmore, Evidence (Chadbourn rev), § 999, p 953.
In a study based only on comparison of graphs, experienced examiners were correct 91.4 percent of the time. The inexperienced succeeded in only 79.1 percent of the cases.
E.g., a "false positive” may be obtained due to undetected irregular blood pressure, heart disease, respiratory disorders, extreme nervousness, anxiety, anger, or nervous tension. Highleyman, The Deceptive Certainty of the "Lie Detector,” IQ Hastings LJ 47, 60-61 (1958). It is maintained however, that examinations tend to err more on the side of finding a guilty subject innocent, than finding an innocent subject guilty of lying. Horvath & Reid, The Reliability of Polygraph Examiner Diagnosis of Truth and Deception, 62 J Crim L C & P S 276, 279 (1971).
Some polygraphs have devices which are designed to detect such muscular exertions.
In 1964, Professor Inbau stated that "eighty percent of people who administer tests do not measure up to standards we feel are required.” Note, supra, 13 NY L Forum 692. Two years later, Reid & Inbau suggested, in Truth and Deception, p 257:
"(1) That the examiner possess a college degree. (2) That he has received at least six months of internship training under an experienced, competent examiner or examiners with a sufficient volume of case work to afford frequent supervised testing in actual case situations. (3) That the witness have at least five years’ experience as a specialist in the field of polygraph examinations. (4) That the examin er’s testimony be based upon polygraph records that he produces in court and which are available for cross-examination purposes.”
See, e.g., Forensic Polygraph Examiners Act, MCLA 338.1701 et seq.; MSA 18.186(1). Note, however, that the Attorney General has ruled that licensing is not required where a psychological stress evaluator is used for purposes other than to detect deception or verify truthfulness. OAG, 1975-1976, No 4855 (April 23, 1975).
See discussion, Trovillo, supra, 22 Tenn L Rev 763-765, suggesting minimum academic training desirable but not now required.
He attempted to assure the appointment of qualified examiners by utilizing the Federal Court’s power to appoint experts to verify defendant’s examination. 350 F Supp 96-97.
According to a recent law review article, prosecutors in several jurisdictions engage in pretrial agreements to withdraw prosecutions if defendant "passes” the polygraph. If defendant "fails,” the agreement usually includes a pledge to either plead to a lesser charge or to not object to the admission of the test at trial. Note, The Emergence of the Polygraph at Trial, 73 Colum L Rev 1120, 1127, fns 41-42 (1973). See People v Reagan, 395 Mich 306, 308-311; 235 NW2d 581 (1975); Butler v State, 228 So 2d 421, 422-424 (Fla App, 1969), requiring such bargains to be kept.
However, the Oakland County prosecutor supplemented the record in the instant case by advising this Court that as of January 1975, the office did not retain a polygrapher on a regular basis; polygraph results were used at the initial complaint and warrant-issuing stage, and not in the information-issuing process; however, at those initial stages, polygraph results are used in substantially less than one per cent of the cases. The tests are administered to both complainant and respondent.
See also, Hearing Before the Subcommittee of the House Committee on Government Operations on Use of Polygraphs as "Lie Detectors” by the Federal Government, 88th Cong, 2d Sess (1964), cited in Note, The Emergence of the Polygraph at Trial, 73 Colum L Rev 1120, fn 3 (1973); Richardson, Modern Scientific Evidence (2d ed), § 10.2, p 309, fn 6.
The concern persists that the possibility of the jury treating polygraph evidence as conclusive proof of guilt or innocence may give such evidence an overbearing prejudicial effect. People v Davis, 343 Mich 348; 72 NW2d 269 (1955). Judge Joiner in Ridling resolved the problem by maintaining faith in the intelligence of the modern jury. Judge Kaufman, on the other hand, in United States v Stromberg, 179 F Supp 278, 280 (SD NY, 1959), felt admissibility of such evidence would be tantamount to overturning the jury system.
"The most important function served by a jury is in bringing its accumulated experience to bear upon witnesses testifying before it, in order to distinguish truth from falsity. * * * I am not prepared to rule that the jury system is as yet outmoded.”
See also, State v Smith, 113 Ohio App 461, 463-464; 178 NE2d 605, 607 (1960). McCormick wrote: "The exclusion seems to rest more upon a judicial estimate of the weight that the trier of fact will give to the opinion, and a demand that the opinion be almost infallible because the trier will think it so.” Evidence (2d ed), § 207, p 507. However, he also said, "We cannot in our hearts be so confident of the reliability of the present system of resolving conflicts in testimony by impeachment, cross-examination and inferences from demeanor, that we can afford to reject scientific aid in the task.” McCormick (1st ed), § 174, pp 369-370.
Part of the reason for this problem no doubt lies with the myth of infallibility, considered essential by polygraph examiners to create the appropriate mental set in the tested subject.
The myth persists despite the fact that proponents have never claimed that a detector will ring bells or set off alarms automatically when a subject lies. Skolnick, Scientifíc Theory and Scientifíc Evidence: An Analysis of Lie-Detection, 70 Yale LJ 694, 704-705 (1961).
Examples are offered, moreover, of the jury disregarding the polygraph, the classic example occurring in Commonwealth v George O Edgerly (Docket No 59459) (Mass, Middlesex Superior Court, 1961), where the defendant was acquitted in spite of the admission of adverse polygraph test results. Note, Problems Remaining for the "Generally Accepted" Polygraph, 53 B U L Rev 375, 387 (1973).
The jurors in People v Kenny, 167 NY Misc 51; 3 NYS2d 348 (1938), in which polygraph evidence was admitted, found the defendant innocent. In response to the question, "was the 'lie detector’ testimony, in your opinion, conclusive proof of the innocence or guilt of Kenny?” six jurors responded affirmatively. Four said no, and two did not respond. Forkosch, The Lie Detector and the Courts, 16 NY U L Q Rev 202, 228-229 (1939), quoted in People v Schiers, 160 Cal App 2d 364, 379, 380, fn 2; 324 P2d 981, 329 P2d 1, 2, fn 2 (1958) (dissent).
"[T]he jury of twelve men is designed to evaluate * * * testimony based on common sense and ordinary experience. This historic function should not be lightly exposed to drastic revision. Evaluation of the testimony of polygraph experts is indeed beyond the realm of ordinary experience.” United States v Wilson, 361 F Supp 510, 513 (D Md, 1973).
Ridling, however, suggested that defendant’s offer to testify waives this right, and further, that polygraph results may not be testimonial. 350 F Supp 97. Contra, Bowen v Eyman, 324 F Supp 339, 341 (D Ariz, 1970). It has been eloquently argued that use of polygraph evidence violates these policy foundations of the privilege against self-incrimination:
"1. To stimulate law enforcement agencies to discover independent evidence to uncover offenders rather than resort to the inquisitorial examination of many persons.
"2. To keep individuals free from police investigation and meddling unless there is probable cause to believe one has broken the law.
"3. To preclude inquisitions into a person’s private life by local 'tyrants’ for the purpose of 'ensnarement.’ * * *
"4. Dependence upon confession at trials.
"5. Assuming the detector becomes 100 percent accurate and its results are admissible, the jury will become vestigial and the defendant will no longer be a 'party’ since he cannot make a realistic defense. The real case will be decided not in open court but in the laboratory.” People v Schiers, 160 Cal App 2d 364, 379, 383; 324 P2d 981, 329 P2d 1, 4 (1958) (dissent) (citations omitted).
While polygraphers unanimously agree that a coerced test is invalid, the question may not be academic because of subtle means of coercion, or because of the development of new techniques. Note, Pinocchio’s New Nose, 48 NY U L Rev 339, 351 (1973). See, e.g. Pinter v State, 203 Miss 344, 347; 34 So 2d 723, 724 (1948), admitting confession secured by a threat to require a defendant to submit to a polygraph test because, "It would seem that his fear was not of the machine but of its capacity to elicit truth. * * * A desire to anticipate by voluntary disclosure, the supposed revelations of a Tie detector’ has its origin in the mind and conscience of the defendant, and is not an 'undue influence’ ”. Approved, Richardson, Modern Scientific Evidence (2d ed), § 10.8, p 318.
Although referring to the possibility of a false positive, Justice Carter, writing for the dissenters of the District Court of Appeal of California, observed, "An innocent man, convinced of the device’s accuracy, would anticipate a favorable result, not an involuntary admission of guilt. He cannot be held to have waived his privilege against an untruth.” People v Schiers, supra, 160 Cal App 2d 364, 384; 329 P2d 1, 4 (dissent).
"Judgment of Bundesgerichtshof (I. Strafsenat), Feb. 16, 1954, 5 Entscheidungen des Bundesgerichtshofes in Strafsachen [hereinafter B.G.H. St.] 332. The Bundesgerichtshof is the highest court of the Bonn Republic in civil and criminal matters.” Silving, supra, 69 Harv L Rev 688, fn 22.
Mr. Dogin noted that the Criminal Division finds such examinations useful in investigative work in only a few limited situations, particularly in "screening members of 'closed’ groups with access to property that was stolen or embezzled, as an informant screening device to prevent unnecessary investigative efforts and to test informant credibility.”
Additional policy considerations raised against admission of polygraph examination results include these: "(1) that the jury will put inordinate weight on the testimony of the examiner; (2) that, although the testimony of a ballistics or fingerprint expert is usually significant, 'a demonstrated lie or truth to the question "Did you kill XT’ would invariably be perfectly conclusive’; (3) that examination results offered unilaterally by the defendant would always be favorable to him and his opponent would not be able to examine him under the lie-detector, nor to cross-examine him should he refuse to take the stand; (4) that, even where the defendant consents to take an examination, while incarcerated the conditions under which the consent is obtained and the examination is given may be a factor in producing results unfavorable to the defendant; (5) that the presumption of innocence may be threatened by the inordinate weight likely to be given to failing to take a polygraph examination once such examination results are generally admitted * * * ”, Note, Problems Remaining for the "Generally Accepted” Polygraph, 53 B U L Rev 375, 377 (1973).
The prediction that admission of the polygraph would lead to a confusing battle of the experts was dealt with by one of the earliest courts admitting polygraph evidence. Noting that "the deductions of handwriting experts and of psychiatrists are not at all uniform * * * their testimony is received in evidence, and it is left to a jury to determine which, if either, expert or experts they are going to believe and accept”. People v Kenny, 167 Misc 51; 3 NYS2d 348, 351 (1938).
This was a concern of the trial judge who sat during the making of the special record.
This objection completely misconstrues the nature of polygraph testimony which, as we have seen, is really the opinion of the polygraph expert. The expert can, of course, be cross-examined. Note, supra, 48 NY U L Rev 350. However, our own Court has noted there is a possibility that the credibility of the examiners rather than the credibility of witnesses would become the issue at trial. People v Davis, 343 Mich 348, 372; 72 NW2d 269 (1955).
Some other states which have considered the issue have done so only in the context of whether the polygraph evidence itself would be admissible at a new trial. However, our decision today is based precisely on the difference between a post-conviction motion for a new trial and the trial itself. If the only new evidence is the polygraph examination, this of course would be inadmissible at trial and would not be a sufficient basis for granting a new trial. Thus, in State v Brown, 177 So 2d 532 (Fla App, 1965), the court was held to have appropriately exercised its discretion to grant a new trial on the basis of stipulated-to polygraph tests given to defendant to confirm his alibi defense. Defendant passed two out of three tests. 177 So 2d 532. The court, however, relied on Florida’s general rule of admitting polygraph tests when both parties so stipulate. 177 So 2d 533.
In contrast, in United States v Stromberg, 179 F Supp 278, 280 (SD NY, 1959), the Court rejected the use of polygraph evidence on a motion for a new trial, because the evidence would not have been admissible at trial. The results of the polygraph simply supported defendant’s story that he had not been involved in the conspiracy of which he had been convicted, and did not relate to new witnesses or other new evidence. To have made a difference in the outcome of a trial, the polygraph test would itself have to be admitted into evidence. This, the trial court was not prepared to do. Accord, State v Scott, 210 Kan 426, 434; 502 P2d 753, 760 (1972).
The main features of the apparatus and the theory behind it are well expressed in 3A Wigmore, Evidence (Chadbourn rev), § 999, pp 949-953.
A sample test might include this pattern of questions:
"(1) Are you called John? (2) Have you had a smoke since you entered this room? (3) Do you know who killed Frank Kieson last night? (4) Have you eaten anything today? (5) Did you kill Frank Kieson last night? (6) Do you know where the killer went after he left Kieson’s house? (7) Do you know what implement was used to kill Kieson? (8) Have you lied to any of my questions?” Trovillo, Scientific Proof of Credibility, 22 Tenn L Rev 743, 753 (1953). | [
0.034423828125,
-0.00286865234375,
0.03662109375,
0.041748046875,
-0.046142578125,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.0615234375,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.035888671875,
0.032470703125,
0.023681640625,
-0.01312255859375,
0.021484375,
-0.0213623046875,
0.01300048828125,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.03369140625,
0.0419921875,
-0.008544921875,
-0.03515625,
-0.0164794921875,
0.01416015625,
-0.0498046875,
-0.004913330078125,
-0.02880859375,
-0.0196533203125,
0.01953125,
0.00860595703125,
0.03955078125,
0.053955078125,
0.00152587890625,
0.0201416015625,
0.0281982421875,
-0.0390625,
-0.00064849853515625,
-0.04541015625,
0.06884765625,
-0.033203125,
0.00011873245239257812,
0.00115966796875,
-0.0047607421875,
0.0211181640625,
0.01129150390625,
-0.049560546875,
-0.0830078125,
-0.0390625,
-0.026611328125,
-0.02392578125,
-0.00171661376953125,
-0.025146484375,
0.049072265625,
0.01031494140625,
0.022216796875,
-0.038330078125,
0.0166015625,
-0.038330078125,
-0.001983642578125,
0.002899169921875,
0.01275634765625,
0.03125,
0.0498046875,
0.005096435546875,
-0.00653076171875,
-0.0478515625,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.0068359375,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.0186767578125,
0.01190185546875,
0.00421142578125,
-0.005615234375,
0.00118255615234375,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.015625,
0.0093994140625,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.0159912109375,
0.019287109375,
0.006317138671875,
0.039794921875,
0.022705078125,
-0.02490234375,
0.01422119140625,
0.037353515625,
-0.01611328125,
0.035400390625,
-0.00958251953125,
0.0262451171875,
0.0302734375,
-0.057373046875,
-0.0341796875,
0.015625,
0.0028076171875,
0.01226806640625,
-0.00946044921875,
0.041748046875,
-0.025634765625,
0.021240234375,
0.0341796875,
-0.04345703125,
0.060791015625,
-0.0026702880859375,
0.05078125,
-0.037109375,
0.029296875,
-0.0126953125,
-0.04638671875,
0.01287841796875,
-0.0026092529296875,
0.0211181640625,
0.0257568359375,
-0.0177001953125,
0.01025390625,
-0.00408935546875,
0.049560546875,
-0.02294921875,
-0.027099609375,
0.002777099609375,
-0.0107421875,
0.00762939453125,
0.00384521484375,
0.033203125,
0.001708984375,
0.02099609375,
-0.00439453125,
-0.000762939453125,
-0.0244140625,
0.0228271484375,
0.00701904296875,
-0.00860595703125,
0.0076904296875,
0.0247802734375,
0.0072021484375,
0.0247802734375,
0.0036163330078125,
0.023681640625,
0.0191650390625,
0.005096435546875,
0.03466796875,
-0.00029754638671875,
0.050048828125,
0.043212890625,
0.032470703125,
-0.0255126953125,
0.0223388671875,
-0.006561279296875,
0.01953125,
-0.027099609375,
-0.010009765625,
0.038818359375,
0.0020904541015625,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.0283203125,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.00046539306640625,
0.0025634765625,
0.039306640625,
-0.033935546875,
0.01129150390625,
0.000392913818359375,
0.025390625,
0.02392578125,
-0.001220703125,
0.000331878662109375,
-0.039794921875,
0.00958251953125,
0.00775146484375,
-0.0296630859375,
0.0086669921875,
0.02490234375,
0.016357421875,
0.054931640625,
0.000278472900390625,
0.0009002685546875,
-0.0000705718994140625,
-0.052978515625,
0.0189208984375,
0.04150390625,
0.0174560546875,
0.002197265625,
0.0006866455078125,
-0.03857421875,
-0.01177978515625,
0.0135498046875,
-0.00750732421875,
-0.009765625,
0.0341796875,
-0.047119140625,
0.01318359375,
0.01177978515625,
0.03857421875,
-0.05078125,
0.00628662109375,
0.049072265625,
-0.052490234375,
-0.029541015625,
0.01031494140625,
0.0419921875,
0.0673828125,
-0.01141357421875,
0.01068115234375,
0.04736328125,
0.01312255859375,
-0.0125732421875,
0.04443359375,
0.0111083984375,
-0.0050048828125,
0.029052734375,
-0.04150390625,
0.0201416015625,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.038330078125,
0.01324462890625,
-0.0301513671875,
0.01611328125,
0.007232666015625,
-0.01153564453125,
0.0177001953125,
0.0078125,
0.004974365234375,
0.01123046875,
0.01416015625,
0.053955078125,
-0.00095367431640625,
0.007659912109375,
-0.00701904296875,
0.02099609375,
-0.00262451171875,
0.03173828125,
-0.016845703125,
0.0111083984375,
0.017822265625,
0.0026397705078125,
0.0037078857421875,
0.0234375,
-0.0146484375,
0.0213623046875,
0.078125,
0.031005859375,
-0.044677734375,
0.0380859375,
0.0020294189453125,
-0.043212890625,
0.01214599609375,
0.0047607421875,
0.005523681640625,
0.042724609375,
0.01611328125,
0.0191650390625,
-0.039306640625,
-0.0072021484375,
0.057861328125,
0.005157470703125,
-0.05517578125,
-0.06591796875,
0.00927734375,
0.025146484375,
-0.02001953125,
0.006988525390625,
0.00341796875,
-0.009521484375,
0.003143310546875,
0.00799560546875,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.033203125,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.03759765625,
-0.048828125,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.016357421875,
-0.049560546875,
0.004364013671875,
-0.0625,
-0.001708984375,
-0.026123046875,
-0.01068115234375,
0.0194091796875,
-0.018798828125,
0.03076171875,
-0.02978515625,
0.0137939453125,
-0.057373046875,
0.027587890625,
-0.006591796875,
0.031494140625,
0.0164794921875,
-0.005615234375,
-0.0771484375,
-0.01092529296875,
0.038330078125,
-0.040771484375,
0.00244140625,
0.0091552734375,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.039306640625,
0.042236328125,
-0.04443359375,
-0.0277099609375,
0.00140380859375,
-0.060302734375,
0.013427734375,
-0.007354736328125,
0.0108642578125,
-0.0101318359375,
0.01422119140625,
-0.00750732421875,
0.07421875,
0.0458984375,
0.029052734375,
-0.0255126953125,
0.08154296875,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.0201416015625,
0.03955078125,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0546875,
0.0034332275390625,
-0.043701171875,
-0.06787109375,
0.0009765625,
0.048583984375,
-0.0027618408203125,
-0.06494140625,
0.0185546875,
-0.0517578125,
-0.055908203125,
0.02734375,
-0.01177978515625,
0.0458984375,
-0.009765625,
-0.015869140625,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0277099609375,
0.0244140625,
0.00182342529296875,
0.0322265625,
-0.048583984375,
-0.03564453125,
-0.007049560546875,
-0.00787353515625,
0.034912109375,
0.00799560546875,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.03369140625,
0.01611328125,
0.00162506103515625,
-0.0218505859375,
0.0025177001953125,
-0.036865234375,
0.03759765625,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.05615234375,
0.0126953125,
0.005859375,
-0.02880859375,
-0.004241943359375,
-0.024658203125,
0.056884765625,
-0.04638671875,
-0.023193359375,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.023681640625,
0.036376953125,
-0.078125,
0.03466796875,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.046630859375,
0.0224609375,
-0.005340576171875,
-0.04638671875,
0.06640625,
-0.0198974609375,
0.055908203125,
-0.013427734375,
-0.020263671875,
0.0147705078125,
0.0201416015625,
0.00909423828125,
0.0036468505859375,
0.00714111328125,
0.012939453125,
0.021728515625,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.002227783203125,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.039794921875,
-0.003936767578125,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.0458984375,
-0.002349853515625,
0.0262451171875,
0.0294189453125,
0.0191650390625,
0.0027923583984375,
0.009765625,
-0.021484375,
0.01092529296875,
0.052734375,
-0.057373046875,
0.010009765625,
-0.02734375,
0.035888671875,
0.000797271728515625,
-0.00090789794921875,
-0.02734375,
0.046875,
-0.003692626953125,
0.021484375,
0.02685546875,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.0081787109375,
0.000530242919921875,
-0.006744384765625,
-0.06640625,
-0.0140380859375,
0.0145263671875,
0.059814453125,
0.048583984375,
-0.0228271484375,
0.00046539306640625,
-0.01373291015625,
0.0252685546875,
0.00408935546875,
0.004638671875,
-0.0147705078125,
0.0035858154296875,
-0.056640625,
-0.0101318359375,
0.058837890625,
-0.01953125,
0.01104736328125,
-0.0069580078125,
0.00165557861328125,
-0.0019989013671875,
0.0166015625,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.0390625,
-0.0062255859375,
0.0284423828125,
0.01153564453125,
0.0306396484375,
-0.027099609375,
-0.0025787353515625,
0.013671875,
-0.044921875,
0.055419921875,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.044189453125,
0.03759765625,
0.0576171875,
-0.0537109375,
0.0240478515625,
-0.000827789306640625,
-0.000843048095703125,
0.00506591796875,
0.018310546875,
-0.0260009765625,
0.0194091796875,
0.023681640625,
-0.0002880096435546875,
-0.022705078125,
0.0281982421875,
-0.0184326171875,
0.07373046875,
0.00653076171875,
-0.034912109375,
-0.0172119140625,
0.040771484375,
-0.02392578125,
0.015380859375,
0.0023651123046875,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.01348876953125,
0.019775390625,
0.038330078125,
-0.0140380859375,
-0.007049560546875,
-0.038818359375,
-0.0166015625,
-0.033203125,
-0.0294189453125,
0.024169921875,
-0.00439453125,
0.004638671875,
0.00347900390625,
-0.0057373046875,
-0.031005859375,
-0.0859375,
0.006439208984375,
-0.007080078125,
-0.055908203125,
-0.002899169921875,
0.0260009765625,
0.04150390625,
0.005096435546875,
0.00982666015625,
-0.041259765625,
-0.028076171875,
-0.0126953125,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.00109100341796875,
0.047119140625,
0.025634765625,
0.035888671875,
-0.009521484375,
0.0439453125,
0.000156402587890625,
-0.0146484375,
0.05126953125,
0.0003833770751953125,
-0.046875,
0.033935546875,
-0.004730224609375,
-0.046630859375,
-0.00189971923828125,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0263671875,
0.0036468505859375,
0.006317138671875,
-0.050537109375,
-0.041015625,
-0.038330078125,
0.0196533203125,
0.0250244140625,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.04736328125,
0.01953125,
0.0184326171875,
0.022705078125,
-0.0133056640625,
0.005218505859375,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.0673828125,
0.002532958984375,
0.00775146484375,
-0.0001277923583984375,
-0.001739501953125,
-0.0537109375,
-0.030029296875,
0.000152587890625,
0.044189453125,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.0002689361572265625,
-0.01318359375,
0.004119873046875,
0.00885009765625,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.048828125,
0.0068359375,
-0.0034942626953125,
-0.01953125,
0.01434326171875,
-0.046875,
0.008056640625,
0.0225830078125,
0.0201416015625,
0.014404296875,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.041259765625,
0.045654296875,
-0.032958984375,
0.007598876953125,
-0.004638671875,
0.02001953125,
0.012451171875,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.01385498046875,
0.002349853515625,
-0.05029296875,
0.02783203125,
0.0093994140625,
0.00640869140625,
-0.026611328125,
0.0000017955899238586426,
-0.005096435546875,
-0.04638671875,
0.03955078125,
0.0771484375,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.041015625,
-0.020263671875,
0.024169921875,
0.0118408203125,
-0.037109375,
-0.03662109375,
-0.025146484375,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.0230712890625,
0.01055908203125,
-0.041259765625,
0.002716064453125,
0.0242919921875,
0.024658203125,
0.004486083984375,
0.037109375,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.029296875,
-0.0274658203125,
0.050048828125,
-0.00469970703125,
0.031982421875,
0.0242919921875,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.049072265625,
0.01434326171875,
0.033935546875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.029541015625,
0.034912109375,
0.0380859375,
-0.0296630859375,
0.0390625,
0.025634765625,
-0.04443359375,
-0.0234375,
0.00909423828125,
-0.055419921875,
-0.00102996826171875,
-0.016845703125,
-0.03515625,
0.0047607421875,
-0.019775390625,
-0.03515625,
0.041259765625,
-0.00439453125,
0.0166015625,
-0.0234375,
0.00714111328125,
-0.0021820068359375,
-0.0118408203125,
0.043212890625,
0.010498046875,
0.0284423828125,
-0.0299072265625,
0.031005859375,
0.0019989013671875,
-0.022705078125,
0.0174560546875,
-0.029541015625,
-0.036376953125,
0.0159912109375,
-0.01904296875,
0.078125,
-0.0361328125,
-0.03369140625,
0.043701171875,
-0.00347900390625,
-0.04638671875,
-0.026123046875,
0.01483154296875,
0.01275634765625,
0.00787353515625,
-0.0908203125,
-0.0478515625,
0.044921875,
0.031982421875,
0.060302734375,
-0.02880859375,
-0.028564453125,
-0.0439453125,
-0.0205078125,
-0.039794921875,
-0.0045166015625,
0.0023040771484375,
0.03955078125,
-0.0361328125,
-0.02685546875,
-0.03662109375,
0.0556640625,
-0.0185546875,
0.037353515625,
-0.051025390625,
0.0033721923828125,
0.01019287109375,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.03173828125,
-0.00390625,
0.0260009765625,
0.01361083984375,
-0.00860595703125,
0.0218505859375,
0.0137939453125,
0.018310546875,
0.0045166015625,
-0.0050048828125,
-0.02001953125,
0.0234375,
0.033935546875,
-0.0634765625,
0.017822265625,
0.0084228515625,
-0.01806640625,
0.0023345947265625,
-0.025146484375,
0.0203857421875,
0.00799560546875,
0.0079345703125,
0.01318359375,
0.00946044921875,
-0.0284423828125,
0.00145721435546875,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.040283203125,
0.00008249282836914062,
0.028076171875,
-0.008544921875,
-0.007415771484375,
0.0135498046875,
0.031494140625,
-0.0279541015625,
0.01470947265625,
0.0157470703125,
0.0078125,
0.0172119140625,
0.058837890625,
0.0306396484375,
0.00677490234375,
-0.000698089599609375,
0.0234375,
-0.015625,
0.030029296875,
-0.00125885009765625,
0.0181884765625,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.011474609375,
0.00872802734375,
0.0162353515625,
-0.0023345947265625,
0.023681640625,
0.037109375,
-0.0556640625,
0.0194091796875,
-0.005706787109375,
-0.05419921875,
0.0419921875,
-0.08154296875,
-0.039306640625,
0.03271484375,
0.07373046875,
0.0037384033203125,
0.0086669921875,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.0162353515625,
0.051513671875,
0.00823974609375,
0.01495361328125,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.0159912109375,
0.05908203125,
0.030517578125,
-0.058837890625,
-0.040771484375,
0.003875732421875,
-0.0654296875,
-0.050537109375,
-0.0140380859375,
-0.00701904296875,
0.02099609375,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.060302734375,
0.0152587890625,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.01153564453125,
0.015380859375,
0.0322265625,
0.0272216796875,
0.00787353515625,
-0.057861328125,
0.015380859375,
0.06640625,
-0.0238037109375,
0.009765625,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.04541015625,
-0.00482177734375,
0.03466796875,
-0.01318359375,
0.053955078125,
0.0079345703125,
0.00885009765625,
-0.0157470703125,
0.03564453125,
0.0023956298828125,
0.03662109375,
0.00872802734375,
0.018798828125,
-0.018310546875,
0.0439453125,
0.060302734375,
0.019775390625,
0.024658203125,
-0.00176239013671875,
-0.04541015625,
0.02001953125,
0.000911712646484375,
-0.0301513671875,
0.050537109375,
0.0224609375,
0.006591796875,
0.0238037109375,
-0.043212890625,
-0.005157470703125,
-0.03564453125,
-0.042236328125,
0.0289306640625,
-0.050537109375,
0.027099609375,
-0.033935546875,
0.0322265625,
0.0228271484375,
0.018798828125,
-0.05859375,
0.0234375,
0.04296875,
0.0218505859375,
-0.01190185546875,
0.015380859375,
-0.015625,
-0.013916015625,
-0.052001953125,
0.004547119140625,
0.05126953125,
0.03125,
0.00060272216796875,
0.000308990478515625,
-0.023193359375,
0.032958984375,
0.024658203125,
-0.005645751953125,
0.032470703125,
-0.048583984375,
0.042236328125,
-0.01409912109375,
0.037109375,
-0.01171875,
0.0007171630859375,
0.0130615234375,
-0.005767822265625,
-0.04248046875,
0.068359375,
0.01470947265625,
0.046142578125,
0.025146484375,
0.032470703125,
0.04638671875,
0.037841796875,
0.05126953125,
0.0167236328125,
0.01116943359375,
0.0264892578125,
-0.033203125,
-0.0247802734375,
0.0211181640625,
0.006317138671875,
-0.005157470703125,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.00408935546875,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.004058837890625,
-0.015380859375,
-0.010009765625,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.03759765625,
-0.0162353515625,
0.0284423828125,
0.035400390625,
0.041259765625,
0.057373046875,
-0.006561279296875,
-0.0283203125,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.0281982421875,
0.0250244140625,
0.01708984375,
-0.0556640625,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.056396484375,
-0.01470947265625,
0.00002956390380859375,
-0.013671875,
-0.034912109375,
0.01806640625,
0.01373291015625,
0.0196533203125,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.015869140625,
0.00109100341796875,
0.00179290771484375,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.006134033203125,
0.07763671875,
0.03369140625,
0.0189208984375,
0.0146484375,
0.01055908203125,
0.0205078125,
0.03125,
-0.04052734375,
-0.047119140625,
-0.0015869140625,
-0.028564453125,
-0.026611328125,
0.017333984375,
0.0252685546875,
-0.00836181640625,
0.0179443359375,
-0.07275390625,
-0.007354736328125,
-0.00958251953125,
0.0034637451171875,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.03515625,
0.003082275390625,
-0.008056640625,
-0.10888671875,
0.26953125,
-0.00927734375,
-0.024658203125,
-0.01513671875,
-0.024169921875,
0.0634765625,
0.060302734375,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.0208740234375,
0.0322265625,
0.0115966796875,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.01007080078125,
0.0096435546875,
0.0615234375,
0.0322265625,
-0.02685546875,
-0.06005859375,
0.0130615234375,
-0.04296875,
-0.0029144287109375,
-0.0010528564453125,
0.000446319580078125,
0.0250244140625,
0.035400390625,
-0.003662109375,
0.0213623046875,
-0.04443359375,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.050048828125,
0.0035858154296875,
-0.02490234375,
0.035888671875,
-0.05078125,
0.0010223388671875,
0.01409912109375,
0.038330078125,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.0108642578125,
0.0301513671875,
0.0361328125,
0.0244140625,
0.0218505859375,
0.0069580078125,
-0.049560546875,
0.00787353515625,
-0.0595703125,
0.052490234375,
0.0615234375,
-0.041015625,
0.03271484375,
-0.013671875,
0.045166015625,
-0.01904296875,
-0.025146484375,
0.0380859375,
0.0147705078125,
0.0126953125,
-0.025634765625,
-0.0206298828125,
0.0263671875,
0.01177978515625,
0.00567626953125,
0.007080078125,
0.00848388671875,
0.000041961669921875,
0.0546875,
0.0167236328125,
-0.03125,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.0006256103515625,
-0.018310546875,
0.00579833984375,
-0.0303955078125,
0.08154296875,
0.0196533203125,
-0.006927490234375,
0.005828857421875,
-0.003143310546875,
-0.0498046875,
0.00494384765625,
-0.0146484375,
-0.0181884765625,
0.0235595703125,
0.041259765625,
0.049560546875,
0.0081787109375,
-0.005828857421875,
-0.05322265625,
0.0306396484375,
0.017333984375,
-0.034423828125,
0.027587890625,
-0.016845703125,
-0.0064697265625
] |
Leave to appeal is considered and, it appearing to this Court that the case of Krol v City of Hamtramck (Docket No. 56114) is presently pending appeal before this Court and that the decision in that case may be decisive of an issue raised in the present application for leave to appeal, it is ordered that the present application be held in abeyance pending decision in that case.
Case below, Court of Appeals No. 25641, order of November 6, 1975. | [
-0.0177001953125,
-0.0169677734375,
0.0113525390625,
0.03271484375,
-0.0546875,
-0.006195068359375,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.03564453125,
-0.01806640625,
0.06396484375,
0.0025634765625,
0.0252685546875,
-0.00396728515625,
-0.007293701171875,
-0.002044677734375,
-0.005462646484375,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.003570556640625,
-0.03466796875,
0.047119140625,
-0.01904296875,
0.048095703125,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.0036468505859375,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.0194091796875,
0.00738525390625,
0.00531005859375,
0.035888671875,
0.046875,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.01141357421875,
0.0213623046875,
-0.030029296875,
-0.00054931640625,
-0.0201416015625,
0.044189453125,
-0.078125,
0.0224609375,
-0.0615234375,
0.00787353515625,
0.05517578125,
0.000640869140625,
-0.0361328125,
-0.053466796875,
-0.0712890625,
0.0034637451171875,
0.000431060791015625,
0.0146484375,
0.006439208984375,
0.01031494140625,
0.04345703125,
-0.00665283203125,
-0.048828125,
-0.00054931640625,
0.002105712890625,
-0.000293731689453125,
-0.034912109375,
0.0115966796875,
0.050537109375,
-0.00225830078125,
0.01202392578125,
-0.0142822265625,
0.01300048828125,
0.05419921875,
0.0419921875,
0.00189208984375,
0.00775146484375,
-0.0166015625,
-0.05126953125,
-0.0264892578125,
0.0118408203125,
-0.025390625,
-0.01220703125,
0.017333984375,
0.000751495361328125,
0.0002346038818359375,
0.0111083984375,
0.030517578125,
0.0166015625,
0.0279541015625,
-0.0025634765625,
0.025634765625,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.024658203125,
0.0289306640625,
0.005035400390625,
0.05517578125,
0.021728515625,
0.031982421875,
-0.01953125,
0.033203125,
-0.05126953125,
-0.0250244140625,
0.006011962890625,
0.051513671875,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.016845703125,
-0.018310546875,
-0.031005859375,
0.01263427734375,
0.02001953125,
-0.01055908203125,
0.033447265625,
-0.006072998046875,
0.027587890625,
-0.0145263671875,
0.057861328125,
0.0002689361572265625,
-0.038330078125,
0.01513671875,
-0.0067138671875,
0.0120849609375,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.037841796875,
0.015869140625,
-0.00933837890625,
0.026123046875,
-0.0223388671875,
0.00885009765625,
0.08984375,
0.033935546875,
0.042236328125,
0.03125,
0.045166015625,
-0.00021076202392578125,
-0.004638671875,
0.07958984375,
0.01312255859375,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.021728515625,
0.00628662109375,
0.0213623046875,
-0.004974365234375,
0.03271484375,
0.03125,
0.0390625,
0.052734375,
0.0291748046875,
0.00174713134765625,
0.0262451171875,
0.020751953125,
0.0260009765625,
0.0439453125,
0.0177001953125,
0.00225830078125,
0.01171875,
0.00897216796875,
-0.03271484375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0009002685546875,
0.0150146484375,
0.04638671875,
0.01611328125,
0.01513671875,
-0.006195068359375,
-0.033935546875,
0.01324462890625,
0.047607421875,
-0.03662109375,
0.042236328125,
-0.015869140625,
0.01312255859375,
0.040283203125,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.02880859375,
0.041259765625,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.01220703125,
0.033203125,
0.01397705078125,
-0.01470947265625,
0.00860595703125,
0.0166015625,
0.0016937255859375,
0.056396484375,
0.0196533203125,
-0.00341796875,
0.01043701171875,
-0.035400390625,
0.0289306640625,
0.0267333984375,
0.015625,
-0.009765625,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.036865234375,
-0.024169921875,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.068359375,
-0.000274658203125,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.0263671875,
0.02001953125,
0.0220947265625,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.015380859375,
-0.005523681640625,
0.033203125,
-0.007568359375,
-0.06787109375,
0.0118408203125,
0.0169677734375,
0.078125,
-0.015380859375,
-0.0546875,
0.0390625,
0.00848388671875,
-0.027587890625,
0.03466796875,
0.0002880096435546875,
0.030517578125,
0.0023193359375,
-0.0205078125,
0.006256103515625,
0.01397705078125,
-0.00860595703125,
0.0208740234375,
-0.046875,
0.0009002685546875,
-0.002166748046875,
0.014404296875,
-0.01470947265625,
0.02001953125,
-0.037841796875,
-0.004241943359375,
-0.00162506103515625,
0.059326171875,
-0.018310546875,
-0.02294921875,
-0.005859375,
0.0390625,
0.01409912109375,
0.07177734375,
0.032470703125,
0.02392578125,
0.0205078125,
0.01348876953125,
0.0059814453125,
-0.009765625,
-0.038818359375,
0.048095703125,
0.053955078125,
0.01397705078125,
-0.029052734375,
0.049560546875,
0.005889892578125,
-0.0174560546875,
0.0184326171875,
0.00543212890625,
0.046875,
0.03466796875,
0.003814697265625,
-0.000530242919921875,
0.0128173828125,
-0.00106048583984375,
0.05419921875,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0146484375,
-0.0027618408203125,
0.03857421875,
-0.00107574462890625,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.02099609375,
0.005523681640625,
0.0189208984375,
0.0703125,
-0.015625,
-0.02978515625,
-0.04248046875,
-0.02734375,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.00360107421875,
-0.037353515625,
-0.006256103515625,
0.0255126953125,
-0.07568359375,
0.08544921875,
-0.02734375,
-0.033447265625,
0.012451171875,
-0.05126953125,
0.0157470703125,
-0.01251220703125,
0.0166015625,
-0.031494140625,
0.0185546875,
0.0299072265625,
0.057861328125,
-0.0390625,
-0.0027618408203125,
-0.06005859375,
0.0615234375,
0.0164794921875,
-0.053466796875,
-0.0281982421875,
0.0230712890625,
-0.03662109375,
-0.0498046875,
-0.00112152099609375,
0.0078125,
-0.033935546875,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.00775146484375,
0.0181884765625,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.0135498046875,
0.0257568359375,
0.002655029296875,
-0.005126953125,
0.03173828125,
0.0130615234375,
0.00927734375,
-0.045654296875,
0.0693359375,
0.01043701171875,
0.017333984375,
0.004547119140625,
-0.052978515625,
-0.03662109375,
-0.00640869140625,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.02587890625,
-0.0211181640625,
0.0194091796875,
0.0213623046875,
-0.032470703125,
0.0218505859375,
-0.04052734375,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.030029296875,
0.03515625,
-0.0203857421875,
0.04541015625,
-0.0458984375,
0.01336669921875,
-0.00106048583984375,
0.03515625,
0.039794921875,
-0.01373291015625,
0.001434326171875,
0.0118408203125,
0.0260009765625,
-0.004364013671875,
-0.0015106201171875,
-0.034912109375,
0.0159912109375,
-0.00159454345703125,
-0.006927490234375,
0.00909423828125,
-0.0220947265625,
0.038818359375,
-0.031005859375,
0.044189453125,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.04296875,
0.04296875,
0.0128173828125,
-0.005340576171875,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.005523681640625,
-0.00439453125,
-0.0634765625,
0.005035400390625,
0.004058837890625,
0.033447265625,
-0.06298828125,
0.01611328125,
0.030029296875,
-0.014404296875,
0.00775146484375,
-0.044921875,
-0.044189453125,
0.044189453125,
0.0028533935546875,
0.01226806640625,
0.00604248046875,
0.013671875,
-0.015625,
0.0002880096435546875,
0.0255126953125,
-0.00653076171875,
0.00909423828125,
-0.0181884765625,
0.0289306640625,
0.008544921875,
-0.0027313232421875,
0.00726318359375,
-0.04638671875,
0.0027618408203125,
-0.015625,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0211181640625,
0.037841796875,
-0.000904083251953125,
0.04638671875,
0.00732421875,
0.051025390625,
-0.031005859375,
0.0034942626953125,
0.05810546875,
-0.06787109375,
-0.049560546875,
-0.055908203125,
0.0634765625,
0.01446533203125,
0.0400390625,
0.0037841796875,
0.042236328125,
-0.000576019287109375,
0.00830078125,
0.015625,
-0.0024871826171875,
-0.054443359375,
0.0263671875,
0.0023193359375,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0302734375,
-0.031005859375,
0.0546875,
0.01171875,
0.0224609375,
0.00238037109375,
0.09228515625,
-0.07080078125,
0.06201171875,
0.00080108642578125,
0.000774383544921875,
-0.0238037109375,
0.018798828125,
-0.05712890625,
-0.028076171875,
0.0517578125,
0.04443359375,
-0.034912109375,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.0093994140625,
0.04638671875,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.03369140625,
-0.034423828125,
-0.013916015625,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.052978515625,
0.00836181640625,
0.021240234375,
-0.04931640625,
0.06982421875,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.0615234375,
-0.01153564453125,
0.036376953125,
-0.021240234375,
0.03955078125,
-0.030517578125,
0.032470703125,
-0.02099609375,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.0228271484375,
0.04638671875,
-0.04150390625,
0.0146484375,
0.032958984375,
0.01611328125,
-0.0255126953125,
0.022705078125,
0.039794921875,
-0.0235595703125,
0.005584716796875,
-0.039794921875,
0.004119873046875,
-0.001708984375,
-0.01214599609375,
0.01239013671875,
-0.01348876953125,
0.0087890625,
-0.048828125,
0.002288818359375,
-0.014892578125,
-0.0234375,
-0.0146484375,
0.01141357421875,
-0.01220703125,
0.04248046875,
0.0024261474609375,
0.009521484375,
0.000469207763671875,
-0.018798828125,
-0.0419921875,
-0.0025177001953125,
-0.029296875,
-0.041259765625,
0.0076904296875,
-0.000324249267578125,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.029296875,
0.024169921875,
0.0145263671875,
-0.00173187255859375,
-0.035400390625,
-0.044189453125,
-0.046630859375,
0.021728515625,
0.041259765625,
-0.032958984375,
0.01806640625,
-0.03515625,
0.0595703125,
0.0302734375,
0.0162353515625,
0.0240478515625,
0.0159912109375,
0.0262451171875,
0.016845703125,
0.0272216796875,
-0.044921875,
-0.0072021484375,
0.00750732421875,
-0.0390625,
-0.006866455078125,
0.006805419921875,
-0.058837890625,
-0.007171630859375,
-0.041748046875,
0.0194091796875,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.0283203125,
0.00396728515625,
0.00154876708984375,
0.020751953125,
-0.006011962890625,
-0.029541015625,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.0296630859375,
0.0181884765625,
0.0081787109375,
-0.044189453125,
-0.03173828125,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.0211181640625,
0.032470703125,
0.046630859375,
0.0128173828125,
-0.02099609375,
-0.049072265625,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.002197265625,
-0.06396484375,
-0.044189453125,
0.0106201171875,
0.01434326171875,
0.0235595703125,
-0.006317138671875,
0.057861328125,
-0.0011444091796875,
0.01336669921875,
0.01275634765625,
-0.038330078125,
-0.036376953125,
-0.06884765625,
0.0439453125,
0.0152587890625,
0.0296630859375,
-0.0152587890625,
0.046630859375,
0.0264892578125,
0.043701171875,
-0.006805419921875,
-0.03759765625,
-0.025390625,
-0.01434326171875,
0.035400390625,
-0.006195068359375,
-0.009033203125,
-0.0341796875,
-0.042724609375,
0.0234375,
-0.0556640625,
0.005035400390625,
0.04638671875,
-0.0021209716796875,
-0.028076171875,
-0.025634765625,
0.00787353515625,
0.030029296875,
-0.03466796875,
0.001068115234375,
0.00311279296875,
-0.0001430511474609375,
0.030029296875,
-0.00225830078125,
0.0027008056640625,
-0.048095703125,
0.05419921875,
0.0498046875,
0.0059814453125,
0.044921875,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.04541015625,
-0.048583984375,
0.06201171875,
-0.0059814453125,
0.0146484375,
0.0272216796875,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.033935546875,
-0.024658203125,
-0.009521484375,
-0.0361328125,
-0.03173828125,
0.048095703125,
-0.0025634765625,
-0.05615234375,
0.01202392578125,
0.005279541015625,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0576171875,
-0.0498046875,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.0157470703125,
0.01025390625,
0.044189453125,
0.000186920166015625,
0.039306640625,
-0.0184326171875,
0.041015625,
0.044189453125,
-0.009765625,
0.05029296875,
0.005889892578125,
-0.01312255859375,
0.0302734375,
0.011474609375,
0.02197265625,
-0.0546875,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.0247802734375,
0.0005035400390625,
0.03955078125,
-0.050537109375,
0.030517578125,
0.00037384033203125,
0.00830078125,
0.037109375,
-0.033447265625,
-0.000339508056640625,
0.057861328125,
0.02099609375,
-0.04150390625,
0.013671875,
-0.021728515625,
0.014404296875,
-0.01171875,
-0.09130859375,
-0.02978515625,
0.033203125,
0.007110595703125,
0.0240478515625,
-0.01318359375,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.01416015625,
-0.01153564453125,
0.015625,
0.01104736328125,
0.006561279296875,
-0.0025177001953125,
-0.06494140625,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.0211181640625,
0.0186767578125,
-0.01904296875,
0.0025482177734375,
-0.006500244140625,
-0.052490234375,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.041259765625,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.030517578125,
0.03173828125,
0.025634765625,
-0.013671875,
-0.00177764892578125,
0.0159912109375,
0.0137939453125,
0.004241943359375,
-0.047119140625,
0.01177978515625,
-0.0390625,
0.053466796875,
0.042724609375,
-0.0145263671875,
0.01025390625,
0.003082275390625,
0.033203125,
0.06005859375,
-0.041259765625,
0.039794921875,
0.00830078125,
0.033447265625,
0.0211181640625,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.06787109375,
-0.004974365234375,
-0.035888671875,
-0.003448486328125,
0.01080322265625,
-0.00555419921875,
0.04931640625,
-0.06005859375,
-0.002410888671875,
-0.0035858154296875,
0.02294921875,
-0.009765625,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.0002346038818359375,
0.0054931640625,
0.03857421875,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.00145721435546875,
0.0281982421875,
0.009521484375,
0.0179443359375,
0.0294189453125,
-0.037109375,
0.01165771484375,
-0.035888671875,
-0.02490234375,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.0126953125,
0.0201416015625,
0.04541015625,
0.03515625,
-0.0296630859375,
0.033935546875,
-0.0206298828125,
0.00726318359375,
0.015380859375,
-0.042724609375,
-0.035888671875,
0.027587890625,
-0.008544921875,
-0.03759765625,
-0.033447265625,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.0003185272216796875,
0.0291748046875,
0.007080078125,
-0.009033203125,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.002899169921875,
0.054931640625,
-0.007080078125,
-0.0155029296875,
0.047119140625,
0.041015625,
-0.051513671875,
-0.000736236572265625,
-0.001190185546875,
0.007232666015625,
0.02197265625,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.00775146484375,
0.00836181640625,
-0.05859375,
-0.00081634521484375,
0.0091552734375,
-0.003326416015625,
0.01953125,
0.001708984375,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.0185546875,
-0.043701171875,
-0.017822265625,
0.00537109375,
-0.031005859375,
-0.02490234375,
-0.032958984375,
0.0155029296875,
-0.041015625,
0.025634765625,
0.034423828125,
-0.045654296875,
-0.019775390625,
-0.0164794921875,
0.0096435546875,
0.072265625,
0.04443359375,
0.0008697509765625,
0.020263671875,
0.050537109375,
0.033935546875,
0.0263671875,
0.00933837890625,
0.0230712890625,
-0.029296875,
0.03271484375,
-0.01458740234375,
0.00958251953125,
0.042724609375,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.003265380859375,
0.03515625,
-0.0341796875,
0.01226806640625,
0.00823974609375,
-0.043212890625,
0.050048828125,
-0.006988525390625,
0.031982421875,
-0.04248046875,
-0.005096435546875,
0.01239013671875,
-0.0019989013671875,
0.012939453125,
-0.00897216796875,
0.0152587890625,
0.052001953125,
0.06298828125,
0.039794921875,
0.031494140625,
-0.004241943359375,
-0.059814453125,
-0.0048828125,
0.049560546875,
0.01104736328125,
-0.0419921875,
0.01953125,
0.0024871826171875,
0.01953125,
-0.013916015625,
0.004425048828125,
-0.00141143798828125,
-0.058837890625,
-0.013671875,
-0.0198974609375,
0.04345703125,
-0.046875,
0.033447265625,
0.03466796875,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.0634765625,
0.0439453125,
-0.0185546875,
0.007568359375,
0.014892578125,
-0.000766754150390625,
0.01025390625,
0.00177764892578125,
0.05419921875,
-0.0262451171875,
0.02001953125,
0.06787109375,
-0.00299072265625,
-0.0556640625,
-0.0208740234375,
0.01202392578125,
-0.0869140625,
-0.052490234375,
-0.0042724609375,
-0.00640869140625,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.050537109375,
-0.03466796875,
0.00433349609375,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.035888671875,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.005126953125,
0.016845703125,
0.01251220703125,
-0.06201171875,
-0.026123046875,
0.02978515625,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.019775390625,
0.014404296875,
-0.004974365234375,
-0.035400390625,
-0.02734375,
-0.0177001953125,
0.0216064453125,
0.046142578125,
-0.042724609375,
-0.005462646484375,
0.0159912109375,
0.052978515625,
-0.0162353515625,
0.025146484375,
-0.0478515625,
0.00982666015625,
0.0277099609375,
0.005462646484375,
0.047607421875,
0.0250244140625,
-0.001983642578125,
-0.021728515625,
0.00762939453125,
0.0283203125,
-0.00579833984375,
0.0213623046875,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0128173828125,
0.00494384765625,
-0.07958984375,
-0.0029754638671875,
0.0086669921875,
-0.0166015625,
-0.01397705078125,
0.00970458984375,
-0.0537109375,
0.0014801025390625,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.01123046875,
-0.02734375,
-0.035400390625,
0.01031494140625,
0.0128173828125,
-0.0322265625,
0.251953125,
0.029296875,
-0.0322265625,
-0.003753662109375,
-0.0172119140625,
0.046875,
-0.0045166015625,
-0.00002562999725341797,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.003387451171875,
0.0120849609375,
-0.024658203125,
0.0042724609375,
0.0020599365234375,
0.0439453125,
0.009521484375,
-0.04638671875,
0.02587890625,
0.013671875,
-0.03173828125,
-0.038818359375,
0.0257568359375,
-0.04345703125,
0.047119140625,
0.027587890625,
0.022216796875,
-0.000762939453125,
-0.047119140625,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.0111083984375,
0.036865234375,
-0.047607421875,
-0.02392578125,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.005523681640625,
0.01708984375,
0.01953125,
-0.043701171875,
0.00994873046875,
-0.0048828125,
-0.0028228759765625,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.0218505859375,
0.0361328125,
-0.01025390625,
0.00701904296875,
-0.0260009765625,
0.02099609375,
0.03515625,
-0.0174560546875,
0.048583984375,
0.0322265625,
0.0017547607421875,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.050048828125,
0.0106201171875,
0.01226806640625,
0.006988525390625,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.038818359375,
0.0203857421875,
-0.0010223388671875,
0.00811767578125,
0.058837890625,
-0.03955078125,
0.0157470703125,
0.044677734375,
-0.028076171875,
-0.03271484375,
0.0247802734375,
0.0205078125,
0.05078125,
0.004913330078125,
-0.0274658203125,
0.00775146484375,
0.011962890625,
-0.038330078125,
0.01104736328125,
0.0281982421875,
-0.042236328125,
0.00726318359375,
-0.01092529296875,
0.00958251953125,
0.003509521484375,
0.047607421875,
0.024169921875,
-0.05126953125,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.033203125,
0.033203125,
0.0021209716796875,
0.00531005859375,
-0.02294921875,
-0.0517578125
] |
Adams, J.
On February 5, 1966, Darlene Boyd and Dianne Weinand were picked up after work about 9 p.m. and driven by Denise McKeever in her father’s car to Luigi’s Eestaurant, a local teenage hangout in Mt. Clemens. While there, two boys with whom they were acquainted entered the restaurant and sat at their table. The five young people decided to go out together just to drive around. It was suggested that Denise take defendant’s automobile because the boys’ car was low on gasoline. Denise, an inexperienced driver, had been licensed for less than two weeks. Various members of the group told her where they wanted her to drive. However, she testified she did not feel bound by the group’s suggestions. Anyone could have continued on the ride or gotten out as he pleased. The gas in the car had begun to run low. The group decided to return to the restaurant.
At approximately 10:50 p.m., the McKeever car went out of control and struck a bridge abutment, causing injury to plaintiff, Darlene Boyd. Plaintiffs claim the accident resulted from ordinary negligence on the part of the driver of the car and, further, that all of the occupants of the car were engaged in a joint enterprise.
The trial court directed a verdict for defendants, deciding as a matter of law that the facts failed to establish the existence of a joint enterprise. The Court of Appeals affirmed per curiam (16 Mich App 686), relying on Emons v. Shiraef (1960), 359 Mich 526.
We granted leave (382 Mich 785) to examine the question as to what constitutes a “joint enterprise,” “joint venture,” or “common enterprise” in motor vehicle passenger cases involving a claim of negligence.
At one time the theory of a joint enterprise was used to bar recovery in automobile negligence cases involving a passenger-driver relationship by imputing the negligence of the driver to the passenger by reasoning that each had an equal right of control. In Farthing v. Hepinstall (1928), 243 Mich 380, 382, 383, it was said:
“To constitute a joint enterprise between a passenger and the driver of an automobile within the meaning of the law of negligence, there must be such a community of interest in its operation as to give each an equal right of control. There must be a common responsibility for its negligent operation, and there can be no common responsibility unless there is a common right of control. It must be held that the driver is acting as the agent of the other members of the enterprise. The rule of joint enterprise in negligence cases is founded on the law of principal and agent. On no other theory conld the negligence of the driver be imputable to a passenger. Being parties to the same enterprise, they are assumed to have common control and possession of the machine. Otherwise, each could not be charged with the negligence of the other.”
In Frisorger v. Shepse (1930), 251 Mich 121, 123, the Court said:
“They had agreed on a joint pleasure party. Every member of the party had to do with the management and control of the enterprise. They shared equally in the expense. The fact that the defendant was driving the car is material, but not controlling of the question. As driver, he was acting as agent for the other members of the party. They had as much right to direct its movements and speed as he had. Each had a right to be heard in carrying out the details of the trip. This equal right of control is a very important matter to be considered in determining whether it was a joint enterprise. # # *
“The undisputed evidence shows that no such relationship as host and guest existed. They were engaged in a common enterprise.”
In the above case, it should be noted that the occupants of the car had all agreed to go to a dance and had shared equally in the expense.
In Schneider v. Draper (1936), 276 Mich 259, 266, two boys jumped on the running board of a car to ride to football practice. This Court said:
“The boys were not on a common venture or joint undertaking which relieved Draper of liability, because he had sole control of the car and the other boys had no right to direct its movements. The point is clearly discussed in Frisorger v. Shepse, 251 Mich 121.”
In In re Harper’s Estate (1940), 294 Mich 453, 456, this Court said:
“A friend invited another to attend a football game, and the latter put off his trip a day so that they and their wives might be together for the weekend to enjoy their mutual company and thus combine pleasure and business. The offer to help drive was not intended as a reward for the ride, and at the time the parties themselves would have resented any suggestion that their relation was other than social. The subsequent intervention of plaintiff’s self-interest should not be permitted to alter the result. The proffer of assistance in driving was only a friendly gesture, and the sociability element was the dominant, if not sole, thought. Mr. Harper was a ‘host’ and plaintiff was his ‘guest’ in the full and complete sense of the words.”
In Bond v. Sharp (1949), 325 Mich 460, 464, this Court said:
“It has been held that where the arrangements between the parties are so indefinite and casual that sociability is the dominant element, then a guest relationship exists. See In re Harper’s Estate [1940], 294 Mich 453; Guiney v. Osborn [1940], 295 Mich 559; Brody v. Harris [1944], 308 Mich 234 (155 ALR 573).”
In Bostrom v. Jennings (1949), 326 Mich 146, 157, this Court overruled the doctrine of imputed negligence as applied to joint enterprise cases, saying:
“We, therefore, hold that the negligence of an agent is not imputable to his principal nor that of a member of a joint enterprise to his fellow member in an action by the latter against the former. The contrary rule, given effect but not considered, in Hopkins v. Golden * * * [(1937), 281 Mich 389]; Frisorger v. Shepse * * * [(1930), 251 Mich 121]; Johnson v. Fischer * * * [(1940), 292 Mich 78, and reconsideration denied (1951), 330 Mich 491], and referred to in Bushie v. Johnson * * * [(1941), 296 Mich 8] is overruled.”
Until Bostrom, the defense in an action by a passenger against the driver of a car for negligence was (1) that the passenger was a guest and no negligence was shown other than ordinary negligence, or (2) that the parties were engaged in a joint enterprise or joint venture so that the negligence of the driver, if any, would be imputed to the passenger thereby barring recovery. With Bostrom, facts which would theretofore bar recovery from the driver by establishing a joint venture became all that were needed to take the case out from under the so-called guest passenger act, MCLA § 257.401 (Stat Ann 1968 Rev § 9.2101). Consequently, it is not surprising now to find plaintiffs contending for as watered-down a version of the requisites for a joint enterprise as defendants formerly did. Nevertheless, as long as the so-called doctrine of “joint enterprise,” “joint venture,” or “common enterprise” exists, some line of demarcation must be drawn between such an undertaking and the status of guest passenger in a motor vehicle.
While there may be extraordinary facts in which an equal right of control of a motor vehicle exists between a driver and a passenger, we cannot agree with the statement in Farthing that: “Being parties to the same enterprise, they are assumed to have common control and possession of the machine.” To proceed from such a presumption begs the whole question. Right of control of an automobile by a passenger was well-analyzed by the majority opinion in Sherman v. Korff (1958), 353 Mich 387, 395, in which it was said:
“[W]hat control or right of control has a passenger, even though he may be a co-owner, as the car speeds down the highway, driven by the other co-owner? Any attempted exercise of the right of control by wresting the wheel from the driver would be foolhardy. Equally menacing to the driver’s efficient operation of the machine are raucous reproaches, strident denunciations, or even persistent unctuous admonitions from the back seat. ‘Generally,’ it was well put in a Federal case, ‘it is the duty of the passenger to sit still and say nothing. It is his duty, because any other course is fraught with danger. Interference, by laying hold of an operating lever, or by exclamation, or even by direction or inquiry, is generally to be deprecated, in the long run, the greater safety lies in letting the driver alone.’ ”
Consequently, we hold that while the right of control of the driver of a car by a passenger may be established upon the facts in a particular case, it may not be presumed.
Sherman is equally apposite in its analysis of casual recreational or pleasure activities as constituting a “common enterprise.”
“Equally untenable is the proposition that this fishing expedition, this mutually shared trip for pleasure and recreation, was a ‘common enterprise’ within the meaning of the doctrine permitting the imputation of negligence. * * *
“But passing the factual question, or assuming, indeed, that both wife and mother were going fishing, as well as the husband, the question remains whether this was the type of common enterprise required by our law for the application of the imputed negligence doctrine. Here we have no more than a normal, family recreational project in which husband and wife have joined. If this is the common enterprise required by the law, then we have simply eliminated the requirement with respect to married couples, for marriage itself is a common enterprise, a joint venture. * * # .” (P 398.)
A “guest,” within the meaning of the guest passenger act, was defined by this Court in Langford v. Rogers (1936), 278 Mich 310, 316:
“A ‘guest’ within the meaning of the Michigan statute here involved may he defined as one who is carried or transported by the owner or operator of the motor vehicle, whether by express invitation or by implied consent or invitation. So long as the party transported accepts the hospitality of the owner or driver, or is carried or transported by reason of an implied invitation of such owner or operator of the motor vehicle, as in this case, for his own entertainment, pleasure and enjoyment, without compensating the owner of the vehicle, he is a guest within the meaning of the statute.”
To paraphrase Sherman, if going for a pleasure drive is a “common enterprise” to he recognized in motor vehicle negligence cases, the result would he to simply eliminate the definition of a guest passenger and the provisions of the guest passenger act.
We return now to the proposition stated in Farthing and reiterated by the Court of Appeals in this case in quoting Emons: “The rule of joint enterprise in negligence cases is founded on the law of principal and agent.” The statement of the test of a joint enterprise in Emons places too much emphasis on the element of right of control which, as we have seen from Sherman, is unrealistic under present-day driving conditions. We would restate the test as follows: To constitute a joint enterprise between a passenger and the driver of an automobile within the meaning of the law of negligence, there must be a community of interest in the use of the vehicle; there must he a finding of common responsibility for its negligent operation; and it must be found that the driver is acting as the agent of the other members of the enterprise.
The trial court and the Court of Appeals are affirmed. Costs to appellee.
T. M. Kavanagh, C. J., and Black, T. E. Brennan, T. G. Kavanagh, Swainson, and Williams, JJ., concurred with Adams, J.
In the prevailing opinion in Universal Underwriters Insurance Company v. Hoxie (1965), 375 Mich 102, 109, I wrote: “ ‘The right to control’ or constructive control, absent contributory negligence of a passenger or owner, is insufficient to charge them with the negligence of the driver.” | [
-0.012939453125,
0.0242919921875,
-0.0050048828125,
0.041748046875,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.041259765625,
-0.010009765625,
-0.02685546875,
-0.007354736328125,
0.04296875,
0.0179443359375,
-0.007659912109375,
0.041748046875,
-0.018798828125,
0.00469970703125,
0.002593994140625,
-0.04248046875,
0.034912109375,
-0.037109375,
-0.0128173828125,
0.0252685546875,
0.0059814453125,
-0.0419921875,
-0.00927734375,
-0.038818359375,
-0.0033416748046875,
0.0693359375,
-0.0308837890625,
0.061279296875,
0.04345703125,
-0.011962890625,
-0.00885009765625,
0.013427734375,
-0.02734375,
-0.00958251953125,
0.0078125,
0.052734375,
-0.0162353515625,
0.003936767578125,
-0.0301513671875,
0.0179443359375,
0.0478515625,
0.03271484375,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.013671875,
-0.03662109375,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.064453125,
0.01953125,
-0.031982421875,
0.0213623046875,
-0.000274658203125,
-0.0031280517578125,
-0.008544921875,
0.0145263671875,
-0.033447265625,
0.0137939453125,
-0.0062255859375,
-0.0118408203125,
0.0172119140625,
0.0264892578125,
-0.0194091796875,
0.041259765625,
-0.032470703125,
0.01275634765625,
0.033447265625,
-0.0208740234375,
0.0050048828125,
-0.032958984375,
0.00726318359375,
-0.00555419921875,
0.0162353515625,
-0.048828125,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.01953125,
-0.01251220703125,
0.0029144287109375,
0.006744384765625,
0.0201416015625,
0.007110595703125,
0.0216064453125,
0.00095367431640625,
0.0615234375,
-0.0019989013671875,
-0.04150390625,
0.040771484375,
0.00360107421875,
0.029052734375,
0.0010528564453125,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.0172119140625,
0.0186767578125,
-0.036865234375,
-0.01080322265625,
0.046630859375,
0.05224609375,
-0.029296875,
-0.02685546875,
0.0172119140625,
-0.005126953125,
0.035400390625,
0.0247802734375,
0.0033416748046875,
0.0849609375,
-0.05712890625,
0.0267333984375,
-0.001800537109375,
0.00238037109375,
0.0235595703125,
0.0002460479736328125,
-0.01611328125,
0.002349853515625,
0.040283203125,
-0.01171875,
-0.000316619873046875,
0.006591796875,
-0.005645751953125,
0.03271484375,
-0.028076171875,
0.03076171875,
0.05126953125,
-0.0023956298828125,
0.0181884765625,
0.0057373046875,
-0.008056640625,
-0.02197265625,
-0.0291748046875,
0.045166015625,
0.0086669921875,
0.0277099609375,
0.0299072265625,
-0.00098419189453125,
0.0059814453125,
0.03125,
0.029296875,
0.02783203125,
0.0194091796875,
0.024169921875,
0.00799560546875,
0.010009765625,
0.02001953125,
0.0269775390625,
-0.000865936279296875,
0.07666015625,
0.0281982421875,
0.059814453125,
-0.064453125,
0.027099609375,
-0.033935546875,
-0.010009765625,
-0.0311279296875,
0.019775390625,
0.034912109375,
0.01171875,
0.0023651123046875,
-0.0289306640625,
0.036376953125,
-0.0048828125,
0.0169677734375,
0.00836181640625,
-0.06298828125,
-0.0029144287109375,
0.0267333984375,
0.033935546875,
-0.03759765625,
0.0172119140625,
-0.0003376007080078125,
0.003387451171875,
-0.04931640625,
-0.039306640625,
0.029541015625,
0.0166015625,
-0.042724609375,
-0.04248046875,
0.068359375,
0.0089111328125,
0.01214599609375,
-0.007415771484375,
-0.039306640625,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.0277099609375,
0.02294921875,
0.04443359375,
0.018798828125,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.033447265625,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.02294921875,
-0.06787109375,
-0.03076171875,
0.006622314453125,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.061767578125,
0.0277099609375,
0.01214599609375,
0.023681640625,
0.0076904296875,
-0.00433349609375,
-0.00286865234375,
-0.00665283203125,
-0.00836181640625,
0.00185394287109375,
0.020751953125,
0.03173828125,
-0.02001953125,
-0.046875,
0.039794921875,
0.03662109375,
-0.0022735595703125,
0.00518798828125,
0.0166015625,
0.030517578125,
0.00970458984375,
-0.019287109375,
0.00074005126953125,
0.03369140625,
0.0089111328125,
0.04248046875,
-0.047607421875,
-0.031005859375,
0.0034637451171875,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.005706787109375,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.050048828125,
-0.0263671875,
0.025634765625,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.0220947265625,
0.01446533203125,
0.006134033203125,
-0.006622314453125,
0.06298828125,
-0.019287109375,
-0.0546875,
0.033203125,
-0.0159912109375,
0.003082275390625,
0.0032806396484375,
0.025390625,
0.00634765625,
0.0859375,
0.00799560546875,
0.007049560546875,
0.0419921875,
0.019775390625,
-0.0311279296875,
0.035888671875,
0.056884765625,
0.02099609375,
0.03271484375,
0.000003069639205932617,
0.01220703125,
-0.0274658203125,
0.002105712890625,
0.0458984375,
0.0244140625,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.039306640625,
0.025146484375,
0.004119873046875,
-0.05126953125,
-0.031982421875,
0.03564453125,
0.0020751953125,
0.03466796875,
0.032958984375,
-0.02490234375,
-0.044921875,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.0322265625,
-0.01220703125,
-0.04931640625,
-0.06787109375,
0.0194091796875,
-0.02197265625,
0.06591796875,
0.0024261474609375,
0.0098876953125,
-0.021240234375,
-0.08056640625,
0.029296875,
-0.0048828125,
0.018798828125,
-0.0284423828125,
0.033935546875,
-0.010009765625,
-0.00482177734375,
-0.00677490234375,
-0.06787109375,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.00433349609375,
0.0302734375,
-0.0537109375,
0.01708984375,
0.00970458984375,
-0.056640625,
-0.011474609375,
0.021240234375,
-0.029296875,
0.017333984375,
-0.0062255859375,
-0.0164794921875,
0.0096435546875,
-0.03076171875,
0.0093994140625,
0.0023345947265625,
0.0279541015625,
-0.037841796875,
0.0220947265625,
0.0011138916015625,
0.01019287109375,
-0.003875732421875,
0.042236328125,
0.01025390625,
-0.0087890625,
-0.0029296875,
-0.002593994140625,
-0.009033203125,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.035400390625,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0125732421875,
0.007171630859375,
0.01129150390625,
-0.0673828125,
0.000720977783203125,
-0.033203125,
-0.031982421875,
0.0299072265625,
0.000701904296875,
0.0169677734375,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.03466796875,
0.0142822265625,
-0.0255126953125,
0.04345703125,
0.005950927734375,
0.0272216796875,
-0.0234375,
0.0252685546875,
-0.0035552978515625,
0.0033721923828125,
0.0091552734375,
0.037353515625,
-0.00811767578125,
0.00286865234375,
-0.04443359375,
-0.021240234375,
-0.01239013671875,
0.00885009765625,
-0.0191650390625,
0.003265380859375,
0.02783203125,
0.0390625,
-0.0615234375,
-0.05615234375,
0.019287109375,
-0.01446533203125,
0.0026092529296875,
-0.064453125,
0.02978515625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.019287109375,
0.04931640625,
-0.01409912109375,
0.00186920166015625,
-0.0174560546875,
0.056884765625,
0.0233154296875,
-0.00860595703125,
0.0103759765625,
-0.024658203125,
-0.103515625,
0.0167236328125,
0.009033203125,
0.0181884765625,
0.033203125,
0.01092529296875,
-0.01361083984375,
0.029541015625,
-0.007354736328125,
-0.0074462890625,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.00433349609375,
-0.00274658203125,
-0.041259765625,
-0.0057373046875,
-0.02685546875,
-0.003936767578125,
0.037109375,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.000545501708984375,
-0.037841796875,
0.0267333984375,
0.0225830078125,
0.00885009765625,
-0.00127410888671875,
0.0419921875,
0.054931640625,
0.0024871826171875,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.028076171875,
-0.0301513671875,
0.03857421875,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.0400390625,
-0.04443359375,
-0.0081787109375,
0.024169921875,
0.0281982421875,
0.03369140625,
0.0166015625,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.020751953125,
-0.021728515625,
-0.03515625,
0.00201416015625,
0.04736328125,
0.00022220611572265625,
0.036376953125,
-0.051513671875,
0.052978515625,
-0.0198974609375,
0.056640625,
0.01171875,
-0.0038909912109375,
-0.0166015625,
0.01287841796875,
-0.03076171875,
0.00872802734375,
0.01165771484375,
0.01129150390625,
-0.045166015625,
-0.00433349609375,
0.0028533935546875,
0.009033203125,
0.05615234375,
-0.041748046875,
-0.0029144287109375,
-0.0118408203125,
0.00421142578125,
0.02490234375,
0.0140380859375,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.00421142578125,
0.038818359375,
-0.00115966796875,
0.056640625,
0.010498046875,
-0.0155029296875,
0.007080078125,
0.04443359375,
0.003662109375,
0.00909423828125,
-0.0240478515625,
0.034912109375,
-0.0250244140625,
0.0059814453125,
-0.0115966796875,
0.01055908203125,
0.01495361328125,
0.0184326171875,
-0.028076171875,
0.048583984375,
0.005523681640625,
0.00421142578125,
0.0189208984375,
-0.00830078125,
-0.0181884765625,
0.0380859375,
-0.016845703125,
0.00189208984375,
0.004058837890625,
-0.01806640625,
0.0203857421875,
-0.054931640625,
0.0439453125,
-0.003875732421875,
0.00927734375,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.051025390625,
-0.0286865234375,
0.021240234375,
0.02001953125,
0.0286865234375,
0.0478515625,
0.0322265625,
-0.021484375,
-0.031982421875,
-0.05419921875,
-0.014404296875,
-0.0244140625,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.033935546875,
-0.024658203125,
0.0458984375,
0.00762939453125,
0.0023345947265625,
0.033935546875,
0.023681640625,
-0.02783203125,
-0.041015625,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.02001953125,
0.0036163330078125,
-0.0166015625,
0.0115966796875,
0.037841796875,
0.03662109375,
-0.0034027099609375,
0.025634765625,
0.00823974609375,
0.02783203125,
0.013916015625,
0.012451171875,
0.035400390625,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.0162353515625,
0.00946044921875,
-0.04833984375,
0.007415771484375,
0.0157470703125,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.07958984375,
0.0146484375,
-0.00726318359375,
-0.0224609375,
0.0035858154296875,
-0.000957489013671875,
0.0050048828125,
0.0177001953125,
-0.005889892578125,
-0.012451171875,
-0.008544921875,
-0.01287841796875,
0.024169921875,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.042724609375,
-0.04296875,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.00118255615234375,
0.03466796875,
0.04833984375,
0.001922607421875,
0.0028228759765625,
-0.01025390625,
0.003570556640625,
-0.043212890625,
0.0181884765625,
-0.04150390625,
-0.023193359375,
0.01129150390625,
-0.0203857421875,
0.05078125,
-0.0302734375,
0.057861328125,
0.0177001953125,
-0.01019287109375,
0.0269775390625,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.029052734375,
-0.019775390625,
0.06884765625,
-0.03955078125,
-0.037109375,
-0.0030364990234375,
0.03466796875,
0.0107421875,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0166015625,
0.001007080078125,
-0.023681640625,
-0.1025390625,
0.0281982421875,
0.0147705078125,
0.007415771484375,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.04443359375,
-0.000293731689453125,
0.0927734375,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.0296630859375,
0.0267333984375,
0.04833984375,
-0.036376953125,
0.0306396484375,
-0.0113525390625,
0.035888671875,
-0.0458984375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.009033203125,
-0.0142822265625,
0.023681640625,
0.0057373046875,
0.01422119140625,
0.0439453125,
-0.01318359375,
-0.04052734375,
-0.031982421875,
0.05224609375,
-0.018310546875,
0.04248046875,
0.046875,
-0.02978515625,
-0.0235595703125,
0.028076171875,
-0.013671875,
-0.042236328125,
-0.033447265625,
0.040771484375,
-0.0033721923828125,
-0.03857421875,
0.0140380859375,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.041748046875,
-0.0380859375,
0.0135498046875,
-0.0068359375,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.036865234375,
-0.03076171875,
0.0174560546875,
-0.010498046875,
-0.0054931640625,
0.033447265625,
-0.0013275146484375,
0.015380859375,
-0.020263671875,
0.07275390625,
-0.01544189453125,
-0.019775390625,
0.064453125,
0.032958984375,
0.026611328125,
-0.034423828125,
0.0225830078125,
0.00994873046875,
-0.013427734375,
0.06396484375,
-0.05517578125,
-0.0654296875,
-0.0703125,
0.01953125,
0.024658203125,
-0.035888671875,
0.0111083984375,
0.07470703125,
-0.025634765625,
-0.025390625,
-0.048583984375,
-0.01556396484375,
0.03466796875,
0.017578125,
-0.052978515625,
-0.01904296875,
0.006744384765625,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.000408172607421875,
-0.046630859375,
-0.027587890625,
-0.01025390625,
0.0157470703125,
-0.045654296875,
0.0517578125,
0.04443359375,
0.052978515625,
-0.00360107421875,
-0.0537109375,
-0.00130462646484375,
0.029541015625,
-0.006103515625,
0.037841796875,
-0.04052734375,
-0.021240234375,
-0.0283203125,
-0.007354736328125,
-0.014404296875,
-0.005279541015625,
0.001861572265625,
0.023193359375,
-0.05859375,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.03271484375,
0.009765625,
-0.0458984375,
0.01483154296875,
-0.021484375,
0.0400390625,
-0.00537109375,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.005218505859375,
-0.020751953125,
0.049560546875,
-0.060791015625,
-0.0067138671875,
-0.005615234375,
0.034912109375,
0.03662109375,
0.009033203125,
-0.06494140625,
-0.003448486328125,
-0.007568359375,
-0.0400390625,
0.0004100799560546875,
0.00927734375,
0.033447265625,
-0.006195068359375,
-0.045654296875,
-0.042724609375,
0.020263671875,
-0.04150390625,
0.0029449462890625,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.0184326171875,
0.05029296875,
0.0361328125,
-0.03955078125,
-0.017578125,
0.0001068115234375,
0.01141357421875,
-0.005706787109375,
0.0091552734375,
-0.0159912109375,
0.0498046875,
-0.0179443359375,
0.029541015625,
-0.048583984375,
-0.020263671875,
0.0003414154052734375,
0.03662109375,
0.059814453125,
-0.007110595703125,
0.055419921875,
-0.046142578125,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.0034637451171875,
-0.06982421875,
-0.00732421875,
0.0247802734375,
-0.01708984375,
0.004730224609375,
-0.01416015625,
0.01043701171875,
0.004852294921875,
0.00714111328125,
-0.00274658203125,
0.00494384765625,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.0279541015625,
0.07177734375,
-0.0113525390625,
0.01336669921875,
0.0079345703125,
0.0216064453125,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.052978515625,
0.038818359375,
0.037353515625,
-0.017578125,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.00262451171875,
-0.0595703125,
0.00390625,
0.00885009765625,
0.0322265625,
-0.0023040771484375,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.00009679794311523438,
-0.0238037109375,
0.00185394287109375,
-0.0028076171875,
-0.03515625,
-0.03271484375,
0.0101318359375,
0.0439453125,
0.0205078125,
0.07373046875,
0.00701904296875,
0.0380859375,
0.0213623046875,
-0.0036468505859375,
-0.00750732421875,
0.04345703125,
0.0230712890625,
0.0277099609375,
0.004302978515625,
0.0230712890625,
0.03564453125,
0.022216796875,
0.0011138916015625,
0.0177001953125,
0.005523681640625,
-0.01373291015625,
0.0034637451171875,
0.01275634765625,
0.0732421875,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.007354736328125,
0.0242919921875,
-0.044921875,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.007568359375,
-0.00738525390625,
0.01806640625,
-0.048828125,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.017333984375,
0.0322265625,
-0.0213623046875,
0.00106048583984375,
-0.004058837890625,
0.0016326904296875,
0.046142578125,
0.00994873046875,
0.030029296875,
0.0142822265625,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.005035400390625,
-0.056640625,
-0.0289306640625,
0.03271484375,
0.016357421875,
0.02294921875,
0.0264892578125,
0.006378173828125,
0.014892578125,
-0.019775390625,
0.037353515625,
0.0048828125,
-0.0673828125,
-0.0001087188720703125,
-0.01556396484375,
0.003753662109375,
-0.02880859375,
0.03759765625,
0.04541015625,
0.029296875,
-0.060302734375,
0.03759765625,
0.015625,
0.01129150390625,
0.00311279296875,
0.0167236328125,
-0.003021240234375,
0.047607421875,
0.03173828125,
-0.00067138671875,
-0.021240234375,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.06591796875,
-0.01544189453125,
0.0098876953125,
-0.044189453125,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.01806640625,
0.004638671875,
0.00009775161743164062,
0.00115966796875,
-0.04541015625,
0.019287109375,
0.0037994384765625,
-0.04150390625,
0.0439453125,
-0.000560760498046875,
0.042236328125,
0.0233154296875,
-0.040283203125,
-0.005706787109375,
-0.02880859375,
0.06591796875,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.004241943359375,
0.0002803802490234375,
-0.0311279296875,
-0.068359375,
-0.031494140625,
0.0040283203125,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.039306640625,
-0.064453125,
-0.007537841796875,
0.01324462890625,
-0.03955078125,
0.01251220703125,
0.00384521484375,
-0.041748046875,
-0.013916015625,
0.058837890625,
-0.0034027099609375,
0.046630859375,
0.0191650390625,
0.01446533203125,
0.0198974609375,
0.00634765625,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0030975341796875,
0.0211181640625,
0.021728515625,
0.000591278076171875,
0.0022125244140625,
-0.0096435546875,
0.03466796875,
0.00023651123046875,
0.04345703125,
0.0150146484375,
-0.049560546875,
0.00177764892578125,
-0.040771484375,
-0.03662109375,
-0.02001953125,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.00311279296875,
-0.0218505859375,
0.0235595703125,
-0.037841796875,
0.283203125,
-0.001190185546875,
-0.020751953125,
-0.00830078125,
-0.04541015625,
0.05615234375,
0.019287109375,
0.00107574462890625,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.010986328125,
-0.017822265625,
-0.003387451171875,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.004547119140625,
0.03955078125,
0.03857421875,
-0.05224609375,
0.038818359375,
0.01226806640625,
-0.050537109375,
-0.009521484375,
0.002655029296875,
0.007171630859375,
0.043212890625,
0.031494140625,
0.0247802734375,
0.04248046875,
-0.072265625,
0.00665283203125,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.002105712890625,
-0.059326171875,
0.0108642578125,
-0.004608154296875,
-0.0036163330078125,
0.01263427734375,
-0.02490234375,
-0.00604248046875,
-0.021240234375,
0.00726318359375,
0.00994873046875,
0.03564453125,
0.02392578125,
-0.00531005859375,
0.02099609375,
-0.00604248046875,
-0.0283203125,
0.02978515625,
0.04296875,
-0.03857421875,
0.029541015625,
0.005645751953125,
0.0546875,
-0.004150390625,
-0.000598907470703125,
0.032470703125,
0.004974365234375,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0791015625,
0.049560546875,
-0.04296875,
-0.00015926361083984375,
0.01434326171875,
0.01446533203125,
0.0234375,
0.045654296875,
-0.01165771484375,
0.00537109375,
0.055908203125,
-0.03466796875,
0.00145721435546875,
-0.013427734375,
-0.0322265625,
0.055908203125,
-0.00732421875,
-0.018798828125,
0.0218505859375,
0.0673828125,
0.0218505859375,
0.03515625,
-0.046875,
-0.00579833984375,
-0.00689697265625,
0.0244140625,
0.05712890625,
0.00531005859375,
-0.0625,
-0.034912109375,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.002655029296875,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.0272216796875,
0.019775390625,
-0.019287109375
] |
Ryan, J.
In this case the defendant, Richard Mauch, challenges the validity of his 1962 plea of guilty to kidnapping two City of Jackson policemen.
We hold that the plea was valid according to the standards existing at the time. We, therefore, reverse the decision of the Court of Appeals and reinstate the conviction.
There are three issues to be decided:
1) Whether the guilty plea is fatally defective because the record fails to disclose the defendant’s acknowledgment of guilt of the element of asportation of the kidnapping victims;
2) Whether the trial court, in failing to advise the defendant that kidnapping carried a maximum penalty of life imprisonment, failed to inform him of the "consequences of his plea” -and;
3) Whether, in the event the guilty plea is reinstated, the defendant is entitled to be resentenced because the trial court failed to consider a presentence investigative report pursuant to MCLA 771.14; MSA 28.1144.
I
On the morning of January 23, 1962 the defendant Mauch was arraigned in the Jackson County Circuit Court. As the transcript of that proceeding discloses, he was specifically advised by the court not once but twice, that he was charged with kidnapping and that he had a right to be tried by a jury on each of the charges. The arraignment record also discloses that the court advised that Officer Norman Richmond was one of the victims and the Prosecuting Attorney announced that Officer Frank Miller was the second victim.
Two days later, on January 25, 1962, Mauch withdrew his pleas of not guilty and pleaded guilty to the charges as follows:
"Mr. Carroll [Defense Counsel]: If the Court please, I have talked with these defendants. Each of them informs me that he wishes to withdraw the pleas of not guilty entered for them by order of the Court on their arraignments and to enter a plea of guilty in the cases People v William Winegar and John Rogers [a/k/a Richard Mauch].
"The Court: Now, Mr. Mauck [sic], have any promises been made to you to get you to plead guilty?
"Defendant Mauch: No, your Honor.
"The Court: Have any threats been made against you?
"Defendant: No.
"The Court: Are you entering this plea freely and voluntarily?
"Defendant: Yes, sir.
"The Court: And did you on the 28th day of October, 1961, confine Frank Miller and Norman Richmond within this state against their will?
"Defendant: Yes, your Honor.
"The Court: Very well. The court will accept the plea of guilty of each of you, and I am aware of the fact that each of you is presently serving a life sentence which was imposed in an adjoining county; so I see no need to delay in passing sentence upon you. I may as well pass sentence this morning.
"I am going to give each of you the same sentence in each case, and each of these sentences will run concurrently.
"It is the sentence of this court that you be confined in the State Prison of Southern Michigan for the minimum term of 20 years, the maximum term to be 30 years.
"The court makes no recommendation.
"You are remanded to the custody of the warden for execution of the sentence.
"You may be seated.”
After repeated attempts the defendant finally succeeded in having the Court of Appeals overturn his convictions.
Although the defendant implies in his brief that we should judge his 1962 guilty plea record by current standards, we emphasize that we believe the proper course is to evaluate the record according to the law as it existed at the time the plea was entered.
Just as in People v Armstrong, 390 Mich 693; 213 NW2d 190 (1973), where this Court declined to apply to a 1963 guilty plea a standard more stringent than the standard then in force, we are not inclined today to charge the trial judge below with anticipating the extensive and confusing develop ments in Michigan’s guilty plea jurisprudence during the 14 years following the proceedings before him.
In nullifying Mauch’s guilty plea, the Court of Appeals rested its judgment on the ground that, since the record below fails to disclose any mention of the asportation of the kidnapping victims, the plea is fatally defective under the rule of People v Barrows, 358 Mich 267; 99 NW2d 347 (1959).
Barrows, however, does not stand for the proposition that a guilty plea record which fails to disclose mention of each element of the offense to which the plea of guilty is offered mandates setting aside the plea. The rule of the case in Barrows, a pre-GCR 1963, 785 case, was announced in the light of 1959 guilty plea procedures which were governed by a statute, MCLA 768.35; MSA 28.1058 and a court rule, Court Rule No. 35A (1945). The statute provided:
"Whenever any person shall plead guilty to an information filed against him in any court, it shall be the duty of the judge of such court, before pronouncing judgment or sentence upon such plea, to become satisfied after such investigation as he may deem necessary for that purpose respecting the nature of the case, and the circumstances of such plea, that said plea was made freely, with full knowledge of the nature of the accusation, and without undue influence. And whenever said judge shall have reason to doubt the truth of such plea of guilty, it shall be his duty to vacate the same, direct a plea of not guilty to be entered and order a trial of the issue thus formed.”
The court rule provided:
"In every prosecution wherein the accused is charged with a felony the trial court shall conform to the following practice:
"Sec. 2. Imposing sentence. If the accused pleads guilty, after such plea and before sentence the court shall inform the accused of the nature of the accusation and the consequence of his plea; and regardless of whether he is represented by counsel, the court shall examine the accused, not necessarily under oath, and as a condition of accepting the plea of guilty and imposing sentence shall ascertain that the plea was freely, understandingly and voluntarily made, without undue influence, compulsion or duress, and without promise of leniency. Unless the court determines that the plea of guilty was so made, it shall not be accepted.
"This rule is mandatory but failure to comply therewith shall not be considered jurisdictional.” 318 Mich xxxix-xl.
Barrows merely supplied an additional dimension to the 1959 procedures in holding that the court-rule-mandated examination of the accused shall be by direct questioning for the purpose of establishing the crime and the defendant’s participation therein. The purpose of the rule, the Court reasoned, is to preclude "involuntary or induced false pleas”, and "subsequent false claims of innocence”.
Aside from the procedural requirements outlined in the statute, the court rule and Barrows, the form of plea taking in 1962 was left to the trial court.
In People v Bumpus, 355 Mich 374; 94 NW2d 854 (1959), this Court refused to set aside a guilty plea upon defendant’s allegation that the trial court failed to comply with the statute and court rule. The Court stated the general rule:
"Both our statutes and our court rules, quoted above, require that upon a plea of guilty to an information the judge shall satisfy himself that the plea was made freely, with knowledge of its consequences, and without undue influence or promise of leniency. The form and manner of this examination by the judge has not been prescribed but is left to the discretion of the judge, to be exercised by him in the manner best suited to the parties and the offense. The topic is discussed with clarity in People v Coates, 337 Mich 56 [59 NW2d 83 (1953)].” 355 Mich at 379-380.
Later in the opinion, this Court clearly emphasized that the trial court’s finding that the plea was freely and voluntarily entered carried great weight:
"We do not lightly disregard the statement in the opinion of the sentencing judge that he conferred with defendant and assured himself that the defendant’s plea was knowingly and freely made, and we find nothing in the record to impeach such statement. Moreover, 'Where it affirmatively appears that the judge made inquiry to satisfy himself that the plea of guilty entered expressed the real desire of the defendants, there can be no assumption that the defendant acted in ignorance or under compulsion.’ 8 MLP, Criminal Law, § 125, p 155.” 355 Mich at 381-382.
In People v Coates, 337 Mich 56; 59 NW2d 83 (1953), the defendant entered pleas of guilty to armed robbery and rape. The opinion indicates that the trial court elicited a detailed factual basis for the armed robbery charge, but nothing whatever for the rape charge other than the defendant’s expressed desire to plead guilty to rape. The defendant challenged the adequacy of the court’s investigation, claimed his plea was coerced, and that he was denied the right to counsel, and asserted that the irregularity of the proceedings was contrary to the orderly administration of justice. In noting that the record disclosed that the trial court talked with the accused in chambers for 20 minutes to an hour prior to receiving the guilty pleas, this Court sustained the validity of the pleas, holding that the Court assumed' that the trial court complied with its statutory duty relative to the required investigation. The Court also considered the fact that the defendant, although 25 years old, was experienced in crime and was aware of the nature of the proceedings.
The principle announced in Bumpus and Coates is that the trial court must satisfy itself under the circumstances in the case that the plea was accurate and truthful, and freely, understandingly, and voluntarily entered. The method by which the court "satisfied himself’ was left to the trial judge. If the court accepted the plea, the resulting conviction carried with it a strong presumption of validity and reversal resulted only when the record affirmatively showed that the trial court neglected its statutory duty, Edwards v People, 39 Mich 760 (1878), or conclusively demonstrated that the plea was involuntary or induced, People v Merhige, 212 Mich 601; 180 NW 418 (1920).
In People v Winegar, 380 Mich 719; 158 NW2d 395 (1968), this Court sustained the validity of a 1961 guilty plea. In that case the record failed to disclose any factual basis for the plea, and did not show that the defendant was advised of the consequences of his plea. The record did indicate, however, that before accepting the plea, the court had a private conference with the defendant in chambers. Thereafter, the court concluded on the record that the defendant committed the crime and that he was freely, understandingly, and voluntarily pleading guilty. In affirming this conviction, the Court noted that a plea-based conviction is a judgment of the trial court and, as such, is presumptively valid. To overcome such a presumption, the Court held a showing must be made according to the harmless error statute, MCLA 769.26; MSA 28.1096, which states:
"No judgment or verdict shall be set aside or reversed or a new trial be granted by any court of this state in any criminal case, on the ground of misdirection of the jury, or the improper admission or rejection of evidence, or for error as to any matter of pleading or procedure, unless in the opinion of the court, after an examination of the entire cause, it shall affirmatively appear that the error complained of has resulted in a miscarriage of justice.”
The Court concluded that technical non-compliance with the statute or court rule then in effect would not justify reversal.
In the few guilty plea cases that had reached this Court at the time the plea was taken in the case at bar, non-compliance with statute or court rule did not result in reversal unless there were aggravating circumstances which indeed constituted a miscarriage of justice.
In summary, while the present court rule, GCR 1963, 785.7 (1975), may require that in order that the validity of the guilty plea be sustained, it must be evident from the record that the defendant acknowledged his guilt to each and every element of the crime to which he pleads guilty, no such requirement existed at the time Mauch’s plea in the instant case was taken. The thrust of the law governing the validity of guilty pleas in 1962, as mandated by statute, court rule and this Court’s interpretation of both, was that the trial court personally address the defendant and satisfy himself that the defendant’s guilty plea was both true and voluntary.
After review of the entire case, we cannot say that this record, although indeed woefully inadequate by 1976 standards, was violative of 1962 requirements as regards the necessity that the record reflect the accused’s understanding of the offense to which he pleads guilty, and that the trial court satisfy itself that the plea was both true and voluntary.
II
The defendant’s second assignment of error— that his plea is fatally defective because the court did not advise him of the maximum penalty for kidnapping — is likewise without merit.
In 1962 the trial court was not required to inform the defendant of the maximum sentence prescribed by law for the offense. We spoke to this issue in People v Dunn, 380 Mich 693; 158 NW2d 404 (1968), in affirming a 1962 guilty plea in holding:
"We do not find that 'consequence of his plea’ has been precisely defined in any prior decision of this Court as that phrase is used in [the court rule]. We here hold that the meaning of the 'consequence’ of a plea of guilty, within the wording of the rule, is that an accused, by so pleading, waives his right to trial by jury, or trial without a jury by the court, and that additionally the accused subjects himself to whatever penalty is prescribed by law, including possible confinement in a penal institution. Under the rule, the accused must be advised minimally of the foregoing. Any additional information the trial judge is disposed to give to an accused rests in his discretion to be exercised according to the cirumstances.” 380 Mich at 700-701.
The Court stated further that the purpose of such advice was to insure that the plea was freely made.
In the case at bar, the court did "minimally” advise the defendant, after he entered his plea, that the court would pass sentence that morning. He did not, in so many words, inform the defendant that a guilty plea waived a trial.
Under the circumstances of this case, however, it is difficult to conclude from this omission that a miscarriage of justice occurred as required by the statute prior to reversal of a criminal conviction, especially in light of the fact that 48 hours earlier the defendant was twice informed that he had a right to be tried by a jury. Moreover, the defendant was represented by counsel: he was 39 years old at the time of his plea; and he was familiar with criminal proceedings. In fact, at the time he pled guilty he was serving a life sentence for another crime. Upon questioning by the court, defendant asserted that he freely and voluntarily entered his guilty plea. Furthermore, there are no other "aggravating circumstances” in this case, unlike the cases cited, fn 5 supra, which would justify a finding of a miscarriage of justice requiring setting the plea aside. The plea, therefore, must stand.
In reaching this conclusion, we reiterate that we are dealing at bar with a 1962 guilty plea. We emphasize that Guilty Plea Cases, 395 Mich 96; 235 NW2d 132 (1975), represents the present state of the law regarding the acceptance of guilty pleas. We decline, however, to give the defendant in this case the benefit of this decision which was rendered more than 13 years after he entered his plea of guilty.
Ill
Finally, the defendant contends that if his plea is upheld by this Court, the matter should be remanded to the trial court for resentencing because there was no presentence report prepared, as required by MCLA 771.14; MSA 28.1144. In People v Brown, 393 Mich 174; 224 NW2d 38 (1974), we held that it is error to sentence a defendant without benefit of a presentence report, and limited application of this rule to cases then pending on appeal in which the issue was preserved and to convictions occurring thereafter. The record indicates that defendant first raised this issue in his application for leave to file a delayed motion for new trial filed with the trial court on January 19, 1970, and renewed it in subsequent applications. It is argued therefore that Mauch’s case was "pending on appeal” when Brown was decided in 1974.
However, we conclude that in order to give Brown limited retroactivity, as was our stated intention, the phrase "pending on appeal” should be construed to include only cases pending on timely direct appeal from the trial court or on timely application to this Court from Court of Appeals decisions. We hold, therefore, that Brown does not require us to remand this case for resentencing.
The Court of Appeals is reversed and the conviction and sentence reinstated.
Coleman, Fitzgerald, and Lindemer, JJ., concurred with Ryan, J.
Levin, J.
Mauch was convicted in 1962 on his plea of guilty to two counts of kidnapping and sentenced to serve a term of 20 to 30 years.
The Court of Appeals set aside his conviction in 1975 on the ground that the failure of the trial judge to establish an element of the offense, asportation, during the plea-taking colloquoy violated the rule of People v Barrows, 358 Mich 267; 99 NW2d 347 (1959), requiring that there be a factual basis for the plea. The Court said that People v Taylor, 387 Mich 209; 195 NW2d 856 (1972), precludes resort to the transcript of the preliminary examination to establish the missing element.
Mauch’s plea of guilty was accepted before the 1973 revision of the court rule, GCR 1963, 785.7, delineating for the first time in the rule the Barrows factual-basis requirement.
In a number of delayed appeals from guilty pleas accepted before the revision of the court rule this Court has allowed the factual basis to be established by evidence other than direct questioning of the defendant. The question whether a preliminary examination transcript may be considered in such a case has not been definitively resolved.
We would hold that on delayed appeal from a conviction entered before revision of the court rule a preliminary examination transcript may be considered in deciding whether there is an adequate factual basis.
Mauch also contends that his plea should be set aside because he was not aware of the maximum sentence and, alternatively, that resentencing is required because the judge did not obtain a presentence report.
This case was not pending on appeal when People v Brown, 393 Mich 174, 181; 224 NW2d 38 (1974), was decided and, therefore, under the rule of that case, the failure of the judge to obtain a presentence report before sentencing does not require or permit remand for sentencing.
Before the 1963 revision, the court rule did not specifically require that the judge advise the defendant of the maximum sentence. The judge in this case did not do so. It does not appear whether Mauch was aware before he pled guilty that the maximum sentence for kidnapping is life or any term of years.
We would affirm Mauch’s conviction without prejudice to his establishing in the trial court on delayed motion that he is entitled to have his conviction set aside on the ground that he was not aware of the maximum possible sentence and in consequence his plea was not an understanding and voluntary plea within the meaning of the court rule and minimum requirements of the Due Process Clause.
I
The judge’s questions and Mauch’s responses do not establish a factual basis. Mauch’s affirmative answer to the judge’s question posed in the statutory language: "Did you * * * 'confine’ [the victim] 'against [his] will’?” tells us scarcely more than Mauch is willing to plead guilty. It provides no assurance that whatever he may have done would support a conviction at a trial.
In People v Barrows, supra, p 272, this Court said:
"The direct questioning of a defendant by the trial judge on plea of guilty is required by the rule for the purpose of establishing the crime and the participation therein of the person pleading guilty. This is a precaution against involuntary or induced false pleas of guilty, and against subsequent false claims of innocence.”
Barrows has been reaffirmed by this Court in a number of opinions, some deciding long delayed appeals.
In People v Taylor, supra, this Court applied the Barrows requirement in setting aside a 1960 guilty plea. Mauch’s plea was in 1962.
A 1963 guilty plea conviction was reversed for failure to comply with Barrows in People v Carlisle, 387 Mich 269, 273; 195 NW2d 851 (1972).
In People v Haack, 396 Mich 367, 371-373; 240 NW2d 704 (1976), where the plea was accepted before the 1973 revision, this Court said: "While former rule 785 and the statute did not explicitly require a determination that there was a factual basis, such a requirement was established by judicial construction of the rule and statute in People vBarrows.”We concluded:
"In reviewing convictions on pleas of guilty accepted before the 1973 revision of rule 785, this Court followed the Barrows rule requiring a factual basis supporting the conclusion that a crime was committed and that defendant participated in its commission.”
While this Court has consistently required, in accordance with Barrows, that a factual basis be established, in delayed appeals it has found an adequate factual basis on evidence other than the defendant’s responses to questions by the judge.
In People v Stearns; 380 Mich 704; 158 NW2d 409 (1968), a 1961 conviction was affirmed on evidence that the defendant made statements establishing a factual basis during the presentence investigation.
The Court did not refer to Barrows in People v Winegar, 380 Mich 719, 725; 158 NW2d 395 (1968). Before accepting that 1961 guilty plea the judge said that he had "conferred with Mr. Winegar relative to the circumstances of the crime, is convinced that he committed the crime”. The conference had taken place in chambers in accordance with the former practice.
A prosecutor’s statement of the factual basis during the plea-taking colloquoy and defendant’s acquiescence were held sufficient to support a preBarrows plea in People v Rufus Williams, 386 Mich 277; 192 NW2d 466 (1971).
In this case, the presentence report is not part of the record and, it appears, cannot be produced. There is no suggestion that a factual basis was established during an in-chambers examination. Nor is there a statement by the prosecutor or questioning of Mauch by his lawyer establishing a factual basis.
II
A preliminary examination was conducted and it was there established that Mauch "pled guilty to an offense of which he might have been convicted at trial”. Guilty Plea Cases, 395 Mich 96, 129; 235 NW2d 132 (1975).
Two police officers testified that Mauch and another person disarmed, handcuffed and placed them in the rear of a police car. The officers were then driven a number of miles and handcuffed to a tree. The offense and Mauch’s participation, a factual basis for the plea, were thus established.
The jurisprudence of this state is unsettled regarding resort on delayed appeal from conviction on a guilty plea accepted before the 1973 revision of the court rule to a preliminary examination transcript to demonstrate a factual basis for the plea.
In People v Zaleski, 375 Mich 71, 81; 133 NW2d 175 (1965), this Court declared that a judge may not, in exercising his discretion to grant or deny a motion to withdraw a guilty plea, consider the "frequently one-sided preliminary examination testimony” as evidence of the defendant’s guilt or innocence.
The issue of factual basis does not relate to guilt or innocence, but to whether there is evidence on which the trier of fact might have convicted the defendant at a trial. A defendant can protest his innocence and yet plead guilty if his plea, under all the circumstances, is an informed, understanding choice of the alternatives that confront him.
The question here relates to resort on delayed appeal to a preliminary examination transcript. Statements in earlier cases that examination transcripts may not be considered for that purpose are not of precedential stature.
The plurality opinion in People v Schneff, 392 Mich 15, 26; 219 NW2d 47 (1974), signed by three justices, declared that "the trial judge erred in considering the preliminary examination testimony when accepting the defendant’s guilty plea”. Schneffs conviction was affirmed on the ground that a factual basis had been established. Two justices concurred in the result and one justice concurred by separate opinion. A majority of the sitting Court did not sign the plurality opinion. The plurality statement in Schneff is not precedential^ binding on this Court. Negri v Slotkin, 397 Mich 105, 109; 244 NW2d 98 (1976).
In People v Rufus Williams, supra, the plurality opinion eschewed reliance on the preliminary examination transcript in reviewing a pre-Barrows plea.
In People v Taylor, supra, p 225, fn 10, this Court said that "[i]t is not sufficient that such facts appear on the record of the preliminary examination. See People v Zaleski, 375 Mich 71, 81 (1965), and People v Rufus Williams, 386 Mich 277, 284-285 (1971).” However, neither Zaleski nor Williams resolved the question. Moreover, the Taylor statement was obiter dictum. Taylor had waived preliminary examination. The question of resort on delayed appeal to a preliminary examination transcript to demonstrate a factual basis was neither briefed nor argued.
Reaffirming, as emphasized in our opinion in Guilty Plea Cases, supra, that there is no adequate substitute for direct questioning by the judge of the defendant, we, nevertheless, conclude that it would be inconsistent with the sound administration of justice to set aside a 1962 guilty plea on the ground that a factual basis was not established where the preliminary examination transcript demonstrates that the defendant pled guilty to an offense of which he might have been convicted at trial and a basis is thereby provided for "reasonable ascertainment of the truth of the plea.” People v Barrows, supra, p 272.
"Efforts to improve the quality and raise standards in the administration of justice are, however, sometimes impeded by an insistence on applying a newly-established or newly-enforced standard in cases where the judgments of conviction have long ago become final. Those efforts are also sometimes impeded by a rigid and inflexible application of the improved standard in current cases. Unless the Barrows direct-questioning requirement is enforced with sufficient flexibility to make allowances for inadvertent oversight by a conscientious judge and for those cases where guilty pleas were taken before Barrows was decided, the likelihood is that pressure from the trial bench and the reality of the number of convictions that would be reversed and cases retried, adding to the backlog of our overburdened trial courts, would erode the direct questioning requirement altogether. A pragmatic philosopher cautioned us that 'the best is the enemy of the good.’ ”
III
My colleague’s opinion refers to the harmless error statute and states that the present court rule "may” require an acknowledgment of guilt of each and every element of the crime.
We recently considered at considerable length a large number of appeals from guilty plea convictions in an effort to establish a sound and principled procedure for the acceptance of a plea of guilty and a workable standard for appellate review of plea-based convictions. Guilty Plea Cases, supra. This Court’s opinion in Guilty Plea Cases, supra, p 128, states that unless the record shows compliance with the factual basis requirement the case is to be remanded for supplementation of the record and if a factual basis cannot on remand be established the plea shall be set aside.
We disassociate ourselves from any suggestion that judgments of conviction on guilty pleas accepted after the 1973 revision of the court rule are to be reviewed by a standard not stated in Guilty Plea Cases or that the record may be adequate without a showing that the defendant might have been convicted of the offense at a trial.
IV
The court rule now requires that the judge state the maximum and any minimum prison sentence before accepting a plea of guilty. The rule in effect when Mauch pled guilty did not specifically require advice regarding a statutory minimum or the maximum sentence.
The judge did not, before accepting Mauch’s plea of guilty, determine whether he was aware that the maximum sentence for kidnapping is life or any term of years.
This Court has held that the length of the sentence is not a "consequence” of a guilty plea within the meaning of the former court rule. People v Dunn, 380 Mich 693, 700; 158 NW2d 404 (1968).
The question whether a defendant’s awareness of the maximum sentence is a factor to be considered in determining whether his plea is "understandingly and voluntarily made” within the meaning of the former rule and minimum constitutional requirements was left unresolved by this Court’s decision in People v Ferguson, 383 Mich 645; 178 NW2d 490 (1970), affirming by an equally divided vote a decision of the Court of Appeals.
In many jurisdictions, as in Michigan, the issue is now resolved by court rule or statute requiring that the judge inform the defendant of the maximum sentence.
Courts in other jurisdictions, noting the constitutional roots of the knowing and understanding standard, have held that awareness of the maximum sentence is a prerequisite to a valid plea of guilty. Where the record fails to show that the defendant was aware of the maximum sentence a hearing on that issue is required.
A hearing has not been held on the question whether Mauch was aware of the maximum sentence. Absent a finding following a hearing that Mauch wás unaware of the maximum sentence, there is not a factual predicate for further consideration whether his plea was understanding and voluntary.
V
People v Brown, supra, does not require or permit a remand for sentencing. In that case, this Court held that it is error to sentence a defendant in a felony case without first obtaining a presentence report. We gave this holding limited retroactivity:
"We will apply the rule articulated in this case only to those cases now pending on appeal in which this issue has been preserved and to those cases resulting from charges made on and after the date of this opinion.”
Mauch was convicted long before the date of the Brown decision. His case was not pending on appeal when Brown was decided.
By the use, in such context, of the phrase "pending on appeal”, this Court means cases pending on timely direct appeal from the trial court to the Court of Appeals or on timely application to this Court from the decision of the Court of Appeals. If an appeal from a grant or denial of a delayed motion for a new trial or on a delayed application for leave to appeal was timely for this purpose then, contrary to the evident purpose to give Brown limited retroactivity, the rule of that case would in effect be fully retroactive.
Reversed.
Kavanagh, C. J., and Williams, J., concurred with Levin, J.
The prosecutor summarized the post-conviction history of this case in his application for leave to appeal filed in this Court:
1. On January 25, 1962, defendant pled guilty to two separate informations, each charging him with kidnapping a policeman and was sentenced to concurrent terms of 20 to 30 years in prison.
2. On March 8, 1966, a delayed motion for new trial was denied by the trial court.
3. On January 30, 1969, defendant’s application for leave to file a delayed appeal was denied by the Court of Appeals for lack of merit. (Docket No. 2694.)
4. On August 26, 1969, this Court denied defendant’s application for leave to appeal on the grounds that defendant had failed to persuade the Court that he had a meritorious basis for appeal, 382 Mich 778.
5. On January 19, 1970, defendant filed an application for leave to file a second delayed motion for a new trial and on April 17, 1970 filed an addendum.
6. On or about October 2, 1970, defendant filed a motion for evidentiary hearing.
7. On October 8, 1970, the trial court denied defendant’s application for leave to file a second delayed motion for new trial and motion for evidentiary hearing.
8. On November 2, 1970, defendant filed an application for rehearing.
9. On August 2, 1971, a supplemental brief in support of the application for rehearing was filed and another supplemental brief was filed on December 30, 1971.
10. On December 30, 1971, after nearly a year of ill health, the trial court denied the application for rehearing.
11. On June 26, 1972, the Court of Appeals denied defendant’s second application for leave to appeal for lack of merit on the grounds presented. (Docket Nos. 14146, 14147.)
12. On September 13, 1972, this Court granted defendant’s second application for leave to appeal, vacated the conviction, and remanded the case to the trial court, 388 Mich 778 (1972).
13. On January 31, 1973, this Court denied the people’s application for rehearing.
14. On February 28, 1973, this Court on its own motion decided that the January 31, 1973 order was erroneously entered, set it aside, granted the application for rehearing, set aside the order of September 13, 1972, and denied defendant’s second application for leave to appeal for failure to persuade the Court that he had a meritorious basis for appeal, 389 Mich 769 (1973).
15. On April 3, 1973, defendant’s application for rehearing was denied.
16. On or about October 12, 1973, defendant filed another application for leave to file a delayed motion to vacate guilty pleas, claiming the kidnap statute was unconstitutional, which was denied by an order dated December 18, 1973.
17. Defendant filed a third application for leave to appeal with the Court of Appeals, again claiming that People v Adams, 389 Mich 222; 205 NW2d 415 (1973), held the kidnap statute under which he pled guilty unconstitutional.
18. On March 8, 1974, the Court of Appeals granted leave to appeal.
19. On March 16, 1974, the people filed an application for rehearing, pointing out the numerous times this case had been previously considered, and asked at the very least for the Court of Appeals to outline the issue or issues on which it decided to grant leave to appeal.
20. By an order dated March 29, 1974, and certified April 1, 1974, the Court of Appeals refused to outline the issue on which leave was granted or to recognize the amount of appellate review which defendant’s case has already received.
21. In a per curiam opinion dated February 14, 1975, the Court of Appeals reversed defendant’s two guilty pleas to kidnapping on the basis of the asportation discussion in Adams, holding that Adams is fully retroactive.
D. E. Holbrook, P. J., and R. B. Burns and Van Valkenburg, JJ., unpublished per curiam (February 14, 1975).
In People v Adams, 389 Mich 222; 205 NW2d 415 (1973), the defendant pleaded not guilty to a charge of kidnapping and was brought to trial. We held that asportation is an element of the crime of kidnapping under MCLA 750.349; MSA 28.581, and a failure of the trial judge to so instruct the Adams }uxy to that effect was reversible error.
MCLA 768.35; MSA 28.1058; Court Rule No 35A, § 2 (1945).
This Court has overturned plea-based convictions where there was no attempt to ascertain that a crime was committed and that the defendant committed it, Clark v People, 44 Mich 308; 6 NW 682 (1880); Edwards v People, 39 Mich 760 (1878); where subsequent evidence strongly suggested defendant’s innocence, People v Rucker, 254 Mich 342; 236 NW 801 (1931); where the trial court threatened defendant with a stiffer sentence if he refused to plead guilty and thereby waive error committed at his prior trial which resulted in a verdict of guilty, O’Hara v People, 41 Mich 623; 3 NW 161 (1879); where defendant had been adjudicated insane at the time of his guilty plea, People v Strick, 292 Mich 173; 290 NW 369 (1940); where the plea record indicated that defendant asserted his innocence but was misled by the court and thus was induced to enter a guilty plea, People v Merhige, 212 Mich 601; 180 NW 418 (1920); or where the defendant was young, had no prior experience with the courts, did not personally plead guilty but allowed his attorney to speak for him, under circumstances that established an "obvious inducement” for the guilty plea, People v Barrows, supra.
MCLA 750.349; MSA 28.581.
See People v Adams, 389 Mich 222; 205 NW2d 415 (1973).
See People v Haack, 396 Mich 367, 371, n 3; 240 NW2d 704 (1976), for the history of GCR 1963, 785, and preceding Court Rule No 35A (1945).
In People v Taylor, 383 Mich 338, 357; 175 NW2d 715 (1970), the lead opinion, written by Chief Justice Brennan, speaking of McCarthy v United States, 394 US 459; 89 S Ct 1166; 22 L Ed 2d 418 (1969), and FR Crim P, 11, adverted to Barrows:
"By footnote, the Chief Justice [in McCarthy] referred to the notes of the Advisory Committee on Criminal Rules, which were published in connection with the 1966 amendment. These notes are of particular interest to those of us who labor in the Michigan judicial vineyards. They say:
" 'For a similar requirement see Stat Ann § 28.1058; Court Rule No. 35A (1945); In re Valle, 364 Mich 471; 110 NW2d 673 (1961); People v Barrows, 358 Mich 267; 99 NW2d 347 (1959); People v Bumpus, 355 Mich 374; 94 NW2d 854 (1959); People v Coates, 337 Mich 56; 59 NW2d 83 (1953).’
"No other state statutes, state court rules, or state court decisions are cited in the Committee notes attending the 1966 amendment of Federal Rule 11.
“In all modesty, we conclude that the 1966 amendment of Federal Rule 11 was designed to bring Federal court practice up to the standard of our Michigan practice.”
The note of the Advisory Committee referred to a new sentence added at the end of rule 11, viz.: "The court shall not enter a judgment upon a plea of guilty unless it is satisfied that there is a factual basis for the plea.” The following is the pertinent language of the note preceding the words quoted in Taylor:
"A new sentence is added at the end of the rule to impose a duty oil the court in cases where the defendant pleads guilty to satisfy itself that there is a factual basis for the plea before entering judgment. The court should satisfy itself, by inquiry of the defendant or the attorney for the government, or by examining the presentence report, or otherwise, that the conduct which the defendant admits constitutes the offense charged in the indictment or information or an offense included therein to which the defendant has pleaded guilty. Such inquiry should, e.g., protect a defendant who is in the position of pleading voluntarily with an understanding of the nature of the charge but without realizing that his conduct does not actually fall within the charge.”
In People v Butler, 387 Mich I; 195 NW2d 268 (1972), a timely direct appeal, a factual basis was established on the record in the presence of the judge by direct questioning of the defendant by his lawyer.
The Court affirmed the denial of defendant’s motion to withdraw his plea of guilty "upon the paucity of persuasive reason offered by the defendant in support of his motion to withdraw his plea, a deficiency of such magnitude that it leaves defendant’s motion bordering on the frivolous”. People v Zaleski, 375 Mich 71, 81; 133 NW2d 175 (1965) (Souris, J, concurring).
See North Carolina v Alford, 400 US 25; 91 S Ct 160; 27 L Ed 2d 162 (1970). Cf. People v Stoner, 23 Mich App 598; 179 NW2d 217 (1970).
Not signed by a majority of the participating justices.
The Court of Appeals, 23 Mich App 459; 179 NW2d 48 (1970), had relied on the preliminary examination transcript in affirming defendant’s conviction.
The plurality opinion relied on the prosecutor’s recital of a factual basis; two justices concurred in the result and two dissented.
Guilty Plea Cases, supra, p 129 provides for remand of a case where an element of the offense has not been established to give the prosecutor an opportunity to establish the missing element.
People v Coates, 32 Mich App 52, 65-66; 188 NW2d 265 (1971) (Levin, J, dissenting).
MCLA 769.26; MSA 28.1096. See People v Robinson, 386 Mich 551, 562; 194 NW2d 709 (1972).
GCR 1963, 785.7.
"Imposing sentence. If the accused pleads guilty, after such plea and before sentence the court shall inform the accused of the nature of the accusation and the consequence of his plea; and regardless of whether he is represented by counsel, the court shall examine the accused, not necessarily under oath, and as a condition of accepting the plea of guilty and imposing sentence shall ascertain that the plea was freely, understandingly and voluntarily made, without undue influence, compulsion or duress, and without promise of leniency. Unless the court determines that the plea of guilty was so made, it shall not be accepted.” Court Rule No 35A, § 2 (1945).
People v Ferguson, 13 Mich App 362; 164 NW2d 547 (1968).
In some jurisdictions, sentence length is regarded as a "consequence” of the plea with the result that the judge, on that account, is required to state the maximum sentence. See, e.g., Ex parte Johnson, 499 SW2d 180, 181 (Tex Crim App, 1973); Harper v United States, 368 F2d 53, 55-56 (CA 10, 1966); Anno, Court’s duty to advise or admonish accused as to consequences ofplea of guilty, 97 ALR2d 549, 571-574.
Wade v Wainwright, 420 F2d 898 (CA 5, 1969); United States ex rel Leeson v Damon, 496 F2d 718, 721 (CA 2, 1974), cert den 419 US 954; 95 S Ct 215; 42 L Ed 2d 172 (1974); Carter v State, 291 Ala 83, 85; 277 So2d 896, 898 (1973); State v Hooper, 107 Ariz 327; 487 P2d 394 (1971).
United States ex rel Hill v United States, 452 F2d 664 (CA 5, 1971); Carter v State, supra; State v Hooper, supra; State v Schroeder, 218 NW2d 591 (Iowa, 1974). | [
0.0234375,
0.010986328125,
-0.01025390625,
0.06005859375,
-0.0986328125,
-0.0478515625,
-0.06201171875,
-0.040771484375,
-0.040771484375,
0.0537109375,
0.042724609375,
-0.025390625,
-0.018798828125,
0.0072021484375,
0.00604248046875,
-0.028564453125,
-0.0096435546875,
0.0185546875,
0.0537109375,
-0.0166015625,
0.01422119140625,
-0.00091552734375,
-0.033203125,
-0.00750732421875,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.003936767578125,
0.05126953125,
0.01318359375,
0.051513671875,
0.01806640625,
0.00640869140625,
-0.00921630859375,
0.033935546875,
-0.048828125,
0.0242919921875,
-0.009033203125,
0.0498046875,
-0.048828125,
0.01483154296875,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.0147705078125,
0.01513671875,
-0.0546875,
-0.06982421875,
-0.048095703125,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.000644683837890625,
0.03173828125,
-0.045166015625,
0.01287841796875,
0.00726318359375,
0.033447265625,
-0.0218505859375,
0.0167236328125,
-0.022705078125,
0.01422119140625,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0018768310546875,
0.014892578125,
0.01025390625,
0.00933837890625,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.0205078125,
0.0162353515625,
-0.0235595703125,
0.0145263671875,
0.0201416015625,
-0.06103515625,
0.051025390625,
0.00156402587890625,
0.0194091796875,
0.00775146484375,
-0.0128173828125,
0.0081787109375,
-0.03076171875,
-0.00250244140625,
0.014404296875,
0.021728515625,
-0.0166015625,
0.0211181640625,
0.07763671875,
0.012451171875,
-0.017822265625,
0.01446533203125,
0.006561279296875,
-0.0146484375,
-0.0133056640625,
0.0269775390625,
0.015380859375,
0.0537109375,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.017333984375,
0.050048828125,
0.0322265625,
-0.03662109375,
-0.015380859375,
0.03271484375,
-0.047119140625,
0.0263671875,
0.000164031982421875,
-0.0107421875,
0.0576171875,
0.033935546875,
0.023681640625,
-0.020751953125,
-0.0133056640625,
0.010009765625,
0.016357421875,
-0.0045166015625,
-0.0029144287109375,
0.0294189453125,
-0.050048828125,
-0.08544921875,
-0.039794921875,
0.01226806640625,
-0.039306640625,
-0.0615234375,
-0.003326416015625,
0.06396484375,
-0.01025390625,
0.052490234375,
0.01104736328125,
0.01397705078125,
-0.02001953125,
0.0155029296875,
0.02783203125,
0.0069580078125,
0.031494140625,
0.00933837890625,
0.014892578125,
0.00057220458984375,
-0.015869140625,
0.034912109375,
0.01287841796875,
0.026611328125,
-0.0125732421875,
0.0201416015625,
0.03759765625,
-0.0030975341796875,
-0.00897216796875,
0.00897216796875,
0.03466796875,
0.022216796875,
0.02783203125,
-0.008056640625,
0.04150390625,
-0.0294189453125,
0.0223388671875,
-0.036865234375,
-0.00408935546875,
0.0244140625,
0.03125,
0.052978515625,
-0.00634765625,
0.0361328125,
-0.031005859375,
-0.04052734375,
0.0341796875,
-0.020751953125,
0.01019287109375,
-0.033447265625,
-0.005645751953125,
0.01080322265625,
-0.0002899169921875,
0.0155029296875,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.03759765625,
-0.06396484375,
0.0205078125,
0.006622314453125,
-0.027587890625,
0.019775390625,
0.0257568359375,
-0.00848388671875,
0.025146484375,
0.0106201171875,
-0.041259765625,
0.0014801025390625,
-0.05419921875,
-0.0172119140625,
0.036865234375,
0.010986328125,
-0.004730224609375,
-0.00015163421630859375,
0.0247802734375,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.043701171875,
-0.016845703125,
-0.000583648681640625,
0.00927734375,
-0.0081787109375,
0.02001953125,
0.00799560546875,
0.03125,
-0.031494140625,
0.001220703125,
0.03466796875,
0.0179443359375,
-0.02197265625,
-0.00167083740234375,
0.018798828125,
0.0380859375,
-0.020751953125,
-0.0625,
0.05322265625,
-0.000461578369140625,
0.025146484375,
-0.009521484375,
0.01397705078125,
-0.004852294921875,
0.036865234375,
-0.04833984375,
-0.013427734375,
0.018798828125,
0.0040283203125,
0.044921875,
-0.06103515625,
0.0205078125,
-0.0155029296875,
0.012939453125,
-0.0230712890625,
0.0302734375,
-0.0390625,
0.00106048583984375,
0.031494140625,
0.04443359375,
-0.035888671875,
-0.01116943359375,
0.0145263671875,
-0.005523681640625,
0.025390625,
0.07177734375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.03955078125,
0.04052734375,
0.01611328125,
0.058349609375,
0.0036468505859375,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.01092529296875,
0.0869140625,
0.005126953125,
-0.0013427734375,
0.06494140625,
-0.034423828125,
-0.059814453125,
-0.040283203125,
0.0390625,
-0.0125732421875,
0.0281982421875,
-0.023193359375,
0.0208740234375,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.01068115234375,
0.0341796875,
0.00567626953125,
-0.02685546875,
-0.021484375,
0.039794921875,
-0.0062255859375,
-0.044921875,
-0.01318359375,
-0.0042724609375,
0.0074462890625,
0.02978515625,
-0.0022735595703125,
-0.0322265625,
-0.058349609375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.033203125,
-0.008056640625,
0.0235595703125,
-0.021728515625,
0.000946044921875,
-0.0040283203125,
-0.019287109375,
0.017578125,
-0.025146484375,
-0.019775390625,
0.01611328125,
-0.00933837890625,
0.01611328125,
-0.0166015625,
0.0076904296875,
-0.05224609375,
0.035400390625,
0.0198974609375,
0.0167236328125,
0.00555419921875,
-0.0205078125,
-0.06689453125,
-0.01141357421875,
0.07373046875,
-0.02783203125,
-0.0076904296875,
0.021484375,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0185546875,
0.0213623046875,
-0.037841796875,
-0.004974365234375,
-0.05322265625,
-0.030029296875,
0.0076904296875,
-0.020263671875,
0.00067138671875,
-0.005401611328125,
0.03076171875,
-0.00775146484375,
0.04296875,
0.022216796875,
0.00787353515625,
-0.0164794921875,
0.05517578125,
0.031005859375,
0.0164794921875,
0.0302734375,
-0.026611328125,
-0.035888671875,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.03369140625,
0.0135498046875,
0.0167236328125,
0.043701171875,
-0.0419921875,
0.00396728515625,
-0.04052734375,
-0.021728515625,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0274658203125,
0.0128173828125,
0.0001354217529296875,
0.036376953125,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0322265625,
0.0194091796875,
0.042724609375,
0.01483154296875,
-0.048583984375,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.0004062652587890625,
0.00836181640625,
0.026611328125,
0.017578125,
0.01806640625,
-0.015869140625,
-0.000614166259765625,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.012451171875,
0.00726318359375,
0.0245361328125,
-0.0146484375,
0.022705078125,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.05712890625,
0.022216796875,
-0.00823974609375,
0.040283203125,
0.00885009765625,
-0.055908203125,
-0.005218505859375,
-0.04833984375,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.012451171875,
-0.021240234375,
0.052978515625,
-0.0235595703125,
0.053955078125,
-0.00408935546875,
-0.026123046875,
0.01513671875,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.0157470703125,
0.047119140625,
0.020263671875,
0.039794921875,
-0.010009765625,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.0302734375,
-0.0166015625,
-0.00021266937255859375,
0.010009765625,
-0.02978515625,
0.003570556640625,
0.0113525390625,
-0.01611328125,
0.0157470703125,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.04052734375,
0.0234375,
-0.051025390625,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0162353515625,
0.051025390625,
0.005859375,
0.044189453125,
0.007171630859375,
0.02099609375,
-0.0162353515625,
0.06640625,
0.0286865234375,
-0.040771484375,
-0.0234375,
-0.0537109375,
0.058349609375,
0.002777099609375,
-0.033203125,
-0.0174560546875,
0.03369140625,
0.0537109375,
0.07861328125,
0.00665283203125,
-0.017333984375,
-0.06884765625,
0.01141357421875,
0.02685546875,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0247802734375,
0.01397705078125,
0.04150390625,
0.019287109375,
0.0625,
-0.0284423828125,
0.0247802734375,
-0.0172119140625,
0.0458984375,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0361328125,
-0.0247802734375,
0.06640625,
-0.068359375,
-0.01190185546875,
0.07958984375,
-0.0284423828125,
0.0164794921875,
0.007415771484375,
-0.00159454345703125,
-0.0216064453125,
0.0264892578125,
-0.0125732421875,
0.000037670135498046875,
0.0115966796875,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.00089263916015625,
-0.00140380859375,
-0.00494384765625,
0.0283203125,
-0.023681640625,
-0.004913330078125,
0.05322265625,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0576171875,
0.038818359375,
0.021240234375,
-0.023193359375,
0.0341796875,
-0.02587890625,
0.0341796875,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.017822265625,
0.0277099609375,
-0.015869140625,
-0.005706787109375,
0.02490234375,
0.03125,
-0.0262451171875,
0.041748046875,
0.04248046875,
-0.0087890625,
-0.0264892578125,
0.0162353515625,
0.008056640625,
0.045654296875,
-0.00145721435546875,
0.01141357421875,
0.0291748046875,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.0031280517578125,
-0.03369140625,
-0.023681640625,
-0.017333984375,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.04150390625,
-0.027099609375,
0.020263671875,
0.025146484375,
0.0341796875,
0.0263671875,
0.016357421875,
-0.026611328125,
-0.0213623046875,
0.0157470703125,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.029541015625,
-0.0031585693359375,
0.0281982421875,
0.00982666015625,
-0.004608154296875,
0.00665283203125,
-0.01165771484375,
0.0380859375,
-0.01708984375,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.006988525390625,
0.0458984375,
0.007476806640625,
0.0615234375,
-0.0299072265625,
0.0037841796875,
0.00042724609375,
-0.0205078125,
0.0264892578125,
0.012939453125,
-0.0257568359375,
0.041015625,
0.0201416015625,
-0.051025390625,
-0.000347137451171875,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.033935546875,
0.0247802734375,
-0.004119873046875,
-0.039794921875,
-0.07080078125,
-0.05615234375,
0.010009765625,
-0.033447265625,
-0.080078125,
-0.06201171875,
-0.003662109375,
0.00165557861328125,
-0.0025177001953125,
-0.026611328125,
0.0198974609375,
0.0037841796875,
-0.0177001953125,
0.0240478515625,
-0.01171875,
-0.0302734375,
-0.038818359375,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.0111083984375,
0.037841796875,
-0.000308990478515625,
-0.0025787353515625,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.0224609375,
-0.002227783203125,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.017822265625,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.0155029296875,
0.003814697265625,
0.020263671875,
0.0113525390625,
0.048583984375,
0.016845703125,
0.035888671875,
0.015380859375,
-0.017822265625,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.044921875,
0.046142578125,
-0.001983642578125,
0.0191650390625,
0.0169677734375,
0.01904296875,
0.01513671875,
0.0159912109375,
-0.00153350830078125,
0.0096435546875,
0.0045166015625,
-0.038818359375,
0.0142822265625,
0.038818359375,
-0.0028228759765625,
-0.0302734375,
-0.00946044921875,
0.01300048828125,
-0.031982421875,
0.011962890625,
0.04931640625,
-0.016845703125,
-0.006805419921875,
-0.0537109375,
0.04638671875,
0.0021514892578125,
-0.0712890625,
0.005340576171875,
0.01141357421875,
0.000049591064453125,
-0.05322265625,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.020263671875,
-0.032470703125,
0.0361328125,
0.031982421875,
0.031982421875,
0.07275390625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0400390625,
0.027587890625,
0.00811767578125,
0.0198974609375,
0.036376953125,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.02392578125,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.0185546875,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0155029296875,
0.01953125,
-0.044189453125,
0.026123046875,
0.040283203125,
-0.0703125,
0.0042724609375,
-0.0654296875,
-0.08251953125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.04150390625,
0.01318359375,
0.035888671875,
0.0089111328125,
0.0205078125,
0.053955078125,
0.006317138671875,
0.0135498046875,
-0.038330078125,
0.0322265625,
-0.029296875,
-0.032958984375,
0.03466796875,
0.007110595703125,
-0.018310546875,
-0.0284423828125,
0.0203857421875,
-0.00093841552734375,
-0.0035858154296875,
0.050537109375,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.004364013671875,
0.0034027099609375,
0.050048828125,
-0.034423828125,
0.01409912109375,
0.00083160400390625,
-0.013427734375,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.023681640625,
0.01116943359375,
0.0260009765625,
-0.08837890625,
-0.041015625,
0.0169677734375,
0.037353515625,
0.06396484375,
-0.04736328125,
-0.041259765625,
-0.00762939453125,
0.01385498046875,
-0.0556640625,
-0.000347137451171875,
0.002288818359375,
-0.004302978515625,
-0.02490234375,
-0.0556640625,
-0.0081787109375,
0.0390625,
-0.028564453125,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0517578125,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.06640625,
-0.034912109375,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.032958984375,
0.0031280517578125,
0.0274658203125,
0.04150390625,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.01336669921875,
0.018310546875,
0.01263427734375,
-0.0218505859375,
0.024658203125,
-0.0128173828125,
0.045166015625,
0.0021820068359375,
-0.00634765625,
0.0078125,
0.01513671875,
0.02978515625,
-0.00579833984375,
-0.025634765625,
-0.0126953125,
0.04443359375,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.00677490234375,
0.000705718994140625,
-0.04345703125,
0.0191650390625,
-0.05224609375,
-0.025634765625,
-0.020263671875,
0.02392578125,
0.0024261474609375,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.05615234375,
-0.004302978515625,
0.0196533203125,
-0.0218505859375,
0.03662109375,
-0.03076171875,
0.0283203125,
0.00830078125,
0.0234375,
-0.018310546875,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.01104736328125,
0.025634765625,
0.0198974609375,
0.016845703125,
0.0216064453125,
0.01953125,
-0.020751953125,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.03466796875,
-0.00104522705078125,
0.03271484375,
0.0048828125,
-0.00083160400390625,
-0.039306640625,
0.005462646484375,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.0576171875,
0.0023956298828125,
-0.053955078125,
-0.0096435546875,
0.032470703125,
0.026123046875,
-0.00518798828125,
0.000751495361328125,
0.0211181640625,
0.0172119140625,
0.06005859375,
0.027587890625,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.04248046875,
-0.005126953125,
0.053466796875,
0.035400390625,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.021484375,
0.00958251953125,
0.01239013671875,
-0.03564453125,
-0.0159912109375,
0.046875,
0.0172119140625,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.054443359375,
0.01446533203125,
-0.046142578125,
0.00274658203125,
0.0036163330078125,
0.0279541015625,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.016845703125,
-0.029296875,
-0.0025177001953125,
0.013427734375,
-0.0262451171875,
0.04052734375,
-0.06884765625,
-0.0030059814453125,
-0.006256103515625,
0.0255126953125,
0.0247802734375,
0.00689697265625,
0.01324462890625,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.0517578125,
0.01153564453125,
0.01483154296875,
0.0732421875,
-0.007354736328125,
0.039794921875,
-0.027587890625,
0.0257568359375,
0.02734375,
0.004119873046875,
0.0164794921875,
-0.002105712890625,
0.00885009765625,
-0.036865234375,
0.0284423828125,
-0.01513671875,
0.012451171875,
0.0189208984375,
-0.0174560546875,
0.041259765625,
-0.0159912109375,
0.013671875,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.0181884765625,
0.0255126953125,
-0.0654296875,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.0361328125,
0.0159912109375,
0.03125,
0.0002727508544921875,
0.012939453125,
-0.01239013671875,
0.024169921875,
0.0654296875,
0.0245361328125,
0.04296875,
0.0034942626953125,
-0.005340576171875,
-0.06298828125,
0.0064697265625,
0.060546875,
0.0400390625,
-0.015869140625,
-0.0013885498046875,
0.05029296875,
-0.01141357421875,
0.0096435546875,
0.0198974609375,
-0.003265380859375,
-0.03466796875,
-0.000507354736328125,
-0.0050048828125,
0.06494140625,
-0.00714111328125,
-0.018310546875,
0.03759765625,
0.02294921875,
-0.0140380859375,
0.04443359375,
-0.000050067901611328125,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0128173828125,
0.03857421875,
0.010498046875,
0.0234375,
0.0546875,
-0.040771484375,
0.0027313232421875,
0.036376953125,
-0.03955078125,
-0.05126953125,
0.006072998046875,
0.005218505859375,
0.00063323974609375,
-0.052490234375,
0.0029754638671875,
0.009033203125,
0.00634765625,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0810546875,
0.00787353515625,
-0.0107421875,
-0.01513671875,
0.0234375,
0.021484375,
0.046875,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.03662109375,
0.0030975341796875,
0.03076171875,
0.03759765625,
-0.033447265625,
0.041259765625,
-0.039794921875,
-0.0810546875,
-0.054443359375,
-0.046630859375,
0.02099609375,
0.022216796875,
-0.04296875,
-0.016845703125,
-0.01513671875,
0.0302734375,
-0.00061798095703125,
0.0012664794921875,
0.00628662109375,
-0.031494140625,
0.02392578125,
-0.0031890869140625,
0.015625,
0.042724609375,
0.051025390625,
-0.01806640625,
0.019287109375,
0.0004100799560546875,
-0.0272216796875,
0.0118408203125,
-0.007415771484375,
-0.019287109375,
-0.01025390625,
-0.0244140625,
-0.050048828125,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.017578125,
0.0120849609375,
0.029541015625,
-0.06298828125,
0.022216796875,
0.015625,
0.01446533203125,
0.000316619873046875,
-0.004913330078125,
-0.03369140625,
-0.00130462646484375,
0.00738525390625,
-0.080078125,
0.25390625,
0.006561279296875,
-0.000835418701171875,
-0.007568359375,
-0.032958984375,
0.0615234375,
0.0478515625,
0.03173828125,
-0.018310546875,
-0.02294921875,
-0.001617431640625,
-0.03173828125,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.003509521484375,
0.041259765625,
0.01068115234375,
0.009765625,
0.01129150390625,
-0.0004177093505859375,
-0.0419921875,
-0.00634765625,
0.0147705078125,
-0.0245361328125,
0.07666015625,
0.0380859375,
0.0252685546875,
0.033935546875,
-0.0439453125,
-0.02099609375,
-0.07080078125,
0.002899169921875,
-0.037841796875,
0.0184326171875,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0033111572265625,
0.0234375,
0.03564453125,
-0.037109375,
0.006561279296875,
0.00421142578125,
0.01287841796875,
0.0341796875,
0.01043701171875,
-0.02001953125,
-0.0036468505859375,
0.022216796875,
-0.00579833984375,
0.0089111328125,
0.035400390625,
-0.02734375,
0.02587890625,
0.03271484375,
0.050048828125,
-0.020751953125,
-0.0145263671875,
0.058349609375,
0.00927734375,
0.00335693359375,
0.006591796875,
-0.04248046875,
0.0022735595703125,
0.03662109375,
-0.0186767578125,
0.060546875,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.0042724609375,
0.03955078125,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.051513671875,
0.015625,
0.018310546875,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.01251220703125,
0.0172119140625,
0.031005859375,
0.00714111328125,
-0.03662109375,
0.04541015625,
0.03662109375,
-0.0201416015625,
0.00115203857421875,
0.013916015625,
0.01019287109375,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.015380859375,
0.0169677734375,
0.009033203125,
-0.036865234375,
0.0296630859375,
0.00823974609375,
0.04833984375,
-0.04541015625,
-0.01171875,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.0174560546875
] |
Williams, J.
(for affirmance). We granted leave to appeal in this matter to determine whether the trial court reversibly erred in refusing to instruct the jury as to attempted uttering and publishing, when the facts adduced at trial arguably supported a conviction on either a completed or an attempted offense. We hold that such refusal constituted reversible error. The Court of Appeals is affirmed.
I
On April 20, 1976, defendant Jan C. Rogers approached a teller at the main branch of the National Bank of Detroit. Ms. Rogers testified that she "asked” the teller about a check in the amount of $652.76, drawn on the Udo L. Salk Electric Company, which she had indorsed as the payee. The teller reviewed bank records and determined that the check had been stolen. Ms. Rogers was directed to the management area, where she was arrested by Detroit police officers and charged with uttering and publishing a forged instrument, MCL 750.249; MSA 28.446.
On February 23, 1977, defendant was convicted in the Recorder’s Court of the City of Detroit of uttering and publishing. The jury had been instructed to consider only two possible verdicts: guilty or not guilty of the charged offense. However, after the jury had been so instructed but before it commenced deliberations, defense counsel requested an additional instruction on the lesser included offense of attempted uttering and publishing. This instruction was refused because the trial court erroneously believed that attempt was not a lesser included offense of uttering and publishing. The jury subsequently brought in a verdict of guilty of the charged offense; defendant was sentenced to three years probation.
The Court of Appeals held that the trial court’s refusal to give the properly requested instruction on a "necessarily” included lesser offense of attempt constituted reversible error. Defendant’s conviction was set aside, and the case remanded for entry of a judgment of guilty of attempted uttering and publishing or, in the prosecutor’s discretion, a new trial.
The prosecution’s application for leave to appeal was granted on February 6, 1979. 405 Mich 822 (1979). Oral arguments were conducted on January 9, 1980.
II
In People v Ora Jones, 395 Mich 379, 390; 236 NW2d 461 (1975), we read:
"The duty of the trial judge to instruct on lesser included offenses is determined by the evidence. People v Phillips, 385 Mich 30; 187 NW2d 211 (1971). If evidence has been presented which would support a conviction of a lesser included offense, refusal to give a requested instruction is reversible error. Id. at 36. People v Hamilton, 76 Mich 212; 42 NW 1131 (1889).”
The common-law definition of a "necessarily” lesser included offense is that the lesser must be such that it is impossible to commit the greater without first having committed the lesser. 4 Anderson, Wharton’s Criminal Law and Procedure (1957 ed), § 1799, pp 631-632.
We recognized in the Guilty Plea Cases, 395 Mich 96, 131; 235 NW2d 132 (1975), that attempted uttering and publishing is a necessarily lesser included offense of uttering and publishing:
"A person intent on committing this crime might, for example, enter a bank with a forged instrument and be apprehended as he is withdrawing it from his wallet immediately before uttering it. Such conduct could constitute the crime of attempted uttering and publishing.” (Emphasis added.)
At issue during defendant’s trial was whether the instrument was "presented”. The defendant testified that she "asked” the teller about the check. Such an inquiry falls short of the actual representation that the check is genuine necessary for presentment.
The standard for determining whether an attempt instruction should have been offered upon request was enunciated in People v Chamblis, 395 Mich 408, 423; 236 NW2d 473 (1975):
"In determining whether the instruction should be given, the trial court should consider whether, if the defendant had been originally charged only on the lesser offense, the evidence adduced at trial would have supported a guilty verdict on that charge. If it would have, the requested instruction must be given.”
Since the evidence presented would support an original charge of attempted uttering and publishing, the requested attempt instruction was proper and the refusal to give it reversible error. People v Phillips, supra. Further, as in People v Kamin, 405 Mich 482; 275 NW2d 777 (1979), the instant jury may have been reluctant to acquit defendant where there was evidence tending to show that she was guilty of a lesser crime. If the jury had been instructed on attempted uttering and publishing, it might have given some credence to defendant’s claimed lack of knowledge and intent, while still finding that the instrument was forged and was presented by the defendant. The requested instruction would avoid the Kamin problem by permitting the jury to convict defendant in accordance with her own Testimony, evidence, and theory of the case.
We have found evidence to support a conviction of attempted uttering and publishing.
Ill
Another consideration in determining the pro priety of a lesser included offense instruction is the timeliness of the request.
The trial in the instant case took place in a single afternoon. Immediately following the closing arguments, the trial court instructed the jury. Before deliberations began, comments on the instructions were solicited from counsel; at that juncture, defense counsel requested the attempt instruction. The prosecutor objected that the request was untimely, but the trial court noted that the speed of the trial and the lack of opportunity to consult with counsel about the charge made such an objection unrealistic.
Although GCR 1963, 516.1 provides that "[a]t or before the close of the evidence, any party may * * * file written requests” for instructions, such language does not foreclose oral requests nor limit the time for making them. People v Smith, 388 Mich 457; 203 NW2d 94 (1972). Further, it has been held that a request made before the jury is released to begin deliberations is timely. People v Louis Jones, 71 Mich App 270; 246 NW2d 381 (1976).
Since the request for instruction on attempted uttering and publishing was made at the first available opportunity, and prior to the commencement of the jury’s deliberations, we find it timely. Thus,-the final criterion of propriety is resolved in favor of defendant.
IV
We hold today that the trial court erred in refusing to instruct the jury on attempted uttering and publishing since there is evidentiary support for the attempt charge, and the request for instructions was timely made.
The Court of Appeals is affirmed.
Coleman, C.J., and Kavanagh, Levin, Fitzgerald, Ryan, and Blair Moody, Jr., JJ., concurred with Williams, J.
Unpublished per curiam opinion, Docket No. 77-4532, July 20, 1978.
Timeliness is not a factor in first-degree murder cases to the extent that the trial court is required to instruct the jury sua sponte, and even over objection, on the included offense of second-degree murder. People v Jenkins, 395 Mich 440; 236 NW2d 503 (1975). | [
-0.029296875,
-0.020263671875,
-0.00274658203125,
0.00653076171875,
-0.0654296875,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.03466796875,
-0.034912109375,
-0.041015625,
0.06982421875,
0.038818359375,
0.01806640625,
0.0177001953125,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.04541015625,
0.02099609375,
-0.00439453125,
-0.0037384033203125,
0.0157470703125,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.051025390625,
0.00188446044921875,
-0.01904296875,
-0.0296630859375,
0.013671875,
0.03466796875,
0.0625,
0.047119140625,
0.00188446044921875,
-0.006317138671875,
0.01416015625,
-0.021728515625,
0.0032501220703125,
-0.03857421875,
0.044921875,
-0.039306640625,
0.005523681640625,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.015380859375,
0.0238037109375,
0.035400390625,
-0.0283203125,
-0.08935546875,
-0.057373046875,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.03076171875,
0.0152587890625,
-0.03125,
0.04541015625,
0.0007476806640625,
0.01397705078125,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.00096893310546875,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.013671875,
-0.057373046875,
-0.01361083984375,
0.0264892578125,
0.03515625,
0.01434326171875,
0.01263427734375,
-0.033935546875,
0.001251220703125,
-0.0028839111328125,
-0.007080078125,
-0.00518798828125,
-0.05322265625,
0.004730224609375,
0.00628662109375,
0.0013580322265625,
-0.0126953125,
-0.03173828125,
-0.021484375,
-0.037841796875,
-0.005706787109375,
-0.000858306884765625,
-0.037109375,
0.0211181640625,
-0.0185546875,
-0.0244140625,
0.030517578125,
0.00885009765625,
0.0013275146484375,
-0.0012359619140625,
0.03271484375,
0.01171875,
0.0206298828125,
-0.0035247802734375,
-0.001434326171875,
0.03076171875,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0166015625,
0.049072265625,
0.029296875,
-0.0054931640625,
-0.020751953125,
0.004486083984375,
-0.02001953125,
0.0220947265625,
0.00946044921875,
-0.01068115234375,
0.08740234375,
-0.0113525390625,
0.0205078125,
-0.011962890625,
0.0244140625,
-0.00138092041015625,
-0.00885009765625,
0.031982421875,
0.006591796875,
0.01361083984375,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.06298828125,
0.0130615234375,
-0.000881195068359375,
0.03955078125,
-0.04150390625,
-0.014404296875,
0.038818359375,
0.01068115234375,
0.01348876953125,
0.040771484375,
0.05810546875,
-0.01312255859375,
0.00775146484375,
0.0283203125,
0.0020294189453125,
0.0146484375,
0.0157470703125,
0.0166015625,
-0.009765625,
0.020263671875,
-0.01318359375,
0.0228271484375,
0.01251220703125,
0.035888671875,
0.0189208984375,
0.01361083984375,
0.03076171875,
0.01275634765625,
0.03662109375,
0.06494140625,
0.04150390625,
0.02490234375,
-0.007293701171875,
0.052734375,
-0.01025390625,
0.0115966796875,
-0.052978515625,
-0.00994873046875,
0.03759765625,
0.05029296875,
0.01953125,
-0.0035400390625,
-0.00250244140625,
-0.0615234375,
-0.005126953125,
0.0223388671875,
-0.015380859375,
0.027587890625,
-0.0400390625,
0.0247802734375,
-0.003021240234375,
0.0269775390625,
0.007537841796875,
0.00262451171875,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.0751953125,
0.016357421875,
-0.0034942626953125,
-0.042724609375,
-0.0186767578125,
0.0299072265625,
0.026611328125,
0.045166015625,
-0.01312255859375,
0.016845703125,
0.00058746337890625,
-0.0322265625,
0.06787109375,
0.0250244140625,
0.0225830078125,
0.0224609375,
0.005828857421875,
0.01043701171875,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.032958984375,
0.019775390625,
0.0296630859375,
-0.023193359375,
0.01397705078125,
0.04345703125,
0.03076171875,
-0.02587890625,
0.028564453125,
0.047119140625,
-0.025634765625,
-0.03515625,
-0.009033203125,
0.034423828125,
0.06298828125,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.043701171875,
0.0419921875,
0.01708984375,
0.00188446044921875,
0.021728515625,
-0.0380859375,
0.028564453125,
0.00115203857421875,
-0.007171630859375,
0.01104736328125,
-0.001373291015625,
-0.020263671875,
0.00848388671875,
-0.0302734375,
0.0157470703125,
-0.039794921875,
0.033203125,
-0.0033111572265625,
0.040771484375,
-0.030517578125,
-0.01055908203125,
0.0439453125,
0.04296875,
-0.0228271484375,
0.0218505859375,
-0.0035247802734375,
0.0079345703125,
0.022705078125,
0.01348876953125,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.001251220703125,
0.07568359375,
0.0159912109375,
0.0240478515625,
0.008544921875,
-0.03515625,
0.0031585693359375,
0.06787109375,
0.00616455078125,
-0.01806640625,
0.045654296875,
0.012939453125,
-0.024169921875,
-0.00762939453125,
0.01361083984375,
-0.00122833251953125,
0.03955078125,
0.006561279296875,
-0.00726318359375,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.005523681640625,
0.05859375,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.07177734375,
-0.006134033203125,
0.046142578125,
0.0262451171875,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.00185394287109375,
0.013671875,
-0.01226806640625,
0.041015625,
0.016357421875,
-0.060546875,
-0.056884765625,
-0.03955078125,
-0.044677734375,
-0.037109375,
0.0380859375,
-0.0439453125,
-0.050537109375,
-0.01025390625,
-0.04736328125,
0.02587890625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.019775390625,
0.0037689208984375,
-0.045166015625,
0.035888671875,
-0.0054931640625,
0.02001953125,
-0.0537109375,
0.04150390625,
0.0247802734375,
0.0625,
0.017578125,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0654296875,
0.03369140625,
0.03173828125,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.004638671875,
-0.06640625,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.00080108642578125,
-0.03125,
-0.01220703125,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0201416015625,
0.01239013671875,
-0.0166015625,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0064697265625,
0.00726318359375,
0.01165771484375,
0.04638671875,
0.0013580322265625,
0.049072265625,
-0.021240234375,
0.059814453125,
-0.0035858154296875,
-0.0001888275146484375,
0.00171661376953125,
-0.03515625,
-0.00341796875,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.02734375,
-0.050048828125,
-0.00830078125,
0.0205078125,
0.00946044921875,
-0.09619140625,
-0.007415771484375,
-0.06640625,
-0.0263671875,
0.01177978515625,
-0.018310546875,
0.054443359375,
-0.0115966796875,
0.0322265625,
0.01287841796875,
-0.04296875,
-0.005401611328125,
-0.0172119140625,
0.04345703125,
-0.07568359375,
-0.0164794921875,
0.0177001953125,
0.0263671875,
0.03076171875,
0.0093994140625,
-0.00677490234375,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.0087890625,
-0.00958251953125,
0.004638671875,
0.0040283203125,
0.000568389892578125,
0.00946044921875,
0.0361328125,
0.00064849853515625,
-0.05712890625,
-0.015869140625,
0.04736328125,
0.0228271484375,
0.0208740234375,
-0.00445556640625,
-0.00015544891357421875,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.02294921875,
-0.015869140625,
-0.00396728515625,
0.0654296875,
-0.00081634521484375,
0.03759765625,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.007110595703125,
-0.05126953125,
-0.034423828125,
0.028076171875,
-0.037109375,
0.0400390625,
-0.02783203125,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.00115966796875,
0.0274658203125,
-0.0089111328125,
0.005615234375,
0.00390625,
0.0341796875,
0.01104736328125,
-0.0081787109375,
0.0262451171875,
-0.0341796875,
-0.00872802734375,
0.017578125,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.0615234375,
-0.0498046875,
0.047119140625,
-0.004364013671875,
0.038330078125,
0.032958984375,
0.044921875,
0.0028228759765625,
0.057373046875,
0.025146484375,
-0.059814453125,
-0.050537109375,
-0.07861328125,
0.029052734375,
-0.0059814453125,
-0.0027923583984375,
-0.01312255859375,
0.05078125,
0.0263671875,
0.04443359375,
0.00836181640625,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0284423828125,
0.00927734375,
0.02685546875,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.044921875,
-0.0244140625,
0.0294189453125,
-0.000492095947265625,
0.031982421875,
-0.0284423828125,
0.0299072265625,
0.00677490234375,
0.0380859375,
0.0003299713134765625,
0.0166015625,
-0.01025390625,
0.03271484375,
-0.0751953125,
-0.0185546875,
0.0693359375,
-0.010986328125,
0.004058837890625,
0.01190185546875,
-0.007476806640625,
0.009033203125,
0.048095703125,
-0.044921875,
-0.0279541015625,
0.005615234375,
-0.0223388671875,
0.007110595703125,
0.004425048828125,
0.0162353515625,
0.0028076171875,
0.0252685546875,
-0.04638671875,
0.05615234375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.03076171875,
0.00153350830078125,
0.032958984375,
-0.0205078125,
0.024169921875,
-0.051513671875,
0.0240478515625,
-0.02685546875,
-0.019287109375,
-0.0291748046875,
0.00811767578125,
0.0179443359375,
0.01495361328125,
-0.02587890625,
0.034423828125,
0.0108642578125,
0.03564453125,
0.0166015625,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.01483154296875,
0.017822265625,
0.00897216796875,
0.00537109375,
-0.0054931640625,
-0.023681640625,
-0.014404296875,
0.004302978515625,
0.044921875,
-0.0186767578125,
0.00188446044921875,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.031982421875,
0.0030975341796875,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0322265625,
-0.004119873046875,
0.0291748046875,
0.030517578125,
-0.0021209716796875,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.029052734375,
-0.0037689208984375,
-0.040283203125,
-0.04931640625,
-0.0172119140625,
0.012451171875,
0.0291748046875,
-0.03271484375,
0.0164794921875,
-0.0157470703125,
0.026123046875,
-0.020263671875,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.053466796875,
0.0255126953125,
0.05419921875,
-0.01190185546875,
0.039794921875,
0.00732421875,
0.031982421875,
0.00408935546875,
0.0028228759765625,
0.037353515625,
0.00628662109375,
0.01953125,
0.05126953125,
0.036376953125,
-0.03076171875,
-0.01092529296875,
0.007568359375,
-0.06396484375,
0.01495361328125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0263671875,
-0.030517578125,
-0.03369140625,
0.0294189453125,
0.005584716796875,
-0.0537109375,
-0.053955078125,
0.020263671875,
0.01165771484375,
0.0064697265625,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0042724609375,
-0.068359375,
0.0103759765625,
0.0037841796875,
0.0009918212890625,
-0.021484375,
-0.012451171875,
-0.021728515625,
0.029052734375,
0.0380859375,
0.0228271484375,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.0277099609375,
0.0137939453125,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.013427734375,
-0.0244140625,
0.00799560546875,
0.0206298828125,
0.01153564453125,
0.0205078125,
-0.0286865234375,
0.044921875,
-0.002777099609375,
0.046142578125,
0.01348876953125,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.05712890625,
0.03515625,
-0.046142578125,
0.01043701171875,
-0.016845703125,
0.02490234375,
0.007293701171875,
0.00811767578125,
-0.0244140625,
-0.018798828125,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0625,
0.0230712890625,
0.0167236328125,
0.0211181640625,
-0.034423828125,
-0.033935546875,
0.02880859375,
-0.0576171875,
0.0238037109375,
0.08203125,
-0.0013275146484375,
-0.0185546875,
-0.0296630859375,
0.0244140625,
0.041748046875,
-0.05322265625,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.021240234375,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.0205078125,
-0.017578125,
-0.00099945068359375,
-0.01708984375,
0.0245361328125,
0.0216064453125,
0.01953125,
0.05078125,
-0.042724609375,
-0.037353515625,
-0.03076171875,
0.06201171875,
-0.0220947265625,
0.06396484375,
0.0458984375,
-0.04833984375,
-0.03271484375,
0.0220947265625,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.056884765625,
-0.0458984375,
0.0361328125,
0.006378173828125,
-0.034912109375,
0.032470703125,
0.015869140625,
-0.047607421875,
-0.01708984375,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.026123046875,
-0.0224609375,
0.053955078125,
0.01104736328125,
-0.0022125244140625,
0.017822265625,
-0.0072021484375,
0.02685546875,
-0.0284423828125,
0.035888671875,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.0022125244140625,
0.06591796875,
0.037353515625,
0.0169677734375,
-0.01483154296875,
0.0439453125,
0.006011962890625,
0.0133056640625,
0.0289306640625,
0.00347900390625,
-0.0152587890625,
0.0078125,
0.0025634765625,
0.08251953125,
-0.07275390625,
0.007049560546875,
0.0263671875,
-0.005218505859375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.0206298828125,
0.000640869140625,
0.0223388671875,
-0.08203125,
-0.01904296875,
0.033447265625,
0.05078125,
0.031005859375,
-0.03955078125,
0.0301513671875,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.0380859375,
0.054443359375,
0.036376953125,
0.037841796875,
-0.037841796875,
-0.045166015625,
-0.033203125,
0.0291748046875,
-0.04541015625,
0.0211181640625,
-0.01953125,
-0.003509521484375,
0.001922607421875,
-0.01904296875,
-0.0693359375,
-0.0244140625,
-0.00537109375,
-0.0081787109375,
0.00909423828125,
-0.0025634765625,
0.03271484375,
-0.00775146484375,
0.0245361328125,
-0.051513671875,
0.017333984375,
0.003448486328125,
0.0478515625,
-0.007110595703125,
-0.031982421875,
0.0164794921875,
0.00347900390625,
0.0166015625,
0.0301513671875,
-0.01416015625,
0.0023193359375,
-0.00994873046875,
0.004547119140625,
0.0016632080078125,
-0.007415771484375,
-0.05224609375,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.024658203125,
-0.04541015625,
-0.00384521484375,
-0.0033416748046875,
0.00927734375,
-0.026611328125,
-0.046875,
-0.00811767578125,
0.010498046875,
-0.041015625,
0.01239013671875,
0.0255126953125,
-0.0078125,
0.0262451171875,
0.04345703125,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.005523681640625,
0.0458984375,
0.0206298828125,
0.0076904296875,
0.032958984375,
0.020263671875,
0.03466796875,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.03564453125,
-0.034423828125,
-0.00830078125,
0.01104736328125,
0.030517578125,
0.06298828125,
-0.0244140625,
0.015869140625,
-0.04931640625,
-0.0279541015625,
0.045166015625,
-0.068359375,
-0.0108642578125,
0.01953125,
0.0380859375,
0.025390625,
-0.01202392578125,
0.016845703125,
-0.0225830078125,
0.0537109375,
0.006072998046875,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.01043701171875,
0.031005859375,
0.006103515625,
-0.0037689208984375,
-0.0234375,
0.0076904296875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.056884765625,
0.0213623046875,
0.043701171875,
0.0091552734375,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.0263671875,
0.02880859375,
-0.037109375,
-0.009765625,
0.0064697265625,
0.027099609375,
0.0059814453125,
0.026611328125,
-0.031494140625,
0.01104736328125,
0.006011962890625,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.006927490234375,
-0.010009765625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0027008056640625,
0.056884765625,
-0.01092529296875,
0.033447265625,
0.01348876953125,
0.01025390625,
-0.038330078125,
0.0019683837890625,
0.00177001953125,
0.04736328125,
0.03173828125,
0.043701171875,
0.004486083984375,
0.035888671875,
0.0155029296875,
-0.00982666015625,
0.040283203125,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.0166015625,
0.00836181640625,
-0.007415771484375,
-0.005889892578125,
0.0439453125,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.0101318359375,
0.0361328125,
-0.042724609375,
0.01043701171875,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.049072265625,
0.022705078125,
-0.02392578125,
-0.00103759765625,
-0.04248046875,
0.0037384033203125,
0.024658203125,
0.024169921875,
-0.015869140625,
-0.0296630859375,
0.035888671875,
0.0234375,
0.0264892578125,
0.0145263671875,
0.0341796875,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.0263671875,
-0.000728607177734375,
0.041259765625,
0.03955078125,
-0.0040283203125,
0.02587890625,
-0.0084228515625,
0.0198974609375,
-0.00347900390625,
0.00119781494140625,
0.00848388671875,
-0.044677734375,
0.0255126953125,
-0.007537841796875,
0.044921875,
-0.0284423828125,
0.005096435546875,
0.046630859375,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.0203857421875,
0.043701171875,
0.00799560546875,
0.004974365234375,
0.005279541015625,
0.0390625,
0.0166015625,
0.0283203125,
0.0673828125,
-0.0184326171875,
0.027587890625,
0.0159912109375,
-0.059326171875,
-0.044921875,
0.009765625,
-0.045654296875,
-0.053955078125,
-0.037109375,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.0322265625,
-0.033203125,
0.000010192394256591797,
-0.037109375,
0.0257568359375,
-0.041015625,
0.00579833984375,
0.030517578125,
0.0164794921875,
0.035400390625,
0.022705078125,
-0.021484375,
0.012451171875,
0.022705078125,
0.02685546875,
-0.039794921875,
0.013671875,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.06689453125,
-0.044921875,
-0.0517578125,
0.00347900390625,
0.031982421875,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0361328125,
0.01348876953125,
0.010498046875,
-0.0224609375,
-0.0064697265625,
-0.021240234375,
-0.022705078125,
0.06640625,
-0.0037689208984375,
-0.005706787109375,
0.0263671875,
0.03857421875,
0.0181884765625,
0.01495361328125,
0.0035400390625,
-0.005950927734375,
0.01177978515625,
-0.05517578125,
-0.0257568359375,
0.020751953125,
-0.0439453125,
-0.01336669921875,
0.01153564453125,
-0.01214599609375,
0.03076171875,
-0.007354736328125,
-0.057373046875,
0.00096893310546875,
-0.00653076171875,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.006195068359375,
-0.03857421875,
0.0281982421875,
0.017578125,
-0.06787109375,
0.2421875,
0.0185546875,
-0.01007080078125,
0.018798828125,
-0.03466796875,
0.0185546875,
0.0166015625,
0.0028533935546875,
-0.0419921875,
0.0093994140625,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.0205078125,
0.01129150390625,
0.0252685546875,
0.031982421875,
0.0036163330078125,
-0.051513671875,
-0.03076171875,
0.025634765625,
-0.06591796875,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.0244140625,
-0.0419921875,
0.058349609375,
0.03515625,
0.01239013671875,
0.0216064453125,
-0.0771484375,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.05126953125,
0.00775146484375,
-0.0654296875,
0.03466796875,
-0.0478515625,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0004024505615234375,
0.01422119140625,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.020751953125,
0.0107421875,
0.013916015625,
0.022216796875,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.00494384765625,
-0.0244140625,
-0.002899169921875,
-0.0164794921875,
0.0693359375,
0.043701171875,
-0.057861328125,
0.0257568359375,
0.046142578125,
0.033203125,
-0.007293701171875,
-0.0098876953125,
0.0263671875,
-0.001922607421875,
-0.00616455078125,
-0.01031494140625,
0.00156402587890625,
0.015625,
-0.00188446044921875,
0.00640869140625,
0.041015625,
0.010986328125,
0.0296630859375,
0.057861328125,
-0.0166015625,
-0.03759765625,
0.02099609375,
0.01123046875,
-0.00579833984375,
-0.00927734375,
-0.0269775390625,
0.01495361328125,
0.0198974609375,
-0.020751953125,
0.0296630859375,
0.053955078125,
-0.048095703125,
0.018798828125,
-0.02001953125,
-0.011474609375,
0.01904296875,
0.0693359375,
0.0302734375,
-0.041259765625,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.0155029296875,
0.0250244140625,
-0.0166015625,
0.0245361328125,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.004730224609375
] |
Ryan, J.
There are two issues in this case. They are: 1) whether, when an automobile liability insurance policy is issued in this state which con tains a provision for uninsured motorist coverage , the class of persons covered under the uninsured motorist coverage may be narrower than the class covered under the liability coverage provision and, 2) whether, in this case, the plaintiff is within the protected class under the liability coverage.
On January 25, 1972 Zoe Pappas was a passenger on a motorcycle operated by its owner. The motorcycle was struck by an uninsured automobile and plaintiff sustained serious injuries. Appellee Central National Insurance Group of Omaha (Central) insured the motorcycle under a policy issued to its owner. Appellant Farmers Insurance Group (Farmers) insured an automobile owned by appellee Pappas’ father. Pappas filed suit against Central seeking recovery under the uninsured motorist coverage provision of its liability policy on the motorcycle. Farmers was joined as a defendant.
The trial court granted summary judgments in favor of Central and against Farmers. The latter was ordered to proceed to arbitration pursuant to the terms of the uninsured motorist clause of the policy issued to Pappas’ father.
Both judgments were appealed to the Court of Appeals which affirmed, holding:
a) that, as determined by another panel of that Court in Roach v Central National Insurance Co of Omaha, 60 Mich App 40; 230 NW2d 297 (1975), uninsured motorist coverage must be provided to the same persons included as insureds in the liability portion of the policy, and
b) that passengers are not "person insured” under the liability provision of Central’s policy.
Resolution of the first issue requires our deter mination whether the so-called uninsured motorist statute defines a category of persons who must be protected by uninsured motorist coverage. Central contends that the Legislature expressed an intention to allow the insurer and the insured freedom to define contractually the class of persons to whom protection would be extended under the uninsured motorist clause of an automobile liability policy issued in this state.
We disagree.
At the time of the accident in this case , MCLA 500.3010; MSA 24.13010 provided:
"No automobile liability or motor vehicle liability policy insuring against loss * * * shall be delivered or issued for delivery * * * unless coverage is provided therein or supplemental thereto * * * for the protection of persons insured thereunder who are legally entitled to recover damages from owners or operators of uninsured motor vehicles * * * unless the named insured rejects such coverage in writing as provided herein.” (Emphasis supplied.)
We conclude that when the Legislature provided for coverage to be provided "therein” or supplemental "thereto” for the protection of persons insured "thereunder”, it was making consistent reference to the liability coverage portion of the policy. As we said in Blakeslee v Farm Bureau Mutual Insurance Co of Michigan, 388 Mich 464; 201 NW2d 786 (1972) in which we found "other insurance” clauses to be in violation of the policy of the uninsured motorist statute:
"The language of the statute is plain, unambiguous and mandatory.
"It unequivocally requires that '[n]o * * * policy * * * be delivered * * * unless coverage is provided therein’. Stated in the affirmative, every policy must have this coverage. Only after the mandatory offer is made can the insured reject it in writing.
"Nowhere in the statute does the Legislature attempt to fix any maximum amount of recovery less than the amount of the loss.” 388 Mich 473.
Similarly, the Legislature has prescribed the class of persons to which uninsured motorist coverage must apply. It must be provided for the protection of persons "insured thereunder”, that is, persons insured under the liability coverage portion of the policy. Nowhere does the Legislature attempt to fix a part of the class covered by the liability policy as the minimum number of persons to be covered. The statute is clear in requiring that the offer of coverage apply to whomever is insured under the liability coverage of the policy. That the plaintiff in Blakeslee was a named insured responsible for paying premiums whereas Pappas was not does not undermine the authority of that case. The critical fact in Blakeslee was that statutorily required coverage was being limited.
The principal purpose of § 3010 was to reduce claims against the motor vehicle accident claims fund. Central’s contention that the Legislature intended that the insurer and the insured should have the ability to narrowly define the class of persons protected is inconsistent with that purpose, as well as with the plain meaning of the statute. Central’s argument that a decision in its favor will not defeat the Legislature’s intent because Pappas may recover against another insurer misses the mark. The legislative policy expressed in the statute is not affected by circumstances peculiar to the situation of a particular plaintiff. As we pointed out in Blakeslee, the injured party may suffer losses exceeding the amount recoverable from another insurer. Moreover, we do not believe that granting the named insured the right to reject uninsured motorist coverage compels the conclusion that the Legislature did not intend to prescribe the class to be covered in the statutorily required offer of protection. We hold, therefore, that the required offer must extend protection in the statutory minimum to persons insured under the liability portion of the policy.
II
Pappas is not protected from the acts of uninsured motorists under the terms of the uninsured motorist clause in the policy issued by Central.
The liability coverage of that policy, however, defines the "insured” as including "any person while using with the permission of the named insured * * * a motorcycle to which this insurance applies”. (Emphasis supplied.) It declares an obligation to pay on behalf of the insured all sums which the insured shall become legally obligated to pay caused by accident and arising out of the ownership, maintenance, or use of the vehicle.
Central concedes that Pappas was using the insured motorcycle when riding as a guest passen ger, but argues that it cannot be determined whether she is "insured” until it is shown that a negligent act was committed involving use of the vehicle. This contention is without merit. The terms of the policy confer insured status on persons while they are using the insured vehicle. Proof of the facts Central demands triggers the insurer’s liability, but we do not believe it has any effect on a passenger’s status as an insured under the terms of the policy. Kangas v Aetna Casualty & Surety Co, 64 Mich App 1; 235 NW2d 42 (1975), is inapposite. That case concerned the question of the insurer’s liability where the injury arose out of an assault and battery committed along a highway but outside of and ydthout the use of the insured vehicle.
We conclude that Pappas was a person insured under the liability policy when she was injured.
It is apparent that the uninsured motorist clause of the policy issued by Central does not expressly extend coverage to the entire class of persons required to be insured by the uninsured motorist statute, that is, persons while using the insured motorcycle with permission of the insured. Where a policy of insurance does not offer statutorily required uninsured motorist coverage, conforming language must be read into the terms of the policy. Blakeslee, supra. Pappas is therefore insured under the uninsured motorist coverage of the Central policy.
Reversed and remanded.
Kavanagh, C. J., and Williams, Levin, Coleman, and Fitzgerald, JJ., concurred with Ryan, J.
Blair Moody, Jr., J., took no part in the decision of this case.
As indeed it must, unless such coverage has been rejected by the insured. MCLA 500.3010; MSA 24.13010.
Pappas v Central National Insurance Group of Omaha, 64 Mich App 611; 236 NW2d 158 (1975).
MCLA 500.3010; MSA 24.13010 was repealed by 1972 PA 345, eff. October 1, 1973.
Blakeslee, Rowland v Detroit Automobile Inter-Insurance Exchange, 388 Mich 476; 201 NW2d 792 (1972), and Boettner v State Farm Mutual Ins Co, 388 Mich 482; 201 NW2d 795 (1972), comprised a trilogy of cases which considered the validity of "other insurance” and "exclusions” clauses limiting recovery under uninsured motorist insurance both prior to and after the passage of MCLA 500.3010; MSA 24.13010.
The uninsured motorist clause of the policy issued to the owner of the motorcycle by Central extends coverage to:
"[T]he named insured as stated in the policy (hereto also referred to as the 'principal named insured’), his spouse and children if residents of the same household.”
Central does not allege that statutorily required coverage was offered to the owner and rejected in favor of the narrower coverage contained in the policy.
See MCLA 500.3012; MSA 24.13012 which formed a basis for the result in Blakeslee and Boettner and which provides in pertinent part:
"Such a liability insurance policy issued in violation of sections 3004 through 3012 shall, nevertheless, be held valid but be deemed to include the provisions required by such sections * * * .” (Emphasis added.) | [
-0.0166015625,
-0.0032196044921875,
0.0264892578125,
0.01214599609375,
-0.021240234375,
0.0012969970703125,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.0164794921875,
0.020751953125,
0.042236328125,
0.01361083984375,
0.02685546875,
0.033203125,
0.01275634765625,
-0.04052734375,
-0.00457763671875,
-0.012451171875,
0.0286865234375,
0.00787353515625,
0.040771484375,
-0.0184326171875,
0.005340576171875,
-0.052001953125,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.02880859375,
-0.049072265625,
0.048828125,
-0.01446533203125,
0.0234375,
0.037109375,
-0.00138092041015625,
0.013671875,
0.020263671875,
0.00142669677734375,
-0.028076171875,
-0.01202392578125,
0.039794921875,
-0.016357421875,
-0.0244140625,
0.0001239776611328125,
0.0242919921875,
-0.006744384765625,
0.0194091796875,
-0.04296875,
-0.005035400390625,
-0.046875,
-0.00653076171875,
-0.0296630859375,
0.023193359375,
-0.0277099609375,
0.01416015625,
-0.012939453125,
0.00604248046875,
-0.020263671875,
0.033203125,
-0.023193359375,
0.045654296875,
0.0006866455078125,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.000705718994140625,
-0.00048065185546875,
-0.03857421875,
0.00958251953125,
-0.02490234375,
-0.002288818359375,
0.0120849609375,
0.009765625,
0.03369140625,
0.0030059814453125,
-0.011962890625,
-0.015625,
0.02587890625,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.0029296875,
0.007354736328125,
-0.0201416015625,
0.004180908203125,
0.01373291015625,
0.0098876953125,
0.00185394287109375,
-0.0186767578125,
0.07275390625,
-0.026123046875,
-0.041259765625,
0.045654296875,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.00714111328125,
0.00019359588623046875,
0.0172119140625,
-0.03076171875,
0.0198974609375,
-0.035400390625,
-0.017578125,
0.045654296875,
0.031982421875,
-0.0089111328125,
0.007049560546875,
0.027099609375,
0.01007080078125,
0.027587890625,
-0.0026092529296875,
0.0189208984375,
0.0771484375,
-0.029296875,
0.07373046875,
-0.033935546875,
-0.011962890625,
-0.00518798828125,
-0.00775146484375,
0.007415771484375,
-0.0234375,
0.020751953125,
-0.02978515625,
-0.0189208984375,
0.00665283203125,
-0.042236328125,
0.039306640625,
-0.02880859375,
0.006927490234375,
0.068359375,
-0.0203857421875,
0.047607421875,
-0.0135498046875,
0.00775146484375,
0.0120849609375,
-0.03466796875,
0.03662109375,
-0.01904296875,
0.0281982421875,
0.01043701171875,
0.01025390625,
-0.0023193359375,
0.029296875,
-0.002685546875,
-0.0023345947265625,
0.0233154296875,
-0.004669189453125,
0.039306640625,
0.0107421875,
0.01177978515625,
0.00347900390625,
-0.01214599609375,
0.0296630859375,
0.025146484375,
0.0498046875,
-0.005096435546875,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.03369140625,
0.0037384033203125,
-0.0279541015625,
0.017333984375,
0.015625,
0.0172119140625,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.0263671875,
0.0277099609375,
-0.0152587890625,
0.0111083984375,
0.00653076171875,
0.004180908203125,
-0.004241943359375,
-0.0052490234375,
0.0242919921875,
-0.0257568359375,
0.01507568359375,
0.0020904541015625,
0.0108642578125,
-0.054443359375,
-0.040771484375,
0.0281982421875,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.02978515625,
-0.00994873046875,
0.052001953125,
0.0030517578125,
0.049560546875,
-0.042724609375,
-0.01324462890625,
0.0177001953125,
-0.0184326171875,
0.0037841796875,
0.028076171875,
0.029296875,
0.005340576171875,
-0.0206298828125,
0.0029754638671875,
-0.030029296875,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0169677734375,
0.019287109375,
-0.004852294921875,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0015716552734375,
-0.0026702880859375,
0.02587890625,
0.000010013580322265625,
0.004791259765625,
0.000652313232421875,
-0.00148773193359375,
0.0216064453125,
-0.0079345703125,
0.01055908203125,
0.028076171875,
0.01068115234375,
-0.0238037109375,
0.017578125,
0.0283203125,
-0.015380859375,
-0.0011138916015625,
0.041748046875,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.01025390625,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.0034942626953125,
0.0260009765625,
-0.004119873046875,
0.01904296875,
-0.07373046875,
-0.02099609375,
-0.015625,
0.0419921875,
-0.03759765625,
0.00057220458984375,
-0.02294921875,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.019287109375,
-0.027587890625,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.00762939453125,
0.000659942626953125,
0.00677490234375,
0.0908203125,
-0.041748046875,
-0.00604248046875,
0.04443359375,
-0.05078125,
0.0267333984375,
0.04931640625,
0.03515625,
0.036376953125,
0.058837890625,
-0.03125,
0.01226806640625,
0.05029296875,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.003814697265625,
0.00030517578125,
0.03662109375,
-0.000896453857421875,
0.00543212890625,
0.0220947265625,
-0.00811767578125,
0.0147705078125,
0.06103515625,
0.004913330078125,
-0.05712890625,
-0.029541015625,
0.009765625,
0.03271484375,
-0.0213623046875,
0.001434326171875,
0.039794921875,
-0.021240234375,
0.06884765625,
0.004425048828125,
-0.0078125,
-0.021728515625,
-0.047119140625,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0205078125,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.072265625,
0.03173828125,
-0.0250244140625,
0.06689453125,
-0.017578125,
0.0107421875,
0.0302734375,
-0.055419921875,
-0.0072021484375,
-0.0267333984375,
0.04052734375,
-0.0084228515625,
0.0233154296875,
-0.00732421875,
-0.01416015625,
0.0072021484375,
-0.0673828125,
-0.044921875,
0.014404296875,
-0.00390625,
-0.03515625,
0.0284423828125,
0.004180908203125,
-0.034912109375,
-0.01141357421875,
0.0220947265625,
-0.000751495361328125,
0.0186767578125,
-0.003173828125,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.030517578125,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0390625,
-0.00518798828125,
0.0146484375,
-0.05322265625,
0.046875,
0.018310546875,
-0.011962890625,
-0.02734375,
0.03515625,
0.0150146484375,
0.0003204345703125,
0.0076904296875,
-0.03857421875,
-0.005523681640625,
-0.01220703125,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.00154876708984375,
0.0048828125,
0.00994873046875,
0.03955078125,
-0.06884765625,
0.00921630859375,
-0.04638671875,
-0.0576171875,
0.0048828125,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.024658203125,
0.0277099609375,
-0.044677734375,
-0.014892578125,
0.0002307891845703125,
0.04296875,
0.0179443359375,
0.0291748046875,
-0.022705078125,
0.00140380859375,
-0.00052642822265625,
-0.01214599609375,
0.01953125,
0.039306640625,
-0.013916015625,
0.01220703125,
-0.021728515625,
-0.057373046875,
0.01409912109375,
0.0294189453125,
0.00347900390625,
-0.0130615234375,
0.051025390625,
0.04248046875,
-0.02294921875,
-0.03759765625,
-0.007293701171875,
-0.00634765625,
0.018798828125,
-0.0478515625,
0.005523681640625,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.02294921875,
0.01129150390625,
0.0201416015625,
0.00933837890625,
-0.0123291015625,
0.04150390625,
0.0137939453125,
0.004425048828125,
0.0177001953125,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0654296875,
0.03076171875,
0.04638671875,
0.023193359375,
-0.00421142578125,
0.027587890625,
-0.0181884765625,
0.0224609375,
-0.007049560546875,
-0.010498046875,
0.014404296875,
-0.016845703125,
0.0208740234375,
-0.04638671875,
-0.00152587890625,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.05224609375,
0.021240234375,
0.00150299072265625,
-0.031494140625,
-0.00390625,
0.0234375,
0.01611328125,
0.0267333984375,
0.033447265625,
0.03955078125,
0.009765625,
0.017578125,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.036376953125,
0.0069580078125,
-0.0380859375,
0.0274658203125,
-0.045654296875,
-0.0107421875,
-0.06787109375,
0.005157470703125,
0.018798828125,
0.0634765625,
0.033203125,
0.031982421875,
0.01025390625,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.034423828125,
-0.025146484375,
0.04052734375,
0.01123046875,
0.043701171875,
-0.030029296875,
0.0281982421875,
0.016845703125,
0.021728515625,
-0.006011962890625,
0.0052490234375,
-0.02880859375,
0.025146484375,
-0.052490234375,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.0030364990234375,
0.00372314453125,
-0.0194091796875,
0.000560760498046875,
-0.009033203125,
0.0068359375,
0.0810546875,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.0247802734375,
0.020751953125,
0.023193359375,
0.0255126953125,
0.01214599609375,
0.02001953125,
-0.01483154296875,
0.011962890625,
-0.0341796875,
0.07177734375,
0.02685546875,
-0.043212890625,
-0.01275634765625,
0.05615234375,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0022735595703125,
-0.051513671875,
-0.01220703125,
-0.030029296875,
0.00909423828125,
-0.03564453125,
0.0263671875,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.039306640625,
-0.006134033203125,
0.0771484375,
-0.056884765625,
-0.01080322265625,
0.006988525390625,
0.0023956298828125,
-0.0223388671875,
0.0693359375,
-0.033203125,
0.0166015625,
0.00046539306640625,
-0.0361328125,
0.0279541015625,
-0.049072265625,
0.0380859375,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.06298828125,
0.009521484375,
0.00140380859375,
-0.01361083984375,
0.0361328125,
0.0257568359375,
0.004119873046875,
0.0250244140625,
-0.041015625,
-0.00543212890625,
-0.023193359375,
-0.03515625,
0.006927490234375,
-0.016357421875,
-0.0177001953125,
0.041748046875,
0.02392578125,
0.0220947265625,
0.0252685546875,
0.00634765625,
-0.033935546875,
-0.06201171875,
-0.02099609375,
-0.0003509521484375,
0.03662109375,
0.00860595703125,
0.0341796875,
0.0191650390625,
0.0230712890625,
0.029296875,
0.0032501220703125,
0.017578125,
0.0301513671875,
0.047607421875,
0.0023345947265625,
0.029541015625,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.0279541015625,
0.00592041015625,
0.0069580078125,
-0.01251220703125,
0.0203857421875,
-0.015380859375,
0.002044677734375,
-0.05712890625,
0.01953125,
-0.005401611328125,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.041748046875,
-0.00023651123046875,
0.00018215179443359375,
0.02392578125,
0.0021820068359375,
-0.00003981590270996094,
-0.028076171875,
-0.037109375,
0.05712890625,
-0.057373046875,
-0.0654296875,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.064453125,
-0.0322265625,
0.019287109375,
0.054931640625,
-0.00830078125,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.032958984375,
0.0030364990234375,
-0.046630859375,
0.02197265625,
-0.0751953125,
0.004547119140625,
0.0018768310546875,
-0.0208740234375,
0.06201171875,
-0.0181884765625,
0.052001953125,
0.01104736328125,
0.003082275390625,
0.0030059814453125,
-0.02099609375,
0.01708984375,
-0.05615234375,
0.0634765625,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0390625,
-0.0101318359375,
0.0216064453125,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.01904296875,
-0.0302734375,
-0.01806640625,
-0.0478515625,
-0.0771484375,
0.02001953125,
0.0004730224609375,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.038818359375,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.024169921875,
-0.06494140625,
0.012451171875,
0.068359375,
0.00482177734375,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0157470703125,
0.06005859375,
0.037841796875,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.00011157989501953125,
0.011474609375,
0.0162353515625,
-0.04052734375,
-0.046875,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.048095703125,
0.01275634765625,
0.0107421875,
-0.01226806640625,
0.044677734375,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.006072998046875,
0.058837890625,
0.0240478515625,
0.01373291015625,
0.06884765625,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.0458984375,
0.044677734375,
0.0096435546875,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.028564453125,
0.04638671875,
-0.0024871826171875,
-0.043212890625,
0.0400390625,
0.03125,
-0.020751953125,
-0.021484375,
-0.025390625,
-0.0556640625,
0.0205078125,
-0.019775390625,
-0.0064697265625,
0.03173828125,
-0.06103515625,
-0.00592041015625,
-0.00689697265625,
0.001129150390625,
0.006011962890625,
-0.013916015625,
0.06982421875,
-0.053955078125,
-0.0218505859375,
0.025146484375,
0.00775146484375,
0.0185546875,
0.002471923828125,
-0.00885009765625,
0.022705078125,
0.024169921875,
0.03125,
-0.046875,
-0.0595703125,
-0.07275390625,
0.0225830078125,
0.030029296875,
-0.0654296875,
-0.01055908203125,
0.053466796875,
-0.034912109375,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.03564453125,
-0.030029296875,
-0.006378173828125,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.06103515625,
0.0022430419921875,
0.0341796875,
0.03564453125,
0.0439453125,
-0.0478515625,
-0.05126953125,
0.000934600830078125,
0.03271484375,
-0.044677734375,
0.051025390625,
0.032958984375,
0.0458984375,
-0.004241943359375,
-0.052001953125,
0.0203857421875,
0.02880859375,
-0.01171875,
0.0390625,
-0.02783203125,
0.00008821487426757812,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.0380859375,
-0.046875,
-0.0252685546875,
0.01708984375,
0.068359375,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.017578125,
0.0111083984375,
-0.03076171875,
0.0045166015625,
-0.05517578125,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.02685546875,
0.010986328125,
0.004486083984375,
-0.0030364990234375,
-0.01043701171875,
0.048583984375,
-0.03125,
0.00921630859375,
-0.0286865234375,
0.01495361328125,
-0.0068359375,
-0.01226806640625,
0.017822265625,
0.018798828125,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.02783203125,
-0.0439453125,
-0.01025390625,
0.035888671875,
0.04638671875,
-0.0234375,
-0.08203125,
0.001007080078125,
0.031982421875,
-0.0576171875,
0.0037078857421875,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0281982421875,
0.0458984375,
0.0284423828125,
-0.016845703125,
0.001068115234375,
0.0172119140625,
-0.006927490234375,
0.007080078125,
-0.0037994384765625,
0.008544921875,
0.0189208984375,
-0.002105712890625,
0.04345703125,
-0.060791015625,
0.01416015625,
-0.01007080078125,
0.0240478515625,
0.033203125,
0.0400390625,
0.0634765625,
-0.04150390625,
-0.038818359375,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0390625,
-0.019287109375,
0.03369140625,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.03271484375,
-0.02197265625,
-0.00628662109375,
0.00103759765625,
-0.01513671875,
0.00897216796875,
-0.01171875,
-0.03076171875,
0.046875,
0.02685546875,
0.015380859375,
0.01318359375,
0.033935546875,
-0.03076171875,
-0.051025390625,
0.0191650390625,
0.0380859375,
-0.048583984375,
0.0076904296875,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.00408935546875,
-0.1015625,
-0.003326416015625,
0.03271484375,
0.06591796875,
-0.04833984375,
-0.053955078125,
-0.044189453125,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.0186767578125,
0.011474609375,
-0.006195068359375,
-0.047607421875,
-0.00176239013671875,
-0.0057373046875,
0.0302734375,
0.01171875,
0.03466796875,
0.058837890625,
0.029052734375,
0.0224609375,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0242919921875,
0.035888671875,
0.0208740234375,
0.03564453125,
0.005706787109375,
0.031494140625,
0.0400390625,
0.046142578125,
0.01904296875,
-0.011474609375,
0.015869140625,
-0.00958251953125,
0.0177001953125,
-0.00897216796875,
0.0458984375,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.04248046875,
0.006927490234375,
-0.0196533203125,
0.01025390625,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.0021820068359375,
0.020751953125,
-0.0035247802734375,
-0.035400390625,
-0.029052734375,
-0.00885009765625,
0.0255126953125,
0.0198974609375,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.00537109375,
0.0419921875,
0.0289306640625,
0.020263671875,
0.0615234375,
-0.007568359375,
0.015380859375,
-0.08349609375,
-0.041748046875,
0.034423828125,
0.037109375,
0.0174560546875,
0.0130615234375,
0.025634765625,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.017578125,
0.057373046875,
0.02490234375,
-0.02783203125,
0.023193359375,
0.027587890625,
0.0439453125,
-0.0159912109375,
0.0084228515625,
0.06494140625,
-0.00469970703125,
-0.038330078125,
0.00072479248046875,
0.029296875,
-0.000469207763671875,
-0.001922607421875,
0.0157470703125,
-0.004119873046875,
0.0267333984375,
0.037841796875,
-0.00830078125,
0.019775390625,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.0634765625,
-0.0186767578125,
0.0274658203125,
-0.036865234375,
-0.031982421875,
0.00860595703125,
-0.04443359375,
0.000537872314453125,
0.0150146484375,
0.0498046875,
-0.04833984375,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.021240234375,
-0.0245361328125,
0.0087890625,
0.0205078125,
0.06982421875,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.0242919921875,
0.0111083984375,
-0.042724609375,
0.040283203125,
-0.052001953125,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.007080078125,
-0.03759765625,
-0.0751953125,
-0.038818359375,
0.034423828125,
0.007476806640625,
-0.027099609375,
-0.054443359375,
-0.0361328125,
0.0284423828125,
-0.0032958984375,
0.02978515625,
0.034912109375,
-0.0517578125,
-0.01068115234375,
0.0546875,
-0.0111083984375,
0.021728515625,
0.00061798095703125,
0.053466796875,
0.037109375,
0.00909423828125,
-0.03515625,
0.01458740234375,
0.01361083984375,
-0.021240234375,
0.0079345703125,
-0.0033721923828125,
-0.0260009765625,
0.052734375,
0.0189208984375,
0.0120849609375,
0.00457763671875,
0.00069427490234375,
-0.017333984375,
-0.036376953125,
0.006103515625,
-0.045654296875,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.01287841796875,
0.0181884765625,
0.005035400390625,
-0.0283203125,
0.26171875,
0.00823974609375,
-0.004364013671875,
0.025390625,
0.030517578125,
0.0625,
0.0296630859375,
0.0030975341796875,
0.018798828125,
-0.046875,
-0.01019287109375,
0.017578125,
0.017822265625,
0.0093994140625,
0.0267333984375,
-0.022705078125,
-0.054443359375,
0.0595703125,
0.017578125,
-0.04248046875,
-0.000896453857421875,
0.01171875,
-0.04150390625,
0.064453125,
0.0205078125,
0.015625,
0.0238037109375,
-0.06005859375,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.01177978515625,
0.017578125,
-0.033447265625,
0.0196533203125,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.0211181640625,
0.03125,
-0.01141357421875,
0.01318359375,
-0.03759765625,
-0.032958984375,
0.00921630859375,
0.05517578125,
0.01153564453125,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.005340576171875,
0.0101318359375,
-0.031982421875,
0.058349609375,
0.07275390625,
-0.0291748046875,
0.027587890625,
-0.005126953125,
0.02197265625,
0.0216064453125,
-0.0115966796875,
0.007080078125,
0.0213623046875,
-0.015380859375,
-0.01611328125,
-0.052001953125,
0.009521484375,
-0.021484375,
0.034423828125,
0.00421142578125,
0.0247802734375,
0.0179443359375,
0.005096435546875,
0.015869140625,
0.0230712890625,
-0.00274658203125,
0.0035552978515625,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.00927734375,
0.01251220703125,
0.05224609375,
-0.00069427490234375,
-0.016845703125,
0.0225830078125,
0.03857421875,
0.004058837890625,
0.015380859375,
-0.01434326171875,
0.01080322265625,
-0.020263671875,
0.000926971435546875,
0.04931640625,
-0.005340576171875,
-0.0341796875,
-0.01025390625,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.00054931640625,
0.0274658203125,
0.03759765625,
-0.029052734375
] |
Per Curiam.
The defendants were charged with one count of first-degree murder and three counts of armed robbery as the result of a holdup of a restaurant in which the owner was shot to death. Defendants Miller and Davis were convicted on all counts, and defendant Ewing was found guilty of second-degree murder and one count of armed robbery. The Court of Appeals affirmed the convic tions. People v Miller, 88 Mich App 210; 276 NW2d 558 (1979).
Each defendant filed a request for review under Administrative Order 1977-4, 400 Mich lxvii (1977). We ordered the trial court to appoint counsel for the defendants to prepare and file applications for leave to appeal, directing that certain issues be briefed. The applications have been filed, raising several issues. We reach only one, and reverse because of the use of an improper jury selection procedure.
I
More than five weeks before the scheduled start of the trial, the trial judge entered an order describing the manner in which jury selection would be conducted. It said in part:
"It is further ordered that the struck jury method will be used to select the jury of 14. This method is described in Pointer v United States, 151 US 396; 14 S Ct 410; 38 L Ed 208 (1894), and Swain v Alabama, 380 US 202; 85 S Ct 824; 13 L Ed 2d 759 (1965).
"It is proposed that 80 prospective jurors will be seated and examined. After all challenges for cause (GCR [1963,] 511.4) are exercised, peremptory challenges will be exercised (GCR 511.5) in rotation. The top 14 jurors in order of seating will be sworn as the jury for the trial.”
Before the jury selection began, defense counsel objected to this procedure on the ground that calling so many jurors at once would make it difficult to keep track of the answers given by individual jurors to voir dire questions. The trial judge rejected this argument, noting that he had used the procedure a number of times and that it is used in other jurisdictions.
Seventy-three jurors were initially called and questioned as a group by the trial judge. None was excused for cause. The prosecutor and three defense attorneys then exercised peremptory challenges in rotation until only 11 jurors remained, at which point an additional 37 jurors were called and questioned. The peremptory challenge process continued until there were no further challenges, and the 14 remaining jurors with the lowest numbers were selected to hear the case.
II
The Court of Appeals affirmed the defendants’ convictions. The Court found a violation of the jury selection procedure provided by GCR 1963, 511. In particular, the jury selection did not comply with Rule 511.6:
"After a challenge for cause is sustained or a peremptory challenge exercised, another juror shall be selected and examined before further challenges are made. Such jurors shall be subject to challenge as are other jurors.”
However, the Court declined to reverse. It found the evidence against the defendants overwhelming, and noted the failure of the defendants to raise the issue until just before the selection process began, despite the substantial notice given by the trial judge’s order. The defendants’ claim of prejudice was premised on the difficulty of remembering the responses of the various jurors, but the Court of Appeals found the use of similar selection systems in other jurisdictions sufficient to establish the practicability of the procedure. Finally, the Court said that while there was a violation of Rule 511.6, the method used here did not violate the purpose of the rule. The Court interpreted that provision in the light of the usual practice of starting with a panel of 12 potential jurors. In that circumstance, subrule .6 ensures that the parties will not be required to exercise peremptory challenges against a panel of fewer than 12, protecting against dilution of the right to exercise peremptory challenges. In this case, the parties were always faced with a panel of at least 12, and for most of the selection process with a far larger one. This permitted them to identify all of the jurors they wished to challenge before exercising any challenges.
The Court concluded with the following caution to trial judges:
"Although the use of the struck jury method did not warrant reversal in this case, our opinion should not be read as an endorsement of the method. Our Supreme Court has provided for a method of impaneling a jury, and the surest way of avoiding error, particularly in the sensitive area of a defendant’s right to a jury trial, is to follow the accepted method.” 88 Mich App 218-219.
III
As the Court of Appeals noted, GCR 1963, 511 contemplates the seating and examination of a panel of potential jurors equal in size to the jury that will hear the case. As a juror is challenged, either peremptorily or for cause, another will be seated before further challenges are exercised. Obviously, the procedure used in this case was not in compliance with the rule.
Although the defendants’ claims of confusion in the jury selection process are not implausible, we agree with the Court of Appeals that there is nothing in this record from which one could affirmatively find prejudice to the defendants from the selection process. However, given the fundamental nature of the right to trial by an impartial jury, and the inherent difficulty of evaluating such claims, a requirement that a defendant demonstrate prejudice would impose an often impossible burden. See People v Gratz, 35 Mich App 42; 192 NW2d 304 (1971). A defendant is entitled to have the jury selected as provided by the rule. Where, as here, a selection procedure is challenged before the process begins, the failure to follow the procedure prescribed in the rule requires reversal. The "struck jury method” or any system patterned thereafter is disapproved and may not be used in the future.
In view of the disposition of this issue, we find it unnecessary to reach the other questions presented in these applications.
Accordingly, pursuant to GCR 1963, 853.2(4), in lieu of granting leave to appeal, the judgment of the Court of Appeals is reversed, and the case remanded to the Recorder’s Court for the City of Detroit for a new trial.
Kavanagh, Williams, Levin, and Fitzgerald, JJ., concurred.
Including provision for two alternate jurors. GCR 1963, 511.2.
Judge Maher dissented as to a number of points, but did not disagree with the majority as to this issue.
In a more recent case involving the same issue, the Court of Appeals again declined to reverse because of this jury selection procedure, but said:
"We would, however, caution trial' courts against reading our decision as an indorsement for the struck jury method. Indeed, in the interest of order and efficiency, we would prohibit its use and the confusion it tends to create in the trial of any future cases.” People v Stein, 90 Mich App 159, 165; 282 NW2d 269 (1979). | [
0.004058837890625,
0.03271484375,
0.0120849609375,
0.0264892578125,
-0.08642578125,
-0.02734375,
-0.05859375,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.039794921875,
0.05615234375,
0.058837890625,
-0.036376953125,
0.0169677734375,
0.000438690185546875,
0.0003376007080078125,
-0.017822265625,
-0.034423828125,
0.01708984375,
0.025146484375,
-0.0174560546875,
0.0015106201171875,
0.036376953125,
-0.050537109375,
-0.00494384765625,
-0.0390625,
-0.01251220703125,
0.0201416015625,
0.01275634765625,
0.055908203125,
0.02685546875,
-0.0033111572265625,
-0.00384521484375,
0.031005859375,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.0189208984375,
0.06689453125,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.01385498046875,
0.0238037109375,
-0.0012054443359375,
0.01409912109375,
0.0303955078125,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.052978515625,
-0.04248046875,
0.013671875,
-0.02685546875,
0.024169921875,
-0.0205078125,
0.0174560546875,
0.021484375,
0.018310546875,
-0.01361083984375,
0.006561279296875,
-0.023193359375,
-0.033935546875,
-0.00482177734375,
0.01324462890625,
0.039306640625,
0.0478515625,
0.021728515625,
-0.031982421875,
-0.02880859375,
0.0084228515625,
-0.00152587890625,
0.004486083984375,
0.00009584426879882812,
-0.0140380859375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.00112152099609375,
-0.036376953125,
0.00762939453125,
0.015869140625,
-0.0302734375,
-0.00732421875,
-0.05224609375,
0.01080322265625,
0.001312255859375,
0.0185546875,
-0.0303955078125,
0.03515625,
0.012451171875,
-0.047607421875,
-0.0048828125,
0.04541015625,
0.0145263671875,
0.01470947265625,
0.00133514404296875,
-0.00860595703125,
0.052490234375,
-0.0400390625,
-0.051025390625,
0.052001953125,
0.02490234375,
0.016845703125,
-0.019287109375,
0.054931640625,
-0.0250244140625,
0.03857421875,
0.021484375,
0.01104736328125,
0.052734375,
-0.032470703125,
0.022216796875,
-0.0380859375,
0.026123046875,
0.0235595703125,
0.0030975341796875,
0.033935546875,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.0012664794921875,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.10595703125,
0.00396728515625,
-0.0007171630859375,
-0.000728607177734375,
-0.057861328125,
0.0125732421875,
0.039794921875,
-0.00970458984375,
0.0233154296875,
0.002899169921875,
0.04345703125,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.004638671875,
0.050048828125,
-0.00665283203125,
0.0108642578125,
0.0240478515625,
0.04052734375,
0.01446533203125,
-0.00341796875,
-0.009765625,
0.04296875,
0.02099609375,
0.0206298828125,
0.030517578125,
0.002044677734375,
0.01611328125,
0.02978515625,
0.0040283203125,
0.0556640625,
0.033935546875,
0.033203125,
-0.02734375,
0.034423828125,
-0.019775390625,
0.035400390625,
-0.034423828125,
0.00250244140625,
0.024169921875,
0.0274658203125,
0.011474609375,
-0.001708984375,
0.034912109375,
-0.0211181640625,
0.001495361328125,
0.015869140625,
-0.02392578125,
0.01275634765625,
-0.024658203125,
-0.00012302398681640625,
-0.00579833984375,
0.0133056640625,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.037109375,
-0.05322265625,
-0.0013580322265625,
-0.01092529296875,
0.011962890625,
-0.0098876953125,
0.0673828125,
0.0081787109375,
0.043212890625,
-0.020263671875,
0.003387451171875,
-0.00604248046875,
-0.0247802734375,
0.0257568359375,
0.028564453125,
0.03271484375,
0.0184326171875,
0.052001953125,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.023193359375,
-0.032958984375,
0.01470947265625,
0.01171875,
-0.021240234375,
0.0086669921875,
0.0556640625,
0.0223388671875,
-0.00119781494140625,
-0.0028076171875,
0.039794921875,
0.01068115234375,
-0.037109375,
-0.01263427734375,
0.00142669677734375,
0.030517578125,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.032958984375,
0.0245361328125,
0.0218505859375,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.009033203125,
-0.0054931640625,
0.041748046875,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.03466796875,
0.0012359619140625,
-0.00689697265625,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.00188446044921875,
-0.00634765625,
-0.00311279296875,
-0.056396484375,
0.006805419921875,
0.00102996826171875,
0.003997802734375,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.0037078857421875,
0.02099609375,
0.035888671875,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.00799560546875,
0.033935546875,
-0.00909423828125,
0.023193359375,
0.0703125,
0.0186767578125,
-0.0634765625,
0.07470703125,
-0.01220703125,
0.031494140625,
0.00958251953125,
-0.044677734375,
0.005340576171875,
0.0869140625,
0.0024566650390625,
-0.032958984375,
0.08251953125,
0.00653076171875,
-0.0234375,
-0.0133056640625,
0.0245361328125,
0.048828125,
0.042724609375,
0.00121307373046875,
0.0047607421875,
-0.0179443359375,
0.03515625,
0.0247802734375,
-0.005096435546875,
-0.064453125,
-0.03564453125,
0.02685546875,
0.013916015625,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.020263671875,
-0.0230712890625,
0.019775390625,
0.031005859375,
0.018798828125,
-0.056396484375,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.05419921875,
-0.0191650390625,
0.01092529296875,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.0244140625,
-0.01708984375,
0.0252685546875,
-0.050048828125,
-0.0181884765625,
0.01220703125,
-0.00390625,
0.0361328125,
-0.044921875,
0.018798828125,
-0.0615234375,
0.03173828125,
-0.007476806640625,
0.035400390625,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.052001953125,
0.0272216796875,
0.020263671875,
-0.03564453125,
-0.0033721923828125,
0.00482177734375,
0.0111083984375,
-0.038330078125,
0.017578125,
-0.0235595703125,
0.00439453125,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0296630859375,
0.0022430419921875,
-0.018798828125,
-0.042724609375,
-0.017333984375,
0.004913330078125,
-0.00921630859375,
0.033203125,
0.0022430419921875,
0.005859375,
-0.00640869140625,
0.045166015625,
0.01031494140625,
0.0157470703125,
0.0027923583984375,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0048828125,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.044677734375,
0.0089111328125,
0.006317138671875,
0.0185546875,
-0.06884765625,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.031005859375,
-0.030517578125,
-0.02294921875,
-0.02734375,
0.015869140625,
0.0023956298828125,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.00335693359375,
-0.024658203125,
0.004974365234375,
0.02001953125,
0.031005859375,
-0.09814453125,
-0.02001953125,
0.031494140625,
0.034912109375,
0.04150390625,
0.00909423828125,
-0.023681640625,
-0.0302734375,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.007415771484375,
0.03125,
-0.01031494140625,
0.01055908203125,
0.022705078125,
-0.00567626953125,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.051025390625,
0.0155029296875,
-0.007293701171875,
0.0230712890625,
-0.00439453125,
-0.0091552734375,
0.016845703125,
-0.027099609375,
-0.0361328125,
-0.00011587142944335938,
-0.0322265625,
0.044921875,
-0.03125,
0.04541015625,
0.0245361328125,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.006317138671875,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0419921875,
0.04248046875,
-0.0037994384765625,
0.044189453125,
0.0118408203125,
-0.01953125,
-0.0040283203125,
0.037353515625,
0.00830078125,
0.025390625,
0.0142822265625,
0.0157470703125,
-0.003631591796875,
-0.000263214111328125,
0.0272216796875,
0.0235595703125,
-0.0289306640625,
0.0087890625,
-0.032958984375,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.0223388671875,
0.0172119140625,
0.047607421875,
0.03125,
0.00897216796875,
0.010986328125,
0.0218505859375,
0.03759765625,
-0.0478515625,
0.00341796875,
-0.0830078125,
0.052001953125,
0.018798828125,
-0.036865234375,
-0.029052734375,
-0.0007476806640625,
0.057373046875,
0.038818359375,
0.0224609375,
-0.007110595703125,
-0.05078125,
0.006866455078125,
0.02978515625,
0.00127410888671875,
-0.03076171875,
-0.036865234375,
0.060302734375,
0.0419921875,
0.0184326171875,
0.000583648681640625,
0.0208740234375,
-0.046142578125,
0.03076171875,
0.021728515625,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.0322265625,
0.0208740234375,
-0.06787109375,
0.00131988525390625,
0.06591796875,
0.0135498046875,
-0.005096435546875,
0.00738525390625,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.03125,
0.0162353515625,
-0.02392578125,
-0.006591796875,
0.00015354156494140625,
-0.007537841796875,
0.028076171875,
0.0172119140625,
0.0157470703125,
0.0177001953125,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.0233154296875,
0.056884765625,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.002197265625,
0.05615234375,
-0.029052734375,
0.021240234375,
-0.0201416015625,
0.033447265625,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.029296875,
-0.030517578125,
-0.0011138916015625,
0.02978515625,
-0.0284423828125,
0.02490234375,
0.032958984375,
-0.02880859375,
0.009765625,
0.00188446044921875,
0.00994873046875,
-0.0079345703125,
0.01904296875,
-0.0107421875,
0.038330078125,
0.054931640625,
0.00396728515625,
0.0230712890625,
-0.004974365234375,
0.0172119140625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.049072265625,
-0.044189453125,
-0.020751953125,
-0.021728515625,
-0.0020751953125,
0.002410888671875,
0.0167236328125,
0.0076904296875,
-0.001617431640625,
-0.03515625,
-0.06494140625,
0.0146484375,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.012939453125,
-0.008056640625,
0.00762939453125,
0.0220947265625,
-0.0234375,
0.003021240234375,
-0.00640869140625,
0.005645751953125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.02587890625,
-0.04736328125,
-0.013671875,
0.0419921875,
-0.020263671875,
0.031494140625,
-0.0142822265625,
0.0230712890625,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.013427734375,
0.023681640625,
0.0015716552734375,
-0.01171875,
0.024169921875,
0.0185546875,
-0.0693359375,
-0.0181884765625,
0.02099609375,
-0.032958984375,
0.022216796875,
0.0018768310546875,
-0.02197265625,
-0.0439453125,
-0.0791015625,
0.0216064453125,
0.0172119140625,
-0.045166015625,
-0.0177001953125,
0.0299072265625,
0.025634765625,
-0.03466796875,
-0.05078125,
-0.00093841552734375,
-0.023681640625,
-0.0419921875,
0.0181884765625,
0.0179443359375,
-0.00408935546875,
0.01531982421875,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.036865234375,
0.0213623046875,
0.0771484375,
-0.0220947265625,
0.036376953125,
-0.0439453125,
0.00173187255859375,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.026123046875,
-0.037841796875,
-0.043701171875,
-0.0147705078125,
0.0206298828125,
-0.00177001953125,
-0.0277099609375,
0.0361328125,
0.000408172607421875,
0.05810546875,
0.0262451171875,
-0.048583984375,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.080078125,
0.06298828125,
-0.04150390625,
0.0186767578125,
0.0247802734375,
0.01165771484375,
0.046630859375,
-0.0032958984375,
-0.0203857421875,
0.0242919921875,
0.0054931640625,
-0.0654296875,
0.0086669921875,
0.01129150390625,
-0.00142669677734375,
-0.03857421875,
-0.00457763671875,
0.025146484375,
-0.0810546875,
0.04541015625,
0.0693359375,
-0.0184326171875,
0.0299072265625,
-0.032470703125,
-0.001068115234375,
0.01153564453125,
-0.043701171875,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.01318359375,
-0.033935546875,
-0.002197265625,
-0.02587890625,
-0.0302734375,
0.023193359375,
0.0302734375,
-0.04052734375,
0.0286865234375,
-0.031494140625,
-0.046630859375,
-0.0302734375,
0.047607421875,
-0.0147705078125,
0.03369140625,
0.0174560546875,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.064453125,
0.0074462890625,
0.006866455078125,
-0.020263671875,
-0.049072265625,
0.004425048828125,
0.032958984375,
-0.033447265625,
0.037353515625,
0.0390625,
-0.054931640625,
-0.00714111328125,
-0.02587890625,
-0.054931640625,
-0.031982421875,
-0.03564453125,
-0.02978515625,
0.0255126953125,
-0.0244140625,
0.0155029296875,
0.03564453125,
-0.029296875,
0.05126953125,
-0.02734375,
0.042236328125,
-0.021240234375,
-0.018310546875,
0.021728515625,
0.0224609375,
0.033935546875,
-0.05615234375,
0.042724609375,
-0.01708984375,
-0.01300048828125,
0.03466796875,
0.0084228515625,
-0.0634765625,
-0.023681640625,
0.0125732421875,
0.0703125,
-0.0732421875,
0.01263427734375,
0.01043701171875,
0.0162353515625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.04638671875,
0.010498046875,
0.052001953125,
-0.076171875,
-0.006378173828125,
0.026611328125,
0.031982421875,
0.0283203125,
-0.048583984375,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.0064697265625,
0.031982421875,
-0.016357421875,
0.0294189453125,
-0.0047607421875,
0.0279541015625,
-0.024658203125,
-0.05126953125,
-0.030517578125,
-0.0017852783203125,
-0.017578125,
-0.0020904541015625,
-0.0322265625,
0.000804901123046875,
-0.00555419921875,
-0.040771484375,
-0.01806640625,
-0.006927490234375,
-0.043701171875,
-0.004791259765625,
-0.00494384765625,
-0.01312255859375,
0.02685546875,
0.0011444091796875,
0.0233154296875,
-0.04296875,
-0.021728515625,
0.00118255615234375,
0.017578125,
-0.014892578125,
-0.0224609375,
0.0140380859375,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.0262451171875,
0.0155029296875,
-0.00811767578125,
0.021484375,
0.002197265625,
0.016357421875,
0.023193359375,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.0595703125,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.04443359375,
-0.00970458984375,
0.02490234375,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.01611328125,
-0.05517578125,
-0.0244140625,
0.04736328125,
0.020751953125,
-0.040283203125,
0.01226806640625,
0.004913330078125,
0.0152587890625,
0.05029296875,
0.0081787109375,
0.01031494140625,
0.007537841796875,
-0.00604248046875,
0.0198974609375,
0.00799560546875,
0.03369140625,
0.0257568359375,
0.058837890625,
-0.007476806640625,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.034912109375,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.000017642974853515625,
0.0615234375,
0.000926971435546875,
-0.000461578369140625,
0.00836181640625,
-0.01318359375,
-0.0218505859375,
0.002777099609375,
-0.076171875,
-0.04833984375,
0.0279541015625,
0.04541015625,
0.05078125,
-0.0027618408203125,
-0.00762939453125,
-0.03759765625,
0.07080078125,
0.007293701171875,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.01361083984375,
0.004302978515625,
0.060546875,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.0003108978271484375,
0.025634765625,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.04736328125,
-0.03076171875,
0.03759765625,
0.018310546875,
0.005340576171875,
-0.0390625,
-0.0205078125,
0.033935546875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.01043701171875,
0.0032806396484375,
0.0390625,
-0.032958984375,
0.002777099609375,
-0.041748046875,
-0.007049560546875,
0.016357421875,
0.001190185546875,
-0.03125,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.04150390625,
0.021240234375,
0.0179443359375,
-0.00872802734375,
0.037353515625,
0.01513671875,
0.0031280517578125,
-0.0546875,
0.0211181640625,
0.00860595703125,
0.0235595703125,
0.0390625,
0.0208740234375,
0.003936767578125,
0.033447265625,
0.04150390625,
0.05078125,
0.048095703125,
-0.0037689208984375,
-0.008056640625,
0.00164031982421875,
0.00848388671875,
-0.035888671875,
0.0289306640625,
-0.0030670166015625,
0.01226806640625,
0.033447265625,
-0.02734375,
0.037353515625,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.030029296875,
0.007049560546875,
-0.046630859375,
0.0140380859375,
-0.02734375,
0.00775146484375,
0.01141357421875,
0.0390625,
-0.039794921875,
0.00311279296875,
0.02685546875,
0.0238037109375,
0.0272216796875,
0.03369140625,
0.041259765625,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.045654296875,
-0.00244140625,
0.036376953125,
0.043212890625,
-0.0072021484375,
0.041748046875,
0.03515625,
0.006988525390625,
0.029541015625,
0.035888671875,
0.002105712890625,
-0.048583984375,
0.006500244140625,
-0.009521484375,
0.046875,
-0.043701171875,
-0.0108642578125,
0.018310546875,
0.00104522705078125,
-0.023193359375,
0.03955078125,
0.02001953125,
0.00555419921875,
-0.016357421875,
0.035400390625,
0.02587890625,
0.03759765625,
0.06298828125,
-0.004364013671875,
-0.0031585693359375,
0.03955078125,
-0.01123046875,
-0.041015625,
0.0118408203125,
-0.018798828125,
-0.01806640625,
-0.030029296875,
-0.035400390625,
0.007415771484375,
-0.00921630859375,
0.00384521484375,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0145263671875,
-0.03271484375,
0.0019378662109375,
-0.004852294921875,
0.045654296875,
0.0140380859375,
0.010986328125,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.016357421875,
-0.02294921875,
0.02490234375,
-0.0006866455078125,
0.0380859375,
0.00022983551025390625,
-0.034912109375,
-0.07666015625,
-0.03076171875,
0.0228271484375,
0.01129150390625,
-0.04541015625,
-0.0264892578125,
0.00958251953125,
0.0234375,
-0.003326416015625,
0.0033721923828125,
-0.0068359375,
-0.0272216796875,
0.03173828125,
0.028564453125,
0.00726318359375,
0.061279296875,
0.0216064453125,
0.0079345703125,
0.040283203125,
0.011474609375,
-0.029296875,
0.01611328125,
0.005401611328125,
-0.02490234375,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0032196044921875,
0.00457763671875,
-0.00726318359375,
0.017822265625,
0.00933837890625,
-0.00173187255859375,
-0.060791015625,
-0.0089111328125,
0.007354736328125,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.006011962890625,
0.00897216796875,
-0.0517578125,
0.03857421875,
-0.0234375,
-0.0264892578125,
0.267578125,
-0.008056640625,
-0.033447265625,
0.00897216796875,
-0.052978515625,
0.01300048828125,
0.036376953125,
0.0019073486328125,
-0.049072265625,
0.00341796875,
-0.019775390625,
-0.052001953125,
0.00170135498046875,
-0.00015544891357421875,
0.0079345703125,
-0.007476806640625,
-0.019775390625,
-0.038818359375,
0.053955078125,
-0.060302734375,
0.001312255859375,
-0.021240234375,
-0.049072265625,
0.058349609375,
0.021728515625,
0.04248046875,
0.0361328125,
-0.05078125,
0.000743865966796875,
-0.041748046875,
0.035888671875,
-0.06640625,
0.003936767578125,
-0.015380859375,
-0.0303955078125,
0.031005859375,
0.017822265625,
-0.042724609375,
-0.039794921875,
-0.0022735595703125,
0.007171630859375,
0.0869140625,
0.01092529296875,
0.0003108978271484375,
-0.04443359375,
0.035888671875,
-0.04541015625,
0.049560546875,
0.0634765625,
-0.02734375,
0.0177001953125,
-0.002777099609375,
0.044189453125,
0.032470703125,
-0.019287109375,
0.0380859375,
0.0390625,
0.000213623046875,
-0.03515625,
-0.028564453125,
0.03076171875,
-0.013427734375,
0.01177978515625,
0.047119140625,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.0107421875,
0.05029296875,
-0.041259765625,
-0.00408935546875,
0.00156402587890625,
0.0185546875,
0.0159912109375,
0.03125,
0.004180908203125,
0.028076171875,
-0.0013580322265625,
-0.00244140625,
0.00127410888671875,
0.08349609375,
-0.01409912109375,
0.009765625,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.031005859375,
-0.00075531005859375,
0.04345703125,
0.01177978515625,
0.003662109375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.010986328125,
-0.0211181640625,
0.0142822265625,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.00665283203125
] |
Per Curiam.
This case presents the question of whether the element of breaking in a prosecution for breaking and entering with intent to commit larceny contrary to MCL 750.110; MSA 28.305 is established where it is demonstrated that the defendant gained entry to the premises by using a key which had been entrusted to him.
I
On July 2, 1979 the defendant pled guilty to a single count of breaking and entering with intent to commit larceny. During the course of the plea proceedings the defendant admitted that on the evening of February 19, 1979 he went to a gasoline service station owned by his employer. He opened the door with a key which had been given to him by his employer and took money from the premises.
The defendant subsequently appealed his conviction to the Court of Appeals. In an unpublished memorandum opinion a majority of the Court of Appeals panel rejected the defendant’s claim that the factual basis which he provided did not establish that there had been a breaking. His conviction was affirmed, Judge Riley dissenting.
The defendant has filed a delayed application in propria persona for leave to appeal.
II
In dissent Judge Riley observed:
"While it is clear that only a minimum amount of force is necessary to establish a breaking [citations omitted], it is equally clear that some unauthorized force must be exerted. [Citations omitted.] The facts of this case indicate that the defendant obtained entry to the gas station where the larceny occurred, by using a key given to him by the management. Although the issue of entry by key has never been addressed by the courts of this state, I agree with other jurisdictions that an unrestricted use of a key cannot constitute a breaking. Stowell v People, 104 Colo 255; 90 P2d 520 (1939), Ealey v State, 139 Ga App 110; 227 SE2d 902 (1976). See also People v Woods, 182 Colo 3; 510 P2d 435 (1973), People v Carstensen, 161 Colo 249; 420 P2d 820 (1966). When a person is given a key with no qualifications on its use, any subsequent exercise should not be considered a breaking.” (Emphasis in original.)
In Stowell v People, supra, cited by Judge Riley in her dissent, the Supreme Court of Colorado was called upon to decide whether a railroad conductor who used a key which had been entrusted to him to enter a warehouse where he stole some merchandise was guilty of burglary. In concluding that the defendant was not guilty of burglary, the Court held:
"Had the switch key not been furnished defendant by the company, nor any authority given him under the terms of his employment to enter the building at the time and place in question, the evidence would have supported a conviction of burglary under the statute. * * * From the record it appears that defendant had a right to enter this warehouse at the time and in the manner he did, provided his intent in so doing was lawful. Hence this offense, if burglary, is raised to that grade solely by his unlawful intent. But intent alone is not always sufficient for that purpose. There is 'no burglary, if the person entering has a right so to do, although he may intend to commit, and may actually commit, a felony, and although he may enter in such a way that there would be a breaking if he had no right to enter.’ 90 CJ § 20, p 1016.” 104 Colo 257.
We agree with the reasoning of the Supreme Court of Colorado and Judge Riley.
Ill
At the plea-taking in the instant case, the following colloquy took place:
"The Court: Would you tell us what happened in regard to this incident?
"The Defendant: I went up to the station and opened the door with a key and intended to take the money and not return.
"The Court: What station?
"The Defendant: Ed’s Refinery.
"The Court: Where did you get the key?
"The Defendant: They give everybody one.
"The Court: Were you an employee?
"The Defendant: Yes, sir.
"The Court: Were you still employed there when this happened?
"The Defendant: Yes.
"The Court: Did you claim you had a right to go in and take this money?
"The Defendant: No, sir.
"The Court: When you first went in, when you opened the door — you say you turned the key in the lock, opened the door and walked in. When you did that, at that moment did you intend to take money out of there?
"The Defendant: Yes, sir.
"The Court: Was it money that you had authority to take, that someone told you you could take?
"The Defendant: No.
"The Court: Was it your money?
"The Defendant: No, sir.
"The Court: Did you claim that there was any right to take this money?
"The Defendant: No, sir.
’’The Court: Did you intend to deprive the owner of it without any authority?
’’The Defendant: Yes, sir.
’’The Court: Did you intend to deprive the owner of it permanently?
’’The Defendant: Yes, sir.
’’The Court: What time of the day or night was this?
’’The Defendant: I’m not really sure. It was after—
’’The Court: During business hours?
’’The Defendant: No.
’’The Court: Was it the time you normally might open?
’’The Defendant: No, sir.
’’The Court: Was it a time when the station was not normally open?
’’The Defendant: Yes, sir.
’’The Court: But you don’t know whether it was day or night?
’’The Defendant: It was at nighttime.
’’The Court: It was after the station closed at night and before it opened in the morning?
’’The Defendant: Yes, sir.
’’The Court: Had you worked there that day?
’’The Defendant: No.”
We cannot discern from this record whether any restrictions were placed upon the defendant’s use of his key. Accordingly, pursuant to GCR 1963, 853.2(4), in lieu of granting leave to appeal, we remand the case to the Kalamazoo Circuit Court. On remand the prosecutor shall be given an opportunity to demonstrate that the defendant’s right to use the key was restricted and that defendant’s use of the key violated the restriction. If the prosecutor is able to establish these facts and there is no contrary evidence, the judgment of conviction shall be affirmed. If the prosecutor is unable, to establish these facts, the judgment of conviction shall be set aside. If contrary evidence is provided, the matter shall be treated as a motion to withdraw the guilty plea and the court shall decide the matter in the exercise of its discretion. GCR 1963, 785.7(6). Guilty Plea Cases, 395 Mich 96; 235 NW2d 132 (1975).
On remand the circuit court shall also consider the defendant’s motion for bond and for appointment of counsel.
We retain no jurisdiction.
Coleman, C.J., and Kavanagh, Williams, Levin, Fitzgerald, Ryan, and Blair Moody, Jr., JJ., concurred. | [
0.0027923583984375,
0.0086669921875,
0.01129150390625,
0.033447265625,
-0.06884765625,
-0.0140380859375,
-0.057861328125,
-0.00433349609375,
-0.024658203125,
0.091796875,
0.0458984375,
0.021728515625,
-0.00160980224609375,
-0.03564453125,
0.0157470703125,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.03564453125,
0.06396484375,
0.0201416015625,
0.037841796875,
0.021728515625,
0.0067138671875,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.008056640625,
-0.005706787109375,
-0.0137939453125,
0.0159912109375,
0.042236328125,
0.052734375,
0.08154296875,
0.00518798828125,
0.01519775390625,
0.041259765625,
-0.01556396484375,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.01251220703125,
0.05859375,
-0.053955078125,
-0.0017547607421875,
-0.0079345703125,
0.032958984375,
0.0196533203125,
0.0277099609375,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0576171875,
-0.044677734375,
-0.047119140625,
-0.004669189453125,
-0.0030059814453125,
-0.038818359375,
0.015625,
0.0216064453125,
0.024169921875,
-0.03515625,
0.036376953125,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.032958984375,
0.0064697265625,
0.019287109375,
0.0341796875,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.03271484375,
0.0211181640625,
0.02294921875,
-0.003143310546875,
0.0184326171875,
-0.057861328125,
-0.042724609375,
0.00194549560546875,
0.0308837890625,
-0.048095703125,
-0.01019287109375,
0.002349853515625,
0.007293701171875,
-0.0042724609375,
0.0157470703125,
-0.01226806640625,
0.055908203125,
0.01226806640625,
0.00872802734375,
0.058349609375,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.0208740234375,
0.030517578125,
-0.0076904296875,
0.00445556640625,
0.00103759765625,
-0.03076171875,
-0.028076171875,
0.03173828125,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.01708984375,
-0.00799560546875,
0.0252685546875,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.0283203125,
0.046630859375,
-0.04931640625,
-0.0244140625,
0.0162353515625,
-0.01519775390625,
0.054931640625,
0.006011962890625,
0.0172119140625,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.0014801025390625,
-0.05224609375,
-0.04052734375,
-0.010009765625,
-0.0068359375,
0.01129150390625,
-0.040283203125,
-0.044921875,
0.0242919921875,
-0.019287109375,
0.045654296875,
-0.0380859375,
-0.00885009765625,
0.056640625,
0.0228271484375,
0.050537109375,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.001556396484375,
-0.0230712890625,
0.00101470947265625,
0.028564453125,
0.002410888671875,
0.01202392578125,
0.0023651123046875,
0.0361328125,
-0.043212890625,
-0.0072021484375,
0.004364013671875,
0.05078125,
0.0289306640625,
0.037109375,
0.043701171875,
0.0164794921875,
0.0033111572265625,
0.047119140625,
0.035888671875,
0.053955078125,
-0.005767822265625,
0.0196533203125,
-0.0128173828125,
0.052734375,
-0.0177001953125,
0.00921630859375,
-0.04248046875,
-0.00787353515625,
0.041259765625,
0.02685546875,
0.0203857421875,
0.02783203125,
-0.01025390625,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.0439453125,
0.0037841796875,
-0.061767578125,
0.046142578125,
-0.005401611328125,
0.003936767578125,
0.0201416015625,
0.0037689208984375,
-0.0142822265625,
0.012451171875,
-0.04931640625,
-0.047607421875,
0.0279541015625,
0.01080322265625,
-0.031982421875,
0.005767822265625,
0.04736328125,
-0.0054931640625,
0.047119140625,
-0.00238037109375,
-0.017333984375,
-0.00579833984375,
-0.037841796875,
0.01513671875,
0.052001953125,
0.058349609375,
0.00494384765625,
0.0164794921875,
-0.004241943359375,
0.00799560546875,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.0169677734375,
0.01544189453125,
0.01544189453125,
-0.03369140625,
0.015380859375,
0.0186767578125,
0.0186767578125,
-0.06298828125,
0.0211181640625,
0.038818359375,
-0.03125,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.025634765625,
0.01177978515625,
0.040283203125,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.0341796875,
0.03955078125,
0.031005859375,
-0.0013427734375,
-0.0072021484375,
0.0072021484375,
0.02734375,
0.0096435546875,
-0.049072265625,
0.0072021484375,
0.029296875,
0.00116729736328125,
0.042236328125,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.0022430419921875,
-0.05419921875,
0.025390625,
-0.037109375,
0.01318359375,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.01446533203125,
0.031494140625,
0.047119140625,
0.003204345703125,
0.005126953125,
-0.005462646484375,
0.017822265625,
0.035888671875,
0.054443359375,
-0.01318359375,
0.000263214111328125,
0.0101318359375,
0.00124359130859375,
0.037353515625,
0.039794921875,
-0.0111083984375,
0.00531005859375,
0.031982421875,
-0.0244140625,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.031005859375,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.01226806640625,
0.0108642578125,
0.0322265625,
0.02197265625,
0.01458740234375,
-0.0257568359375,
0.026611328125,
-0.0206298828125,
0.01544189453125,
0.07666015625,
-0.01708984375,
-0.041748046875,
-0.004486083984375,
0.0458984375,
0.021484375,
-0.02685546875,
-0.007293701171875,
0.004150390625,
0.0079345703125,
0.042724609375,
0.004364013671875,
-0.08251953125,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.02001953125,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.0390625,
0.003997802734375,
-0.042724609375,
-0.024658203125,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.04296875,
0.04443359375,
-0.037353515625,
0.0361328125,
0.0279541015625,
0.007415771484375,
0.061767578125,
-0.010986328125,
0.03515625,
-0.041015625,
0.02783203125,
0.0216064453125,
0.039306640625,
0.0184326171875,
-0.04150390625,
-0.0673828125,
0.0098876953125,
0.0301513671875,
-0.01531982421875,
0.005279541015625,
0.0257568359375,
-0.045654296875,
-0.02734375,
0.00665283203125,
-0.033203125,
0.01129150390625,
-0.025634765625,
-0.030029296875,
0.0301513671875,
0.0010528564453125,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.0220947265625,
0.01220703125,
-0.000713348388671875,
0.0267333984375,
0.0128173828125,
0.012939453125,
-0.033203125,
0.061279296875,
0.01507568359375,
0.01019287109375,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.05126953125,
-0.03759765625,
-0.017578125,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.007415771484375,
0.0111083984375,
-0.004638671875,
0.017333984375,
-0.0703125,
0.0286865234375,
-0.059326171875,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0048828125,
0.0011749267578125,
-0.058349609375,
0.0050048828125,
-0.00701904296875,
-0.0218505859375,
0.0091552734375,
0.0286865234375,
0.035400390625,
-0.056640625,
0.00823974609375,
-0.0096435546875,
0.01226806640625,
0.033935546875,
-0.004669189453125,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.033203125,
-0.034912109375,
0.021240234375,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.0093994140625,
0.03466796875,
0.0126953125,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.014892578125,
0.0159912109375,
0.01007080078125,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.023193359375,
-0.006622314453125,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.041259765625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.00836181640625,
0.026123046875,
-0.0361328125,
0.049072265625,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.0120849609375,
0.01708984375,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.06298828125,
0.051025390625,
-0.032958984375,
0.006134033203125,
-0.007232666015625,
0.035888671875,
-0.0177001953125,
0.017578125,
0.019775390625,
0.006256103515625,
0.0125732421875,
-0.00909423828125,
0.00518798828125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0198974609375,
0.056640625,
-0.055908203125,
-0.03466796875,
-0.01953125,
0.03759765625,
0.043701171875,
0.056396484375,
0.0162353515625,
0.03125,
0.0205078125,
0.0247802734375,
0.0123291015625,
-0.04345703125,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0361328125,
0.052001953125,
-0.05322265625,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.031005859375,
0.0035247802734375,
0.0286865234375,
0.061279296875,
0.00885009765625,
-0.004608154296875,
-0.0157470703125,
0.0140380859375,
0.0240478515625,
0.0120849609375,
-0.05712890625,
-0.044921875,
0.035888671875,
0.0302734375,
0.022216796875,
-0.025390625,
0.00445556640625,
-0.037109375,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.0595703125,
0.05712890625,
-0.008056640625,
0.0247802734375,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0206298828125,
0.05029296875,
-0.0244140625,
-0.013671875,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.013671875,
-0.03662109375,
0.025390625,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.01708984375,
0.04150390625,
0.0230712890625,
0.00927734375,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.0059814453125,
-0.001220703125,
-0.016357421875,
-0.037109375,
0.0517578125,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.01806640625,
0.033935546875,
0.07421875,
-0.01422119140625,
0.02490234375,
-0.033203125,
0.039794921875,
0.0311279296875,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.02392578125,
0.01361083984375,
0.0274658203125,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0225830078125,
0.04052734375,
-0.0042724609375,
0.0152587890625,
0.046142578125,
-0.0030975341796875,
-0.0103759765625,
0.028564453125,
-0.00421142578125,
-0.0017242431640625,
0.0096435546875,
-0.0033721923828125,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.00640869140625,
0.0400390625,
0.0020751953125,
0.017578125,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.041259765625,
-0.002838134765625,
-0.0458984375,
0.00897216796875,
0.0216064453125,
0.043212890625,
0.0111083984375,
0.0242919921875,
-0.08056640625,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.007293701171875,
-0.06005859375,
-0.0517578125,
-0.007598876953125,
0.0294189453125,
0.0322265625,
-0.021484375,
-0.010986328125,
-0.00848388671875,
0.0169677734375,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.01397705078125,
0.005950927734375,
0.083984375,
-0.01409912109375,
0.05859375,
0.0167236328125,
0.01019287109375,
0.01007080078125,
-0.01544189453125,
0.033935546875,
0.0238037109375,
0.00787353515625,
0.01531982421875,
0.031494140625,
-0.02294921875,
0.0000782012939453125,
0.025634765625,
-0.057861328125,
0.0257568359375,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.029052734375,
-0.05078125,
0.0419921875,
-0.02783203125,
-0.029541015625,
-0.032958984375,
0.03515625,
-0.00604248046875,
0.0228271484375,
-0.01531982421875,
0.0037689208984375,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.038330078125,
0.0390625,
-0.004302978515625,
-0.0035858154296875,
-0.03271484375,
-0.023193359375,
-0.006591796875,
0.003631591796875,
-0.00482177734375,
0.0032958984375,
-0.026611328125,
0.0242919921875,
0.0150146484375,
0.003265380859375,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.044677734375,
-0.0301513671875,
0.05419921875,
-0.009033203125,
0.0458984375,
-0.036376953125,
0.01519775390625,
0.01806640625,
0.01080322265625,
-0.01104736328125,
0.005828857421875,
-0.022216796875,
-0.005340576171875,
0.062255859375,
-0.029541015625,
-0.0169677734375,
0.0294189453125,
0.00189971923828125,
0.0034942626953125,
-0.00323486328125,
0.008544921875,
0.0177001953125,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.07763671875,
0.01544189453125,
0.034423828125,
0.0274658203125,
-0.046142578125,
-0.062255859375,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.0167236328125,
0.080078125,
-0.007568359375,
-0.0263671875,
-0.05126953125,
-0.004913330078125,
0.053955078125,
-0.078125,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.0037689208984375,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.037353515625,
0.004974365234375,
0.0390625,
-0.0250244140625,
0.01556396484375,
0.0244140625,
0.0201416015625,
0.07373046875,
-0.06787109375,
-0.00738525390625,
-0.016357421875,
0.0228271484375,
0.006866455078125,
0.08056640625,
0.0294189453125,
-0.03662109375,
-0.072265625,
0.011962890625,
0.016357421875,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0272216796875,
0.01409912109375,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.0159912109375,
0.032958984375,
0.024169921875,
-0.034912109375,
-0.033203125,
-0.009765625,
-0.05078125,
0.0030670166015625,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0238037109375,
0.0291748046875,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.00927734375,
0.0157470703125,
0.0238037109375,
0.054443359375,
-0.0245361328125,
0.052490234375,
-0.056884765625,
-0.0150146484375,
0.04052734375,
0.00469970703125,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.037109375,
0.0302734375,
0.04052734375,
0.02734375,
0.027587890625,
-0.040771484375,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.007720947265625,
-0.004547119140625,
0.0693359375,
-0.032958984375,
0.050048828125,
0.056884765625,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.018310546875,
-0.035400390625,
-0.064453125,
-0.00872802734375,
0.0147705078125,
-0.06396484375,
0.0028533935546875,
0.041015625,
0.031494140625,
0.01025390625,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.01708984375,
-0.0281982421875,
0.0118408203125,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.00170135498046875,
0.061279296875,
0.05029296875,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.03466796875,
-0.043701171875,
0.01409912109375,
-0.052490234375,
0.02734375,
-0.0303955078125,
0.0169677734375,
-0.022216796875,
-0.03759765625,
-0.041748046875,
-0.02978515625,
0.0120849609375,
-0.000659942626953125,
-0.00640869140625,
0.0027313232421875,
0.0177001953125,
0.012939453125,
0.00396728515625,
-0.03759765625,
-0.0036163330078125,
-0.0034942626953125,
0.0225830078125,
-0.00555419921875,
-0.0240478515625,
0.0081787109375,
0.0299072265625,
0.024658203125,
0.052978515625,
-0.0185546875,
0.0020904541015625,
-0.000171661376953125,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0181884765625,
0.002532958984375,
-0.041259765625,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.0021209716796875,
-0.03515625,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.0019683837890625,
-0.07177734375,
0.0021820068359375,
0.014892578125,
-0.02587890625,
0.0164794921875,
0.0247802734375,
-0.00016021728515625,
0.064453125,
0.039794921875,
-0.01007080078125,
0.001800537109375,
-0.010498046875,
0.0052490234375,
-0.0263671875,
-0.00531005859375,
-0.0244140625,
0.01416015625,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.04638671875,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.005157470703125,
-0.0025482177734375,
0.017333984375,
0.0537109375,
-0.002471923828125,
0.06298828125,
-0.0025787353515625,
-0.058837890625,
0.0303955078125,
-0.049072265625,
-0.05615234375,
0.039306640625,
0.0301513671875,
0.0052490234375,
0.0018463134765625,
0.016357421875,
0.005889892578125,
0.05419921875,
-0.0062255859375,
0.0172119140625,
-0.032958984375,
-0.039306640625,
0.040283203125,
0.033447265625,
-0.01611328125,
0.00518798828125,
0.01177978515625,
-0.037109375,
-0.047119140625,
-0.0159912109375,
0.0291748046875,
0.0031280517578125,
-0.00714111328125,
-0.042236328125,
0.005889892578125,
-0.04541015625,
-0.016357421875,
0.028076171875,
0.0341796875,
-0.0166015625,
-0.00494384765625,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.0022735595703125,
0.00482177734375,
-0.0142822265625,
0.01068115234375,
-0.045166015625,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.01318359375,
0.024169921875,
0.00836181640625,
0.05224609375,
0.0240478515625,
0.0206298828125,
-0.041259765625,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.01116943359375,
0.0242919921875,
0.01806640625,
0.006561279296875,
-0.00009298324584960938,
0.017333984375,
0.04345703125,
0.01202392578125,
0.046630859375,
0.018310546875,
-0.0308837890625,
0.011962890625,
-0.0107421875,
-0.01397705078125,
0.0269775390625,
-0.032958984375,
-0.01470947265625,
0.0225830078125,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0096435546875,
0.00335693359375,
-0.01239013671875,
0.0299072265625,
-0.0308837890625,
0.003173828125,
-0.043212890625,
-0.01123046875,
0.0289306640625,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.02685546875,
-0.01519775390625,
0.055908203125,
0.06640625,
0.003509521484375,
0.01611328125,
-0.003875732421875,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.0279541015625,
0.0267333984375,
0.0361328125,
0.038818359375,
0.01202392578125,
-0.007232666015625,
0.0283203125,
0.004425048828125,
-0.009765625,
0.0020294189453125,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.01092529296875,
0.021240234375,
0.0166015625,
0.061767578125,
-0.005584716796875,
-0.027587890625,
0.044189453125,
0.0078125,
-0.00946044921875,
0.017578125,
0.03369140625,
0.02734375,
-0.0098876953125,
0.01495361328125,
0.0216064453125,
0.01531982421875,
0.07958984375,
-0.025634765625,
0.0264892578125,
0.01104736328125,
-0.06396484375,
-0.01904296875,
-0.008544921875,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.037841796875,
-0.002593994140625,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.009033203125,
-0.0277099609375,
0.01287841796875,
0.000713348388671875,
-0.025634765625,
-0.018310546875,
-0.0125732421875,
0.00494384765625,
0.01055908203125,
0.0517578125,
0.021728515625,
-0.04638671875,
-0.007598876953125,
-0.01324462890625,
0.046630859375,
-0.033447265625,
0.030517578125,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.053466796875,
-0.0224609375,
-0.017333984375,
-0.01300048828125,
0.01055908203125,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.015625,
-0.00017833709716796875,
-0.0228271484375,
0.01531982421875,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.0019683837890625,
-0.026123046875,
0.04443359375,
0.037353515625,
-0.0244140625,
0.044677734375,
0.00445556640625,
0.0185546875,
0.0242919921875,
0.0087890625,
0.0012054443359375,
-0.016357421875,
-0.006927490234375,
-0.048828125,
-0.02001953125,
-0.0146484375,
-0.0002841949462890625,
0.0228271484375,
-0.03271484375,
0.031982421875,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.057373046875,
-0.0166015625,
0.00469970703125,
0.015380859375,
0.0166015625,
-0.0038299560546875,
-0.0361328125,
-0.003326416015625,
0.0030364990234375,
-0.051513671875,
0.28125,
0.003265380859375,
-0.02197265625,
0.0169677734375,
-0.0218505859375,
0.045166015625,
0.00848388671875,
-0.000965118408203125,
-0.0267333984375,
0.00144195556640625,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0400390625,
0.021240234375,
-0.00011587142944335938,
0.0498046875,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.029541015625,
0.01708984375,
-0.03857421875,
-0.006378173828125,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.0118408203125,
0.0311279296875,
0.003509521484375,
0.0150146484375,
0.0162353515625,
-0.039306640625,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.01556396484375,
-0.045654296875,
0.0179443359375,
-0.0380859375,
-0.0240478515625,
0.01123046875,
0.0277099609375,
0.0224609375,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.0142822265625,
0.046630859375,
-0.03857421875,
0.00543212890625,
-0.003631591796875,
0.04736328125,
-0.0130615234375,
0.0196533203125,
0.09130859375,
-0.0257568359375,
0.0361328125,
0.0400390625,
0.01287841796875,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.0135498046875,
0.0341796875,
0.003265380859375,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.036865234375,
0.00897216796875,
0.01092529296875,
-0.003387451171875,
0.0012664794921875,
0.021240234375,
0.0185546875,
0.06982421875,
0.0087890625,
-0.0390625,
-0.0004119873046875,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.02880859375,
-0.03955078125,
-0.058837890625,
0.0213623046875,
0.00921630859375,
-0.0281982421875,
0.0308837890625,
0.0517578125,
-0.03125,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.044921875,
-0.04296875,
0.02734375,
0.00011920928955078125,
0.0050048828125,
-0.00213623046875,
-0.018310546875,
0.0184326171875,
-0.032958984375,
0.04052734375,
-0.02978515625,
0.0198974609375,
-0.02001953125,
0.005096435546875
] |
Per Curiam.
In Wood v The Detroit Edison Co, 409 Mich 279, 288; 294 NW2d 571 (1980), a majority of this Court agreed that evidence of a plaintiff surviving spouse’s remarriage was not to be used to determine damages in a wrongful death action. We now must consider whether error occurred in this case when an expert witness, who offered his opinion as to the amount of damages suffered by the surviving spouse, was asked whether he was assuming that the surviving spouse would not remarry.
I
Plaintiff’s decedent died in an automobile accident. Liability was admitted; the parties tried the issue of damages. A jury returned a verdict for the plaintiff in the amount of $30,000. The Court of Appeals reversed that judgment and remanded the case for a new trial.
II
To establish the amount of his damages, the plaintiff called to the stand a witness who expressed the opinion that the plaintiff had been damaged by as much as $528,000. On cross-examination, the defendants undertook a detailed and comprehensive examination of the assumptions which underlay this opinion. A portion of this examination is recounted here:
"Q. One of your assumptions, I assume, is that Mrs. Schaible would continue to want to work during all of those years as opposed to being a housewife and mother?
"A Yes, for the years after she would be age 42.
"Q. And, of course, if for one reason or another she decided she didn’t want to work that would affect your calculations, would it not?
"A. That’s correct.
”Q. One of your assumptions was that she would, if she continued working, that she would turn over all of her earnings, over and above the cost of her own maintenance, to her husband or at least he would receive the economic benefit of it?
"A. Based on the information I have this is what’s been happening in the family.
”Q. That is one of your assumptions?
"A. That’s correct.
”Q. It is one of your assumptions that would continue throughout her working life?
"A. Yes.
"Q. Even after they got in their forties and fifties, your assumption was that would still continue?_
"A. That’s correct.
”Q. She wouldn’t keep any of her own earnings for herself or whatever purpose, they would all go other than the 30 percent that you subtracted for the cost of her maintenance, one of your assumptions was that all of it would go to Mr. Schaible or at least he would receive the economic benefit of that?
"A. I assumed beyond the 30 percent, right.
"Q. One of your assumptions, I assume, was that the marriage would continue during that period?
"A. Yes. All the indications I had it was a happy marriage.
”Q. But that was one of your assumptions?
"A. Based on the information I have.
”Q. And one of your assumptions, I assume, also, was that Mr. Schaible would not remarry and everything would remain the same up to his own death?
"A. Yes.
”Q. Another one of your assumptions was that Mrs. Schaible would continue in good health and be able to work?
"A. That’s correct.
”Q. Will you agree, Mr. Tansky, there is really no way you can say for sure any of the assumptions you made and upon which your opinions were based are valid with reference to this particular individual other than your opinion?
'A. Could you restate that question?
"Q. Okay, I can try, anyway. Would you agree there’s really no way you can say, talking about you, now, for sure, that any or all of the assumptions that you have made and upon which your opinions are based, are valid, or would turn out to be valid with reference to this particular individual?
"A. In my opinion?
"Q. No, I’m not asking for your opinion, I’m asking whether there’s any way you can say they will be valid.
'A. No, things might have been better or worse economically.
"Q. So, what„we are saying, again, you don’t have a crystal ball, you don’t know what is going to happen in the future or what would happen with reference to anyone specific individual?
"A. That’s correct.” (Emphasis supplied.)
The defendants had earlier received permission from the trial court to ask the emphasized question. That question and its answer were discussed by defendants during closing argument.
The Court of Appeals described the question and answer as an "erroneous suggestion that the possibility of remarriage could be considered to mitigate damages”. The Court reversed, stating:
"Although the defendants’ cross-examination and argument did not explicitly state that the possibility of remarriage should be considered to mitigate damages, the facts actually elicited serve no purpose other than to infer [sic] that the expert’s estimate of economic loss was not accurate because it did not reflect a possibility that the plaintiff would remarry.”
Ill
We conclude that the Court of Appeals erred. The jury was not told to take into account the possibility that the plaintiff might remarry. Rather it listened to an exposition of the many assumptions upon which the expert witness relied in making his calculations of the plaintiffs economic loss. Such an exposition is necessary to an intelligent understanding and evaluation of the worth of the expert’s opinion.
Unlike the situation in Wood, this expert’s assumption concerning remarriage was of interest to the defendants solely because of its effect on the expert’s opinion as to the amount of economic damages. It was proper for defendant to examine fully the assumptions which underlay the expert’s opinion. By calling into question the worth of an expert’s many assumptions, defense counsel can seek to show that what appears to be the opinion of an expert is no more than conjecture which the jury can then be urged to ignore.
It remains improper to introduce evidence of the possibility of remarriage to prove that there has been no loss of consortium. It is proper, though, to impeach an expert witness by reviewing the assumptions which underlie the expert’s opinion and by arguing that the expert’s opinion is mere conjecture based upon erroneous assumptions.
In lieu of granting leave to appeal, we reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals and reinstate the judgment of the trial court. GCR 1963, 853.2(4).
Costs to defendants.
Coleman, C.J., and Williams, Fitzgerald, and Ryan, JJ., concurred.
See also Bunda v Hardwick, 376 Mich 640; 138 NW2d 305 (1965).
Schaible v Myers, unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals of January 10, 1980, Docket No. 78-323.
In Wood the plaintiff had remarried prior to trial. The trial court permitted testimony concerning the remarriage on the ground that if loss of society and companionship were claimed as damages, all facts pertaining to such loss, including remarriage, should be considered. Wood, 409 Mich 284. | [
-0.0179443359375,
0.0084228515625,
-0.018798828125,
0.00188446044921875,
-0.04296875,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.002105712890625,
0.032958984375,
0.02294921875,
0.0703125,
-0.02099609375,
0.04833984375,
0.01446533203125,
0.01080322265625,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.0218505859375,
0.0130615234375,
-0.0233154296875,
0.0023040771484375,
0.01263427734375,
0.01251220703125,
-0.033935546875,
0.01287841796875,
-0.026123046875,
0.01141357421875,
0.031982421875,
-0.000885009765625,
0.06787109375,
0.006439208984375,
-0.01806640625,
0.01507568359375,
0.00136566162109375,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.00958251953125,
0.02099609375,
-0.0546875,
-0.038818359375,
0.00170135498046875,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.015625,
0.06494140625,
-0.046875,
-0.0791015625,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.005584716796875,
-0.03857421875,
-0.002685546875,
-0.035888671875,
0.000762939453125,
-0.005279541015625,
0.00994873046875,
-0.039794921875,
0.047119140625,
-0.01470947265625,
0.0125732421875,
0.033447265625,
-0.0186767578125,
0.0140380859375,
0.054931640625,
-0.035400390625,
0.00009441375732421875,
-0.0247802734375,
0.0341796875,
0.0322265625,
0.018310546875,
0.028564453125,
-0.01129150390625,
0.0093994140625,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.0004138946533203125,
0.006195068359375,
0.006683349609375,
0.0002727508544921875,
-0.049560546875,
0.0191650390625,
-0.0023651123046875,
-0.02197265625,
0.01611328125,
0.006561279296875,
-0.028564453125,
0.041748046875,
-0.0072021484375,
-0.026611328125,
0.00087738037109375,
0.035400390625,
0.03662109375,
0.0045166015625,
0.0022735595703125,
-0.004730224609375,
0.055419921875,
0.00077056884765625,
0.006256103515625,
0.03369140625,
0.037109375,
-0.0002040863037109375,
0.02685546875,
0.0196533203125,
0.025390625,
0.02685546875,
0.0478515625,
0.00823974609375,
0.0556640625,
-0.03466796875,
0.028564453125,
-0.00125885009765625,
0.002899169921875,
0.0086669921875,
-0.026611328125,
0.041015625,
0.01409912109375,
-0.004425048828125,
-0.0017242431640625,
-0.04052734375,
0.050048828125,
-0.01708984375,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.03564453125,
-0.01300048828125,
0.030029296875,
-0.0091552734375,
0.020263671875,
-0.0361328125,
0.0230712890625,
0.0089111328125,
0.004791259765625,
0.05517578125,
0.021240234375,
-0.000896453857421875,
0.04345703125,
0.027587890625,
-0.02294921875,
-0.0093994140625,
0.0189208984375,
-0.03515625,
0.01123046875,
0.0247802734375,
-0.006103515625,
0.00738525390625,
0.028076171875,
-0.0032806396484375,
0.004425048828125,
0.041015625,
0.017333984375,
0.04443359375,
-0.0107421875,
0.0167236328125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.028076171875,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0004425048828125,
0.030517578125,
0.013427734375,
0.04150390625,
-0.0155029296875,
0.00045013427734375,
-0.057373046875,
0.048828125,
-0.0166015625,
0.0006866455078125,
0.0125732421875,
-0.01904296875,
0.04541015625,
-0.04931640625,
0.00823974609375,
0.0186767578125,
0.00933837890625,
-0.017822265625,
-0.0546875,
0.029296875,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.046875,
-0.0206298828125,
0.064453125,
0.048583984375,
0.049072265625,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.025634765625,
0.017822265625,
-0.037109375,
0.032958984375,
0.046630859375,
0.00732421875,
0.016845703125,
-0.001800537109375,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.02880859375,
0.0234375,
0.01806640625,
-0.0262451171875,
0.0242919921875,
-0.01336669921875,
0.0546875,
-0.0079345703125,
0.04736328125,
0.037109375,
-0.0030670166015625,
-0.02587890625,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.005126953125,
0.06982421875,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0169677734375,
0.049560546875,
0.01007080078125,
-0.040771484375,
-0.0019683837890625,
0.02978515625,
0.0147705078125,
-0.0067138671875,
-0.05615234375,
0.00110626220703125,
0.0164794921875,
-0.031982421875,
0.02197265625,
-0.0654296875,
-0.0040283203125,
-0.00592041015625,
0.005157470703125,
-0.013916015625,
-0.0009918212890625,
-0.02880859375,
-0.0478515625,
0.0238037109375,
0.023193359375,
0.000675201416015625,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.01104736328125,
0.0235595703125,
-0.0211181640625,
0.02734375,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.0206298828125,
0.039306640625,
0.027099609375,
-0.010498046875,
-0.0030670166015625,
0.017578125,
0.01611328125,
0.047607421875,
0.01165771484375,
-0.0201416015625,
0.009033203125,
-0.01513671875,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.00020599365234375,
0.060546875,
-0.038330078125,
0.0257568359375,
0.016845703125,
0.051025390625,
-0.00799560546875,
0.00061798095703125,
0.0277099609375,
0.04345703125,
-0.053466796875,
-0.06591796875,
0.00151824951171875,
0.056640625,
-0.05419921875,
-0.018798828125,
0.03515625,
-0.012451171875,
0.056884765625,
0.00110626220703125,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.028564453125,
-0.0042724609375,
-0.056396484375,
-0.0059814453125,
-0.0091552734375,
0.0017852783203125,
-0.0478515625,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.033203125,
0.017578125,
-0.033935546875,
-0.046875,
0.048583984375,
-0.044677734375,
0.0208740234375,
-0.03076171875,
0.046142578125,
-0.052978515625,
0.0244140625,
0.039306640625,
0.053466796875,
0.05712890625,
-0.056884765625,
-0.034912109375,
0.0052490234375,
0.041015625,
-0.0220947265625,
0.0030364990234375,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.0269775390625,
0.0244140625,
-0.0159912109375,
0.028076171875,
-0.002471923828125,
-0.0184326171875,
0.036865234375,
-0.036865234375,
-0.016357421875,
-0.01434326171875,
0.02978515625,
-0.0361328125,
0.035400390625,
0.02099609375,
0.043701171875,
-0.009765625,
0.076171875,
-0.030517578125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.008544921875,
-0.0341796875,
-0.005584716796875,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.034912109375,
-0.02880859375,
0.00909423828125,
0.0380859375,
0.020263671875,
-0.0810546875,
-0.01318359375,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.05322265625,
0.003509521484375,
-0.020263671875,
0.04833984375,
-0.0045166015625,
-0.05224609375,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.03125,
-0.02490234375,
-0.00457763671875,
0.049072265625,
-0.05859375,
0.0196533203125,
0.01043701171875,
0.014892578125,
0.0322265625,
0.016357421875,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.00775146484375,
0.00152587890625,
-0.0157470703125,
0.024658203125,
-0.0147705078125,
0.01324462890625,
-0.000682830810546875,
0.0159912109375,
0.02490234375,
-0.04296875,
-0.007293701171875,
0.018310546875,
0.00775146484375,
0.03515625,
0.0018157958984375,
0.030029296875,
-0.05908203125,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.039794921875,
0.036376953125,
-0.0164794921875,
0.0625,
0.029296875,
-0.0277099609375,
0.00762939453125,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.047607421875,
0.01104736328125,
0.0224609375,
0.0244140625,
0.005859375,
-0.0069580078125,
0.005645751953125,
0.0128173828125,
0.00823974609375,
-0.0233154296875,
0.03076171875,
-0.00921630859375,
0.0003337860107421875,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.0006103515625,
-0.009521484375,
-0.055908203125,
0.031982421875,
-0.01171875,
-0.04248046875,
0.01953125,
0.0126953125,
-0.0013580322265625,
-0.020263671875,
0.00982666015625,
0.018798828125,
-0.0021514892578125,
0.04931640625,
0.01611328125,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.002288818359375,
-0.06103515625,
0.0220947265625,
-0.048828125,
0.01806640625,
-0.02099609375,
0.0146484375,
0.043212890625,
0.015869140625,
0.025390625,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.018310546875,
-0.00098419189453125,
0.014404296875,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.0184326171875,
0.031982421875,
0.03759765625,
0.03271484375,
-0.052001953125,
0.0042724609375,
-0.052490234375,
0.025390625,
0.003692626953125,
0.01141357421875,
-0.0235595703125,
0.02685546875,
-0.0517578125,
-0.0021209716796875,
0.011474609375,
0.006103515625,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.02978515625,
0.00830078125,
-0.00836181640625,
0.06640625,
-0.00029754638671875,
-0.0517578125,
0.012451171875,
0.0230712890625,
0.01385498046875,
0.0157470703125,
0.0218505859375,
-0.0152587890625,
0.0164794921875,
-0.0322265625,
0.036376953125,
-0.01416015625,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.022705078125,
0.056640625,
-0.036865234375,
0.026123046875,
-0.0322265625,
0.0263671875,
-0.00238037109375,
0.005828857421875,
-0.04248046875,
0.0205078125,
0.0111083984375,
-0.00107574462890625,
-0.001800537109375,
0.080078125,
-0.0111083984375,
0.0234375,
0.00958251953125,
-0.00750732421875,
-0.015869140625,
0.045166015625,
-0.0034332275390625,
0.00131988525390625,
-0.025146484375,
-0.0101318359375,
0.01495361328125,
-0.021728515625,
0.0380859375,
-0.00323486328125,
-0.0045166015625,
-0.045166015625,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.033203125,
-0.0244140625,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.0225830078125,
0.0224609375,
0.0172119140625,
-0.003021240234375,
-0.033447265625,
-0.058837890625,
-0.027099609375,
-0.042724609375,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.0020294189453125,
-0.0224609375,
0.0133056640625,
-0.00299072265625,
0.019775390625,
-0.04443359375,
0.01214599609375,
-0.04638671875,
-0.05224609375,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.0167236328125,
0.032958984375,
-0.0086669921875,
0.009521484375,
0.0206298828125,
0.035888671875,
0.006622314453125,
-0.0107421875,
0.054931640625,
0.0106201171875,
0.028564453125,
0.0419921875,
0.039794921875,
-0.048095703125,
-0.022705078125,
0.0004291534423828125,
-0.000568389892578125,
0.0035400390625,
0.00185394287109375,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.023681640625,
-0.057861328125,
0.0191650390625,
0.004730224609375,
-0.054931640625,
-0.03125,
0.01171875,
0.0079345703125,
0.0299072265625,
-0.0031890869140625,
-0.002960205078125,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.059326171875,
0.05810546875,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0546875,
-0.0042724609375,
0.0291748046875,
0.019287109375,
0.03125,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.068359375,
-0.00128173828125,
-0.017822265625,
0.032958984375,
-0.034423828125,
0.0086669921875,
0.0216064453125,
0.01519775390625,
0.00170135498046875,
-0.005096435546875,
0.03076171875,
-0.02001953125,
0.0208740234375,
0.04541015625,
-0.058837890625,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0625,
0.0537109375,
-0.03125,
-0.0014495849609375,
-0.035888671875,
0.0174560546875,
0.01434326171875,
0.00958251953125,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.006103515625,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0498046875,
0.03564453125,
0.01104736328125,
0.0035552978515625,
-0.031005859375,
-0.0294189453125,
0.001739501953125,
-0.0537109375,
0.01458740234375,
0.0771484375,
0.000007063150405883789,
0.01019287109375,
-0.0281982421875,
0.047119140625,
0.005340576171875,
-0.033935546875,
-0.015380859375,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.07275390625,
-0.031494140625,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.01483154296875,
0.032470703125,
0.01953125,
0.006439208984375,
0.0294189453125,
-0.0021514892578125,
-0.05419921875,
-0.02099609375,
0.0419921875,
-0.0026397705078125,
0.05810546875,
0.0390625,
-0.01123046875,
-0.0703125,
0.037841796875,
0.006317138671875,
-0.029296875,
-0.043701171875,
0.0206298828125,
0.04150390625,
-0.01171875,
0.05517578125,
0.0157470703125,
-0.059326171875,
-0.03125,
0.0064697265625,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.0341796875,
0.0225830078125,
0.032958984375,
-0.020751953125,
0.04443359375,
0.0322265625,
-0.00186920166015625,
0.02392578125,
-0.005828857421875,
0.0142822265625,
-0.037109375,
-0.0228271484375,
0.03369140625,
0.00518798828125,
0.03466796875,
-0.0152587890625,
0.00927734375,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.01141357421875,
0.04248046875,
-0.035400390625,
-0.052978515625,
0.0164794921875,
-0.000331878662109375,
0.055908203125,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.01470947265625,
0.0198974609375,
0.0245361328125,
-0.05810546875,
-0.0234375,
-0.0224609375,
0.00518798828125,
0.004852294921875,
-0.0233154296875,
0.006866455078125,
0.021728515625,
0.06884765625,
0.020263671875,
-0.006805419921875,
-0.03125,
-0.026123046875,
0.02001953125,
-0.0294189453125,
0.01513671875,
0.055419921875,
0.052001953125,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.058837890625,
-0.0020294189453125,
0.0634765625,
0.004547119140625,
0.00811767578125,
-0.0235595703125,
0.00408935546875,
0.01165771484375,
-0.03955078125,
-0.024169921875,
-0.04638671875,
-0.014892578125,
0.029052734375,
-0.00093841552734375,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.0035400390625,
-0.0181884765625,
0.0240478515625,
-0.05517578125,
0.0196533203125,
-0.0037384033203125,
0.046630859375,
0.0272216796875,
-0.033203125,
0.023681640625,
0.0233154296875,
-0.0025634765625,
0.01324462890625,
-0.0673828125,
0.01275634765625,
-0.00048065185546875,
0.027099609375,
-0.0028533935546875,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.048583984375,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.04052734375,
-0.044921875,
-0.03662109375,
0.01336669921875,
0.03173828125,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.0458984375,
0.008056640625,
-0.029541015625,
-0.00830078125,
-0.023193359375,
-0.01043701171875,
0.027587890625,
0.0419921875,
0.010986328125,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.000774383544921875,
0.03369140625,
0.01190185546875,
0.005157470703125,
-0.000732421875,
0.00201416015625,
-0.011962890625,
0.00823974609375,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.0233154296875,
0.044677734375,
0.042236328125,
-0.00830078125,
0.0235595703125,
-0.0224609375,
-0.03515625,
0.0361328125,
-0.07080078125,
-0.043701171875,
0.051513671875,
-0.000415802001953125,
0.02099609375,
0.0177001953125,
0.000782012939453125,
-0.0194091796875,
0.036376953125,
0.000812530517578125,
0.006927490234375,
-0.0013427734375,
-0.0361328125,
0.052001953125,
0.0084228515625,
-0.008056640625,
0.01068115234375,
0.001495361328125,
-0.046630859375,
-0.0625,
-0.0247802734375,
0.01373291015625,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.030029296875,
-0.01434326171875,
0.00775146484375,
-0.02001953125,
0.02734375,
0.029052734375,
0.01141357421875,
0.007415771484375,
0.0108642578125,
0.0059814453125,
0.03271484375,
-0.0023040771484375,
0.004119873046875,
0.0247802734375,
-0.06298828125,
-0.06298828125,
0.01385498046875,
-0.001007080078125,
-0.000014066696166992188,
0.059814453125,
0.0019378662109375,
0.0035247802734375,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.023193359375,
0.0296630859375,
0.038330078125,
0.01708984375,
0.035400390625,
0.031005859375,
0.0291748046875,
0.0546875,
0.03271484375,
0.02978515625,
-0.00286865234375,
0.009765625,
0.01953125,
-0.0361328125,
-0.01153564453125,
0.05859375,
0.01495361328125,
0.007476806640625,
0.0019378662109375,
-0.02734375,
0.01190185546875,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0498046875,
0.031494140625,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.00567626953125,
-0.0107421875,
-0.00110626220703125,
0.0252685546875,
0.0034942626953125,
-0.006683349609375,
-0.000247955322265625,
0.04736328125,
0.0181884765625,
0.018310546875,
0.026123046875,
0.016357421875,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.0771484375,
-0.0240478515625,
0.021240234375,
0.035400390625,
0.0107421875,
-0.0130615234375,
0.0546875,
0.00167083740234375,
-0.032470703125,
0.03955078125,
0.002655029296875,
-0.10302734375,
0.041015625,
-0.0004558563232421875,
0.076171875,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.00860595703125,
0.0155029296875,
0.0120849609375,
-0.0283203125,
0.02490234375,
0.03857421875,
0.036376953125,
-0.001953125,
0.019287109375,
-0.0174560546875,
0.0228271484375,
0.05810546875,
-0.024169921875,
-0.023193359375,
0.0167236328125,
-0.036376953125,
-0.005767822265625,
0.042236328125,
-0.022705078125,
-0.052978515625,
-0.017822265625,
0.0031890869140625,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.012451171875,
0.016357421875,
-0.041015625,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.03173828125,
-0.0263671875,
0.036865234375,
0.0242919921875,
0.033447265625,
0.004425048828125,
-0.032958984375,
0.01611328125,
0.01019287109375,
0.015625,
-0.05810546875,
0.049560546875,
0.032958984375,
-0.05224609375,
-0.06298828125,
-0.0234375,
0.0238037109375,
0.0247802734375,
0.0069580078125,
-0.036865234375,
-0.024169921875,
-0.006103515625,
-0.031982421875,
0.005828857421875,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.01806640625,
0.02685546875,
0.0267333984375,
-0.020263671875,
0.0390625,
0.0177001953125,
0.01092529296875,
0.00994873046875,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.03271484375,
0.01409912109375,
0.021240234375,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.01385498046875,
0.01519775390625,
0.00860595703125,
0.03515625,
0.0028839111328125,
-0.022705078125,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.03369140625,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0211181640625,
0.0029754638671875,
-0.031005859375,
0.031005859375,
-0.006683349609375,
-0.0849609375,
0.263671875,
0.0291748046875,
-0.00457763671875,
0.000789642333984375,
0.0050048828125,
0.060546875,
-0.000484466552734375,
-0.0126953125,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.0263671875,
-0.035400390625,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.0000858306884765625,
0.0478515625,
0.01904296875,
-0.0498046875,
-0.00994873046875,
0.0281982421875,
-0.03076171875,
-0.021484375,
0.0167236328125,
0.000335693359375,
0.08544921875,
0.06298828125,
0.0029144287109375,
0.0322265625,
-0.049560546875,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.047119140625,
0.01904296875,
-0.053955078125,
0.027587890625,
-0.029052734375,
-0.0042724609375,
0.0517578125,
-0.006134033203125,
-0.011474609375,
0.00958251953125,
-0.014404296875,
-0.017822265625,
0.033203125,
-0.03369140625,
0.00054168701171875,
-0.060791015625,
0.0234375,
-0.045166015625,
0.09619140625,
0.038818359375,
-0.06494140625,
0.01116943359375,
0.00726318359375,
0.0537109375,
-0.02099609375,
-0.0189208984375,
0.026123046875,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.0205078125,
-0.0615234375,
-0.043701171875,
0.015380859375,
0.005767822265625,
-0.007537841796875,
0.039794921875,
0.0216064453125,
0.00439453125,
0.04248046875,
-0.004547119140625,
-0.04296875,
0.0155029296875,
-0.007568359375,
-0.02880859375,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0703125,
-0.00396728515625,
-0.03515625,
0.005859375,
0.055908203125,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.04248046875,
-0.003997802734375,
0.005401611328125,
0.0184326171875,
0.01226806640625,
0.02001953125,
-0.059814453125,
-0.0004444122314453125,
-0.002105712890625,
-0.001861572265625,
0.01263427734375,
0.028076171875,
0.01300048828125,
-0.0181884765625
] |
Rehearing denied. | [
-0.00689697265625,
-0.04443359375,
-0.04052734375,
0.04638671875,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.0478515625,
-0.027587890625,
0.004119873046875,
-0.0301513671875,
0.054443359375,
0.06787109375,
0.003692626953125,
0.053955078125,
-0.046875,
-0.0213623046875,
0.037109375,
-0.037109375,
0.005645751953125,
-0.0166015625,
-0.03125,
-0.00384521484375,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.045654296875,
0.00689697265625,
-0.0400390625,
0.0093994140625,
0.01611328125,
0.004913330078125,
0.03173828125,
0.0031585693359375,
0.01312255859375,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.0322265625,
-0.029541015625,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.05419921875,
0.026611328125,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.027587890625,
0.0002803802490234375,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0546875,
-0.048583984375,
-0.08203125,
-0.0234375,
0.0096435546875,
-0.00341796875,
-0.00086212158203125,
0.01019287109375,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.025634765625,
-0.000942230224609375,
-0.00384521484375,
0.0020751953125,
0.0025787353515625,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0286865234375,
0.0012969970703125,
-0.00026702880859375,
0.0185546875,
0.0257568359375,
-0.038818359375,
0.0052490234375,
-0.007659912109375,
-0.03369140625,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.0289306640625,
0.00445556640625,
-0.01507568359375,
0.00677490234375,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.003997802734375,
0.016845703125,
-0.005889892578125,
-0.05029296875,
-0.00021266937255859375,
0.042236328125,
0.0478515625,
0.064453125,
0.029052734375,
0.0155029296875,
0.00958251953125,
-0.0289306640625,
0.0159912109375,
0.016357421875,
0.00726318359375,
0.0255126953125,
-0.01409912109375,
0.01141357421875,
0.034912109375,
-0.08251953125,
0.004913330078125,
0.03271484375,
0.050048828125,
-0.035888671875,
0.0208740234375,
0.0322265625,
-0.00543212890625,
0.047607421875,
0.03515625,
0.000576019287109375,
0.017822265625,
-0.04541015625,
-0.00390625,
-0.0267333984375,
0.0263671875,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0146484375,
0.02734375,
-0.03173828125,
0.03125,
-0.03857421875,
-0.006317138671875,
-0.0021209716796875,
-0.0033721923828125,
0.031005859375,
-0.00494384765625,
0.0057373046875,
0.046142578125,
0.032470703125,
0.0107421875,
-0.0247802734375,
0.01904296875,
-0.006500244140625,
0.0262451171875,
0.0177001953125,
0.00701904296875,
-0.004364013671875,
0.034423828125,
-0.0011749267578125,
0.0303955078125,
0.027099609375,
0.00238037109375,
0.010498046875,
0.0189208984375,
0.0179443359375,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0269775390625,
0.004730224609375,
0.04638671875,
0.021728515625,
0.0771484375,
0.050537109375,
-0.0206298828125,
0.027587890625,
0.041259765625,
-0.04248046875,
0.00799560546875,
-0.04833984375,
-0.0223388671875,
0.01611328125,
0.029296875,
-0.005706787109375,
0.00018405914306640625,
0.01275634765625,
-0.0233154296875,
0.01806640625,
0.045654296875,
0.029052734375,
0.041015625,
-0.06884765625,
-0.005615234375,
0.036865234375,
0.025634765625,
0.0289306640625,
-0.010986328125,
0.0284423828125,
-0.04443359375,
0.00909423828125,
0.03955078125,
-0.038818359375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.01287841796875,
0.03564453125,
0.0164794921875,
0.0162353515625,
0.0096435546875,
-0.00830078125,
0.033935546875,
0.0322265625,
0.032470703125,
0.06396484375,
0.00927734375,
-0.0224609375,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.00101470947265625,
0.0045166015625,
-0.03369140625,
0.026123046875,
0.0213623046875,
0.064453125,
0.032470703125,
-0.003936767578125,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.0255126953125,
0.0194091796875,
-0.0303955078125,
0.006134033203125,
0.08740234375,
-0.061279296875,
0.048828125,
0.017822265625,
-0.0478515625,
0.07275390625,
0.0400390625,
-0.0240478515625,
0.042236328125,
-0.019287109375,
0.0026397705078125,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.007537841796875,
0.004180908203125,
-0.046875,
0.0133056640625,
0.04150390625,
-0.00046539306640625,
0.01275634765625,
-0.033935546875,
0.0284423828125,
0.0133056640625,
0.023681640625,
-0.01495361328125,
0.000492095947265625,
0.064453125,
0.056884765625,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.005401611328125,
-0.00982666015625,
0.0213623046875,
0.004364013671875,
0.05859375,
0.039794921875,
-0.061279296875,
0.054443359375,
0.0223388671875,
0.04736328125,
-0.015625,
-0.046142578125,
0.00157928466796875,
0.052978515625,
0.05517578125,
-0.01031494140625,
0.0089111328125,
-0.050537109375,
-0.00909423828125,
0.0211181640625,
-0.0751953125,
0.006683349609375,
0.035400390625,
0.054931640625,
-0.0027923583984375,
-0.034912109375,
0.03271484375,
0.0042724609375,
0.053955078125,
-0.0400390625,
-0.048095703125,
0.06494140625,
0.0390625,
-0.0458984375,
-0.02001953125,
0.00555419921875,
-0.0206298828125,
0.0125732421875,
0.0224609375,
0.036865234375,
-0.04931640625,
-0.02099609375,
-0.04833984375,
-0.0517578125,
0.0098876953125,
0.015869140625,
-0.01263427734375,
0.025390625,
-0.038330078125,
0.07177734375,
0.00872802734375,
-0.04931640625,
-0.0013580322265625,
-0.0390625,
0.05810546875,
-0.03759765625,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.01275634765625,
0.03125,
0.0263671875,
0.041015625,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.034912109375,
-0.0155029296875,
0.015380859375,
0.03759765625,
-0.061279296875,
-0.01123046875,
0.0233154296875,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.025390625,
0.0194091796875,
0.007171630859375,
0.011474609375,
0.0123291015625,
-0.031005859375,
-0.0031280517578125,
0.00189971923828125,
-0.060302734375,
0.0262451171875,
0.043701171875,
-0.0206298828125,
0.0341796875,
0.0135498046875,
0.03759765625,
-0.0361328125,
0.008056640625,
0.0260009765625,
-0.0380859375,
-0.05908203125,
-0.046142578125,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.0673828125,
-0.02392578125,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.033935546875,
0.05224609375,
-0.004638671875,
-0.0185546875,
0.0400390625,
-0.056884765625,
0.0140380859375,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.0286865234375,
0.021728515625,
-0.000881195068359375,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.026611328125,
-0.046875,
-0.01153564453125,
0.0595703125,
0.0252685546875,
-0.0035858154296875,
-0.027099609375,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.0017547607421875,
0.034912109375,
-0.046875,
-0.035888671875,
0.0322265625,
0.03271484375,
0.00164794921875,
-0.01611328125,
-0.031005859375,
-0.003997802734375,
0.036376953125,
0.049072265625,
-0.03076171875,
-0.041259765625,
-0.0284423828125,
0.022216796875,
0.0133056640625,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.0185546875,
0.0157470703125,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.003631591796875,
0.0262451171875,
0.052734375,
-0.01251220703125,
0.031494140625,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.0361328125,
-0.031005859375,
-0.045166015625,
0.01422119140625,
0.03125,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.004486083984375,
-0.044921875,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.033447265625,
0.02685546875,
0.01202392578125,
0.00836181640625,
-0.002166748046875,
0.01409912109375,
0.0286865234375,
-0.00689697265625,
0.0079345703125,
-0.0128173828125,
0.019775390625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.0240478515625,
0.0008392333984375,
0.0281982421875,
0.0306396484375,
0.01611328125,
0.03662109375,
0.024169921875,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.00347900390625,
0.0289306640625,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.026611328125,
0.03759765625,
-0.01275634765625,
0.01226806640625,
-0.026611328125,
0.0001926422119140625,
-0.029052734375,
0.0157470703125,
0.00860595703125,
0.003448486328125,
-0.036376953125,
0.00897216796875,
0.026611328125,
-0.01025390625,
-0.0888671875,
-0.052978515625,
-0.006195068359375,
0.03662109375,
0.0234375,
-0.052490234375,
-0.00482177734375,
-0.0244140625,
0.042724609375,
0.03662109375,
-0.009765625,
-0.033447265625,
0.0303955078125,
-0.052978515625,
-0.052490234375,
0.025634765625,
0.039794921875,
0.0211181640625,
0.01025390625,
-0.013916015625,
-0.00494384765625,
0.044189453125,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.03759765625,
0.01007080078125,
-0.015380859375,
0.004364013671875,
0.00107574462890625,
-0.039794921875,
0.0174560546875,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.032958984375,
0.005157470703125,
-0.025390625,
-0.033203125,
-0.0244140625,
0.000732421875,
0.03369140625,
0.02978515625,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.033935546875,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.0218505859375,
0.031494140625,
0.0218505859375,
0.01324462890625,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.0087890625,
0.035888671875,
0.0208740234375,
-0.0133056640625,
0.0028076171875,
-0.006683349609375,
0.0208740234375,
0.0137939453125,
0.00445556640625,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.04248046875,
0.018798828125,
-0.044189453125,
0.043212890625,
0.00885009765625,
-0.03466796875,
0.003936767578125,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.031005859375,
-0.008056640625,
0.006561279296875,
0.0225830078125,
-0.00189971923828125,
0.04296875,
0.0230712890625,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.050537109375,
0.00518798828125,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.031982421875,
0.00347900390625,
0.05859375,
0.00494384765625,
0.026611328125,
0.018798828125,
0.0299072265625,
0.0216064453125,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.029052734375,
-0.033935546875,
-0.045166015625,
-0.018310546875,
0.0162353515625,
0.0634765625,
0.00921630859375,
0.033447265625,
0.03955078125,
0.0074462890625,
-0.01361083984375,
0.0223388671875,
-0.01507568359375,
0.0084228515625,
0.0220947265625,
-0.004150390625,
-0.011962890625,
-0.02783203125,
-0.039306640625,
-0.0006561279296875,
-0.06982421875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.06298828125,
-0.0223388671875,
0.016357421875,
-0.0011749267578125,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.048828125,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.049072265625,
0.031005859375,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.004669189453125,
0.07763671875,
-0.033935546875,
0.0244140625,
-0.032958984375,
-0.037109375,
0.01422119140625,
0.005859375,
-0.036376953125,
0.0162353515625,
0.0242919921875,
0.0020904541015625,
0.034912109375,
-0.045654296875,
0.036376953125,
-0.007049560546875,
-0.0478515625,
-0.053955078125,
0.0306396484375,
-0.01312255859375,
0.00390625,
0.0228271484375,
0.00494384765625,
0.033447265625,
-0.041748046875,
0.04736328125,
0.005859375,
-0.005340576171875,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.038818359375,
0.064453125,
-0.0074462890625,
0.00543212890625,
0.015380859375,
0.0213623046875,
0.0164794921875,
0.03173828125,
-0.041259765625,
0.01708984375,
-0.0263671875,
-0.03857421875,
-0.00396728515625,
0.0223388671875,
-0.00927734375,
-0.00213623046875,
-0.0145263671875,
0.0172119140625,
-0.040283203125,
-0.026123046875,
0.0289306640625,
-0.029052734375,
-0.0003261566162109375,
-0.044677734375,
0.0252685546875,
0.011962890625,
-0.054443359375,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.0004138946533203125,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.024169921875,
-0.0244140625,
0.01324462890625,
-0.035888671875,
0.0234375,
0.01348876953125,
-0.016357421875,
0.0025177001953125,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.0341796875,
-0.04296875,
0.052490234375,
0.035888671875,
-0.0003757476806640625,
0.044921875,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0179443359375,
0.006256103515625,
-0.039794921875,
0.01104736328125,
0.04248046875,
-0.0244140625,
-0.027587890625,
0.0751953125,
0.0016937255859375,
-0.056396484375,
-0.0322265625,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.03955078125,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.01611328125,
0.0028076171875,
-0.0218505859375,
0.0147705078125,
0.01080322265625,
0.037353515625,
-0.02294921875,
0.046142578125,
-0.040771484375,
-0.004302978515625,
-0.0234375,
0.0244140625,
0.036376953125,
-0.044189453125,
0.01202392578125,
-0.043701171875,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.033935546875,
0.0101318359375,
0.015869140625,
-0.0146484375,
0.00921630859375,
0.024658203125,
0.03125,
0.0751953125,
-0.037841796875,
0.00531005859375,
0.033935546875,
-0.041259765625,
-0.07373046875,
0.0341796875,
0.00167083740234375,
0.008056640625,
0.0286865234375,
-0.057861328125,
-0.01708984375,
-0.0089111328125,
0.00811767578125,
0.060302734375,
-0.0108642578125,
0.0194091796875,
0.0030517578125,
-0.005035400390625,
0.024169921875,
0.03369140625,
0.01220703125,
0.004119873046875,
-0.024658203125,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.02978515625,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.023681640625,
0.01251220703125,
-0.035400390625,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.025390625,
0.00787353515625,
-0.046875,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.029052734375,
0.01220703125,
0.0322265625,
0.03564453125,
-0.01422119140625,
0.054931640625,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.0019378662109375,
0.009521484375,
-0.0169677734375,
0.0157470703125,
0.008056640625,
0.001617431640625,
0.01611328125,
0.004241943359375,
-0.0018463134765625,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.019287109375,
-0.01318359375,
-0.02294921875,
-0.0284423828125,
0.006103515625,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.060791015625,
-0.051025390625,
-0.029541015625,
-0.0076904296875,
0.0673828125,
-0.0205078125,
-0.0140380859375,
0.00909423828125,
0.0213623046875,
0.0322265625,
0.052001953125,
-0.004180908203125,
0.048095703125,
0.00823974609375,
0.005157470703125,
0.011474609375,
0.0556640625,
0.03857421875,
0.050537109375,
-0.024658203125,
0.01324462890625,
-0.00146484375,
0.0303955078125,
-0.015625,
0.032470703125,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0022430419921875,
-0.031982421875,
0.007598876953125,
0.033935546875,
0.033447265625,
0.004547119140625,
-0.043212890625,
0.022216796875,
-0.03955078125,
-0.046630859375,
0.01263427734375,
-0.0751953125,
-0.044921875,
-0.021728515625,
0.009033203125,
0.0084228515625,
-0.053466796875,
0.0020599365234375,
-0.0322265625,
0.038818359375,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.057373046875,
0.0306396484375,
0.024169921875,
0.064453125,
0.0086669921875,
-0.010009765625,
0.02099609375,
-0.012451171875,
-0.01611328125,
-0.042724609375,
0.0019378662109375,
0.056396484375,
0.0595703125,
0.00098419189453125,
-0.051513671875,
0.0286865234375,
-0.037109375,
0.03857421875,
0.00958251953125,
0.0145263671875,
-0.0022735595703125,
-0.00421142578125,
0.0008392333984375,
0.0166015625,
-0.005523681640625,
-0.00086212158203125,
0.00555419921875,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.04638671875,
0.00897216796875,
0.0098876953125,
-0.044921875,
0.0035552978515625,
0.03955078125,
0.0005340576171875,
-0.076171875,
0.00885009765625,
0.042236328125,
0.056396484375,
0.0157470703125,
0.0255126953125,
-0.00469970703125,
0.051513671875,
0.020751953125,
-0.00677490234375,
0.0224609375,
0.0206298828125,
0.016845703125,
-0.0419921875,
-0.054443359375,
-0.0059814453125,
0.0211181640625,
-0.0012359619140625,
-0.017822265625,
0.006103515625,
-0.04736328125,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.032958984375,
0.033935546875,
0.0179443359375,
0.0267333984375,
-0.018798828125,
0.01043701171875,
0.025634765625,
0.06494140625,
-0.017822265625,
-0.005584716796875,
0.031494140625,
0.01080322265625,
0.0233154296875,
0.00848388671875,
0.0361328125,
-0.00150299072265625,
-0.015869140625,
0.01141357421875,
0.0107421875,
0.0009918212890625,
-0.05322265625,
0.044921875,
-0.0157470703125,
0.00848388671875,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.00677490234375,
-0.01171875,
-0.0224609375,
0.0126953125,
-0.0179443359375,
0.015625,
-0.0634765625,
-0.017822265625,
0.0008392333984375,
0.044189453125,
-0.01953125,
0.037109375,
0.01953125,
0.018310546875,
-0.00811767578125,
0.0361328125,
0.008056640625,
0.02197265625,
0.0284423828125,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.017333984375,
0.041259765625,
-0.002044677734375,
-0.0556640625,
0.0169677734375,
-0.00738525390625,
-0.03955078125,
-0.04052734375,
0.00982666015625,
-0.01080322265625,
0.061279296875,
-0.05517578125,
-0.021240234375,
0.01220703125,
0.00164794921875,
-0.0267333984375,
0.033935546875,
0.04541015625,
0.061279296875,
0.017578125,
-0.022216796875,
0.0169677734375,
0.005859375,
0.0019989013671875,
0.004638671875,
0.019775390625,
-0.031494140625,
-0.056396484375,
-0.027099609375,
-0.05322265625,
0.039306640625,
0.016845703125,
-0.025146484375,
-0.0286865234375,
0.0634765625,
0.03076171875,
0.022705078125,
0.0042724609375,
-0.045166015625,
-0.00015163421630859375,
0.0252685546875,
0.0179443359375,
-0.01519775390625,
0.0380859375,
0.02734375,
-0.0341796875,
0.01507568359375,
0.018310546875,
0.0024871826171875,
-0.00616455078125,
-0.00677490234375,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.031005859375,
-0.06787109375,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.019775390625,
-0.00112152099609375,
0.004608154296875,
-0.03564453125,
-0.037353515625,
0.034912109375,
-0.04736328125,
-0.0224609375,
-0.044677734375,
0.0093994140625,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.01220703125,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.01434326171875,
0.2080078125,
0.060302734375,
0.01055908203125,
0.0086669921875,
-0.004547119140625,
0.033935546875,
-0.00099945068359375,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.0040283203125,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.014892578125,
-0.04052734375,
0.00811767578125,
0.0179443359375,
-0.0257568359375,
0.0181884765625,
-0.002105712890625,
-0.026611328125,
0.05224609375,
-0.048583984375,
-0.005584716796875,
-0.0067138671875,
-0.031005859375,
0.0556640625,
-0.0458984375,
-0.01123046875,
0.03564453125,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.0162353515625,
0.020751953125,
-0.0087890625,
0.0419921875,
-0.056884765625,
0.01123046875,
0.0145263671875,
0.04052734375,
-0.02294921875,
0.0322265625,
-0.040283203125,
0.0081787109375,
0.0546875,
0.05419921875,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.0361328125,
-0.033447265625,
0.0091552734375,
0.013427734375,
0.043212890625,
-0.061279296875,
0.0267333984375,
0.0048828125,
0.0439453125,
0.0133056640625,
-0.0439453125,
0.0029144287109375,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.0028533935546875,
0.035400390625,
-0.009033203125,
-0.005340576171875,
0.023193359375,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.0179443359375,
0.01092529296875,
0.0517578125,
-0.039306640625,
-0.035888671875,
0.0216064453125,
0.043212890625,
-0.011962890625,
0.020751953125,
0.004486083984375,
0.033935546875,
0.037353515625,
0.015380859375,
0.044921875,
-0.0033416748046875,
-0.018798828125,
-0.00164031982421875,
-0.010986328125,
0.046875,
-0.004180908203125,
0.060791015625,
0.029541015625,
-0.0146484375,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.0201416015625,
0.0322265625,
0.05419921875,
0.006683349609375,
-0.02001953125,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.01904296875
] |
Per Curiam:.
The defendant in this case filed a motion in Macomb Circuit Court in which a claim was made that venue in this action had been improperly laid. The circuit court denied the motion and the Court of Appeals affirmed that determination. Although we agree with the result reached by the circuit court and by the Court of Appeals, we issue this opinion to correct a misperception of the standard of review by the Court of Appeals.
I
The plaintiff purchased a chip harvester machine from the defendant in 1975. In 1977 the plaintiff filed a lawsuit in Macomb Circuit Court claiming, inter alia, that the machine had several defects which occasioned the payment of costs by the plaintiff and further deprived the plaintiff of business revenues.
The defendant answered the allegations in the plaintiff’s complaint but also moved for a change of venue claiming that venue was improperly laid in Macomb County. GCR 1963, 404.
The circuit court, after examining the record which included affidavits, found that venue was properly laid in Macomb County.
II
The Court of Appeals, in affirming, originally referred to this motion as one brought under GCR 1963, 403. In a subsequent order this error was corrected. However, the Court of Appeals made the following statement in its opinion:
"We review a trial court’s resolution of venue questions under an abuse of discretion standard. As stated in Hunter v Doe, 61 Mich App 465, 467; 233 NW2d 39 (1975):
" 'The grant or denial of a motion to change venue rests in the sound discretion of the trial court and will be reversed on appeal only in cases where there is a plain abuse of that discretion.’
"See also Three Lakes Ass’n v Whiting, 75 Mich App 564; 255 NW2d 686 (1977).”
The Court of Appeals then went on to find that the circuit court had not abused its discretion in denying the motion.
Ill
Hunter v Doe, 61 Mich App 465; 233 NW2d 39 (1975), and Three Lakes Ass’n v Whiting, 75 Mich App 564; 255 NW2d 686 (1977), are cases in which the question was whether venue should be changed though properly laid. The Court of Appeals decided that in such circumstances the standard of review is one of abuse of discretion. We need not decide the correctness of those decisions because that is not the situation here.
In the instant case, the claim was that venue was not properly laid. The circuit court, had it found that venue was improperly laid, would have had no discretion to refuse to transfer the case. Accordingly, the abuse of discretion standard is inapplicable. See DesJardin v Lynn, 6 Mich App 439, 443; 149 NW2d 228 (1967). The Court of Appeals, in cases such as the instant one, must review the lower court’s decision in order to determine whether that court clearly erred in ruling that venue was properly or improperly laid, not whether it abused its discretion.
IV
We do not, however, remand this matter to the Court of Appeals. Our review of the record convinces us that the circuit court did not err in denying the motion. Accordingly, pursuant to GCR 1963, 853.2(4), in lieu of granting leave to appeal, we affirm the decisions of the Macomb Circuit Court and of the Court of Appeals.
Costs to plaintiff.
Coleman, C.J., and Kavanagh, Williams, Levin, Fitzgerald, Ryan, and Blair Moody, Jr., JJ., concurred.
97 Mich App 616; 296 NW2d 125 (1980), and order of July 15, 1980, granting rehearing.
GCR 1963, 403 provides:
"The venue of any civil action properly laid, or of an appeal from any order, decision, or opinion of any state board, commission, or agency, authorized under the laws of this state to promulgate rules and regulations, may be changed to any other county by order of the court upon timely motion by one of the parties, for convenience of parties and witnesses, or, in the case of appellate review of the administrative proceedings aforementioned, for convenience of coun sel, or when an impartial trial cannot be had in the county wherein the action is pending.” | [
-0.027099609375,
0.00408935546875,
0.027099609375,
0.014404296875,
-0.08056640625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0133056640625,
0.00244140625,
-0.03173828125,
0.036865234375,
0.036865234375,
0.019287109375,
-0.005096435546875,
-0.0086669921875,
0.00860595703125,
-0.02685546875,
-0.0240478515625,
0.0205078125,
-0.00537109375,
0.04150390625,
0.0059814453125,
-0.000728607177734375,
-0.0283203125,
0.00732421875,
-0.0272216796875,
0.00098419189453125,
0.031494140625,
0.02197265625,
0.05859375,
0.037109375,
-0.0289306640625,
0.0032958984375,
0.0018310546875,
-0.00439453125,
-0.012939453125,
-0.0283203125,
0.0625,
-0.033935546875,
-0.004608154296875,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.015625,
-0.015380859375,
0.047119140625,
-0.031982421875,
-0.04833984375,
-0.03515625,
-0.0017242431640625,
-0.00732421875,
0.034912109375,
-0.04296875,
0.02001953125,
0.0198974609375,
-0.041015625,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.03564453125,
-0.035888671875,
-0.031005859375,
-0.00653076171875,
0.02783203125,
0.03369140625,
0.0177001953125,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.036376953125,
0.048583984375,
0.0106201171875,
0.004852294921875,
-0.0137939453125,
0.000789642333984375,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0008087158203125,
0.0218505859375,
-0.035400390625,
0.0189208984375,
0.018310546875,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.0228271484375,
0.054443359375,
0.027587890625,
-0.004425048828125,
0.0615234375,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.0390625,
0.01019287109375,
0.041259765625,
0.0179443359375,
0.031494140625,
0.01031494140625,
-0.0008392333984375,
0.04638671875,
-0.05712890625,
-0.0245361328125,
0.042236328125,
0.0654296875,
-0.00701904296875,
-0.0281982421875,
0.050537109375,
-0.04345703125,
0.00124359130859375,
0.038818359375,
0.0242919921875,
0.0673828125,
-0.0205078125,
0.0223388671875,
-0.000751495361328125,
0.003173828125,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.02783203125,
0.048583984375,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.04296875,
0.0279541015625,
0.0103759765625,
0.044677734375,
-0.0281982421875,
0.0029296875,
0.0576171875,
-0.0086669921875,
0.0267333984375,
-0.005859375,
0.0247802734375,
-0.00946044921875,
0.026123046875,
0.06494140625,
-0.009033203125,
0.0234375,
0.043212890625,
0.0020599365234375,
-0.00830078125,
-0.00067138671875,
0.052978515625,
0.0032501220703125,
0.021240234375,
0.010009765625,
0.0247802734375,
0.00010395050048828125,
0.036865234375,
0.002288818359375,
0.0072021484375,
0.046630859375,
0.03515625,
0.01312255859375,
0.00116729736328125,
0.021728515625,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.0263671875,
-0.038330078125,
0.0021514892578125,
0.0238037109375,
0.051025390625,
0.0291748046875,
0.0103759765625,
0.0005035400390625,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0017242431640625,
0.034423828125,
-0.005584716796875,
0.04443359375,
-0.043701171875,
0.0181884765625,
-0.03271484375,
0.02587890625,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.004425048828125,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.0089111328125,
0.0302734375,
-0.00689697265625,
-0.04736328125,
-0.029052734375,
0.0255126953125,
0.01123046875,
0.040771484375,
0.019287109375,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.00262451171875,
-0.049072265625,
0.0181884765625,
0.06689453125,
-0.004425048828125,
-0.0224609375,
0.0162353515625,
0.0003948211669921875,
-0.059814453125,
-0.02685546875,
-0.03173828125,
0.0283203125,
0.001739501953125,
-0.025634765625,
0.00848388671875,
0.01165771484375,
0.040283203125,
-0.0162353515625,
0.01953125,
0.00136566162109375,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.019775390625,
0.0419921875,
0.04248046875,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.043212890625,
0.0732421875,
-0.00390625,
-0.040771484375,
0.004730224609375,
0.0023651123046875,
-0.002593994140625,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.052001953125,
0.03564453125,
0.00787353515625,
0.004852294921875,
0.03076171875,
-0.039306640625,
0.0517578125,
-0.01483154296875,
0.0203857421875,
0.01080322265625,
0.028564453125,
-0.00101470947265625,
-0.0022125244140625,
0.038330078125,
0.04248046875,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.0032501220703125,
0.0009613037109375,
0.0201416015625,
0.026611328125,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.034912109375,
0.048828125,
0.02685546875,
0.0029296875,
0.00225830078125,
0.00506591796875,
0.03955078125,
0.0703125,
0.017333984375,
-0.0223388671875,
0.05615234375,
0.0003528594970703125,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.003143310546875,
0.01043701171875,
0.0169677734375,
0.029296875,
-0.0042724609375,
0.00738525390625,
0.017822265625,
-0.01123046875,
0.0257568359375,
0.032958984375,
-0.07080078125,
-0.050537109375,
0.044677734375,
0.0093994140625,
-0.06201171875,
-0.0089111328125,
0.0040283203125,
0.0177001953125,
0.0233154296875,
-0.0023651123046875,
-0.03515625,
-0.030029296875,
-0.04541015625,
-0.005462646484375,
-0.007415771484375,
0.004974365234375,
-0.033447265625,
-0.03271484375,
0.0157470703125,
-0.045654296875,
0.07861328125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0118408203125,
0.0274658203125,
-0.00116729736328125,
0.03564453125,
-0.048095703125,
0.06787109375,
-0.036376953125,
0.03759765625,
0.01318359375,
0.0703125,
-0.019287109375,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.054931640625,
0.0208740234375,
0.014892578125,
-0.02685546875,
-0.028076171875,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.03759765625,
-0.039306640625,
-0.026123046875,
-0.009765625,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.029296875,
0.00933837890625,
-0.03076171875,
-0.00173187255859375,
0.003204345703125,
0.021728515625,
-0.0135498046875,
0.031982421875,
0.00921630859375,
0.013916015625,
-0.0361328125,
0.060302734375,
-0.017578125,
-0.0091552734375,
0.01263427734375,
-0.05712890625,
-0.00567626953125,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.02587890625,
-0.0419921875,
0.00001800060272216797,
0.0302734375,
0.045166015625,
-0.08837890625,
0.00762939453125,
-0.05810546875,
-0.022705078125,
-0.02734375,
0.0054931640625,
0.0380859375,
0.0118408203125,
-0.003509521484375,
-0.01513671875,
-0.068359375,
-0.0216064453125,
0.010009765625,
0.05224609375,
-0.050537109375,
-0.009033203125,
0.002349853515625,
0.0079345703125,
0.05322265625,
0.00927734375,
-0.038818359375,
0.0076904296875,
-0.0184326171875,
0.00341796875,
0.00506591796875,
-0.019775390625,
0.033447265625,
-0.00506591796875,
0.006866455078125,
0.01470947265625,
-0.047119140625,
-0.032958984375,
0.02197265625,
0.0152587890625,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.025634765625,
-0.024658203125,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.0255126953125,
0.03759765625,
-0.025390625,
0.0150146484375,
0.0177001953125,
-0.0164794921875,
0.0145263671875,
-0.03515625,
-0.0615234375,
0.00860595703125,
-0.006103515625,
0.04296875,
0.00897216796875,
0.02587890625,
-0.0238037109375,
0.003753662109375,
0.0302734375,
0.0242919921875,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.039306640625,
0.00994873046875,
-0.00799560546875,
0.00131988525390625,
-0.0028076171875,
-0.052490234375,
0.03759765625,
0.0033111572265625,
-0.035888671875,
-0.017333984375,
0.033447265625,
0.021240234375,
0.0145263671875,
0.032958984375,
0.054931640625,
0.017333984375,
0.00872802734375,
0.036865234375,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.019775390625,
0.044677734375,
-0.023681640625,
0.015869140625,
-0.023193359375,
-0.006500244140625,
0.0281982421875,
0.046630859375,
0.034912109375,
0.001953125,
-0.03271484375,
0.00775146484375,
0.036376953125,
-0.011962890625,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.0322265625,
0.01953125,
0.01080322265625,
0.03759765625,
-0.0291748046875,
0.039306640625,
-0.06298828125,
0.01300048828125,
0.037109375,
-0.00714111328125,
-0.02978515625,
0.00872802734375,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.0234375,
0.099609375,
-0.01507568359375,
0.01361083984375,
-0.033935546875,
0.036376953125,
0.0128173828125,
0.032958984375,
-0.045654296875,
-0.060546875,
-0.0203857421875,
0.007568359375,
0.033203125,
0.04345703125,
-0.036376953125,
-0.01068115234375,
0.025634765625,
-0.053466796875,
0.0301513671875,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.0361328125,
0.00994873046875,
0.046142578125,
-0.0390625,
0.031005859375,
-0.04443359375,
0.06640625,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.038330078125,
-0.035888671875,
-0.003631591796875,
0.01177978515625,
0.0106201171875,
0.00653076171875,
0.051513671875,
-0.017578125,
0.00909423828125,
0.04345703125,
-0.028076171875,
-0.0107421875,
0.006195068359375,
-0.001495361328125,
0.0181884765625,
0.0166015625,
-0.0234375,
0.0213623046875,
0.00360107421875,
0.0299072265625,
-0.0113525390625,
0.0281982421875,
-0.04931640625,
-0.04541015625,
-0.047119140625,
0.017578125,
-0.00634765625,
0.031982421875,
0.0244140625,
0.0240478515625,
0.01068115234375,
0.00103759765625,
-0.05859375,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.037109375,
-0.0263671875,
0.01806640625,
0.0234375,
0.0206298828125,
-0.036865234375,
0.029541015625,
0.00506591796875,
0.03857421875,
-0.054443359375,
-0.043701171875,
-0.0166015625,
-0.00408935546875,
0.047607421875,
-0.006805419921875,
-0.006317138671875,
0.028564453125,
0.055419921875,
0.00909423828125,
-0.00250244140625,
0.050048828125,
0.0000362396240234375,
0.0301513671875,
0.0478515625,
0.0208740234375,
-0.042724609375,
-0.038330078125,
-0.02490234375,
-0.017822265625,
0.0184326171875,
0.01483154296875,
-0.02587890625,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.05615234375,
0.01708984375,
-0.0018463134765625,
-0.050048828125,
-0.03857421875,
0.00885009765625,
-0.000003844499588012695,
0.01507568359375,
0.00439453125,
-0.0135498046875,
0.03515625,
-0.0224609375,
0.0439453125,
0.013427734375,
0.006011962890625,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.0015869140625,
0.04150390625,
0.00885009765625,
0.00067138671875,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.0224609375,
-0.0302734375,
-0.023193359375,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.0322265625,
0.00677490234375,
0.01416015625,
-0.00665283203125,
-0.019775390625,
0.053466796875,
0.005096435546875,
0.032958984375,
0.04443359375,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.10009765625,
0.054931640625,
-0.0174560546875,
0.017578125,
-0.00762939453125,
0.04296875,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.023681640625,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.03759765625,
-0.0576171875,
0.0267333984375,
0.0010223388671875,
-0.00592041015625,
-0.030517578125,
-0.05029296875,
0.0301513671875,
-0.06982421875,
0.0015716552734375,
0.08740234375,
0.03369140625,
0.00885009765625,
-0.054443359375,
0.0218505859375,
0.039306640625,
-0.0478515625,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.0002803802490234375,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0537109375,
0.04736328125,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.0185546875,
0.01318359375,
0.020751953125,
-0.00860595703125,
0.034423828125,
-0.0380859375,
-0.0576171875,
-0.01336669921875,
0.059814453125,
0.01446533203125,
0.013916015625,
0.0174560546875,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.043212890625,
-0.000522613525390625,
0.0096435546875,
-0.051025390625,
-0.048095703125,
0.0169677734375,
0.041015625,
-0.04931640625,
0.03662109375,
0.03125,
-0.031982421875,
-0.027099609375,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.039794921875,
0.0274658203125,
0.021728515625,
-0.00299072265625,
0.03369140625,
0.0155029296875,
0.0045166015625,
0.0126953125,
-0.0302734375,
0.0196533203125,
-0.031005859375,
-0.0103759765625,
0.008056640625,
0.01177978515625,
-0.0234375,
-0.03515625,
0.0081787109375,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.0157470703125,
0.0255126953125,
-0.04248046875,
-0.0135498046875,
0.0167236328125,
0.0284423828125,
0.072265625,
-0.018310546875,
-0.00016880035400390625,
0.0286865234375,
0.01513671875,
-0.055908203125,
0.00518798828125,
-0.001739501953125,
0.0179443359375,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.078125,
-0.006072998046875,
0.035888671875,
0.02587890625,
0.0152587890625,
-0.02197265625,
0.004486083984375,
-0.0107421875,
0.01422119140625,
-0.00162506103515625,
0.03515625,
0.05029296875,
0.0146484375,
-0.0546875,
-0.03515625,
-0.007110595703125,
0.02880859375,
-0.00921630859375,
0.00927734375,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.0025177001953125,
-0.000244140625,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.0439453125,
-0.041015625,
-0.00101470947265625,
0.030517578125,
0.011474609375,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.017333984375,
0.026123046875,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.0230712890625,
0.00494384765625,
-0.037841796875,
0.035888671875,
0.00592041015625,
-0.054443359375,
0.0006561279296875,
0.057373046875,
0.043701171875,
0.01361083984375,
-0.033447265625,
0.039306640625,
0.035888671875,
-0.0400390625,
-0.000942230224609375,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.06787109375,
-0.0032958984375,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0064697265625,
0.032470703125,
0.025390625,
0.001922607421875,
-0.031005859375,
0.012451171875,
0.01434326171875,
-0.0174560546875,
0.0059814453125,
-0.0279541015625,
0.0279541015625,
0.042724609375,
0.033203125,
-0.00457763671875,
0.01190185546875,
0.00150299072265625,
0.001953125,
-0.0002460479736328125,
0.049072265625,
0.006622314453125,
0.0115966796875,
-0.0240478515625,
0.006591796875,
-0.043212890625,
-0.047119140625,
0.01312255859375,
0.052490234375,
0.00946044921875,
-0.0205078125,
0.018798828125,
-0.024658203125,
-0.024658203125,
0.0654296875,
-0.035888671875,
-0.052978515625,
0.044189453125,
0.05322265625,
0.015380859375,
-0.01068115234375,
0.01422119140625,
-0.027099609375,
0.01611328125,
0.003631591796875,
0.008544921875,
0.026123046875,
0.00897216796875,
0.0732421875,
-0.0032958984375,
-0.04345703125,
0.004364013671875,
0.0205078125,
-0.0615234375,
-0.04296875,
-0.01318359375,
0.0400390625,
0.0194091796875,
-0.003509521484375,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.00162506103515625,
-0.060546875,
0.001953125,
0.0034027099609375,
0.004241943359375,
-0.00982666015625,
0.000059604644775390625,
-0.05859375,
-0.0087890625,
-0.00457763671875,
0.0123291015625,
0.011962890625,
-0.04248046875,
-0.0498046875,
0.00567626953125,
0.0263671875,
-0.0179443359375,
0.02197265625,
0.01513671875,
-0.0283203125,
-0.055908203125,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.028076171875,
0.0233154296875,
0.0157470703125,
0.01397705078125,
0.0081787109375,
0.04150390625,
0.039794921875,
0.03515625,
0.03662109375,
0.0032196044921875,
-0.04248046875,
0.00518798828125,
-0.053955078125,
-0.044189453125,
0.05615234375,
-0.021484375,
-0.0012969970703125,
0.040283203125,
-0.03515625,
-0.03125,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.046630859375,
0.025390625,
-0.00396728515625,
-0.0029296875,
-0.046630859375,
0.0126953125,
0.035400390625,
0.01397705078125,
0.00135040283203125,
0.0185546875,
0.0191650390625,
0.053466796875,
0.021484375,
0.01507568359375,
0.03515625,
0.026611328125,
-0.0380859375,
-0.01446533203125,
0.031982421875,
0.05126953125,
-0.0101318359375,
0.0155029296875,
0.019775390625,
0.004974365234375,
0.0042724609375,
0.0186767578125,
-0.007568359375,
-0.07373046875,
0.03271484375,
-0.0184326171875,
0.0703125,
-0.034912109375,
-0.00127410888671875,
0.0218505859375,
-0.00531005859375,
-0.06787109375,
0.039306640625,
0.0220947265625,
0.0018463134765625,
0.004913330078125,
0.023681640625,
0.005523681640625,
-0.01031494140625,
0.043212890625,
-0.0186767578125,
0.026123046875,
0.033447265625,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0284423828125,
0.02197265625,
-0.008056640625,
-0.034423828125,
-0.02685546875,
-0.0142822265625,
0.010009765625,
-0.0015869140625,
0.021484375,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0037689208984375,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.034423828125,
0.00408935546875,
0.02734375,
0.013671875,
-0.010498046875,
-0.027587890625,
-0.015869140625,
0.006591796875,
-0.00025177001953125,
-0.03076171875,
0.01202392578125,
0.000514984130859375,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0595703125,
-0.03857421875,
0.01470947265625,
0.0147705078125,
-0.0255126953125,
0.0025482177734375,
-0.005523681640625,
0.0234375,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.035888671875,
0.01446533203125,
0.038818359375,
0.025146484375,
0.02685546875,
0.02001953125,
0.0260009765625,
0.0084228515625,
-0.0101318359375,
-0.0296630859375,
0.0242919921875,
-0.04541015625,
-0.01953125,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.0120849609375,
0.005096435546875,
0.006561279296875,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.08056640625,
0.0179443359375,
0.0029754638671875,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.04150390625,
-0.022216796875,
0.01171875,
-0.024658203125,
-0.05859375,
0.259765625,
0.01324462890625,
-0.029052734375,
0.011962890625,
0.0078125,
0.047607421875,
0.02197265625,
-0.010009765625,
-0.03369140625,
0.0169677734375,
0.0108642578125,
-0.047119140625,
-0.007110595703125,
0.03271484375,
0.029296875,
0.007415771484375,
-0.06494140625,
-0.031982421875,
0.040283203125,
-0.0439453125,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.0146484375,
-0.040283203125,
0.06396484375,
0.0220947265625,
-0.017578125,
0.004150390625,
-0.056396484375,
-0.035400390625,
-0.04248046875,
-0.007110595703125,
-0.046142578125,
0.0361328125,
-0.024169921875,
-0.01300048828125,
0.0225830078125,
0.018798828125,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0137939453125,
0.0074462890625,
0.03466796875,
0.00089263916015625,
0.00079345703125,
-0.00133514404296875,
-0.0062255859375,
0.0281982421875,
-0.0458984375,
0.052490234375,
0.09228515625,
-0.0294189453125,
0.04833984375,
0.01263427734375,
0.01397705078125,
0.00531005859375,
-0.04296875,
0.032470703125,
-0.00274658203125,
0.0030059814453125,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.0250244140625,
0.0050048828125,
0.030029296875,
-0.015869140625,
0.05078125,
-0.03076171875,
0.0091552734375,
0.0556640625,
0.01226806640625,
-0.0299072265625,
0.00103759765625,
0.000530242919921875,
0.017822265625,
0.0067138671875,
-0.0279541015625,
0.0257568359375,
0.008056640625,
-0.0093994140625,
0.00616455078125,
0.042724609375,
-0.053466796875,
0.0035552978515625,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0166015625,
0.03515625,
0.0439453125,
0.0103759765625,
-0.004241943359375,
-0.04052734375,
-0.04296875,
-0.0026702880859375,
0.004119873046875,
0.0002288818359375,
0.00579833984375,
-0.01904296875,
-0.000713348388671875
] |
Fellows, J.
Since this case was heard in the court below the original plaintiff has died, and the case has been revived in this court in the name of the administrator of her estate. However, when we use the word plaintiff we shall refer to the original plaintiff. Plaintiff resided at Moodus, Connecticut, but loaned money and owned property in Bay county. She and her husband had dealings with defendant Andrew S. Burgeson, which resulted in litigation reaching this court (Balen v. Burgeson, 187 Mich. 621). In that case the bill was filed to foreclose a land contract and the claims of the parties will be found stated in the opinion. In that case this court found the facts to be as claimed by the complainant and affirmed a decree foreclosing the land contract. Before that litigation terminated defendant Andrew S. purchased two outstanding tax titles for the taxes of 1911 and had the quitclaim deeds taken in the name of his son. The tax titles were of different portions of the land. The son conveyed the entire premises in question to defendants. While the fact that Andrew S. furnished the money to acquire these titles is denied, we are convinced that he did. Before defendant’s son deeded to them he gave the notice of reconveyance provided for in section 4138, 1 Comp. Laws 1915, plaintiff’s agent went to the office of the county clerk and paid to him the amount fixed by him as necessary to redeem. The clerk in computing the amount due overlooked the sheriff’s fees.
Upon the hearing o’f the case defendants sought to again try out the disputed questions of fact involved in and settled by Balen v. Burgeson, supra. The trial judge quite properly held that this could not be done. . There were three issues before the court below and they are before us on this appeal.
In 1911 defendant was in possession of the premises in question as vendee under a land contract. This contract could not be found. Defendant claims he was not obligated by its terms to pay the taxes, but the attorney for plaintiff in the former case, a man of high standing at the bar and of unquestioned probity, testified to the contrary; he also testified that while the contract was not printed at length in the record in the other case it was used and was before this court, and in the opinion in the former case it was said:
“After the deed was made, complainant paid the taxes until 1901, when the contract was made, providing that defendant should pay them.”
We are satisfied that defendant is wrong in his contention and that by the terms of the contract he was required to pay the taxes. He defaulted in his agreement, did not pay the taxes for 1911, and now seeks to profit by his default and claim under tax titles which he acquired in the name of his son while he was still in possession under the terms of his contract.
Defendant can not defeat plaintiff’s title by setting up this title which he acquired in his son’s name while he was in possession of the premises under the terms of a contract by and in which he had agreed to pay the taxes, such title having come into existence solely by his own default, which default set the machinery of the State in motion resulting and ripening into the title he now claims. This is well settled by numerous decisions of this court but a fragment of which we cite. Lacey v. Davis, 4 Mich. 140 (66 Am. Dec. 524); Page v. Webster, 8 Mich. 263 (77 Am. Dec. 446); Cooley v. Waterman, 16 Mich. 366; Ward v. Nestell, 113 Mich. 185; Hubbard v. Shepard, 117 Mich. 25 (72 Am. St. Rep. 548); Sleight v. Roe, 125 Mich. 585; Clippinger v. Auditor General, 135 Mich. 1; Dahlem v. Abbott, 146 Mich. 605. The case of Napper v. Fitzpatrick, 194 Mich. 175, relied upon by defendant, is not at all out of accord with this view; it expressly recognizes and sustains it and relief was there granted on other grounds. Nor is Jeffrey v. Hursh, 45 Mich. 59, which is particularly stressed, in point. Here there was no bona fide contest over the title between the parties in 1911 when these taxes were not paid and here there was a duty resting on defendant by his own agreement to pay the taxes for that year. When defendant himself paid for these tax titles he but paid his own debt and the payment operated as a redemption.
Plaintiff’s agent went to the county clerk, the officer named in the statute (1 Comp. Laws 1915,- § 4139) to receive the money on the redemption of the premises from the sale, and paid the sum fixed by him as necessary to redeem. The clerk by mistake omitted a small item. Should the plaintiff be required to pay the penalty of this mistake of a public official by losing her farm? This court has correctly answered this question in the negative in at least three eases: Clippinger v. Auditor General, supra; O’Connor v. Gottschalk, 148 Mich. 450; Burch v. Nippress, 213 Mich. 185. In the Clippinger Case the mistake was made by the auditor general. It was there said:
“The auditor general, under a mistaken view of the law, did not figure sufficient interest by 41 cents. It would be a reproach to the law to hold that, under these circumstances, an owner can be deprived of his property, through no fault of his own, but through a mistake of an officer of the law. Six years after such sale the relator seeks to take advantage of the barest technicality, and deprive the owner of his land. Such claim is without equity or reason, and the dis cretionary writ of mandamus should not be permitted to accomplish such a wrong.”
In the other cases the mistake was made by the county clerk. While plaintiff still owes this small sum and should pay it, her attempted redemption of the premises was not rendered abortive by accepting the figures given by the county clerk.
Defendants claim that some work has been done on the farm to make it more suitable for cultivation and gave testimony as to the value of the work but gave no testimony that the value of the premises has been enhanced thereby. However, as we have pointed out, when defendant purchased these tax titles, he but paid the taxes he had agreed to pay; his payment operated as a redemption; when he entered upon the premises he had no title thereto; he was a trespasser (Clugston v. Rogers, 203 Mich. 339). And in the absence of proof that the value of the premises has been increased by such labor, we would not be justified in making an allowance for it. Cleland v. Clark, 123 Mich. 179 (81 Am. St. Rep. 161); Patten v. Downer, 227 Mich. 95. In the last cited case it was said:
“In so far as the value of the premises is enhanced by these permanent improvements defendant Downer should respond, if plaintiff is entitled to recover at all, less the rental value of the premises during plaintiff’s occupancy. But we are cited to no authority which authorizes a recovery for plaintiff’s labor in attempting to cultivate the farm, which in no way enhanced the value of the premises returned to defendant Downer and which was not necessary to keep the farm in its then condition.”
The decree will be affirmed, with costs.
Clark, C. J., and McDonald, Bird, Sharpe, Moore, Steere, and Wiest, JJ., concurred. | [
-0.006866455078125,
0.020751953125,
0.01300048828125,
0.016357421875,
-0.046630859375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.01031494140625,
0.0177001953125,
0.0439453125,
0.060302734375,
0.001129150390625,
0.026611328125,
0.006195068359375,
0.00933837890625,
-0.02880859375,
-0.02783203125,
0.005096435546875,
-0.0191650390625,
0.038818359375,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.00019550323486328125,
-0.0537109375,
-0.01446533203125,
0.0035552978515625,
-0.0159912109375,
0.03369140625,
-0.0283203125,
0.060546875,
0.03564453125,
-0.00159454345703125,
-0.00151824951171875,
-0.001953125,
0.003814697265625,
0.004302978515625,
0.0101318359375,
0.044921875,
-0.0810546875,
0.0208740234375,
-0.0247802734375,
0.0036468505859375,
-0.00982666015625,
0.025146484375,
-0.0478515625,
-0.0380859375,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.033203125,
-0.05615234375,
0.00439453125,
-0.02783203125,
-0.0019989013671875,
-0.00531005859375,
0.005615234375,
-0.024658203125,
0.01220703125,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.022216796875,
0.015625,
0.011962890625,
0.0235595703125,
-0.02099609375,
0.006927490234375,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.0038299560546875,
0.034912109375,
0.006744384765625,
-0.0128173828125,
0.0303955078125,
-0.035888671875,
0.00433349609375,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.0059814453125,
-0.0296630859375,
0.0036773681640625,
-0.0036773681640625,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.02978515625,
-0.00732421875,
0.00946044921875,
0.00946044921875,
-0.002838134765625,
0.0478515625,
0.006927490234375,
-0.042724609375,
0.000324249267578125,
-0.012939453125,
0.005950927734375,
0.0220947265625,
0.0079345703125,
-0.0177001953125,
0.058349609375,
0.0042724609375,
0.00811767578125,
0.041259765625,
0.044189453125,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.002197265625,
0.0225830078125,
0.00634765625,
0.0184326171875,
0.01397705078125,
-0.020751953125,
0.08642578125,
-0.01226806640625,
0.01153564453125,
-0.050537109375,
-0.0052490234375,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.032958984375,
0.0172119140625,
-0.00970458984375,
0.04541015625,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0277099609375,
0.004058837890625,
-0.00274658203125,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0732421875,
0.0013885498046875,
0.043212890625,
-0.014404296875,
0.02294921875,
-0.048583984375,
0.00139617919921875,
0.048828125,
-0.01483154296875,
0.0283203125,
-0.016845703125,
-0.00506591796875,
0.0242919921875,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.0269775390625,
0.0164794921875,
0.000701904296875,
0.0125732421875,
0.036865234375,
0.0028533935546875,
0.0186767578125,
-0.0026092529296875,
0.042724609375,
-0.006500244140625,
-0.039794921875,
0.038818359375,
0.0306396484375,
0.04541015625,
0.0014801025390625,
0.00921630859375,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.05810546875,
0.0361328125,
0.04638671875,
0.024658203125,
0.037353515625,
-0.00958251953125,
0.046875,
-0.0284423828125,
0.00811767578125,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.01397705078125,
0.046875,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.015625,
-0.0021514892578125,
0.00634765625,
0.038330078125,
-0.018798828125,
-0.0306396484375,
0.0478515625,
0.0235595703125,
-0.06689453125,
-0.0152587890625,
0.04541015625,
0.0076904296875,
0.054931640625,
-0.01171875,
-0.028076171875,
0.017822265625,
0.0028228759765625,
0.0260009765625,
0.040771484375,
0.001007080078125,
0.01153564453125,
-0.02783203125,
-0.000583648681640625,
-0.036376953125,
-0.018798828125,
-0.01470947265625,
0.0079345703125,
0.0111083984375,
-0.004302978515625,
0.028564453125,
0.0000934600830078125,
0.036865234375,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.01513671875,
-0.004974365234375,
0.0181884765625,
-0.04248046875,
0.017822265625,
0.018798828125,
0.052734375,
0.006683349609375,
-0.049072265625,
0.0673828125,
0.01470947265625,
-0.01513671875,
0.01263427734375,
-0.024658203125,
-0.006927490234375,
-0.0074462890625,
-0.0380859375,
-0.018310546875,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0125732421875,
0.0294189453125,
-0.0264892578125,
0.035400390625,
-0.0185546875,
0.0286865234375,
-0.026123046875,
0.005950927734375,
-0.021728515625,
-0.0174560546875,
0.068359375,
0.006500244140625,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.01019287109375,
0.0069580078125,
-0.003875732421875,
0.046142578125,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.029296875,
0.0380859375,
0.026611328125,
-0.01025390625,
0.030029296875,
-0.037353515625,
0.034423828125,
0.0478515625,
0.0186767578125,
-0.004638671875,
0.021484375,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.0244140625,
-0.002685546875,
0.01708984375,
-0.031005859375,
0.019287109375,
-0.0289306640625,
0.0341796875,
0.006805419921875,
0.001129150390625,
0.04052734375,
0.00099945068359375,
-0.053466796875,
-0.0380859375,
0.052490234375,
0.009521484375,
-0.0283203125,
-0.006317138671875,
0.0361328125,
-0.034423828125,
0.0712890625,
0.0038604736328125,
-0.00732421875,
-0.040771484375,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.010009765625,
0.0081787109375,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.02001953125,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.0625,
0.0111083984375,
-0.03662109375,
0.01202392578125,
0.00188446044921875,
-0.003448486328125,
0.0284423828125,
-0.050048828125,
0.057861328125,
-0.023193359375,
0.038330078125,
0.0005035400390625,
0.0234375,
0.0089111328125,
-0.046142578125,
-0.03466796875,
-0.00506591796875,
0.033203125,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.006866455078125,
-0.03759765625,
-0.033935546875,
-0.032958984375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.058837890625,
0.037109375,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.0281982421875,
0.01470947265625,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.005645751953125,
0.01275634765625,
-0.010498046875,
0.034912109375,
0.0234375,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.020751953125,
0.083984375,
-0.015869140625,
-0.022705078125,
0.005157470703125,
-0.05810546875,
0.00970458984375,
-0.005218505859375,
-0.028564453125,
-0.010498046875,
-0.001495361328125,
0.035888671875,
0.041748046875,
-0.08203125,
-0.019287109375,
-0.041015625,
-0.025146484375,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.045166015625,
0.01177978515625,
0.006561279296875,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.032470703125,
0.0020599365234375,
0.0223388671875,
0.04541015625,
-0.00518798828125,
-0.006103515625,
0.0179443359375,
0.0203857421875,
0.045654296875,
0.0146484375,
-0.00726318359375,
-0.015380859375,
0.0004062652587890625,
-0.0223388671875,
0.0101318359375,
-0.0419921875,
0.041015625,
-0.025634765625,
0.0218505859375,
0.01336669921875,
-0.00384521484375,
-0.02783203125,
0.03662109375,
0.01116943359375,
0.033447265625,
-0.02197265625,
0.01519775390625,
-0.03173828125,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.0152587890625,
0.0233154296875,
-0.028564453125,
0.0498046875,
0.060546875,
-0.03662109375,
0.036376953125,
-0.036865234375,
-0.06298828125,
0.006439208984375,
0.0155029296875,
0.0284423828125,
-0.00102996826171875,
0.0274658203125,
-0.01300048828125,
0.0145263671875,
0.038330078125,
0.049072265625,
-0.0052490234375,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.00017547607421875,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.015869140625,
-0.001312255859375,
-0.0274658203125,
0.02001953125,
-0.007232666015625,
-0.003570556640625,
-0.0164794921875,
0.0322265625,
-0.00531005859375,
-0.00921630859375,
0.01055908203125,
0.032470703125,
0.0289306640625,
0.01129150390625,
0.025634765625,
-0.08984375,
0.0311279296875,
-0.058837890625,
0.032470703125,
-0.037109375,
0.00897216796875,
0.006195068359375,
-0.0016937255859375,
0.005950927734375,
0.0103759765625,
0.033447265625,
0.0164794921875,
-0.040283203125,
-0.0016632080078125,
0.029052734375,
0.01397705078125,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.035400390625,
0.0303955078125,
0.0595703125,
0.033935546875,
-0.0311279296875,
0.042236328125,
-0.036376953125,
0.0166015625,
0.0036773681640625,
-0.001739501953125,
0.0225830078125,
0.0225830078125,
-0.0223388671875,
0.0260009765625,
0.040283203125,
-0.0130615234375,
0.00714111328125,
-0.0184326171875,
0.0245361328125,
0.0111083984375,
0.06298828125,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.036865234375,
0.000579833984375,
0.00009012222290039062,
0.0205078125,
0.018310546875,
0.036376953125,
0.0264892578125,
-0.0023193359375,
-0.0306396484375,
0.03271484375,
0.01373291015625,
-0.0595703125,
0.0012664794921875,
0.05322265625,
-0.04345703125,
0.0400390625,
-0.02880859375,
0.0284423828125,
-0.01708984375,
-0.00531005859375,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.0050048828125,
0.0283203125,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.00994873046875,
0.04931640625,
-0.005462646484375,
0.00579833984375,
0.0286865234375,
0.006927490234375,
-0.052734375,
0.0286865234375,
0.00174713134765625,
-0.00579833984375,
0.0029144287109375,
-0.03564453125,
0.04736328125,
0.0003948211669921875,
0.007659912109375,
-0.006134033203125,
0.0252685546875,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.0380859375,
-0.0380859375,
0.00421142578125,
-0.023193359375,
-0.027587890625,
0.04248046875,
-0.017333984375,
0.01287841796875,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.031005859375,
0.0020599365234375,
-0.0654296875,
-0.04443359375,
-0.00113677978515625,
-0.000392913818359375,
0.0234375,
0.0018157958984375,
0.0133056640625,
0.0015411376953125,
0.004730224609375,
-0.033447265625,
-0.041748046875,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.0184326171875,
0.0634765625,
-0.021240234375,
0.001922607421875,
0.01434326171875,
0.04296875,
0.0203857421875,
0.003387451171875,
0.07421875,
0.01263427734375,
0.018310546875,
0.057861328125,
0.0419921875,
-0.02197265625,
-0.06494140625,
-0.02490234375,
-0.0224609375,
-0.0026702880859375,
0.03173828125,
0.035888671875,
-0.0057373046875,
-0.0400390625,
-0.021728515625,
0.007720947265625,
-0.051025390625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.03173828125,
0.029541015625,
0.036376953125,
-0.00677490234375,
0.00125885009765625,
0.004669189453125,
-0.05517578125,
0.06201171875,
0.00156402587890625,
0.00689697265625,
-0.05322265625,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.0189208984375,
0.025390625,
0.02685546875,
0.0218505859375,
-0.0322265625,
-0.046142578125,
-0.00787353515625,
0.018310546875,
-0.0263671875,
-0.034912109375,
-0.01318359375,
-0.03271484375,
0.01507568359375,
0.05908203125,
-0.0098876953125,
0.005462646484375,
-0.037109375,
-0.0179443359375,
0.03564453125,
-0.0537109375,
0.005157470703125,
-0.087890625,
0.0159912109375,
-0.04296875,
-0.001983642578125,
-0.013916015625,
0.040283203125,
0.01287841796875,
0.00174713134765625,
-0.034912109375,
-0.0302734375,
-0.068359375,
-0.040283203125,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.039794921875,
0.055419921875,
-0.01153564453125,
0.037841796875,
0.0771484375,
-0.00958251953125,
0.00872802734375,
-0.05615234375,
0.03271484375,
0.01806640625,
-0.029296875,
-0.007781982421875,
-0.0205078125,
0.0224609375,
-0.046142578125,
-0.017822265625,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.034423828125,
0.04150390625,
0.0145263671875,
-0.0064697265625,
-0.007293701171875,
-0.051025390625,
-0.006805419921875,
-0.0228271484375,
0.0247802734375,
0.0223388671875,
-0.00153350830078125,
0.031982421875,
-0.046142578125,
-0.00732421875,
0.03466796875,
0.03466796875,
-0.01708984375,
-0.0654296875,
0.026611328125,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.009033203125,
0.047607421875,
0.037353515625,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.04296875,
-0.02294921875,
-0.04736328125,
0.028076171875,
0.040283203125,
-0.04541015625,
0.000972747802734375,
-0.0040283203125,
-0.01495361328125,
0.0247802734375,
-0.022216796875,
0.036865234375,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.057861328125,
0.0281982421875,
-0.002471923828125,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.00604248046875,
-0.0233154296875,
0.01123046875,
0.0177001953125,
-0.0031890869140625,
-0.036376953125,
-0.01019287109375,
0.036376953125,
0.0654296875,
-0.008544921875,
-0.0191650390625,
0.0108642578125,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.055908203125,
-0.0032958984375,
-0.032958984375,
0.03515625,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0859375,
-0.003997802734375,
0.05810546875,
0.00009775161743164062,
0.0751953125,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0693359375,
0.00738525390625,
0.047607421875,
-0.053955078125,
0.0189208984375,
0.00897216796875,
0.01202392578125,
-0.052734375,
-0.0400390625,
0.017578125,
0.0654296875,
-0.0230712890625,
0.054931640625,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.0026702880859375,
0.0027313232421875,
-0.035400390625,
-0.042724609375,
0.0016326904296875,
-0.01251220703125,
0.0079345703125,
0.0166015625,
0.01092529296875,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.0157470703125,
0.0242919921875,
-0.058837890625,
0.019287109375,
0.00897216796875,
0.0458984375,
0.0113525390625,
0.002593994140625,
0.0185546875,
0.01611328125,
-0.01361083984375,
0.013916015625,
-0.03857421875,
0.01385498046875,
0.0037384033203125,
0.018310546875,
-0.004669189453125,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.0125732421875,
0.004302978515625,
0.031005859375,
0.06396484375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.038330078125,
0.00653076171875,
0.019287109375,
-0.042236328125,
0.00860595703125,
-0.044921875,
-0.00360107421875,
-0.00787353515625,
0.047607421875,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.035888671875,
0.0162353515625,
0.03759765625,
0.0235595703125,
0.0107421875,
-0.003082275390625,
0.0166015625,
-0.00921630859375,
0.03076171875,
-0.024169921875,
-0.017333984375,
-0.022216796875,
0.008544921875,
0.046630859375,
-0.0135498046875,
0.0223388671875,
-0.01123046875,
-0.05517578125,
0.033203125,
-0.03955078125,
-0.060302734375,
0.033935546875,
0.005767822265625,
0.014404296875,
-0.026123046875,
0.0019989013671875,
-0.0157470703125,
0.033935546875,
-0.0361328125,
-0.020751953125,
-0.013916015625,
0.022216796875,
0.043212890625,
0.035400390625,
0.0093994140625,
0.004425048828125,
0.00032806396484375,
-0.044677734375,
-0.035888671875,
-0.042724609375,
0.0274658203125,
-0.0166015625,
-0.02880859375,
-0.012939453125,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.08642578125,
0.046142578125,
0.003326416015625,
0.0194091796875,
-0.0022125244140625,
0.00823974609375,
-0.04541015625,
0.0205078125,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.0034027099609375,
-0.022216796875,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.058837890625,
0.0103759765625,
0.033203125,
0.003143310546875,
0.0498046875,
0.006683349609375,
0.0086669921875,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.021240234375,
-0.041259765625,
0.04638671875,
0.0302734375,
0.03857421875,
-0.00151824951171875,
0.043701171875,
0.01129150390625,
0.052001953125,
0.02490234375,
0.04248046875,
0.0101318359375,
0.01190185546875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.000820159912109375,
0.03759765625,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.042236328125,
0.006011962890625,
-0.04833984375,
-0.03466796875,
-0.03857421875,
-0.03076171875,
0.001373291015625,
-0.006011962890625,
0.01519775390625,
-0.0458984375,
-0.048583984375,
0.013427734375,
0.0208740234375,
0.021728515625,
0.0091552734375,
0.03662109375,
0.03369140625,
0.0186767578125,
0.0029144287109375,
0.03466796875,
0.033447265625,
-0.0478515625,
-0.0289306640625,
0.0244140625,
0.0169677734375,
-0.0181884765625,
0.005889892578125,
0.0247802734375,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.025634765625,
-0.013916015625,
0.0023956298828125,
-0.06201171875,
0.01318359375,
-0.0194091796875,
0.0257568359375,
-0.039794921875,
0.0093994140625,
0.01214599609375,
-0.02294921875,
-0.0281982421875,
0.0228271484375,
0.034912109375,
0.054931640625,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.0020294189453125,
0.005126953125,
0.034423828125,
0.059814453125,
-0.0322265625,
0.01519775390625,
0.01544189453125,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.021484375,
0.033935546875,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.047607421875,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.006317138671875,
0.0191650390625,
-0.00250244140625,
0.005035400390625,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0011138916015625,
0.016845703125,
-0.048583984375,
0.0031280517578125,
0.00921630859375,
0.053955078125,
0.00323486328125,
-0.0439453125,
0.0234375,
-0.021484375,
0.0284423828125,
-0.0380859375,
0.046630859375,
0.048828125,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0205078125,
0.01409912109375,
0.0024261474609375,
-0.0240478515625,
0.019775390625,
0.0032958984375,
0.0133056640625,
-0.035888671875,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.0130615234375,
0.013427734375,
0.02978515625,
0.0152587890625,
0.0185546875,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.0001850128173828125,
0.003814697265625,
0.006561279296875,
0.0118408203125,
0.03125,
-0.004486083984375,
-0.051513671875,
-0.028564453125,
-0.046875,
-0.04296875,
0.00921630859375,
0.01055908203125,
0.01544189453125,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.018798828125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.02392578125,
-0.01177978515625,
0.0294189453125,
0.0279541015625,
-0.05322265625,
0.28515625,
0.026123046875,
0.004547119140625,
-0.0137939453125,
0.031982421875,
0.03662109375,
0.00170135498046875,
0.031494140625,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.006927490234375,
-0.021240234375,
0.0194091796875,
-0.013427734375,
0.01416015625,
0.014404296875,
0.0218505859375,
-0.00946044921875,
0.0311279296875,
0.01416015625,
-0.033447265625,
0.0211181640625,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.0257568359375,
0.0986328125,
0.038330078125,
0.01458740234375,
0.0135498046875,
-0.0947265625,
-0.031005859375,
-0.037109375,
0.0216064453125,
-0.0634765625,
0.03076171875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0185546875,
0.048583984375,
0.058837890625,
0.03173828125,
-0.0011138916015625,
-0.0038299560546875,
0.0076904296875,
0.03369140625,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.0213623046875,
0.00070953369140625,
0.01165771484375,
-0.033203125,
0.07568359375,
0.0625,
-0.016845703125,
0.0322265625,
0.0242919921875,
0.02490234375,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.00164031982421875,
0.01904296875,
0.02001953125,
-0.041259765625,
-0.0595703125,
0.00811767578125,
0.019287109375,
0.00982666015625,
0.07177734375,
-0.0067138671875,
0.0274658203125,
0.03515625,
0.0126953125,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.0184326171875,
0.00885009765625,
-0.0311279296875,
-0.00408935546875,
0.0693359375,
0.0169677734375,
-0.03466796875,
0.031005859375,
0.044677734375,
0.0031890869140625,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.04931640625,
-0.01708984375,
0.034423828125,
0.036376953125,
0.001495361328125,
0.006927490234375,
-0.034912109375,
0.006317138671875,
0.005859375,
0.015869140625,
0.0179443359375,
0.00897216796875,
-0.005157470703125,
-0.00653076171875
] |
Bird, J.
Lincoln Hosner was employed by the village of Romeo as a laborer. On November 22, 1922, he received an injury known as a Potts fracture of the left ankle. The fracture was timely reduced and he thereafter appeared to be improving as rapidly and satisfactorily as a man of 61 years of age would be expected to improve. A month later, on December 22d, without warning he died very suddenly. After the injury the village recognized its liability and agreed to an award of $14 a week. After his decease his wife, the plaintiff, made application to the board of labor and industry for a death award. An arbitration hearing resulted in a denial of the claim. The order of denial was filed on October 9th, and notice thereof sent to the interested parties on October 10th. The ten days provided for appeal expired and no appeal was taken. On October 22d a claim for review and a petition for extension of time were filed on behalf of plaintiff. The motion for an extension of time was denied by the same commissioner who had sat in the arbitration hearing. A claim for review from this holding was filed. A second • claim for review and petition for extension of time were filed and the full board considered the motion for extension and allowed it. Afterwards it heard the claim upon its merits and made a death award. Defendants assign the following errors:
(1) The order of the deputy commissioner in acting on the petition for extension of time within which to claim review was either without authority, or as the department of labor and industry.
(2) No cause was shown as a matter of law for an extension of time within which to claim review.
(8) Considering all proceedings to have been regular the order of the department of labor and industry must be vacated for want of support.
The statutory authority of the board for extending the time in which to claim a review is the following:
“Unless a claim for a review is filed by either party within ten days, the decision shall stand as the decision of the industrial accident board: Provided, That said industrial accident board may, for sufficient cause shown, grant further time in which to claim such review.” 2 Comp. Laws 1915, § 5461, as amended by Act No. 64, Pub. Acts 1919 (Comp. Laws Supp. 1922, § 5461).
We are impressed that the deputy commissioner would have no authority to act under this provision. The legislature expressly conferred that power on the industrial accident board. To authorize an extension of time to claim a review would require the action of the board. It is the board that is to exercise its discretion instead of a deputy, or any member thereof. It is quite likely that the board later reached the same conclusion because it considered the application and allowed the extension, the same as though the deputy had not heard and decided it. The order of the deputy denying the extension had no validity, and the board appears to have so treated it.
The claim is made that no sufficient cause was shown for an extension. The petition of plaintiff shows, in substance, that she instructed her counsel to file a claim of review in case the commissioners should decide against her. She further shows that she relied upon her counsel to make the claim of ap peal, and that she was in no way responsible for his failure to do so. The affidavit of Mr. Weeks, in support of the petition, shows that he had charge of the matter, and was instructed by plaintiff to claim a review in case the decision was adverse. He further shows that on the 15th of the month he was engaged in important litigation in the circuit court, which continued until about the 20th. That the notice of the result of the arbitration came to his office, but was mislaid, and was not called to his attention until thfe 20th. That immediately thereafter he prepared the claim for appeal and filed it. No bad faith was shown or claimed upon the part of counsel. We think the showing was sufficient to move the discretion of the board, and we cannot say that the discretion was abused. Merriman v. Jackson Circuit Judge, 96 Mich. 603; Capwell v. Baxter, 58 Mich. 571.
It will be unnecessary for us to give much attention to the conclusion of the board on the merits. The case went to the board on the theory that Mr. Hosner had been affected for some months with angina pectoris, and that the shock of the accident followed by close confinement had so reduced his power of resistance that his heart could not stand up under its load. The medical witnesses were of the opinion that the proximate cause of death was the accident and what it produced. The defendants admit that on the merits the testimony made a question of fact.
We think upon the whole record the award should be affirmed.
McDonald, C. J., and Clark, Sharpe, Moore, Steere, Fellows, and Wiest, JJ., concurred. | [
-0.0107421875,
0.0038909912109375,
0.010498046875,
0.022216796875,
-0.04443359375,
-0.01708984375,
-0.000659942626953125,
-0.046142578125,
0.05029296875,
0.03173828125,
0.0067138671875,
-0.0140380859375,
0.0234375,
-0.037109375,
0.0032958984375,
0.0147705078125,
-0.00433349609375,
-0.005859375,
0.0079345703125,
0.017333984375,
0.038330078125,
0.0159912109375,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.01123046875,
-0.02490234375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.007659912109375,
0.01141357421875,
0.049072265625,
0.01531982421875,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.0155029296875,
0.0235595703125,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.0198974609375,
0.0693359375,
-0.04345703125,
0.00848388671875,
0.0010528564453125,
0.017333984375,
-0.005950927734375,
0.017333984375,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.072265625,
-0.015625,
-0.00640869140625,
0.046142578125,
-0.0311279296875,
0.0234375,
0.007354736328125,
0.04296875,
-0.0225830078125,
0.007568359375,
-0.03369140625,
-0.008056640625,
-0.024658203125,
0.0218505859375,
0.0311279296875,
0.00167083740234375,
-0.029541015625,
0.00714111328125,
-0.0458984375,
0.05859375,
0.058349609375,
0.0026092529296875,
-0.0003871917724609375,
0.000942230224609375,
-0.0458984375,
-0.040771484375,
0.0162353515625,
0.01123046875,
0.00445556640625,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.0142822265625,
0.003143310546875,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.007415771484375,
0.00994873046875,
0.0017547607421875,
0.0167236328125,
0.035888671875,
-0.044189453125,
-0.076171875,
0.024658203125,
-0.000545501708984375,
0.0498046875,
0.02294921875,
0.02392578125,
0.004058837890625,
0.040771484375,
0.00128173828125,
-0.00897216796875,
0.046630859375,
0.035400390625,
-0.029296875,
0.00001621246337890625,
0.0211181640625,
-0.025390625,
0.0322265625,
0.0228271484375,
0.00897216796875,
0.0537109375,
-0.0279541015625,
0.0201416015625,
-0.00616455078125,
0.0032501220703125,
-0.0002193450927734375,
-0.0084228515625,
0.024169921875,
0.0101318359375,
0.02880859375,
-0.025390625,
-0.044677734375,
0.013916015625,
-0.00101470947265625,
0.008544921875,
-0.050537109375,
0.0164794921875,
0.10693359375,
0.00116729736328125,
0.02197265625,
-0.00921630859375,
0.0301513671875,
0.0242919921875,
-0.00174713134765625,
0.06298828125,
-0.00146484375,
0.0205078125,
0.03076171875,
-0.01275634765625,
0.00811767578125,
0.0125732421875,
0.01116943359375,
0.01336669921875,
0.052734375,
-0.0242919921875,
0.0341796875,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.004852294921875,
0.022216796875,
-0.033935546875,
0.0322265625,
0.0081787109375,
0.03759765625,
-0.03271484375,
0.0380859375,
-0.036865234375,
0.006378173828125,
-0.0517578125,
0.0103759765625,
0.0269775390625,
0.0247802734375,
0.0216064453125,
-0.003204345703125,
0.01519775390625,
-0.02392578125,
0.0498046875,
0.01416015625,
0.0115966796875,
0.005645751953125,
-0.0018157958984375,
0.017578125,
-0.039306640625,
-0.00102996826171875,
0.00555419921875,
0.0029296875,
-0.041015625,
-0.0257568359375,
0.0262451171875,
0.01263427734375,
-0.02197265625,
-0.043701171875,
0.03369140625,
0.01220703125,
0.09033203125,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.040283203125,
0.046875,
-0.044921875,
0.0035858154296875,
0.0255126953125,
0.0023345947265625,
0.001708984375,
-0.0098876953125,
0.0030059814453125,
-0.0262451171875,
0.004180908203125,
-0.056396484375,
0.0308837890625,
-0.022216796875,
-0.033935546875,
0.034912109375,
0.00469970703125,
0.00469970703125,
-0.0098876953125,
0.00421142578125,
0.0703125,
0.04736328125,
-0.04296875,
-0.00982666015625,
0.0201416015625,
0.0206298828125,
-0.049072265625,
-0.006103515625,
0.0458984375,
0.0284423828125,
-0.003143310546875,
0.00714111328125,
0.0311279296875,
0.0179443359375,
0.00150299072265625,
-0.020263671875,
0.01019287109375,
0.03564453125,
-0.019287109375,
0.04345703125,
-0.027587890625,
0.0238037109375,
0.0150146484375,
0.0390625,
0.006317138671875,
0.024658203125,
-0.009033203125,
-0.0169677734375,
0.0150146484375,
0.0172119140625,
-0.00151824951171875,
-0.0230712890625,
0.0017547607421875,
-0.01483154296875,
0.031982421875,
0.05029296875,
0.0250244140625,
-0.00128173828125,
0.052490234375,
0.01092529296875,
0.0269775390625,
0.0019989013671875,
0.0037078857421875,
0.031494140625,
0.0211181640625,
0.01519775390625,
-0.046630859375,
0.039794921875,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.0322265625,
0.00005316734313964844,
0.0216064453125,
0.004638671875,
0.08056640625,
0.0108642578125,
0.004119873046875,
0.00750732421875,
-0.0021514892578125,
0.032958984375,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.040283203125,
-0.0311279296875,
0.034912109375,
0.0260009765625,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.01422119140625,
0.0322265625,
-0.035888671875,
0.036376953125,
0.028564453125,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.026123046875,
-0.024169921875,
-0.04541015625,
0.00457763671875,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.017333984375,
-0.05224609375,
-0.00286865234375,
-0.078125,
0.07861328125,
-0.0517578125,
-0.0223388671875,
0.005828857421875,
-0.033203125,
0.0164794921875,
-0.038330078125,
0.03662109375,
-0.05712890625,
0.022216796875,
-0.00927734375,
0.047607421875,
0.0191650390625,
-0.037353515625,
-0.050048828125,
0.025146484375,
0.01336669921875,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.024169921875,
0.02490234375,
-0.0042724609375,
-0.020751953125,
-0.023193359375,
-0.03515625,
-0.040283203125,
-0.01318359375,
-0.02587890625,
0.01373291015625,
-0.044921875,
-0.037109375,
0.01806640625,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.031005859375,
0.03369140625,
0.03271484375,
0.0245361328125,
-0.013427734375,
0.058837890625,
-0.00653076171875,
0.0185546875,
-0.0031280517578125,
-0.05810546875,
-0.012451171875,
-0.00311279296875,
-0.041259765625,
-0.049560546875,
0.00164031982421875,
0.0155029296875,
0.0216064453125,
-0.062255859375,
-0.0057373046875,
-0.05322265625,
-0.025390625,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.015625,
0.0244140625,
-0.01397705078125,
0.00823974609375,
-0.03564453125,
-0.00714111328125,
-0.016357421875,
0.02099609375,
0.048828125,
-0.0238037109375,
0.004486083984375,
0.0159912109375,
-0.017333984375,
0.039306640625,
0.026611328125,
-0.06201171875,
0.041015625,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.04150390625,
0.060791015625,
0.0196533203125,
-0.052734375,
-0.058349609375,
0.05029296875,
0.041748046875,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.050048828125,
-0.0341796875,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.0537109375,
-0.012939453125,
-0.02978515625,
0.053466796875,
-0.038330078125,
0.039306640625,
0.04443359375,
-0.000858306884765625,
-0.0390625,
-0.028076171875,
-0.051513671875,
0.0279541015625,
0.017578125,
0.030517578125,
0.021728515625,
0.029052734375,
-0.00174713134765625,
0.00225830078125,
-0.01019287109375,
0.00167083740234375,
0.0216064453125,
0.01165771484375,
0.021240234375,
-0.00677490234375,
0.002044677734375,
-0.0036773681640625,
-0.03076171875,
0.014404296875,
0.0029296875,
-0.0556640625,
0.0191650390625,
0.041015625,
0.0184326171875,
0.0091552734375,
0.0308837890625,
0.0303955078125,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.005401611328125,
0.03515625,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.059814453125,
0.04541015625,
-0.01025390625,
0.0181884765625,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.000263214111328125,
0.031982421875,
0.004608154296875,
0.03173828125,
-0.0283203125,
-0.0174560546875,
0.0240478515625,
0.04443359375,
-0.026123046875,
-0.00506591796875,
-0.0234375,
0.0242919921875,
0.0196533203125,
0.00927734375,
-0.0322265625,
0.03515625,
-0.041748046875,
0.0166015625,
-0.004913330078125,
0.02099609375,
-0.0223388671875,
0.0074462890625,
-0.03466796875,
-0.040283203125,
0.046142578125,
0.025390625,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.00335693359375,
0.002655029296875,
-0.015869140625,
0.0291748046875,
0.002777099609375,
-0.046142578125,
0.0174560546875,
-0.0057373046875,
0.00091552734375,
0.03076171875,
0.0150146484375,
0.01806640625,
0.02197265625,
-0.0213623046875,
0.0595703125,
0.017333984375,
-0.03515625,
0.00093841552734375,
0.03173828125,
-0.031982421875,
0.06005859375,
-0.005859375,
0.026123046875,
0.006072998046875,
-0.01080322265625,
0.024658203125,
0.0238037109375,
0.044189453125,
0.0120849609375,
0.028564453125,
0.060302734375,
-0.01544189453125,
-0.010498046875,
0.001983642578125,
-0.01904296875,
-0.01251220703125,
0.046630859375,
-0.01214599609375,
0.0037994384765625,
0.0084228515625,
0.00872802734375,
0.01904296875,
0.00054168701171875,
0.0242919921875,
-0.05419921875,
0.01251220703125,
-0.029296875,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0140380859375,
-0.007781982421875,
0.004150390625,
0.035400390625,
0.00061798095703125,
-0.00182342529296875,
-0.031005859375,
-0.0556640625,
0.004608154296875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.030517578125,
-0.01226806640625,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0283203125,
-0.0107421875,
0.0281982421875,
-0.038330078125,
0.01025390625,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.054443359375,
0.03662109375,
0.05859375,
-0.061767578125,
0.00537109375,
-0.006561279296875,
0.0283203125,
0.00994873046875,
0.023681640625,
0.0281982421875,
0.041259765625,
0.00994873046875,
-0.003662109375,
0.021240234375,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.0625,
0.01446533203125,
-0.06298828125,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.019775390625,
-0.025390625,
-0.10400390625,
0.020263671875,
-0.0002956390380859375,
-0.051513671875,
-0.03662109375,
-0.00164031982421875,
-0.0010986328125,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.00019550323486328125,
-0.005645751953125,
-0.03076171875,
-0.0537109375,
0.0185546875,
0.027099609375,
0.006744384765625,
-0.0224609375,
-0.03955078125,
-0.037841796875,
0.0311279296875,
0.055419921875,
0.0242919921875,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.03955078125,
0.000579833984375,
-0.0277099609375,
0.0009765625,
-0.036865234375,
0.0247802734375,
0.01092529296875,
0.0194091796875,
0.012451171875,
0.00146484375,
0.04296875,
-0.0654296875,
0.0146484375,
0.01226806640625,
-0.057373046875,
0.0145263671875,
-0.0498046875,
0.0478515625,
-0.000022530555725097656,
-0.020751953125,
0.0216064453125,
0.035400390625,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.0087890625,
-0.052978515625,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.046630859375,
-0.03515625,
0.010009765625,
0.01220703125,
-0.037841796875,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.042236328125,
0.03466796875,
-0.056396484375,
0.008544921875,
0.0693359375,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.007720947265625,
-0.01397705078125,
0.0279541015625,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.018798828125,
0.0087890625,
-0.00531005859375,
-0.00347900390625,
-0.0244140625,
0.012939453125,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.033203125,
0.029052734375,
0.01220703125,
-0.005767822265625,
0.01123046875,
-0.0068359375,
-0.044921875,
-0.01214599609375,
0.052734375,
-0.00151824951171875,
-0.0031585693359375,
0.0311279296875,
-0.061767578125,
-0.044921875,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.0147705078125,
0.044677734375,
0.042236328125,
-0.029296875,
0.04345703125,
0.0191650390625,
-0.052734375,
-0.0576171875,
0.0157470703125,
-0.017333984375,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.043701171875,
0.00130462646484375,
0.040771484375,
0.000965118408203125,
0.0267333984375,
-0.007080078125,
-0.02490234375,
0.0255126953125,
-0.00946044921875,
0.055908203125,
-0.0272216796875,
0.004608154296875,
0.052001953125,
-0.0194091796875,
0.0224609375,
-0.04052734375,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.004669189453125,
0.0400390625,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.01708984375,
0.0027008056640625,
0.0177001953125,
0.052490234375,
-0.04931640625,
-0.0269775390625,
0.0439453125,
0.0294189453125,
-0.05810546875,
-0.04052734375,
-0.024169921875,
0.007568359375,
-0.0064697265625,
-0.09912109375,
-0.021728515625,
0.0238037109375,
0.02294921875,
0.021484375,
-0.043212890625,
-0.0269775390625,
0.0012054443359375,
0.056640625,
-0.01116943359375,
0.046142578125,
0.01177978515625,
-0.004119873046875,
-0.047607421875,
-0.08251953125,
0.0081787109375,
0.02294921875,
0.0091552734375,
0.0147705078125,
-0.049560546875,
-0.018798828125,
0.01190185546875,
-0.045654296875,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.02783203125,
-0.006591796875,
0.01397705078125,
0.004364013671875,
-0.034912109375,
0.017822265625,
0.015869140625,
0.02783203125,
-0.059326171875,
0.046142578125,
-0.0257568359375,
0.022216796875,
0.046142578125,
-0.039306640625,
-0.005096435546875,
0.0419921875,
-0.0186767578125,
0.04248046875,
0.00147247314453125,
0.040283203125,
0.0286865234375,
-0.007293701171875,
0.000797271728515625,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.03759765625,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.0034637451171875,
0.019775390625,
0.02587890625,
0.045654296875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0302734375,
-0.029296875,
0.000301361083984375,
-0.041015625,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.0194091796875,
0.005706787109375,
0.041015625,
0.0220947265625,
0.0024566650390625,
0.01300048828125,
-0.00144195556640625,
-0.0123291015625,
0.0179443359375,
-0.00872802734375,
0.00341796875,
0.01953125,
-0.0458984375,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0037384033203125,
0.0810546875,
0.005157470703125,
0.003509521484375,
0.045654296875,
-0.0072021484375,
-0.0517578125,
0.00176239013671875,
-0.052001953125,
-0.03955078125,
0.0242919921875,
0.013916015625,
0.02294921875,
-0.031494140625,
-0.019287109375,
-0.01953125,
0.03271484375,
0.022705078125,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.028076171875,
0.01556396484375,
0.06494140625,
-0.0038604736328125,
0.00457763671875,
0.0211181640625,
0.00689697265625,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.0169677734375,
0.00010442733764648438,
0.0225830078125,
-0.00250244140625,
-0.0004253387451171875,
0.008056640625,
0.03662109375,
-0.054931640625,
0.0272216796875,
0.0181884765625,
0.008056640625,
-0.004364013671875,
-0.014892578125,
-0.04443359375,
-0.020751953125,
0.0108642578125,
0.0194091796875,
0.0196533203125,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.05419921875,
-0.02783203125,
0.009033203125,
-0.01116943359375,
0.0220947265625,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.02685546875,
-0.031005859375,
-0.00439453125,
0.052978515625,
0.017578125,
0.0283203125,
0.0037689208984375,
0.0205078125,
0.042724609375,
0.01611328125,
0.00787353515625,
-0.0003223419189453125,
0.0126953125,
0.002197265625,
-0.00714111328125,
-0.023681640625,
0.002532958984375,
0.005767822265625,
-0.0079345703125,
0.035888671875,
-0.038818359375,
-0.00592041015625,
-0.00567626953125,
-0.01458740234375,
0.01080322265625,
-0.0181884765625,
0.03369140625,
-0.013671875,
-0.0125732421875,
0.0439453125,
0.029052734375,
-0.0419921875,
0.026611328125,
0.0235595703125,
0.031494140625,
0.004180908203125,
0.027099609375,
0.00567626953125,
0.01177978515625,
-0.064453125,
-0.0211181640625,
0.0286865234375,
0.08251953125,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.01165771484375,
0.031982421875,
0.01409912109375,
-0.01953125,
0.0166015625,
0.023681640625,
-0.060791015625,
0.00018024444580078125,
-0.01300048828125,
0.0233154296875,
-0.0517578125,
0.0303955078125,
0.0274658203125,
0.01336669921875,
-0.029541015625,
0.0010223388671875,
0.021240234375,
0.043701171875,
0.0012969970703125,
-0.0084228515625,
0.01129150390625,
-0.02490234375,
0.01544189453125,
-0.055419921875,
0.03369140625,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.044189453125,
-0.045166015625,
-0.00634765625,
-0.019287109375,
-0.0703125,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.0272216796875,
0.0164794921875,
0.0047607421875,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.06396484375,
-0.016357421875,
-0.049560546875,
-0.0166015625,
0.0025787353515625,
0.014404296875,
0.049560546875,
-0.0419921875,
-0.031494140625,
-0.018798828125,
0.0269775390625,
-0.01556396484375,
-0.042236328125,
0.022216796875,
0.0162353515625,
-0.04296875,
-0.033935546875,
-0.003326416015625,
-0.00016689300537109375,
0.0400390625,
-0.0301513671875,
0.00182342529296875,
0.010986328125,
0.01171875,
-0.01708984375,
0.016357421875,
-0.01318359375,
0.00482177734375,
0.0211181640625,
0.04833984375,
0.06201171875,
0.043701171875,
-0.0133056640625,
0.015625,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0181884765625,
0.04638671875,
-0.020263671875,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.048828125,
-0.0294189453125,
0.0322265625,
0.013671875,
0.01495361328125,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.02490234375,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.03564453125,
-0.00543212890625,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.03662109375,
0.027587890625,
0.0235595703125,
-0.03271484375,
0.279296875,
0.02978515625,
-0.0322265625,
0.0269775390625,
-0.0155029296875,
0.06884765625,
0.02197265625,
-0.00634765625,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0218505859375,
0.00830078125,
0.028564453125,
0.011474609375,
0.0244140625,
-0.053955078125,
0.01416015625,
0.03662109375,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.0011444091796875,
0.0223388671875,
-0.022216796875,
0.06982421875,
0.0400390625,
0.03076171875,
0.0252685546875,
-0.045166015625,
0.0126953125,
-0.01129150390625,
0.029296875,
-0.053466796875,
-0.00299072265625,
-0.0244140625,
-0.007598876953125,
0.057373046875,
0.050048828125,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.00628662109375,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0054931640625,
0.03515625,
0.000946044921875,
0.00439453125,
-0.027587890625,
0.0008087158203125,
-0.038330078125,
0.046875,
0.0625,
-0.00811767578125,
0.05126953125,
0.0272216796875,
-0.00604248046875,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0093994140625,
0.009521484375,
-0.037109375,
-0.022705078125,
0.054931640625,
-0.0166015625,
-0.01806640625,
0.0517578125,
-0.0250244140625,
0.0267333984375,
0.0238037109375,
0.005645751953125,
-0.035888671875,
0.02294921875,
0.032958984375,
0.0101318359375,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.0186767578125,
0.062255859375,
0.024658203125,
-0.033203125,
0.05029296875,
0.0296630859375,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.0019073486328125,
-0.0235595703125,
0.014892578125,
-0.00714111328125,
0.03955078125,
0.05078125,
-0.003265380859375,
-0.043212890625,
-0.046142578125,
-0.026611328125,
-0.0024566650390625,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.013671875,
-0.047607421875
] |
Bird, J.
This bill was filed to restrain defendant from erecting a gasoline filling station on the northeast comer of East Grand Boulevard and Ferry avenue, on the theory that the location was one restricted to residential purposés. The trial court was impressed with the plaintiffs’ contentions and enjoined defendant as prayed.
The principal contentions of defendant are:
(1) That the locus in quo is not restricted to residential purposes.
(2) That if it has been restricted to residential purposes the restrictions have been waived.
It appears from the record that the land constituting the subdivision in question was owned in 1863 by George Beste. In that year he died, leaving a widow, two boys and two girls. In 1881 the mother and children platted the same and duly recorded it. It was subdivided into 20 lots, numbered from 1 to 20, situate on the east side of East Grand Boulevard. The lots, by the original plat, were 256.8 feet in depth by 82.70 feet in width. About the year 1886, 50 feet were taken off from the west end of these lots for the purpose of widening East Grand Boulevard. This left the lots fronting on the Boulevard 206.8 feet in depth. Subsequently an alley 18 feet in width running north and south was put through the subdivision north of Ferry avenue. This deduction left the lots on East Grand Boulevard 100 feet in depth, and those on the east side of the alley 88.8 feet in depth fronting on Field avenue. The lots were divided between the four children, but subsequently the daughters of George Beste conveyed their lots to the sons, Anthony and Joseph. Some time in the 80’s the lots were subdivided into smaller lots.
Recently the defendant leased from Frank Schaefer the north 41.40 feet of lot 7, and started to construct a gasoline filling station. This lot was conveyed by Joseph Beste in 1919 to Frank Schaefer. The deed contained the following restriction:
“That no building shall be erected thereon other than for dwelling purposes only.”
There was no restriction in Schaefer's lease to defendant, but defendant admits in open court that it had actual knowledge of the restriction in the deed from Beste to Schaefer. There were no building restrictions in the original plat which was recorded, but the restrictions appear in the deeds to certain of the lots' sold by the Beste heirs. Some of the lots were sold without any restrictions. Counsel relies upon this fact to establish, his contention that the territory is not restricted.
In Allen v. City of Detroit, 167 Mich. 464, we said:
“That a portion of the conveyances do not contain the restrictions will not defeat the same. Although some of the lots may have written restrictions imposed upon them and others not, if the general plan has been maintained from its inception, if it has been understood, accepted, relied on and acted upon by all in interest, it is binding and enforceable on all inter se. It goes with the land, and is equally binding on all purchasers with notice. 5 Am. & Eng. Ency. Law (2d Ed.), p. 3; Tallmadge v. East River Bank, 26 N. Y. 105; Trustees v. Lynch,, 70 N. Y. 440 (26 Am. Rep. 615); Lewis v. Gollner, 129 N. Y. 227 (29 N. E. 81, 26 Am. St. Rep. 516); Frink v. Hughes, 133 Mich. 63; Harris v. Roraback, 137 Mich. 292 (109 Am. St. Rep. 681); James v. Irvine, 141 Mich. 376; Stott v. Avery, 156 Mich. 674; Tilitson v. Gregory, 151 Mich. 128.”
See, also, Harvey v. Rubin, 219 Mich. 307.
The testimony persuades us that there was a general plan by the Beste heirs to restrict this neighborhood to residential purposes, and that this plan has been adhered to. In the early history of the subdivision, that vicinity was sparsely settled, and not as much attention was given to the restriction when sales were made. Later, as the locality began to develop and be improved, greater care was taken to add restrictions as sales were made by the Bestés. One of the best evidences that it was intended to be a restricted district is the fact that the restrictions have been observed and nothing but dwellings erected. The locality has been invaded by no business. A single exception, however, to this occurred when a tool house was erected on one of the lots, the neighbors purchased the owner’s interest and it was discontinued. While some lots were restricted and others not, it appears to have been understood and regarded in the neighborhood as a restricted district, and its observance up to the present time will, under our holdings, entitle it to protection as such.
But counsel says that the restrictions have been waived because electric signs have been erected on certain of the vacant lots and a doctor’s sign has been hung from his residence. We are not of the impression that these infractions are of sufficient importance to sustain the claim of waiver. They are of a temporary character and too transient to give a permanent character to the locality. 18 C. J. p. 403.
It appears that defendant knew that this particular lot 7 was restricted to dwellings. It admits that it had actual notice of the restriction before it leased the property. It further had notice of the fact that that part of the Boulevard for two or three blocks was given over entirely to residential purposes, and we are unable to see how defendant is entitled to any particular equitable consideration in attempting to invade that territory with a business which is objectionable to all of its inhabitants. We are satisfied with the decree of the trial court and it will be affirmed, with costs to the plaintiffs.
Clark, C. J., and McDonald, Sharpe, Moore, Steere, Fellows, and Wiest, JJ., concurred. | [
-0.0107421875,
0.0380859375,
0.0439453125,
0.0220947265625,
-0.042236328125,
-0.02587890625,
-0.044921875,
0.01177978515625,
0.01458740234375,
0.06591796875,
0.0194091796875,
0.0264892578125,
0.0419921875,
-0.00823974609375,
0.0194091796875,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.0238037109375,
0.03759765625,
-0.0084228515625,
0.03955078125,
-0.00762939453125,
-0.008544921875,
-0.0400390625,
-0.033203125,
-0.00982666015625,
0.019775390625,
0.0380859375,
0.004058837890625,
0.04443359375,
0.0279541015625,
0.0177001953125,
-0.035888671875,
0.003448486328125,
-0.0126953125,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.00469970703125,
0.06201171875,
-0.0191650390625,
0.049560546875,
-0.004791259765625,
0.006927490234375,
0.00176239013671875,
0.0311279296875,
-0.04541015625,
-0.027099609375,
-0.0419921875,
-0.037109375,
-0.0152587890625,
0.0026092529296875,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.003387451171875,
0.02880859375,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.0595703125,
-0.031005859375,
-0.01904296875,
-0.00299072265625,
0.05078125,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.00689697265625,
0.018310546875,
-0.01092529296875,
0.019775390625,
0.04052734375,
-0.005279541015625,
0.00104522705078125,
-0.01513671875,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.0047607421875,
-0.0361328125,
0.00787353515625,
0.029296875,
0.004638671875,
-0.000614166259765625,
-0.00811767578125,
0.01141357421875,
0.000514984130859375,
-0.024169921875,
-0.017333984375,
0.06640625,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.0556640625,
0.05859375,
-0.009765625,
0.003448486328125,
0.034912109375,
0.01611328125,
-0.0235595703125,
0.0137939453125,
-0.00274658203125,
0.03466796875,
0.0272216796875,
0.047119140625,
0.0035400390625,
0.0263671875,
0.0225830078125,
-0.0272216796875,
0.0274658203125,
0.033203125,
0.00168609619140625,
0.056884765625,
-0.028076171875,
0.046142578125,
-0.037353515625,
0.025634765625,
0.047607421875,
-0.0250244140625,
0.01348876953125,
-0.0299072265625,
0.00848388671875,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.013427734375,
-0.010009765625,
-0.0303955078125,
0.01422119140625,
-0.06787109375,
-0.028564453125,
0.052001953125,
-0.0267333984375,
0.0361328125,
0.005950927734375,
-0.0120849609375,
0.00787353515625,
-0.041259765625,
0.0299072265625,
-0.0419921875,
0.005859375,
0.0106201171875,
-0.022705078125,
-0.01531982421875,
0.002899169921875,
0.04541015625,
0.033935546875,
0.0150146484375,
0.0234375,
0.010009765625,
0.037841796875,
0.01336669921875,
0.02734375,
-0.0107421875,
0.0654296875,
0.002349853515625,
0.0322265625,
-0.0157470703125,
0.0284423828125,
-0.03515625,
-0.00010967254638671875,
-0.05078125,
-0.002593994140625,
0.0263671875,
0.0107421875,
0.01025390625,
-0.01495361328125,
0.0208740234375,
-0.0194091796875,
0.0179443359375,
0.022705078125,
-0.04443359375,
-0.005401611328125,
0.006378173828125,
0.02099609375,
-0.044189453125,
0.0189208984375,
-0.026611328125,
0.044677734375,
-0.072265625,
-0.0184326171875,
0.023681640625,
0.01202392578125,
-0.05712890625,
-0.0216064453125,
0.033447265625,
-0.0185546875,
0.0634765625,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.031494140625,
-0.006591796875,
0.00070953369140625,
0.025146484375,
0.04541015625,
0.032958984375,
0.0133056640625,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.052734375,
0.0322265625,
-0.016845703125,
-0.034912109375,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.00811767578125,
0.050048828125,
-0.0380859375,
-0.01092529296875,
0.016357421875,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.0458984375,
0.0128173828125,
0.0191650390625,
0.045166015625,
-0.01123046875,
-0.037353515625,
0.0206298828125,
0.0771484375,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.01043701171875,
0.004180908203125,
0.009765625,
-0.021728515625,
-0.0081787109375,
0.030029296875,
0.0220947265625,
-0.01708984375,
0.04248046875,
-0.0301513671875,
0.01434326171875,
-0.033447265625,
0.0213623046875,
-0.003326416015625,
0.0419921875,
-0.016357421875,
0.02001953125,
0.0546875,
0.00958251953125,
0.00021648406982421875,
0.00274658203125,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.0038604736328125,
0.0036773681640625,
0.048828125,
-0.04541015625,
-0.010986328125,
0.03271484375,
0.01397705078125,
-0.031005859375,
0.052001953125,
0.0006561279296875,
0.054931640625,
0.0311279296875,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.0166015625,
0.053466796875,
0.00775146484375,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.004791259765625,
0.028076171875,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.0291748046875,
0.005950927734375,
0.0115966796875,
0.028564453125,
0.0218505859375,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.012939453125,
-0.0014190673828125,
0.0703125,
-0.0125732421875,
0.004730224609375,
-0.0027923583984375,
0.036376953125,
-0.0260009765625,
0.0556640625,
-0.05029296875,
-0.041259765625,
0.0035400390625,
-0.02392578125,
-0.004913330078125,
-0.0240478515625,
0.023193359375,
-0.0283203125,
-0.047119140625,
-0.0032958984375,
-0.0283203125,
0.03857421875,
-0.004638671875,
-0.00174713134765625,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.038330078125,
0.0242919921875,
0.004364013671875,
0.04931640625,
-0.0247802734375,
0.032958984375,
-0.016357421875,
0.034423828125,
0.0005035400390625,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.05078125,
0.0191650390625,
0.0230712890625,
-0.04931640625,
-0.01220703125,
0.002227783203125,
0.0030364990234375,
-0.035400390625,
-0.004547119140625,
-0.041748046875,
0.004486083984375,
-0.047607421875,
-0.007171630859375,
-0.00079345703125,
0.0169677734375,
-0.0311279296875,
0.006805419921875,
0.0228271484375,
-0.012451171875,
0.033447265625,
0.01104736328125,
0.0203857421875,
-0.036376953125,
0.060302734375,
0.013916015625,
0.00848388671875,
-0.002471923828125,
-0.06884765625,
0.021728515625,
-0.010498046875,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.028076171875,
0.0164794921875,
0.062255859375,
0.0225830078125,
-0.068359375,
0.006591796875,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0024261474609375,
-0.0111083984375,
0.003936767578125,
0.0322265625,
-0.03564453125,
0.039306640625,
-0.001983642578125,
-0.039306640625,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.014404296875,
0.0233154296875,
-0.033447265625,
-0.02294921875,
0.0203857421875,
0.03076171875,
0.057373046875,
0.00021839141845703125,
-0.02001953125,
0.00927734375,
-0.02978515625,
-0.0196533203125,
0.00982666015625,
-0.0302734375,
-0.00177764892578125,
-0.04345703125,
0.0048828125,
0.001434326171875,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.0294189453125,
0.01080322265625,
0.0137939453125,
0.0169677734375,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.030029296875,
-0.04150390625,
-0.048095703125,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.025390625,
0.0233154296875,
-0.03857421875,
0.0228271484375,
0.0196533203125,
-0.0654296875,
0.034423828125,
0.0034027099609375,
-0.062255859375,
0.0269775390625,
-0.00579833984375,
-0.01129150390625,
0.00958251953125,
0.03173828125,
-0.035400390625,
0.0162353515625,
0.019775390625,
0.0272216796875,
0.024169921875,
0.00872802734375,
0.0228271484375,
-0.01531982421875,
-0.002716064453125,
0.004974365234375,
-0.0301513671875,
0.02197265625,
0.005889892578125,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.047119140625,
0.04443359375,
0.0255126953125,
0.0108642578125,
0.0177001953125,
0.051513671875,
0.0244140625,
0.00909423828125,
0.0130615234375,
-0.0478515625,
0.005706787109375,
-0.0269775390625,
0.0556640625,
-0.0027313232421875,
-0.0002880096435546875,
-0.02001953125,
-0.044189453125,
0.0301513671875,
0.0257568359375,
0.02734375,
0.01177978515625,
-0.06982421875,
-0.035888671875,
0.02734375,
0.00360107421875,
-0.048828125,
-0.01446533203125,
0.0223388671875,
0.0255126953125,
0.053466796875,
-0.05322265625,
0.01422119140625,
-0.042724609375,
0.0196533203125,
0.020751953125,
-0.02197265625,
-0.02001953125,
0.037841796875,
-0.018798828125,
-0.01904296875,
0.058837890625,
0.001312255859375,
-0.024658203125,
-0.042724609375,
0.0079345703125,
-0.0177001953125,
0.076171875,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.0024566650390625,
0.0208740234375,
0.00567626953125,
-0.01263427734375,
0.0299072265625,
0.0103759765625,
-0.02392578125,
0.004486083984375,
0.002716064453125,
0.025146484375,
0.0026702880859375,
-0.029296875,
-0.0027008056640625,
0.06201171875,
-0.035888671875,
0.07275390625,
-0.006744384765625,
0.0269775390625,
0.034423828125,
-0.01806640625,
-0.052490234375,
-0.0025482177734375,
0.0225830078125,
-0.0098876953125,
0.0028839111328125,
0.03662109375,
-0.01129150390625,
0.00616455078125,
0.046142578125,
-0.015625,
-0.0206298828125,
0.05908203125,
0.00101470947265625,
0.01336669921875,
0.01708984375,
-0.0223388671875,
0.01153564453125,
-0.034423828125,
0.01214599609375,
-0.009033203125,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.019287109375,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.031494140625,
-0.00136566162109375,
-0.0225830078125,
0.01153564453125,
0.031982421875,
0.0234375,
0.055908203125,
-0.0537109375,
-0.0062255859375,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.034912109375,
0.0128173828125,
0.02099609375,
0.033447265625,
0.01251220703125,
-0.0103759765625,
0.00830078125,
-0.009765625,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.040771484375,
0.001922607421875,
0.009033203125,
0.07470703125,
-0.022216796875,
0.00469970703125,
0.00154876708984375,
0.0035858154296875,
-0.005645751953125,
0.022705078125,
0.043701171875,
-0.00628662109375,
0.02685546875,
0.0106201171875,
0.047119140625,
-0.01611328125,
0.00433349609375,
-0.00531005859375,
-0.0238037109375,
0.01953125,
0.041015625,
0.026611328125,
-0.017578125,
-0.06982421875,
0.0150146484375,
-0.00537109375,
-0.057373046875,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.047119140625,
0.043701171875,
0.035888671875,
0.0098876953125,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.0712890625,
0.0390625,
-0.0025634765625,
-0.030029296875,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.0052490234375,
-0.032958984375,
0.028076171875,
0.00738525390625,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.0057373046875,
-0.00009965896606445312,
0.007293701171875,
-0.003387451171875,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0380859375,
-0.038818359375,
0.003570556640625,
0.002288818359375,
0.048095703125,
-0.02783203125,
0.054443359375,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.0157470703125,
0.033935546875,
-0.039306640625,
0.008544921875,
-0.06787109375,
0.0120849609375,
-0.029296875,
-0.05029296875,
0.0198974609375,
0.0252685546875,
-0.031494140625,
0.01336669921875,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.015869140625,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.04296875,
0.05517578125,
-0.0042724609375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.020263671875,
0.02099609375,
-0.004730224609375,
-0.007415771484375,
0.0849609375,
-0.0230712890625,
0.01300048828125,
-0.0341796875,
0.032470703125,
0.005096435546875,
-0.021240234375,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.004852294921875,
0.00787353515625,
-0.007568359375,
-0.057861328125,
-0.039794921875,
-0.02490234375,
0.005340576171875,
0.04541015625,
-0.0277099609375,
0.02734375,
-0.03466796875,
-0.04150390625,
-0.0164794921875,
0.0673828125,
-0.028076171875,
0.015869140625,
0.06982421875,
-0.034912109375,
0.0101318359375,
0.04736328125,
0.04541015625,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0400390625,
0.037841796875,
-0.03125,
-0.0306396484375,
0.017822265625,
0.010009765625,
-0.0615234375,
-0.038330078125,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.037353515625,
0.01806640625,
-0.040771484375,
0.025390625,
0.022216796875,
-0.025146484375,
0.005096435546875,
0.0311279296875,
0.06396484375,
0.0281982421875,
-0.007080078125,
0.0272216796875,
-0.0140380859375,
-0.0439453125,
0.0361328125,
0.017578125,
-0.04345703125,
-0.0208740234375,
0.001068115234375,
0.0242919921875,
0.02294921875,
0.0615234375,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.023681640625,
-0.0203857421875,
0.0123291015625,
0.06591796875,
-0.046630859375,
0.02880859375,
0.035400390625,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.052001953125,
0.0125732421875,
-0.0302734375,
0.0257568359375,
-0.025146484375,
-0.0390625,
-0.0296630859375,
0.01141357421875,
-0.0322265625,
0.04248046875,
-0.059326171875,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.00022125244140625,
-0.04345703125,
0.01556396484375,
0.053955078125,
0.042724609375,
-0.051513671875,
-0.048583984375,
0.0205078125,
0.039794921875,
-0.026123046875,
0.045654296875,
-0.035888671875,
-0.033935546875,
0.01556396484375,
0.00360107421875,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.02001953125,
0.00066375732421875,
0.038330078125,
0.021728515625,
0.025146484375,
-0.01416015625,
-0.01507568359375,
0.0006561279296875,
-0.052978515625,
0.045166015625,
-0.05126953125,
0.00176239013671875,
0.0078125,
-0.01556396484375,
0.02099609375,
0.039794921875,
0.012451171875,
0.0164794921875,
-0.035888671875,
0.026611328125,
0.048828125,
-0.00933837890625,
0.018310546875,
-0.032958984375,
-0.00738525390625,
-0.051025390625,
0.0172119140625,
-0.01806640625,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0072021484375,
0.041015625,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.04150390625,
-0.03857421875,
0.04443359375,
-0.0234375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.01220703125,
-0.005615234375,
0.03515625,
0.021728515625,
0.0030975341796875,
-0.036376953125,
0.02001953125,
-0.0223388671875,
0.0184326171875,
-0.00193023681640625,
-0.00531005859375,
0.0189208984375,
0.0087890625,
-0.003143310546875,
-0.05029296875,
-0.0185546875,
-0.04150390625,
0.0244140625,
0.0146484375,
-0.0113525390625,
0.06494140625,
-0.020263671875,
-0.04736328125,
0.0093994140625,
-0.064453125,
-0.06396484375,
0.054443359375,
0.005218505859375,
0.0322265625,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0130615234375,
0.00604248046875,
0.04052734375,
-0.033935546875,
0.0001316070556640625,
0.006988525390625,
0.0011138916015625,
0.05224609375,
0.020751953125,
-0.025146484375,
0.036376953125,
0.015869140625,
-0.043701171875,
-0.06103515625,
0.00494384765625,
0.00531005859375,
-0.007476806640625,
-0.00830078125,
0.001861572265625,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.0791015625,
0.00323486328125,
0.000518798828125,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.0281982421875,
0.019775390625,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.0179443359375,
0.0084228515625,
-0.03076171875,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.018310546875,
-0.0267333984375,
0.0693359375,
0.038818359375,
0.05322265625,
-0.000579833984375,
0.00347900390625,
-0.0234375,
-0.013916015625,
-0.0185546875,
0.046142578125,
-0.01080322265625,
0.01025390625,
0.0233154296875,
0.007537841796875,
0.0341796875,
0.0225830078125,
-0.00537109375,
0.030029296875,
0.00531005859375,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.05859375,
0.021484375,
0.015625,
-0.0126953125,
-0.031494140625,
0.007171630859375,
-0.027587890625,
-0.0274658203125,
0.0021209716796875,
-0.0279541015625,
0.0189208984375,
-0.0184326171875,
0.01531982421875,
-0.0263671875,
0.01019287109375,
0.0419921875,
0.013427734375,
-0.00213623046875,
0.03271484375,
0.041259765625,
0.03369140625,
0.035888671875,
0.01171875,
0.0191650390625,
0.02099609375,
-0.0537109375,
-0.004364013671875,
0.035888671875,
0.006317138671875,
-0.04736328125,
0.007659912109375,
0.0302734375,
0.01416015625,
-0.046630859375,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.0023345947265625,
-0.0712890625,
0.019775390625,
-0.032470703125,
0.01385498046875,
-0.042724609375,
0.0184326171875,
0.0458984375,
0.01263427734375,
-0.052978515625,
0.055908203125,
0.033447265625,
-0.01483154296875,
0.017578125,
0.001800537109375,
0.007781982421875,
0.0238037109375,
0.0498046875,
0.014892578125,
0.0654296875,
-0.0017242431640625,
-0.035400390625,
-0.007476806640625,
0.028076171875,
-0.033203125,
-0.0439453125,
-0.02734375,
0.01116943359375,
-0.01361083984375,
0.0030364990234375,
0.0216064453125,
-0.038818359375,
-0.036865234375,
0.00616455078125,
-0.023681640625,
0.0020599365234375,
0.037841796875,
0.02734375,
-0.00106048583984375,
-0.037109375,
-0.006439208984375,
-0.021728515625,
0.0050048828125,
-0.04541015625,
0.0238037109375,
0.005706787109375,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0546875,
-0.00506591796875,
0.0003490447998046875,
0.0021514892578125,
-0.05419921875,
-0.05517578125,
-0.0142822265625,
0.0269775390625,
-0.012939453125,
0.004302978515625,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.0380859375,
-0.005279541015625,
0.01385498046875,
0.017822265625,
0.02001953125,
0.0001678466796875,
0.0291748046875,
0.0084228515625,
0.027587890625,
-0.0042724609375,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.034912109375,
-0.04150390625,
-0.03662109375,
-0.0311279296875,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0118408203125,
0.002197265625,
0.01708984375,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.0213623046875,
0.00176239013671875,
0.00872802734375,
-0.0576171875,
0.00653076171875,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.006256103515625,
0.004638671875,
-0.05322265625,
0.291015625,
0.0185546875,
-0.030517578125,
0.0303955078125,
0.01171875,
0.0380859375,
0.0228271484375,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.0224609375,
-0.00138092041015625,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.01611328125,
0.00274658203125,
0.020263671875,
0.06884765625,
0.03369140625,
-0.034423828125,
0.04638671875,
0.013671875,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.032958984375,
-0.001922607421875,
0.05078125,
0.0194091796875,
0.02587890625,
0.006866455078125,
-0.103515625,
-0.0361328125,
-0.061767578125,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.037353515625,
0.044189453125,
-0.02978515625,
-0.02197265625,
0.02197265625,
-0.01708984375,
0.027587890625,
0.02490234375,
-0.006622314453125,
-0.001220703125,
0.01312255859375,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.0284423828125,
0.0228271484375,
-0.005645751953125,
-0.0267333984375,
0.004974365234375,
0.05029296875,
-0.03173828125,
0.0267333984375,
0.04052734375,
0.04052734375,
0.0247802734375,
-0.0130615234375,
0.01324462890625,
0.05029296875,
-0.01177978515625,
0.0010833740234375,
-0.004730224609375,
0.00341796875,
-0.00299072265625,
-0.00750732421875,
0.038818359375,
0.044189453125,
0.015380859375,
0.03271484375,
-0.0196533203125,
0.010009765625,
0.01092529296875,
-0.005523681640625,
-0.02001953125,
-0.020751953125,
-0.041748046875,
0.041748046875,
0.02197265625,
0.0036468505859375,
0.026611328125,
0.033203125,
-0.006011962890625,
-0.019287109375,
-0.05126953125,
-0.01153564453125,
0.010009765625,
0.037841796875,
0.037841796875,
-0.0028533935546875,
-0.037841796875,
0.018798828125,
-0.006591796875,
-0.01165771484375,
0.0181884765625,
0.006195068359375,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.0291748046875
] |
Wiest, J.
Defendant filed objections to the petition of the auditor general asking for a decree to sell its lands for a tax thereon, delinquent for the year 1921. In the circuit decree for sale was entered and defendant appealed. The tax amounts to about $1,000 and purports to have been voted at the annual school meeting in school district No. 2, Baldwin township, Iosco county, in July, 1921. The defense centers upon the allegation that in January, 1922, there existed no record in the book of the school director showing the tax had been voted, beyond a rough pencil memoranda folded in the book.
The school director took rough minutes at the annual school meeting, and later his wife at her convenience wrote up the record and signed her husband’s name thereto by his direction, but this was not done until after the tax had been spread and the warrant' for collection was in the hands of the township treasurer. The tax was duly reported to the township clerk by the school district officers. The record shows the annual school meeting was held, upon notice given, and the tax was voted. Does the failure of the district director to enter the record of .the meeting until after the tax was spread invalidate the tax?
We think the action of the voters at the annual meeting controls, rather than the failure of the recording officer to promptly enter permanent record of such action. The recording officer could not defeat such action by failure to reduce the minutes to form and enter the same of record. While the school law requires the keeping of records in a book, the tax law, recognizing the possibility of just what happened here, and the imperative need of tax collections, provides:
* * * “The absence of any record of any proceeding or proceedings, or the omission of any mention in any record of any vote or proceeding, or of mention of any matter in any statement or certificate that should appear therein under the provisions of any law of this State, shall not affect the validity of any proceeding, tax, or title depending thereon, provided the fact that such vote or proceeding was had or tax authorized is shown by any other record, statement or certificate made evidence by the terms of this act or any other law of this State. * * * Where any statement, certificate, or record is required to be made or signed by a school district board or a township board, such statement, certificate or record may be made and signed by the members of such boards, or a majority thereof, and it shall not be necessary that other members be present when each signed the same.” * * * 1 Comp. Laws 1915, § 4098.
While the tax is based upon action taken by the voters at the annual school meeting, the record to be kept by the director of the school district is not necessarily the evidence upon which proceedings to spread and collect the tax rest. The report by the district school board to the township clerk, required by law, constituted evidence of the facts therein stated and authorized the levy of the tax. 2 Comp. Laws 1915, § 5677, provides:
“The district board, or board of education, shall, between the second Monday in July and the first Monday in August in each year, make out and deliver to the township clerk of each township in which any part of the district is situated, a report in writing under their hands of all taxes voted by the district during the preceding year, and of all taxes which said board is authorized to impose, to be levied on the taxable property of the district.”
The director is the keeper of the records, the district board makes the necessary report of the voting of the tax, and this report is the authority for assessing and collecting officers, and the tax so reported cannot be held void if such report is true in fact. The burden of showing such report untrue in fact rests upon one objecting to the tax. The annual school meeting was held, the tax was voted, the district school officers reported the tax to the township clerk, the clerk reported the tax to the board of supervisors and that board ordered the tax spread and collected. Such steps, required by law and in fact taken, cannot be invalidated by failure of the school director to enter in the record book in his office the minutes of the school meeting, until after the tax was spread.
The decree entered in the circuit is affirmed, with costs against defendant.
Clark, C. J., and McDonald, Bird, Sharpe, Moore, Steere, and Fellows, JJ., concurred. | [
-0.0269775390625,
0.0014801025390625,
0.0135498046875,
0.046630859375,
-0.049560546875,
0.01171875,
-0.01556396484375,
-0.018310546875,
-0.0242919921875,
0.0673828125,
-0.00201416015625,
-0.003265380859375,
0.042236328125,
0.02978515625,
-0.027099609375,
-0.003509521484375,
-0.000782012939453125,
0.0181884765625,
-0.00848388671875,
0.0299072265625,
0.0247802734375,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.031005859375,
-0.01214599609375,
0.00093841552734375,
0.0023956298828125,
-0.006439208984375,
0.046142578125,
0.0291748046875,
-0.01025390625,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.0220947265625,
0.01068115234375,
-0.04248046875,
0.06689453125,
-0.050048828125,
0.023193359375,
-0.037109375,
-0.0101318359375,
0.0242919921875,
0.0172119140625,
-0.049072265625,
-0.03515625,
-0.029052734375,
-0.039306640625,
-0.0177001953125,
0.029296875,
-0.019287109375,
0.01141357421875,
0.00799560546875,
0.0230712890625,
-0.03662109375,
0.017578125,
-0.015380859375,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.034912109375,
-0.00799560546875,
0.001556396484375,
0.019287109375,
-0.004302978515625,
0.01483154296875,
-0.0196533203125,
0.00994873046875,
0.03662109375,
-0.000949859619140625,
-0.002288818359375,
-0.015869140625,
-0.044189453125,
-0.038818359375,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.030029296875,
-0.0234375,
-0.000911712646484375,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.055908203125,
0.004852294921875,
0.00811767578125,
0.052978515625,
0.0027618408203125,
-0.009765625,
0.050537109375,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.039306640625,
0.0010223388671875,
-0.021728515625,
0.0054931640625,
0.005889892578125,
0.0277099609375,
0.01031494140625,
0.0625,
-0.0439453125,
-0.026123046875,
0.06396484375,
0.0380859375,
0.00506591796875,
0.025634765625,
0.031494140625,
-0.047119140625,
0.0242919921875,
0.06298828125,
-0.01031494140625,
0.06591796875,
0.0179443359375,
0.018798828125,
-0.017333984375,
0.0107421875,
-0.015380859375,
-0.0303955078125,
0.008056640625,
-0.0322265625,
0.0272216796875,
-0.034912109375,
-0.02783203125,
-0.003692626953125,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.01953125,
-0.0146484375,
0.099609375,
-0.0035400390625,
0.05078125,
0.00177764892578125,
-0.00089263916015625,
0.0128173828125,
-0.01446533203125,
0.06787109375,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.016845703125,
0.016357421875,
0.0203857421875,
-0.034912109375,
0.0152587890625,
0.0198974609375,
0.041259765625,
0.025146484375,
-0.035400390625,
0.035400390625,
0.003021240234375,
0.01287841796875,
0.0284423828125,
0.00177764892578125,
0.03173828125,
0.018310546875,
0.0205078125,
-0.00848388671875,
0.0439453125,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.0693359375,
0.00860595703125,
0.064453125,
-0.00225830078125,
0.00701904296875,
-0.001312255859375,
0.020263671875,
-0.0223388671875,
0.00579833984375,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.0242919921875,
0.045654296875,
-0.04345703125,
-0.0322265625,
-0.01275634765625,
0.01422119140625,
0.024169921875,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.02978515625,
-0.0322265625,
0.041259765625,
0.01031494140625,
-0.033935546875,
-0.013671875,
0.0177001953125,
0.00762939453125,
0.05908203125,
0.010498046875,
0.00213623046875,
0.022705078125,
-0.01531982421875,
-0.01434326171875,
0.0654296875,
0.004608154296875,
0.00933837890625,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.026611328125,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.0027618408203125,
-0.034423828125,
0.006805419921875,
0.031494140625,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.02490234375,
0.036376953125,
0.01031494140625,
-0.06005859375,
0.01190185546875,
-0.00144195556640625,
-0.0244140625,
-0.03369140625,
-0.003082275390625,
0.0206298828125,
0.038330078125,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.0189208984375,
0.05224609375,
0.01336669921875,
-0.0615234375,
0.01953125,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.01007080078125,
0.0098876953125,
-0.034912109375,
-0.007110595703125,
0.01531982421875,
-0.015625,
0.031005859375,
-0.026611328125,
0.024658203125,
-0.00677490234375,
0.06005859375,
0.007720947265625,
0.036376953125,
0.0037689208984375,
-0.0277099609375,
0.03759765625,
0.05126953125,
0.0052490234375,
0.031494140625,
0.01068115234375,
0.03857421875,
0.0225830078125,
0.047607421875,
-0.0302734375,
-0.024658203125,
0.01434326171875,
0.0284423828125,
0.019775390625,
0.01300048828125,
-0.042724609375,
0.006591796875,
0.06396484375,
0.020263671875,
-0.01556396484375,
0.0255126953125,
-0.021240234375,
-0.0205078125,
-0.0067138671875,
0.0186767578125,
0.00982666015625,
0.046142578125,
-0.03662109375,
-0.012939453125,
-0.00738525390625,
0.0126953125,
0.04638671875,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0159912109375,
0.039794921875,
0.009033203125,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.018798828125,
-0.0023956298828125,
-0.0267333984375,
0.07958984375,
0.030029296875,
-0.045166015625,
-0.037841796875,
-0.03662109375,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.0035858154296875,
-0.01806640625,
-0.020751953125,
0.031982421875,
-0.10302734375,
-0.00130462646484375,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.01019287109375,
0.0146484375,
0.0017852783203125,
0.051513671875,
-0.01397705078125,
0.0791015625,
-0.037109375,
0.026611328125,
0.0250244140625,
0.000011980533599853516,
-0.0205078125,
-0.042236328125,
-0.06298828125,
0.032958984375,
0.037109375,
-0.03515625,
0.00469970703125,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.019287109375,
-0.040771484375,
-0.006561279296875,
-0.017578125,
0.015380859375,
-0.022705078125,
-0.020751953125,
-0.0062255859375,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.05859375,
0.0255126953125,
0.0181884765625,
0.00128173828125,
0.0478515625,
0.01361083984375,
0.025390625,
-0.01080322265625,
0.03466796875,
-0.0032501220703125,
0.007720947265625,
-0.03515625,
-0.04638671875,
-0.004913330078125,
-0.005218505859375,
-0.031982421875,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.00007724761962890625,
0.0218505859375,
0.025390625,
-0.06591796875,
0.00628662109375,
-0.07080078125,
-0.014404296875,
-0.038818359375,
0.01397705078125,
0.01483154296875,
0.00689697265625,
-0.041259765625,
-0.038818359375,
-0.0634765625,
0.024658203125,
-0.024658203125,
0.06005859375,
-0.00909423828125,
0.0157470703125,
0.02392578125,
0.00007772445678710938,
0.0283203125,
-0.021728515625,
-0.0240478515625,
0.0086669921875,
0.0145263671875,
-0.00133514404296875,
-0.0177001953125,
0.0157470703125,
0.03466796875,
-0.0322265625,
0.03955078125,
0.0076904296875,
0.00153350830078125,
-0.0098876953125,
0.022216796875,
0.017578125,
0.02783203125,
-0.001708984375,
-0.006500244140625,
-0.0283203125,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.033203125,
-0.001434326171875,
0.052978515625,
-0.01904296875,
0.031982421875,
0.0238037109375,
-0.023681640625,
0.029541015625,
-0.023193359375,
-0.0703125,
0.0296630859375,
0.009521484375,
0.021484375,
-0.000926971435546875,
0.0045166015625,
-0.0023651123046875,
-0.00927734375,
0.0380859375,
0.0216064453125,
0.01141357421875,
0.03076171875,
0.021484375,
0.0115966796875,
-0.00031280517578125,
0.023193359375,
-0.01031494140625,
0.0174560546875,
0.004119873046875,
-0.04833984375,
-0.046142578125,
0.056640625,
0.0172119140625,
-0.01190185546875,
0.0277099609375,
0.0230712890625,
0.01031494140625,
0.053466796875,
0.03515625,
-0.057861328125,
-0.0059814453125,
-0.04052734375,
0.05078125,
-0.00156402587890625,
0.027099609375,
0.0103759765625,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.0087890625,
-0.02685546875,
0.06396484375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0301513671875,
0.03564453125,
0.08056640625,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.025634765625,
0.005401611328125,
0.0032806396484375,
0.041259765625,
0.03759765625,
-0.031982421875,
0.034912109375,
-0.0128173828125,
0.036376953125,
-0.002593994140625,
0.00445556640625,
-0.023193359375,
0.01373291015625,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.036376953125,
0.014404296875,
0.0205078125,
0.0302734375,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.033935546875,
0.0228271484375,
0.05126953125,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.008056640625,
0.00958251953125,
0.01507568359375,
0.000545501708984375,
0.035400390625,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.033203125,
0.0419921875,
-0.02880859375,
0.001983642578125,
0.0311279296875,
0.05224609375,
-0.06640625,
0.064453125,
-0.036865234375,
-0.00176239013671875,
-0.001617431640625,
-0.013671875,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.001953125,
0.03759765625,
-0.0042724609375,
-0.026123046875,
0.046142578125,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.000217437744140625,
0.036376953125,
-0.0172119140625,
0.0035400390625,
0.0247802734375,
-0.01544189453125,
0.0213623046875,
-0.0322265625,
0.0281982421875,
0.0196533203125,
-0.004119873046875,
0.0361328125,
-0.0146484375,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.005279541015625,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0028076171875,
0.028564453125,
0.0030517578125,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.0164794921875,
0.011474609375,
-0.057861328125,
-0.056396484375,
0.00157928466796875,
0.0235595703125,
0.0024261474609375,
-0.0036773681640625,
0.00191497802734375,
-0.009765625,
-0.00078582763671875,
-0.007415771484375,
-0.048828125,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.0010223388671875,
0.0216064453125,
0.01068115234375,
0.037109375,
0.0380859375,
0.034423828125,
0.017822265625,
-0.0002765655517578125,
0.0277099609375,
-0.005462646484375,
0.02197265625,
0.044677734375,
0.034423828125,
-0.042236328125,
-0.0361328125,
-0.000782012939453125,
-0.03515625,
-0.00101470947265625,
0.037109375,
0.0000476837158203125,
-0.051513671875,
-0.052490234375,
0.00445556640625,
0.03076171875,
-0.007476806640625,
-0.0194091796875,
0.00063323974609375,
-0.0057373046875,
0.01470947265625,
-0.007232666015625,
-0.0028533935546875,
0.030517578125,
-0.036865234375,
0.00194549560546875,
0.0167236328125,
-0.00384521484375,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.0283203125,
-0.0419921875,
0.01422119140625,
0.031982421875,
0.00213623046875,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0068359375,
-0.054931640625,
-0.0439453125,
-0.018798828125,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.00144195556640625,
0.01226806640625,
-0.044921875,
0.007720947265625,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.0218505859375,
0.024658203125,
-0.057373046875,
-0.035400390625,
-0.037109375,
0.0027923583984375,
-0.0225830078125,
0.005828857421875,
-0.04638671875,
0.0299072265625,
-0.006866455078125,
0.01806640625,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.018798828125,
-0.05859375,
-0.0238037109375,
0.031005859375,
0.045166015625,
0.00390625,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.047119140625,
0.0576171875,
-0.01416015625,
0.00921630859375,
0.06689453125,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.005096435546875,
-0.0145263671875,
0.034423828125,
-0.017822265625,
-0.005859375,
0.0087890625,
-0.0031585693359375,
-0.022216796875,
-0.01123046875,
0.005218505859375,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.010498046875,
0.020263671875,
0.033935546875,
-0.01007080078125,
0.01361083984375,
-0.03076171875,
-0.05029296875,
-0.0181884765625,
0.035888671875,
-0.0216064453125,
0.04052734375,
0.04833984375,
0.0162353515625,
-0.025146484375,
0.020263671875,
0.036865234375,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.039794921875,
0.044189453125,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.01611328125,
0.04150390625,
0.03955078125,
-0.035888671875,
0.01470947265625,
-0.0025787353515625,
-0.017333984375,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.045166015625,
0.00970458984375,
0.0400390625,
-0.037353515625,
0.002777099609375,
0.0303955078125,
0.01336669921875,
0.0177001953125,
-0.0302734375,
0.026611328125,
-0.004913330078125,
-0.041015625,
0.0303955078125,
-0.04638671875,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.0498046875,
0.01043701171875,
-0.003082275390625,
-0.030517578125,
0.0155029296875,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.01287841796875,
0.0654296875,
-0.0400390625,
-0.05859375,
0.0244140625,
0.0264892578125,
-0.0634765625,
0.0208740234375,
-0.0625,
0.05517578125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.07861328125,
0.00433349609375,
0.015380859375,
0.0194091796875,
0.039306640625,
-0.048583984375,
0.0001983642578125,
0.0242919921875,
0.01513671875,
-0.05517578125,
0.00677490234375,
-0.0322265625,
0.0125732421875,
-0.046630859375,
-0.04052734375,
0.0186767578125,
0.0252685546875,
-0.03271484375,
0.041259765625,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.033447265625,
0.037109375,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.07568359375,
0.00067901611328125,
0.0218505859375,
-0.010498046875,
-0.0244140625,
0.006011962890625,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.0020751953125,
0.026123046875,
-0.056396484375,
0.00494384765625,
-0.04345703125,
0.00726318359375,
0.01202392578125,
-0.005218505859375,
0.01416015625,
0.025390625,
0.00537109375,
0.0458984375,
-0.048095703125,
-0.0081787109375,
0.0286865234375,
0.00689697265625,
-0.021484375,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.060791015625,
-0.072265625,
-0.038330078125,
0.000331878662109375,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.0201416015625,
0.0732421875,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.014404296875,
-0.01202392578125,
0.0177001953125,
-0.054443359375,
0.01361083984375,
-0.036865234375,
0.027099609375,
0.061279296875,
0.056640625,
-0.0223388671875,
0.02294921875,
0.00811767578125,
0.0206298828125,
0.0211181640625,
-0.004974365234375,
-0.00118255615234375,
0.0203857421875,
0.0009613037109375,
0.006866455078125,
-0.00537109375,
0.0069580078125,
0.0089111328125,
0.059814453125,
0.0179443359375,
-0.05322265625,
0.026611328125,
0.00128936767578125,
-0.020263671875,
0.0034637451171875,
-0.037109375,
-0.05517578125,
0.04052734375,
0.0291748046875,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.034423828125,
0.061279296875,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.0123291015625,
0.0263671875,
0.01373291015625,
0.02587890625,
0.044677734375,
-0.01239013671875,
0.0019683837890625,
0.0272216796875,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.057373046875,
0.015869140625,
0.01251220703125,
0.008056640625,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.015380859375,
-0.02783203125,
-0.068359375,
0.01214599609375,
0.01153564453125,
-0.021240234375,
-0.038818359375,
0.006927490234375,
-0.019287109375,
0.01312255859375,
0.029296875,
-0.019775390625,
-0.0023040771484375,
-0.030029296875,
-0.051025390625,
-0.021484375,
0.0299072265625,
0.003021240234375,
0.0576171875,
0.00970458984375,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.0380859375,
-0.033447265625,
-0.038330078125,
0.09326171875,
0.03515625,
0.03173828125,
0.002838134765625,
0.0311279296875,
0.0341796875,
0.027587890625,
0.0211181640625,
0.0380859375,
-0.010498046875,
0.02001953125,
-0.028076171875,
0.0169677734375,
-0.0093994140625,
0.0277099609375,
-0.02294921875,
0.047119140625,
-0.048828125,
-0.049560546875,
0.00160980224609375,
-0.048095703125,
0.0172119140625,
-0.0150146484375,
0.001678466796875,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0045166015625,
0.035888671875,
0.036865234375,
-0.009033203125,
0.0166015625,
0.041748046875,
0.04638671875,
0.0400390625,
-0.00897216796875,
0.00946044921875,
0.016845703125,
-0.0498046875,
-0.0311279296875,
0.0052490234375,
0.056884765625,
-0.072265625,
-0.021484375,
0.005615234375,
-0.00469970703125,
-0.0084228515625,
0.0093994140625,
0.00714111328125,
-0.049560546875,
-0.017822265625,
-0.044677734375,
0.0218505859375,
-0.0303955078125,
0.01409912109375,
0.026123046875,
0.0079345703125,
-0.037109375,
0.045654296875,
0.0233154296875,
0.01446533203125,
-0.00836181640625,
0.01068115234375,
0.0703125,
-0.00604248046875,
0.04345703125,
-0.01953125,
0.033203125,
0.0303955078125,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.035888671875,
0.0029449462890625,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.048095703125,
-0.00726318359375,
-0.00927734375,
0.01141357421875,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.010498046875,
-0.056640625,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.0274658203125,
0.032958984375,
0.015380859375,
0.031494140625,
0.010009765625,
-0.0279541015625,
0.03515625,
0.01904296875,
-0.0022430419921875,
-0.0240478515625,
0.01446533203125,
0.01348876953125,
-0.064453125,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0576171875,
-0.00494384765625,
-0.004058837890625,
-0.02685546875,
-0.0341796875,
0.038330078125,
0.01104736328125,
0.004058837890625,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0067138671875,
0.040283203125,
0.025390625,
0.0003604888916015625,
0.0269775390625,
-0.015380859375,
0.01153564453125,
0.04833984375,
0.018310546875,
0.01458740234375,
0.0166015625,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0390625,
-0.058349609375,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.00762939453125,
-0.025146484375,
0.000036716461181640625,
-0.0291748046875,
0.0361328125,
-0.03662109375,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.047607421875,
-0.021484375,
-0.0159912109375,
0.01239013671875,
0.020751953125,
-0.04443359375,
0.279296875,
0.0238037109375,
-0.0191650390625,
0.006591796875,
0.002166748046875,
0.030029296875,
0.02685546875,
0.033203125,
-0.058349609375,
0.0216064453125,
0.00186920166015625,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.0084228515625,
0.0274658203125,
-0.0238037109375,
0.01470947265625,
0.048583984375,
-0.05224609375,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0022430419921875,
-0.03369140625,
0.056884765625,
0.0390625,
-0.000762939453125,
0.0390625,
-0.0751953125,
-0.045166015625,
-0.03271484375,
0.033203125,
-0.0306396484375,
0.0184326171875,
-0.0556640625,
0.004364013671875,
0.0087890625,
0.015869140625,
-0.0020599365234375,
0.02001953125,
0.028076171875,
0.0242919921875,
-0.01312255859375,
0.0267333984375,
-0.00701904296875,
0.0245361328125,
0.0205078125,
-0.0235595703125,
0.04345703125,
0.076171875,
-0.0419921875,
0.046875,
0.02587890625,
0.02099609375,
0.0024871826171875,
0.0035400390625,
0.02392578125,
0.0096435546875,
0.0169677734375,
-0.0478515625,
-0.0196533203125,
0.00701904296875,
0.010009765625,
0.01385498046875,
0.061279296875,
-0.04248046875,
0.01495361328125,
0.0301513671875,
0.0016937255859375,
-0.05615234375,
-0.019287109375,
-0.012939453125,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0245361328125,
0.03662109375,
0.0140380859375,
-0.043212890625,
0.0693359375,
0.026123046875,
-0.0184326171875,
0.0311279296875,
-0.033935546875,
-0.01336669921875,
0.0019378662109375,
0.01287841796875,
0.028076171875,
-0.01953125,
-0.01422119140625,
0.0078125,
-0.007568359375,
0.02490234375,
-0.0126953125,
0.014404296875,
-0.03515625,
0.018798828125
] |
Sharpe, J.
Defendant had levied upon and sold under execution the interest of one Dee Allen in certain lands in Kalamazoo county. Allen’s interest was that of a tenant in common, under the provisions of his father’s will. The plaintiff became the purchaser. Allen did not redeem. On the last day therefor, Glenn S. Allen, one of the tenants in common of the land sold, in his own behalf and in behalf of the other tenants in common, filed in the office of the register of deeds a writing setting forth the above facts and deposited therewith the sum necessary for redemption. The defendant, by reason thereof, refused to execute a conveyance to plaintiff as purchaser, and mandamus was sought to require him to do so. The order of the circuit judge denying the writ is here reviewed by certiorari.
The provisions of our statutes relating to the manner of selling real estate levied upon under executions appear in 3 Comp. Laws 1915, § 12900 et seq. Section 12911 provides for redemption “within one year from the time when such sale shall have been made.” Section 12912 reads:
“Such redemption may be made:
“1. By the person against whom the execution was issued, and whose right and title were sold in pursuance thereof; or
“2. If such person be dead, by his devisee of the premises sold, if the same shall have been devised; and if the same shall not have been devised, by the executor or administrator with the approbation of the judge of probate, or by the heirs of such person; or
“3. By any grantee of such person, who shall have acquired an absolute title by deed, sale under mortgage, or under an execution, or by any other means, to the premises sold, or to any lot, tract, parcel or portion which shall have been separately sold;
“4. By the purchaser of the title and right of redemption of the person against whom the execution issued.”
The language of this section needs no construction. The right of redemption is given to the execution «debtor, to his executor, administrator or devisee, if he be dead, and to grantees or persons claiming rights under such debtor.
Counsel for the defendant claims that such right is extended to a tenant in common with the execution debtor by sections 12914 and 12954. These read as follows:
“(12914) Sec. 99. If there be several persons having undivided shares, as joint tenants, or tenants in common, in the premises sold, or in any particular lot or tract sold, each person having such title may redeem the share or interest belonging to him, by paying to the purchaser, or to the officer, as herein directed, a sum that will bear the same proportion to the whole purchase money bid for such premises, or for such particular lot or tract, as the share proposed to be redeemed bears to the whole number of shares of such premises, or lot or tract, together with the interest on such sum.”
“(12954) Sec. 139. When any judgment debtor shall have or own an undivided interest or estate as tenant, in common or otherwise, with the same parties in several pieces or parcels of land, the sheriff to whom any execution issued on any judgment against said debtor may be directed, may levy said execution upon any such undivided interest or estate, and in case of an existing levy thereon may advertise and sell, as a single parcel, the interest of such judgment debtor in any or all of such undivided and unpartitioned tracts or parcels in his bailiwick, and the same may be redeemed only on payment of the sum bid, with interest at the rate borne by the judgment under which, such sale was made. Certificates, setting forth a description of the premises in which such interest may have been sold, the sum bid, and the time when such sale will become absolute and the purchaser entitled to a deed, shall be made, delivered to the purchaser, and filed in the office of the register of deeds, in the same manner and with like effect as in other cases of sales of real estate on execution.”
Section 12914 would seem to apply only to cases where several persons have acquired undivided interests in the property sold after levy, and provides for redemption by any one of them of “the share or interest belonging to him.”
Section 12954 would seem to apply only to eases where a levy is made on an undivided interest of the execution debtor in several parcels of land. In such case, sale may be made as a single parcel of such interest “in any or all of such undivided and unpartitioned tracts or parcels.” Redemption may be made only on payment of the entire sum bid.
Neither of these sections in terms provides for the redemption by any person other than those named in section 12912. Counsel urges that “A tenant in common does not own any specific part of the premises. He has an interest in the whole,” and insists that he should have the right to protect his interest by redemption if the tenant whose interest has been sold does not redeem. The only effect of the execution of the deed to plaintiff as purchaser is to substitute him as a tenant in common with the others who have an interest in the property sold in the place and stead of Dee Allen. He gets Dee Allen’s interest, whatever it may be, and no more. As the other tenants in common are brothers and sisters, it may be that the property could be more satisfactorily handled by them than by having a stranger to the title admitted to ownership with them. They could have secured this result by obtaining a conveyance from Dee Allen of his interest.
The order entered will be set aside and the cause remanded that the defendant may be ordered to execute a deed pursuant to the certificate of purchase if it be necessary to do so. The plaintiff will recover costs against Glenn S. Allen.
Clark, C. J., and McDonald, Bird, Moore, and Fellows, JJ., concurred. Steere and Wiest, JJ., concurred in the result. | [
0.0068359375,
0.00616455078125,
0.005218505859375,
0.00933837890625,
-0.039306640625,
-0.003265380859375,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.022216796875,
-0.0069580078125,
0.052490234375,
0.0247802734375,
0.00567626953125,
0.025390625,
0.018798828125,
0.0118408203125,
-0.015380859375,
0.003143310546875,
0.030029296875,
-0.044189453125,
0.023193359375,
0.007354736328125,
-0.005950927734375,
-0.0291748046875,
0.01153564453125,
-0.006683349609375,
-0.027587890625,
0.00762939453125,
0.005706787109375,
0.07421875,
0.045654296875,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.025634765625,
-0.0020751953125,
-0.002899169921875,
0.00156402587890625,
0.0458984375,
-0.083984375,
0.012939453125,
-0.008056640625,
-0.026611328125,
0.049072265625,
0.00396728515625,
-0.0048828125,
-0.0546875,
-0.031494140625,
-0.044677734375,
-0.0302734375,
0.01904296875,
-0.028076171875,
0.0223388671875,
-0.0022735595703125,
0.03369140625,
-0.049560546875,
0.00640869140625,
-0.05859375,
-0.005767822265625,
-0.028076171875,
-0.00909423828125,
0.0228271484375,
-0.007232666015625,
-0.01904296875,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0322265625,
0.020751953125,
0.046875,
-0.00738525390625,
-0.011474609375,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.02294921875,
-0.00933837890625,
0.008056640625,
0.00823974609375,
0.01202392578125,
0.017578125,
0.017333984375,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.00384521484375,
0.0228271484375,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0037841796875,
0.00171661376953125,
0.0517578125,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.0546875,
0.036376953125,
0.026123046875,
-0.00101470947265625,
0.03759765625,
0.01055908203125,
-0.032470703125,
0.05029296875,
-0.01324462890625,
0.006134033203125,
0.052978515625,
0.03759765625,
0.00138092041015625,
0.01806640625,
0.010009765625,
-0.051513671875,
0.033935546875,
0.03466796875,
0.0062255859375,
0.06298828125,
-0.02197265625,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.0238037109375,
0.00133514404296875,
-0.006561279296875,
-0.0001239776611328125,
0.0286865234375,
-0.0203857421875,
0.046630859375,
0.013671875,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.000865936279296875,
-0.05224609375,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.04541015625,
0.02783203125,
0.042724609375,
-0.0263671875,
0.03955078125,
-0.0177001953125,
0.0238037109375,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.01165771484375,
0.0341796875,
-0.00069427490234375,
0.00653076171875,
0.028076171875,
-0.0012359619140625,
-0.027099609375,
0.0054931640625,
-0.013671875,
0.00142669677734375,
0.020751953125,
0.01385498046875,
0.01513671875,
-0.00836181640625,
0.031005859375,
-0.021484375,
-0.00726318359375,
0.025634765625,
0.0262451171875,
0.0279541015625,
-0.006011962890625,
0.0194091796875,
-0.040283203125,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.0810546875,
-0.003265380859375,
0.033935546875,
0.064453125,
0.05126953125,
-0.0162353515625,
0.052001953125,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.04931640625,
0.033447265625,
0.031494140625,
0.023681640625,
-0.0220947265625,
0.01007080078125,
-0.00015926361083984375,
0.0086669921875,
0.00994873046875,
-0.0034942626953125,
-0.0498046875,
-0.042724609375,
0.05517578125,
0.032958984375,
-0.049072265625,
-0.01904296875,
0.033203125,
-0.00274658203125,
0.0751953125,
0.01177978515625,
0.01806640625,
0.01373291015625,
-0.041015625,
0.0281982421875,
0.039306640625,
0.0198974609375,
-0.006103515625,
0.0086669921875,
0.0096435546875,
-0.0498046875,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.03515625,
0.0140380859375,
0.0233154296875,
0.0107421875,
0.0341796875,
-0.0101318359375,
0.0130615234375,
-0.005523681640625,
-0.0185546875,
0.023681640625,
-0.01953125,
-0.0498046875,
-0.01434326171875,
0.046630859375,
0.0634765625,
-0.02197265625,
-0.048095703125,
0.0654296875,
0.0400390625,
0.0024871826171875,
0.012939453125,
-0.01312255859375,
0.00762939453125,
0.010498046875,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.0269775390625,
0.04443359375,
-0.00592041015625,
0.021728515625,
0.0023956298828125,
0.01068115234375,
-0.01416015625,
0.007476806640625,
-0.009033203125,
0.03662109375,
0.0166015625,
-0.031005859375,
0.06591796875,
0.0291748046875,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.022216796875,
0.0022430419921875,
-0.01214599609375,
0.01019287109375,
0.04931640625,
0.000896453857421875,
-0.0027008056640625,
0.040771484375,
0.0235595703125,
-0.01416015625,
0.033447265625,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.01116943359375,
0.059814453125,
0.00836181640625,
-0.031494140625,
0.043212890625,
0.03662109375,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.00592041015625,
0.0142822265625,
-0.02783203125,
-0.004486083984375,
-0.032958984375,
0.02880859375,
-0.000732421875,
-0.006805419921875,
0.037841796875,
-0.003936767578125,
-0.055908203125,
-0.041259765625,
0.0322265625,
0.0279541015625,
-0.0390625,
-0.030029296875,
0.01123046875,
-0.0167236328125,
0.04443359375,
-0.02099609375,
-0.05224609375,
-0.030517578125,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.025390625,
-0.0380859375,
0.02392578125,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.0546875,
-0.00074005126953125,
-0.03857421875,
0.031005859375,
-0.06494140625,
0.04541015625,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.00433349609375,
0.0269775390625,
-0.0257568359375,
0.031005859375,
-0.039306640625,
0.052001953125,
-0.0208740234375,
0.04150390625,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.03564453125,
-0.0299072265625,
0.014892578125,
0.00408935546875,
-0.02685546875,
0.00830078125,
-0.0224609375,
0.01373291015625,
-0.04052734375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.044189453125,
0.00113677978515625,
-0.0067138671875,
-0.021484375,
0.004364013671875,
-0.005615234375,
-0.027587890625,
0.00482177734375,
-0.003173828125,
-0.00604248046875,
0.0247802734375,
0.016845703125,
-0.0047607421875,
-0.041259765625,
0.038330078125,
0.003448486328125,
-0.00518798828125,
0.0074462890625,
-0.053466796875,
0.00089263916015625,
-0.004486083984375,
-0.02197265625,
-0.03759765625,
0.0023345947265625,
0.01202392578125,
0.050048828125,
-0.05419921875,
0.005889892578125,
-0.02294921875,
-0.028564453125,
-0.045654296875,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.01129150390625,
0.025146484375,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.04638671875,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.015380859375,
0.06103515625,
-0.0390625,
0.0203857421875,
-0.01129150390625,
0.046630859375,
0.023681640625,
0.013427734375,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.01611328125,
0.000720977783203125,
-0.00640869140625,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.03466796875,
0.035400390625,
0.0030975341796875,
-0.007293701171875,
0.018310546875,
-0.017333984375,
-0.02978515625,
0.030517578125,
0.028076171875,
-0.003265380859375,
-0.03662109375,
-0.041015625,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.032958984375,
-0.00909423828125,
0.05029296875,
-0.0230712890625,
0.0693359375,
0.08984375,
-0.037353515625,
0.01019287109375,
-0.04638671875,
-0.011474609375,
0.005218505859375,
-0.033935546875,
0.0169677734375,
-0.0177001953125,
0.02734375,
0.004669189453125,
0.05908203125,
0.030029296875,
0.0220947265625,
-0.000232696533203125,
-0.01416015625,
0.01165771484375,
-0.0042724609375,
0.01806640625,
-0.00154876708984375,
-0.02001953125,
-0.00130462646484375,
-0.04833984375,
-0.026611328125,
-0.046142578125,
0.0257568359375,
-0.00604248046875,
0.00830078125,
-0.01226806640625,
0.04052734375,
0.01513671875,
-0.0050048828125,
0.0081787109375,
-0.042236328125,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.0390625,
0.058349609375,
0.0048828125,
-0.00360107421875,
-0.02099609375,
-0.01446533203125,
0.04345703125,
0.03759765625,
0.00994873046875,
0.0169677734375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.0028533935546875,
0.030029296875,
0.031005859375,
-0.0087890625,
-0.043212890625,
0.00848388671875,
-0.003662109375,
0.033935546875,
-0.03076171875,
0.0126953125,
-0.01953125,
0.01153564453125,
0.008544921875,
-0.00927734375,
0.03076171875,
0.05712890625,
-0.0242919921875,
0.0079345703125,
0.05419921875,
-0.035400390625,
0.01361083984375,
-0.029052734375,
0.030029296875,
0.006683349609375,
0.06103515625,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.036865234375,
0.00021266937255859375,
-0.028076171875,
0.0164794921875,
-0.010009765625,
0.0185546875,
0.0220947265625,
-0.015380859375,
-0.0517578125,
0.043701171875,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.0289306640625,
0.021240234375,
0.06640625,
-0.0106201171875,
0.0517578125,
-0.050537109375,
0.0419921875,
-0.008544921875,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.0458984375,
-0.0013427734375,
0.005645751953125,
0.009765625,
-0.0198974609375,
0.042236328125,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0079345703125,
0.0267333984375,
-0.0224609375,
-0.032470703125,
0.04345703125,
-0.01312255859375,
0.0296630859375,
0.005706787109375,
0.0078125,
0.0263671875,
-0.00811767578125,
0.037109375,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0021209716796875,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.04443359375,
-0.05615234375,
-0.00592041015625,
-0.0302734375,
-0.0133056640625,
0.013427734375,
-0.01318359375,
0.033203125,
-0.040771484375,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.0283203125,
-0.016845703125,
0.00010776519775390625,
0.0159912109375,
0.044921875,
-0.0302734375,
0.01055908203125,
0.0458984375,
-0.028564453125,
-0.02392578125,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.0264892578125,
0.006439208984375,
0.0625,
-0.00946044921875,
0.0107421875,
-0.0208740234375,
0.04736328125,
0.0247802734375,
0.0020294189453125,
0.03759765625,
0.0027008056640625,
0.044189453125,
0.041015625,
0.05908203125,
-0.07568359375,
-0.037109375,
-0.010009765625,
-0.025146484375,
0.003875732421875,
0.0380859375,
0.01080322265625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.057373046875,
-0.013671875,
-0.042724609375,
-0.07470703125,
-0.0634765625,
0.0205078125,
-0.00090789794921875,
0.019287109375,
-0.02099609375,
0.00115966796875,
0.000629425048828125,
-0.0703125,
0.03662109375,
-0.022705078125,
0.018310546875,
-0.0615234375,
0.00823974609375,
-0.0079345703125,
0.022216796875,
0.027587890625,
-0.0035552978515625,
-0.028076171875,
-0.046630859375,
0.00152587890625,
-0.033935546875,
-0.006927490234375,
-0.043212890625,
-0.031982421875,
-0.041748046875,
0.0185546875,
0.03515625,
0.00860595703125,
0.041015625,
-0.0101318359375,
0.0079345703125,
0.01483154296875,
-0.03857421875,
0.009765625,
-0.048095703125,
-0.0390625,
0.00518798828125,
-0.0224609375,
-0.01177978515625,
0.05810546875,
-0.0113525390625,
0.014404296875,
-0.05810546875,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.052001953125,
-0.027099609375,
0.0235595703125,
-0.01318359375,
-0.0010833740234375,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.04638671875,
0.0225830078125,
-0.01953125,
-0.00103759765625,
0.08154296875,
0.01202392578125,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.030517578125,
0.04296875,
0.033447265625,
-0.044677734375,
-0.021484375,
-0.007049560546875,
-0.0380859375,
-0.0247802734375,
0.00653076171875,
-0.021728515625,
-0.048095703125,
0.0159912109375,
0.037841796875,
-0.013671875,
0.033447265625,
-0.046630859375,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0299072265625,
0.036376953125,
0.0235595703125,
0.030517578125,
0.05517578125,
-0.04052734375,
-0.01397705078125,
0.039794921875,
0.0361328125,
0.001556396484375,
-0.06640625,
0.0028839111328125,
0.0255126953125,
-0.01214599609375,
0.051025390625,
0.044189453125,
-0.0478515625,
-0.017578125,
0.001678466796875,
-0.042724609375,
-0.02294921875,
-0.0361328125,
0.0223388671875,
0.0400390625,
-0.031982421875,
0.024169921875,
0.0054931640625,
0.0247802734375,
0.01904296875,
-0.019775390625,
0.0235595703125,
-0.02197265625,
-0.04052734375,
0.024658203125,
0.002685546875,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.03173828125,
0.02197265625,
0.0012969970703125,
-0.01116943359375,
0.0172119140625,
0.005279541015625,
-0.006744384765625,
-0.03515625,
-0.01300048828125,
0.04345703125,
-0.048828125,
0.00628662109375,
0.042236328125,
0.007568359375,
-0.0194091796875,
0.018798828125,
-0.05517578125,
0.00750732421875,
0.00150299072265625,
-0.08056640625,
0.00775146484375,
0.04296875,
0.00051116943359375,
0.058837890625,
-0.03515625,
-0.0201416015625,
0.0027618408203125,
0.01708984375,
-0.01904296875,
0.017578125,
-0.004669189453125,
0.015869140625,
-0.0078125,
-0.039306640625,
-0.00384521484375,
0.046875,
0.00139617919921875,
0.0238037109375,
-0.01806640625,
0.01251220703125,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.049560546875,
-0.056396484375,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0157470703125,
0.0272216796875,
0.0164794921875,
-0.028076171875,
-0.006103515625,
-0.0302734375,
0.03564453125,
-0.0302734375,
0.015380859375,
-0.0238037109375,
0.040283203125,
0.026611328125,
-0.0115966796875,
0.0478515625,
0.03466796875,
-0.003021240234375,
0.047119140625,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.004638671875,
0.0272216796875,
0.0150146484375,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.054931640625,
-0.064453125,
-0.025390625,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.004180908203125,
-0.01416015625,
0.00555419921875,
0.044189453125,
-0.015869140625,
-0.0263671875,
-0.0057373046875,
-0.003662109375,
-0.038818359375,
0.0169677734375,
-0.031982421875,
0.035400390625,
0.034912109375,
0.034912109375,
-0.007110595703125,
0.004791259765625,
0.0126953125,
0.03564453125,
0.0184326171875,
0.00762939453125,
0.0284423828125,
0.01025390625,
-0.001068115234375,
-0.027587890625,
-0.07080078125,
-0.0283203125,
-0.01239013671875,
0.017822265625,
0.043701171875,
-0.039794921875,
0.0419921875,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.06591796875,
0.0023345947265625,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0380859375,
0.0235595703125,
0.044189453125,
0.0194091796875,
-0.01019287109375,
0.025390625,
-0.031982421875,
0.0191650390625,
-0.005889892578125,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.0032806396484375,
-0.010009765625,
0.0419921875,
0.0390625,
-0.028564453125,
0.031005859375,
0.032470703125,
-0.0390625,
-0.04296875,
-0.06591796875,
0.039306640625,
-0.000873565673828125,
-0.004638671875,
0.01031494140625,
-0.01806640625,
-0.0322265625,
0.043701171875,
-0.031005859375,
0.005523681640625,
0.0145263671875,
-0.0028533935546875,
-0.06005859375,
0.00909423828125,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.06982421875,
-0.02978515625,
0.006011962890625,
0.031005859375,
0.006134033203125,
0.04248046875,
-0.0003814697265625,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.05029296875,
0.025390625,
-0.038330078125,
0.0174560546875,
0.07275390625,
0.0390625,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.0186767578125,
0.035400390625,
-0.00090789794921875,
0.0098876953125,
0.0108642578125,
0.03564453125,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.000762939453125,
-0.0142822265625,
0.004547119140625,
0.0098876953125,
0.00335693359375,
0.043212890625,
-0.060546875,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.0035400390625,
0.002166748046875,
-0.01513671875,
0.0291748046875,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.000469207763671875,
-0.0048828125,
-0.005279541015625,
-0.0076904296875,
0.0556640625,
0.05517578125,
0.0400390625,
-0.01470947265625,
0.052001953125,
0.0087890625,
-0.056640625,
-0.0030975341796875,
0.04345703125,
0.050537109375,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.0023651123046875,
0.01422119140625,
-0.0009918212890625,
-0.04296875,
0.0062255859375,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.050537109375,
0.004608154296875,
-0.0196533203125,
0.032958984375,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.0035247802734375,
0.0245361328125,
-0.00750732421875,
-0.02197265625,
0.0068359375,
0.006378173828125,
0.0181884765625,
-0.049560546875,
0.03369140625,
0.029296875,
0.033935546875,
0.03125,
-0.036376953125,
0.0284423828125,
0.01434326171875,
-0.02685546875,
-0.0216064453125,
0.030517578125,
-0.041015625,
-0.05517578125,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.00174713134765625,
0.0498046875,
0.00628662109375,
0.01031494140625,
-0.05419921875,
0.01226806640625,
-0.00164794921875,
-0.004791259765625,
0.033447265625,
0.013671875,
0.05419921875,
0.007568359375,
-0.049560546875,
0.01092529296875,
-0.0291748046875,
0.0245361328125,
-0.041015625,
0.049560546875,
0.037353515625,
-0.087890625,
-0.054931640625,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.023681640625,
0.009765625,
-0.056640625,
-0.0498046875,
0.00069427490234375,
0.024658203125,
-0.006103515625,
0.00341796875,
0.005340576171875,
-0.0279541015625,
0.050048828125,
0.018798828125,
0.01300048828125,
0.0230712890625,
0.014892578125,
0.002960205078125,
0.00138092041015625,
0.0262451171875,
-0.004913330078125,
0.01123046875,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.03076171875,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.0390625,
-0.07861328125,
0.01019287109375,
0.0260009765625,
-0.0079345703125,
0.0150146484375,
-0.025390625,
0.00799560546875,
0.019287109375,
-0.0439453125,
-0.03369140625,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.0299072265625,
0.033203125,
0.0264892578125,
-0.03564453125,
0.251953125,
0.002960205078125,
0.0042724609375,
0.002197265625,
-0.0111083984375,
0.04833984375,
-0.004150390625,
0.045166015625,
-0.016845703125,
-0.02099609375,
-0.00390625,
-0.0172119140625,
0.01336669921875,
-0.023681640625,
0.000644683837890625,
0.009033203125,
-0.01068115234375,
0.036376953125,
0.0118408203125,
-0.030029296875,
0.00102996826171875,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.0155029296875,
0.07666015625,
0.037109375,
-0.00848388671875,
0.0250244140625,
-0.05908203125,
-0.002471923828125,
-0.049072265625,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.0233154296875,
0.021728515625,
-0.04443359375,
-0.033935546875,
0.059326171875,
0.037109375,
-0.00750732421875,
0.034423828125,
-0.004302978515625,
0.00173187255859375,
0.0111083984375,
-0.037841796875,
-0.027099609375,
0.00946044921875,
0.0250244140625,
-0.00750732421875,
0.043212890625,
0.0673828125,
-0.01318359375,
0.058349609375,
-0.00775146484375,
0.032470703125,
-0.003021240234375,
0.017333984375,
0.0458984375,
0.03759765625,
0.0159912109375,
0.01373291015625,
-0.030517578125,
0.0031890869140625,
0.0189208984375,
0.04345703125,
0.045654296875,
0.0390625,
-0.0025482177734375,
0.052734375,
-0.00110626220703125,
0.004486083984375,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.0017852783203125,
0.0036773681640625,
-0.01953125,
-0.0240478515625,
0.056884765625,
0.020263671875,
-0.0045166015625,
0.0361328125,
0.0546875,
-0.030517578125,
-0.03662109375,
-0.06005859375,
0.0030975341796875,
0.015625,
0.02978515625,
0.0067138671875,
0.0030364990234375,
-0.0185546875,
0.01953125,
0.0101318359375,
0.0400390625,
0.00909423828125,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.0081787109375
] |
Fellows, J.
It is not denied that plaintiffs’ decedent met his death on January 18, 1923, while engaged as an employee in logging operations. Dependency of plaintiffs is not denied. The denial of liability is based on defendant’s claim that decedent was not its employee or the employee of its contractor or subcontractor. The Escanaba Manufacturing Corn pany, a Missouri corporation, authorized to do business in this State and operating under the workmen’s compensation act, was closely connected with the Escanaba Veneer Company, a Michigan corporation. There seems to have been to a considerable degree common ownership and operation, the Veneer Company using the grade of timber adaptable to manufacturing its product, and the Manufacturing Company the balance. It is defendant’s claim that on January 1, 1923, it ceased operating in Michigan and transferred its holdings here to the Steel-Wallace Corporation, a Michigan corporation; that the Veneer Company contracted with one Peter Doutre to do logging for it; that he in turn subcontracted with one Grownoski for a part of the work and that decedent was employed by , Grownoski. Defendant gave quite positive testimony ,to sustain its claim, but we do not think it can be said that it was undisputed. Mr. Grownoski was called as a witness, and, after testifying to the circumstances of the accident and saying that decedent was working for defendant, gave the following testimony:
“Q. You say he was working for the Escanaba Manufacturing Company; what is your reason for saying that?
“A. The billing or shipping book for billing the cars had the name of that company in that book, the same name. I had the checks sent to me and they showed the same name.
“Q. As I understand it you sent the report of the men’s time in, for yourself and the men, that you sent this report into the Escanaba Manufacturing Company, of how much was coming to you and how much was coming to each man, and the Escanaba Manufacturing Company then sent back a check to you to cover this amount?
“A. Yes, sir.
“Q. Was the pay of these men included in the check sent to you?
“A. Yes, I made the time altogether, only for each man so much, and they sent me a check for the whole amount.”
The defendant produced a witness who testified that the check was given by the Veneer Company, but the check was not produced. If the testimony of Mr. Grownoski was believed by the commission, it established that the timber was being shipped to the defendant and that Mr. Grownoski sent his pay roll to defendant and it issued its check to pay the employees, including the decedent, who were getting out the timber. There was also testimony that one Judson, who made the arrangement with Doutre, was acting for both the Veneer Company and the Manufacturing Company. He was present when the accident occurred and his starting the team too quickly had something to do with it. Neither Doutre nor Grownoski was operating under the act. We think the facts above related justified the commission in concluding that Grownoski was a subcontractor of defendant with its permission and brought the case within the provisions of section 10, subd. a, Act No. 173, Pub. Acts 1921 (Comp. Laws Supp. 1922, § 5430 [2]).
The award will be affirmed, with costs.
McDonald, C. J., and Clark, Bird, Sharpe, Moore, Steere, and Wiest, JJ., concurred. | [
0.00445556640625,
0.0118408203125,
-0.017333984375,
0.033203125,
-0.033447265625,
0.000027298927307128906,
-0.027099609375,
-0.022216796875,
0.033935546875,
0.0400390625,
0.030029296875,
-0.013427734375,
0.0439453125,
0.00109100341796875,
-0.01708984375,
-0.000308990478515625,
-0.02001953125,
0.029052734375,
-0.0146484375,
0.0322265625,
0.048095703125,
-0.0126953125,
-0.043701171875,
-0.041015625,
-0.0517578125,
-0.037109375,
0.0030975341796875,
-0.0181884765625,
0.0595703125,
0.042236328125,
-0.031494140625,
0.00592041015625,
0.03271484375,
-0.06005859375,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.000949859619140625,
0.045654296875,
-0.06787109375,
-0.0167236328125,
0.01312255859375,
-0.0128173828125,
0.0023345947265625,
0.0751953125,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.0380859375,
0.032958984375,
-0.0166015625,
0.046142578125,
-0.0166015625,
0.01251220703125,
-0.0274658203125,
0.034423828125,
-0.0184326171875,
0.013427734375,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.0157470703125,
0.024658203125,
0.0390625,
-0.04736328125,
0.033935546875,
-0.04296875,
0.038818359375,
0.009033203125,
-0.0034637451171875,
0.037109375,
0.012451171875,
0.027099609375,
0.00131988525390625,
-0.00074005126953125,
-0.01165771484375,
0.01446533203125,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.0341796875,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.002044677734375,
0.03564453125,
-0.00543212890625,
-0.009765625,
0.072265625,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.068359375,
0.0213623046875,
-0.025146484375,
0.025634765625,
0.0155029296875,
0.040771484375,
0.0019073486328125,
0.0299072265625,
-0.018798828125,
0.006378173828125,
0.030517578125,
0.03759765625,
-0.040283203125,
0.046875,
-0.007232666015625,
-0.0172119140625,
0.04296875,
0.025390625,
0.0255126953125,
0.049560546875,
-0.01531982421875,
0.0233154296875,
0.0035552978515625,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.004486083984375,
-0.0029144287109375,
0.0255126953125,
0.0091552734375,
0.0133056640625,
0.00092315673828125,
-0.0186767578125,
0.007659912109375,
0.0042724609375,
-0.004730224609375,
-0.0400390625,
0.0142822265625,
0.037109375,
-0.0294189453125,
0.03271484375,
-0.01953125,
0.00830078125,
0.008544921875,
-0.002471923828125,
0.05615234375,
-0.00885009765625,
0.01953125,
0.048583984375,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.00469970703125,
0.0167236328125,
0.021240234375,
0.0155029296875,
0.0179443359375,
0.00107574462890625,
0.006622314453125,
0.0164794921875,
0.032470703125,
0.035888671875,
-0.0284423828125,
0.058837890625,
0.0019683837890625,
0.05078125,
-0.01080322265625,
0.044921875,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.057373046875,
0.0030364990234375,
0.039306640625,
-0.0264892578125,
0.03076171875,
0.009765625,
0.02685546875,
-0.023681640625,
0.055908203125,
-0.004638671875,
0.00070953369140625,
0.0126953125,
0.003204345703125,
0.006683349609375,
-0.05615234375,
0.01531982421875,
-0.009765625,
0.0244140625,
-0.0537109375,
-0.0439453125,
0.0244140625,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.07470703125,
-0.048095703125,
0.0673828125,
0.0419921875,
0.0732421875,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.0078125,
0.0201416015625,
-0.0250244140625,
0.0140380859375,
0.041015625,
0.02001953125,
0.0242919921875,
-0.024169921875,
-0.00762939453125,
-0.013427734375,
0.003875732421875,
-0.0166015625,
0.033203125,
0.0004482269287109375,
0.0021820068359375,
0.0155029296875,
-0.034423828125,
0.040771484375,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.0025177001953125,
0.031982421875,
0.002777099609375,
0.00009822845458984375,
-0.017578125,
-0.00244140625,
0.02392578125,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.0186767578125,
0.055908203125,
0.03515625,
-0.018310546875,
0.0306396484375,
0.0478515625,
0.0038299560546875,
0.0169677734375,
-0.056640625,
-0.0201416015625,
0.0150146484375,
-0.03369140625,
0.00787353515625,
-0.047119140625,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.01025390625,
0.0279541015625,
-0.01141357421875,
0.0213623046875,
-0.00341796875,
0.0031890869140625,
0.037109375,
0.0211181640625,
-0.00081634521484375,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.012939453125,
-0.01007080078125,
0.0262451171875,
0.0732421875,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.0439453125,
0.068359375,
-0.0166015625,
-0.00421142578125,
0.000766754150390625,
0.00823974609375,
-0.00775146484375,
0.023681640625,
-0.000232696533203125,
-0.01446533203125,
0.037353515625,
-0.025634765625,
-0.02490234375,
-0.01251220703125,
0.02099609375,
-0.035400390625,
0.023681640625,
0.0021514892578125,
0.0213623046875,
0.002532958984375,
0.013671875,
0.022216796875,
0.024658203125,
-0.06982421875,
-0.057861328125,
0.006927490234375,
0.01513671875,
-0.04052734375,
-0.0067138671875,
0.02783203125,
-0.03076171875,
0.03466796875,
0.015869140625,
-0.040283203125,
-0.050537109375,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.05517578125,
0.01336669921875,
-0.016845703125,
-0.039794921875,
-0.04833984375,
0.0263671875,
-0.017578125,
0.02734375,
-0.041015625,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.004241943359375,
-0.042236328125,
0.00909423828125,
-0.033203125,
0.023681640625,
-0.043701171875,
0.00885009765625,
-0.0400390625,
0.00958251953125,
0.039794921875,
-0.03857421875,
-0.038818359375,
-0.01373291015625,
0.038818359375,
-0.003875732421875,
0.0213623046875,
-0.031982421875,
-0.00726318359375,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.0400390625,
-0.04248046875,
0.03662109375,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.017822265625,
-0.02392578125,
0.025390625,
-0.0252685546875,
0.007232666015625,
0.00738525390625,
0.0228271484375,
-0.01214599609375,
0.06982421875,
0.013427734375,
0.00897216796875,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.031494140625,
-0.01165771484375,
0.0233154296875,
-0.041015625,
-0.041259765625,
0.01397705078125,
0.03759765625,
0.0048828125,
-0.06494140625,
0.0081787109375,
-0.022705078125,
-0.057861328125,
-0.03369140625,
-0.02099609375,
0.028076171875,
-0.02783203125,
-0.0576171875,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.044921875,
-0.00445556640625,
0.00933837890625,
0.03271484375,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.0054931640625,
0.0067138671875,
-0.01531982421875,
0.0302734375,
0.0283203125,
-0.0260009765625,
0.019287109375,
-0.008056640625,
0.01007080078125,
0.00262451171875,
0.0179443359375,
-0.0118408203125,
0.00090789794921875,
0.05615234375,
0.028564453125,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.0380859375,
0.033935546875,
0.034423828125,
0.005889892578125,
-0.02734375,
0.0322265625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0576171875,
-0.027099609375,
-0.017333984375,
0.022216796875,
-0.02099609375,
0.03466796875,
0.04638671875,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.0004520416259765625,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.0791015625,
-0.024658203125,
0.005950927734375,
0.0087890625,
0.01129150390625,
0.021484375,
0.0166015625,
0.0196533203125,
-0.00238037109375,
0.009033203125,
0.01153564453125,
0.004638671875,
0.00408935546875,
-0.03173828125,
0.01904296875,
-0.016845703125,
-0.04052734375,
0.021728515625,
0.0247802734375,
-0.054443359375,
-0.01483154296875,
0.0296630859375,
0.021728515625,
-0.0191650390625,
0.0150146484375,
0.01080322265625,
0.0247802734375,
0.039794921875,
0.0164794921875,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.056884765625,
0.044921875,
0.0037689208984375,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.031005859375,
0.009033203125,
0.0233154296875,
0.01519775390625,
0.01513671875,
-0.0283203125,
-0.00946044921875,
0.00677490234375,
0.0230712890625,
0.0198974609375,
0.01202392578125,
-0.01068115234375,
0.0230712890625,
0.0174560546875,
0.07421875,
-0.0615234375,
0.030517578125,
-0.0206298828125,
0.0267333984375,
-0.0029754638671875,
0.04052734375,
-0.0142822265625,
0.0252685546875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.026123046875,
0.035888671875,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.00384521484375,
-0.0010986328125,
-0.0155029296875,
0.01507568359375,
0.04638671875,
-0.00762939453125,
-0.0654296875,
0.0213623046875,
0.032470703125,
0.031005859375,
0.048828125,
0.0244140625,
-0.0303955078125,
0.0146484375,
-0.0294189453125,
0.0189208984375,
0.003082275390625,
-0.0267333984375,
0.0029754638671875,
0.056640625,
-0.048828125,
0.05712890625,
-0.0419921875,
0.0206298828125,
0.005096435546875,
0.0289306640625,
-0.0322265625,
0.022705078125,
0.02734375,
0.045166015625,
-0.035400390625,
0.07275390625,
0.03125,
0.0029296875,
0.0283203125,
-0.02099609375,
-0.017578125,
0.01611328125,
-0.039794921875,
0.03564453125,
-0.005218505859375,
-0.01019287109375,
0.0220947265625,
-0.0191650390625,
0.057373046875,
0.0013885498046875,
0.013671875,
-0.033935546875,
-0.058837890625,
-0.028564453125,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.0194091796875,
0.00030517578125,
0.03173828125,
0.0274658203125,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.03173828125,
-0.07421875,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.0517578125,
-0.0283203125,
0.0174560546875,
-0.000652313232421875,
0.0135498046875,
-0.02490234375,
0.027587890625,
0.0003337860107421875,
0.0198974609375,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.02685546875,
0.05810546875,
-0.0123291015625,
0.00445556640625,
0.031494140625,
0.02978515625,
-0.00555419921875,
0.003875732421875,
0.037353515625,
0.0390625,
0.0277099609375,
0.0400390625,
0.054443359375,
-0.029052734375,
-0.031982421875,
0.02490234375,
-0.024169921875,
-0.00469970703125,
0.003448486328125,
-0.01190185546875,
0.0032806396484375,
-0.07177734375,
0.01348876953125,
-0.009765625,
-0.04736328125,
-0.034912109375,
0.010498046875,
0.004608154296875,
0.033203125,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.04052734375,
-0.0185546875,
-0.0240478515625,
0.017333984375,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.046875,
-0.057373046875,
-0.035400390625,
0.041259765625,
0.040771484375,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.054931640625,
-0.012451171875,
-0.03173828125,
0.01434326171875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.003936767578125,
0.00811767578125,
-0.01080322265625,
0.0361328125,
-0.0093994140625,
0.035400390625,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.0277099609375,
0.047119140625,
-0.06884765625,
-0.027587890625,
-0.045654296875,
0.060546875,
-0.0439453125,
-0.0299072265625,
0.00640869140625,
0.035888671875,
0.0036468505859375,
0.00098419189453125,
-0.0029296875,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.037841796875,
-0.047607421875,
0.01416015625,
0.003875732421875,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.03125,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0024261474609375,
0.0869140625,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.016845703125,
-0.0255126953125,
0.028564453125,
0.0024871826171875,
-0.04638671875,
0.00138092041015625,
0.00147247314453125,
-0.01611328125,
-0.039306640625,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.026123046875,
-0.002410888671875,
0.0230712890625,
0.01611328125,
-0.00933837890625,
0.0115966796875,
-0.005523681640625,
-0.055908203125,
-0.00994873046875,
0.0634765625,
0.01031494140625,
0.02392578125,
0.042236328125,
-0.0205078125,
-0.05078125,
0.020751953125,
0.004913330078125,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.058837890625,
0.054443359375,
0.03271484375,
0.002899169921875,
0.030029296875,
0.0250244140625,
-0.034423828125,
-0.027099609375,
0.027587890625,
-0.028076171875,
-0.032958984375,
-0.060546875,
0.02734375,
0.0247802734375,
-0.0021514892578125,
-0.013671875,
0.049072265625,
0.032470703125,
0.02734375,
-0.01611328125,
0.036376953125,
-0.04248046875,
-0.016845703125,
0.056884765625,
-0.01165771484375,
0.0244140625,
-0.009765625,
-0.01025390625,
-0.02197265625,
0.000797271728515625,
0.0400390625,
-0.041748046875,
-0.034912109375,
0.004669189453125,
0.0057373046875,
0.07421875,
-0.00136566162109375,
-0.031005859375,
0.0277099609375,
0.0166015625,
-0.044189453125,
-0.031005859375,
-0.0113525390625,
0.0277099609375,
-0.011962890625,
-0.0654296875,
-0.0206298828125,
0.005584716796875,
0.033935546875,
0.00970458984375,
-0.040771484375,
-0.018798828125,
0.014404296875,
0.049560546875,
-0.051025390625,
0.00121307373046875,
0.013916015625,
0.0189208984375,
-0.0517578125,
-0.0703125,
-0.0108642578125,
0.042236328125,
0.0093994140625,
0.036865234375,
-0.01385498046875,
0.0272216796875,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.03076171875,
-0.0234375,
-0.0042724609375,
0.007659912109375,
0.01312255859375,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.033935546875,
0.026611328125,
-0.01507568359375,
0.01312255859375,
-0.051513671875,
0.0255126953125,
-0.0303955078125,
0.002593994140625,
0.035888671875,
-0.052001953125,
-0.0150146484375,
0.043701171875,
-0.00070953369140625,
0.05029296875,
-0.051513671875,
0.01422119140625,
0.0185546875,
-0.005645751953125,
0.00102996826171875,
0.03125,
-0.046142578125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.0166015625,
-0.035400390625,
0.049560546875,
0.033935546875,
-0.03857421875,
-0.056396484375,
-0.04833984375,
0.0024261474609375,
-0.07470703125,
-0.003387451171875,
0.007415771484375,
0.02099609375,
0.043212890625,
0.037841796875,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.040283203125,
0.01318359375,
0.03759765625,
0.01904296875,
0.0245361328125,
-0.0010833740234375,
0.041259765625,
-0.050537109375,
0.0030670166015625,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.0458984375,
0.015625,
0.0634765625,
0.024169921875,
-0.01318359375,
0.03955078125,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.04052734375,
0.02197265625,
-0.0419921875,
-0.031494140625,
0.03271484375,
-0.01336669921875,
0.02099609375,
0.000598907470703125,
0.003143310546875,
-0.0020904541015625,
0.0089111328125,
-0.00811767578125,
0.01190185546875,
-0.031005859375,
-0.009033203125,
0.0703125,
-0.01153564453125,
0.01239013671875,
0.0010986328125,
0.0002079010009765625,
-0.035888671875,
-0.052734375,
0.0026397705078125,
0.0341796875,
-0.03125,
-0.0301513671875,
0.002288818359375,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.0419921875,
0.02734375,
0.0264892578125,
0.0081787109375,
0.005645751953125,
0.010009765625,
0.01361083984375,
0.0361328125,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.004791259765625,
0.00191497802734375,
-0.05322265625,
-0.06396484375,
0.00433349609375,
0.039794921875,
0.0013275146484375,
0.051513671875,
0.01171875,
0.0011749267578125,
0.0009002685546875,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0159912109375,
0.0257568359375,
0.0205078125,
0.035400390625,
0.00970458984375,
0.04052734375,
0.04150390625,
0.02294921875,
0.0211181640625,
0.0220947265625,
0.00860595703125,
-0.0218505859375,
0.004608154296875,
-0.0235595703125,
0.05419921875,
0.017578125,
-0.013671875,
0.0235595703125,
-0.016357421875,
-0.0022430419921875,
-0.039794921875,
-0.017333984375,
0.010986328125,
-0.035888671875,
-0.01239013671875,
0.0048828125,
-0.020263671875,
0.037109375,
0.024658203125,
-0.033935546875,
0.01318359375,
0.0291748046875,
0.030517578125,
-0.0031890869140625,
0.006866455078125,
0.00112152099609375,
-0.003265380859375,
-0.06396484375,
-0.04052734375,
0.0390625,
0.0419921875,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.000576019287109375,
0.015869140625,
-0.00109100341796875,
-0.03466796875,
0.0263671875,
-0.0027923583984375,
-0.06640625,
0.015869140625,
-0.004730224609375,
0.054931640625,
-0.0400390625,
0.008544921875,
0.0189208984375,
-0.0018768310546875,
-0.036865234375,
0.0341796875,
0.031982421875,
0.043701171875,
-0.014404296875,
0.01263427734375,
0.00775146484375,
0.01318359375,
0.039794921875,
0.004058837890625,
0.0272216796875,
-0.013671875,
-0.07470703125,
-0.0033111572265625,
0.01397705078125,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.043212890625,
-0.03662109375,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.0162353515625,
0.0213623046875,
0.01708984375,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.058349609375,
0.0172119140625,
0.007171630859375,
0.068359375,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.02880859375,
0.019775390625,
0.0341796875,
0.01104736328125,
-0.035888671875,
0.038818359375,
0.03271484375,
-0.0556640625,
-0.037353515625,
-0.028076171875,
0.0004520416259765625,
0.00732421875,
-0.03271484375,
-0.031005859375,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.00714111328125,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0026702880859375,
0.00555419921875,
0.00518798828125,
0.03369140625,
0.031982421875,
0.0118408203125,
0.02783203125,
0.001220703125,
0.01239013671875,
0.0133056640625,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.021240234375,
0.0284423828125,
0.0031280517578125,
-0.023681640625,
-0.02197265625,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.048095703125,
0.016357421875,
0.01080322265625,
0.06201171875,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.037109375,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.002349853515625,
-0.0126953125,
0.004974365234375,
0.029296875,
-0.0615234375,
0.267578125,
0.0128173828125,
-0.0322265625,
0.027099609375,
0.00634765625,
0.048583984375,
0.01190185546875,
-0.003662109375,
-0.037109375,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.00872802734375,
0.005706787109375,
0.009765625,
0.0191650390625,
-0.04638671875,
0.037353515625,
0.0009307861328125,
-0.038818359375,
0.0023651123046875,
0.04248046875,
-0.002166748046875,
0.0673828125,
0.0498046875,
0.00775146484375,
0.0189208984375,
-0.057373046875,
-0.028564453125,
-0.040283203125,
0.0291748046875,
-0.037109375,
0.03173828125,
-0.04248046875,
0.03173828125,
0.041015625,
0.033203125,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.0184326171875,
0.030517578125,
-0.0164794921875,
0.04833984375,
0.0159912109375,
-0.020263671875,
-0.0238037109375,
0.029541015625,
-0.0546875,
0.05419921875,
0.054931640625,
-0.060791015625,
0.0260009765625,
0.022216796875,
0.0361328125,
-0.00982666015625,
0.0152587890625,
0.047607421875,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.06201171875,
-0.04248046875,
0.02392578125,
-0.01397705078125,
0.025390625,
0.041748046875,
0.01470947265625,
0.01611328125,
0.037353515625,
0.01220703125,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0078125,
-0.017822265625,
0.009033203125,
-0.04150390625,
-0.029541015625,
0.06298828125,
0.04052734375,
-0.0137939453125,
0.01953125,
0.056640625,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.00372314453125,
-0.06396484375,
-0.004119873046875,
-0.03125,
0.01068115234375,
0.017578125,
0.015625,
-0.034423828125,
-0.00927734375,
-0.010986328125,
0.00537109375,
-0.012939453125,
-0.023681640625,
0.00396728515625,
-0.0008544921875
] |
Sharpe, J,
Lillie A. Thompson, the former wife of plaintiff, died on July 18, 1900, leaving a last will and testament, executed on June 16, 1900. The defendant Gerald B. Thompson is her son and only child, born on July 7, 1900. The will was admitted to probate. It contained no provision for the defendant. Plaintiff was appointed executor and administered the estate.
At the time the will was made, the following statute was in force:
“When any child shall be born after the making of his father’s will, and no provision shall be made therein for him, such child shall have the same share in the estate of the testator as if he had died intestate, and the share of such child shall be assigned to him as provided by law in case of intestate estates, unless it shall be apparent from the will that it was the intention of the testator that no provision should be made for such child.” 3 Comp. Laws 1897, § 9285.
This section was amended by Act No. 80, Pub. Acts 1907 (3 Comp. Laws 1915, § 13790), in that after the word “father’s” was inserted “or his mother’s.” Counsel for plaintiff insist that the amendment clearly ■indicates that the word “father’s” in section 9285 was not intended to include a mother, notwithstanding the provisions of section 64, 1 Comp. Laws 1915, then in force. In view of the conclusion we have reached, we are not called upon to determine this question.
On March 16, 1901, plaintiff filed his final account as executor. After prayer for its allowance, he asked—
“that an order be made determining the legal heirs of said deceased and assigning the residue of said estate to the persons entitled by law to the same.”
The order for hearing was duly published as required by the statute. On April- 15, 1901, the day fixed therein, an order was made allowing the final account, and assigning the residue of the estate, particularly described therein, to the plaintiff as “devisee and legatee, according to law, and the last will and testament of said deceased.” This order is not subject to attack in a collateral proceeding. Chapin v. Chapin, ante, 515.
Defendant’s counsel insist that the order made is in no way binding upon him, first, because he did not take under the will, but under the statute and in hostility to the will, and, second, because he was at that time a minor and no guardian ad litem or general guardian had been appointed for him. It is counsel’s claim that immediately on the death of the testatrix Gerald—
“took the entire estate of his^ mother as her sole heir the same as he would have' done had she died intestate.”
That he would not have been entitled to the possession of the real estate in question, pending the administration by the executor, is clearly established by our holding in the Chapin Case. In the petition filed by plaintiff for the probate of the will he stated:
“The names, relationship, ages and residences of the devisees, legatees and heirs at law of said deceased are as follows: George Thompson, husband, 39, Walker, Kent Co., Mich.; Gerald Thompson, son, 26 days, Walker, Kent Co., Mich.; Douglas M. Brown, conditional legatee.”
The fact that Gerald had been bom after the making of the will was therefore known to the court, and it must be assumed that he had this fact in mind in the after proceedings had before him. The statute on which counsel for Gerald relies (3 Comp. Laws 1897, § 9285) does not confer any absolute right on a child born after a will is made. His right to take is dependent, first, upon the fact that no provision is made for him in the will, and, second, that it is not—
“apparent from the will that it was the intention of the testator that no provision should be made for such child.”
Both of these facts must be determined before any title rests in him as an heir. It begs the question to say that such facts so clearly appear from the will itself that it required no judicial determination to establish them. The rights of Gerald under the statute applied to the personalty as well as real estate left by the testatrix. In the hands of the executor both were liable for the payment of the debts if it became necessary to use any part or the whole of the realty for such purpose.
When the order was made admitting the will to probate, the entire estate, whether disposed of by the will or not, became subject to the administration proceedings provided for in the statute. It was the duty of the court to see to it that the rights: of all persons interested in the estate, whether they took under the will or not, were protected. It was his duty to assign any residue undisposed of by the will to the persons lawfully entitled thereto. The estate of the deceased was the subject-matter with which he was dealing. Of this he acquired jurisdiction when the will was admitted to probate, and his jurisdiction over it did not terminate until he had discharged the executor and assigned the residue as provided for in section 13787, 3 Comp. Laws 1915. It must be assumed that he gave consideration to the statute (§ 9285) and determined the rights of defendant under it. It provides that-—
“the share of such child shall be assigned to him as provided by law in case of intestate estates.”
Section 9293 (now § 13798) provides for retention by the executor of any property so assigned until the liability of the child entitled thereto to contribute towards the payment of the debts and expenses “shall be settled by order of the probate court.” These orders can be made only after a determination by the court of the rights of the infant under the will and the statute, and are conclusive of the rights of those interested unless appealed from or attacked as fraudulent. Any other holding would render the judgments of courts of record subject to review collaterally on a showing that matters necessarily involved were not given due consideration because not urged or specifically passed upon.
At first blush, there would seem to be much injustice in holding that an infant for whom no guardian has been appointed is bound by the order of assignment. Proceedings in the probate court are purely statutory. The legislature has provided the manner in which the estates of decedents shall be disposed ,0-f and the procedure to be followed. No constitutional rights are involved. Review of orders made may therefore be had only in the manner provided. Township of Clarence v. Dickinson, 151 Mich, 270; Stellwagen v. Dingman, ante, 159. The administration of estates is not in the nature of a suit between parties. It is a proceeding in rem, acting directly on the res, the estate of the deceased. When the court has once acquired jurisdiction, it may make all orders necessary to the proper administration of the estate. The order on final settlement is the culmination of the entire pro cedure. The corpus of the estate is affected thereby. To make such order, the will must be construed, and the rights of parties in the estate not disposed of by the will must be determined. It is an expression of the judgment of the court as to all matters properly included or necessarily involved therein. It may not be in accordance with the correct construction of the will or of applicable statutes, and yet it must be held to be binding and conclusive on all persons interested, if the notice of hearing required by the statute has been given. The law does not require that a guardian ad litem shall be appointed for minors whose interests are affected by the order. Many of the orders so made affect the future or contingent interests of infants. The law assumes that such interests will be protected by the probate judge. An appeal from the order made is provided for, and, in the absence of an appeal or of a charge of fraud, the judgments of the court must stand as a final determination of all rights affected thereby. The legislature has always carefully guarded the right to a free and untrammeled disposition of property. On this the development of the State rests. If the judgment of a probate judge may be attacked twenty years after it is entered by an infant who has then but reached his majority, purchasers cannot rely on titles founded thereon and will have to insist that such titles be quieted before they can safely acquire them. In the late case of Calhoun v. Cracknell, 202 Mich. 430, it was held that such judgments are binding on infants. The Michigan cases are there collected and discussed. The holding is in accord with the weight of authority.
“A decree of distribution, if properly made after due notice, is in its nature final, and unless set aside for fraud, etc., or appealed from within the time limited by law, it concludes the rights of all parties interested in the estate, and generally cannot be impeached in a collateral proceeding.” 18 Cyc. p. 663.
“The final settlement of an estate in the probate court has the effect of a judgment as to all matters properly included therein or necessarily involved, and whether a decree of distribution is in accordance with' the correct construction of the will or not, it is binding and conclusive upon all persons interested in the estate of the deceased, whether under disability or not, or whether then in being or not. Accordingly it has been held that a petition for distribution of an estate before the death or remarriage of the widow, which has been given to her for life, except that in case she remarries the estate shall be divided, giving her a certain share, raises the question of the validity of the provision changing her interest in case of remarriage, and a decision upon that question will be binding on the beneficiaries.” 15 R. C. L. p. 998.
“Proceedings in the probate court are not an action between party and party, but are in the nature of a proceeding in rem, acting directly on the res, which is the estate of the deceased. If the court had jurisdiction of the estate, and the jurisdiction is properly invoked, of which there is no question in this case, a decree of distribution is a judgment in rem, which conclusively determines the right of all parties interested in the estate just as fully as a decree in admiralty or any other judgment in rem. It is on this ground that it has been held that, as respects proceedings for the probate of wills, or on the administration of the estates of deceased persons, it is not necessary to appoint a guardian for minors interested in the estate. In re Mousseau’s Will, 30 Minn. 202 (14 N. W. 887); Huntsman v. Hooper, 32 Minn. 163 (20 N. W. 127). There is no difference in principle between the case of persons in being who are under disability and persons yet unborn. The logic of counsel’s argument would be equally applicable to any other decree or order of the probate court affecting the estate of the testator, as, for example, admitting his will to probate; and the result would be that nothing could ever be conclusively determined as to the estate of a deceased person, for often it could not be positively assured that some person might not afterwards come into being who would be interested in the estate.” Ladd v. Weiskopf, 62 Minn. 29 (64 N. W. 99, 69 L. R. A. 785).
The decree of the circuit court will be reversed, and one may be entered here quieting the title of plaintiff to the land in question as prayed for in the bill of complaint. No costs will be allowed.
Clark, C. J., and McDonald, Bird, Moore, Steere, Fellows, and Wiest, JJ., concurred. | [
-0.0277099609375,
0.01397705078125,
0.04345703125,
0.0189208984375,
-0.052978515625,
-0.041015625,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.0017547607421875,
0.0126953125,
0.032470703125,
0.00872802734375,
-0.0269775390625,
0.022705078125,
0.021240234375,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0238037109375,
0.0113525390625,
-0.01318359375,
-0.00067138671875,
0.021240234375,
0.0213623046875,
-0.0478515625,
-0.0125732421875,
0.0478515625,
-0.015380859375,
-0.0002269744873046875,
0.00738525390625,
0.0751953125,
-0.0037384033203125,
-0.01324462890625,
0.00286865234375,
-0.0027618408203125,
-0.003448486328125,
-0.021240234375,
0.028076171875,
0.049072265625,
-0.051513671875,
-0.00048065185546875,
-0.015380859375,
0.0185546875,
-0.021484375,
0.042724609375,
-0.0037841796875,
-0.03955078125,
-0.05224609375,
-0.021484375,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.052001953125,
-0.0005950927734375,
-0.0216064453125,
0.02734375,
-0.02978515625,
0.0028533935546875,
-0.0277099609375,
0.01324462890625,
-0.031005859375,
0.006591796875,
0.068359375,
0.0302734375,
-0.05712890625,
-0.005035400390625,
0.002593994140625,
0.0059814453125,
0.045166015625,
0.003997802734375,
0.031494140625,
-0.033203125,
-0.03662109375,
-0.00933837890625,
0.005889892578125,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.0064697265625,
0.0247802734375,
-0.031494140625,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.01287841796875,
0.007476806640625,
0.0213623046875,
0.0005950927734375,
-0.01385498046875,
0.00080108642578125,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.046142578125,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.03515625,
0.035888671875,
0.0186767578125,
0.0269775390625,
-0.027587890625,
0.0517578125,
-0.04345703125,
-0.0211181640625,
0.0140380859375,
0.0625,
-0.0081787109375,
0.023193359375,
0.01214599609375,
-0.026611328125,
0.054443359375,
0.024658203125,
0.0037384033203125,
0.06787109375,
0.00433349609375,
0.05126953125,
-0.05517578125,
-0.005523681640625,
-0.01611328125,
0.021728515625,
0.01318359375,
-0.03125,
0.036865234375,
0.03271484375,
-0.07080078125,
-0.00154876708984375,
-0.043212890625,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.04296875,
0.0009765625,
0.0673828125,
0.0023956298828125,
0.04443359375,
-0.00138092041015625,
0.033203125,
0.0081787109375,
-0.004974365234375,
0.034423828125,
0.01953125,
0.01611328125,
0.04248046875,
0.01239013671875,
-0.012451171875,
-0.006866455078125,
-0.0103759765625,
0.0252685546875,
0.01202392578125,
-0.005889892578125,
0.00885009765625,
-0.01202392578125,
0.046875,
-0.01513671875,
0.0220947265625,
0.052978515625,
0.028076171875,
0.04248046875,
-0.004852294921875,
0.0244140625,
-0.037109375,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.0286865234375,
0.0263671875,
0.028076171875,
0.048095703125,
0.05224609375,
0.0032958984375,
0.02734375,
-0.0625,
0.000751495361328125,
-0.01312255859375,
0.003387451171875,
0.01409912109375,
0.013427734375,
0.003448486328125,
-0.058837890625,
0.007476806640625,
0.016357421875,
0.0179443359375,
-0.07568359375,
-0.0185546875,
0.017578125,
0.002410888671875,
-0.05712890625,
-0.00860595703125,
0.019775390625,
0.046875,
0.0478515625,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0211181640625,
0.001068115234375,
-0.017333984375,
0.03955078125,
0.0108642578125,
0.0130615234375,
0.0255126953125,
0.00787353515625,
0.024658203125,
0.0086669921875,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.020263671875,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.010498046875,
-0.0005950927734375,
0.04052734375,
-0.01953125,
0.044189453125,
0.01080322265625,
-0.01055908203125,
0.01373291015625,
-0.0068359375,
-0.029541015625,
-0.007049560546875,
0.03125,
0.04345703125,
-0.036376953125,
-0.059814453125,
0.06982421875,
0.041015625,
-0.04833984375,
0.00347900390625,
-0.000598907470703125,
0.0054931640625,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.0045166015625,
-0.0166015625,
0.018310546875,
-0.023681640625,
0.00653076171875,
-0.07666015625,
0.0216064453125,
-0.0140380859375,
0.044189453125,
0.0267333984375,
0.05810546875,
0.0185546875,
-0.0264892578125,
0.044189453125,
0.004425048828125,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.0181884765625,
0.0101318359375,
0.0091552734375,
-0.0072021484375,
0.05322265625,
-0.02197265625,
-0.0011444091796875,
0.0235595703125,
0.00074005126953125,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.0028839111328125,
-0.0167236328125,
0.01092529296875,
0.051025390625,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.0033721923828125,
0.0439453125,
0.01116943359375,
-0.0244140625,
-0.0341796875,
0.006988525390625,
0.00714111328125,
0.029541015625,
0.025390625,
0.04296875,
0.039306640625,
-0.006378173828125,
0.023681640625,
0.00897216796875,
-0.024658203125,
-0.03466796875,
0.03271484375,
0.01239013671875,
-0.06396484375,
-0.01361083984375,
0.025146484375,
-0.0184326171875,
0.059814453125,
0.00421142578125,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.019287109375,
-0.007354736328125,
-0.052978515625,
-0.004150390625,
-0.01312255859375,
0.00124359130859375,
-0.07666015625,
0.0032501220703125,
-0.03076171875,
0.00372314453125,
-0.06103515625,
-0.04833984375,
0.0198974609375,
-0.03466796875,
0.044677734375,
-0.00848388671875,
0.00078582763671875,
-0.00897216796875,
0.040283203125,
0.0230712890625,
0.0869140625,
-0.00003790855407714844,
-0.01708984375,
-0.031005859375,
0.01458740234375,
0.040283203125,
-0.01190185546875,
0.004058837890625,
0.007080078125,
-0.02734375,
-0.0439453125,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.0181884765625,
0.03271484375,
0.0185546875,
-0.04736328125,
0.0181884765625,
-0.006591796875,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.01458740234375,
0.0062255859375,
-0.0103759765625,
0.04345703125,
-0.0025787353515625,
0.01165771484375,
0.0003643035888671875,
0.045166015625,
-0.035888671875,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.01397705078125,
0.0019683837890625,
-0.006561279296875,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.0152587890625,
0.0167236328125,
0.033203125,
0.02978515625,
-0.053466796875,
0.031982421875,
-0.034423828125,
-0.038818359375,
0.00396728515625,
0.013916015625,
-0.04443359375,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.009765625,
-0.000885009765625,
-0.0115966796875,
0.0142822265625,
-0.01513671875,
0.040771484375,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0004673004150390625,
0.004913330078125,
0.01385498046875,
0.0235595703125,
0.0218505859375,
-0.0234375,
0.0016937255859375,
-0.01806640625,
-0.004241943359375,
0.01068115234375,
0.004791259765625,
0.0277099609375,
-0.04052734375,
0.0185546875,
0.036865234375,
-0.05810546875,
-0.00665283203125,
0.04296875,
0.000598907470703125,
-0.000713348388671875,
-0.00958251953125,
0.0115966796875,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.01611328125,
0.033447265625,
-0.0263671875,
0.043212890625,
0.044189453125,
-0.03125,
-0.015869140625,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.036376953125,
0.01348876953125,
0.0128173828125,
0.02392578125,
0.01953125,
-0.056884765625,
0.0115966796875,
0.022216796875,
0.0233154296875,
0.046142578125,
0.0201416015625,
-0.01171875,
0.038330078125,
-0.008056640625,
0.006927490234375,
0.0021514892578125,
-0.0341796875,
0.043212890625,
-0.013427734375,
-0.05322265625,
-0.0185546875,
-0.005584716796875,
0.013671875,
0.0019683837890625,
0.0146484375,
0.043701171875,
0.0233154296875,
0.0230712890625,
0.02734375,
-0.0517578125,
0.00244140625,
-0.06201171875,
0.029296875,
-0.0023345947265625,
-0.00604248046875,
-0.00714111328125,
0.022705078125,
0.04833984375,
0.004608154296875,
0.01318359375,
0.013916015625,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.0201416015625,
0.0272216796875,
0.017333984375,
-0.045654296875,
-0.03369140625,
0.03759765625,
0.0517578125,
0.020751953125,
-0.0478515625,
0.0211181640625,
-0.0084228515625,
0.0162353515625,
-0.0257568359375,
0.01239013671875,
-0.00103759765625,
0.03662109375,
-0.042236328125,
0.01513671875,
0.06201171875,
0.015380859375,
0.0147705078125,
-0.0264892578125,
0.00885009765625,
-0.01373291015625,
0.04296875,
0.03173828125,
-0.0087890625,
0.000934600830078125,
-0.01513671875,
0.00860595703125,
-0.0003452301025390625,
0.025146484375,
0.006988525390625,
0.00555419921875,
-0.03125,
0.06298828125,
0.001800537109375,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.0238037109375,
0.0439453125,
-0.0390625,
0.006805419921875,
-0.052734375,
0.0235595703125,
0.021240234375,
-0.010986328125,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.010498046875,
0.0181884765625,
-0.015869140625,
0.00714111328125,
0.0546875,
-0.00160980224609375,
-0.0064697265625,
-0.008056640625,
-0.01953125,
-0.037841796875,
0.06201171875,
0.03759765625,
0.0164794921875,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.0028839111328125,
-0.000040531158447265625,
0.019775390625,
0.0162353515625,
0.00927734375,
0.01055908203125,
0.002838134765625,
-0.025146484375,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.0234375,
-0.0186767578125,
0.0057373046875,
0.001190185546875,
0.03466796875,
-0.043212890625,
-0.0263671875,
-0.02001953125,
-0.080078125,
-0.042724609375,
-0.0283203125,
-0.00885009765625,
0.028564453125,
0.00128173828125,
0.0341796875,
0.0213623046875,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.06005859375,
-0.017822265625,
-0.046630859375,
-0.0284423828125,
0.046875,
-0.0115966796875,
0.0086669921875,
0.0189208984375,
0.006591796875,
0.0296630859375,
0.0048828125,
0.043212890625,
0.04931640625,
0.03759765625,
0.009765625,
0.06640625,
-0.0027008056640625,
-0.038330078125,
0.01318359375,
-0.03955078125,
0.0120849609375,
0.016357421875,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.029052734375,
-0.04931640625,
0.013671875,
0.0238037109375,
-0.04931640625,
-0.02587890625,
0.02001953125,
0.00872802734375,
0.01275634765625,
-0.049072265625,
0.00439453125,
-0.023193359375,
-0.0576171875,
0.0242919921875,
0.00341796875,
-0.00531005859375,
-0.064453125,
-0.051513671875,
0.006622314453125,
0.020751953125,
0.0159912109375,
-0.01904296875,
0.0120849609375,
-0.057861328125,
0.01953125,
-0.00124359130859375,
0.0087890625,
-0.040771484375,
0.01361083984375,
0.03125,
0.0016632080078125,
0.01953125,
0.0252685546875,
0.047607421875,
-0.037109375,
0.00628662109375,
0.0240478515625,
-0.08349609375,
-0.007232666015625,
-0.06787109375,
-0.004974365234375,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.00086212158203125,
-0.004180908203125,
0.0186767578125,
0.01007080078125,
-0.01708984375,
-0.0274658203125,
0.01123046875,
-0.018798828125,
-0.034423828125,
-0.010986328125,
0.0033416748046875,
-0.004730224609375,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.030517578125,
0.02392578125,
-0.045166015625,
0.02099609375,
0.0927734375,
0.0029144287109375,
-0.00927734375,
-0.0341796875,
0.01312255859375,
-0.019775390625,
-0.05029296875,
-0.021240234375,
-0.04443359375,
-0.035400390625,
-0.04443359375,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.051025390625,
0.028076171875,
0.033203125,
-0.037109375,
-0.00762939453125,
-0.06591796875,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.0098876953125,
0.06396484375,
-0.01458740234375,
0.031494140625,
0.046142578125,
-0.044189453125,
-0.052001953125,
0.029541015625,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.009765625,
-0.0703125,
0.0166015625,
0.0029144287109375,
-0.040283203125,
0.044189453125,
0.0247802734375,
-0.047119140625,
0.01055908203125,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0419921875,
0.01165771484375,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.004974365234375,
0.06787109375,
-0.0419921875,
0.043212890625,
0.033935546875,
0.0120849609375,
0.0302734375,
-0.02880859375,
0.03125,
-0.0185546875,
-0.042236328125,
0.0194091796875,
0.017333984375,
0.0152587890625,
-0.0281982421875,
0.0111083984375,
0.00002765655517578125,
0.00927734375,
0.024658203125,
0.0103759765625,
-0.017333984375,
-0.010986328125,
-0.0155029296875,
0.07275390625,
-0.02099609375,
-0.033935546875,
0.00799560546875,
0.00213623046875,
-0.07275390625,
-0.003875732421875,
-0.005096435546875,
0.030029296875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0810546875,
0.00055694580078125,
0.060546875,
0.06201171875,
0.0439453125,
-0.00022983551025390625,
-0.0031890869140625,
-0.03564453125,
0.0230712890625,
-0.0279541015625,
0.01953125,
0.015380859375,
0.006378173828125,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.04541015625,
-0.00885009765625,
0.049072265625,
-0.01019287109375,
0.0000762939453125,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.0205078125,
0.0020751953125,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.021728515625,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.01007080078125,
0.01513671875,
-0.0016937255859375,
0.0233154296875,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.006591796875,
-0.00112152099609375,
-0.06494140625,
0.0390625,
-0.0177001953125,
0.03564453125,
0.0439453125,
-0.00250244140625,
0.0169677734375,
0.035400390625,
-0.0150146484375,
0.0185546875,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.01092529296875,
0.0052490234375,
0.0294189453125,
-0.0029144287109375,
-0.035888671875,
-0.04931640625,
-0.033447265625,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.0299072265625,
0.01025390625,
0.0615234375,
-0.026611328125,
0.00689697265625,
-0.029296875,
0.0040283203125,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.00396728515625,
-0.04052734375,
0.00994873046875,
0.07080078125,
0.03076171875,
-0.0185546875,
-0.00927734375,
-0.0078125,
0.037841796875,
0.016845703125,
0.01373291015625,
0.02587890625,
0.031494140625,
-0.04052734375,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.060546875,
-0.0245361328125,
0.013671875,
0.06787109375,
0.041748046875,
-0.00604248046875,
0.0400390625,
-0.0400390625,
-0.05908203125,
0.0101318359375,
-0.0439453125,
-0.05712890625,
0.0673828125,
0.036376953125,
0.0198974609375,
-0.00653076171875,
0.00154876708984375,
-0.048828125,
0.04443359375,
0.005340576171875,
0.0026092529296875,
0.01275634765625,
-0.006744384765625,
0.046630859375,
0.0380859375,
-0.00093841552734375,
0.038330078125,
0.006866455078125,
-0.03662109375,
-0.07421875,
0.01068115234375,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.020263671875,
-0.02783203125,
-0.021240234375,
0.0040283203125,
-0.05517578125,
-0.01513671875,
0.0167236328125,
0.010009765625,
0.01043701171875,
-0.005523681640625,
-0.04052734375,
0.000728607177734375,
0.007568359375,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.010986328125,
-0.00225830078125,
-0.056396484375,
0.043701171875,
0.0390625,
0.010986328125,
0.06787109375,
0.0126953125,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.0390625,
0.00439453125,
-0.001434326171875,
0.04150390625,
0.014404296875,
0.017333984375,
0.0135498046875,
0.017822265625,
0.05126953125,
0.02734375,
0.04296875,
0.0028076171875,
-0.00714111328125,
0.0106201171875,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.001617431640625,
0.0001201629638671875,
0.009765625,
-0.002532958984375,
0.0289306640625,
-0.050537109375,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.06689453125,
-0.036376953125,
0.00872802734375,
-0.0157470703125,
0.010498046875,
-0.0260009765625,
0.0201416015625,
0.017333984375,
0.0478515625,
0.0030059814453125,
-0.0125732421875,
0.05517578125,
0.037109375,
0.035888671875,
-0.01025390625,
0.025146484375,
0.0120849609375,
-0.07373046875,
-0.0093994140625,
0.0152587890625,
0.0084228515625,
-0.000743865966796875,
0.00872802734375,
-0.006134033203125,
-0.0015411376953125,
-0.030029296875,
0.0068359375,
0.00421142578125,
-0.0517578125,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.00408935546875,
0.060546875,
-0.026611328125,
-0.00469970703125,
0.053955078125,
-0.02099609375,
0.008056640625,
0.03076171875,
0.015869140625,
0.03564453125,
-0.00052642822265625,
-0.0260009765625,
0.02099609375,
0.02587890625,
0.0238037109375,
-0.005035400390625,
0.038818359375,
-0.0021820068359375,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.06201171875,
0.037353515625,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.001922607421875,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.00299072265625,
-0.0634765625,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0458984375,
-0.015625,
0.0419921875,
0.0250244140625,
0.049560546875,
0.0113525390625,
-0.033935546875,
0.03564453125,
-0.0272216796875,
0.01458740234375,
-0.052001953125,
0.03515625,
0.028564453125,
-0.06005859375,
-0.0322265625,
-0.038330078125,
0.0101318359375,
0.0264892578125,
-0.006195068359375,
-0.02880859375,
0.00092315673828125,
0.03662109375,
-0.02880859375,
-0.031005859375,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.049560546875,
0.0019073486328125,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.0208740234375,
0.005859375,
-0.004547119140625,
-0.0113525390625,
0.044189453125,
0.014892578125,
0.00848388671875,
-0.0013580322265625,
0.01104736328125,
-0.0771484375,
-0.0014190673828125,
-0.022216796875,
-0.01043701171875,
0.00482177734375,
0.0341796875,
0.018310546875,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.03369140625,
0.014404296875,
-0.042724609375,
-0.023681640625,
-0.022705078125,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.01239013671875,
0.043212890625,
0.0135498046875,
-0.0257568359375,
0.25,
0.01202392578125,
0.01190185546875,
0.01348876953125,
-0.007171630859375,
0.046142578125,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.0240478515625,
0.01214599609375,
-0.006072998046875,
0.0103759765625,
-0.0096435546875,
0.00341796875,
0.016357421875,
0.0198974609375,
-0.021484375,
0.0284423828125,
0.00396728515625,
-0.04736328125,
0.00112152099609375,
-0.0087890625,
-0.040771484375,
0.0634765625,
0.035888671875,
0.0245361328125,
0.0162353515625,
-0.0830078125,
-0.03564453125,
-0.060546875,
0.0284423828125,
-0.042724609375,
0.042236328125,
-0.0294189453125,
0.00140380859375,
0.032958984375,
0.01171875,
0.0031890869140625,
0.00506591796875,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.017822265625,
0.01513671875,
0.0084228515625,
0.03076171875,
-0.05517578125,
0.01104736328125,
-0.044189453125,
0.0966796875,
0.053466796875,
-0.0244140625,
-0.00170135498046875,
0.0196533203125,
0.0177001953125,
-0.019287109375,
0.00125885009765625,
0.0262451171875,
0.037109375,
-0.014892578125,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.0279541015625,
0.007171630859375,
0.02880859375,
0.0036163330078125,
0.0181884765625,
-0.002410888671875,
0.025146484375,
0.046875,
0.0167236328125,
-0.005126953125,
-0.044921875,
0.01953125,
-0.025390625,
-0.025146484375,
-0.042724609375,
0.06396484375,
-0.002471923828125,
-0.034423828125,
0.01513671875,
0.06787109375,
-0.06396484375,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.0279541015625,
0.003936767578125,
-0.0169677734375,
0.039794921875,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.03759765625,
-0.02392578125,
0.0556640625,
-0.0025177001953125,
0.01220703125,
0.00494384765625,
-0.00555419921875,
0.0223388671875,
-0.0220947265625
] |
Fellows, J.
On August 31, 1922, plaintiff commenced suit in assumpsit by summons issued out of the circuit court of Bay county against Thomas L. Handy and others. The writ was returnable October 18th and was not served on Thomas L. Handy. On the same day the principal suit was commenced, a writ of garnishment was issued against several garnishee defendants; it was served on them and they filed disclosures showing indebtedness in different amounts to Thomas L. Handy. On October 26th an alias writ in the principal suit was issued. Thomas L. Handy died October 23d. The Union Trust Company was appointed special, and later general, administrator of his estate. The estate is insolvent. The death of Mr. Handy was, on ex parte application of plaintiff, suggested on the record and the administrator of his estate was substituted as defendant. It appeared and pleaded in the original suit. It also moved to dismiss the garnishee proceedings for numerous reasons but its motion was overruled. Judgment was entered in the principal suit, which is not here assailed, but on this writ of certiorari the propriety of the order overruling the motion to quash the garnishment proceedings is before us.
We shall consider but one of the grounds urged against the order under consideration, as it is decisive of the question. If the garnishment proceedings did not survive the death of Thomas L. Handy, then they should be quashed unless the right to raise that question has been waived. Counsel agree that the question of whether the garnishment proceedings abate upon the death of the defendant before judgment in the principal suit is one of first impression in this court and they cite to us numerous decisions from other courts dealing with the question. We have examined the cases cited and a large number of others. Among the numerous cases examined the following cases support plaintiff’s contention: Tetzloff v. May, 172 Iowa, 617 (154 N. W. 905); Loubat v. Kipp & Young, 9 Fla. 60; Craig v. Wagner, 88 Conn. 100 (89 Atl. 916, Ann. Cas. 1917A, 160); Cunningham v. Burk, 45 Ark. 267; Tyler v. Winslow, 46 Me. 348; Smith v. Warden, 35 N. J. Law, 346; White v. Heavner, 7 W. Va. 324; Mitchell v. Schoonover, 16 Or. 211 (17 Pac. 867, 8 Am. St. Rep. 282); Dow v. Blake, 148 Ill. 76 (35 N. E. 761, 39 Am. St. Rep. 156); More v. Thayer, 10 Barb. (N. Y.) 258; Davis v. Shapleigh, 19 Ill. 386; Dyson v. Baker, 54 Miss. 24; Curle v. Jones, 18 Ky. Law Rep. 785 (38 S. W. 677); Hawley v. Isaacson, 117 Wash. 197 (200 Pac. 1109, 21 A. L. R. 268).
Among the cases examined the following support the contention of the defendant: Pancost v. Corporation of Washington, 5 Cranch, C. C. (U. S.) 507; McIlroy v. McIlroy, 208 Mass. 458 (94 N. E. 696, Ann. Cas. 1912A, 934); Vaughn v. Sturtevant, 7 R. I. 372; Collins v. Duffy, 7 La. Ann. 39; Yankton Savings Bank v. Gutterson, 15 S. D. 486 (90 N. W. 144); Farmers’ & Mechanics’ Bank v. Little, 8 Watts & S. (Pa.) 207 (42 Am. Dec. 293); Willing v. Sleeker, 2 Serg. & R. (Pa.) 221; Myers v. Mott, 29 Cal. 359 (89 Am. Dec. 49); Wooten v. Harris, 5 Harr. (Del.) 254; McEachin v. Reid, 40 Ala. 410; Reynolds v. Howell, 15 Del. 52; Reynolds v. Nesbitt, 196 Pa. 636 (46 Atl. 841, 79 Am. St. Rep. 736); Farnsworth v. Page, 17 N. H. 334; Wilmarth v. Richmond, 11 Cush. (Mass.) 463; Martin v. Abbott, 1 Greenleaf (Me.), 333; Dow v. Batchelder, 45 Vt. 60.
Plaintiff’s counsel relies most strenuously on Hawley v. Isaacson, supra. It is a late case and is followed by the editorial writer in an exhaustive note beginning at page 272, 21 A. L. R. But it should be noted that, in reaching the conclusion it did, the court adopted the views of the dissenting Justices (Shafter and Sawyer) , in Myers v. Mott, supra. Each of these Justices wrote an able dissenting opinion, but a majority of the court signed the opinion prepared by Justice Rhodes, which is likewise an able one, and which was later followed by the California court in Ham v. Cunningham, 50 Cal. 365. We can not undertake a resumé of the cases, cited within the compass of this opinion. Some of them deal with attachment, some with garnishment, some with insolvent estates, some with nonresident defendants, some are controlled by local statutes, and they are not in accord with each other. We have likewise examined some of the textbooks to see if a definite rule is enunciated by them. In Drake on Attachment (7th Ed.), § 422, attention is called to the holdings of various States on the question of abatement of attachment proceedings by death of defendant, but no definite rule is announced, and in section 698 of the same work attention is called to the Louisiana holding that garnishment proceedings abate on the death of the principal defendant before judgment. Shinn (2 Shinn on Attachment and Garnishment, § 682) lays down the rule that garnishment proceedings do not abate upon death of the principal defendant after judgment in the principal suit if execution is issued within proper time, but whether pending attachment and garnishment proceed ings abate on the death of the principal defendant before judgment largely depends on controlling statutes. In Waples on Attachment and Garnishment (2d Ed.), § 920, it is held that attachment abates and is dissolved on the death of the defendant, and in Rood on Garnishment, § 381, it is held that the garnishee defendant is discharged by the death of the principal defendant before judgment. The same view is entertained in Ruling Case Law (12 R. C. L. p. 860) although in the supplement (4 R. C. L. Supp. p. 770) attention is called to Hawley v. Isaacson, supra. Corpus Juris recognizes the weight of authority to be that attachment proceedings do not abate on the death of the defendant (1 C. J. p. 208), but that garnishment proceedings do (28 C. J. p. 361).
The legislature of this State has provided with considerable detail for the settlement of estates of decedents in probate court. Section 13879, 3 Comp. Laws 1915, provides:
“All actions and suits which may be pending against a deceased person at the time of his death, may, if the cause of action survives, be prosecuted to final judgment, and the executor or administrator may be admitted to defend the same, and if judgment shall be rendered against the executor or administrator, the court rendering it shall certify the same to the probate court, and the amount thereof shall be paid in the same manner as other claims duly allowed against the estate.”
It will be noted that this section makes provision for the revival of a suit where “the cause of action survives.” If the cause of action does not survive the section is inapplicable. By section 13911, an attachment proceeding survives (Smith v. Jones, 15 Mich. 281), but no such provision is anywhere made as to garnishment proceedings. And while garnishment proceedings are in the nature of an equitable attachment (Bethel v. Judge of Superior Court, 57 Mich. 379), they are not in fact attachment proceedings. Both are creations of the statutes which specifically provide the procedure in each case. In numerous cases this court has held that the garnishment statute provides a harsh remedy and must be strictly construed. In the consideration of our probate statutes, we must constantly bear in mind that by express legislation attachment proceedings survive but no such provision is made with reference to garnishment proceedings. We should also bear in mind that actions do not survive at common law.
An examination of our probate statutes is convincing that the legislature intended a complete scheme for the settlement of estates in probate court and made adequate provisions for administering them there. The scheme is simple, inexpensive and conserves the estate in the interest of all parties concerned. The administrator is required to make an inventory (§ 13845), to have the property appraised (§ 13846), the personal estate of the deceased and the real estate if necessary are made liable for decedent’s debts (§ 13849) ; if any one has in his possession property belonging to decedent, he may be cited into probate court (§ 13851), and he may be committed for contempt if he refuses to answer or to account to the administrator or executor (§§ 13852, 13853). Section 13864 provides for the appointment of commissioners to hear claims and subsequent sections make provision for. their proceedings. Section 13878 provides:
“When commissioners shall be appointed, as provided in this chapter, for examining and allowing claims against any estate, no action shall be commenced against the executor or administrator, except actions of ejectment, or other actions to recover the seizin or possession of real estate, and actions of replevin, nor shall any attachment or execution be issued against the estate of the deceased, until the expiration of the time limited by the court for the payment of debts.”
By section 13883 the probate court fixes the time for the payment of debts and may extend the time ('§ 13884). Section 13887 provides for payment of debts in full if the estate is solvent, but if not solvent, section 13888 provides for the payment in the following order:
“If the assets which the executor or administrator may have received, and which can be appropriated to the payment of debts, shall not be sufficient, he shall, after paying the necessary expenses of administration, pay the debts against the estate in the following order:
“1. The necessary funeral expenses;
“2. The expenses of the last sickness;
“3. Debts having a preference by the laws of the United States;
“4. Debts due to other creditors.”
And section 13889 provides:
“If there shall not be assets enough to pay all the debts of any one class, each creditor shall be paid a dividend in proportion to his claim; and no creditor of any one class shall receive any payment until all those of the preceding class shall be fully paid.”
Section 13912 provides:
“In no other case, except such as are expressly provided for in this chapter, shall any action be. commenced or prosecuted against an executor or administrator; nor shall any writ of attachment or execution issue against such executor or administrator, or against the estate of the deceased in his hands, during the time allowed him for the payment of debts, except in the case provided for in the preceding section.”
It .will be noted that the provisions of our probate law provide for the collection in the hands of the administrator or executor of all the assets of the decedent; ample provision is made for proving debts against the estate before the commissioners oh claims or the judge of probate, as the case may be, or in court in pending actions which, survive and in which cases the judgment may not be enforced by ordinary process but must be certified to the- probate court to be paid in full if the estate is solvent, but if insolvent to be paid in the order of priority fixed by the statute; and with the single exception of pending attachment cases, issuance of execution or levy on the property of the estate is prohibited during its administration. In Peckham v. O’Hara, 74 Mich. 287, it was said by Mr. Justice Campbell, speaking for the court:
“We have searched in vain for any statute which would authorize an execution to issue against the assets of an estate for an ordinary money judgment. The whole policy of our lav/ remits the handling and application of assets to the probate court.”
While the precise question here involved has not been before this court, in White v. Ledyard, 48 Mich. 264, this court had before it the question of whether a garnishment proceeding survived the death of the garnishee defendant occurring before disclosure. It was held that it did not and it was there said by Justice Marston, speaking for the court:
“This, however, is not the way pointed out by statute for the allowance and collection of claims against an estate, and no such method as was resorted to in this case could ever have been contemplated, or is authorized by the statute relating to garnishees.”
In Hudson v. Saginaw Circuit Judge, 114 Mich. 116 (47 L. R. A. 345, 68 Am. St. Rep. 465), where garnishment proceedings were instituted against the executors to collect a judgment against the estate it was said by Mr. Justice Hooker, speaking for the majority of the court:
“I am unable to see the' propriety of holding that the liability or nonliability of an executor becomes a question of fact, dependent upon the quantity of assets and ability of the executor to pay, to be tried by jury or otherwise in as many courts as there are garnishing creditors, to the embarrassment of the settlement of estates, and the overthrow of one of the best-settled rules of general application known to the law.”
When we take into consideration the provisions of our" probate law which affords ample protection to creditors of estates, and have in mind the decisions and textbooks we have cited, coupled with the fact that the legislature has provided for survival of attachment suits but not for garnishment proceedings, we are constrained to hold that such garnishment proceedings do not survive the death of the principal defendant occurring before judgment.
The administrator appeared and pleaded in the principal ease. It was an action of assumpsit and survived. In so doing the administrator but did its duty under section 13879, 3 Comp. Laws 1915, above quoted. The court had jurisdiction in that case but it did not have jurisdiction over the funds in the hands of the garnishee defendant after the death of Mr. Handy as we have pointed out. The appearance and plea in a case in which the court had jurisdiction did not confer jurisdiction in an ancillary proceeding which the administrator moved the court to dissolve and of which the court had lost jurisdiction.
The order under consideration will be quashed and the case remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion. Defendant will have costs.
McDonald, C. J., and Clark, Bird, Sharpe, Moore, Steere, and Wiest, JJ., concurred. | [
-0.0186767578125,
-0.00775146484375,
0.05126953125,
0.0247802734375,
-0.046630859375,
0.00872802734375,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.0291748046875,
0.0247802734375,
0.05126953125,
0.0201416015625,
-0.0247802734375,
0.0135498046875,
0.0198974609375,
0.0015411376953125,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.0201416015625,
0.00139617919921875,
-0.005615234375,
0.013916015625,
0.035888671875,
-0.0052490234375,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.031005859375,
0.01239013671875,
-0.0062255859375,
-0.013427734375,
0.0072021484375,
0.07373046875,
0.01055908203125,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.01019287109375,
0.0023040771484375,
0.0230712890625,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.01239013671875,
0.035400390625,
-0.06591796875,
0.0135498046875,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.0126953125,
0.0146484375,
0.052490234375,
-0.02392578125,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.0478515625,
-0.01953125,
0.0137939453125,
-0.060302734375,
0.006805419921875,
-0.007080078125,
0.0038604736328125,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.0048828125,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.023681640625,
-0.0079345703125,
0.01007080078125,
0.00799560546875,
0.00958251953125,
-0.0196533203125,
0.013916015625,
-0.0390625,
-0.0166015625,
0.06201171875,
0.006561279296875,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.010986328125,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.0033721923828125,
0.0142822265625,
0.0033721923828125,
0.00032806396484375,
0.00836181640625,
-0.0013580322265625,
-0.0020751953125,
-0.021728515625,
0.00653076171875,
0.00909423828125,
-0.01165771484375,
0.01202392578125,
0.03955078125,
0.004119873046875,
-0.03955078125,
-0.003173828125,
-0.0089111328125,
0.01458740234375,
0.019775390625,
0.0027923583984375,
-0.01239013671875,
0.060302734375,
-0.056640625,
-0.01495361328125,
0.0283203125,
0.01495361328125,
-0.0291748046875,
0.0186767578125,
0.031494140625,
-0.005828857421875,
0.037841796875,
0.006134033203125,
-0.021484375,
0.060791015625,
-0.0322265625,
0.0211181640625,
-0.044677734375,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.052978515625,
-0.02099609375,
0.00799560546875,
-0.00106048583984375,
0.06640625,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.056396484375,
0.004547119140625,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0634765625,
0.020263671875,
0.07421875,
-0.01953125,
0.046630859375,
-0.035400390625,
0.01025390625,
0.01336669921875,
-0.01031494140625,
0.059814453125,
-0.006988525390625,
0.04638671875,
0.0189208984375,
0.018310546875,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.0018768310546875,
0.017333984375,
0.0299072265625,
0.00897216796875,
-0.0025177001953125,
0.01092529296875,
-0.01171875,
0.039306640625,
0.0032196044921875,
-0.0341796875,
0.039306640625,
0.01190185546875,
0.052490234375,
-0.0181884765625,
0.021484375,
-0.0400390625,
-0.02099609375,
-0.03857421875,
0.0274658203125,
0.004638671875,
-0.01483154296875,
0.037841796875,
0.015869140625,
0.03564453125,
-0.0458984375,
0.007049560546875,
0.02392578125,
-0.03515625,
0.04638671875,
-0.002105712890625,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.0185546875,
-0.00970458984375,
0.00885009765625,
0.018310546875,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.01611328125,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.06005859375,
-0.01007080078125,
0.03466796875,
0.018310546875,
0.056640625,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.001251220703125,
0.02685546875,
-0.00982666015625,
0.0242919921875,
0.033935546875,
0.00078582763671875,
0.0172119140625,
0.00118255615234375,
0.0064697265625,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.0283203125,
0.002166748046875,
0.0308837890625,
0.000446319580078125,
0.020263671875,
-0.0181884765625,
0.0174560546875,
-0.0074462890625,
-0.01708984375,
0.0164794921875,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.0205078125,
0.002838134765625,
0.005218505859375,
0.045654296875,
-0.025634765625,
-0.005584716796875,
0.06640625,
0.0120849609375,
-0.014892578125,
0.0036773681640625,
0.0208740234375,
0.018310546875,
0.013427734375,
-0.01953125,
-0.034912109375,
0.0186767578125,
0.017822265625,
0.013427734375,
-0.041259765625,
0.02099609375,
-0.0245361328125,
0.02978515625,
-0.01190185546875,
0.016845703125,
0.01116943359375,
-0.00616455078125,
0.04736328125,
0.02099609375,
-0.0322265625,
0.00848388671875,
-0.049072265625,
-0.00762939453125,
0.015625,
0.06884765625,
0.0179443359375,
-0.00189208984375,
0.036865234375,
0.0240478515625,
0.0008087158203125,
-0.0048828125,
-0.005767822265625,
0.020263671875,
0.03369140625,
0.0022735595703125,
0.00634765625,
0.060791015625,
0.0126953125,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.031982421875,
0.041015625,
-0.043212890625,
0.03955078125,
-0.0255126953125,
0.0478515625,
0.01171875,
0.0068359375,
0.033447265625,
0.017822265625,
-0.06494140625,
-0.055908203125,
0.028076171875,
0.0206298828125,
-0.044677734375,
-0.0230712890625,
0.01202392578125,
-0.04052734375,
0.0830078125,
0.016357421875,
-0.03271484375,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.041748046875,
-0.03271484375,
0.03466796875,
0.007537841796875,
0.01507568359375,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.01336669921875,
0.0303955078125,
-0.05615234375,
-0.00167083740234375,
-0.0030517578125,
-0.0291748046875,
0.018310546875,
-0.0205078125,
0.0341796875,
-0.05810546875,
-0.00124359130859375,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0693359375,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.06201171875,
0.03662109375,
0.03125,
0.0172119140625,
-0.019775390625,
-0.01531982421875,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.036865234375,
-0.004180908203125,
-0.0291748046875,
0.01202392578125,
-0.0244140625,
-0.0250244140625,
0.0213623046875,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.051513671875,
0.0224609375,
-0.0107421875,
-0.006072998046875,
0.057373046875,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.00335693359375,
-0.00872802734375,
0.09619140625,
0.0032806396484375,
0.01239013671875,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.04296875,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.002777099609375,
-0.02001953125,
-0.04296875,
0.0093994140625,
0.0233154296875,
0.025390625,
-0.0556640625,
0.0244140625,
-0.031982421875,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.05078125,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.00494384765625,
-0.038330078125,
-0.01190185546875,
0.0068359375,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.0269775390625,
0.051025390625,
-0.047119140625,
-0.0224609375,
0.002197265625,
-0.0103759765625,
0.0308837890625,
0.03271484375,
-0.03857421875,
0.000431060791015625,
0.00665283203125,
-0.00885009765625,
0.007568359375,
-0.00933837890625,
0.03515625,
0.00860595703125,
0.0191650390625,
0.01409912109375,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.030029296875,
0.04443359375,
-0.020263671875,
-0.0021820068359375,
-0.037109375,
-0.00555419921875,
0.006378173828125,
0.00119781494140625,
-0.026611328125,
0.0029296875,
0.03759765625,
-0.031494140625,
0.0634765625,
0.05224609375,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.01220703125,
-0.050048828125,
-0.040771484375,
-0.00830078125,
-0.002227783203125,
0.0213623046875,
0.0244140625,
0.00701904296875,
-0.023681640625,
0.034423828125,
0.0308837890625,
-0.0002651214599609375,
0.004150390625,
-0.01275634765625,
0.0242919921875,
-0.021728515625,
0.0196533203125,
-0.00299072265625,
-0.0172119140625,
0.045654296875,
-0.000324249267578125,
-0.037353515625,
0.0032196044921875,
0.021240234375,
-0.00848388671875,
0.00787353515625,
0.033447265625,
0.0281982421875,
0.0224609375,
0.0159912109375,
0.006317138671875,
-0.052490234375,
-0.013916015625,
-0.0908203125,
0.0244140625,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.00836181640625,
0.01397705078125,
0.053955078125,
0.03369140625,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.036376953125,
0.0281982421875,
0.048828125,
-0.00274658203125,
-0.0054931640625,
-0.03271484375,
0.0233154296875,
0.036865234375,
0.0294189453125,
-0.033935546875,
0.05615234375,
-0.01043701171875,
0.0118408203125,
-0.0211181640625,
0.04443359375,
0.01220703125,
0.0400390625,
-0.042236328125,
-0.0093994140625,
0.06640625,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.000621795654296875,
-0.0223388671875,
0.0172119140625,
0.0247802734375,
0.036376953125,
0.00994873046875,
-0.0196533203125,
0.00885009765625,
-0.00128936767578125,
0.040771484375,
0.0220947265625,
0.028076171875,
-0.0001621246337890625,
0.01123046875,
-0.031494140625,
0.048583984375,
0.007110595703125,
-0.00274658203125,
-0.01287841796875,
0.0576171875,
-0.025146484375,
0.052490234375,
-0.01422119140625,
0.05419921875,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.0084228515625,
0.004608154296875,
-0.0179443359375,
0.045654296875,
0.005767822265625,
0.01483154296875,
0.06201171875,
0.000766754150390625,
-0.018798828125,
0.0159912109375,
-0.034912109375,
-0.01556396484375,
0.004302978515625,
0.0166015625,
0.007415771484375,
0.003997802734375,
0.00433349609375,
0.0303955078125,
-0.00102996826171875,
0.039794921875,
-0.006256103515625,
0.0118408203125,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.024658203125,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.0284423828125,
0.013671875,
0.00177764892578125,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.02099609375,
-0.038818359375,
-0.0869140625,
-0.0419921875,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0208740234375,
0.04296875,
-0.00933837890625,
0.01708984375,
-0.0045166015625,
-0.004241943359375,
-0.040771484375,
-0.056396484375,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.040283203125,
0.049560546875,
-0.0252685546875,
0.007110595703125,
0.019775390625,
0.02490234375,
0.014892578125,
0.0250244140625,
0.053466796875,
0.0185546875,
0.019775390625,
0.0133056640625,
0.06787109375,
-0.032470703125,
-0.041748046875,
0.0169677734375,
-0.018798828125,
0.025634765625,
0.017578125,
0.01263427734375,
0.017578125,
-0.0595703125,
0.016357421875,
-0.00182342529296875,
-0.04345703125,
-0.033935546875,
-0.00640869140625,
0.0223388671875,
0.019775390625,
-0.026123046875,
0.007171630859375,
0.0029754638671875,
-0.044677734375,
0.06201171875,
0.01190185546875,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.047119140625,
-0.0224609375,
-0.06884765625,
0.0458984375,
0.0108642578125,
0.007080078125,
-0.044189453125,
-0.06787109375,
0.00173187255859375,
-0.029052734375,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.0458984375,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.003021240234375,
0.049560546875,
0.02587890625,
0.0103759765625,
0.0245361328125,
-0.01806640625,
-0.000392913818359375,
0.0201416015625,
-0.04150390625,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.031494140625,
0.0142822265625,
-0.05859375,
-0.0140380859375,
-0.0126953125,
0.042236328125,
0.01141357421875,
0.0159912109375,
-0.015869140625,
-0.040283203125,
-0.044921875,
-0.016845703125,
0.0162353515625,
-0.00823974609375,
0.007110595703125,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.060791015625,
0.00433349609375,
-0.01806640625,
-0.007537841796875,
0.07373046875,
-0.02783203125,
0.0194091796875,
-0.02587890625,
0.064453125,
0.0230712890625,
-0.044189453125,
0.000476837158203125,
-0.02490234375,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.02685546875,
-0.018310546875,
-0.0245361328125,
0.03369140625,
0.042724609375,
0.00138092041015625,
0.031494140625,
-0.037841796875,
-0.02978515625,
-0.031982421875,
0.04052734375,
-0.00872802734375,
0.037841796875,
0.04638671875,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.038330078125,
0.019287109375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.02392578125,
0.0159912109375,
0.0220947265625,
-0.0267333984375,
0.051025390625,
0.038818359375,
-0.005828857421875,
-0.005035400390625,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.04736328125,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.02880859375,
0.0115966796875,
0.06103515625,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0174560546875,
0.01513671875,
0.00579833984375,
0.0228271484375,
-0.04638671875,
0.0390625,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.03955078125,
0.032958984375,
-0.004669189453125,
0.0093994140625,
-0.03271484375,
-0.004852294921875,
-0.030029296875,
0.019775390625,
0.037353515625,
-0.0015716552734375,
-0.034912109375,
-0.01409912109375,
0.0169677734375,
0.038818359375,
0.00186920166015625,
-0.0086669921875,
0.025146484375,
0.0146484375,
-0.013671875,
0.006927490234375,
-0.044189453125,
0.01953125,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.1044921875,
0.00921630859375,
0.03515625,
0.038818359375,
0.032470703125,
-0.0101318359375,
-0.0302734375,
0.0130615234375,
0.040283203125,
-0.04638671875,
0.0087890625,
0.021240234375,
0.01165771484375,
-0.054443359375,
-0.062255859375,
-0.01385498046875,
0.044677734375,
-0.028564453125,
0.0172119140625,
-0.00848388671875,
0.02880859375,
-0.000396728515625,
-0.036376953125,
-0.039306640625,
0.0311279296875,
-0.0152587890625,
0.01226806640625,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0072021484375,
0.006011962890625,
-0.03662109375,
0.00701904296875,
-0.035888671875,
0.0296630859375,
-0.01092529296875,
0.00830078125,
0.03125,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.009033203125,
0.04052734375,
-0.02294921875,
0.08984375,
-0.0400390625,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.01611328125,
-0.005401611328125,
-0.003326416015625,
-0.031982421875,
-0.056640625,
-0.03369140625,
-0.03173828125,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.000804901123046875,
0.037109375,
0.056396484375,
-0.01513671875,
-0.0390625,
-0.005615234375,
-0.01556396484375,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.00604248046875,
-0.004425048828125,
0.011962890625,
0.041259765625,
0.04052734375,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.0595703125,
-0.025634765625,
0.0274658203125,
0.0208740234375,
0.00372314453125,
0.0230712890625,
0.0145263671875,
-0.021728515625,
0.00074005126953125,
-0.07373046875,
-0.06005859375,
0.00762939453125,
0.0181884765625,
0.0213623046875,
0.014404296875,
0.04931640625,
-0.010498046875,
-0.02490234375,
0.0218505859375,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.05810546875,
0.023681640625,
0.01446533203125,
0.0123291015625,
-0.01953125,
-0.00537109375,
0.0062255859375,
0.0174560546875,
-0.00408935546875,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.010986328125,
0.0152587890625,
0.056640625,
0.035400390625,
0.0291748046875,
0.0001697540283203125,
0.00946044921875,
-0.006866455078125,
-0.044677734375,
-0.006256103515625,
-0.0026092529296875,
-0.005767822265625,
0.00225830078125,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.001556396484375,
-0.039794921875,
0.0224609375,
0.012939453125,
0.0252685546875,
-0.01080322265625,
0.00994873046875,
-0.035400390625,
0.046630859375,
-0.017333984375,
-0.017822265625,
-0.005035400390625,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.048828125,
0.00921630859375,
0.037109375,
-0.0093994140625,
0.056884765625,
0.006744384765625,
-0.00927734375,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.0189208984375,
0.034423828125,
0.04150390625,
0.04296875,
-0.01092529296875,
0.0125732421875,
0.03173828125,
0.0267333984375,
0.04296875,
0.052734375,
-0.00433349609375,
0.005706787109375,
0.01239013671875,
-0.00860595703125,
0.047119140625,
0.0135498046875,
-0.0308837890625,
0.017578125,
-0.0177001953125,
0.000446319580078125,
-0.042236328125,
-0.044189453125,
0.003448486328125,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.04443359375,
-0.0140380859375,
0.007080078125,
0.01519775390625,
0.0142822265625,
-0.00811767578125,
0.03369140625,
0.0302734375,
0.0267333984375,
-0.00872802734375,
0.033935546875,
0.00016498565673828125,
-0.0869140625,
-0.0303955078125,
0.0035247802734375,
0.0537109375,
0.0003414154052734375,
0.00147247314453125,
0.035888671875,
0.00628662109375,
-0.0279541015625,
0.0037384033203125,
-0.0027313232421875,
-0.058837890625,
0.00921630859375,
-0.00286865234375,
0.07373046875,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.00225830078125,
0.037353515625,
-0.00433349609375,
-0.01092529296875,
0.0172119140625,
0.0019989013671875,
0.0062255859375,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.01446533203125,
0.0244140625,
-0.0098876953125,
0.0272216796875,
-0.035888671875,
0.0194091796875,
-0.006591796875,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.03271484375,
0.02783203125,
-0.039306640625,
-0.033935546875,
-0.03466796875,
-0.020263671875,
-0.0027313232421875,
0.01531982421875,
0.049072265625,
-0.044921875,
-0.042236328125,
-0.016845703125,
-0.037841796875,
0.060546875,
0.01031494140625,
0.055908203125,
0.0155029296875,
-0.064453125,
0.0002899169921875,
-0.01434326171875,
0.0189208984375,
-0.0302734375,
0.060791015625,
0.023681640625,
-0.06884765625,
-0.0517578125,
-0.017333984375,
0.0172119140625,
0.00122833251953125,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.0033721923828125,
0.00567626953125,
0.00714111328125,
0.000946044921875,
-0.041015625,
0.00592041015625,
-0.002044677734375,
0.01031494140625,
0.001983642578125,
0.0027618408203125,
0.0322265625,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.00096893310546875,
0.0257568359375,
0.00830078125,
-0.0026702880859375,
0.0286865234375,
0.01324462890625,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.046875,
-0.04443359375,
-0.025390625,
0.01239013671875,
0.0595703125,
0.03564453125,
-0.0125732421875,
0.0002956390380859375,
-0.018310546875,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.013427734375,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.00147247314453125,
-0.0289306640625,
0.04541015625,
0.027587890625,
-0.048828125,
0.294921875,
-0.00022792816162109375,
-0.01214599609375,
0.01226806640625,
0.00634765625,
0.05224609375,
-0.0025482177734375,
0.00250244140625,
-0.024169921875,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.0166015625,
-0.012939453125,
0.00579833984375,
0.0257568359375,
0.01708984375,
0.02734375,
-0.016845703125,
0.037841796875,
0.0130615234375,
-0.042724609375,
-0.017333984375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.02294921875,
0.07275390625,
0.006072998046875,
0.00677490234375,
0.0289306640625,
-0.07373046875,
-0.0263671875,
-0.06201171875,
0.03369140625,
-0.049072265625,
0.006103515625,
-0.059326171875,
-0.007293701171875,
0.053466796875,
0.031982421875,
-0.012939453125,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.0042724609375,
-0.003997802734375,
0.041748046875,
0.000156402587890625,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.0302734375,
0.0238037109375,
-0.0322265625,
0.07275390625,
0.056396484375,
-0.020263671875,
0.041015625,
0.017333984375,
0.03662109375,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.0198974609375,
0.01165771484375,
0.0186767578125,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.021728515625,
-0.042724609375,
0.00168609619140625,
0.013916015625,
0.034423828125,
0.04150390625,
0.01025390625,
0.0174560546875,
0.057373046875,
-0.004180908203125,
-0.00457763671875,
-0.04150390625,
0.009765625,
-0.025390625,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0167236328125,
0.051025390625,
0.01336669921875,
-0.0157470703125,
0.0303955078125,
0.0830078125,
-0.041015625,
0.001678466796875,
-0.033203125,
-0.0537109375,
0.00567626953125,
0.0281982421875,
-0.002105712890625,
-0.005126953125,
-0.0498046875,
-0.0037078857421875,
-0.020751953125,
0.03564453125,
-0.00160980224609375,
-0.03759765625,
-0.009033203125,
-0.0021209716796875
] |
Clark, C. J.
Plaintiffs owned a farm in Saginaw county, bounded on the north by the Cass river and on the west by a State trunk line highway, known as the Dixie Highway. The defendant board of county road commissioners of that county entered into a contract with defendant Palma Construction Company, a corporation, for the construction of a cement road within the limits of such highway and opposite plaintiffs’ farm. Nothing in the contract required or authorized the contractor to enter or be upon plaintiffs’ farm. But it removed their road fence, a quantity of their earth, and otherwise trespassed. Plaintiffs filed a bill for injunction and for money damages. The bill was dismissed. Plaintiffs have appealed.
The proofs do not warrant relief by injunction. That further trespass was intended or threatened was not shown. The acts of trespass were complete. As to the defendant contractor there was an adequate remedy at law, an action for a money judgment for damages (Robinson v. Campbell, 222 Mich. 111; Koontz v. Bay Circuit Judge, 224 Mich. 463), and hence no relief in equity.
Some one, not disclosed by the record, in the highway improvement, constructed a wing of the abutment of the river bridge across a road ditch, into which surface waters of the road and of a natural ravine or swale were collected, to within about one foot of plaintiffs’ road fence. This deflected the waters around the end of the wing of the abutment, over plaintiffs’ land, and produced a washout. This was the condition when the bill was filed. Correction of this condition or relief against it by injunction is not prayed. There is no prayer for general relief. Plaintiffs seek again only money damages, but against whom does not appear. Equity can lend no aid. This record indicates that said condition ought to be corrected by the proper authorities. As to this feature, the bill will be dismissed without prejudice.
So modified, the decree is affirmed, without costs.
McDonald, Bird, Sharpe, Moore, Steere, Fellows, and Wiest, JJ., concurred. | [
-0.053466796875,
0.043701171875,
-0.0004329681396484375,
0.0196533203125,
-0.0703125,
-0.005157470703125,
-0.017333984375,
0.007049560546875,
-0.0106201171875,
0.07861328125,
0.048583984375,
-0.0029449462890625,
0.0166015625,
0.00445556640625,
0.013671875,
-0.046630859375,
-0.0439453125,
-0.000911712646484375,
-0.00811767578125,
0.05517578125,
0.006683349609375,
0.01312255859375,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.04052734375,
0.00396728515625,
0.018798828125,
-0.032958984375,
0.045654296875,
0.06640625,
-0.05712890625,
-0.01190185546875,
0.01153564453125,
0.006134033203125,
-0.0027313232421875,
-0.032958984375,
0.061767578125,
-0.047607421875,
0.004974365234375,
0.0140380859375,
-0.006927490234375,
0.0019378662109375,
0.0184326171875,
-0.05810546875,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.05517578125,
-0.00119781494140625,
-0.016357421875,
0.01422119140625,
-0.020263671875,
-0.019287109375,
-0.00604248046875,
-0.02392578125,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.041259765625,
-0.0203857421875,
0.01336669921875,
0.01446533203125,
0.006195068359375,
0.01318359375,
-0.0093994140625,
0.0284423828125,
0.0419921875,
-0.0145263671875,
0.01312255859375,
0.0140380859375,
-0.02099609375,
0.007110595703125,
0.054443359375,
-0.01171875,
-0.017578125,
0.0213623046875,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.037353515625,
0.0150146484375,
0.018310546875,
-0.0014801025390625,
0.0184326171875,
0.06298828125,
0.0037841796875,
-0.0303955078125,
0.006439208984375,
-0.00921630859375,
0.006103515625,
0.02392578125,
0.0045166015625,
-0.045654296875,
0.03662109375,
-0.052490234375,
-0.0084228515625,
0.043212890625,
0.0400390625,
-0.03271484375,
0.00885009765625,
0.0255126953125,
-0.0277099609375,
0.0198974609375,
0.04345703125,
0.00004100799560546875,
0.0654296875,
-0.006805419921875,
0.00921630859375,
-0.0296630859375,
0.00250244140625,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.005859375,
0.033203125,
-0.02294921875,
-0.0021514892578125,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.04833984375,
-0.004058837890625,
-0.0184326171875,
0.01177978515625,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.0267333984375,
0.047119140625,
-0.0034332275390625,
0.0260009765625,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.0184326171875,
0.0225830078125,
0.01171875,
-0.0189208984375,
0.01904296875,
0.04443359375,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.0172119140625,
0.03369140625,
0.0140380859375,
0.038818359375,
0.006500244140625,
0.0267333984375,
0.0245361328125,
0.00933837890625,
0.0240478515625,
0.00396728515625,
-0.00933837890625,
0.045166015625,
0.025634765625,
0.0595703125,
0.005096435546875,
0.0159912109375,
-0.05419921875,
-0.006378173828125,
-0.05029296875,
0.0042724609375,
0.0284423828125,
0.025146484375,
0.0302734375,
-0.00113677978515625,
0.0296630859375,
-0.034912109375,
0.01434326171875,
0.021728515625,
-0.006866455078125,
0.026611328125,
-0.0308837890625,
0.019287109375,
-0.027587890625,
0.020263671875,
-0.0133056640625,
0.017578125,
-0.01531982421875,
-0.0341796875,
0.0537109375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.06982421875,
-0.03564453125,
0.042724609375,
-0.00043487548828125,
0.046142578125,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0052490234375,
0.0025634765625,
-0.0002689361572265625,
0.0107421875,
0.015625,
0.01171875,
-0.005096435546875,
0.006500244140625,
0.004669189453125,
-0.029052734375,
-0.04931640625,
-0.03515625,
0.03271484375,
0.0027618408203125,
-0.0140380859375,
0.0150146484375,
-0.0054931640625,
0.0625,
-0.041015625,
-0.01019287109375,
0.000194549560546875,
-0.00250244140625,
-0.0361328125,
-0.01263427734375,
0.005035400390625,
0.055908203125,
-0.01544189453125,
-0.036865234375,
0.076171875,
0.01507568359375,
-0.0341796875,
0.0115966796875,
0.0162353515625,
-0.00164794921875,
-0.00173187255859375,
-0.03369140625,
0.032958984375,
0.0084228515625,
-0.00970458984375,
0.0517578125,
-0.026611328125,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.00007581710815429688,
0.017333984375,
-0.01312255859375,
0.04638671875,
-0.00628662109375,
-0.029296875,
0.0208740234375,
0.026123046875,
0.0177001953125,
-0.0277099609375,
0.002532958984375,
-0.005401611328125,
0.0206298828125,
0.038818359375,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.0308837890625,
0.041259765625,
0.006744384765625,
0.00732421875,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0277099609375,
0.0308837890625,
0.017333984375,
-0.0179443359375,
0.000576019287109375,
0.044189453125,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.0390625,
0.01129150390625,
0.03564453125,
-0.01202392578125,
0.01544189453125,
-0.0299072265625,
0.01214599609375,
0.013671875,
0.0166015625,
0.0400390625,
0.0172119140625,
-0.07666015625,
-0.0240478515625,
0.057373046875,
0.0162353515625,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0439453125,
0.0234375,
-0.0167236328125,
0.01953125,
0.014404296875,
-0.04150390625,
-0.03759765625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.0191650390625,
0.0223388671875,
-0.04345703125,
-0.032958984375,
0.000339508056640625,
-0.019775390625,
0.0400390625,
-0.03173828125,
-0.00543212890625,
-0.00017070770263671875,
-0.05078125,
0.03515625,
0.00052642822265625,
0.042724609375,
-0.0211181640625,
0.0162353515625,
0.01019287109375,
0.02685546875,
-0.0042724609375,
-0.052978515625,
-0.06591796875,
0.000766754150390625,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0032196044921875,
0.0146484375,
-0.037109375,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.020263671875,
-0.0006561279296875,
-0.038818359375,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.01220703125,
-0.0172119140625,
0.0133056640625,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.01348876953125,
0.00799560546875,
0.0123291015625,
-0.0201416015625,
0.051025390625,
0.00262451171875,
0.0177001953125,
-0.05126953125,
0.068359375,
0.0026092529296875,
-0.004974365234375,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.0712890625,
0.0140380859375,
0.022216796875,
-0.03515625,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.006256103515625,
0.024169921875,
0.04248046875,
-0.06298828125,
-0.005035400390625,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.032470703125,
0.021484375,
0.0052490234375,
0.0034027099609375,
0.005340576171875,
-0.05224609375,
-0.008056640625,
-0.004364013671875,
0.06787109375,
-0.038330078125,
0.015869140625,
-0.00104522705078125,
0.007568359375,
0.048095703125,
-0.01123046875,
-0.010498046875,
0.01068115234375,
0.007293701171875,
-0.0238037109375,
0.01385498046875,
-0.03125,
0.00186920166015625,
0.01007080078125,
0.01171875,
-0.0016632080078125,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.052490234375,
0.037109375,
0.00775146484375,
0.01080322265625,
-0.020263671875,
-0.015869140625,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.01531982421875,
-0.017822265625,
-0.0174560546875,
0.036865234375,
-0.0184326171875,
0.01422119140625,
0.039794921875,
-0.0135498046875,
0.027587890625,
-0.04833984375,
-0.0291748046875,
0.017333984375,
-0.005523681640625,
0.01904296875,
-0.00579833984375,
0.042724609375,
-0.0079345703125,
0.054931640625,
0.047119140625,
0.04541015625,
-0.006500244140625,
-0.02001953125,
0.00396728515625,
-0.0299072265625,
0.018310546875,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.06982421875,
0.042236328125,
0.020751953125,
-0.0458984375,
-0.0361328125,
0.0296630859375,
0.030517578125,
0.00823974609375,
0.044189453125,
0.019775390625,
-0.01495361328125,
0.015625,
0.042236328125,
-0.05419921875,
-0.0034332275390625,
-0.02978515625,
0.03662109375,
-0.02783203125,
-0.041015625,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0250244140625,
0.0093994140625,
0.056640625,
0.0076904296875,
0.0177001953125,
-0.0252685546875,
0.01422119140625,
0.0198974609375,
-0.003997802734375,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.0059814453125,
0.038330078125,
0.0162353515625,
0.0247802734375,
-0.02734375,
0.053466796875,
-0.05810546875,
0.007049560546875,
0.0269775390625,
0.0211181640625,
-0.006805419921875,
0.041748046875,
-0.0191650390625,
0.0001888275146484375,
0.07373046875,
-0.0166015625,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.05078125,
0.01019287109375,
0.00079345703125,
0.08203125,
-0.013427734375,
-0.068359375,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.017822265625,
0.031982421875,
0.0380859375,
-0.00133514404296875,
-0.00927734375,
0.04296875,
-0.04296875,
0.01458740234375,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.047607421875,
0.0233154296875,
0.0478515625,
-0.03662109375,
0.044677734375,
-0.043701171875,
0.010009765625,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.055908203125,
-0.0030059814453125,
0.01708984375,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.023193359375,
0.0380859375,
-0.0079345703125,
0.0021209716796875,
0.06298828125,
0.0230712890625,
-0.023193359375,
0.0341796875,
-0.0093994140625,
0.0283203125,
0.0126953125,
-0.0299072265625,
0.04443359375,
-0.002105712890625,
0.00811767578125,
-0.011474609375,
0.000621795654296875,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.0308837890625,
-0.0203857421875,
0.0220947265625,
-0.029541015625,
0.01397705078125,
0.03271484375,
0.022705078125,
0.01495361328125,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.017822265625,
-0.005828857421875,
-0.024169921875,
-0.0289306640625,
0.0220947265625,
0.0113525390625,
0.03857421875,
0.006439208984375,
-0.00185394287109375,
-0.022216796875,
0.017578125,
-0.022705078125,
-0.048583984375,
0.00811767578125,
-0.025390625,
0.06640625,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.00127410888671875,
0.030029296875,
0.012451171875,
-0.0260009765625,
0.01348876953125,
0.05126953125,
0.0260009765625,
0.04248046875,
0.021240234375,
0.02880859375,
-0.038818359375,
-0.029052734375,
-0.01904296875,
-0.0194091796875,
0.0091552734375,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.004791259765625,
-0.004852294921875,
-0.043701171875,
0.0240478515625,
0.0007171630859375,
-0.046630859375,
-0.015869140625,
-0.031982421875,
0.023681640625,
0.0189208984375,
0.01708984375,
0.03857421875,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.06396484375,
0.0380859375,
-0.00726318359375,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.048583984375,
-0.0185546875,
0.01275634765625,
0.03759765625,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0062255859375,
-0.027587890625,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.02392578125,
-0.051025390625,
-0.0140380859375,
0.017822265625,
0.0279541015625,
-0.023193359375,
0.005523681640625,
-0.0026702880859375,
0.005126953125,
0.06005859375,
-0.023193359375,
0.0047607421875,
-0.060791015625,
0.047607421875,
-0.01409912109375,
0.0052490234375,
0.0111083984375,
0.05078125,
-0.0284423828125,
0.01263427734375,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.0537109375,
-0.055419921875,
-0.061767578125,
0.04833984375,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.024658203125,
-0.04931640625,
-0.021728515625,
0.0234375,
-0.0240478515625,
0.020751953125,
0.08740234375,
-0.015869140625,
-0.001068115234375,
-0.03955078125,
0.0252685546875,
0.00970458984375,
-0.07080078125,
-0.02392578125,
0.0024566650390625,
-0.004852294921875,
-0.04931640625,
-0.01531982421875,
0.00823974609375,
0.006378173828125,
0.00653076171875,
0.01324462890625,
0.00579833984375,
0.044189453125,
-0.02587890625,
-0.041748046875,
-0.044189453125,
0.05615234375,
0.053955078125,
0.0198974609375,
0.064453125,
-0.037353515625,
-0.032958984375,
0.07177734375,
0.039794921875,
-0.01806640625,
-0.0673828125,
0.038818359375,
0.0242919921875,
0.0111083984375,
0.00244140625,
0.056396484375,
-0.045166015625,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.00628662109375,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.043701171875,
0.0123291015625,
0.0205078125,
0.01361083984375,
0.01544189453125,
0.029541015625,
0.02685546875,
0.040283203125,
-0.016357421875,
0.054931640625,
-0.03173828125,
-0.0213623046875,
0.023681640625,
-0.00286865234375,
-0.02392578125,
-0.01708984375,
0.0107421875,
-0.024658203125,
0.00689697265625,
0.023681640625,
-0.0498046875,
-0.013427734375,
-0.002685546875,
0.044677734375,
0.06005859375,
-0.024169921875,
0.00109100341796875,
0.03125,
0.03173828125,
-0.050537109375,
-0.005523681640625,
-0.051025390625,
0.06201171875,
-0.011474609375,
-0.07763671875,
-0.00750732421875,
-0.0011749267578125,
-0.0103759765625,
0.0267333984375,
-0.004364013671875,
-0.029296875,
0.0042724609375,
0.01513671875,
-0.0634765625,
0.02783203125,
0.0267333984375,
0.05322265625,
-0.08154296875,
-0.032958984375,
-0.00555419921875,
0.055908203125,
-0.0087890625,
0.031494140625,
-0.0107421875,
-0.018310546875,
-0.005126953125,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.0322265625,
-0.00701904296875,
-0.01397705078125,
0.01422119140625,
0.01300048828125,
0.005889892578125,
-0.006866455078125,
-0.0185546875,
0.0211181640625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.00457763671875,
-0.035888671875,
0.03466796875,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.0146484375,
0.00004172325134277344,
0.0230712890625,
0.01513671875,
0.011474609375,
-0.0089111328125,
0.0419921875,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.0169677734375,
0.0242919921875,
0.00677490234375,
-0.02587890625,
-0.044677734375,
-0.035888671875,
0.010009765625,
-0.01361083984375,
0.03564453125,
0.032470703125,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.06396484375,
-0.00543212890625,
0.0281982421875,
-0.0478515625,
-0.041748046875,
-0.01226806640625,
0.00156402587890625,
-0.01361083984375,
0.0147705078125,
-0.0234375,
-0.0234375,
0.048095703125,
0.025634765625,
0.04296875,
0.048095703125,
0.020263671875,
0.025146484375,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.031982421875,
0.0498046875,
-0.004150390625,
-0.0279541015625,
0.00689697265625,
-0.0062255859375,
-0.048828125,
0.0390625,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.04150390625,
0.0302734375,
0.026123046875,
-0.019287109375,
-0.021484375,
0.01287841796875,
-0.048095703125,
0.0018463134765625,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.004364013671875,
0.00897216796875,
0.0625,
-0.006744384765625,
-0.00921630859375,
0.0001850128173828125,
0.02783203125,
-0.0712890625,
-0.0556640625,
-0.01611328125,
0.0179443359375,
0.003448486328125,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.009765625,
-0.007568359375,
-0.08447265625,
0.03369140625,
0.0220947265625,
0.0107421875,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.021728515625,
-0.0595703125,
0.00616455078125,
-0.003936767578125,
-0.001556396484375,
-0.002960205078125,
-0.041748046875,
-0.049072265625,
0.0240478515625,
0.008544921875,
-0.00360107421875,
0.0390625,
0.017822265625,
0.006439208984375,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.025634765625,
-0.01519775390625,
0.038818359375,
0.0380859375,
0.0546875,
-0.006622314453125,
0.0206298828125,
0.028564453125,
0.031005859375,
0.0478515625,
0.035888671875,
-0.012451171875,
-0.004119873046875,
-0.03955078125,
-0.030029296875,
0.03662109375,
-0.001556396484375,
-0.0279541015625,
0.0277099609375,
-0.033203125,
-0.007232666015625,
-0.001983642578125,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.006072998046875,
0.0286865234375,
-0.037353515625,
-0.03125,
0.033935546875,
0.01025390625,
-0.033203125,
0.016357421875,
0.0439453125,
0.031982421875,
-0.0016632080078125,
0.011962890625,
-0.0091552734375,
0.03564453125,
-0.05126953125,
-0.041259765625,
0.046142578125,
0.03564453125,
0.0084228515625,
-0.00164031982421875,
0.040283203125,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.0087890625,
0.0029754638671875,
0.015869140625,
-0.07080078125,
-0.0206298828125,
0.01116943359375,
0.05908203125,
-0.05126953125,
0.00157928466796875,
0.001953125,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.046875,
0.00927734375,
0.036865234375,
0.0216064453125,
0.00341796875,
0.042724609375,
0.0191650390625,
0.02587890625,
0.02001953125,
-0.0169677734375,
0.050537109375,
0.01470947265625,
-0.037353515625,
-0.03564453125,
0.01458740234375,
-0.025634765625,
-0.029296875,
-0.04833984375,
-0.03173828125,
0.006256103515625,
0.010498046875,
0.020751953125,
-0.042236328125,
0.024658203125,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.047607421875,
0.02392578125,
0.0008087158203125,
0.0556640625,
0.0027313232421875,
0.00125885009765625,
0.00750732421875,
-0.010986328125,
0.0283203125,
-0.0634765625,
0.00494384765625,
-0.001708984375,
-0.039794921875,
-0.035888671875,
0.0013885498046875,
0.0361328125,
-0.0028533935546875,
-0.055908203125,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.00176239013671875,
0.047607421875,
-0.028564453125,
-0.0169677734375,
0.000728607177734375,
-0.0211181640625,
0.01708984375,
0.0196533203125,
-0.004302978515625,
0.053466796875,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.014404296875,
0.0211181640625,
0.01348876953125,
0.002532958984375,
0.008544921875,
-0.034912109375,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0439453125,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.05029296875,
0.017578125,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.0032958984375,
-0.009521484375,
-0.015625,
0.006927490234375,
0.0052490234375,
-0.02099609375,
-0.041748046875,
-0.0419921875,
-0.002960205078125,
-0.01361083984375,
0.040771484375,
-0.053466796875,
0.271484375,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.024658203125,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.004241943359375,
0.024658203125,
0.00946044921875,
0.04345703125,
-0.03515625,
-0.003936767578125,
-0.00494384765625,
-0.02294921875,
-0.0002307891845703125,
0.0067138671875,
0.00970458984375,
0.0419921875,
-0.042724609375,
0.0084228515625,
0.0322265625,
-0.053466796875,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.006500244140625,
-0.028564453125,
0.072265625,
0.032958984375,
0.0198974609375,
0.00567626953125,
-0.07275390625,
-0.003204345703125,
-0.01275634765625,
0.0101318359375,
-0.03369140625,
0.034912109375,
-0.06982421875,
-0.033203125,
-0.00122833251953125,
0.0205078125,
0.0244140625,
0.01123046875,
-0.0164794921875,
0.03271484375,
0.03515625,
0.00653076171875,
-0.034423828125,
0.0028839111328125,
0.0277099609375,
-0.037109375,
0.045166015625,
0.08837890625,
-0.021484375,
0.004486083984375,
0.0064697265625,
0.010498046875,
-0.005126953125,
0.017333984375,
0.023681640625,
0.017333984375,
0.0157470703125,
-0.03271484375,
-0.037353515625,
0.013427734375,
0.0220947265625,
0.04443359375,
0.07275390625,
0.0057373046875,
0.027099609375,
0.049560546875,
-0.0205078125,
-0.003814697265625,
-0.0208740234375,
0.0150146484375,
-0.0084228515625,
0.0035858154296875,
-0.0279541015625,
0.0791015625,
0.036376953125,
0.004150390625,
0.0274658203125,
0.058837890625,
0.01165771484375,
-0.004547119140625,
-0.042236328125,
-0.015869140625,
0.01483154296875,
0.0133056640625,
0.0361328125,
0.0213623046875,
-0.05029296875,
-0.000820159912109375,
-0.008544921875,
0.00701904296875,
-0.0013580322265625,
-0.001739501953125,
0.00131988525390625,
0.034912109375
] |
Wiest, J.
The bill hérein was filed to foreclose two real estate mortgages, given by defendants, dated October 2, 1920, for $3,500, due in six months, with interest at 7% after maturity, and November 9, 1920, for $1,500, due April 2, 1921, with interest at 7% after maturity. Defendants admit giving the mortgages but claim plaintiff exacted a bonus of $500 out of the first loan and $250 out of the second, and set up the defense of usury. This issue of fact, upon which defendants had the' burden of proof, was tried out and the circuit judge found the usurious charges were made and awarded plaintiff a decree of foreclosure, deducting the bonuses.
Plaintiff appealed, claiming the evidence does not support the charge of usury, and urges a holding requiring defendants to establish the defense of usury beyond a reasonable doubt, citing Berdan v. School District, 47 N. J. Eq. 8 (21 Atl. 40). Such, is not the rule in this State; neither is clear preponderance of the evidence the rule.' The usury averred must be clearly established but this means no more than by a preponderance of the evidence.
This appeal commands our independent judgment upon the questions of fact presented. We sense the guidance afforded by the opinion of the circuit judge, but we hear the case anew and cannot let decision here be controlled by the decision appealed from. The circuit-judge had the advantage of seeing the witnesses, but this was not of usual help as most of the testimony was given through interpreters. We have also an advantage in being able to compare statements of the witnesses from the printed pages before us.
It would benefit no one to recite all the testimony and note the flat contradictions appearing therein. This is not a case where some one is honestly mistaken in relating what happened. It. is impossible to determine where the truth rests. We have defendants’ written instruments acknowledging receipt of the amounts claimed by plaintiff, but the presumption arising therefrom is somewhat weakened by the fact that the loans were without interest up to the date of maturity and no relations between the parties appears in explanation of this except by reservations out of the sums acknowledged.
Plaintiff claims he kept out of the $3,500 loan the sum'of $100 as the interest for the six months, and gave defendant $3,000 in cash and $400 in Liberty bonds. Stephano Azzoli, who was present to deed the premises to defendants and was paid $1,100 out of the money, testified that $3,000 was paid in cash to defendants and some Liberty bonds but he did not know the amount of the bonds.
May 7, 1921, defendant Bogosoff deeded his interest in the premises to defendant Arutum, reciting in the deed “free from all incumbrances whatsoever, except a mortgage of $3,500 to Zalibeg K. Badalow as mortgagee; also excepting a mortgage of $1,500 to Zalibeg K. Badalow, which the said party of the second part hereto agrees,” etc. When this deed was executed plaintiff was present and Arutum borrowed $100 of him to pay Bogosoff, gave his note therefor and stated he would pay the mortgages and the loan in ten days. There was other testimony tending to support plaintiff.
Defendants testified that only $2,200 was paid them at the time they executed the $3,500 mortgage, and some days later plaintiff gave them $800 more at a house they were building, and kept out of the first mortgage $500 and out of the second $250. They are supported in their claim that $800 was paid them at a house they were building, by the testimony of Arshak Minasian. There was also other testimony tending to support the claims of defendants. We do not think it necessary to spread on the record the similar dispute and conflict of testimony with reference to the second mortgage.
A reading of this record leaves us in doubt as to whether usury was exacted or not, and we must hold that defendants have not established the charges of usury by a preponderance of the evidence and they must, therefore, be held to abide their written obligations.
The decree in the circuit is reversed and one will be entered here in accordance with this opinion. Plaintiff will recover costs.
Clark, C. J., and McDonald, Bird, Sharpe, Moore, Steere, and Fellows, JJ., concurred. | [
-0.01019287109375,
0.0302734375,
0.0234375,
0.0224609375,
-0.06201171875,
-0.020751953125,
-0.003448486328125,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.005157470703125,
0.0625,
0.025390625,
-0.01190185546875,
0.03271484375,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.007110595703125,
-0.0162353515625,
0.01031494140625,
-0.0223388671875,
0.0361328125,
-0.017333984375,
-0.0007781982421875,
-0.021240234375,
-0.01953125,
-0.01080322265625,
0.01007080078125,
0.0303955078125,
-0.01519775390625,
0.08984375,
0.04296875,
0.0164794921875,
-0.04443359375,
0.0013885498046875,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.022705078125,
-0.037353515625,
0.052490234375,
-0.059814453125,
0.021484375,
-0.041015625,
0.0228271484375,
0.0189208984375,
0.020263671875,
-0.00927734375,
-0.040283203125,
-0.028076171875,
-0.043212890625,
-0.0595703125,
0.028076171875,
-0.03759765625,
-0.0037078857421875,
-0.01611328125,
0.0218505859375,
-0.040771484375,
0.0001277923583984375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.01171875,
-0.02978515625,
-0.0162353515625,
0.0216064453125,
0.047607421875,
-0.033447265625,
-0.018798828125,
-0.04736328125,
-0.018310546875,
0.0234375,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.0047607421875,
-0.016357421875,
-0.03125,
-0.01904296875,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.020263671875,
-0.021484375,
0.00006246566772460938,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.037353515625,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.0380859375,
-0.0072021484375,
0.0072021484375,
-0.040771484375,
0.06494140625,
0.01043701171875,
-0.0693359375,
0.01220703125,
0.010498046875,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.00011110305786132812,
0.03564453125,
-0.018798828125,
0.080078125,
-0.01806640625,
-0.02099609375,
0.018798828125,
0.041748046875,
0.017333984375,
0.0301513671875,
0.0303955078125,
-0.00958251953125,
0.0107421875,
0.01495361328125,
-0.01611328125,
0.072265625,
-0.021240234375,
0.037841796875,
-0.009765625,
-0.04345703125,
-0.0233154296875,
0.01336669921875,
0.00970458984375,
-0.010498046875,
0.058349609375,
-0.0021514892578125,
-0.053955078125,
0.004974365234375,
-0.06298828125,
-0.0001430511474609375,
-0.0234375,
-0.00201416015625,
0.045654296875,
-0.00872802734375,
0.006256103515625,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.00104522705078125,
0.01397705078125,
-0.052978515625,
0.033203125,
-0.041748046875,
-0.0027008056640625,
0.0172119140625,
0.003448486328125,
-0.04833984375,
0.0341796875,
-0.006683349609375,
0.0213623046875,
0.0230712890625,
-0.01055908203125,
0.015380859375,
0.005035400390625,
0.030517578125,
-0.01953125,
-0.01806640625,
0.0263671875,
-0.00897216796875,
0.01483154296875,
0.00189971923828125,
0.0234375,
-0.0228271484375,
0.007171630859375,
-0.0556640625,
-0.001983642578125,
0.064453125,
0.0252685546875,
0.02490234375,
-0.00738525390625,
0.0021514892578125,
-0.01611328125,
0.00323486328125,
-0.0196533203125,
0.0157470703125,
-0.002960205078125,
-0.018310546875,
0.005950927734375,
-0.01336669921875,
0.01153564453125,
-0.0003185272216796875,
0.0152587890625,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.05712890625,
0.0220947265625,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.054931640625,
-0.03076171875,
0.03466796875,
0.017333984375,
0.060546875,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.01409912109375,
0.010986328125,
-0.0380859375,
0.038330078125,
0.053466796875,
-0.001190185546875,
0.02392578125,
0.00823974609375,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.034423828125,
0.0014495849609375,
-0.0272216796875,
0.002777099609375,
0.0162353515625,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.00396728515625,
0.006744384765625,
0.0322265625,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.01708984375,
0.00689697265625,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.06298828125,
-0.009521484375,
0.0201416015625,
0.03857421875,
-0.038330078125,
-0.016357421875,
0.0498046875,
0.01611328125,
-0.0220947265625,
0.00012874603271484375,
0.01483154296875,
0.0108642578125,
0.00567626953125,
-0.043212890625,
-0.007598876953125,
0.03515625,
-0.0291748046875,
0.0196533203125,
-0.029052734375,
0.0185546875,
-0.01080322265625,
0.05615234375,
-0.015625,
0.0341796875,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.04931640625,
0.0186767578125,
0.03515625,
-0.007659912109375,
0.02197265625,
-0.020751953125,
-0.0167236328125,
0.007049560546875,
0.06201171875,
-0.007568359375,
0.000484466552734375,
0.043212890625,
0.04248046875,
-0.0093994140625,
0.0014495849609375,
-0.0177001953125,
0.0284423828125,
0.06201171875,
-0.004241943359375,
-0.032470703125,
0.042236328125,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.026611328125,
-0.0093994140625,
0.00014781951904296875,
-0.0235595703125,
0.0546875,
-0.0279541015625,
0.035888671875,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.0020904541015625,
0.0281982421875,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.0361328125,
-0.042724609375,
0.0284423828125,
0.01153564453125,
-0.044677734375,
-0.0068359375,
0.04296875,
-0.01507568359375,
0.04833984375,
0.01708984375,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.027587890625,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.04052734375,
-0.031982421875,
0.0181884765625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.0712890625,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.01531982421875,
-0.01470947265625,
0.009521484375,
-0.0206298828125,
0.051025390625,
-0.015869140625,
0.04638671875,
-0.0264892578125,
0.033935546875,
0.0201416015625,
0.01483154296875,
0.017578125,
-0.060302734375,
-0.0576171875,
0.00787353515625,
0.0537109375,
-0.0308837890625,
-0.022705078125,
-0.010986328125,
-0.00604248046875,
-0.018310546875,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.083984375,
0.01171875,
-0.013671875,
-0.031982421875,
0.0201416015625,
-0.003509521484375,
-0.01123046875,
0.0186767578125,
0.0027008056640625,
0.00347900390625,
0.0235595703125,
0.03515625,
0.0184326171875,
0.0003528594970703125,
0.055419921875,
-0.0179443359375,
0.0162353515625,
-0.015380859375,
-0.052490234375,
0.032958984375,
-0.004547119140625,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.03515625,
0.0341796875,
0.0150146484375,
0.03466796875,
-0.0859375,
-0.0107421875,
-0.04150390625,
-0.041259765625,
-0.0225830078125,
0.006805419921875,
0.022216796875,
-0.014892578125,
-0.0022430419921875,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.0299072265625,
0.015380859375,
-0.0167236328125,
0.054443359375,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.01373291015625,
0.015625,
0.02587890625,
0.028076171875,
0.0115966796875,
-0.0206298828125,
0.009521484375,
0.01104736328125,
-0.0283203125,
0.00433349609375,
-0.03076171875,
0.030517578125,
-0.020263671875,
0.046875,
0.024169921875,
-0.0004711151123046875,
-0.007476806640625,
0.024169921875,
0.0194091796875,
0.01385498046875,
-0.030029296875,
0.0029144287109375,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.0211181640625,
0.04443359375,
-0.0247802734375,
0.031982421875,
0.02880859375,
-0.036865234375,
0.00811767578125,
-0.02294921875,
-0.036865234375,
0.0037689208984375,
0.0174560546875,
0.0234375,
0.021240234375,
-0.00592041015625,
-0.01153564453125,
0.01458740234375,
0.0693359375,
0.01129150390625,
0.02880859375,
0.00006628036499023438,
0.016357421875,
0.000476837158203125,
0.0107421875,
-0.025146484375,
-0.01312255859375,
0.025146484375,
0.013427734375,
-0.0283203125,
-0.034423828125,
0.02734375,
0.01409912109375,
-0.019775390625,
0.018310546875,
0.0242919921875,
-0.01226806640625,
0.027099609375,
0.02001953125,
-0.0751953125,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.025146484375,
0.037841796875,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.0029754638671875,
0.00299072265625,
0.0032806396484375,
0.004302978515625,
0.0322265625,
0.0198974609375,
0.00640869140625,
-0.03955078125,
0.03271484375,
0.03662109375,
0.002197265625,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.01251220703125,
0.025634765625,
0.056884765625,
0.03271484375,
-0.023193359375,
0.048583984375,
-0.03857421875,
-0.00144195556640625,
-0.0137939453125,
0.0096435546875,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.041748046875,
-0.02001953125,
0.0537109375,
0.010986328125,
0.0023956298828125,
-0.02978515625,
0.0145263671875,
0.0223388671875,
0.06640625,
-0.0034332275390625,
-0.0283203125,
0.01171875,
-0.0024871826171875,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.015625,
0.0111083984375,
0.02734375,
0.013671875,
-0.04443359375,
0.06884765625,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.006439208984375,
-0.0002841949462890625,
0.049560546875,
-0.04541015625,
0.03515625,
-0.04541015625,
0.04248046875,
0.00213623046875,
-0.000843048095703125,
-0.02880859375,
0.01458740234375,
0.0162353515625,
-0.005767822265625,
-0.0181884765625,
0.025146484375,
-0.03369140625,
0.035888671875,
0.028564453125,
0.01104736328125,
0.006103515625,
0.03369140625,
0.029541015625,
0.01434326171875,
0.003936767578125,
-0.01361083984375,
0.03271484375,
-0.0185546875,
0.046630859375,
-0.00927734375,
-0.00579833984375,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.0439453125,
-0.037109375,
-0.033935546875,
0.00921630859375,
0.002166748046875,
-0.00165557861328125,
0.0390625,
-0.026123046875,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.07861328125,
-0.05419921875,
-0.038818359375,
0.01611328125,
0.0169677734375,
-0.008056640625,
0.01348876953125,
0.00732421875,
-0.00714111328125,
-0.04736328125,
-0.031494140625,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0013580322265625,
0.0703125,
-0.01220703125,
0.0361328125,
0.014404296875,
0.0478515625,
-0.0000743865966796875,
0.01483154296875,
0.06884765625,
-0.0040283203125,
-0.0142822265625,
0.038818359375,
0.037109375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.0233154296875,
0.005462646484375,
-0.050537109375,
-0.004547119140625,
0.0269775390625,
0.0228271484375,
-0.06884765625,
-0.06884765625,
-0.0030364990234375,
0.015380859375,
-0.01544189453125,
-0.05517578125,
0.01263427734375,
0.01141357421875,
0.02880859375,
-0.01080322265625,
0.005767822265625,
0.01708984375,
-0.08251953125,
0.0245361328125,
0.01214599609375,
0.0238037109375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.0002536773681640625,
0.05126953125,
0.005157470703125,
-0.016357421875,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.00125885009765625,
0.044677734375,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0234375,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.003662109375,
0.005157470703125,
-0.03369140625,
0.0283203125,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.0081787109375,
0.032958984375,
-0.050537109375,
0.023193359375,
-0.060791015625,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.0026397705078125,
0.0272216796875,
0.0084228515625,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.039306640625,
-0.038818359375,
-0.049072265625,
-0.046875,
0.025390625,
0.0230712890625,
0.00830078125,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.06884765625,
0.058349609375,
-0.0252685546875,
0.0281982421875,
0.0693359375,
-0.0228271484375,
0.00885009765625,
-0.0167236328125,
0.024169921875,
0.0272216796875,
-0.01519775390625,
0.0189208984375,
-0.0400390625,
-0.020263671875,
-0.015625,
-0.037841796875,
-0.000629425048828125,
-0.04638671875,
0.034912109375,
0.02001953125,
-0.016357421875,
-0.00299072265625,
-0.05859375,
-0.04296875,
-0.00823974609375,
0.0439453125,
0.0186767578125,
0.04736328125,
0.06689453125,
0.0115966796875,
-0.0010986328125,
0.01904296875,
0.023193359375,
-0.03076171875,
-0.0269775390625,
0.01513671875,
0.01141357421875,
-0.00002014636993408203,
0.05810546875,
0.0238037109375,
-0.046875,
-0.006134033203125,
-0.005615234375,
-0.02294921875,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.021484375,
0.0302734375,
0.043212890625,
-0.035400390625,
0.01220703125,
0.015869140625,
0.0155029296875,
0.031982421875,
-0.0194091796875,
0.021728515625,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.02001953125,
0.005340576171875,
0.0155029296875,
-0.0205078125,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.0255126953125,
0.015625,
-0.0216064453125,
0.03173828125,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.00179290771484375,
0.00946044921875,
0.09033203125,
-0.048828125,
-0.00101470947265625,
0.023681640625,
0.042236328125,
-0.0615234375,
0.0004825592041015625,
-0.05517578125,
0.0322265625,
-0.0101318359375,
-0.06298828125,
0.00762939453125,
0.0272216796875,
0.0037078857421875,
0.051025390625,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.037841796875,
0.01080322265625,
0.029052734375,
-0.0634765625,
0.0625,
0.004302978515625,
0.056396484375,
-0.03955078125,
-0.056884765625,
0.00933837890625,
0.03125,
-0.0196533203125,
0.0284423828125,
-0.0400390625,
-0.03125,
0.03173828125,
-0.03955078125,
-0.05224609375,
-0.0019378662109375,
-0.0157470703125,
0.0498046875,
0.0029296875,
0.0087890625,
-0.0015716552734375,
-0.0140380859375,
0.0108642578125,
-0.0419921875,
0.0235595703125,
-0.006744384765625,
0.00799560546875,
0.01373291015625,
-0.019287109375,
0.054931640625,
0.0003833770751953125,
-0.004608154296875,
0.0189208984375,
-0.03515625,
0.031005859375,
0.017333984375,
0.013671875,
-0.0213623046875,
0.0034332275390625,
-0.044189453125,
-0.04443359375,
-0.0458984375,
-0.00531005859375,
-0.0174560546875,
0.00543212890625,
0.053466796875,
0.00142669677734375,
-0.029052734375,
-0.00131988525390625,
0.020751953125,
-0.041015625,
0.025634765625,
-0.058837890625,
0.010498046875,
0.0281982421875,
0.055908203125,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.00750732421875,
0.020263671875,
0.0179443359375,
0.000873565673828125,
0.006378173828125,
0.03369140625,
0.013427734375,
0.000308990478515625,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.0322265625,
0.0120849609375,
0.00011396408081054688,
0.040283203125,
0.0284423828125,
-0.00970458984375,
0.035888671875,
-0.01171875,
-0.05908203125,
0.0004062652587890625,
-0.040771484375,
-0.035400390625,
0.043212890625,
0.023193359375,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.037353515625,
-0.033447265625,
0.042236328125,
-0.03125,
-0.0186767578125,
0.032470703125,
0.0155029296875,
0.033203125,
0.0233154296875,
-0.005126953125,
0.0004425048828125,
0.0218505859375,
-0.05029296875,
-0.053955078125,
-0.01324462890625,
0.04052734375,
-0.023193359375,
-0.06005859375,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.0205078125,
-0.0712890625,
0.0322265625,
0.019775390625,
-0.0002307891845703125,
0.0024261474609375,
0.013671875,
-0.03271484375,
0.002197265625,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.039306640625,
0.0181884765625,
-0.005767822265625,
-0.04736328125,
0.01239013671875,
0.04296875,
0.0125732421875,
0.05126953125,
0.0008392333984375,
-0.004913330078125,
-0.0308837890625,
0.00162506103515625,
-0.025146484375,
0.08740234375,
0.0086669921875,
0.043212890625,
0.0291748046875,
0.0198974609375,
0.044921875,
0.033203125,
0.0152587890625,
0.020751953125,
0.004730224609375,
0.039306640625,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.0196533203125,
0.045654296875,
0.00075531005859375,
-0.0252685546875,
0.0224609375,
-0.021728515625,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0235595703125,
0.0267333984375,
-0.047119140625,
0.01080322265625,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.01300048828125,
0.052490234375,
0.02490234375,
-0.00457763671875,
0.023193359375,
0.045654296875,
0.032958984375,
0.02587890625,
0.0025177001953125,
0.0201416015625,
0.01104736328125,
-0.1015625,
-0.0234375,
0.025146484375,
0.05419921875,
-0.0074462890625,
-0.0004673004150390625,
0.0242919921875,
0.0247802734375,
0.003570556640625,
0.00860595703125,
-0.0033111572265625,
-0.03662109375,
0.0086669921875,
-0.021728515625,
0.01385498046875,
-0.01806640625,
-0.0079345703125,
0.01446533203125,
0.00848388671875,
-0.022216796875,
0.03271484375,
0.044189453125,
0.01806640625,
-0.01275634765625,
0.007568359375,
0.031494140625,
0.047119140625,
0.04150390625,
-0.047607421875,
0.031982421875,
0.0159912109375,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.02490234375,
0.01116943359375,
-0.04150390625,
-0.049072265625,
0.01611328125,
-0.0185546875,
0.0107421875,
0.001251220703125,
0.026611328125,
-0.06298828125,
-0.018310546875,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.0341796875,
0.040283203125,
0.030517578125,
0.04541015625,
0.01019287109375,
-0.02099609375,
0.0546875,
-0.022705078125,
0.04443359375,
-0.046630859375,
0.04248046875,
0.016357421875,
-0.02734375,
-0.043701171875,
-0.02099609375,
0.01214599609375,
0.007568359375,
-0.052978515625,
-0.031494140625,
0.0274658203125,
0.00726318359375,
-0.006317138671875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.01953125,
-0.0228271484375,
0.03173828125,
0.0172119140625,
-0.004486083984375,
0.01043701171875,
0.0260009765625,
0.0286865234375,
0.03564453125,
0.07080078125,
0.0118408203125,
0.0208740234375,
0.00179290771484375,
-0.033203125,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.03076171875,
-0.054443359375,
0.028564453125,
0.0238037109375,
-0.00128173828125,
-0.003509521484375,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.021728515625,
-0.016845703125,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.02978515625,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.056396484375,
0.03515625,
0.009033203125,
-0.052001953125,
0.271484375,
0.0289306640625,
-0.00592041015625,
-0.00164794921875,
0.0181884765625,
0.02978515625,
-0.019775390625,
-0.006011962890625,
-0.00146484375,
0.013916015625,
-0.018798828125,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.0022125244140625,
0.046142578125,
0.0303955078125,
0.01806640625,
-0.0247802734375,
0.00439453125,
0.013671875,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.0028228759765625,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.0242919921875,
0.027099609375,
0.03857421875,
0.021484375,
0.044677734375,
-0.05712890625,
-0.020263671875,
-0.05810546875,
-0.003265380859375,
-0.04931640625,
0.0035400390625,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.054443359375,
0.026611328125,
0.01312255859375,
0.00160980224609375,
0.023681640625,
0.01202392578125,
-0.0032196044921875,
0.019775390625,
-0.0027618408203125,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.0025634765625,
-0.04296875,
0.06689453125,
0.0830078125,
-0.0556640625,
0.03857421875,
0.0185546875,
0.02392578125,
-0.015869140625,
-0.01385498046875,
0.016845703125,
0.014892578125,
0.0194091796875,
-0.027587890625,
-0.03125,
0.0252685546875,
-0.00011301040649414062,
0.026611328125,
0.044189453125,
-0.006011962890625,
0.00164794921875,
0.0220947265625,
0.0191650390625,
-0.04345703125,
0.01055908203125,
-0.005645751953125,
-0.006378173828125,
-0.0146484375,
0.004241943359375,
0.0419921875,
0.0179443359375,
-0.0091552734375,
0.0255126953125,
0.051513671875,
-0.0380859375,
-0.03076171875,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0233154296875,
0.0111083984375,
0.0203857421875,
0.03369140625,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.044677734375,
-0.0291748046875,
0.002471923828125,
0.03369140625,
0.000004857778549194336,
0.0185546875,
0.00433349609375,
0.029052734375
] |
Bird, J.
Henry Keagle, the deceased husband of plaintiff, was employed by Clarence Avery to drive one of his working teams. Clarence Avery had a contract relation with the city of Battle Creek, which bound him to furnish it teams and drivers as needed, at 85 cents an hour. On May 11, 1923, Henry Keagle, with a team, was sent by Avery to work for the city. At 4:45 o’clock in the afternoon the officer in charge of the city work informed Keagle that there was not sufficient time to get another load of dirt and, therefore, he could go home. Keagle at once left, and, when about three-quarters of a mile from the place where he- had been working, one of his horses was bitten by a dog, whereupon the team began to run, and while turning a sharp corner Keagle was thrown out and killed. The contract relation between Keagle and Avery was that Keagle should receive one-half of the amount Avery received. Keagle had no contract relation with the city and Avery had not accepted the provisions of the compensation law. An award was asked for, and after an arbitration hearing the claim was denied. An appeal to the full board resulted in a death award being granted against the city. It was the opinion of the board that Act No. 173, Pub. Acts 1921 (Comp. Laws Supp. 1922, § 5430 [2]), was applicable, and made the city liable.
On certiorari to this court the city contends that the act is not applicable, and that the board was in error in awarding plaintiff compensation against it.
Part 1, § 10, subd. (a) of the act referred to, provides :
“Where any employer subject to the provisions of this act (in this section referred to as the principal), contracts with any other person (in this section referred to as the contractor), who is not subject to this act and who does not become subject to this act prior to the date of the accidental injury or death for which claim is made for the execution by or under the contractor of the whole or any part of any work undertaken by the principal, the principal shall be liable to pay to any workman employed in the execution of the work any compensation under this act which he would have been liable to pay if that workman had been immediately employed by him.” * * *
Under this provision it becomes necessary to determine whether the city would have been liable if Keagle had been directly employed by it.
The compensation law has been generally construed by this court as not applying to accidents which befell employees in going to and leaving the place of employment. Hills v. Blair, 182 Mich. 26; Hopkins v. Michigan Sugar Co., 184 Mich. 87 (L. R. A. 1916A, 310). Some exceptions have been made to this rule under the particular circumstances of the cases. Instances of these exceptions are: Beaudry v. Watkins, 191 Mich. 445 (L. R. A. 1916F, 576); Clifton v. Kroger Grocery & Baking Co., 217 Mich. 462; Kunze v. Detroit Shade Tree Co., 192 Mich. 435 (L. R. A. 1917A, 252).
“In one sense, it may be said to be a part of his duty to get to such place, but if his method of traveling is not controlled by the employer, if he is a free agent, it is thought this qualified duty is not sufficient to raise, at the time, the relation of employer and workman.
“The same may be said with respect to the time occupied in returning home from work, and of intervals allowed for meals when spent off the employer’s premises.” Ruegg on Employers’ Liability and Workmen’s Compensation, p. 377.
Applying this rule as construed by the court, was Keagle, when killed, within the zone of the compensation law? Keagle had been dismissed for the day. He was ón his way home, or to the Avery bam. When injured he had left the vicinity of the work and was three-quarters of a mile distant. After he left his work he was no longer under the direction or control of the city. He was on no errand for the city, and was as' much beyond the jurisdiction of the city when killed as though he had been ten miles away. We think, under no reasonable consideration of the conceded facts, can it be said the accident arose out of and in the course of his employment. We are of the opinion that Act No. 173 is not applicable.
It is argued that the case of Punches v. American Box Board Co., 216 Mich. 342, is in point. That case is easily distinguishable from the present one. In. that ease Punches was an employee of the American Box Board Company, and was in control of the team, in the direct line of his duty, when the accident happened to him.
The award against the city of Battle Creek must be set aside.
McDonald, C. J., and Clark, Sharpe, Moore, Steeere, Fellows, and Wiest, JJ., concurred. | [
0.015625,
0.031494140625,
0.00116729736328125,
0.0306396484375,
-0.03515625,
0.00116729736328125,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.03662109375,
0.027587890625,
0.027587890625,
0.01116943359375,
-0.000274658203125,
0.044189453125,
-0.02783203125,
0.0012969970703125,
-0.00101470947265625,
-0.0299072265625,
0.01611328125,
-0.03662109375,
0.012451171875,
0.01129150390625,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.030517578125,
-0.04150390625,
-0.031005859375,
0.0037689208984375,
0.00982666015625,
-0.056396484375,
0.026611328125,
0.05029296875,
0.01263427734375,
0.00469970703125,
0.0108642578125,
-0.0157470703125,
0.0029296875,
-0.0196533203125,
0.04833984375,
-0.056884765625,
-0.031005859375,
-0.0218505859375,
0.007781982421875,
-0.010986328125,
0.0172119140625,
-0.033447265625,
0.01129150390625,
-0.0361328125,
-0.02294921875,
-0.006134033203125,
0.0224609375,
-0.04443359375,
0.0004024505615234375,
-0.0133056640625,
0.004180908203125,
-0.020751953125,
0.03662109375,
-0.0537109375,
0.000835418701171875,
-0.039794921875,
0.00885009765625,
0.04736328125,
0.0142822265625,
-0.0654296875,
-0.000621795654296875,
-0.04736328125,
0.00775146484375,
0.00592041015625,
0.00183868408203125,
0.0341796875,
0.0211181640625,
0.00921630859375,
-0.0157470703125,
0.015380859375,
-0.036865234375,
-0.001312255859375,
-0.0050048828125,
-0.04248046875,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.01470947265625,
0.035400390625,
0.007080078125,
-0.00063323974609375,
0.045654296875,
-0.008544921875,
-0.036376953125,
0.0322265625,
-0.00848388671875,
0.0250244140625,
0.039306640625,
-0.00160980224609375,
-0.0274658203125,
0.04931640625,
-0.0194091796875,
0.025390625,
0.0341796875,
0.0035400390625,
-0.0240478515625,
0.031982421875,
-0.019287109375,
-0.044677734375,
0.035888671875,
-0.00787353515625,
0.021240234375,
0.060302734375,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.0302734375,
0.0169677734375,
-0.004241943359375,
0.000751495361328125,
-0.00750732421875,
0.011474609375,
0.02880859375,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.04248046875,
0.025634765625,
0.017822265625,
0.0245361328125,
-0.0123291015625,
0.017578125,
0.07470703125,
-0.03564453125,
0.0125732421875,
0.0164794921875,
-0.0284423828125,
0.0211181640625,
-0.0240478515625,
0.0693359375,
-0.01458740234375,
0.0263671875,
0.0294189453125,
-0.004180908203125,
-0.031982421875,
-0.040283203125,
0.034423828125,
0.05419921875,
0.0081787109375,
0.0196533203125,
0.00579833984375,
0.01361083984375,
0.0245361328125,
0.0026092529296875,
-0.0322265625,
0.047607421875,
0.0067138671875,
0.0478515625,
-0.0196533203125,
0.08984375,
-0.036865234375,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.0703125,
0.01953125,
0.0771484375,
0.01165771484375,
-0.024658203125,
-0.024169921875,
0.033935546875,
-0.0211181640625,
0.0284423828125,
0.0072021484375,
-0.0086669921875,
0.0067138671875,
-0.00286865234375,
-0.00653076171875,
-0.031494140625,
0.037353515625,
-0.009033203125,
0.0074462890625,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0262451171875,
0.060791015625,
0.0233154296875,
-0.07861328125,
-0.0419921875,
0.04541015625,
-0.00048065185546875,
0.0751953125,
-0.00274658203125,
0.00537109375,
0.02392578125,
-0.043701171875,
0.0023956298828125,
0.05810546875,
0.00909423828125,
0.03564453125,
-0.007354736328125,
0.02490234375,
0.006866455078125,
-0.037109375,
-0.0458984375,
0.038330078125,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.03271484375,
0.01123046875,
-0.038818359375,
-0.05078125,
0.0301513671875,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.019775390625,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.002044677734375,
0.044921875,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.0179443359375,
0.052978515625,
0.0247802734375,
-0.03857421875,
0.01312255859375,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.00408935546875,
-0.006591796875,
-0.0240478515625,
0.01287841796875,
0.06982421875,
-0.037353515625,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.0198974609375,
0.032470703125,
0.013671875,
-0.02880859375,
0.04150390625,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.0361328125,
0.019287109375,
0.033447265625,
0.00701904296875,
-0.015869140625,
0.01226806640625,
0.027099609375,
0.0220947265625,
0.0400390625,
-0.028564453125,
-0.015869140625,
0.03662109375,
0.00113677978515625,
0.03271484375,
0.04541015625,
-0.00885009765625,
0.0198974609375,
0.02783203125,
0.0172119140625,
-0.031494140625,
0.01470947265625,
-0.004058837890625,
-0.02783203125,
-0.0022430419921875,
0.04541015625,
-0.02587890625,
0.01177978515625,
0.001983642578125,
0.060546875,
0.00109100341796875,
0.0277099609375,
0.059326171875,
0.0189208984375,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.0029449462890625,
0.035400390625,
0.0038604736328125,
-0.0023345947265625,
0.031982421875,
-0.034912109375,
-0.024169921875,
-0.0048828125,
-0.020751953125,
-0.004425048828125,
-0.004180908203125,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0118408203125,
0.0322265625,
-0.048828125,
-0.0556640625,
0.007659912109375,
-0.0184326171875,
0.042724609375,
-0.025634765625,
-0.0211181640625,
0.000514984130859375,
-0.057861328125,
0.030517578125,
-0.0247802734375,
0.0257568359375,
-0.0615234375,
0.0069580078125,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.007232666015625,
0.0157470703125,
-0.0537109375,
-0.05322265625,
0.004425048828125,
0.0517578125,
-0.00186920166015625,
0.023193359375,
-0.0007476806640625,
-0.04443359375,
-0.04345703125,
0.00106048583984375,
-0.0308837890625,
0.0185546875,
-0.022216796875,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.002899169921875,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.05615234375,
0.0299072265625,
0.020263671875,
0.004608154296875,
-0.020751953125,
0.05224609375,
0.0133056640625,
0.020263671875,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.05419921875,
-0.0185546875,
0.002655029296875,
-0.05078125,
-0.0185546875,
-0.0194091796875,
0.0115966796875,
0.030029296875,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.004058837890625,
-0.046630859375,
-0.015625,
-0.040771484375,
-0.0283203125,
0.03369140625,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.04736328125,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.01043701171875,
0.037841796875,
-0.00933837890625,
0.01385498046875,
-0.0008392333984375,
0.033935546875,
0.000911712646484375,
-0.0147705078125,
0.032958984375,
0.01397705078125,
-0.01104736328125,
0.0380859375,
0.0225830078125,
-0.048828125,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.01531982421875,
-0.0123291015625,
0.056884765625,
0.025390625,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.016845703125,
0.005889892578125,
0.006805419921875,
0.0162353515625,
-0.0400390625,
0.00421142578125,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.021240234375,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.01007080078125,
0.06494140625,
-0.0673828125,
0.041015625,
0.0654296875,
-0.037109375,
0.004241943359375,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.048583984375,
0.0174560546875,
0.0093994140625,
0.0174560546875,
0.026123046875,
0.02978515625,
0.00885009765625,
-0.00592041015625,
0.034423828125,
-0.0029754638671875,
0.0186767578125,
-0.0101318359375,
0.037109375,
-0.02978515625,
0.003387451171875,
0.01806640625,
-0.0277099609375,
0.00958251953125,
0.0299072265625,
0.004669189453125,
-0.01092529296875,
0.00701904296875,
0.031982421875,
-0.00567626953125,
0.0283203125,
0.019775390625,
-0.0024566650390625,
-0.010498046875,
0.01171875,
-0.03759765625,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.0233154296875,
0.0179443359375,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.021240234375,
0.00457763671875,
0.0380859375,
0.0208740234375,
0.0380859375,
-0.00244140625,
-0.0267333984375,
0.0123291015625,
0.00469970703125,
0.0081787109375,
0.029296875,
-0.0002651214599609375,
0.049072265625,
0.0157470703125,
0.021484375,
-0.042236328125,
0.02880859375,
-0.018310546875,
0.0269775390625,
-0.023193359375,
0.0537109375,
-0.03369140625,
0.059326171875,
-0.048583984375,
-0.01385498046875,
0.01531982421875,
-0.01611328125,
0.0002155303955078125,
-0.0250244140625,
0.0111083984375,
0.009765625,
0.0242919921875,
0.01361083984375,
0.004180908203125,
0.007659912109375,
0.01177978515625,
0.01324462890625,
0.0289306640625,
-0.0234375,
0.00244140625,
0.0223388671875,
-0.01953125,
0.05322265625,
0.052734375,
-0.0233154296875,
0.000018835067749023438,
0.064453125,
-0.017578125,
0.045166015625,
-0.00186920166015625,
0.001495361328125,
-0.0036468505859375,
0.0035400390625,
-0.053955078125,
0.0203857421875,
0.032470703125,
0.00010347366333007812,
0.025390625,
0.0498046875,
-0.00341796875,
0.006744384765625,
0.01141357421875,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.01092529296875,
0.0135498046875,
-0.0703125,
0.0032806396484375,
0.005828857421875,
0.0152587890625,
0.033203125,
-0.044677734375,
0.03271484375,
0.002716064453125,
-0.00927734375,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.041015625,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.01611328125,
0.0014495849609375,
0.00537109375,
0.040283203125,
0.0250244140625,
-0.039306640625,
-0.009521484375,
-0.0296630859375,
0.01287841796875,
-0.0113525390625,
0.007354736328125,
-0.0052490234375,
-0.0299072265625,
0.00531005859375,
-0.02001953125,
0.015625,
0.01904296875,
-0.006683349609375,
-0.024169921875,
-0.048095703125,
-0.04931640625,
-0.009521484375,
0.041748046875,
-0.0322265625,
0.0439453125,
0.0196533203125,
0.044921875,
-0.003936767578125,
0.01019287109375,
0.00762939453125,
0.00738525390625,
0.00341796875,
0.0185546875,
0.035888671875,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.049560546875,
0.0162353515625,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.00274658203125,
0.0250244140625,
0.021240234375,
-0.03662109375,
-0.08203125,
0.00494384765625,
0.00592041015625,
-0.050537109375,
-0.037353515625,
0.040771484375,
-0.014404296875,
0.028076171875,
0.0361328125,
0.015380859375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.043701171875,
0.024169921875,
-0.01416015625,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.05126953125,
-0.0203857421875,
0.052490234375,
0.0390625,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.00830078125,
-0.03759765625,
0.002716064453125,
-0.06396484375,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.068359375,
-0.04150390625,
0.015869140625,
0.000064849853515625,
0.087890625,
0.00110626220703125,
0.042724609375,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.0020904541015625,
0.0322265625,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.03857421875,
0.05712890625,
0.0031585693359375,
-0.037109375,
-0.010986328125,
0.021240234375,
0.00665283203125,
-0.00084686279296875,
-0.0234375,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0517578125,
0.037109375,
0.00096893310546875,
-0.000690460205078125,
-0.03271484375,
-0.004364013671875,
0.020751953125,
-0.039306640625,
-0.02001953125,
0.07568359375,
-0.027099609375,
0.0174560546875,
-0.03173828125,
0.0419921875,
0.01031494140625,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.01385498046875,
0.01373291015625,
-0.026123046875,
-0.00616455078125,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.004302978515625,
0.01544189453125,
-0.0003299713134765625,
0.04541015625,
-0.000484466552734375,
-0.042236328125,
-0.0556640625,
-0.029296875,
0.08251953125,
0.037841796875,
-0.009521484375,
0.08447265625,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0361328125,
0.030517578125,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.023193359375,
-0.06884765625,
0.0595703125,
0.0172119140625,
-0.0498046875,
0.06494140625,
0.0032196044921875,
-0.048828125,
-0.038818359375,
0.01507568359375,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.018310546875,
-0.008544921875,
0.00909423828125,
0.0233154296875,
0.001129150390625,
0.01806640625,
0.0218505859375,
-0.0027618408203125,
0.031982421875,
-0.003509521484375,
0.036376953125,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.0245361328125,
0.051513671875,
0.0079345703125,
0.01953125,
-0.048828125,
-0.008056640625,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.01904296875,
0.0272216796875,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.0556640625,
-0.04541015625,
-0.01287841796875,
0.025390625,
-0.05712890625,
0.0029296875,
0.0108642578125,
0.0028228759765625,
-0.030517578125,
-0.0234375,
-0.0013580322265625,
0.04052734375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.07470703125,
-0.02490234375,
0.0546875,
-0.004913330078125,
0.0198974609375,
-0.00225830078125,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.0096435546875,
0.046630859375,
-0.0439453125,
0.025146484375,
0.009033203125,
0.0458984375,
-0.025390625,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0096435546875,
0.04736328125,
0.01361083984375,
0.01348876953125,
-0.011474609375,
-0.002777099609375,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.0172119140625,
0.00762939453125,
0.0050048828125,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.02978515625,
-0.000667572021484375,
-0.017822265625,
0.0311279296875,
-0.01495361328125,
0.03515625,
-0.0439453125,
0.0400390625,
0.00482177734375,
-0.053955078125,
-0.00135040283203125,
-0.00665283203125,
-0.00762939453125,
0.060546875,
0.006744384765625,
0.000499725341796875,
-0.0054931640625,
-0.003997802734375,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.006134033203125,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.038818359375,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.0244140625,
0.0281982421875,
0.012939453125,
0.0000782012939453125,
-0.029052734375,
-0.033447265625,
0.01507568359375,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.039794921875,
-0.0181884765625,
0.00787353515625,
0.05126953125,
0.019775390625,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.02294921875,
0.0230712890625,
0.041015625,
0.0184326171875,
0.014404296875,
-0.0025482177734375,
0.035888671875,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.031005859375,
0.007720947265625,
-0.060302734375,
-0.0216064453125,
0.07958984375,
-0.0019073486328125,
-0.0035247802734375,
0.056884765625,
-0.053955078125,
-0.037841796875,
0.036865234375,
-0.08740234375,
-0.0322265625,
0.048583984375,
-0.00518798828125,
0.0037384033203125,
-0.0004558563232421875,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.031494140625,
0.022705078125,
0.007171630859375,
0.0341796875,
-0.051513671875,
-0.01422119140625,
0.02197265625,
0.0216064453125,
0.01708984375,
0.0201416015625,
0.0004024505615234375,
0.002349853515625,
-0.052978515625,
0.0026092529296875,
0.039794921875,
-0.029296875,
0.01312255859375,
0.0164794921875,
-0.0146484375,
-0.0830078125,
0.031982421875,
0.00970458984375,
0.0235595703125,
-0.03515625,
-0.04248046875,
-0.0294189453125,
0.0400390625,
-0.028564453125,
0.0162353515625,
0.004241943359375,
-0.060302734375,
-0.02197265625,
0.00927734375,
0.0211181640625,
-0.00958251953125,
0.042724609375,
0.01324462890625,
-0.025390625,
0.005126953125,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.05078125,
-0.019287109375,
0.004180908203125,
0.037109375,
-0.003631591796875,
0.030029296875,
0.0400390625,
0.0106201171875,
-0.017578125,
0.033447265625,
0.007598876953125,
-0.039306640625,
0.0174560546875,
-0.0111083984375,
0.0242919921875,
-0.043212890625,
-0.02734375,
0.05126953125,
-0.0257568359375,
0.0123291015625,
0.0157470703125,
-0.0361328125,
0.01953125,
-0.003448486328125,
-0.01312255859375,
0.002471923828125,
-0.0198974609375,
0.04443359375,
0.0216064453125,
-0.03173828125,
0.0093994140625,
0.0245361328125,
0.0223388671875,
0.023681640625,
-0.007171630859375,
0.004486083984375,
-0.00616455078125,
-0.05126953125,
-0.048583984375,
0.0203857421875,
0.04443359375,
0.05078125,
0.00567626953125,
0.0150146484375,
0.00112152099609375,
0.00015163421630859375,
0.0174560546875,
0.0272216796875,
-0.06494140625,
0.033935546875,
-0.006591796875,
0.044189453125,
-0.037841796875,
0.00836181640625,
0.0142822265625,
-0.027587890625,
-0.055419921875,
0.025634765625,
0.0047607421875,
0.028564453125,
-0.0296630859375,
0.033203125,
0.01068115234375,
-0.0093994140625,
0.045654296875,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.02685546875,
-0.0017242431640625,
-0.024169921875,
-0.053955078125,
0.021728515625,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.014892578125,
-0.017822265625,
0.00130462646484375,
0.025390625,
-0.00408935546875,
-0.048828125,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0244140625,
0.035400390625,
0.0322265625,
0.056884765625,
0.015869140625,
-0.0286865234375,
0.000789642333984375,
-0.00096893310546875,
0.024169921875,
-0.052490234375,
0.0206298828125,
0.0019989013671875,
-0.04736328125,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.0086669921875,
0.00811767578125,
0.0247802734375,
-0.061279296875,
-0.0712890625,
0.0208740234375,
-0.004730224609375,
-0.037841796875,
0.0166015625,
0.00040435791015625,
-0.00732421875,
0.05029296875,
0.041015625,
0.0478515625,
0.0286865234375,
-0.03515625,
0.017333984375,
0.009033203125,
-0.0118408203125,
0.018310546875,
0.009765625,
0.000640869140625,
-0.0478515625,
-0.04736328125,
-0.0341796875,
-0.02880859375,
0.019775390625,
-0.01007080078125,
0.033447265625,
0.0081787109375,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.039794921875,
-0.0458984375,
-0.0201416015625,
0.0031280517578125,
0.005279541015625,
-0.003387451171875,
0.022705078125,
-0.064453125,
0.283203125,
-0.0045166015625,
0.0140380859375,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.00836181640625,
0.058837890625,
0.0242919921875,
0.0172119140625,
0.0087890625,
-0.023193359375,
-0.06884765625,
-0.06494140625,
0.033447265625,
0.00946044921875,
0.0205078125,
0.023193359375,
-0.0361328125,
0.02978515625,
-0.0023040771484375,
-0.0184326171875,
0.01080322265625,
0.004425048828125,
0.009033203125,
0.0810546875,
0.02001953125,
0.007049560546875,
0.0299072265625,
-0.024658203125,
-0.00156402587890625,
-0.007080078125,
0.034423828125,
0.0047607421875,
-0.004638671875,
-0.04443359375,
0.0087890625,
0.041015625,
-0.00970458984375,
0.015625,
-0.0306396484375,
0.0021209716796875,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0306396484375,
-0.007293701171875,
-0.0081787109375,
0.007659912109375,
0.00946044921875,
-0.029541015625,
-0.0145263671875,
0.08056640625,
-0.0291748046875,
0.036376953125,
0.032470703125,
0.048828125,
-0.007049560546875,
0.0101318359375,
0.04248046875,
-0.0026702880859375,
-0.01806640625,
-0.037353515625,
-0.07177734375,
0.0517578125,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.001312255859375,
0.025634765625,
0.0126953125,
0.0201416015625,
0.004852294921875,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.0020294189453125,
0.01226806640625,
-0.0064697265625,
0.025146484375,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.03955078125,
0.0771484375,
0.023193359375,
0.00341796875,
0.049072265625,
0.06494140625,
0.01080322265625,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.0172119140625,
0.00177764892578125,
-0.006134033203125,
0.020263671875,
-0.0036468505859375,
0.0162353515625,
-0.010986328125,
0.0111083984375,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.021484375,
-0.0152587890625
] |
Bird, J.
Defendant city gave plaintiff notice to remove, within 30 days, a stairway leading from the street to the basement of his business block situate at the corner of Burdick and Water streets. Plaintiff responded by filing this bill to restrain defendant from enforcing its order. From an adverse decree plaintiff appeals.
Plaintiff’s grantor, Nicholas Baumann, erected the block in the year 1870. It has three stories and a basement. The ground and basement floors have always been used as business places. The two upper stories are used as living quarters. When the building was constructed two stairways were put in leading to the basement, one on Burdick street and the other on Water street. The one on Burdick street was discontinued several years ago, since which, time the Water street stairs have served the entire basement. The opening for the stairway is 5(% feet long and extends out into the sidewalk 5.67 feet. The street side of the areaway is laid up to the level of the sidewalk with a wall, which is crowned with a stone coping. An iron fence is built into and on top of the stone coping.
Plaintiff’s contention is that he has a prescriptive right to maintain and use the stairway; that Nicholas Baumann constructed it in 1870, and maintained it until 1895, and that such right, being appurtenant to the land conveyed, passed to plaintiff in 1899.
The defendant denies that any such right exists, or is vested in plaintiff. It insists that stairways into basements in the business district were permitted in the early history of Kalamazoo; that they have been suffered to remain by the city until such times as the density of traffic made it necessary to remove them. That now the traffic in the vicinity of this building is such that the public necessity requires the stairway to be removed and the sidewalk widened.
The rules announced by Ruling Case Law for establishing an easement by prescription are:
“First, continued and uninterrupted use or enjoyment; second, identity of the thing enjoyed; third, a claim of right adverse to the owner of the soil, known to and acquiesced in by him. The accepted rule is that the user must be exercised by the owner of the dominant tenement, and must be open, peaceable, continuous and as of right. It is sometimes declared that it must also be exclusive, but the term ‘exclusive use’ does not mean that no one may use the way except the claimant of the easement; it means no more than that his right to do so does not depend on a like right in others.” 9 R. C. L. pp. 772, 773.
These rules were quoted and approved in St. Cecelia Society v. Service Co., 213 Mich. 577. It was also said in that case:
“The elements necessary to give rise to a prescriptive right are the same as those of title by adverse possession, with the exception that it does not have to be exclusive.”
Tested by these rules, does plaintiff’s case merit relief? It appears that in 1870 the stairway was constructed. It does not appear that any objection was made at that time by the city or by anyone else. It was continuously used and kept in repair until 1895 by Nicholas Baumann. In that year he died. From that time to 1899, when it was conveyed to plaintiff, it was used and controlled by his estate. Since that time it does not appear that objection has been interposed by the city authorities. Neither does it appear that the city has in any way attempted to interrupt plaintiff’s right to the use and control of the stairway. It is shown that plaintiff in 1910 applied to the city for a building permit to make certain alterations or repairs in the stairway. It is quite likely that this was an effort on his part to comply with section 12 of the city’s building code rather than any recognition of the superior right of the city to control the use of the stairway. The testimonjr tends to show that the use of the stairway has been continued and uninterrupted for half a century.
There is no question as to the identity of the right claimed as an easement. The character and location of the construction has identified it throughout the years beyond question. That Nicholas Baumann, during his life, claimed this right, appears from the fact that he controlled it, repaired it and he and his tenants used it. Without its use the two business places in the basement could not have been utilized. So far as the record shows, he recognized no equal or superior right in the city and paid tribute to no one for the right to use it. In fact, the exercise of the right appears to have been open, peaceable, con tinuous and as of right. This would appear to entitle plaintiff to the relief which he prays.
But it is claimed by counsel for the city that the right to occupy the street for the stairway began and has continued by permission, and therefor the length of time it has been used would not ripen into a vested right. The trial court indulged this thought when passing upon the case. We are unable to see the value of this argument, as it is conceded that the record is barren of any evidence as to how the use began. Both counsel discuss to some extent the presumptions which would naturally arise from what had taken place during the years. As there is no proof as to how the right began, we do not think these presumptions are very important, in view of the fact that after the right has been exercised for practically a half century, it is conclusively presumed that it had its beginning in a grant. In the case of Berkey & Gay Furniture Co. v. Valley City Milling Co., 194 Mich. 234, in discussing that question, it was said:
“It has been held that the open, notorious, continuous, and adverse use across the land of another from a residence or place of business to a public road for more than 20 years, affords a conclusive presumption of a written grant of such way (Clement v. Settle, 65 N. J. Law, 675 [48 Atl. 567]), and that when the passway has been used for something like a half century, it is unnecessary to show by positive testimony that the use was claimed as a matter of right, but that after such user the burden is on the plaintiff to show that the use was only permissive” (citing authorities).
If that rule be applied to the facts in this case, it undoubtedly settles the contention of the parties in favor of the plaintiff.
It is also argued that the value of evidence to establish a prescriptive right against an individual is somewhat lessened when it is sought to establish the right against a municipality. This distinction was well pointed out by Mr. Justice Stone in Crosby v. City of Greenville, 183 Mich. 457, as follows:
“We should bear in mind that there is a broad distinction between obtaining title of land by adverse possession as against an individual, and gaining title to a portion of a city street as against a municipality. It has been said that this distinction lies in the fact that abutting property owners have the right against the world, and even against municipalities, to occupy and use the street in any reasonable way they wish, so long as they do not interfere with the public travel thereon. In order to gain title by adverse possession to a portion of a public way, the occupancy must be such as to warn the public that the occupant is going beyond his right as an abutting owner and is actually claiming the property as his own.”
This use was not a mere temporary or transient use as is illustrated by the use of the street for a fruit stand which this court passed upon in Pastorino v. City of Detroit, 182 Mich. 5 (Ann. Cas. 1916D, 768), but it is a construction of a permanent character, more nearly like the subject-matter of Moon v. Mills, 119 Mich. 298 (75 Am. St. Rep. 390), which was a stairway erected in an alley in the rear of a business place to the story above. The character of the right claimed, its construction, whether of a permanent nature, and its visibility are influential in determining whether the right has accrued. In the present case the permanent character of the structure of brick, stone and iron, all in full view of the public and its use in connection with the operation of the building was ample notice to the public authorities that plaintiff and his vendor were claiming rights therein. The right was claimed for nearly 37 years prior to the passage of Act No. 46, Pub. Acts 1907 (3 Comp. Laws 1915, § 12311, subd. 3). This period was sufficient to acquire the easement claimed.
Other questions have been discussed but with this view it will be unnecessary to consider them.
The decree of the trial court is reversed and one made which will be in accord with these views. Plaintiff will recover his costs in both courts.
Moore, J., concurred with Bird, J. McDonald, C. J., and Clark, Steere, Fellows, and Wiest, JJ., concurred in the result. Sharpe, J., did not sit. | [
0.000240325927734375,
0.0301513671875,
0.0284423828125,
0.0400390625,
-0.040283203125,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.0400390625,
0.02880859375,
-0.00537109375,
0.06298828125,
0.03759765625,
-0.00677490234375,
0.032470703125,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.00970458984375,
0.00024127960205078125,
-0.0419921875,
0.007354736328125,
-0.015380859375,
0.034912109375,
0.01116943359375,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0196533203125,
0.01434326171875,
0.0162353515625,
0.036376953125,
-0.0032806396484375,
0.05810546875,
0.05419921875,
0.01214599609375,
-0.01019287109375,
0.01275634765625,
-0.010009765625,
0.00787353515625,
0.0240478515625,
0.05712890625,
-0.0439453125,
0.02978515625,
-0.0113525390625,
0.00946044921875,
0.007110595703125,
0.047607421875,
-0.041259765625,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.045166015625,
-0.00396728515625,
-0.01300048828125,
0.038818359375,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.017578125,
0.0074462890625,
0.01318359375,
-0.023681640625,
-0.008544921875,
-0.0390625,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.00640869140625,
0.00390625,
0.033447265625,
-0.00628662109375,
0.0145263671875,
0.010498046875,
-0.0224609375,
0.05419921875,
0.0289306640625,
0.0021209716796875,
0.00177001953125,
-0.009765625,
-0.07421875,
-0.01953125,
0.036376953125,
-0.029296875,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.0125732421875,
0.00958251953125,
-0.004180908203125,
-0.01904296875,
0.00518798828125,
0.0238037109375,
0.007476806640625,
0.02001953125,
0.058837890625,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.0546875,
0.03515625,
0.0034637451171875,
0.0022125244140625,
0.0008697509765625,
0.00567626953125,
-0.005126953125,
0.03515625,
-0.0164794921875,
0.01141357421875,
0.0205078125,
0.04931640625,
-0.032470703125,
0.0238037109375,
0.0111083984375,
-0.042236328125,
0.0299072265625,
0.032958984375,
-0.0021209716796875,
0.07275390625,
-0.0206298828125,
0.0306396484375,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.0185546875,
-0.00750732421875,
-0.048583984375,
0.000614166259765625,
-0.0074462890625,
0.0216064453125,
-0.006805419921875,
-0.0439453125,
-0.00787353515625,
0.002593994140625,
0.019775390625,
-0.054443359375,
0.035888671875,
0.06494140625,
-0.00811767578125,
0.03173828125,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.01513671875,
-0.021484375,
-0.03857421875,
0.033447265625,
-0.0223388671875,
0.005462646484375,
0.00238037109375,
0.03173828125,
-0.0303955078125,
0.02880859375,
0.01300048828125,
0.0211181640625,
0.03466796875,
0.00872802734375,
0.02685546875,
0.0225830078125,
0.0390625,
0.0186767578125,
-0.017822265625,
0.045654296875,
0.004669189453125,
0.0306396484375,
-0.0272216796875,
0.03271484375,
-0.053955078125,
-0.0030670166015625,
-0.0732421875,
0.0225830078125,
0.0257568359375,
0.0263671875,
0.040771484375,
0.009765625,
-0.0031585693359375,
-0.01226806640625,
0.0269775390625,
0.043701171875,
-0.03466796875,
-0.006561279296875,
-0.0004558563232421875,
0.0147705078125,
-0.0283203125,
0.00634765625,
-0.01263427734375,
0.0189208984375,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.019775390625,
0.03857421875,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.048583984375,
-0.0390625,
0.04248046875,
0.01043701171875,
0.0546875,
0.0184326171875,
-0.00360107421875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.000743865966796875,
0.0009918212890625,
0.07421875,
-0.004241943359375,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.03271484375,
-0.019287109375,
-0.048095703125,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.015869140625,
0.01470947265625,
-0.027587890625,
-0.0546875,
0.01336669921875,
0.0186767578125,
0.0263671875,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.000606536865234375,
0.013671875,
-0.032958984375,
-0.037841796875,
0.01361083984375,
0.01239013671875,
0.048095703125,
0.001190185546875,
-0.0230712890625,
0.064453125,
0.029296875,
-0.004058837890625,
0.017578125,
0.01116943359375,
0.021484375,
-0.034912109375,
-0.045166015625,
0.02490234375,
-0.004058837890625,
0.015625,
0.01092529296875,
-0.0546875,
0.00188446044921875,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.004119873046875,
-0.009521484375,
0.00848388671875,
-0.025390625,
0.00543212890625,
0.051025390625,
0.006805419921875,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.0177001953125,
0.03369140625,
0.0439453125,
0.0086669921875,
0.006011962890625,
0.03271484375,
0.035400390625,
-0.009521484375,
-0.02099609375,
-0.012451171875,
0.0791015625,
0.00885009765625,
0.008056640625,
-0.0201416015625,
0.0634765625,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.034912109375,
0.01239013671875,
0.01953125,
0.00738525390625,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.0284423828125,
0.021240234375,
0.034912109375,
0.03369140625,
0.026123046875,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.048828125,
-0.040771484375,
0.048583984375,
0.017333984375,
-0.039794921875,
-0.0264892578125,
0.046142578125,
0.00170135498046875,
0.03173828125,
-0.00072479248046875,
-0.047607421875,
-0.03076171875,
-0.024169921875,
0.00164794921875,
-0.01177978515625,
0.040771484375,
-0.05078125,
-0.0537109375,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.020751953125,
0.0390625,
-0.05615234375,
0.0040283203125,
-0.023681640625,
0.01123046875,
0.038330078125,
-0.002197265625,
0.05419921875,
-0.03955078125,
0.036376953125,
-0.0289306640625,
0.034912109375,
-0.025390625,
-0.034912109375,
-0.07177734375,
0.0189208984375,
0.035400390625,
-0.02392578125,
-0.016845703125,
-0.000156402587890625,
-0.051513671875,
-0.00592041015625,
0.01336669921875,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.011962890625,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.003692626953125,
0.013916015625,
0.0179443359375,
-0.0159912109375,
0.04443359375,
0.0252685546875,
-0.026123046875,
0.03125,
0.00933837890625,
0.033203125,
-0.03564453125,
0.09130859375,
0.021728515625,
0.03564453125,
0.00616455078125,
-0.06298828125,
0.010498046875,
-0.03173828125,
-0.03662109375,
-0.02099609375,
0.00128173828125,
0.0194091796875,
0.03271484375,
-0.0517578125,
0.01165771484375,
-0.039306640625,
0.00439453125,
-0.022705078125,
-0.01953125,
0.01458740234375,
0.0040283203125,
0.01019287109375,
0.0283203125,
-0.040283203125,
-0.0035247802734375,
0.007080078125,
0.031494140625,
-0.042236328125,
0.01025390625,
-0.000518798828125,
0.00238037109375,
0.043212890625,
-0.0032806396484375,
-0.0169677734375,
0.0021209716796875,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.02294921875,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.02783203125,
0.027587890625,
0.007110595703125,
0.0128173828125,
-0.00927734375,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.039794921875,
0.0419921875,
0.023193359375,
0.037841796875,
-0.044189453125,
-0.030517578125,
-0.02783203125,
-0.03955078125,
-0.03271484375,
0.015625,
0.02783203125,
-0.0537109375,
0.032470703125,
0.0277099609375,
-0.047607421875,
0.0272216796875,
-0.0283203125,
-0.052734375,
0.022216796875,
0.0059814453125,
0.005340576171875,
0.0255126953125,
0.009765625,
-0.03857421875,
0.026123046875,
0.0250244140625,
0.029541015625,
0.0003070831298828125,
-0.002227783203125,
0.01220703125,
-0.019775390625,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.039306640625,
0.07421875,
0.010986328125,
-0.037109375,
-0.044189453125,
0.004791259765625,
0.03515625,
0.00885009765625,
0.00787353515625,
0.029052734375,
0.03369140625,
0.00116729736328125,
0.041748046875,
-0.0458984375,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.0281982421875,
0.08056640625,
0.00714111328125,
0.0135498046875,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.0025787353515625,
0.0263671875,
0.02392578125,
-0.000823974609375,
0.0181884765625,
-0.047607421875,
-0.015380859375,
0.03564453125,
0.02001953125,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.017822265625,
0.01007080078125,
0.037353515625,
0.040283203125,
-0.05029296875,
0.039306640625,
-0.04150390625,
0.033935546875,
0.004974365234375,
0.000858306884765625,
-0.0030975341796875,
0.031982421875,
-0.044677734375,
-0.018310546875,
0.061767578125,
0.006561279296875,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.0400390625,
-0.016845703125,
-0.00994873046875,
0.04248046875,
-0.0146484375,
-0.06787109375,
0.004638671875,
-0.0084228515625,
0.018310546875,
0.035400390625,
-0.02490234375,
-0.00061798095703125,
0.0118408203125,
-0.0155029296875,
0.027099609375,
-0.00653076171875,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.0262451171875,
0.0400390625,
-0.044677734375,
0.045166015625,
-0.0003719329833984375,
0.06201171875,
-0.014404296875,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0478515625,
0.0103759765625,
0.022216796875,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.005279541015625,
0.06005859375,
0.007293701171875,
-0.00921630859375,
0.02392578125,
-0.015625,
-0.0267333984375,
0.0135498046875,
0.00007295608520507812,
0.024658203125,
0.01239013671875,
-0.04150390625,
0.049072265625,
-0.01165771484375,
0.05029296875,
0.01239013671875,
0.03466796875,
-0.02197265625,
-0.07080078125,
0.0150146484375,
-0.005218505859375,
-0.0341796875,
0.007568359375,
0.032470703125,
0.048828125,
0.0255126953125,
-0.0230712890625,
0.00286865234375,
-0.01904296875,
-0.06591796875,
-0.0238037109375,
0.0038299560546875,
0.008056640625,
0.033935546875,
0.0159912109375,
0.0018463134765625,
-0.0003185272216796875,
0.00002276897430419922,
-0.043701171875,
-0.0244140625,
-0.009765625,
-0.00689697265625,
0.09814453125,
-0.0546875,
0.009033203125,
0.0245361328125,
0.044189453125,
-0.0159912109375,
0.0113525390625,
0.045166015625,
0.006561279296875,
0.01348876953125,
0.016357421875,
0.034912109375,
-0.049560546875,
-0.019775390625,
-0.0033111572265625,
-0.028564453125,
0.03125,
0.0211181640625,
0.00433349609375,
-0.0068359375,
-0.03564453125,
0.010498046875,
-0.029541015625,
-0.048095703125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0166015625,
0.00250244140625,
0.031494140625,
0.005889892578125,
0.0162353515625,
0.0185546875,
-0.043212890625,
0.0030059814453125,
0.0306396484375,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.047119140625,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.0255126953125,
0.039794921875,
0.03173828125,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.0311279296875,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.029296875,
-0.03564453125,
-0.038330078125,
0.0184326171875,
0.0216064453125,
0.0419921875,
0.006805419921875,
0.0361328125,
-0.006439208984375,
-0.00775146484375,
0.007171630859375,
-0.0308837890625,
0.0125732421875,
-0.048095703125,
0.042724609375,
0.004974365234375,
-0.037109375,
-0.00921630859375,
0.037353515625,
-0.03369140625,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0030975341796875,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.057373046875,
0.042236328125,
0.020751953125,
-0.024169921875,
0.015380859375,
-0.03173828125,
0.032958984375,
-0.0291748046875,
0.0301513671875,
0.08447265625,
0.00150299072265625,
0.0225830078125,
-0.046142578125,
0.0201416015625,
0.02099609375,
-0.058349609375,
-0.04248046875,
-0.006927490234375,
-0.01123046875,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.003662109375,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.01104736328125,
0.01458740234375,
-0.01080322265625,
0.0040283203125,
-0.0546875,
-0.058349609375,
-0.047607421875,
0.064453125,
0.032470703125,
0.031494140625,
0.032470703125,
-0.057861328125,
-0.0211181640625,
0.00299072265625,
0.0194091796875,
-0.052490234375,
-0.061279296875,
0.0673828125,
0.01092529296875,
-0.03466796875,
0.0177001953125,
0.01318359375,
-0.04638671875,
-0.02880859375,
-0.012451171875,
-0.04150390625,
-0.00634765625,
-0.037841796875,
0.0201416015625,
0.01141357421875,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.000885009765625,
0.003387451171875,
0.05126953125,
0.00885009765625,
0.015869140625,
0.0322265625,
-0.012451171875,
-0.0238037109375,
0.0103759765625,
0.007476806640625,
-0.03857421875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.01544189453125,
0.006378173828125,
0.029052734375,
0.0556640625,
-0.041748046875,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.033203125,
0.0174560546875,
0.07373046875,
-0.01409912109375,
0.029052734375,
0.0244140625,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.0257568359375,
0.00311279296875,
-0.04443359375,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.08544921875,
-0.0240478515625,
0.0224609375,
0.0007781982421875,
0.0245361328125,
-0.046630859375,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0228271484375,
0.006622314453125,
-0.0205078125,
-0.006256103515625,
0.043701171875,
0.02685546875,
-0.0576171875,
-0.060791015625,
-0.037109375,
0.04541015625,
-0.031982421875,
0.00762939453125,
-0.0458984375,
0.0086669921875,
-0.000568389892578125,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.041015625,
0.01025390625,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.003448486328125,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.00604248046875,
-0.0294189453125,
0.01025390625,
0.0166015625,
-0.035400390625,
0.0267333984375,
-0.031982421875,
0.01324462890625,
0.04296875,
-0.0078125,
-0.00909423828125,
0.0147705078125,
0.0556640625,
0.030517578125,
-0.03515625,
0.01446533203125,
0.01806640625,
0.0020751953125,
-0.01544189453125,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.0087890625,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.003692626953125,
-0.0147705078125,
0.03466796875,
0.0181884765625,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.018798828125,
-0.010498046875,
0.0498046875,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.017822265625,
0.0203857421875,
0.0283203125,
0.01092529296875,
-0.017578125,
-0.024658203125,
0.02001953125,
-0.0263671875,
-0.01531982421875,
0.02294921875,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.012451171875,
-0.005950927734375,
-0.03662109375,
-0.04541015625,
-0.006866455078125,
-0.00823974609375,
0.052001953125,
0.01953125,
-0.02783203125,
0.0189208984375,
-0.0546875,
-0.033935546875,
0.0277099609375,
-0.068359375,
-0.056640625,
0.0191650390625,
0.00238037109375,
0.01080322265625,
-0.040771484375,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.0284423828125,
0.0096435546875,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.042724609375,
0.01806640625,
0.041015625,
0.00799560546875,
-0.0272216796875,
0.007659912109375,
0.01202392578125,
-0.04296875,
-0.00726318359375,
-0.017822265625,
0.032958984375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.019287109375,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.058349609375,
-0.005401611328125,
0.00811767578125,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0008392333984375,
0.0216064453125,
-0.04638671875,
0.00537109375,
-0.003204345703125,
-0.024169921875,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.0267333984375,
0.0311279296875,
0.031494140625,
0.05126953125,
0.021728515625,
0.051513671875,
-0.0244140625,
0.006134033203125,
-0.0162353515625,
0.00885009765625,
-0.005706787109375,
0.05810546875,
0.0230712890625,
0.0081787109375,
0.00078582763671875,
0.00927734375,
0.04150390625,
0.041259765625,
0.017822265625,
0.027587890625,
0.0084228515625,
0.0034637451171875,
-0.040283203125,
0.003936767578125,
-0.0032806396484375,
-0.0224609375,
-0.045654296875,
0.02001953125,
-0.0211181640625,
0.01287841796875,
-0.015380859375,
0.0086669921875,
0.02783203125,
-0.0098876953125,
0.00084686279296875,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.03857421875,
0.0361328125,
-0.009033203125,
0.002349853515625,
0.01904296875,
0.037841796875,
0.02587890625,
0.0191650390625,
0.044677734375,
0.00518798828125,
0.0322265625,
-0.064453125,
-0.01007080078125,
0.0244140625,
0.0230712890625,
-0.036376953125,
-0.033203125,
0.043212890625,
0.019287109375,
-0.0245361328125,
0.0068359375,
-0.02978515625,
-0.0830078125,
0.0181884765625,
0.00131988525390625,
0.017333984375,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.02294921875,
0.02294921875,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.0751953125,
0.05224609375,
0.032958984375,
-0.01513671875,
0.01458740234375,
0.024658203125,
-0.000598907470703125,
0.01324462890625,
0.043701171875,
0.0093994140625,
0.07568359375,
0.033935546875,
-0.037353515625,
-0.02294921875,
0.019287109375,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.0576171875,
-0.005523681640625,
0.01251220703125,
-0.001678466796875,
0.00799560546875,
0.00726318359375,
-0.0322265625,
-0.029052734375,
-0.0302734375,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.006927490234375,
0.004058837890625,
0.0274658203125,
-0.006988525390625,
-0.033203125,
0.01416015625,
0.0118408203125,
0.0034637451171875,
-0.0302734375,
0.0093994140625,
0.01611328125,
-0.02880859375,
-0.039794921875,
-0.035888671875,
0.00457763671875,
0.022705078125,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.005645751953125,
0.023193359375,
-0.03466796875,
0.0054931640625,
0.0164794921875,
-0.03662109375,
0.030517578125,
0.0137939453125,
0.045654296875,
0.036865234375,
-0.0017242431640625,
0.0020751953125,
0.01007080078125,
0.036376953125,
0.0216064453125,
-0.005218505859375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0308837890625,
-0.052978515625,
-0.0283203125,
0.00439453125,
-0.0390625,
0.04541015625,
-0.0021209716796875,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.01025390625,
-0.00182342529296875,
-0.007598876953125,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.052001953125,
0.004852294921875,
-0.027587890625,
0.01263427734375,
-0.06396484375,
0.296875,
0.040771484375,
-0.03955078125,
0.031494140625,
-0.00128936767578125,
0.064453125,
0.03076171875,
0.00848388671875,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0152587890625,
0.005615234375,
-0.04931640625,
-0.0211181640625,
0.040771484375,
0.035888671875,
0.03857421875,
-0.02392578125,
0.052978515625,
0.00823974609375,
-0.0140380859375,
-0.017578125,
0.0079345703125,
-0.01300048828125,
0.039306640625,
0.02001953125,
0.037109375,
0.0311279296875,
-0.0634765625,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.07177734375,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.0400390625,
0.0079345703125,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0233154296875,
0.020751953125,
-0.00494384765625,
0.030517578125,
-0.022705078125,
0.021484375,
0.0123291015625,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.03759765625,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.03515625,
-0.01324462890625,
0.0130615234375,
0.05419921875,
-0.0115966796875,
0.0311279296875,
0.0419921875,
0.0184326171875,
0.001953125,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.005126953125,
0.06396484375,
0.000080108642578125,
0.002227783203125,
-0.007049560546875,
-0.0086669921875,
0.018310546875,
0.0218505859375,
0.0223388671875,
0.00823974609375,
0.037841796875,
0.032470703125,
-0.0250244140625,
0.01068115234375,
-0.0103759765625,
0.021728515625,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.05517578125,
0.049072265625,
0.01708984375,
0.005615234375,
0.06005859375,
0.0291748046875,
-0.0228271484375,
0.0006561279296875,
-0.039306640625,
0.02783203125,
0.0067138671875,
0.04345703125,
0.02880859375,
-0.00604248046875,
-0.049560546875,
0.0196533203125,
-0.00933837890625,
0.0283203125,
-0.0087890625,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.055908203125,
0.0269775390625
] |
Moore, J..
The plaintiff was injured while operating a scoring press while making targets for the government, and brought this suit to recover damages.
We quote from the declaration:
“That at the time he sustained the injuries herein complained of, he was a minor 15 years of age, that it thereupon became and was the duty of the defendant to comply with the provisions of sections 9, 10, and 11, Act No. 220, Pub. Acts 1911, being sections 5330, 5331, 5332, 2 Comp. Laws 1915, and in particular with that portion of section 9 of said act, which provides:
“ ‘No child under the age of IS years shall be employed in any manufacturing establishment or workshop, mine or messenger service, in this State between the hours of 6 o’clock p. m. and 6 o’clock a. m.’
“That it then and there became and was the distinct further and other duty of the defendant to comply with that portion of the provisions of section 11, Act No. 220, Pub. Acts 1911, as follows:
“ ‘No female under the age of 21 years, and no male under the age of 18 years, shall be allowed to clean machinery while in motion nor employed in or about any distillery, brewery or any other establishment, where malt or alcoholic liquors are manufactured, packed, wrapped or bottled, nor in any hazardous employment, or where their health may be injured or morals depraved, nor shall females be unnecessarily required in any employment to remain standing constantly.’
“Yet the defendant Monroe Binder Board Company, while knowing its duty in this regard, negligently failed to do and perform the same. * * * That defendant Monroe Binder Board Company negligently failed to and did not comply with the provisions nor with any of the provisions of the statute above cited and quoted; but that on the contrary, defendant Monroe Binder Board Company employed plaintiff in direct violation of the provisions of the statute herein cited and quoted.”
The plaintiff when less than 16 years of age entered into the employ of the defendant. It is defendant’s claim that the boy and his father both said he was 16 years old at that time. He was set to work as a “stripper.” Here we quote from the brief of counsel for defendant:
“The defendant at that time was making paper targets for the army. These targets were cut out of paper board in a press similar to a hand printing press. There are two plain tables, one at the right and the other at the left of the press, both within reach of the operator of the press. The operator of the machine sits between these tables.
“It is the duty of the ‘stripper’ to pile paper stock on the right hand table, which the operator of the machine runs through the press, one piece at a time. After the piece of paper goes through the press the operator (feeder) takes it out and lays it on the table to the left of the press. Then the ‘stripper’ knocks off the cut edges of the paper so cut and piles it up ready to be tied. These cut edges of the paper board are knocked off with a hammer by the ‘stripper.’ This is called ‘stripping,’ from which this workman evidently gets his name as a ‘stripper.’ He uses no machine. As shown by the photographs, the tables are between the ‘stripper’ and the press. The table on the left hand is between the ‘stripper’ and the belt which runs the press. It is not necessary to come in contact with the machine or press.
“Plaintiff worked as a ‘stripper’ from the time he was employed until the day of the accident about two months later until 5:30 p. m., when, he says, that night he was transferred to a press, or cutting machine, by one of the other men, Chaplain, and that he was injured on the machine between 7 and 7:30 p. m. At that time it seems that the man who operated this machine was not there. This was the first time plaintiff had ever run the press or cutting machine.”
It was the claim of the plaintiff that he was inexperienced and was not properly shown how to operate the machine, and that it was not a safe place to work.
We again quote from the brief of counsel for defendant :
“The plaintiff according to his own story was familiar with these machines and any possible dangers. He had ‘stripped’ alongside of them from August to the night he was hurt, and for eight days alongside of this machine. He says Chaplain set the machine and told him what to do and fed three or four boards. He says:
“ ‘Q. You knew how it operated, did you?
“ ‘A. Yes.
“ ‘Q. You knew when that lower jaw came in contact with the upper jaw they came solidly together?
“ ‘A. Yes.
“ ‘Q. And it come together?
“ ‘A. Yes.
“ ‘Q. And you knew that if you put your finger in there that it would be cut off, the same as if it was cutting off sheets?
" ‘A. Yes. * * *
" ‘Q. And I presume you knew at that time that anybody that left his fingers in there would get them cut off, didn’t you?
“ ‘A. I sure did.’ * * *
“He told the night foreman, Mr. Hurley, that ‘he reached after a “bloke” twice, and as he reached the second time, as he got it, it got him.’ A ‘bloke’ is a piece of paper board in the press.”
Upon the conclusion of the testimony the trial judge directed a verdict for the defendants upon the theory that plaintiff was guilty of negligence as a matter of law, and counsel says he was justified in doing so by the case of Beghold v. Auto Body Co., 149 Mich. 14 (14 L. R. A. [N. S.] 609), and Pequignot v. Germain, 176 Mich. 659.
It is desirable to consider some of the testimony of witnesses in the employ of the defendant. We quote:
“The machine where the boy was hurt was a machine cutting these forms. It stands about three feet, forty-two inches, and it is quite similar to the hand printing machine, except that it is larger and it has two jaws, one folds down and the other is permanent and the die is on the one that folds down, a man puts in a sheet and if it doesn’t get to the plate, the .sheet is fed against a block and as it cuts one he is reaching for another and each time it opens you put in a sheet upon that machine and there is a safety guard, a guard that operates from a cam, each time the jaw closes the cam raises that safety guard up and it is supposed to be safe at all times. It raises'and shoves his arm out of the way. * * *
“This safety device, when the jaw is open, fits tightly against the frame of the machine. As the jaw,closes, it raises the cam eight inches from the machine. In feeding, after the jaws open, the sheet as it is fitted into the machine comes on a flush with the jaw and this guard raises to prevent accident to a distance of approximately eight inches while the jaw is closing. * * *
“Thes'e safety guards, are a necessary part of the machine in order to make it safe to operate.
“Q. In order to make it safe to operate, those safety guards are a necessary part of the machine, are they?
“A. In order to make it safe.
“Q. The operation without the safety guard would make the machine dangerous, would it?
“A. Not necessarily dangerous, but more dangerous.”
Another one testified in part:
“The purpose of the guard is to keep accidents from happening — for the prevention of accidents. The guard raises up as tlie press closes and naturally throws the hand away from the machine. Unless a person slipped off and fell, he couldn’t get his hand in the machine with this guard attachment on it.. In operating this machine, the general method was for the operator to sit down. It wouldn’t be possible for a person sitting down in operating this machine with a guard on it to get his fingers into the machine. * * *
“Q. You say when the new one came in, do you mean this one?
“A. Yes, they wouldn’t allow me to operate without a guard.
“Q. Does that guard come from the manufacturer of the machine? With the machine?
“A. No, I made that guard myself.”
The plaintiff was hurt within two hours after he was set to work. He was under 16 years of age. He was injured at 7:30 o’clock in the evening. He testifies there was no guard on the machine he was operating.
We think the case easily distinguishable from those cited by counsel for the appellees to which we have referred, and that the case should have been submitted to the jury under Radic v. Thomas Jackson & Co., 178 Mich. 618; Edward v. Basket Factory, 187 Mich. 505; Gee v. Brunt, 214 Mich. 679; Grand Rapids Trust Co. v. Petersen Beverage Co., 219 Mich. 208; and Szelag v. Jordan, 223 Mich. 672.
The judgment is reversed and a new trial ordered, with costs to the appellant.
McDonald, C. J., and Clark, Bird, Sharpe, Steere, Fellows, and Wiest, JJ., concurred. | [
-0.0291748046875,
0.0089111328125,
0.00872802734375,
0.07421875,
-0.04541015625,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.045654296875,
0.01397705078125,
0.03076171875,
0.01507568359375,
0.0233154296875,
0.0118408203125,
0.0024261474609375,
0.0146484375,
-0.005828857421875,
-0.0306396484375,
0.04052734375,
-0.006805419921875,
0.0211181640625,
0.05517578125,
0.0146484375,
-0.045166015625,
-0.04443359375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.02197265625,
0.005584716796875,
0.03759765625,
0.0267333984375,
-0.0419921875,
0.010986328125,
0.037353515625,
-0.03759765625,
-0.013916015625,
-0.00555419921875,
0.049072265625,
-0.0303955078125,
0.028564453125,
-0.01177978515625,
0.0218505859375,
0.047119140625,
0.0537109375,
-0.0021514892578125,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0576171875,
-0.0052490234375,
0.0162353515625,
0.06396484375,
-0.01226806640625,
0.0274658203125,
0.008544921875,
0.033203125,
-0.044677734375,
0.0027618408203125,
-0.009521484375,
0.00701904296875,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.0159912109375,
0.03271484375,
0.027099609375,
-0.0294189453125,
0.049560546875,
-0.04296875,
0.028564453125,
-0.0034637451171875,
-0.021240234375,
0.010986328125,
-0.01141357421875,
0.0126953125,
0.01397705078125,
0.015625,
-0.050537109375,
-0.007110595703125,
-0.003936767578125,
-0.031982421875,
-0.056640625,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.0059814453125,
0.01416015625,
0.0008392333984375,
-0.00897216796875,
0.0230712890625,
-0.0311279296875,
-0.0537109375,
0.04248046875,
0.0286865234375,
0.07470703125,
0.000022411346435546875,
0.01080322265625,
0.0004444122314453125,
0.060546875,
-0.087890625,
0.013916015625,
0.0380859375,
0.039794921875,
-0.050537109375,
0.0172119140625,
0.032958984375,
-0.0419921875,
0.053466796875,
0.02099609375,
-0.0174560546875,
0.0439453125,
-0.00118255615234375,
0.0194091796875,
-0.0458984375,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0240478515625,
0.028564453125,
0.045654296875,
0.0019989013671875,
0.00262451171875,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.020263671875,
0.00897216796875,
0.0174560546875,
0.033203125,
-0.039306640625,
0.021484375,
0.055908203125,
0.043701171875,
0.007171630859375,
-0.0126953125,
0.01544189453125,
-0.006683349609375,
0.00145721435546875,
0.0419921875,
-0.004486083984375,
0.0167236328125,
0.0303955078125,
-0.01239013671875,
0.007232666015625,
-0.0045166015625,
-0.00872802734375,
0.01361083984375,
0.001678466796875,
0.025390625,
0.000438690185546875,
0.00506591796875,
0.007781982421875,
-0.001190185546875,
0.01202392578125,
0.0673828125,
-0.000606536865234375,
0.04638671875,
-0.0123291015625,
0.08203125,
-0.0419921875,
-0.0029296875,
-0.05322265625,
-0.00286865234375,
0.03173828125,
0.010498046875,
0.004241943359375,
-0.0091552734375,
0.029541015625,
-0.00628662109375,
0.015380859375,
0.003753662109375,
-0.01287841796875,
0.00634765625,
-0.0032958984375,
0.004913330078125,
-0.016845703125,
0.0240478515625,
-0.0159912109375,
0.001007080078125,
-0.056396484375,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.00543212890625,
0.0057373046875,
-0.032958984375,
-0.01904296875,
0.04833984375,
0.01708984375,
0.047607421875,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0201416015625,
0.0208740234375,
-0.044921875,
-0.015869140625,
0.04931640625,
0.0341796875,
0.00119781494140625,
0.0238037109375,
0.025146484375,
-0.02197265625,
0.007110595703125,
-0.0284423828125,
0.0233154296875,
0.0030670166015625,
-0.0264892578125,
0.0255126953125,
0.00038909912109375,
0.00823974609375,
-0.0294189453125,
0.01165771484375,
0.0294189453125,
-0.014892578125,
-0.005401611328125,
-0.014404296875,
0.0054931640625,
0.002960205078125,
0.0020599365234375,
-0.032470703125,
0.07275390625,
0.050048828125,
-0.048583984375,
0.010498046875,
0.0208740234375,
0.03955078125,
0.0037689208984375,
-0.056396484375,
-0.01385498046875,
0.029052734375,
-0.029541015625,
0.0301513671875,
-0.038818359375,
0.0225830078125,
-0.05029296875,
0.00482177734375,
-0.018310546875,
0.03564453125,
-0.0062255859375,
-0.04345703125,
0.017822265625,
0.03173828125,
-0.00830078125,
-0.006988525390625,
-0.0311279296875,
0.00665283203125,
0.05078125,
0.0771484375,
0.02978515625,
-0.036865234375,
0.0308837890625,
-0.016845703125,
0.0269775390625,
0.0634765625,
-0.0274658203125,
0.02978515625,
0.0186767578125,
-0.000286102294921875,
0.0032196044921875,
0.01220703125,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.046142578125,
0.01055908203125,
0.01116943359375,
0.0031280517578125,
0.06396484375,
-0.01025390625,
0.03271484375,
-0.0244140625,
0.0177001953125,
0.0308837890625,
-0.01171875,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.0218505859375,
0.039794921875,
0.0234375,
-0.056884765625,
-0.01080322265625,
0.055908203125,
-0.005279541015625,
0.0052490234375,
0.052734375,
-0.040283203125,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.03173828125,
-0.057861328125,
-0.01251220703125,
0.0047607421875,
-0.0537109375,
-0.0289306640625,
0.046142578125,
-0.01324462890625,
0.03662109375,
-0.051513671875,
-0.02294921875,
0.010009765625,
-0.016845703125,
0.01611328125,
-0.0264892578125,
0.0184326171875,
-0.04345703125,
-0.007232666015625,
0.00933837890625,
0.0281982421875,
0.007415771484375,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.034423828125,
0.021484375,
0.033203125,
-0.0181884765625,
0.004852294921875,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.02197265625,
-0.018798828125,
0.00102996826171875,
-0.05419921875,
0.00531005859375,
-0.0263671875,
-0.033203125,
0.021484375,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.018310546875,
-0.015625,
0.005584716796875,
-0.058349609375,
0.020263671875,
-0.005035400390625,
0.0025634765625,
-0.01446533203125,
0.027587890625,
0.00982666015625,
0.0101318359375,
-0.024658203125,
-0.030029296875,
-0.006103515625,
0.00860595703125,
-0.036376953125,
-0.03369140625,
-0.010498046875,
0.00640869140625,
0.058349609375,
-0.08203125,
-0.00555419921875,
-0.038818359375,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.009033203125,
-0.059814453125,
-0.000820159912109375,
0.0263671875,
-0.01806640625,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.00015735626220703125,
0.06494140625,
-0.015625,
0.008544921875,
0.007659912109375,
-0.00653076171875,
0.038818359375,
0.033203125,
-0.0196533203125,
0.037353515625,
-0.0120849609375,
0.0023956298828125,
0.005828857421875,
0.0283203125,
-0.006103515625,
-0.00104522705078125,
0.0498046875,
0.00787353515625,
-0.04052734375,
-0.0196533203125,
0.0234375,
0.0198974609375,
0.01055908203125,
-0.01806640625,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.019287109375,
-0.037353515625,
-0.01312255859375,
0.002227783203125,
0.03662109375,
-0.0194091796875,
0.019775390625,
0.016357421875,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.007080078125,
0.004180908203125,
-0.05810546875,
0.032958984375,
0.0123291015625,
0.057373046875,
0.0125732421875,
0.0111083984375,
-0.00628662109375,
0.01507568359375,
-0.0281982421875,
0.0032806396484375,
-0.00179290771484375,
0.043701171875,
0.01446533203125,
-0.00592041015625,
-0.002593994140625,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.041015625,
0.01116943359375,
0.0064697265625,
-0.0400390625,
-0.026611328125,
0.00127410888671875,
0.00970458984375,
0.033935546875,
0.0250244140625,
0.0196533203125,
0.00567626953125,
0.02197265625,
0.01116943359375,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.02880859375,
-0.07080078125,
0.06494140625,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.0047607421875,
0.0107421875,
0.011474609375,
0.050048828125,
0.0081787109375,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.05419921875,
0.002838134765625,
-0.00139617919921875,
0.0233154296875,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.022216796875,
0.02783203125,
-0.002105712890625,
0.06201171875,
-0.040283203125,
0.0240478515625,
-0.041259765625,
0.021484375,
-0.01275634765625,
0.020751953125,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.002532958984375,
-0.044677734375,
-0.041259765625,
0.0067138671875,
-0.00579833984375,
0.034423828125,
0.01165771484375,
0.00506591796875,
-0.0235595703125,
0.037841796875,
-0.02392578125,
-0.0289306640625,
0.0174560546875,
0.0108642578125,
0.0274658203125,
0.0301513671875,
0.01214599609375,
0.00189208984375,
0.00732421875,
-0.0517578125,
0.0654296875,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.02001953125,
0.052978515625,
-0.0145263671875,
0.052978515625,
-0.026611328125,
0.0076904296875,
0.021728515625,
-0.005218505859375,
-0.043212890625,
-0.009521484375,
0.05078125,
0.01483154296875,
-0.02978515625,
0.010986328125,
-0.027099609375,
-0.01495361328125,
0.0260009765625,
-0.021240234375,
-0.04931640625,
0.0281982421875,
0.0223388671875,
0.043212890625,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.016845703125,
0.0247802734375,
-0.0220947265625,
0.047607421875,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.0308837890625,
-0.045166015625,
-0.054931640625,
-0.0032196044921875,
0.0225830078125,
-0.006622314453125,
0.01336669921875,
0.0517578125,
0.01214599609375,
-0.016357421875,
-0.04345703125,
-0.0186767578125,
0.0284423828125,
-0.061767578125,
-0.01171875,
-0.01312255859375,
0.0174560546875,
0.0023651123046875,
-0.024169921875,
0.0218505859375,
-0.004241943359375,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.00927734375,
-0.000537872314453125,
-0.007568359375,
0.060546875,
-0.0311279296875,
0.046142578125,
-0.01483154296875,
0.0186767578125,
0.037109375,
-0.0078125,
-0.00335693359375,
0.0498046875,
-0.0244140625,
0.00262451171875,
0.05224609375,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.0537109375,
0.035400390625,
-0.043212890625,
-0.00433349609375,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.003662109375,
-0.039794921875,
-0.0703125,
0.02783203125,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.0517578125,
-0.024169921875,
-0.002777099609375,
0.024658203125,
0.0634765625,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.01507568359375,
0.01092529296875,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.00970458984375,
0.019287109375,
0.025146484375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.06298828125,
-0.020751953125,
0.0361328125,
0.05712890625,
-0.0125732421875,
0.004150390625,
-0.01470947265625,
0.00396728515625,
-0.0106201171875,
0.00262451171875,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.023681640625,
0.01422119140625,
0.004852294921875,
0.00738525390625,
-0.01025390625,
0.0257568359375,
-0.004486083984375,
-0.01068115234375,
0.0133056640625,
-0.0576171875,
-0.026123046875,
-0.045166015625,
0.052001953125,
-0.03125,
-0.01171875,
-0.004913330078125,
0.00860595703125,
0.0120849609375,
0.0084228515625,
-4.6566128730773926e-7,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.01556396484375,
-0.0439453125,
0.004608154296875,
0.0174560546875,
-0.0040283203125,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.031982421875,
0.0220947265625,
-0.08203125,
-0.00396728515625,
0.07275390625,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.024658203125,
-0.034423828125,
0.01171875,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.0478515625,
-0.001983642578125,
0.0042724609375,
0.00034332275390625,
-0.0005340576171875,
-0.018798828125,
0.00604248046875,
-0.039306640625,
0.0262451171875,
0.039794921875,
-0.0133056640625,
0.013427734375,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.03759765625,
-0.0218505859375,
0.025390625,
0.0238037109375,
0.025390625,
0.0263671875,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.054443359375,
0.051025390625,
-0.0283203125,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.033203125,
0.040283203125,
0.004974365234375,
-0.045166015625,
0.038818359375,
-0.0042724609375,
0.0164794921875,
0.0024871826171875,
0.0004787445068359375,
-0.033935546875,
-0.031494140625,
-0.039794921875,
0.001861572265625,
-0.00396728515625,
-0.009033203125,
-0.02392578125,
0.03076171875,
0.00811767578125,
0.018798828125,
-0.0286865234375,
0.05712890625,
-0.001434326171875,
-0.050537109375,
0.0240478515625,
-0.01019287109375,
0.00445556640625,
-0.0277099609375,
0.028076171875,
-0.00830078125,
0.02978515625,
0.039306640625,
-0.01611328125,
-0.030029296875,
0.000858306884765625,
-0.00927734375,
0.0830078125,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.023193359375,
0.006256103515625,
-0.020751953125,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.03515625,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0732421875,
0.001556396484375,
0.041015625,
0.03662109375,
0.047607421875,
-0.031982421875,
-0.04443359375,
-0.033935546875,
0.029541015625,
-0.003173828125,
0.035400390625,
0.012451171875,
0.053466796875,
-0.048828125,
-0.057373046875,
-0.01092529296875,
0.034912109375,
0.0015411376953125,
0.0194091796875,
-0.01153564453125,
0.01312255859375,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.033203125,
0.0263671875,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.0062255859375,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.0113525390625,
0.014404296875,
0.002044677734375,
0.020751953125,
-0.05859375,
0.05859375,
-0.04443359375,
0.0235595703125,
0.01397705078125,
-0.06396484375,
-0.03662109375,
0.0146484375,
0.01806640625,
0.03466796875,
0.01361083984375,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.0101318359375,
-0.00006389617919921875,
0.035400390625,
-0.000850677490234375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.006134033203125,
-0.0140380859375,
0.0133056640625,
0.00811767578125,
-0.00677490234375,
0.03466796875,
-0.043701171875,
-0.041015625,
-0.025146484375,
0.021484375,
-0.034423828125,
0.04345703125,
-0.004180908203125,
0.03271484375,
0.0556640625,
0.0211181640625,
0.05517578125,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0166015625,
0.013916015625,
0.009033203125,
0.006561279296875,
-0.0115966796875,
0.064453125,
-0.006805419921875,
-0.017333984375,
-0.06103515625,
-0.022705078125,
0.01202392578125,
0.0771484375,
0.01153564453125,
-0.0272216796875,
0.0267333984375,
-0.044677734375,
0.0062255859375,
0.0191650390625,
-0.0693359375,
-0.057861328125,
0.0634765625,
-0.0252685546875,
0.0179443359375,
0.0164794921875,
-0.01019287109375,
0.01287841796875,
0.0341796875,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.00323486328125,
-0.0113525390625,
0.00433349609375,
0.0263671875,
0.002655029296875,
0.0225830078125,
0.0250244140625,
0.0179443359375,
-0.006927490234375,
-0.061279296875,
-0.0045166015625,
0.06591796875,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.0004405975341796875,
-0.0228271484375,
0.0010986328125,
-0.06298828125,
0.02587890625,
0.05517578125,
0.0311279296875,
-0.03125,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.031982421875,
0.01318359375,
0.002105712890625,
0.0103759765625,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.0732421875,
-0.07421875,
0.0034942626953125,
0.036865234375,
0.017333984375,
0.0283203125,
0.0026702880859375,
0.019775390625,
-0.059814453125,
-0.0036468505859375,
-0.048828125,
0.0458984375,
-0.00689697265625,
0.022216796875,
-0.042724609375,
0.00653076171875,
0.0262451171875,
-0.00421142578125,
0.01275634765625,
-0.018310546875,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.039306640625,
0.0162353515625,
-0.0291748046875,
0.022216796875,
-0.013427734375,
-0.047119140625,
0.05810546875,
-0.05078125,
-0.0087890625,
-0.036865234375,
-0.045166015625,
-0.007232666015625,
-0.032958984375,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.00543212890625,
0.036865234375,
0.0118408203125,
-0.0228271484375,
0.039794921875,
0.018798828125,
0.017822265625,
0.0269775390625,
0.035888671875,
-0.005035400390625,
0.035888671875,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.031494140625,
0.0123291015625,
0.03955078125,
0.008544921875,
0.0037384033203125,
-0.00110626220703125,
0.022216796875,
0.0172119140625,
0.00921630859375,
0.00167083740234375,
-0.01904296875,
0.01287841796875,
-0.00153350830078125,
0.049560546875,
-0.04833984375,
0.01806640625,
0.0223388671875,
-0.02294921875,
-0.01495361328125,
0.0198974609375,
0.000576019287109375,
0.02880859375,
0.015869140625,
0.017822265625,
0.04052734375,
0.00421142578125,
0.0216064453125,
-0.0296630859375,
0.0037841796875,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.07177734375,
0.00311279296875,
-0.0040283203125,
-0.000827789306640625,
-0.051513671875,
-0.04052734375,
-0.0002880096435546875,
-0.017822265625,
0.0038604736328125,
0.000446319580078125,
-0.038330078125,
-0.058837890625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.046875,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.006011962890625,
0.0634765625,
0.0166015625,
0.041259765625,
0.0025787353515625,
0.02197265625,
0.01129150390625,
-0.03466796875,
0.035888671875,
-0.006317138671875,
-0.0712890625,
-0.043701171875,
-0.051025390625,
-0.004486083984375,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.0286865234375,
0.00726318359375,
0.036865234375,
-0.00116729736328125,
-0.0034027099609375,
-0.014404296875,
-0.04736328125,
0.06982421875,
0.04248046875,
0.0308837890625,
0.033935546875,
-0.002960205078125,
-0.0203857421875,
0.027587890625,
-0.039794921875,
0.000762939453125,
-0.031494140625,
0.000015974044799804688,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.010986328125,
-0.022705078125,
0.037109375,
0.0037384033203125,
0.015869140625,
-0.0020904541015625,
-0.049072265625,
-0.004241943359375,
-0.049072265625,
0.0108642578125,
0.0079345703125,
0.000576019287109375,
-0.0034027099609375,
0.04296875,
0.037353515625,
-0.059326171875,
0.283203125,
0.0106201171875,
-0.055908203125,
0.03662109375,
0.011962890625,
0.014404296875,
0.049072265625,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.037841796875,
-0.00018024444580078125,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.03662109375,
-0.0093994140625,
0.0016021728515625,
-0.001983642578125,
-0.0146484375,
-0.0703125,
-0.0184326171875,
0.0166015625,
-0.059326171875,
-0.007720947265625,
-0.015625,
-0.0216064453125,
0.048828125,
0.03564453125,
-0.017333984375,
0.01226806640625,
-0.0810546875,
0.0361328125,
-0.046142578125,
0.060791015625,
-0.03125,
0.034912109375,
-0.05078125,
0.0255126953125,
0.0072021484375,
0.00408935546875,
0.0181884765625,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.015625,
-0.04541015625,
0.03173828125,
0.00665283203125,
0.02978515625,
0.02978515625,
0.005462646484375,
0.004638671875,
0.060546875,
0.064453125,
-0.016357421875,
0.0498046875,
-0.0020904541015625,
0.032958984375,
0.01214599609375,
0.010986328125,
0.016845703125,
-0.0035858154296875,
0.0166015625,
-0.00213623046875,
-0.0260009765625,
0.012451171875,
-0.003753662109375,
0.0223388671875,
0.048828125,
0.004669189453125,
0.0037078857421875,
0.00750732421875,
-0.043701171875,
0.0019683837890625,
-0.005340576171875,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.007110595703125,
-0.018310546875,
-0.0296630859375,
0.03759765625,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.007080078125,
0.0167236328125,
0.035888671875,
-0.04833984375,
-0.007232666015625,
-0.007110595703125,
-0.0172119140625,
0.0262451171875,
0.03564453125,
0.030029296875,
-0.00616455078125,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.006011962890625,
-0.0206298828125,
0.01092529296875,
0.00909423828125,
0.01318359375,
0.000553131103515625,
0.00433349609375
] |
McAllister, J.
Plaintiff’s decedent was killed as the result of a collision between a truck which he was driving and a truck driven by defendant’s employee. On trial before a jury, plaintiff received a verdict of $5,500. Motion by defendant for judgment notwithstanding verdict was refused by the trial court, and defendant appeals.
Defendant assigns error on the refusal of the court to grant a motion for a judgment notwithstanding verdict. Complaint is also made that the court erred in excluding testimony by defendant’s driver as to the facts surrounding the accident on the ground that it was equally within the knowledge of the deceased and prohibited by statute. There is the further contention made that defendant was erroneously refused cross-examination of plaintiff with regard to a certain agreement in reference to compensation entered into between plaintiff and an insurance company. Defendant’s claim with reference to the motions for directed verdict depends upon whether there was evidence to be submitted to the jury on the question of negligence of defendant’s driver, and whether plaintiff had proved that decedent was free from contributory negligence.
The accident occurred March 2, 1936, about 10:30 p. m., on Michigan avenue, a six-lane traffic highway in the business district of the city of Ypsilanti. Plaintiff’s decedent was proceeding in a westerly direction, and Leonard Yandenberg, defendant’s driver, in an easterly direction. Yandenberg testified that, while driving on the right side of the highway, he saw the oncoming truck, driven by plaintiff’s decedent, crossing the middle or dividing line of the highway to the south, which was the side of the highway occupied by defendant’s truck. Yandenberg testified that, to avoid a collision, he swung to the right, and seeing that he was unable to pass, swung sharply to the left. A collision occurred, and, according to Yandenberg’s claim, after such collision, his truck was carried over to the north curb to his left. Dolph Thorne, a witness sworn on the part of plaintiff, testified that he was driving an automobile and proceeding in the same direction as defendant’s driver just prior to the accident. He stated that defendant’s truck passed him on the left, moving slightly to the left of the center of the highway; then turning back to the right until, some dis tance beyond, it turned suddenly to the left, at the scene of tbe accident. The point in the highway where the collision occurred is in dispute. Thorne says that defendant’s truck was just a few feet from the northwest corner when he heard the collision. He testified:
“I would say it was just a few feet from the northwest corner when I heard that crash, two or three or four feet. At that distance I was far enough away, maybe by judgment, two or three feet, isn’t— but I would say very close to it. That is my best judgment, and up to that time I had not heard any crash at all. At the time that I heard that crash 1 saw a flash of fire underneath the motor of the eastbound truck, that is, the Western Michigan Transportation Company’s. I heard the crash and saw a flash of fire. The two happened right together simultaneously, as soon as the eye and ear would permit.”
There is a further dispute as to where the debris was after the accident. James Quick, son of the decedent, and Ernest Maddux, a resident of Ypsilanti and a highway commissioner, who was in charge of cleaning and sweeping the street after the collision, testified that all of the principal glass, metal, and wood on the highway was on the north side of the dividing line. The chief of police of Ypsilanti testified that there was debris on the south side of the highway; and Cyril Ray, police sergeant, testified that he traced tracks made by tires in an arc, starting at the north side, of the highway, going-south, and turning north again rig-ht up to the wheels of the truck driven by decedent. Conflicting claims are made with reference to the manner in which the trucks were damaged, as evidence of how the accident took place. But the photographs showing- such damage are not completely persuasive of the claim of either party; and, in any event, they are not conclusive.
In regard to the foregoing, we are of the opinion that the questions of fact as to how the accident occurred and matter relating to the negligence of defendant’s driver and the contributory negligence of plaintiff’s decedent were for the jury. If they believed plaintiff’s witnesses, they could reasonably conclude that the collision took place on the north side of the highway and that the cause of the accident was the negligence of defendant’s driver; if they believed defendant’s driver and the witnesses sworn on behalf of the defendant, they could conclude that the fault rested with plaintiff’s decedent. They decided in favor of plaintiff.
From the evidence with regard to the physical facts and the testimony of Dolph Thorne, the jury could draw reasonable inferences on the questions of the negligence of defendant’s driver and the contributory negligence of plaintiff’s decedent. There was no error on the part of the trial court in submitting these questions to the jury.
With reference to the claim that the trial judge erroneously prevented Vandenberg, defendant’s driver, from giving evidence as to the facts surrounding the accident, this witness testified that he first saw decedent slumped over the steering wheel of his truck with his head down; that, when Vandenberg swung his truck to the left, plaintiff’s deceased “straightened up and stared” at him. On cross-examination, he testified:
“By virtue of my lights I saw Mr. Quick slumped over the wheel. * * * and then I could also see bim straighten up and stare at me. As he was coming-down the grade, just a short ways from me, he was stooped like this, and then when my headlights went through his windshield and the gunning of the motor, when he straightened right np and stared at me and gripped the wheel. I could see him do-that through the headlights of his car, but we did not need any headlights, the street lights was almost right '-there, and you could see him. I could see him from the street lights and the headlights.”
The trial court refused to permit Vandenberg to testify with regard to anything that occurred from the time he saw decedent “stare” at him up to the time of the first impact of the collision. In this the trial court was not in error. Defendant’s driver could not testify as to any matter equally within the knowledge of the deceased. 3 Comp. Laws 1929, § 14219 (Stat. Ann. § 27.914). .
But defendant contends that it does not affirmatively appear that the matters with regard to which defendant’s driver was asked to testify were equally within the knowledge of the deceased. See In re Boyer’s Estate, 281 Mich. 618. Plaintiff’s decedent, according to the witness, was looking directly at the oncoming car and its driver up to the instant of the collision. To say that it does not affirmatively appear that the matters with regard to the accident were equally within the knowledge of the decedent would be to hold that, although the deceased was in the exercise of his faculties of sight, it must be further proved that what he saw was within his knowledge. Such a conclusion carries the necessity of proof on the part of plaintiff’s decedent to an unreasonable requirement. If a person looks, he is presumed to see what is within the range of his vision. If he looks and sees, it can be presumed that he had knowledge of what is happening, so far as his sense of sight could make him aware of it. In view of the testimony on the part of defendant’s driver that plaintiff’s decedent was looking directly at the approaching truck and its driver, we are in accord with the holding of the trial court that the relevant facts with regard to the collision were equally within the knowledge of the decedent during the period from the time he first saw the truck up to the time of the crash. Any other construction of the provision of the statute would work an unreasonable hardship upon the plaintiff and would destroy the statutory presumption in such cases. It affirmatively appears from Vandenberg’s testimony that deceased was looking directly at him from the time he was approximately 60 feet away until the first impact. The court refused to permit any testimony by Vandenberg with regard to what occurred during this brief interval. According to-every reasonable implication from the testimony of the witness Vandenberg, what happened between the time plaintiff’s decedent saw the oncoming truck and the time of the collision was equally within the knowledge of the deceased.
Complaint is made concerning the trial court’s refusal to permit the cross-examination of the plaintiff regarding’ an agreement into which she entered with the Continental Casualty Company, the insurer of decedent’s employer under the workmen’s compensation act. The agreement provided that the attorney for the insurance company would try the case for plaintiff without cost to her and that, if she received more than $5,000 by such action, she would take that sum in full payment and waiver of her rights under the workmen’s compensation act and would ratify her election to proceed at law against defendant in lieu of accepting compensation; that, if the amount recovered should be less than $5,000, plaintiff would either accept that amount as full payment and waiver of her rights under the act or deliver the said amount to the insurance company and accept compensation under the act; that, if no re covery were effected, she would have the right to proceed under the act for compensation to which she might he entitled, with the proviso that she would have the right to institute proceedings for compensation in which the defense of an election of remedies would not be made by the defendants therein, provided she assisted in good faith in the instant suit. The pertinent provisions of the workmen’s compensation act are 2 Comp. Laws 1929, § 8454 (Stat. Ann. § 17.189), which provide:
“Where the injury for which compensation is payable under this act was caused under circumstances creating a legal liability in some person other than the employer to pay damages in respect thereof, the employee may at his option proceed either at law against that person to recover damages, or against the employer for compensation under this act, but not against both, and if compensation be paid under this act the employer may enforce for his benefit or for that of the insurance company carrying such risk, or the commissioner of insurance, as the case may be, the liability of such other person.”
Under the above section, it was provided that the employee might elect to proceed against the third party in question, or against the employer for compensation, but not against both. If compensation is paid, the employer may enforce for his benefit, or that of the insurance company carrying’ the risk, the liability of such third person.
Plaintiff in this case received certain payments from the insurance company, which were called compensation. But any agreement for compensation, or compensation payments, in order to be valid, must be approved by the department of labor and industry. Payments received by private grant would not estop plaintiff from securing compensation accord ing to the provisions of the statute; and an agreement not to take compensation would be invalid without the approval of the department. Plaintiff did not assign her right of action; and she did not elect to take compensation, within the contemplation of the act. We fail to see how anyone would be prejudiced by such a transaction, except the insurance company. There certainly could be no prejudice resulting to defendant because of the transactions between plaintiff and the insurer.
On a review of the record, we are of the opinion that there was no error on the trial; and the judgment is accordingly affirmed, with costs to plaintiff.
Bttshnell, C. J., and Sharpe and North, JJ., concurred with McAllister, J. | [
-0.036376953125,
0.01953125,
0.0062255859375,
0.026123046875,
-0.041259765625,
-0.047119140625,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.021240234375,
-0.00665283203125,
0.06884765625,
0.0194091796875,
-0.031494140625,
0.04638671875,
0.00408935546875,
-0.00469970703125,
-0.02490234375,
-0.0133056640625,
0.00701904296875,
-0.02392578125,
-0.00183868408203125,
-0.0011138916015625,
-0.032958984375,
-0.045654296875,
-0.0234375,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.02197265625,
0.00142669677734375,
-0.021240234375,
0.03955078125,
0.041259765625,
-0.01171875,
0.0034027099609375,
0.0013580322265625,
-0.025634765625,
0.0162353515625,
0.006317138671875,
0.048583984375,
-0.06201171875,
0.00836181640625,
0.0211181640625,
0.0150146484375,
0.00860595703125,
0.015380859375,
-0.041748046875,
-0.027587890625,
-0.046875,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.02587890625,
0.0208740234375,
-0.0302734375,
0.01904296875,
-0.0205078125,
-0.011962890625,
-0.017578125,
0.02099609375,
-0.0216064453125,
0.0189208984375,
-0.009765625,
0.0002536773681640625,
0.01513671875,
0.031982421875,
-0.02783203125,
0.0155029296875,
-0.0419921875,
0.00860595703125,
-0.0003662109375,
0.0052490234375,
0.0157470703125,
-0.01904296875,
0.021728515625,
-0.044677734375,
0.0079345703125,
0.005767822265625,
-0.00341796875,
0.0028533935546875,
-0.000926971435546875,
-0.037109375,
-0.00555419921875,
0.003662109375,
0.0224609375,
0.02294921875,
0.003143310546875,
0.0732421875,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.0234375,
0.031982421875,
-0.01806640625,
0.0045166015625,
-0.01190185546875,
0.012451171875,
-0.022216796875,
0.046142578125,
-0.042724609375,
0.006591796875,
0.03125,
0.0260009765625,
-0.01611328125,
0.0030364990234375,
0.0146484375,
-0.0322265625,
0.044921875,
0.044189453125,
0.013916015625,
0.05712890625,
-0.01153564453125,
0.0224609375,
-0.04638671875,
-0.0004673004150390625,
0.0037841796875,
0.010498046875,
0.018310546875,
0.01470947265625,
0.0257568359375,
0.01226806640625,
-0.01806640625,
-0.00087738037109375,
-0.005828857421875,
0.046142578125,
-0.04736328125,
0.0101318359375,
0.05126953125,
-0.0267333984375,
0.00701904296875,
-0.00628662109375,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.0108642578125,
0.00860595703125,
0.059814453125,
0.00830078125,
0.0269775390625,
0.041748046875,
0.0255126953125,
0.00087738037109375,
0.017333984375,
0.04052734375,
0.01025390625,
0.01300048828125,
0.0005950927734375,
0.0133056640625,
0.03857421875,
0.042724609375,
0.020263671875,
-0.0208740234375,
0.047607421875,
0.019287109375,
0.04248046875,
-0.0230712890625,
0.03271484375,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.058349609375,
0.033447265625,
0.04541015625,
0.00225830078125,
0.01953125,
-0.03759765625,
0.03271484375,
-0.03125,
0.0157470703125,
0.01165771484375,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0247802734375,
0.036865234375,
0.0118408203125,
-0.0211181640625,
0.03076171875,
-0.005126953125,
0.007415771484375,
-0.0400390625,
-0.064453125,
0.01904296875,
-0.010009765625,
-0.0400390625,
-0.04541015625,
0.064453125,
0.020263671875,
0.05712890625,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.046875,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.0286865234375,
0.01318359375,
0.048095703125,
0.0001430511474609375,
0.006439208984375,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.00185394287109375,
-0.031005859375,
-0.029052734375,
-0.0257568359375,
0.0155029296875,
-0.019775390625,
-0.0289306640625,
0.0010528564453125,
-0.004486083984375,
0.039794921875,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.026611328125,
0.03515625,
0.015869140625,
-0.00311279296875,
-0.02001953125,
0.0035247802734375,
0.02197265625,
-0.039794921875,
-0.0230712890625,
0.0498046875,
0.0286865234375,
-0.022705078125,
0.000240325927734375,
0.044677734375,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.04833984375,
0.001953125,
0.034423828125,
-0.015869140625,
0.0068359375,
-0.050048828125,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.01495361328125,
0.01513671875,
0.0101318359375,
-0.0036773681640625,
0.0115966796875,
-0.01239013671875,
0.00159454345703125,
-0.002349853515625,
-0.010986328125,
-0.000024080276489257812,
0.0224609375,
-0.00738525390625,
-0.032470703125,
0.06884765625,
-0.025634765625,
-0.0286865234375,
0.056396484375,
-0.0203857421875,
0.003997802734375,
-0.0034332275390625,
0.0164794921875,
0.01226806640625,
0.048095703125,
0.005523681640625,
0.01513671875,
0.06787109375,
0.00054931640625,
-0.01416015625,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.004150390625,
0.0004062652587890625,
0.01416015625,
-0.004150390625,
0.0024566650390625,
-0.006927490234375,
0.004791259765625,
0.038818359375,
0.02880859375,
-0.0302734375,
-0.034423828125,
0.0419921875,
0.029296875,
-0.031005859375,
-0.00106048583984375,
0.0159912109375,
-0.01483154296875,
0.042724609375,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.02783203125,
-0.05419921875,
-0.021484375,
-0.04052734375,
0.01422119140625,
0.0045166015625,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.07421875,
0.01904296875,
-0.037841796875,
0.049072265625,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.004302978515625,
0.007354736328125,
-0.040283203125,
0.0130615234375,
-0.0274658203125,
0.03076171875,
-0.057373046875,
0.046142578125,
0.01080322265625,
0.026123046875,
0.0067138671875,
-0.09130859375,
-0.051025390625,
0.000732421875,
0.021240234375,
-0.0120849609375,
0.02978515625,
-0.0380859375,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0244140625,
0.0233154296875,
-0.02880859375,
-0.0025787353515625,
-0.00125885009765625,
-0.0208740234375,
0.0107421875,
-0.023193359375,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.03076171875,
0.0390625,
-0.0269775390625,
0.01019287109375,
0.01336669921875,
0.0206298828125,
-0.004180908203125,
0.0810546875,
-0.00634765625,
-0.004119873046875,
-0.003814697265625,
-0.04248046875,
-0.01458740234375,
0.0250244140625,
-0.04443359375,
-0.0294189453125,
0.001983642578125,
0.06884765625,
0.01043701171875,
-0.034423828125,
0.00860595703125,
-0.03125,
-0.0291748046875,
0.0205078125,
-0.00634765625,
0.0296630859375,
-0.007476806640625,
-0.0556640625,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.036376953125,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0146484375,
0.04296875,
-0.045654296875,
-0.0140380859375,
0.0186767578125,
-0.0001430511474609375,
0.0206298828125,
0.031005859375,
0.00616455078125,
0.01202392578125,
-0.028076171875,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.0091552734375,
0.0029144287109375,
0.00323486328125,
-0.0184326171875,
0.0203857421875,
0.034912109375,
-0.059326171875,
-0.0283203125,
0.0283203125,
0.0157470703125,
-0.019287109375,
-0.032958984375,
0.0294189453125,
-0.016845703125,
-0.02734375,
-0.0003814697265625,
-0.036865234375,
0.000316619873046875,
-0.0186767578125,
0.054443359375,
0.04541015625,
-0.023193359375,
0.003814697265625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.0712890625,
0.018310546875,
0.00531005859375,
0.034912109375,
0.04052734375,
0.012451171875,
-0.01483154296875,
0.004425048828125,
-0.015625,
0.01025390625,
-0.0003070831298828125,
-0.00823974609375,
0.000736236572265625,
-0.03125,
0.0257568359375,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0247802734375,
0.035400390625,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0142822265625,
0.0179443359375,
0.03564453125,
0.00860595703125,
0.022216796875,
0.01324462890625,
0.0224609375,
0.03369140625,
0.017578125,
-0.039794921875,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.0235595703125,
0.02294921875,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.00738525390625,
0.0283203125,
0.035888671875,
0.03955078125,
-0.00102996826171875,
-0.0019683837890625,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.00726318359375,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.018310546875,
0.0478515625,
0.0262451171875,
0.059326171875,
-0.050537109375,
0.04052734375,
-0.02197265625,
0.017822265625,
0.0002307891845703125,
0.047119140625,
-0.022705078125,
0.0654296875,
-0.045166015625,
-0.037841796875,
0.0400390625,
0.0098876953125,
0.01129150390625,
0.01611328125,
-0.00016307830810546875,
-0.0126953125,
0.056396484375,
0.0218505859375,
-0.045654296875,
0.0027923583984375,
0.01068115234375,
0.015869140625,
0.01300048828125,
0.004058837890625,
-0.01953125,
0.0255126953125,
-0.031005859375,
0.0439453125,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.036865234375,
0.00823974609375,
0.06591796875,
-0.028076171875,
0.064453125,
-0.0244140625,
0.044189453125,
-0.014892578125,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.033203125,
0.0228271484375,
0.0152587890625,
0.03369140625,
0.0022430419921875,
0.08740234375,
-0.02099609375,
0.02490234375,
0.0228271484375,
-0.04296875,
-0.03076171875,
0.035400390625,
-0.01220703125,
0.01422119140625,
-0.005889892578125,
-0.015869140625,
0.009765625,
-0.034423828125,
0.03564453125,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.0029449462890625,
-0.041748046875,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0322265625,
0.0079345703125,
0.0036773681640625,
-0.00982666015625,
0.01483154296875,
0.039306640625,
-0.02001953125,
-0.022705078125,
-0.07080078125,
0.005035400390625,
-0.0234375,
0.0242919921875,
0.0031890869140625,
-0.0260009765625,
0.01190185546875,
0.010986328125,
-0.00323486328125,
0.030029296875,
0.0286865234375,
-0.06884765625,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.03515625,
-0.02880859375,
0.0262451171875,
-0.020751953125,
0.028564453125,
0.022216796875,
0.0264892578125,
-0.0108642578125,
0.02294921875,
0.01483154296875,
0.04296875,
0.05029296875,
0.030517578125,
0.06005859375,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.00439453125,
-0.05615234375,
-0.0146484375,
0.0218505859375,
-0.003021240234375,
-0.04638671875,
-0.0341796875,
0.016845703125,
0.00144195556640625,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.0296630859375,
0.01055908203125,
0.0245361328125,
0.0244140625,
-0.01007080078125,
0.01141357421875,
0.0054931640625,
-0.041259765625,
0.00872802734375,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.04833984375,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.06103515625,
-0.0181884765625,
0.037109375,
0.046875,
-0.00176239013671875,
0.013671875,
-0.0289306640625,
0.018798828125,
-0.047119140625,
-0.00506591796875,
-0.036376953125,
0.0233154296875,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.005950927734375,
0.03271484375,
0.010986328125,
0.009765625,
-0.0101318359375,
0.032470703125,
0.02734375,
-0.027099609375,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.06201171875,
0.0693359375,
-0.04052734375,
-0.00823974609375,
0.02587890625,
0.05078125,
-0.0166015625,
0.0145263671875,
0.01007080078125,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.007171630859375,
-0.08642578125,
0.025146484375,
0.016357421875,
-0.000911712646484375,
-0.030029296875,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.0283203125,
0.0223388671875,
0.07470703125,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.023681640625,
0.05126953125,
0.0234375,
-0.045166015625,
-0.002716064453125,
0.002471923828125,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.0166015625,
-0.04345703125,
0.00543212890625,
0.00238037109375,
0.004974365234375,
0.0228271484375,
0.027099609375,
-0.02734375,
-0.05908203125,
-0.03076171875,
0.07666015625,
-0.0189208984375,
0.032958984375,
0.060546875,
-0.04052734375,
-0.01483154296875,
0.033447265625,
0.00165557861328125,
-0.05078125,
-0.06103515625,
0.039794921875,
-0.0028533935546875,
-0.01080322265625,
0.022705078125,
0.038330078125,
-0.040771484375,
-0.0247802734375,
0.006988525390625,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.00185394287109375,
-0.0537109375,
0.00885009765625,
-0.006103515625,
-0.006805419921875,
-0.00665283203125,
0.033935546875,
0.0078125,
0.01123046875,
-0.034423828125,
0.043212890625,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.040283203125,
0.05126953125,
0.01007080078125,
0.03271484375,
-0.0225830078125,
0.01483154296875,
-0.045654296875,
0.0050048828125,
0.0245361328125,
-0.076171875,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0185546875,
0.026123046875,
0.052490234375,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.034423828125,
0.0299072265625,
0.0191650390625,
-0.04541015625,
-0.0390625,
0.00811767578125,
0.040771484375,
0.018310546875,
-0.08837890625,
-0.04052734375,
-0.00225830078125,
0.006378173828125,
0.027099609375,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.0068359375,
0.01953125,
0.04052734375,
-0.041015625,
0.032470703125,
0.0361328125,
0.0211181640625,
-0.036376953125,
-0.06298828125,
-0.005126953125,
0.0693359375,
0.00665283203125,
0.0225830078125,
-0.041259765625,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.022216796875,
0.00714111328125,
-0.03955078125,
-0.03271484375,
0.0185546875,
0.07763671875,
-0.018798828125,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.0027618408203125,
-0.005645751953125,
0.021728515625,
-0.0556640625,
0.026611328125,
-0.0284423828125,
0.0159912109375,
0.003082275390625,
-0.038818359375,
0.003387451171875,
0.041015625,
-0.029296875,
0.01513671875,
-0.06884765625,
0.01007080078125,
0.020751953125,
-0.0169677734375,
0.0218505859375,
0.006866455078125,
-0.0771484375,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.01171875,
-0.032958984375,
-0.02490234375,
0.058349609375,
0.06396484375,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.04052734375,
-0.01409912109375,
0.022705078125,
-0.052734375,
0.0093994140625,
-0.044189453125,
0.022705078125,
0.033935546875,
0.042236328125,
-0.041259765625,
0.0021514892578125,
0.01116943359375,
0.048583984375,
0.0234375,
0.054931640625,
0.01324462890625,
0.044677734375,
-0.0279541015625,
0.0135498046875,
-0.07177734375,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.005279541015625,
0.056884765625,
0.013671875,
-0.00185394287109375,
0.050537109375,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.046630859375,
0.0164794921875,
-0.0302734375,
-0.027587890625,
0.024169921875,
-0.0155029296875,
0.011962890625,
0.01611328125,
0.009033203125,
-0.005645751953125,
0.039794921875,
0.03271484375,
0.0162353515625,
0.015380859375,
-0.046142578125,
0.0625,
-0.000606536865234375,
-0.0021514892578125,
0.01031494140625,
0.006988525390625,
-0.04541015625,
-0.051025390625,
-0.004302978515625,
0.013916015625,
-0.005859375,
-0.0234375,
-0.032470703125,
0.017333984375,
-0.06640625,
-0.02099609375,
0.0194091796875,
0.0040283203125,
0.0034637451171875,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.046142578125,
0.010009765625,
0.01287841796875,
-0.00433349609375,
0.011474609375,
-0.02734375,
-0.048583984375,
-0.0089111328125,
0.041015625,
-0.005035400390625,
0.06103515625,
0.0299072265625,
0.00531005859375,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.01611328125,
-0.00787353515625,
0.031005859375,
0.01171875,
0.01434326171875,
0.01007080078125,
0.04345703125,
0.034423828125,
0.00927734375,
0.04443359375,
0.0230712890625,
-0.01171875,
-0.032470703125,
0.005889892578125,
0.00665283203125,
0.05859375,
0.015869140625,
0.0103759765625,
0.0155029296875,
-0.0400390625,
-0.003631591796875,
0.01470947265625,
-0.01312255859375,
0.02685546875,
-0.0595703125,
-0.014892578125,
-0.0216064453125,
0.0250244140625,
0.019775390625,
0.0228271484375,
-0.0400390625,
-0.003021240234375,
0.014892578125,
0.056884765625,
0.0125732421875,
0.01263427734375,
-0.00144195556640625,
0.007049560546875,
-0.07080078125,
-0.036376953125,
0.02490234375,
-0.009521484375,
0.0322265625,
0.040283203125,
0.015625,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.030029296875,
0.018798828125,
0.0126953125,
-0.07470703125,
0.04150390625,
0.0150146484375,
0.07470703125,
-0.027099609375,
-0.0076904296875,
0.04052734375,
-0.011962890625,
-0.04248046875,
0.00750732421875,
0.02392578125,
0.00518798828125,
-0.0216064453125,
0.00069427490234375,
0.03271484375,
0.03564453125,
0.0108642578125,
-0.00927734375,
0.0230712890625,
-0.006805419921875,
-0.08154296875,
-0.058349609375,
0.02587890625,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.052734375,
-0.04296875,
-0.0299072265625,
0.01806640625,
0.0157470703125,
0.01251220703125,
-0.0198974609375,
0.0021514892578125,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.02197265625,
0.017822265625,
0.01318359375,
0.056396484375,
0.01806640625,
-0.008056640625,
-0.01422119140625,
0.01470947265625,
0.0478515625,
-0.05322265625,
0.017333984375,
0.0123291015625,
-0.04931640625,
-0.05517578125,
-0.0203857421875,
0.0019073486328125,
0.0267333984375,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.05908203125,
-0.05322265625,
0.010009765625,
-0.03173828125,
0.024169921875,
0.00714111328125,
-0.03125,
0.009033203125,
0.029541015625,
-0.017333984375,
0.04052734375,
0.0233154296875,
-0.0181884765625,
0.01397705078125,
0.030517578125,
-0.01458740234375,
0.01275634765625,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.03369140625,
-0.03076171875,
-0.006256103515625,
-0.026611328125,
0.006683349609375,
0.0003337860107421875,
0.0322265625,
-0.017822265625,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.005859375,
0.0126953125,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0021514892578125,
-0.0174560546875,
0.0089111328125,
0.0289306640625,
-0.046875,
0.25390625,
0.01226806640625,
-0.00689697265625,
0.020263671875,
-0.01611328125,
0.049072265625,
0.008056640625,
-0.00408935546875,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.037841796875,
-0.001922607421875,
0.01904296875,
0.01708984375,
0.043701171875,
-0.06298828125,
0.024658203125,
0.005767822265625,
-0.07666015625,
-0.0010986328125,
0.0400390625,
-0.049560546875,
0.0198974609375,
0.032470703125,
0.023681640625,
0.034912109375,
-0.049560546875,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.048583984375,
0.0059814453125,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.013916015625,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.006805419921875,
0.05810546875,
0.0078125,
-0.019775390625,
0.00167083740234375,
0.0050048828125,
0.0235595703125,
0.0216064453125,
0.022216796875,
-0.0078125,
-0.033447265625,
0.0089111328125,
-0.06494140625,
0.042236328125,
0.046630859375,
-0.056396484375,
0.002655029296875,
0.0419921875,
0.0478515625,
-0.0029449462890625,
-0.0089111328125,
0.03662109375,
0.0120849609375,
0.00506591796875,
-0.057373046875,
-0.03369140625,
0.041015625,
-0.000827789306640625,
0.004638671875,
0.038818359375,
0.0184326171875,
0.00095367431640625,
0.0615234375,
0.0101318359375,
-0.018798828125,
0.004180908203125,
0.012939453125,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.019775390625,
0.0006103515625,
0.041259765625,
0.0177001953125,
-0.0184326171875,
0.0189208984375,
0.0361328125,
-0.0159912109375,
0.0169677734375,
-0.051513671875,
-0.000431060791015625,
-0.01300048828125,
0.0169677734375,
0.046875,
0.0230712890625,
-0.0234375,
0.0031890869140625,
-0.01300048828125,
0.00701904296875,
-0.022705078125,
0.0018768310546875,
0.011474609375,
-0.0113525390625
] |
Chandler, J.
Plaintiff is a sister of Emma R. Wood, deceased, and defendants are executors of the last will and testament of said deceased.
On December 13,1932, the deceased was the owner of certain real estate which had been sold to one O’Donnell on a land contract. On the date mentioned, she went to the office of her attorney, Mr. Lovejoy, and directed him to prepare a will for her and the necessary instruments to effect a transfer of her interest in the real estate and contract mentioned above. In accordance with her request, a will was drawn and executed, together with a quitclaim deed of the said real estate and an assignment of the contract, plaintiff herein being named as grantee and assignee, respectively, in said deed and assignment. Deceased retained said instruments in her possession thereafter until shortly prior to her death on February 28,1937, when they came into the possession of appellant, as will be subsequently explained.
At the time of the execution of the instruments, deceased was 77 years of age, and it appears she was in fairly g’ood health and was active in attending to her own affairs.
She continued to receive payments of principal and interest on the land contract until her death, and on several occasions stated to Mr. O’Donnell, the vendee, that she wanted plaintiff to have the property. On January 1, 1934, she executed the following indorsement on the contract:
“This is to certify I will accept $50 or more on monthly payments on this land contract for six months, due the 17th of each month.
Mrs. E. E. Wood
“In case of my death, sister must accept interest and whatever Mr. O’Donnell can pay.
Mrs. E. E. Wood.”
For many years prior to her death, it had been Mrs. Wood’s custom to spend the winters in Florida. In January, 1937, she made her last trip, and it appears that at the time of her departure she was frail and in a declining state of health. She completed her journey and resided in Florida with a Mr. and Mrs. Scott until her decease.
On February 26, 1937, appellant received a letter from Mrs. Scott wherein she stated that Mrs. Wood was gradually growing worse, that she was -sleeping most of the time and seemed rational only at intervals, and that she would not live long. Accompanying this letter was a letter from Mr. Scott, deceased’s will, and the quitclaim deed and assignment of land contract executed in 1932 as heretofore mentioned. Mr. Scott’s letter stated in part:
“We are inclosing Aunt Emma’s will which we found among her papers. Do not know if there is a later one or not as she evidently planned some changes as indicated by the pencil alterations. * * *
“We are also inclosing a quitclaim deed of the Grand Eiver Avenue property which she executed to Mrs. Loop about five years ago. None of her people knew about this and she has advised my wife that she did not want them to know about it. We are therefore putting this matter in your hands to do as your best judgment dictates.
“Aunt Emma has not been at all rational for several days and we could only do whai we thought was best which we hope will meet with your approval. ’ ’
The instruments inclosed with this letter were taken by appellant to the office of Mr. Love joy, as well as the land contract and other papers which were discovered by him in a trunk in deceased’s home in Detroit during a search he made after being notified of the death. The papers discovered in the trunk were wrapped in a paper bearing the instruction that they were to be delivered to plaintiff. The record does not disclose for a certainty who wrote the instructions on the paper.
Plaintiff subsequently demanded delivery of the deed, contract, and assignment, and upon being unable to obtain them filed this bill of complaint, praying for an accounting, surrender of the instruments, and that.the court decree that a gift causa mortis had been made by deceased to her. Defendants, as executors of deceased’s will, filed an answer and cross bill, praying that the court enter a decree quieting title to the property in the estate. The trial court entered a decree in favor of plaintiff, and defendant DesAutell has appealed.
Counsel for plaintiff in his opening statement said: “It is our contention that the assignment of land contract executed in the office of Earl Lovejoy on February (December) 13,1932, was a gift donatio mortis causa.”
It is a well-settled principle that delivery is essential to the validity of a gift, either inter vivos or causa mortis. In re Van Wormer’s Estate, 255 Mich. 399. Among the questions raised in this case is whether or not a delivery sufficient to effect a valid gift of the contract occurred.
Plaintiff, to sustain her claim of gift, cites Ellis v. Secor, 31 Mich. 185 (18 Am. Rep. 178). This case, however, appears to sustain a transfer of the property involved on a trust theory, rather than on the theory that a gift causa mortis was consummated. It is so treated by many annotations, including 63 A. L. R. 537, 557. Analyzing the facts, we do not believe that plaintiff’s claim can be sustained on either theory.
At the outset, it should be borne in mind that deceased intended that plaintiff should have the property in question. However, mere expressions of such intentions, unaccompanied by the requisite steps to effect a legal transfer, are insufficient.
When the quitclaim deed and assignment were executed in 1932, it is clear that no gift resulted at that time as there was no delivery. It is further apparent, to us at least, that it was not deceased’s then intention to make herself trustee of the property for plaintiff. She continued to collect and retain for her own benefit all payments made upon the contract until the time of her death and never intended that plaintiff should receive anything therefrom until her death, which occurred more than four years thereafter. We believe it to have been her intent to transfer the property to plaintiff by way of gift, to become effective at her death. This conclusion rules out consideration of a trust, because if a gift was intended, but not validly consummated, it should not be perfected on the theory that a trust was created.
Turning to the issue as to whether a gift was completed, the decision thereof must necessarily be controlled by the question as to whether or not there was delivery. The only suggestion of delivery arises by reason of the receipt by appellant of the quitclaim deed and assignment under the circumstances hereinbefore related. It is our opinion that there was no delivery by deceased to appellant with the intent to make a gift to plaintiff. It is apparent from the accompanying letter of Mr. Scott that at the time the instruments were mailed by him to appellant, deceased was irrational and had been in this condition for several days. Referring to the will he says, “Do not know if there is a later one or not as she evidently planned some changes as indicated by the pencil alterations,” and in reference to the deed and assignment, “We are therefore putting this matter in your hands to do as your best judgment dictates. Aunt Emma has not been at all rational for several days and we could only do what we thought was best which we hope will meet with your approval.”
We believe that the only reasonable inference to be drawn from the letter and its contents is that at the time of mailing thereof decedent was irrational and had been for some time; that the documents were in her possession in Florida and that Mr. Scott, without her knowledge and without instructions from her at the time, mailed them to appellant. A physical delivery by a third party under such circumstances cannot complete a gift.
A motion by appellee to dismiss the appeal was denied, without prejudice, on February 14, 1940. It has again been renewed and after consideration thereof we find the points raised to be without merit. The motion is denied.
The decree entered in the trial court is vacated, and one may be entered dismissing plaintiff’s bill of complaint and quieting title to The property in question in the estate of Emma R. Wood, deceased. Appellant shall recover costs.
Bushnell, C. J., and Sharpe, North, McAllister, Wiest, and Butzel, JJ., concurred. The late Justice Potter took no part in this decision. | [
-0.0113525390625,
0.0152587890625,
-0.0235595703125,
0.0159912109375,
-0.027587890625,
-0.02685546875,
-0.01055908203125,
0.01080322265625,
0.038330078125,
0.034423828125,
0.0771484375,
-0.0107421875,
0.0299072265625,
0.00958251953125,
0.006439208984375,
0.01141357421875,
-0.04150390625,
0.007080078125,
-0.0220947265625,
0.0419921875,
0.0277099609375,
-0.00145721435546875,
-0.05126953125,
-0.015380859375,
-0.041015625,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.0045166015625,
-0.00909423828125,
0.0732421875,
0.0244140625,
-0.00823974609375,
0.0014495849609375,
0.00335693359375,
-0.031494140625,
0.008544921875,
-0.00128173828125,
0.0478515625,
-0.054443359375,
0.0078125,
0.005157470703125,
0.000278472900390625,
0.0024261474609375,
0.044189453125,
0.01226806640625,
-0.057373046875,
-0.016845703125,
-0.046142578125,
-0.035888671875,
0.0203857421875,
-0.023681640625,
0.0164794921875,
-0.008056640625,
0.03125,
-0.0101318359375,
0.005950927734375,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.02197265625,
-0.00396728515625,
0.0361328125,
0.03369140625,
-0.07470703125,
0.009765625,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.004180908203125,
0.05126953125,
-0.0030517578125,
0.037353515625,
-0.015380859375,
-0.0169677734375,
0.02734375,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.005950927734375,
0.0299072265625,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.00689697265625,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.035400390625,
-0.005340576171875,
0.018798828125,
0.01806640625,
-0.031005859375,
0.0196533203125,
0.013671875,
-0.033203125,
-0.0019989013671875,
-0.0205078125,
0.01043701171875,
0.0238037109375,
0.01251220703125,
-0.03564453125,
0.06982421875,
-0.0003223419189453125,
0.0155029296875,
0.032470703125,
0.044189453125,
-0.026123046875,
0.02294921875,
0.040771484375,
-0.01092529296875,
0.05126953125,
0.028564453125,
-0.0020751953125,
0.07568359375,
0.0093994140625,
0.03173828125,
0.006927490234375,
0.005462646484375,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.01214599609375,
0.004852294921875,
0.012451171875,
0.017333984375,
-0.0036773681640625,
-0.04052734375,
0.0118408203125,
-0.0128173828125,
0.01068115234375,
-0.058837890625,
-0.041015625,
0.0284423828125,
0.00390625,
0.019287109375,
-0.040771484375,
0.01446533203125,
0.0152587890625,
-0.0027313232421875,
0.0458984375,
0.0206298828125,
0.00714111328125,
0.036865234375,
0.0091552734375,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.0023651123046875,
0.021728515625,
0.036376953125,
0.008056640625,
0.02734375,
0.0458984375,
0.000492095947265625,
0.036865234375,
0.0478515625,
-0.03369140625,
0.04541015625,
0.0181884765625,
0.03076171875,
-0.00970458984375,
0.0341796875,
-0.07958984375,
-0.0078125,
-0.050537109375,
0.0230712890625,
0.035400390625,
0.03564453125,
0.05126953125,
-0.01708984375,
0.04833984375,
-0.01263427734375,
0.01080322265625,
-0.0103759765625,
0.00186920166015625,
0.00016117095947265625,
0.01123046875,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.003936767578125,
-0.0012054443359375,
0.005889892578125,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.005035400390625,
0.04931640625,
0.0140380859375,
-0.07373046875,
-0.045166015625,
0.031494140625,
0.0103759765625,
0.07958984375,
-0.038818359375,
-0.00848388671875,
0.0164794921875,
-0.0211181640625,
0.039794921875,
0.032958984375,
0.0067138671875,
0.0216064453125,
-0.023681640625,
0.01177978515625,
-0.0439453125,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.007415771484375,
0.017822265625,
-0.01025390625,
-0.0013885498046875,
0.004425048828125,
-0.004608154296875,
0.037109375,
-0.0283203125,
-0.015625,
0.015625,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.040283203125,
-0.0181884765625,
0.01043701171875,
0.041259765625,
0.0093994140625,
-0.043701171875,
0.03515625,
0.052978515625,
-0.0240478515625,
0.04345703125,
0.0096435546875,
0.00335693359375,
0.006591796875,
-0.026123046875,
-0.018310546875,
0.0478515625,
-0.02001953125,
0.0296630859375,
-0.06640625,
0.031005859375,
-0.0111083984375,
0.021484375,
-0.01080322265625,
0.0224609375,
-0.007568359375,
-0.02685546875,
0.0615234375,
0.011962890625,
0.00127410888671875,
0.006011962890625,
-0.023681640625,
0.004638671875,
-0.0152587890625,
0.0673828125,
-0.01904296875,
-0.0035858154296875,
0.039794921875,
0.01434326171875,
-0.005584716796875,
-0.001983642578125,
0.0030517578125,
0.040283203125,
0.05712890625,
0.0299072265625,
-0.0272216796875,
0.03857421875,
-0.018310546875,
-0.00421142578125,
-0.008056640625,
0.0247802734375,
-0.01434326171875,
0.035400390625,
-0.012939453125,
0.04296875,
0.01153564453125,
0.037841796875,
0.038330078125,
0.0194091796875,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.037353515625,
0.02587890625,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.05419921875,
-0.000331878662109375,
0.03125,
-0.033447265625,
0.0654296875,
-0.031982421875,
-0.017822265625,
-0.037109375,
-0.033203125,
-0.04833984375,
-0.00286865234375,
0.0030517578125,
-0.0205078125,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0001678466796875,
-0.046142578125,
0.0185546875,
-0.049072265625,
0.002410888671875,
0.031494140625,
-0.06298828125,
0.00799560546875,
-0.0185546875,
0.018798828125,
-0.048828125,
0.029052734375,
0.00018978118896484375,
0.0341796875,
0.0010986328125,
-0.004547119140625,
-0.05810546875,
0.0079345703125,
0.06494140625,
-0.021240234375,
0.00103759765625,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.0244140625,
0.00830078125,
-0.0537109375,
0.0235595703125,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.00811767578125,
0.045166015625,
0.01348876953125,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.0087890625,
0.0169677734375,
-0.01300048828125,
0.0277099609375,
0.0225830078125,
0.0142822265625,
-0.038818359375,
0.0693359375,
-0.00113677978515625,
-0.058837890625,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.031005859375,
0.01055908203125,
0.01348876953125,
-0.04150390625,
-0.00848388671875,
0.03173828125,
0.037353515625,
0.004150390625,
-0.057861328125,
-0.011962890625,
0.001983642578125,
-0.0263671875,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.0230712890625,
0.0020599365234375,
-0.01226806640625,
0.00775146484375,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.021240234375,
-0.0302734375,
-0.01123046875,
0.04931640625,
-0.034912109375,
-0.007354736328125,
0.0296630859375,
-0.012451171875,
0.031982421875,
0.033935546875,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.022705078125,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.00616455078125,
-0.016357421875,
-0.0017547607421875,
-0.045166015625,
0.0269775390625,
0.03076171875,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.0021209716796875,
0.072265625,
-0.00640869140625,
0.005126953125,
0.0181884765625,
0.021484375,
-0.0400390625,
-0.045654296875,
0.0250244140625,
-0.03076171875,
0.054931640625,
-0.050048828125,
0.06640625,
0.049560546875,
-0.041259765625,
-0.01904296875,
-0.013427734375,
-0.030517578125,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.01043701171875,
0.042724609375,
0.014404296875,
0.018310546875,
0.01507568359375,
0.031494140625,
0.044921875,
0.00390625,
0.00098419189453125,
-0.0028076171875,
-0.01190185546875,
0.01495361328125,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.0189208984375,
0.017578125,
0.000774383544921875,
-0.0419921875,
-0.042724609375,
0.0238037109375,
0.02783203125,
-0.007354736328125,
-0.0052490234375,
0.00518798828125,
0.04150390625,
0.01495361328125,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.0849609375,
-0.005706787109375,
-0.07763671875,
0.0299072265625,
-0.007537841796875,
0.0186767578125,
-0.0201416015625,
0.01287841796875,
0.053466796875,
0.037353515625,
0.055908203125,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.03662109375,
0.0033416748046875,
0.0439453125,
0.0172119140625,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.034423828125,
0.054931640625,
0.05224609375,
0.01214599609375,
-0.057861328125,
0.0052490234375,
-0.052734375,
0.022216796875,
-0.01123046875,
-0.005401611328125,
0.0172119140625,
0.03076171875,
0.0031890869140625,
0.0089111328125,
0.052001953125,
-0.0174560546875,
0.015625,
-0.016357421875,
0.033203125,
0.03125,
0.04443359375,
-0.01318359375,
-0.0390625,
-0.00421142578125,
0.033203125,
0.038330078125,
-0.000774383544921875,
0.041259765625,
0.0045166015625,
0.029296875,
-0.02880859375,
0.042724609375,
0.0167236328125,
-0.033203125,
-0.025634765625,
0.06396484375,
0.006988525390625,
0.0380859375,
-0.031494140625,
0.0284423828125,
-0.007049560546875,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.0023345947265625,
-0.00118255615234375,
0.044921875,
0.0107421875,
0.01470947265625,
0.04296875,
-0.01153564453125,
0.01092529296875,
0.042236328125,
0.02197265625,
-0.0191650390625,
0.027099609375,
-0.006988525390625,
0.0230712890625,
-0.0072021484375,
-0.006866455078125,
0.01123046875,
-0.01287841796875,
0.03173828125,
-0.00982666015625,
0.009765625,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.03173828125,
-0.0224609375,
-0.0322265625,
0.049560546875,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.0166015625,
-0.03173828125,
-0.041015625,
-0.051025390625,
-0.06689453125,
0.00634765625,
0.00567626953125,
0.02099609375,
-0.005126953125,
0.013916015625,
-0.00011205673217773438,
0.002349853515625,
-0.06640625,
-0.03662109375,
-0.02001953125,
-0.011474609375,
0.051025390625,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.00014781951904296875,
0.000591278076171875,
0.03076171875,
0.0279541015625,
0.00897216796875,
0.0673828125,
-0.00579833984375,
0.003173828125,
0.02490234375,
0.059814453125,
-0.03515625,
-0.03173828125,
0.0283203125,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.00579833984375,
0.029052734375,
0.019287109375,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0703125,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.0205078125,
-0.048095703125,
-0.044921875,
-0.006011962890625,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.005889892578125,
-0.01025390625,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.06689453125,
0.05126953125,
-0.00021457672119140625,
0.0164794921875,
-0.08544921875,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.01239013671875,
0.01611328125,
0.0140380859375,
0.0205078125,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0673828125,
-0.015869140625,
-0.0224609375,
-0.040283203125,
-0.03076171875,
-0.010009765625,
-0.032470703125,
0.0024261474609375,
0.037841796875,
-0.0106201171875,
0.037109375,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0201416015625,
0.0537109375,
-0.03857421875,
-0.03173828125,
-0.05859375,
0.0240478515625,
-0.0027923583984375,
-0.018310546875,
-0.0177001953125,
0.01385498046875,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.00927734375,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.02294921875,
-0.034423828125,
-0.06689453125,
0.0294189453125,
0.002838134765625,
-0.027099609375,
-0.023681640625,
-0.0380859375,
0.0235595703125,
-0.023193359375,
0.0177001953125,
0.091796875,
-0.033203125,
0.0166015625,
-0.032958984375,
0.0206298828125,
0.0123291015625,
-0.06591796875,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.08349609375,
-0.015380859375,
-0.0478515625,
-0.0400390625,
0.041259765625,
0.0380859375,
-0.020263671875,
0.011962890625,
-0.041015625,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.0235595703125,
0.07080078125,
0.0157470703125,
0.0240478515625,
0.056884765625,
-0.033203125,
-0.0302734375,
0.04150390625,
0.037109375,
0.00823974609375,
-0.04248046875,
0.0130615234375,
0.012939453125,
-0.01507568359375,
0.050048828125,
0.03271484375,
-0.04833984375,
0.00897216796875,
0.01116943359375,
-0.06103515625,
0.0019073486328125,
-0.038330078125,
0.0196533203125,
0.06103515625,
-0.0167236328125,
0.022705078125,
0.042724609375,
-0.00628662109375,
0.028564453125,
-0.0233154296875,
0.0263671875,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.046630859375,
0.03271484375,
0.004425048828125,
-0.0017852783203125,
-0.0093994140625,
0.0001964569091796875,
0.03515625,
0.018310546875,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0002918243408203125,
-0.006866455078125,
0.06201171875,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.01092529296875,
0.0279541015625,
0.0223388671875,
-0.0478515625,
-0.056640625,
-0.0294189453125,
0.02734375,
-0.006683349609375,
-0.078125,
-0.0225830078125,
0.03466796875,
0.0223388671875,
0.033935546875,
-0.00469970703125,
-0.0380859375,
-0.0014190673828125,
0.0111083984375,
-0.036376953125,
0.0234375,
0.0142822265625,
0.01708984375,
-0.0224609375,
-0.0615234375,
0.01361083984375,
0.05029296875,
-0.03369140625,
0.028564453125,
-0.006866455078125,
0.03271484375,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.0498046875,
-0.040771484375,
-0.041748046875,
0.012451171875,
0.00592041015625,
-0.0031890869140625,
-0.0185546875,
-0.039794921875,
-0.004058837890625,
0.0296630859375,
-0.0634765625,
0.023681640625,
-0.0191650390625,
0.0224609375,
0.042724609375,
-0.0262451171875,
0.01171875,
0.02490234375,
0.010986328125,
0.06298828125,
-0.05126953125,
-0.008056640625,
-0.004638671875,
-0.006500244140625,
-0.015380859375,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.059814453125,
-0.054443359375,
-0.007080078125,
-0.02099609375,
-0.033935546875,
0.0162353515625,
0.0284423828125,
-0.03662109375,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.01025390625,
0.02001953125,
-0.059326171875,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.0086669921875,
0.0283203125,
0.068359375,
0.0005035400390625,
0.010986328125,
0.01007080078125,
0.0299072265625,
0.0322265625,
-0.031494140625,
0.0017852783203125,
0.0269775390625,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.024169921875,
-0.06640625,
-0.007354736328125,
0.00872802734375,
0.016357421875,
0.0281982421875,
-0.0201416015625,
0.025146484375,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.052734375,
0.0263671875,
-0.05517578125,
-0.044921875,
0.01348876953125,
0.029296875,
0.0203857421875,
0.01611328125,
0.01806640625,
-0.000240325927734375,
0.006103515625,
-0.017822265625,
0.01220703125,
0.0185546875,
-0.036376953125,
0.03369140625,
0.0179443359375,
0.005645751953125,
0.015380859375,
0.0341796875,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.06103515625,
0.0029449462890625,
-0.00177001953125,
0.004302978515625,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.031005859375,
-0.00421142578125,
0.012939453125,
0.033447265625,
0.0277099609375,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.028564453125,
0.0223388671875,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.008056640625,
-0.042236328125,
-0.049560546875,
0.0245361328125,
0.0098876953125,
-0.00616455078125,
0.060546875,
-0.038818359375,
-0.01513671875,
-0.013916015625,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.0537109375,
0.0400390625,
0.01220703125,
0.030517578125,
-0.00164794921875,
-0.00390625,
0.048828125,
0.0242919921875,
0.02587890625,
0.0390625,
0.000946044921875,
0.033203125,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0196533203125,
0.0322265625,
-0.00433349609375,
-0.0322265625,
0.00157928466796875,
-0.010009765625,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.0546875,
-0.043701171875,
0.009765625,
-0.0233154296875,
0.0029296875,
0.0028228759765625,
-0.00567626953125,
0.00170135498046875,
-0.0012969970703125,
0.0291748046875,
0.010986328125,
0.02587890625,
0.0213623046875,
0.0289306640625,
-0.00125885009765625,
0.0185546875,
-0.0087890625,
-0.056884765625,
-0.0157470703125,
0.007080078125,
0.01019287109375,
-0.004150390625,
-0.033935546875,
0.0341796875,
-0.0064697265625,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.0177001953125,
0.0020751953125,
-0.05126953125,
0.0224609375,
-0.00653076171875,
0.0252685546875,
-0.004791259765625,
0.00775146484375,
0.02490234375,
-0.0042724609375,
-0.00787353515625,
0.00823974609375,
0.04150390625,
0.01953125,
-0.0673828125,
-0.01275634765625,
0.00604248046875,
-0.007568359375,
0.037109375,
-0.0274658203125,
0.036865234375,
0.01025390625,
-0.039794921875,
-0.048583984375,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.01318359375,
-0.035400390625,
-0.01220703125,
0.0172119140625,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.0245361328125,
0.006591796875,
-0.0419921875,
0.0035552978515625,
0.0093994140625,
-0.04052734375,
0.034912109375,
-0.007171630859375,
0.050048828125,
0.01953125,
-0.037109375,
0.033203125,
-0.013671875,
0.048828125,
-0.06640625,
0.044921875,
0.007110595703125,
-0.043701171875,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.033203125,
-0.00897216796875,
0.00823974609375,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.049560546875,
-0.02490234375,
0.043701171875,
-0.000759124755859375,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.025634765625,
0.00115966796875,
0.00836181640625,
0.02392578125,
0.016357421875,
0.00124359130859375,
-0.006011962890625,
-0.000732421875,
0.028076171875,
-0.00128173828125,
0.0024261474609375,
0.0091552734375,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.043212890625,
-0.048828125,
-0.006744384765625,
-0.02587890625,
0.0191650390625,
0.0155029296875,
0.01263427734375,
-0.0234375,
-0.032470703125,
0.0120849609375,
-0.03564453125,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.0020294189453125,
0.007080078125,
-0.00811767578125,
0.03857421875,
0.0218505859375,
-0.0634765625,
0.2412109375,
0.0252685546875,
-0.0166015625,
0.003997802734375,
0.0159912109375,
0.04833984375,
-0.0028839111328125,
0.01165771484375,
-0.047119140625,
0.0076904296875,
-0.001068115234375,
-0.003143310546875,
-0.005828857421875,
0.0244140625,
0.018798828125,
0.036376953125,
-0.038818359375,
0.05126953125,
0.006744384765625,
-0.0419921875,
0.00439453125,
-0.003509521484375,
-0.0030975341796875,
0.080078125,
0.047607421875,
-0.00927734375,
0.0155029296875,
-0.06640625,
-0.00830078125,
-0.06689453125,
0.01336669921875,
-0.054443359375,
0.02392578125,
-0.041015625,
0.0076904296875,
0.078125,
-0.000274658203125,
-0.003570556640625,
0.00384521484375,
0.0035552978515625,
-0.0062255859375,
0.02783203125,
-0.015625,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.0208740234375,
0.00640869140625,
-0.05517578125,
0.07421875,
0.043212890625,
-0.047119140625,
0.0093994140625,
0.005401611328125,
0.04931640625,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.01318359375,
0.032470703125,
0.01416015625,
-0.006439208984375,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0238037109375,
0.0233154296875,
0.0157470703125,
-0.01263427734375,
0.037353515625,
0.036376953125,
0.06103515625,
0.058837890625,
-0.00151824951171875,
-0.0125732421875,
0.0023345947265625,
0.0027313232421875,
-0.02734375,
-0.044189453125,
-0.0184326171875,
0.08056640625,
0.006256103515625,
-0.03564453125,
0.01611328125,
0.0634765625,
-0.02685546875,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.072265625,
-0.02099609375,
0.0220947265625,
0.01171875,
0.01483154296875,
0.026123046875,
-0.03125,
0.0096435546875,
0.00537109375,
0.02783203125,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.004974365234375,
0.0159912109375,
0.005889892578125
] |
Sharpe, J.
Petitioner, receiver of the Lapeer Farmers Mutual Fire Insurance Association and plaintiff in a chancery suit against one John Riley, petitions this court for a writ of mandamus commanding the circuit judge to vacate an order transferring the above-mentioned cause from the chancery to the law side of the court.
On February 11, 1942, petitioner, as receiver of the insurance association, filed a bill of complaint in the circuit court of Lapeer county, in chancery, against one John Riley, a resident of Lapeer county, to impress a lien and provide for the foreclosure of the same against certain property owned by defendant. He alleged that the insurance association was a corporation organized in 1871 for mutual insurance of its members and subject to Act No. 256, Pub. Acts 1917, as amended; that on September 17, 1935, by proceedings in the circuit court of Ingham county, in chancery, the association was placed in receivership; that on July 27, 1910, the receiver levied assessments against persons who, as owners of property insured, were members of the association between January 1, 1927, and September 17, 1935, pursuant to the order of the Ingham county circuit court, in chancery, in the receivership proceedings; that defendant was the owner of certain property insured by the association from October 18, 1928, to September 17, 1935; that the pro rata share of the assessment due from the owner of said property was $106.87, which defendant refused to pay; that by virtue of 3 Comp. Laws 1929, § 12602 (Stat. Ann. § 21.152), plaintiff has a lien upon the property so insured to the amount of the assessment; and that plaintiff has a lien upon the property by virtue of section 8 of the charter of the association, which defendant by his membership in the association agreed to and became bound by and which reads as follows:
“It is hereby agreed and understood that said unpaid assessment shall be considered as a lien on the whole or any part of the property, both real and personal, insured, to the amount of such assessment, together with all necessary expenses, fees and costs from collecting said assessment, including attorney’s fee.”
Defendant Riley appeared in his proper person and filed a motion to dismiss plaintiff’s bill of com plaint upon the ground, among others, that the bill does not state a cause of action cognizable in equity and that plaintiff has an adequate remedy at law.
After hearing, the trial court dismissed the bill but, later, on reconsideration and rehearing of the motion to dismiss, entered an order vacating his order dismissing the bill and transferred the case to the law side of the court under 3 Comp. Laws 1929, §14008 (Stat. Ann. § 27.652).
Plaintiff now petitions this court for a writ of mandamus directing the trial court to vacate his order transferring the cause to the law side of the court, claiming that he has a valid cause of action in chancery for a lien upon the property.
An order to show cause was issued and the trial court in his return states as follows:
“Defendant further returns that his determination that plaintiff’s bill of complaint did not state a case maintainable in equity was based solely upon his conclusion that plaintiff is not given a lien against the property insured either by the statute or the provisions of the “Charter,” both of which relate themselves only to assessments levied by the company or association, and not to receiver’s assessments, as to which there is no comparable provision in those portions of the statutes relating to liquidation. * * *
“Defendant respectfully calls attention to th¡e fact that the motion to dismiss plaintiff’s bill of complaint below is based also on other grounds, which defendant overruled, but which, if found to be well taken, would require dismissal of the bill of complaint, rather than a transfer of the case to the law side of the court; and suggests that, in view of the fact that numerous other cases are pending in which similar questions are raised, it is desirable that all the reasons upon which dismissal is asked be considered and passed upon.” '
Section 14008, 3 Comp. Laws 1929 (Stat. Ann. §27.652), provides:
“If at any time it appear that a suit commenced in equity should have been brought as an action on the law side of the court, or if it appear that an action commenced on the law side of the court should have been brought in equity, it shall be forthwith transferred to the proper side, and be there proceeded with, with only such alteration in the pleadings as shall be essential.”
Of first importance is to determine whether it is discretionary upon the part of the trial judge to transfer a cause from the law side to the chancery side or vice versa.
In Lake Superior Brass Foundry Co. v. Houghton Circuit Judge, 209 Mich. 380, we had occasion to construe 3 Comp. Laws 1915, § 12351, which is identical to 3 Comp. Laws 1929, § 14008. We there said:
“The making of such an order (transferring a case) is not, in our opinion, discretionary. When the court concludes that plaintiff has failed to make out a case which entitles him to its submission to the jury for the reason that the matters involved are the subject of equitable jurisdiction, the order must be made pursuant to the statute.”
See, also, Genyk v. Nagrich, 255 Mich. 189; White Star Refining Co. v. Evans, 269 Mich. 636.
It would appear from the above authorities that the transfer of a cause from law to equity or vice versa is not discretionary on the part of the trial judge. We are next confronted with the question of whether mandamus is. the proper remedy to review the trial court’s order transferring the case under 3 Comp. Laws 1929, § 14008.
In Michigan Mutual Fire Insurance Co. v. Wayne Circuit Judge, 112 Mich. 270, we said:
“It is a general rule that the writ (mandamus) will not lie where the law has provided another remedy. It is said a writ of mandamus issues because there is no other adequate remedy, and justice and good government require a redress of the wrong. A court will not be required by this writ to take any action when another remedy is provided. It will not take the place of an appeal or writ of error. Merrill, Mandamus, §§ 201, 209. * * * The writ will be entertained when the court has refused to retain jurisdiction, supposing it had no jurisdiction when it had jurisdiction in fact, because, if the writ was not entertained under such circumstances, the party would be without remedy.”
In Globe Indemnity Co. v. Richer, 264 Mich. 224, in discussing the question of when the writ of mandamus will issue, we said: “It will be granted only when the duty of the circuit judge is imperative and not discretionary.”
In Toan v. McGinn, 271 Mich. 28, 34, we said:
“To support mandamus, plaintiffs must have a clear legal right to performance of the specific duty sought to be compelled; defendants must have the clear legal duty to perform such act; and it must be a ministerial act, one ‘where the law prescribes and defines the duty to be performed with such precision and certainty as to leave nothing to the exercise of discretion or judgment.’ 38 C. J. p. 598. See, also, Globe Indemnity Co. v. Richer, 264 Mich. 224; Sezor v. Proctor & Gamble Soap Co., 267 Mich. 128.”
And in People, ex rel. Township of LaGrange, v. State Treasurer, 24 Mich. 468, 477, we said:
“In cases where the right is clear and specific, and public officers or tribunals refuse to comply with their duty, a writ of mandamus issues for the very purpose, as declared by Lord Mansfield, of enforcing specific relief. It is the inadequacy, and not the mere absence, of all other legal remedies, and the danger of a failure of justice without it, that must usually determine the propriety of this writ. Where none but specific relief will do justice, specific relief should be granted if practicable. And where a right is single and specific it usually is practicable. ’ ’
See, also, Chemical Bank & Trust Co. v. County of Oakland, 264 Mich. 673; National Bank of Detroit v. State Land Office Board, 300 Mich. 240.
It follows from the above authorities that in the case at bar mandamus is the proper method by which plaintiff may obtain a review of the order transferring the cause.
The order of transfer involved in this case, in effect, decided that plaintiff’s bill of complaint did not state a cause of action over which a court of equity has jurisdiction, but did state a cause of action cognizable by the law side of the court. The only question involved in this review is whether the court of equity is the proper forum to decide the alleged cause of action stated in plaintiff’s bill of complaint.
Plaintiff’s contention that equity is the proper forum is based upon a claimed lien against certain property arising from 3 Comp. Laws 1929, § 12269 (Stat. Ann. § 24.46), and § 12602 (Stat. Ann. §24.452), as well as section 8 of the charter of the association. It is the claim that under section 12269, a receiver has the same authority to make assessments as the officers of the corporation for which the receiver acts; and that under section 12602, and section 8 of the charter, a lien follows an assessment.
In Frost v. Atwood, 73 Mich. 67, 73 (16 Am. St. Rep. 560), we said:
“No rule is better settled than that liens can only be created by agreement, or by some fixed rule of law.”
The statutory clause as to a lien for mutual fire, cyclone and hail insurance companies is included in 3 Comp. Laws 1929, § 12602, which reads as follows:
“The articles of association and bylaws of any such company organized under or subject to the provisions of this chapter, may provide for the receiving of applications or agreements from its members for insurance, with or without taking from the insured any premium note or notes; and it shall be lawful for such mutual insurance companies, to make assessments upon such agreements, or policies issued thereon, or upon the premium note or notes, as the case may be, pro rata, according to the amount of such agreement or policies, or premium note or notes for payment of the losses and expense incurred by such companies, and all such premium notes, or agreements or assessments, shall be a lien upon the property insured to the amount of such note, notes, agreements, assessments, costs and interest thereon.”
In our opinion the above statute clearly authorizes mutual insurance companies to make assessments for payment of losses and expense incurred by the company; and makes such assessments a lien upon the property. In the case at bar, section 8 of the charter of the association specifically provides:
“When amount of losses and expenses have been determined by the board, the secretary-treasurer shall on # * * mail notice of said assessment and amount due, to each member of this association * * * which assessment shall be due and payable to the secretary-treasurer or his receiver, without expense to the association * * * and in default of payment of said assessment he, she or they shall be and is thereby suspended until he, she or they pay said assessment, and it is hereby agreed and understood that said unpaid assessment shall be considered as a lien on the whole or any part of the property, both real and personal insured, to the amount of such assessment together with all necessary expenses and fees.”
It is urged by John Biley that the above statute (3 Comp. Laws 1929, § 12602) makes no mention of a receiver having a lien for unpaid assessments; that the statute relates only to a company assessment which has been made according to the statutory and charter provisions; and that the statute fails to provide means of enforcement of a lien. We are not in accord with this position.
Section 12269, 3 Comp. Laws 1929 (Stat. Ann. § 24.46), provides as follows:
“The commissioner of insurance or his deputy or special deputy, acting under the provisions of this chapter in any liquidation proceedings, shall have all the powers of a receiver in insolvency proceedings, and may do and perform any act for the protection of the assets or the recovery of the same, and for the settlement or discharge of the obligations of the insurance company, that may be necessary or that may be directed by the court. He shall have the same authority to make assessments upon stockholders or members of the company as the officers thereof are authorized to make under the provisions of this act, and it shall be his duty to make such assessments, ratably in any case where authorized, to any extent that may be necessary to discharge the whole obligations, existing at any time during such receivership or insolvency proceedings. He may bring suit to recover and enforce such assessments in any court of competent jurisdiction against the members or stockholders, as the case may be, or by direction of the court having jurisdiction of the liquidation, may bring such suit or suits in the circuit court without regard to the amount involved. Such receiver shall be held accountable to the circuit court of the county having jurisdiction for his actions in the premises.”
Under the above statute a receiver not only has the power to make assessments upon stockholders, but, under certain circumstances, it is his duty to do so; and “he may bring suit to recover and enforce such assessments in any court of competent jurisdiction.” In our opinion, an assessment made by a receiver has the same force and effect as if made by the proper officers of the company before insolvency.
We are not in accord with John Riley’s position that a receiver may not enforce a lien for unpaid assessments. While it is true that the statute makes no provision for the enforcement of a lien, in 21 C. J. p. 118 the rule is stated as follows: “But where a lien is created by statute, and no adequate or exclusive remedy is provided for enforcing it, resort to a court of equity may generally be had. ’ ’
“Except where there is a full and complete remedy at law, a court of equity has general jurisdiction to enforce liens, and in the absence of statute, will foreclose them in obedience to the well-settled rules of equity jurisprudence.” 37 C. J. p. 340.
In Huggins v. Home Mutual Fire Ins. Co., 107 Miss. 650, 662 (65 South. 646), it was said:
“We are of opinion that the jurisdiction of the chancery court to enforce the remedy prayed for is inherent, and it was not necessary for the statute to confer upon the court the power to enforce the lien. The statute gives the right, and the court has the power to enforce same.”
In State of California v. Hisey (C. C. A.), 84 Fed. (2d) 802, it was contended that a lien for taxes does not exist when there is no right to enforce the same. The court there said :
‘ ‘Upon that basis he contends that there is no preferential right which can be enforced in receivership proceedings because there is no method of enforcing the lien and consequently no lien, and hence, no priority. The State contends that in the absence of any specific statute authorizing a court of equity to enforce the lien for these taxes, it can nevertheless do so in the exercise of its general equitable power. This is a general rule as to the power of a court of equity to enforce liens and is declared by the California supreme court in Hibernia Savings & Loan Society v. London & Lancashire Fire Ins. Co., 138 Cal. 257 (71 Pac. 334). It follows that the State is entitled to a lien on the property in the hands of the receiver and therefore to preferential payment. Pauley v. State of California (C. C. A.), 75 Fed. (2d) 120.”
It is to be noted that the pleadings in the chancery case show that defendant Riley made a motion to dismiss in which the claims are made that the action is premature; that the cause of action is barred by the statute of limitations; †that the plaintiff has no legal capacity to sue in Lapeer county; that the claim is void under the statute of frauds; that on September 17, 1931, the charter of the association was terminated and subsequent to such termination its officers and directors with the knowledge and consent of the insurance commissioner violated the laws of the State of Michigan, in filing reports and financial statements with said insurance commissioner.
This motion, with the reasons therein stated, raises issues going to the merits of plaintiff’s cause of action. "We have been urged to pass upon these questions. This we cannot do in this proceeding as “a transfer of the cause is not an adjudication of right of recovery.” (Kuberski v. Panfil, 275 Mich. 495.) In a transfer of a cause, defendant does not lose the right to contest plaintiff’s alleged cause of action. All such questions can be raised on the side of the court to which the cause has been transferred. Banks v. Wayne Circuit Judge, 221 Mich. 147; Brennen v. Livingston Circuit Judge, 229 Mich. 426. In making the transfer in the case at bar, the trial court took into consideration only plaintiff’s bill of complaint.
In the equity case, defendant Eiley also raised the question that the bill of complaint failed to comply with the requirements of Court Eule No. 17, §5 (1933), in that a copy of the insurance policy was not attached to the bill of complaint. In our opinion, Court Eule No. 19, §5 (1933), governs in the instant case. It is there provided:
“In declaring upon a policy of insurance it shall not be necessary to set forth specifically any more than the execution, the date, the amount of the policy, the premium paid or to be paid, the property or risk insured, the interest of the insured, and the loss.”
There was compliance with this rule.
Defendant Eiley has filed in this court a motion to dismiss plaintiff’s petition for writ of mandamus and the order to show cause because plaintiff has failed to comply with the provisions of Court Eule No. 60 (1933), which requires that leave to appeal must be applied for and obtained in mandamus pro ceeding’s; and because plaintiff failed to comply with 3 Comp. Laws 1929, §15184 (Stat. Ann. §27.2228), which requires that the return of the trial judge must be settled after due and proper notice to the applicant for the writ; and because the procedure adopted herein constitutes a deprivation of the rights and properties of John Riley, defendant in the chancery suit.
Under our present rules there are optional methods of review in the case at bar. It may be done by original writ of mandamus or appeal in the nature of mandamus. In the instant case, plaintiff sought an original writ from this court. Authority for the issuance of such a writ is found in Const. 1908, art. 7, § 4, and 3 Comp. Laws 1929, § 13535 (Stat. Ann. § 27.29). Court Rule No. 60 (1933) has no application to a writ issued by virtue of our original jurisdiction, but applies only when there is an appeal in the nature of mandamus.
Defendant Riley also filed in this court a motion to remove the mandamus case from the June term 1942 docket upon the theory that plaintiff failed to comply with Court Rule No. 70 (1933) in that plaintiff did not give defendant 20-days’ notice of bringing the cause on for a hearing.
In the case at bar, an order to show cause was issued upon the presentation of the petition for a writ of mandamus. Under our practice, a hearing on such an order is treated as a motion. The files and record show that a proper notice for hearing as for a motion was given.
Petitioner is entitled to have his case tried on the equity side of the court and, if necessary, the writ of mandamus will issue.
Chandler, C. J., and Boyles, North, Starr, Butzel, and Bushnell, JJ., concurred. Wiest, J., did not sit.
See 3 Comp. Laws 1929 and Comp. Laws Supp. 1940, § 12243 et seq. (Stat. Ann. and Stat. Ann. 1941 Cum. Supp. § 24.1 et seq.).— Reporter.
3 Comp. Laws 1929, § 13976 et seq. (Stat. Ann. § 27.605).—Re-porter.
3 Comp. Laws 1929, §§13417, 13435, 13439 (Stat. Ann. §§ 26.922, 26.972, 26.976).—Reporter. | [
-0.01904296875,
0.018798828125,
0.0252685546875,
0.061767578125,
-0.04736328125,
0.015625,
0.01080322265625,
-0.03759765625,
0.007568359375,
0.025390625,
0.03564453125,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.00836181640625,
0.01031494140625,
-0.0250244140625,
0.0010986328125,
-0.002288818359375,
0.033447265625,
0.01153564453125,
0.031494140625,
0.0098876953125,
-0.00168609619140625,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.005279541015625,
-0.01513671875,
-0.01007080078125,
0.0137939453125,
-0.01104736328125,
0.06640625,
0.0277099609375,
-0.02294921875,
-0.022216796875,
-0.008056640625,
0.01531982421875,
-0.04345703125,
-0.026123046875,
0.05126953125,
-0.07666015625,
-0.020751953125,
-0.042724609375,
0.005157470703125,
0.0306396484375,
0.05517578125,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.0146484375,
-0.040771484375,
-0.00726318359375,
-0.008544921875,
0.048828125,
-0.027587890625,
0.01239013671875,
-0.0087890625,
0.0235595703125,
-0.05517578125,
-0.031494140625,
-0.068359375,
0.0118408203125,
-0.033447265625,
0.029052734375,
0.006622314453125,
-0.002410888671875,
-0.01495361328125,
0.02490234375,
-0.01544189453125,
0.029052734375,
0.048095703125,
-0.0081787109375,
0.0098876953125,
-0.00054931640625,
-0.03759765625,
0.0250244140625,
0.01080322265625,
-0.003082275390625,
0.004486083984375,
0.0272216796875,
0.012451171875,
-0.015625,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.0089111328125,
0.01397705078125,
0.00836181640625,
0.03662109375,
0.003936767578125,
-0.047119140625,
0.033203125,
0.0155029296875,
0.04296875,
-0.0022735595703125,
0.0361328125,
-0.034912109375,
0.05322265625,
-0.05517578125,
-0.023193359375,
0.076171875,
0.01239013671875,
-0.007537841796875,
0.01611328125,
0.0172119140625,
0.00139617919921875,
0.039306640625,
0.034912109375,
-0.003082275390625,
0.047119140625,
-0.0240478515625,
0.01507568359375,
-0.016845703125,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.03759765625,
-0.0234375,
0.00958251953125,
-0.0283203125,
0.039794921875,
0.0028076171875,
-0.019287109375,
-0.032470703125,
-0.037109375,
-0.01495361328125,
0.00193023681640625,
0.0225830078125,
0.07568359375,
-0.006561279296875,
0.0269775390625,
-0.03759765625,
0.0284423828125,
0.0230712890625,
0.0238037109375,
0.03662109375,
-0.0242919921875,
0.0306396484375,
0.0081787109375,
-0.01611328125,
0.003662109375,
0.020751953125,
0.0013885498046875,
-0.024658203125,
0.041015625,
-0.0216064453125,
0.036376953125,
-0.014404296875,
0.0223388671875,
0.01043701171875,
-0.012939453125,
0.0380859375,
0.0166015625,
0.040771484375,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.00494384765625,
-0.047119140625,
0.0302734375,
0.044677734375,
0.0225830078125,
0.0283203125,
0.01190185546875,
0.024658203125,
-0.017822265625,
0.009521484375,
-0.00390625,
0.002349853515625,
-0.003082275390625,
0.003814697265625,
-0.000576019287109375,
-0.034423828125,
0.01904296875,
0.00982666015625,
0.009765625,
-0.037353515625,
-0.00250244140625,
0.033935546875,
0.014404296875,
-0.055419921875,
0.005645751953125,
-0.00009584426879882812,
0.008056640625,
0.055908203125,
0.017578125,
0.00030517578125,
0.0291748046875,
0.01806640625,
0.0026397705078125,
0.044921875,
0.0299072265625,
0.01031494140625,
0.00714111328125,
0.0230712890625,
-0.02880859375,
-0.02734375,
-0.053466796875,
0.0201416015625,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0302734375,
0.0284423828125,
-0.0419921875,
0.011474609375,
-0.00421142578125,
0.0247802734375,
0.01806640625,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.00958251953125,
0.0167236328125,
0.0262451171875,
-0.004852294921875,
-0.045654296875,
0.06298828125,
0.02197265625,
-0.032958984375,
0.07177734375,
0.020263671875,
0.0196533203125,
0.00994873046875,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.0164794921875,
0.09228515625,
-0.019775390625,
0.039794921875,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0250244140625,
0.000896453857421875,
0.06201171875,
-0.014404296875,
0.039306640625,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.03271484375,
0.043212890625,
0.00628662109375,
-0.03564453125,
-0.048828125,
-0.00060272216796875,
-0.02392578125,
0.003662109375,
0.06494140625,
-0.0012359619140625,
0.01177978515625,
0.0625,
0.0302734375,
0.00897216796875,
0.020263671875,
-0.064453125,
0.0301513671875,
0.06298828125,
0.041259765625,
-0.0133056640625,
0.02099609375,
0.022705078125,
-0.023681640625,
-0.02001953125,
0.06201171875,
-0.0284423828125,
0.05029296875,
0.00244140625,
-0.0162353515625,
0.00848388671875,
0.01190185546875,
0.033203125,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0157470703125,
0.0263671875,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.046630859375,
-0.01202392578125,
0.015380859375,
-0.00909423828125,
0.033203125,
0.0036468505859375,
-0.0101318359375,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.052490234375,
-0.027099609375,
-0.01416015625,
-0.015380859375,
-0.010009765625,
-0.046875,
0.036376953125,
-0.045654296875,
0.0284423828125,
-0.02685546875,
0.00159454345703125,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.0478515625,
0.019775390625,
0.00408935546875,
0.034912109375,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0074462890625,
-0.0289306640625,
0.0091552734375,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.0257568359375,
0.015869140625,
0.03173828125,
-0.0224609375,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.021728515625,
-0.020751953125,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.0234375,
-0.040771484375,
0.0106201171875,
-0.05126953125,
-0.05126953125,
0.00830078125,
0.0157470703125,
-0.0228271484375,
0.045166015625,
0.000423431396484375,
0.000637054443359375,
-0.01416015625,
0.020263671875,
0.01507568359375,
0.01483154296875,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0177001953125,
0.0018157958984375,
0.00689697265625,
-0.05419921875,
-0.014892578125,
-0.0089111328125,
0.042724609375,
0.04638671875,
-0.03466796875,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.0546875,
-0.02880859375,
0.0262451171875,
-0.000598907470703125,
-0.007568359375,
0.0238037109375,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.018798828125,
0.0027923583984375,
0.0054931640625,
0.0595703125,
-0.010986328125,
0.0130615234375,
0.0322265625,
-0.006011962890625,
0.046142578125,
0.01348876953125,
0.0179443359375,
0.00787353515625,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.055908203125,
0.017822265625,
-0.034423828125,
0.03759765625,
-0.034912109375,
0.0279541015625,
0.051513671875,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.03662109375,
0.06591796875,
0.01470947265625,
0.0224609375,
-0.0185546875,
-0.0267333984375,
0.00421142578125,
-0.003875732421875,
-0.049560546875,
-0.031005859375,
0.0125732421875,
-0.04443359375,
0.04931640625,
0.07666015625,
-0.01373291015625,
0.007781982421875,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.021484375,
0.004425048828125,
0.00860595703125,
0.031982421875,
-0.029541015625,
0.0283203125,
0.00518798828125,
0.0252685546875,
0.031494140625,
0.037353515625,
-0.025146484375,
0.00347900390625,
0.050048828125,
-0.01953125,
0.00836181640625,
0.013671875,
-0.03271484375,
0.011474609375,
0.00007486343383789062,
-0.056884765625,
-0.01409912109375,
0.017333984375,
-0.0146484375,
0.000885009765625,
-0.0006256103515625,
0.06201171875,
0.01611328125,
-0.0177001953125,
0.053466796875,
-0.03857421875,
0.0166015625,
-0.04345703125,
0.0299072265625,
0.00836181640625,
-0.0264892578125,
0.027099609375,
-0.003204345703125,
0.00640869140625,
0.0289306640625,
0.029296875,
-0.00003647804260253906,
-0.01422119140625,
0.015380859375,
0.0284423828125,
-0.00165557861328125,
-0.002716064453125,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.0016632080078125,
0.01287841796875,
0.041259765625,
-0.02294921875,
0.054931640625,
-0.0101318359375,
0.0167236328125,
-0.000286102294921875,
0.01348876953125,
-0.01373291015625,
0.035888671875,
-0.052490234375,
0.01361083984375,
0.07470703125,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.02734375,
0.01226806640625,
0.01422119140625,
0.064453125,
0.0016937255859375,
-0.04150390625,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.052978515625,
0.01177978515625,
-0.00677490234375,
-0.000823974609375,
0.01446533203125,
-0.027587890625,
-0.040771484375,
0.046142578125,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.055419921875,
0.01202392578125,
0.05078125,
-0.02685546875,
0.0537109375,
-0.06298828125,
0.022216796875,
-0.01953125,
-0.046630859375,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0167236328125,
0.046630859375,
0.00494384765625,
0.0146484375,
0.0732421875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.00836181640625,
0.0306396484375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.056640625,
0.038818359375,
0.0145263671875,
0.028076171875,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.0011138916015625,
0.050537109375,
-0.01129150390625,
0.041015625,
-0.0238037109375,
0.0040283203125,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.0302734375,
-0.01904296875,
0.0294189453125,
-0.01806640625,
-0.005767822265625,
0.02197265625,
0.0028839111328125,
-0.013916015625,
-0.029296875,
-0.045166015625,
-0.0025787353515625,
-0.048095703125,
-0.0301513671875,
0.0157470703125,
-0.001708984375,
0.0283203125,
-0.000827789306640625,
0.025390625,
-0.01611328125,
-0.003143310546875,
0.0035552978515625,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.0078125,
0.012939453125,
0.06640625,
-0.021728515625,
-0.006744384765625,
0.0172119140625,
0.00506591796875,
0.03759765625,
0.05419921875,
0.007659912109375,
0.02294921875,
0.034423828125,
0.01123046875,
0.0213623046875,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.045166015625,
-0.00927734375,
-0.0003814697265625,
-0.007659912109375,
0.030517578125,
-0.01025390625,
-0.02197265625,
-0.046142578125,
0.0004482269287109375,
-0.0002460479736328125,
-0.0458984375,
-0.058837890625,
-0.024658203125,
0.038818359375,
0.038330078125,
-0.011474609375,
-0.03564453125,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.024169921875,
0.003326416015625,
0.009033203125,
-0.0283203125,
-0.042724609375,
-0.01513671875,
-0.0218505859375,
0.01287841796875,
0.0272216796875,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.0225830078125,
0.021484375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.033447265625,
-0.055419921875,
-0.0308837890625,
0.010009765625,
0.0174560546875,
0.05810546875,
-0.00372314453125,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.00225830078125,
-0.021240234375,
-0.00077056884765625,
-0.019287109375,
0.006866455078125,
-0.06298828125,
0.00537109375,
-0.05029296875,
-0.0022735595703125,
-0.0125732421875,
0.0478515625,
-0.0130615234375,
0.0162353515625,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.058837890625,
-0.06298828125,
-0.03662109375,
0.019775390625,
-0.00927734375,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.036865234375,
-0.059814453125,
0.042724609375,
-0.04638671875,
0.0072021484375,
0.04541015625,
-0.03955078125,
0.00189208984375,
-0.034423828125,
0.01177978515625,
-0.007476806640625,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.0205078125,
0.0103759765625,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.03125,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.041748046875,
-0.058837890625,
0.0235595703125,
0.023193359375,
-0.0023956298828125,
0.004852294921875,
-0.00579833984375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0203857421875,
0.052734375,
0.03662109375,
-0.00017452239990234375,
0.01708984375,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.0267333984375,
0.00634765625,
0.02197265625,
-0.001922607421875,
-0.0291748046875,
0.01055908203125,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.0201416015625,
0.04931640625,
0.0595703125,
-0.033203125,
-0.000274658203125,
-0.03076171875,
-0.00433349609375,
-0.007598876953125,
-0.0201416015625,
0.02392578125,
0.030029296875,
-0.0220947265625,
0.043212890625,
0.0081787109375,
0.031982421875,
-0.0107421875,
-0.037109375,
0.053955078125,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.052734375,
-0.0026397705078125,
-0.044677734375,
-0.01953125,
-0.0267333984375,
0.01348876953125,
0.015869140625,
-0.004058837890625,
0.0283203125,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.033203125,
-0.0296630859375,
0.0037994384765625,
0.064453125,
-0.0234375,
-0.0201416015625,
0.032958984375,
0.02001953125,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0224609375,
-0.038818359375,
0.004730224609375,
0.00016880035400390625,
-0.0859375,
0.026123046875,
0.037353515625,
0.0240478515625,
0.0908203125,
-0.026611328125,
-0.021728515625,
0.003662109375,
0.04296875,
-0.043212890625,
0.0238037109375,
0.026611328125,
0.018798828125,
-0.044677734375,
-0.0595703125,
0.014892578125,
0.036376953125,
0.00994873046875,
0.0179443359375,
-0.0361328125,
-0.00091552734375,
0.016845703125,
-0.0380859375,
-0.0250244140625,
0.008544921875,
0.0128173828125,
0.011962890625,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.01123046875,
0.0133056640625,
-0.0390625,
0.01483154296875,
-0.03515625,
0.0037078857421875,
-0.04052734375,
0.007781982421875,
0.0262451171875,
-0.050537109375,
0.0308837890625,
0.01129150390625,
-0.013671875,
0.01556396484375,
-0.038330078125,
0.00994873046875,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.01324462890625,
0.000583648681640625,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.019287109375,
-0.032470703125,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.0020751953125,
0.024658203125,
0.03759765625,
-0.005462646484375,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0019683837890625,
-0.006866455078125,
-0.07421875,
0.01141357421875,
-0.03466796875,
0.0194091796875,
0.043701171875,
0.029052734375,
-0.03369140625,
0.001861572265625,
0.002197265625,
-0.0274658203125,
0.0301513671875,
-0.00146484375,
-0.01092529296875,
0.002960205078125,
-0.03271484375,
-0.004119873046875,
-0.06494140625,
-0.0306396484375,
0.0035247802734375,
0.053466796875,
0.020751953125,
0.0169677734375,
0.025390625,
-0.030517578125,
-0.0419921875,
-0.005615234375,
-0.07080078125,
-0.0240478515625,
0.032470703125,
0.0098876953125,
0.01434326171875,
-0.049560546875,
-0.00141143798828125,
0.01470947265625,
0.0296630859375,
-0.0419921875,
-0.01422119140625,
0.00135040283203125,
0.0068359375,
0.039794921875,
0.0174560546875,
-0.029541015625,
0.0069580078125,
0.0087890625,
-0.040283203125,
-0.038818359375,
-0.022705078125,
0.034912109375,
-0.02001953125,
0.007080078125,
0.0159912109375,
-0.044677734375,
-0.05810546875,
0.0208740234375,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.0033111572265625,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.06298828125,
0.02392578125,
-0.005035400390625,
-0.0263671875,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.0252685546875,
0.0146484375,
0.033203125,
0.00074005126953125,
0.030517578125,
0.00933837890625,
-0.000492095947265625,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.025146484375,
0.062255859375,
0.041748046875,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.01953125,
0.0142822265625,
0.03857421875,
0.0274658203125,
0.0125732421875,
0.021484375,
-0.00131988525390625,
0.032470703125,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.027587890625,
0.040771484375,
-0.0069580078125,
0.0128173828125,
0.031494140625,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.013916015625,
0.001678466796875,
0.00347900390625,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.0302734375,
0.01165771484375,
0.0322265625,
0.048583984375,
0.012451171875,
0.05078125,
0.0380859375,
0.056640625,
-0.00482177734375,
0.03857421875,
0.01434326171875,
-0.07421875,
-0.0147705078125,
0.01544189453125,
0.0458984375,
-0.037353515625,
0.0311279296875,
0.034423828125,
-0.0162353515625,
0.0201416015625,
0.029052734375,
-0.026611328125,
-0.02392578125,
0.0123291015625,
-0.05322265625,
0.0250244140625,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.008544921875,
0.011474609375,
-0.016357421875,
-0.07958984375,
0.041259765625,
0.00081634521484375,
0.0306396484375,
0.0179443359375,
0.0103759765625,
0.0380859375,
0.0244140625,
0.020751953125,
-0.05322265625,
0.0296630859375,
-0.00830078125,
-0.030029296875,
-0.0234375,
-0.0030975341796875,
-0.018798828125,
-0.03369140625,
-0.048583984375,
-0.0267333984375,
0.005340576171875,
-0.0185546875,
0.01019287109375,
-0.06787109375,
-0.005279541015625,
0.006439208984375,
-0.03271484375,
0.01202392578125,
0.000457763671875,
0.07763671875,
0.01129150390625,
-0.07568359375,
-0.00634765625,
0.0035247802734375,
0.007293701171875,
-0.056396484375,
0.0250244140625,
-0.00128936767578125,
-0.033935546875,
-0.060791015625,
-0.0034942626953125,
-0.00946044921875,
0.041015625,
-0.044189453125,
-0.0062255859375,
0.0137939453125,
0.0341796875,
-0.046875,
-0.01220703125,
-0.045654296875,
-0.03466796875,
0.0308837890625,
0.017578125,
0.009521484375,
0.04443359375,
0.0150146484375,
0.0322265625,
-0.000640869140625,
0.024169921875,
-0.0155029296875,
0.0341796875,
-0.033935546875,
-0.05029296875,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.0625,
-0.0615234375,
0.03564453125,
0.015869140625,
0.012939453125,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.00604248046875,
0.0004291534423828125,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.000091552734375,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.0213623046875,
0.0286865234375,
0.030517578125,
-0.0247802734375,
0.283203125,
0.0203857421875,
0.0130615234375,
-0.00183868408203125,
0.00909423828125,
0.06787109375,
0.00021457672119140625,
0.0281982421875,
-0.061767578125,
0.0166015625,
0.0244140625,
-0.006927490234375,
0.017822265625,
0.016357421875,
0.00167083740234375,
0.0252685546875,
-0.0262451171875,
0.056640625,
0.0093994140625,
-0.041259765625,
0.0159912109375,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.0537109375,
0.058349609375,
0.06689453125,
-0.0002803802490234375,
0.0240478515625,
-0.0791015625,
-0.01806640625,
-0.0302734375,
0.01263427734375,
-0.049072265625,
-0.000885009765625,
-0.056396484375,
-0.032958984375,
0.01214599609375,
0.01129150390625,
0.005035400390625,
0.0244140625,
0.0024261474609375,
-0.0030517578125,
0.0224609375,
-0.000025272369384765625,
-0.00445556640625,
0.01214599609375,
0.0048828125,
-0.0203857421875,
0.054931640625,
0.05859375,
0.01397705078125,
0.043701171875,
-0.001129150390625,
0.0234375,
0.0179443359375,
0.000518798828125,
0.01324462890625,
0.029296875,
0.001068115234375,
-0.024658203125,
-0.048095703125,
0.0235595703125,
0.01513671875,
0.048583984375,
0.0693359375,
-0.0081787109375,
0.01953125,
0.047119140625,
-0.0079345703125,
0.00194549560546875,
0.01611328125,
0.007659912109375,
0.017822265625,
0.000881195068359375,
-0.0299072265625,
0.041748046875,
0.0172119140625,
-0.01251220703125,
0.0230712890625,
0.044921875,
-0.0087890625,
0.020263671875,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.006927490234375,
0.01214599609375,
0.031982421875,
0.00897216796875,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.047607421875,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.0172119140625,
0.025146484375,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.038818359375,
0.00909423828125
] |
Chandler, C. J.
Appellant was convicted of the offense of robbery armed and takes this appeal from the judgment of the trial court and from a denial of his motion for a new trial.
He contends:
(1) That the trial court erred in failing to direct a verdict in his favor at the conclusion of the proof because of the insufficiency of the testimony.
(2) That the verdict of the jury was a miscarriage of justice.
(3) That the court erred in admitting testimony relative to a transaction involving the sale of a car some two or three months prior to the robbery, bearing the license plates that were on the automobile that was driven by the men involved in the robbery, because of the remoteness of the transaction.
The • offense charged was committed in the city of Detroit on January 16,1941. One Alexander Mc-Allister was the victim. His version of the affair was as follows:
“I was a victim of a holdup perpetrated on the 16th day of January, 1941, between 2:15 p.m. and' 2:30 p.m. Previous to the holdup I started out from the office of the Davy Fuel Company at 14460 Dexter. I had a canvas bag containing about $4,300 for the bank deposit, $3,400 in cash and $900 in checks approximately. I was going to the Detroit Bank at Fenkell and Fairfield, north of the Davy Fuel office. I was walking to my car. When I arrived at my car I noticed a car marking [making?] a “U” turn; just as I arrived at my car and just as I got inside, the car drove up behind me. I was fumbling for my keys to the ignition, the door on the right-hand side was pulled open and a man pointed a gun at me and told me.to look straight .ahead. I did not get a chance to start my automobile. This took place at the Detroit Terminal Railroad tracks on Dexter in the city of Detroit.
“Someone opened the right-hand door and very shortly after that someone opened the left-hand door. The man who opened the right-hand door pointed a gun at me and told me to look straight ahead. Then someone opened the left-hand door; after I looked at him he told me to look straight ahead. He had a gun in his hand. After he told me to look straight ahead, the man on the right took the canvas bag containing the money and took my car keys. After that they left me and drove away. I turned over the keys. The bag containing the money was taken from the seat beside me. The person who took the bag of money had a revolver pistol in his hand at that time. I see one of the two persons in the center on that side (indicating defendant, John Koren). He was the man on the left-hand side of the car.
“After this occurrence I sat in my ear while the car was pulling away. It was headed north, traveling north and I took a record of the license of the car. I remained in my car after they took the money and the keys and saw them go into an automobile. I took the license number off the plates of that car; the number is CH 8013, Michigan 1940. It was a 1937 Chevrolet black sedan.
“After they drove away I left my car, went to the office and immediately called police headquarters. At that time I told the police what had happened, gave them the license number of the same car that drove up behind me.
“I next saw one of the men who held me up and took the bag of money in the police show-up approximately a month after. There were six or seven persons in the show-up, that was the second time I went. I did not pick any persons from the show-up the first time. I was called in later. The second time I picked that man (indicating defendant). I have not seen the other since.
“People’s Exhibit 1 is the license plate on the car that drove away after I was held up. They are two 1940 Michigan license plates tied together, license CH 8013 (People’s Exhibit 1 offered and received in evidence without objection). I was sure the defendant in this case was one of the two men who held me up and took the money. No question about it in my mind. He was the person who opened the door on the left-hand side. ’ ’
On January 17, 1941, the day following, police officers found the car described by the victim, bearing license plates No. CH 8013, parked in front of 15918 Princeton, a distance of a little over a mile from the scene of the robbery.
The record discloses that license plates CH 8013 had been issued to one Hugh Gibbons, a young employee of a gasoline and service station at Waverly and Dexter, for a 1932 Hupmobile which he owned in 1940, and that in November, 1940, he sold this car for $25. Gibbons testified that he could not remember to whom he sold the car, and that he could not positively identify anyone in the court room as the purchaser.
A fellow employee of Gibbons, Archie Amos, positively identified defendant as the purchaser of the Gibbons ear. This witness saw defendant on two occasions, once when he came and inquired about the car at which time he had a short conversation with him about who owned the car and the price. Gibbons was not present at the time of this conversation. About two days later, defendant came again and purchased the car. On this occasion, the witness saw defendant but had no discussion with him.
Another fellow employee of Gibbons, one Rue Pardue, testified that he saw the purchaser of the Gibbons car at the gasoline station for about two minutes, but he could not positively identify anyone in the court room as the man who came to the gasoline station to inquire about the car in November; that he was not there when the deal was closed by Gibbons and that the only talk he had with the party who inquired about the car was to advise the person making such inquiry that the car in question was owned by Gibbons.
Defendant was arrested on February 12, 1941, by Sergeant Louis Sanderson of the police department and police officers Brown and Eckstein. These officers testified that, when arrested, defendant gave his name as James Stewart. Later, he said his name was Koren and that Stewart was his brother-in-law who owned the car he was then driving, and that Stewart had been inducted into the army. He said Stewart bought the car that way because he had been having trouble with his wife. At police headquarters, he admitted that he owned the car and that he had used the name of James Stewart for the purpose of financing the purchase and that there was no such person as James Stewart.
Defendant had the registration card for the automobile which was in the name of James Stewart. His driver’s license and selective service card were in the name of John Koren.
In his defense, defendant gave notice of an alibi which placed him in the office of “a physician at 16127 Woodward avenue at the hour of the robbery, and proffered in support of such defense the testimony of the physician and his (defendant’s) wife. Defendant did not testify.
The physician, Dr. Watters, testified that he had an appointment at his office to treat defendant’s child at 2:30 o’clock in the afternoon of January 16th. He said that the child was brought to his office that afternoon by defendant and his wife. He further testified:
“Q. At what time of day?
“A. The appointment was 2:30 p.m. I assume the appointment would be correct. I have no way of telling the exact minute, whether it was early or late or anything like that.
“Q. In other words you do not know whether it would be a few minutes before 2:30 or a few minutes after 2:30.
“A. No, I do not.
“Q. Was the appointment kept at or about that time by the Korens at your office?
“A. Well, to the best of my knowledge, I would say, I would assume that it was.
“Q. You are testifying from your records ?
“A. That is right.”
On cross-examination, he stated:
“ Q. So you may have seen the Korens at a quar ter to 3, 10 after 3 or 20 minutes to 3 on that afternoon?
“A. That is correct. ”
Defendant’s wife testified positively that she accompanied her husband to the doctor’s office on January 16th; that they left their home to go to said office at about 2 o’clock and arrived there at about 25 minutes after 2; that her husband stayed in the office while the doctor attended the baby; and that she never knew or had never heard of her husband owning a Hupmobile roadster such as he was reputed to have purchased from Hugh Gibbons. She further testified that her husband went to Paw Paw, Michigan, on Saturday, January 18th, and returned home the following Sunday evening.
Ernest Johnson, a detective attached to the holdup squad of the police department, testified relative to the distance and time it took to traverse the route from the scene of the holdup to the doctor’s office, and from the scene of the holdup to defendant’s home and from there to the doctor’s office with two stops of one minute duration, one stop being where the car was located and one at defendant’s home. In the first instance, it took 9 minutes, in the second 26 minutes, observing all traffic lights and driving at a speed of about 20 to 25 miles per hour. He also testified the defendant told him and others the morning after the arrest that he (defendant) was in Paw Paw, Michigan, on January 16th, the day of the robbery.
The record does not contain the court’s instructions to the jury, but this omission is of no importance in view of the following concession made by appellant in his brief:
“There is no question in the case at hand, as to the propriety of the trial judge’s charge to the jury on the question of alibi, the appellant concedes that the instructions to the jury were proper in all respects. But, it is contended by the appellant that the evidence as a whole produced such a reasonable doubt as to the defendant’s guilt, that a verdict of guilty was a miscarriage of justice and that such evidence made it mandatory upon the trial judge either to have found the defendant not guilty or to have granted a new trial.”
But counsel contends:
“In this case, the testimony taken as a whole, as shown in the records, is such as to make the verdict-of guilty in this case a miscarriage of justice, falling directly under the law as enacted by 3 Comp. Laws of 1929, §17354 (Stat. Ann. §28.1096). The testimony of the prosecution totally fails to establish the identity of the appellant as one of the persons involved in the holdup, and further, that the prosecution has also failed to establish beyond a reasonable doubt the fact that appellant was at the scene of the robbery at the time it was perpetrated.”
This contention is without merit. The testimony of the victim of the holdup positively identifies defendant as being present at the crime and as a participant therein. The testimony of the witness Amos positively identifies him as the purchaser of a car from Gibbons in November, 1940, that bore license plates with the identical number, CH 8013, which were on the car involved in the robbery.
We are not in accord with appellant’s claim that the admission of the testimony of witness Amos was error because of the remoteness of this transaction to the time of the actual commission of the crime charged. This testimony was an important link in a chain of circumstances corroborating direct evidence connecting defendant with the crime. The credit to be accorded it was for the jury under proper instructions by the court, and there was no error in its admission. No complaint is made that the charge of the court was not proper in all respects.
This brings us to consideration of defendant’s alibi. The jury could well have believed the testimony of défendant’s witness, Dr. Watters, and still have reached the result they did. The wife’s testimony, if true, positively established an alibi, yet the credibility of her testimony was for the jury as triers of the facts. In People v. Petrosky, 286 Mich. 397, we said:
“The jury was not bound to believe the witnesses who testified in favor of defendant’s defense of alibi, as there was testimony to show the contrary * * * and the jury may believe one witness as against many.”
We find no merit in the contention that the verdict was a miscarriage of justice or that the trial court should have directed a verdict of acquittal. What we said in People v. Rose, 268 Mich. 529, is applicable here:
“It is claimed a verdict for defendant should have been directed. There was direct evidence of defendant’s guilt. The credibility of the witnesses testifying thereto and the weight of their testimony were for the jury.”
The appellant had a fair trial and the verdict reached is amply supported by the record.
The judgment is affirmed.
Boyles, North, Starr, Butzel, Bushnell, and Sharpe, JJ., concurred. Wiest, J., did not sit. | [
0.01123046875,
0.0164794921875,
0.01806640625,
0.0302734375,
-0.06201171875,
-0.06591796875,
-0.044921875,
-0.036865234375,
0.002227783203125,
0.044677734375,
0.05712890625,
0.00482177734375,
0.00003504753112792969,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.016357421875,
0.00811767578125,
0.00124359130859375,
0.0284423828125,
0.0194091796875,
0.0128173828125,
0.048583984375,
-0.04052734375,
-0.04541015625,
-0.03662109375,
-0.016357421875,
-0.034912109375,
0.00750732421875,
0.00244140625,
0.012939453125,
0.0341796875,
-0.02294921875,
-0.01153564453125,
0.047119140625,
-0.018310546875,
-0.00081634521484375,
0.0196533203125,
0.03955078125,
-0.0693359375,
0.03759765625,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.0185546875,
0.01007080078125,
0.0181884765625,
-0.01123046875,
-0.03564453125,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.031982421875,
-0.034423828125,
0.0269775390625,
-0.0419921875,
0.0201416015625,
-0.033935546875,
0.022705078125,
0.0021514892578125,
0.00860595703125,
-0.03125,
-0.006256103515625,
-0.005706787109375,
0.02001953125,
0.01177978515625,
0.04736328125,
-0.037353515625,
0.005462646484375,
-0.0301513671875,
0.0101318359375,
-0.005767822265625,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.00262451171875,
-0.001953125,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.0033721923828125,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.02783203125,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.029052734375,
0.00157928466796875,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.0005950927734375,
-0.0262451171875,
0.06494140625,
-0.00482177734375,
-0.035400390625,
0.002532958984375,
0.0240478515625,
0.0198974609375,
0.01239013671875,
0.01904296875,
-0.0166015625,
0.064453125,
-0.010986328125,
-0.000637054443359375,
0.06689453125,
0.021484375,
-0.0107421875,
-0.003570556640625,
0.00341796875,
-0.042724609375,
0.019287109375,
0.022216796875,
-0.02734375,
0.039306640625,
0.0040283203125,
0.0235595703125,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0201416015625,
0.000942230224609375,
0.006866455078125,
0.016357421875,
0.0050048828125,
0.056396484375,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.026611328125,
-0.006103515625,
-0.0281982421875,
0.0240478515625,
-0.009033203125,
-0.00115203857421875,
0.041748046875,
-0.003387451171875,
0.02783203125,
-0.01190185546875,
0.016845703125,
0.007354736328125,
-0.0098876953125,
0.032958984375,
-0.000762939453125,
0.0205078125,
0.00823974609375,
0.01220703125,
-0.0033111572265625,
0.033447265625,
0.0035552978515625,
-0.009765625,
0.033935546875,
0.0272216796875,
0.031005859375,
0.037841796875,
0.01251220703125,
0.02734375,
0.003875732421875,
0.064453125,
0.0245361328125,
0.037841796875,
0.004730224609375,
0.04443359375,
-0.02099609375,
0.02392578125,
-0.06591796875,
0.015380859375,
0.04443359375,
0.032470703125,
0.024658203125,
-0.003753662109375,
0.00567626953125,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.01214599609375,
0.002044677734375,
-0.0576171875,
-0.01214599609375,
0.0093994140625,
0.028564453125,
0.00848388671875,
0.024658203125,
-0.00189971923828125,
0.00640869140625,
-0.039794921875,
-0.045654296875,
-0.0023651123046875,
-0.00080108642578125,
-0.044189453125,
-0.034912109375,
0.05712890625,
0.0390625,
0.01068115234375,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.003448486328125,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0341796875,
0.032470703125,
-0.00144195556640625,
0.0269775390625,
-0.0185546875,
0.019775390625,
-0.019287109375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0260009765625,
0.0299072265625,
0.029052734375,
-0.031005859375,
0.025390625,
0.01361083984375,
0.0390625,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.0458984375,
0.04248046875,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.004547119140625,
-0.004730224609375,
0.01202392578125,
0.0284423828125,
-0.0322265625,
-0.04052734375,
0.08544921875,
0.01318359375,
0.0067138671875,
0.00555419921875,
0.004180908203125,
0.0155029296875,
0.044189453125,
-0.031494140625,
0.016357421875,
0.0306396484375,
-0.0235595703125,
0.0020599365234375,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.042236328125,
0.005950927734375,
-0.0277099609375,
0.01220703125,
0.0267333984375,
-0.0301513671875,
0.0185546875,
0.038330078125,
-0.0458984375,
0.0213623046875,
0.00665283203125,
0.00469970703125,
-0.010009765625,
0.037109375,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.015869140625,
0.045654296875,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.0181884765625,
0.0174560546875,
-0.004119873046875,
0.026611328125,
0.072265625,
0.0093994140625,
-0.0078125,
0.0203857421875,
-0.021728515625,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.0009918212890625,
0.032958984375,
-0.0162353515625,
0.046630859375,
-0.03076171875,
0.0242919921875,
-0.00201416015625,
0.0140380859375,
0.056640625,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0390625,
-0.0230712890625,
0.040283203125,
0.0079345703125,
-0.040283203125,
-0.043701171875,
0.038818359375,
0.0167236328125,
0.0341796875,
-0.018310546875,
-0.04248046875,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.045654296875,
-0.0299072265625,
0.0277099609375,
0.0005340576171875,
-0.048095703125,
0.003875732421875,
-0.0264892578125,
0.037109375,
-0.0341796875,
0.003570556640625,
0.0291748046875,
-0.06884765625,
0.022705078125,
0.026123046875,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.055908203125,
0.036376953125,
0.0234375,
0.0078125,
0.0067138671875,
-0.040771484375,
-0.0299072265625,
0.0198974609375,
0.0225830078125,
-0.0177001953125,
0.045654296875,
-0.02734375,
-0.0302734375,
-0.0135498046875,
0.0079345703125,
-0.01513671875,
-0.026611328125,
-0.01171875,
-0.0047607421875,
0.00604248046875,
0.001373291015625,
-0.017578125,
-0.048828125,
0.0059814453125,
0.030029296875,
0.03955078125,
0.00958251953125,
0.025634765625,
-0.014892578125,
0.038818359375,
0.005889892578125,
-0.004852294921875,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.034912109375,
-0.0279541015625,
0.00848388671875,
-0.0625,
-0.044921875,
0.048095703125,
0.048583984375,
0.00604248046875,
-0.044921875,
-0.02392578125,
-0.060791015625,
-0.004302978515625,
-0.0031280517578125,
-0.0498046875,
0.0126953125,
-0.034423828125,
0.033203125,
-0.041748046875,
-0.00823974609375,
0.048095703125,
0.0025787353515625,
0.009521484375,
-0.04833984375,
0.0032806396484375,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.00133514404296875,
0.014404296875,
0.015380859375,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.015869140625,
0.0087890625,
-0.02001953125,
0.00384521484375,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.0228271484375,
0.0556640625,
0.0233154296875,
-0.021728515625,
-0.009765625,
0.0125732421875,
0.0341796875,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.024658203125,
0.016845703125,
-0.0020751953125,
-0.0263671875,
-0.05078125,
-0.041748046875,
0.033447265625,
0.0174560546875,
0.0390625,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.0201416015625,
0.015869140625,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.030517578125,
0.041015625,
-0.024169921875,
0.026611328125,
0.010986328125,
0.01806640625,
-0.01123046875,
0.0218505859375,
-0.00225830078125,
0.009765625,
-0.01397705078125,
0.00689697265625,
-0.03271484375,
-0.006103515625,
0.0206298828125,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.00136566162109375,
0.016845703125,
-0.0185546875,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.06396484375,
0.04248046875,
0.036865234375,
0.0390625,
0.01171875,
-0.00119781494140625,
0.003387451171875,
0.01904296875,
0.0252685546875,
-0.060302734375,
-0.044189453125,
-0.043212890625,
0.050048828125,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.04541015625,
-0.03271484375,
0.013671875,
0.0286865234375,
0.07421875,
0.0026702880859375,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.033203125,
0.02880859375,
0.0113525390625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0322265625,
-0.028564453125,
0.058837890625,
0.01177978515625,
0.06201171875,
-0.0322265625,
0.033935546875,
-0.058349609375,
0.01251220703125,
-0.0093994140625,
0.076171875,
-0.0140380859375,
0.032958984375,
-0.02783203125,
-0.044921875,
0.0810546875,
-0.005218505859375,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.00750732421875,
-0.0172119140625,
0.0185546875,
0.0341796875,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0208740234375,
0.015869140625,
-0.005279541015625,
0.0120849609375,
-0.01611328125,
-0.00823974609375,
0.025634765625,
0.0054931640625,
-0.04443359375,
0.058349609375,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.04345703125,
0.033203125,
0.0390625,
-0.0147705078125,
0.053955078125,
-0.029052734375,
0.040771484375,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.028564453125,
0.021240234375,
-0.006622314453125,
-0.01300048828125,
0.0322265625,
-0.0194091796875,
0.040283203125,
0.02783203125,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.039794921875,
0.01470947265625,
0.040283203125,
0.046142578125,
-0.0267333984375,
0.0010833740234375,
0.02490234375,
-0.0257568359375,
0.0458984375,
-0.01611328125,
0.0089111328125,
-0.040771484375,
-0.0703125,
-0.039794921875,
-0.01953125,
-0.0052490234375,
0.0240478515625,
0.03173828125,
0.032958984375,
0.0205078125,
-0.03173828125,
-0.004669189453125,
-0.014404296875,
-0.04296875,
-0.01226806640625,
0.029052734375,
-0.0146484375,
0.0108642578125,
-0.006439208984375,
0.005096435546875,
0.00086212158203125,
0.0306396484375,
-0.004974365234375,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.04541015625,
-0.0123291015625,
0.07080078125,
-0.023193359375,
0.0277099609375,
-0.03515625,
0.0118408203125,
0.0177001953125,
-0.000606536865234375,
0.0037841796875,
0.044189453125,
0.00164031982421875,
0.037353515625,
0.06884765625,
-0.01129150390625,
0.0037384033203125,
0.031982421875,
-0.042724609375,
0.00008153915405273438,
-0.000591278076171875,
-0.0166015625,
-0.056640625,
-0.0654296875,
0.015380859375,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.056396484375,
-0.0262451171875,
0.01422119140625,
0.01373291015625,
0.0240478515625,
-0.0224609375,
0.004058837890625,
-0.040283203125,
-0.04541015625,
0.0269775390625,
0.0023956298828125,
-0.0054931640625,
-0.072265625,
-0.0439453125,
-0.0400390625,
0.0206298828125,
0.046142578125,
0.0084228515625,
0.004669189453125,
-0.00028228759765625,
0.0289306640625,
-0.053466796875,
-0.013916015625,
-0.03466796875,
-0.015869140625,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.00958251953125,
0.03564453125,
-0.01434326171875,
0.0274658203125,
0.0277099609375,
0.0299072265625,
0.01409912109375,
-0.02734375,
-0.039306640625,
-0.060546875,
0.04345703125,
-0.02978515625,
-0.0023345947265625,
0.0185546875,
0.0341796875,
-0.008056640625,
-0.00640869140625,
-0.023681640625,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.04296875,
-0.03271484375,
0.05224609375,
0.01251220703125,
0.004730224609375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.03515625,
0.010986328125,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.00171661376953125,
0.08544921875,
-0.03662109375,
0.029541015625,
-0.055419921875,
0.0184326171875,
0.0234375,
-0.033203125,
-0.02001953125,
0.020263671875,
-0.03466796875,
-0.05078125,
-0.001220703125,
-0.013916015625,
0.0086669921875,
0.002716064453125,
0.0155029296875,
0.01495361328125,
0.0306396484375,
-0.06298828125,
-0.053466796875,
-0.0167236328125,
0.044189453125,
0.038330078125,
0.05322265625,
0.052978515625,
-0.0101318359375,
-0.027587890625,
0.016845703125,
0.00762939453125,
-0.03759765625,
-0.030517578125,
0.006378173828125,
0.0218505859375,
0.003875732421875,
0.0234375,
0.0272216796875,
-0.03662109375,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0625,
-0.04443359375,
-0.02978515625,
-0.0225830078125,
0.0120849609375,
-0.0052490234375,
0.01214599609375,
0.06396484375,
0.0240478515625,
0.01092529296875,
-0.0205078125,
0.03515625,
-0.03125,
-0.00030517578125,
0.025634765625,
0.01953125,
0.02734375,
-0.0478515625,
0.00909423828125,
0.005462646484375,
-0.0096435546875,
0.0255126953125,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.0390625,
-0.012939453125,
-0.0233154296875,
0.078125,
-0.01226806640625,
0.03125,
0.027587890625,
-0.0002918243408203125,
-0.03515625,
-0.023193359375,
-0.039306640625,
0.01171875,
0.031005859375,
-0.09716796875,
-0.017578125,
0.0322265625,
0.0021820068359375,
0.04541015625,
-0.033935546875,
-0.018310546875,
-0.0103759765625,
0.01153564453125,
-0.0751953125,
0.051025390625,
0.0238037109375,
0.039306640625,
-0.02392578125,
-0.0654296875,
-0.0093994140625,
0.051025390625,
0.0045166015625,
0.0028228759765625,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.05810546875,
-0.037841796875,
-0.06201171875,
0.00830078125,
0.0145263671875,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.019287109375,
-0.0015106201171875,
0.0017547607421875,
0.00567626953125,
-0.04052734375,
0.01312255859375,
-0.004425048828125,
0.0303955078125,
-0.0052490234375,
-0.04638671875,
0.003997802734375,
-0.0027923583984375,
-0.0037994384765625,
0.0194091796875,
-0.0157470703125,
0.01239013671875,
0.060791015625,
0.013427734375,
0.02880859375,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.030029296875,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.005096435546875,
0.000545501708984375,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.01171875,
0.0172119140625,
-0.024658203125,
-0.0673828125,
0.0157470703125,
0.014892578125,
-0.0380859375,
0.00592041015625,
0.01220703125,
0.040283203125,
0.044189453125,
0.05419921875,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.00927734375,
0.015869140625,
0.020751953125,
-0.002838134765625,
0.0281982421875,
0.0030059814453125,
0.04296875,
0.0025634765625,
-0.032470703125,
-0.06982421875,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.01116943359375,
0.00787353515625,
0.04638671875,
0.031494140625,
0.0220947265625,
-0.06591796875,
-0.05419921875,
0.01409912109375,
-0.0712890625,
-0.0186767578125,
0.0157470703125,
0.040283203125,
0.00927734375,
-0.00543212890625,
0.01336669921875,
-0.01019287109375,
0.047607421875,
0.000782012939453125,
0.0262451171875,
0.0145263671875,
-0.0220947265625,
0.039794921875,
0.0045166015625,
0.016357421875,
-0.02587890625,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.006195068359375,
-0.0299072265625,
0.01123046875,
0.03369140625,
-0.006591796875,
-0.031982421875,
-0.05908203125,
-0.0234375,
-0.036865234375,
-0.02099609375,
0.0272216796875,
0.028564453125,
-0.0028839111328125,
0.011962890625,
-0.02587890625,
-0.003143310546875,
0.0128173828125,
0.0014495849609375,
0.019287109375,
-0.03369140625,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.01080322265625,
0.06201171875,
-0.01275634765625,
0.0390625,
0.0174560546875,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.04248046875,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.046630859375,
0.0242919921875,
0.0615234375,
0.0147705078125,
0.0137939453125,
0.01904296875,
0.02197265625,
0.02880859375,
0.06005859375,
-0.0218505859375,
0.0029144287109375,
-0.01312255859375,
0.00726318359375,
0.00174713134765625,
0.045166015625,
-0.03076171875,
-0.0233154296875,
0.027587890625,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.00179290771484375,
-0.01708984375,
-0.0211181640625,
0.0145263671875,
-0.04541015625,
0.01019287109375,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.0118408203125,
0.040283203125,
0.0225830078125,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0103759765625,
0.036865234375,
0.0196533203125,
0.0155029296875,
-0.006591796875,
0.02197265625,
-0.000888824462890625,
-0.0191650390625,
0.022216796875,
0.05224609375,
-0.0191650390625,
0.01470947265625,
-0.0002613067626953125,
-0.000278472900390625,
0.00848388671875,
0.00116729736328125,
0.0211181640625,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.06298828125,
0.02685546875,
0.004669189453125,
0.028564453125,
-0.030517578125,
0.0068359375,
0.0400390625,
0.00933837890625,
-0.0419921875,
0.0274658203125,
0.01611328125,
0.010986328125,
-0.03857421875,
0.004180908203125,
0.0137939453125,
-0.000545501708984375,
0.048583984375,
-0.0301513671875,
0.007080078125,
0.051025390625,
-0.0595703125,
-0.028564453125,
0.0257568359375,
-0.032470703125,
-0.035888671875,
-0.04443359375,
-0.034912109375,
0.0179443359375,
0.00421142578125,
0.034912109375,
-0.01263427734375,
0.0198974609375,
-0.03369140625,
-0.002349853515625,
0.030029296875,
0.03369140625,
0.083984375,
-0.0031280517578125,
-0.02392578125,
-0.0213623046875,
0.0167236328125,
0.028076171875,
-0.038818359375,
-0.0042724609375,
-0.02685546875,
-0.0693359375,
-0.051513671875,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.026611328125,
0.0272216796875,
-0.042724609375,
-0.08203125,
-0.0028076171875,
0.01263427734375,
0.0101318359375,
-0.0001735687255859375,
0.01043701171875,
-0.06298828125,
0.041259765625,
-0.0068359375,
0.00634765625,
0.005584716796875,
0.04541015625,
0.0079345703125,
0.03173828125,
0.0027923583984375,
-0.0047607421875,
0.0181884765625,
-0.015869140625,
-0.030029296875,
-0.029541015625,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.0303955078125,
0.03515625,
0.009765625,
0.021240234375,
0.0084228515625,
-0.031982421875,
-0.01611328125,
0.000606536865234375,
0.00347900390625,
0.0167236328125,
0.021728515625,
-0.0390625,
0.00433349609375,
0.005859375,
-0.019287109375,
0.267578125,
-0.01092529296875,
0.0113525390625,
0.00136566162109375,
-0.0057373046875,
0.040283203125,
0.0126953125,
0.005584716796875,
-0.045166015625,
0.0322265625,
-0.00384521484375,
-0.03662109375,
-0.01953125,
-0.0048828125,
0.033935546875,
0.036376953125,
-0.05126953125,
0.013916015625,
0.00811767578125,
-0.060546875,
0.027099609375,
-0.0016632080078125,
-0.031982421875,
0.047607421875,
0.02099609375,
0.04443359375,
-0.00555419921875,
-0.0810546875,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.047607421875,
-0.019287109375,
-0.0390625,
0.03369140625,
-0.059326171875,
-0.039306640625,
0.039794921875,
0.0267333984375,
-0.0198974609375,
0.00286865234375,
-0.0186767578125,
0.00665283203125,
0.044921875,
-0.0078125,
-0.02392578125,
0.01953125,
0.029052734375,
-0.04345703125,
0.06298828125,
0.0615234375,
-0.030029296875,
0.018310546875,
0.0125732421875,
0.047119140625,
-0.0260009765625,
0.0093994140625,
0.06494140625,
-0.00677490234375,
-0.00506591796875,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.050048828125,
0.03173828125,
-0.02197265625,
0.0220947265625,
0.032958984375,
0.0400390625,
0.0224609375,
0.043701171875,
0.0262451171875,
-0.0174560546875,
0.005767822265625,
-0.00469970703125,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.025390625,
0.0118408203125,
0.05322265625,
0.0341796875,
-0.0205078125,
0.0026397705078125,
0.03369140625,
-0.015869140625,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0230712890625,
0.0111083984375,
0.01519775390625,
0.017822265625,
0.0206298828125,
-0.03466796875,
0.00125885009765625,
0.0048828125,
0.0184326171875,
-0.050048828125,
0.0004520416259765625,
0.0035858154296875,
0.0294189453125
] |
Boyles, J.
Defendants own and reside on a farm with lake frontage near Howell, in Livingston county, rent boats and cottages, raise chickens, run two orchards, conduct farming operations. In 1937 they advertised for a tenant, an experienced chicken-raiser, to help with the work. Plaintiffs, residents of Detroit, answered the advertisement, and claim that an oral agreement was entered into whereby they were to be either tenants or employees, were to move onto the farm, that defendants were to furnish the entire stock, tools, equipment, give plaintiffs and their 19-year-old son board and room until a tenant house could be built, provide 200 pullets for the egg business, take care of plaintiffs’ moving expense, store their furniture, and divide with plaintiffs 50-50 the entire income from the boat and cottage rentals, chicken business, orchards, and farm operations. Defendants deny any agreement was ever reached between the parties.
Plaintiffs did, however, move onto the farm about October 1, 1937. There was only one house and plaintiffs moved into the house with defendants. Most of their household goods were stored in a garage on the farm, with defendants’ permission. Some time later, defendants offered plaintiffs a written contract under which, defendants were to furnish the land and equipment, and receive two thirds of the income. Plaintiffs declined to agree to this, and in December plaintiffs proposed a written contract to defendants under which defendants were to furnish all stock, tools, materials, and equipment, the proceeds to be divided 50-50, which defendants declined to agree to. The usual result of two families trying to live together in one house followed. In February, the son was asked to get a job elsewhere, which he did. Shortly afterward, Mrs. Donald (plaintiff) became ill, went to Detroit, then to Pennsylvania to 'stay with a daughter. On February 27th, the plaintiff Fred Donald left, whether by request or otherwise is in dispute. About May 1st, plaintiffs moved their furniture away. About a year later, plaintiffs started this action in circuit court. The sole count in their declaration claims an oral contract, either of tenancy or employment. Their bill of particulars claims $1,410 damages for loss of money which would have been obtained from eggs, crops, livestock increase, boat rentals, et cetera, $459.50 damages to furniture by elements and mice, $5 balance for moving goods, $5,625.50 damages “by reason of separation of family, shame, humiliation, et cetera.” Defendants’ answer denied existence of any contract.
The case was tried before a jury. The theory on which it was submitted to the jury does not appear, as the record before us contains no charge to the jury or findings of fact. The jury gave plaintiffs a verdict for $1,042, and from judgment entered thereon defendants appeal.
Plaintiffs moved onto the. farm the last day of September, 1937. Plaintiff Fred Donald testified that previous to that time the parties had several conferences. First, Mr. Donald and Mr. Faulds met and talked it over, and plaintiff testified:
“On this first occasion our discussion of the farm situation was just general.”
They were agreed on one thing, however, their wives should be consulted, so they all met at the farm on the Saturday before plaintiffs moved to the farm. Plaintiff testified:
“This Saturday was to make the final decision. ^ if w
“Q. Would you say on this Saturday you came to a definite agreement or understanding?
“A. So far as Mr. Faulds and I were concerned.
“Q. As far as closing the deal, is that right?”
So far as shown by the record, no direct answer was made to this question. The various things Mr. Faulds was to do were discussed — building a tenant house, getting 200 more pullets. Nothing was said about the terms of the deal. On cross-examination, plaintiff testified they all met at the farm the last Saturday in September and stayed until late Sunday afternoon, and no deal was closed at that time. The parties did not meet again until plaintiffs moved onto the farm. No express contract had been agreed upon. The proposed contract submitted later by plaintiffs to defendants covered what plaintiff Fred Donald claims was the agreement. It recites: “We, the undersigned, have this day and date, the .............. day of December, 1937, entered into an agreement, subject to renewal at option, for the purpose farming,” and proposes sharing equally in the proceeds. Many of the provisions in this proposed agreement had not previously been discussed. Defendants declined to enter into a 50-50 share arrangement and submitted a proposed written contract based on one third to plaintiffs, two thirds to defendants, to which plaintiffs refused to agree. The proofs are all to the effect that no definite arrangement as to sharing of profits and expenses was ever agreed upon. On the essential issue of what proportion of the profits should go to each, the minds of these parties have never met. Likewise, there is no evidence of any contract of hiring "between employer and employee. There was never any mention of wages. This suit is not based on the common counts and no implied contract is alleged. The record shows an entire lack of evidence tending to prove any express contract, either of rental or employment.
The record is equally devoid of any proof that defendants agreed to store plaintiffs’ household goods in any particular place or become responsible for any damages which might result from improper storage or care.
Plaintiffs having moved onto the farm with the consent of defendants but without any understanding as to the length of their tenancy, the most that can be said in plaintiffs’ favor is that it was a tenancy at will. Barrett v. Cox, 112 Mich. 220. In Shaw v. Hill, 79 Mich. 86, it was held:
“If a tenant at will vacates the premises, which he may do at any time, it will be treated as a surrender to the landlord; or, if he abandons them, it will be presumed that he abandoned the'possession to his landlord.”
It is a fair inference from the record that Mr. Donald finally left the premises at the request of Mr. Faulds. This fact, however, does not constitute an eviction. Lawrence v. Rapaport, 213 Mich. 358.
Plaintiff Fred Donald was 68 years of age when the case was tried. His life had been spent in various places — working farms, running chicken ranches and dairy farms, in Ohio, Illinois, California, and Michigan. On cross-examination, he testified he had been unemployed since leaving defendants’ farm, “I had a little work for a short while but am getting too old to work.” No doubt the element of sympathy had a major part in the jury’s deliberations. We are constrained to hold that plaintiffs have failed to prove any contract of tenancy or of hiring. The motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict should have prevailed.
In view of the above conclusion, it is not necessary to consider the question of damages, although the general uncertainty regarding the purpose of this suit is indicated by plaintiff Fred Ronald’s statement “I am asking damages for what might have been done next summer, not what was done.”
Judgment reversed without new trial. Costs to appellants.
Chandler, C. J., and North, Starr, Butzel, Bushnell, and Sharpe, JJ., concurred. Wiest, J., did not sit. | [
-0.000392913818359375,
0.033935546875,
-0.0004730224609375,
0.0189208984375,
-0.046875,
-0.049072265625,
-0.0185546875,
0.0185546875,
0.018798828125,
0.0400390625,
0.02587890625,
-0.01434326171875,
0.0233154296875,
0.00946044921875,
-0.017822265625,
-0.035400390625,
-0.015625,
0.0118408203125,
-0.0081787109375,
0.0177001953125,
0.0281982421875,
0.001953125,
-0.025634765625,
-0.001861572265625,
-0.0016021728515625,
-0.0003719329833984375,
0.033447265625,
-0.037353515625,
0.041259765625,
0.037109375,
-0.040771484375,
-0.01434326171875,
0.01416015625,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.0252685546875,
0.0439453125,
-0.0291748046875,
0.0054931640625,
-0.03173828125,
-0.014404296875,
0.013916015625,
0.054443359375,
-0.040283203125,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.00994873046875,
0.005523681640625,
0.036376953125,
-0.013427734375,
-0.002593994140625,
-0.029052734375,
0.0281982421875,
-0.0244140625,
-0.00384521484375,
-0.06396484375,
-0.047119140625,
0.01458740234375,
-0.01483154296875,
0.0235595703125,
0.037109375,
-0.00836181640625,
0.0164794921875,
-0.033203125,
0.040283203125,
0.02099609375,
0.00408935546875,
0.0111083984375,
-0.015869140625,
-0.0225830078125,
0.01611328125,
0.01446533203125,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0198974609375,
0.00689697265625,
-0.04736328125,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.003997802734375,
0.000232696533203125,
0.034423828125,
0.000736236572265625,
0.06201171875,
-0.0016937255859375,
-0.07568359375,
0.02685546875,
0.018310546875,
0.006622314453125,
0.0162353515625,
0.0166015625,
-0.036865234375,
0.058837890625,
-0.0291748046875,
0.017822265625,
0.061279296875,
0.03759765625,
-0.037841796875,
0.051025390625,
0.009765625,
-0.036376953125,
0.003753662109375,
0.0277099609375,
0.0022430419921875,
0.0732421875,
-0.0135498046875,
0.031982421875,
-0.01318359375,
0.012939453125,
-0.0223388671875,
0.0196533203125,
0.01239013671875,
-0.022705078125,
0.0341796875,
-0.00531005859375,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.002593994140625,
-0.033935546875,
0.0096435546875,
-0.04296875,
0.0033416748046875,
0.037109375,
-0.02392578125,
0.0225830078125,
-0.0152587890625,
0.01458740234375,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.0247802734375,
0.0380859375,
-0.01324462890625,
0.030517578125,
0.05322265625,
-0.024658203125,
-0.0177001953125,
0.0150146484375,
-0.00616455078125,
0.02685546875,
0.0380859375,
0.037353515625,
0.01275634765625,
-0.006927490234375,
0.047607421875,
0.01708984375,
-0.036376953125,
0.053466796875,
0.021484375,
0.0262451171875,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0036773681640625,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.060302734375,
-0.005340576171875,
0.031005859375,
0.043212890625,
0.035888671875,
-0.005584716796875,
0.0240478515625,
0.004425048828125,
0.00469970703125,
0.03076171875,
0.00933837890625,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.018310546875,
0.017822265625,
-0.0400390625,
0.02099609375,
-0.01226806640625,
0.036865234375,
-0.035400390625,
-0.056396484375,
0.0252685546875,
-0.001983642578125,
-0.0498046875,
-0.04052734375,
0.037841796875,
0.0125732421875,
0.036376953125,
0.017333984375,
0.00677490234375,
0.0091552734375,
-0.005706787109375,
-0.01177978515625,
0.00750732421875,
-0.00616455078125,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.0089111328125,
0.0107421875,
-0.03515625,
-0.040283203125,
-0.035888671875,
0.0194091796875,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.02783203125,
-0.00579833984375,
-0.0174560546875,
0.045654296875,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.030029296875,
-0.005828857421875,
0.002197265625,
-0.029296875,
0.016845703125,
0.01129150390625,
0.035400390625,
-0.006683349609375,
-0.042724609375,
0.056640625,
0.0286865234375,
-0.05419921875,
-0.00469970703125,
-0.0037841796875,
-0.003631591796875,
-0.0027618408203125,
-0.0234375,
0.00408935546875,
0.0286865234375,
-0.0257568359375,
0.044921875,
-0.028076171875,
-0.003662109375,
-0.006103515625,
0.0157470703125,
-0.0196533203125,
0.04833984375,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0025482177734375,
0.051025390625,
0.0390625,
0.0257568359375,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.00115966796875,
0.0537109375,
0.061279296875,
-0.0308837890625,
-0.068359375,
0.04638671875,
0.0277099609375,
-0.00127410888671875,
0.0283203125,
-0.036865234375,
0.01806640625,
0.04296875,
0.0048828125,
-0.025146484375,
0.046142578125,
-0.023681640625,
-0.005401611328125,
0.00640869140625,
0.055908203125,
-0.00921630859375,
0.035400390625,
-0.0255126953125,
0.01019287109375,
-0.01373291015625,
0.0201416015625,
0.03271484375,
0.011962890625,
-0.037353515625,
-0.031982421875,
0.0240478515625,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0220947265625,
0.045166015625,
-0.00081634521484375,
0.0028076171875,
0.00311279296875,
-0.053466796875,
-0.005157470703125,
-0.0458984375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.01220703125,
0.01116943359375,
-0.068359375,
-0.04638671875,
-0.0107421875,
-0.035400390625,
0.05029296875,
-0.033935546875,
-0.007080078125,
-0.005340576171875,
-0.03369140625,
0.0062255859375,
0.031494140625,
0.032958984375,
-0.036376953125,
0.0279541015625,
-0.03759765625,
0.0303955078125,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.064453125,
-0.003997802734375,
0.03369140625,
-0.03125,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.039306640625,
-0.007781982421875,
0.01080322265625,
-0.040283203125,
0.00390625,
-0.0059814453125,
-0.039306640625,
-0.01287841796875,
0.01055908203125,
-0.0283203125,
-0.045166015625,
0.01373291015625,
0.01007080078125,
-0.01123046875,
0.018798828125,
0.02783203125,
0.00897216796875,
-0.0308837890625,
0.035888671875,
0.012451171875,
0.0194091796875,
-0.017333984375,
-0.047607421875,
0.009765625,
-0.01171875,
-0.026123046875,
0.0234375,
-0.0038909912109375,
0.0045166015625,
0.00994873046875,
-0.08349609375,
0.0003108978271484375,
-0.02587890625,
-0.004302978515625,
-0.033447265625,
0.00823974609375,
0.00115203857421875,
-0.0208740234375,
0.0123291015625,
-0.017333984375,
-0.036376953125,
0.007171630859375,
-0.007659912109375,
0.068359375,
-0.00897216796875,
0.004119873046875,
0.03564453125,
0.0029754638671875,
0.055419921875,
0.0289306640625,
-0.02001953125,
0.019775390625,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.011474609375,
-0.02294921875,
-0.007232666015625,
0.0162353515625,
0.0286865234375,
0.031982421875,
0.01531982421875,
-0.004608154296875,
-0.0306396484375,
0.043701171875,
0.0235595703125,
0.01495361328125,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.004058837890625,
-0.064453125,
-0.0002307891845703125,
0.0101318359375,
-0.045654296875,
0.03369140625,
-0.0294189453125,
0.04931640625,
0.0693359375,
-0.017333984375,
0.03466796875,
-0.049072265625,
-0.035400390625,
0.0076904296875,
-0.004852294921875,
0.01470947265625,
0.0294189453125,
0.035400390625,
-0.0140380859375,
-0.00439453125,
0.034423828125,
0.0234375,
0.0015106201171875,
0.00194549560546875,
0.0155029296875,
-0.0234375,
0.0177001953125,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.06298828125,
0.026611328125,
0.028076171875,
-0.013916015625,
-0.049560546875,
0.0244140625,
0.0155029296875,
0.0191650390625,
0.00189971923828125,
0.052978515625,
-0.006622314453125,
-0.00341796875,
0.0167236328125,
-0.03564453125,
0.0106201171875,
-0.0390625,
0.024169921875,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.018798828125,
-0.034912109375,
-0.021484375,
0.004669189453125,
0.040283203125,
0.00848388671875,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.006103515625,
0.0174560546875,
0.00921630859375,
0.0030517578125,
0.0005950927734375,
0.03076171875,
-0.004669189453125,
0.05810546875,
-0.0216064453125,
0.0693359375,
-0.05908203125,
0.025390625,
0.0517578125,
0.03515625,
-0.0203857421875,
0.01416015625,
-0.0029296875,
0.02734375,
0.04443359375,
-0.018310546875,
0.003387451171875,
-0.04150390625,
0.006256103515625,
0.0167236328125,
0.06884765625,
-0.00360107421875,
-0.0238037109375,
0.007080078125,
-0.01361083984375,
0.005126953125,
0.03515625,
0.01214599609375,
-0.002166748046875,
0.00135040283203125,
-0.0107421875,
0.03466796875,
-0.0047607421875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.00848388671875,
0.04736328125,
-0.0341796875,
0.03857421875,
-0.07177734375,
0.01519775390625,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.005828857421875,
-0.055419921875,
-0.01458740234375,
0.0301513671875,
0.01080322265625,
-0.01177978515625,
0.0400390625,
0.005523681640625,
-0.00775146484375,
0.0517578125,
0.04296875,
-0.03271484375,
0.0234375,
-0.0244140625,
0.028564453125,
0.001800537109375,
-0.0164794921875,
0.05615234375,
-0.0247802734375,
0.035888671875,
-0.03271484375,
0.007659912109375,
-0.03857421875,
-0.03955078125,
-0.029052734375,
0.003570556640625,
-0.0028228759765625,
0.043212890625,
0.016357421875,
0.0169677734375,
0.0025634765625,
0.0142822265625,
-0.0234375,
0.01068115234375,
-0.010498046875,
-0.00927734375,
0.023193359375,
-0.00726318359375,
0.00640869140625,
-0.0026702880859375,
0.049072265625,
-0.01556396484375,
0.012939453125,
-0.00183868408203125,
-0.036376953125,
-0.05810546875,
-0.00080108642578125,
0.06689453125,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.01806640625,
-0.000873565673828125,
0.027587890625,
0.0185546875,
0.0029754638671875,
0.04541015625,
0.02685546875,
0.01708984375,
0.02294921875,
0.0361328125,
-0.0087890625,
-0.0252685546875,
0.00421142578125,
0.00147247314453125,
0.0159912109375,
0.038330078125,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.05322265625,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.03662109375,
0.007110595703125,
-0.03466796875,
0.038818359375,
0.0216064453125,
0.01611328125,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.04638671875,
0.03076171875,
0.00055694580078125,
-0.025146484375,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.050537109375,
0.0272216796875,
0.024658203125,
-0.0020904541015625,
0.0018768310546875,
-0.060791015625,
-0.0205078125,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.0009765625,
-0.02099609375,
-0.048095703125,
0.0247802734375,
0.0228271484375,
0.006805419921875,
-0.0164794921875,
0.0439453125,
-0.0096435546875,
0.01165771484375,
0.04833984375,
-0.049560546875,
0.0123291015625,
-0.044677734375,
0.048583984375,
0.01409912109375,
-0.010498046875,
-0.017578125,
0.04443359375,
0.013916015625,
-0.00138092041015625,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.05126953125,
-0.062255859375,
-0.041259765625,
0.02978515625,
-0.00238037109375,
-0.0101318359375,
-0.0069580078125,
-0.046875,
0.0179443359375,
-0.0250244140625,
0.037841796875,
0.08203125,
-0.008544921875,
-0.0013885498046875,
-0.0311279296875,
0.0181884765625,
0.017822265625,
-0.06494140625,
0.0052490234375,
-0.0205078125,
-0.017333984375,
-0.055908203125,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.0074462890625,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.00007295608520507812,
0.00946044921875,
-0.016357421875,
-0.0004863739013671875,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0546875,
-0.03125,
0.0478515625,
0.031982421875,
0.0238037109375,
0.058837890625,
-0.0308837890625,
-0.05859375,
0.042724609375,
0.027587890625,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.0625,
0.0274658203125,
0.01361083984375,
-0.0017852783203125,
0.01385498046875,
0.01318359375,
-0.058837890625,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.0019073486328125,
-0.050537109375,
-0.012451171875,
-0.034423828125,
0.0240478515625,
0.030029296875,
-0.033203125,
0.043701171875,
0.0244140625,
0.01507568359375,
0.03955078125,
0.01287841796875,
0.053466796875,
-0.040771484375,
-0.035400390625,
0.0244140625,
-0.0018768310546875,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.02734375,
-0.003936767578125,
-0.03125,
-0.001007080078125,
0.012939453125,
-0.050537109375,
-0.026123046875,
-0.0224609375,
0.0076904296875,
0.06787109375,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.03076171875,
0.034423828125,
0.01544189453125,
-0.0517578125,
-0.008544921875,
-0.049560546875,
0.041015625,
0.000001735985279083252,
-0.07470703125,
-0.0093994140625,
0.0400390625,
-0.033935546875,
0.041748046875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0390625,
-0.0011749267578125,
0.0302734375,
-0.054443359375,
0.0216064453125,
0.059814453125,
0.0400390625,
-0.045166015625,
-0.0712890625,
0.002838134765625,
0.064453125,
-0.0218505859375,
0.03271484375,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.035400390625,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.03125,
-0.0024871826171875,
-0.021484375,
-0.0185546875,
0.00970458984375,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.00154876708984375,
0.034912109375,
-0.048828125,
0.00555419921875,
-0.0439453125,
0.0162353515625,
-0.0037841796875,
-0.0177001953125,
0.00469970703125,
0.0166015625,
-0.0169677734375,
0.0306396484375,
-0.01202392578125,
0.04150390625,
0.02490234375,
-0.016845703125,
0.016357421875,
-0.030517578125,
-0.02490234375,
-0.05859375,
-0.016357421875,
0.007049560546875,
-0.0184326171875,
0.0250244140625,
0.02685546875,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.0196533203125,
0.0003204345703125,
0.0294189453125,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.013671875,
-0.040771484375,
0.013671875,
0.0047607421875,
0.0181884765625,
-0.0026397705078125,
-0.006988525390625,
0.02734375,
0.0167236328125,
0.0189208984375,
0.0303955078125,
0.01007080078125,
0.05322265625,
0.005401611328125,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.0205078125,
-0.041015625,
-0.01409912109375,
0.0634765625,
0.0086669921875,
-0.017822265625,
0.0181884765625,
-0.015869140625,
-0.0274658203125,
0.03173828125,
-0.06103515625,
-0.0299072265625,
0.035400390625,
0.005218505859375,
0.005889892578125,
-0.03515625,
0.007537841796875,
-0.007293701171875,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.00167083740234375,
-0.02099609375,
-0.031982421875,
0.01025390625,
0.052978515625,
0.0140380859375,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.044677734375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.01116943359375,
0.041015625,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.05029296875,
0.0213623046875,
-0.01953125,
-0.0576171875,
0.0654296875,
-0.005340576171875,
0.026123046875,
-0.00469970703125,
-0.014404296875,
-0.051025390625,
0.005279541015625,
-0.0079345703125,
0.00860595703125,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.04541015625,
-0.0185546875,
0.0302734375,
0.041748046875,
0.0286865234375,
0.039306640625,
0.0038909912109375,
-0.0140380859375,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.030517578125,
-0.019287109375,
0.058349609375,
0.0458984375,
0.031494140625,
-0.008544921875,
0.0005645751953125,
0.019775390625,
0.0294189453125,
0.016845703125,
0.048583984375,
-0.000942230224609375,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.025390625,
-0.033935546875,
0.045654296875,
0.0252685546875,
-0.0234375,
0.04345703125,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.0032958984375,
-0.037841796875,
-0.01904296875,
0.0022125244140625,
-0.0301513671875,
0.007110595703125,
0.005584716796875,
0.000232696533203125,
0.021240234375,
0.022705078125,
-0.01513671875,
0.0242919921875,
0.0264892578125,
0.0103759765625,
0.04345703125,
0.00250244140625,
0.01495361328125,
0.0198974609375,
-0.072265625,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0400390625,
0.0269775390625,
-0.00543212890625,
0.01416015625,
0.0289306640625,
-0.02001953125,
0.0012664794921875,
0.0191650390625,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.06298828125,
-0.017822265625,
-0.013916015625,
0.0517578125,
-0.030517578125,
0.028076171875,
0.0181884765625,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.0380859375,
0.01165771484375,
0.0194091796875,
0.032958984375,
-0.0084228515625,
0.029052734375,
0.005706787109375,
0.0341796875,
0.0341796875,
-0.031494140625,
0.03955078125,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.05322265625,
-0.0146484375,
0.009521484375,
-0.028076171875,
-0.047119140625,
-0.0498046875,
-0.047607421875,
-0.011474609375,
0.025634765625,
0.0027313232421875,
-0.052978515625,
-0.0230712890625,
0.0142822265625,
-0.03271484375,
0.000576019287109375,
0.0546875,
0.06591796875,
0.005035400390625,
-0.02587890625,
-0.00537109375,
-0.0322265625,
0.0311279296875,
-0.03173828125,
0.04296875,
0.013671875,
-0.043212890625,
-0.041748046875,
-0.0289306640625,
0.01129150390625,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.05029296875,
-0.0289306640625,
0.037841796875,
0.017578125,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.0224609375,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.037353515625,
0.0400390625,
0.032470703125,
0.022705078125,
0.0289306640625,
-0.004302978515625,
0.00152587890625,
0.01361083984375,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.00135040283203125,
0.003936767578125,
-0.04052734375,
-0.02294921875,
-0.030029296875,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0595703125,
0.01708984375,
0.0115966796875,
0.029296875,
0.00439453125,
-0.052734375,
0.01287841796875,
-0.03271484375,
-0.04931640625,
-0.033935546875,
-0.018798828125,
-0.02001953125,
-0.017578125,
0.03564453125,
-0.0400390625,
0.28515625,
0.0380859375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.005859375,
-0.0233154296875,
0.029541015625,
0.041748046875,
0.01953125,
-0.048583984375,
0.024169921875,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.01470947265625,
0.0257568359375,
0.0220947265625,
0.0123291015625,
0.0245361328125,
-0.0250244140625,
0.01416015625,
0.0294189453125,
-0.043701171875,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.028076171875,
0.018310546875,
0.06884765625,
0.056640625,
0.022216796875,
0.01953125,
-0.0732421875,
-0.0283203125,
-0.0294189453125,
0.04150390625,
-0.048828125,
0.01495361328125,
-0.04296875,
-0.0194091796875,
0.0189208984375,
-0.0205078125,
-0.01239013671875,
0.020263671875,
0.00128173828125,
-0.004119873046875,
0.0216064453125,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.01422119140625,
0.03564453125,
-0.0291748046875,
0.052734375,
0.109375,
-0.004150390625,
0.007659912109375,
0.0277099609375,
-0.005950927734375,
-0.035400390625,
0.01275634765625,
0.03466796875,
0.00347900390625,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.042236328125,
-0.02587890625,
0.0186767578125,
0.01092529296875,
0.046142578125,
0.0751953125,
-0.005859375,
0.0296630859375,
0.0152587890625,
-0.00616455078125,
-0.037353515625,
0.0034942626953125,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.008544921875,
-0.0244140625,
0.08203125,
0.037353515625,
-0.001617431640625,
0.032958984375,
0.04296875,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.017578125,
-0.03125,
0.01171875,
0.003173828125,
0.0267333984375,
0.040771484375,
0.0062255859375,
-0.03125,
0.0198974609375,
-0.00982666015625,
0.022216796875,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.03125,
0.002197265625,
0.0126953125
] |
Sharpe, J.
This is an appeal from a decree cancelling a deed executed by Ernest Randall on May 28,1938, by wbicb be conveyed a farm to defendants Howard E. Randall and Editba O. Randall, bis wife.
Ernest Randall is tbe father of Howard E. Randall. In tbe early part of May, 1938, Ernest Randall was living in Grand Bay, Alabama. Previously, be had been in an automobile accident and was severely-injured. On or about May 15, 1938, he had a letter written to his grandson Howard E. Randall, Jr,.,- of Caro, Michigan, in which it was said in substance: if you will come and get me, and look after me, I will deed you my farm. At this time, Ernest Randall was 76 years of age and was partially paralyzed. Upon receipt of plaintiff’s letter, Howard E. Randall, Jr., his sister Ruth, and his father, Howard E. Randall, left by car for Alabama. Within a few days, they returned to Michigan with plaintiff and he was taken to defendants’ home.
On May 23d, after returning to Michigan, the grandson refused to accept the farm as proposed in the letter. The next morning, defendant Howard E. Randall discussed the disposition of the farm with his father, the result of which was that defendant guaranteed to take care of his father the rest of his life in return for a present deed of the farm. Plaintiff accepted the offer and the next day, May 25th, defendant went to the office of Guy G. Hill, an attorney in Caro, Michigan, to have the deed prepared. The deed was prepared that day and executed May 28, 1938.
About five months after defendants received the property, they mortgaged it for the sum of $2,500 and of this sum approximately $1,025 went for repairs and improvements on the farm, about $430 for modernizing defendants’ home and about $225 for back taxes on the farm.
On or about January 20, 1940, plaintiff left defendants’ home. After ^aving, plaintiff received some checks from defendant which he returned. Plaintiff brought suit for cancellation of the deed, and alleged in his bill of complaint:
_ “That plaintiff has no recollection whatsoever of signing this deed; that he never consulted anyone in regard to such a transfer; that he never requested that such a transfer be made; that he never employed anyone to draft this deed; that he never paid anyone for drafting it; and that at the time of signing it, he was mentally incompetent to make a valid transfer of this property. * # *
“That this conveyance was obtained from plaintiff by the fraud, duress and undue influence of these defendants.
‘ ‘ That plaintiff received no consideration whatsoever from the defendants or from any other person in their behalf for this transfer. That no life estate was reserved to the plaintiff and that there was no agreement on the part of defendants to care for, support and maintain plaintiff during his lifetime. That plaintiff has lived with defendants since the date of said deed, but only because he was unable to provide a residence elsewhere.”
The cause came on for trial and the trial court found as a fact: •
“Plaintiff testifies he has no memory of executing the deed, that if he did execute it he was not conscious of what he was doing at the time.
“The court cannot accept this claim. The scrivener was Guy G. Hill, an attorney of good standing in this court. The court will not review the testimony but, under the testimony of Mr. Hill and the others who were present at the execution of the deed or saw him at that approximate time, finds Ernest Randall did execute the deed at the time alleged and knew at that time he was deeding the land to his son and his" daughter-in-law, and did so in expectation of life support and care. ’ ’
The trial court entered a decree cancelling the deed and providing that defendants pay to plaintiff the' sum of $635.27 for plaintiff’s share of the crops for the years 1938, 1939, and 1940, and that part of the $2,500 mortgage not used for improving the farm, after deducting $1,433 as charges for plaintiff’s care, support and maintenance.
In giving his reasons for cancellation of the deed, the trial court stated as follows:
“The serious illness of plaintiff, his fear he would not survive that illness,'the speed with which the execution of the deed was brought about, the change in grantees and caretakers, the gross inadequacy of the payments offered by Howard Randall in comparison with his income from plaintiff’s farm, the indefiniteness as to what plaintiff was to receive in return for stripping himself of his property, the fact plaintiff was in illness stripping himself for the benefit of a son he did not like or trust, the fact a man of notable independence was making himself a helpless dependent, these are all circumstances attending this transaction that are shocking to the court and justifying relief in equity.
“At the age of nearly eighty plaintiff is without property and without a home or suitable support.”
We are in accord with the finding of the trial court that “Ernest Randall did execute the deed at the time alleged and knew at that time he was deeding the land to his son and his daughter-in-law, and did so in expectation of life support and, care.”
Guy G. Hill, the attorney who drew the deed, testified as follows:
“Q. Where did you leave the deed?
“A. I left the deed with Mr. Randall. ■
“Q. With Mr. Ernest Randall?
“A. I did.
'“Q. Now, from your observation and your conversation there, did Mr. Ernest Randall understand, in your opinion, the meaning of the instrument that he was executing?
“A. I surely believe he did.
“Q. Do you think there is any question of it whatsoever?
“A. No; I took explicit pains to discuss it with him.
“ Q. Was there any question in your mind at that time as to his mental competency?
“A.' None whatever.”
It is to he noted that five other witnesses gave evidence of Ernest Randall’s mental capacity at or about the time of the execution of the deed. The testimony of all of these witnesses supports the claim that Ernest Randall had mental capacity to execute a deed or transact similar business.
It is next urged that the conveyance was obtained by fraud, duress and undue influence. In support of this position, plaintiff relies on the fact that the son stood in a fiduciary relation to his father. The facts in this case show, that when plaintiff conceived the idea of disposing of his farm, he was in the State of Alabama, approximately a thousand miles away from any of his relatives; that shortly after making an offer to his grandson, he was able to travel by automobile to Michigan where he entered into the agreement with his son; that at the time the deed was executed he declined a life lease of the property.
Defendant Editha Randall, towards whom plaintiff had no ill feelings, testified as follows:
“A. Well, I went in and asked grandpa, I told him, ‘I wish grandpa you would take a life lease back on your place. You are going to get up and get around and want to run it yourself, and it will be better for you, and I wish you would do this.’ He said, ‘Editha, I don’t want any life lease; I know I will never walk again and you folks have got to take care of me and I want Howard to do the worrying, and I am going to lay here and take solid comfort.’ * * *
“A. "Why, at the same time before I left the room, I started out and I went back and said to him, 4 Grandpa, I do wish you would take a life lease of this place. Dr. Howlett has hopes you will be up and you will want to run your business, and I wish you would take it.’ He said, * * 41 know I am never going to walk again and you will have to take care of me and it is just as I want it,’ and I went back again and I said,4 Grandpa, you know we would take care of you if you didn’t have a penny,’ and he said, 41 believe you would, Editha,’ and that is all I said to him. I have done all I thought I could. ’ ’
In our opinion there was no undue influence, duress or fraud exercised upon plaintiff. He knew what he wanted and succeeded in getting it without being influenced by anyone.
The facts in the case at bar are to be distinguished from those in Ferguson v. Ferguson, 287 Mich. 714. In that case, an agreement was made between father and son whereby the father deeded the farm to his son and wife reserving a life lease and the son and daughter-in-law agreed to provide their father with a suitable home, give him proper care and maintenance, and a decent burial at death. In that case the son made no serious effort to carry out the contract and we decreed a cancellation of the deed.
In Furgason v. Dunn, 292 Mich. 115, plaintiff entered into an agreement with defendant, his father-in-law, wherein it was agreed that plaintiff and wife were to leave their home and live with defendant and make a home for him and at his death the real estate was to become the property of plaintiff. This agreement was carried out for approximately 12 years, when defendant sought to have it cancelled. In that case we denied defendant any relief.
In the case at bar, plaintiff was provided with a home, food, clothing and a certain amount of spend ing money. The record sustains defendants’ claim that they have always been willing and able to care for plaintiff and did so for a period of 18 months. Plaintiff testified, “I was well treated while at defendants ’ home.’ ’ Defendants have performed their part of the agreement insofar as it was possible for them to' perform it. Moreover, defendants in reliance upon the agreement have procured machinery, remodeled their home and to some extent changed their course of life. They have a right to expect that plaintiff will carry out the terms of an agreement fairly entered into and understood by all interested parties.
The decree of the trial court is reversed and a decree will be entered dismissing plaintiff’s bill of complaint. Defendants may recover costs.
Chandler, C. J., and Boyles, North, Starr, Butzel, and Bushnell, JJ., concurred. Wiest, J., took no part in this decision. | [
-0.032958984375,
0.01953125,
0.0098876953125,
0.02099609375,
-0.04833984375,
-0.038818359375,
-0.006866455078125,
0.00616455078125,
0.01312255859375,
0.0284423828125,
0.032958984375,
-0.020263671875,
0.021484375,
0.037841796875,
-0.007476806640625,
-0.0040283203125,
-0.015869140625,
-0.01611328125,
0.00439453125,
0.0322265625,
0.0130615234375,
0.00439453125,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.0244140625,
-0.0027313232421875,
-0.016357421875,
-0.01123046875,
-0.01513671875,
0.068359375,
0.0179443359375,
-0.019775390625,
0.00077056884765625,
-0.015380859375,
-0.005279541015625,
-0.008056640625,
-0.0128173828125,
0.05419921875,
-0.06396484375,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.03955078125,
-0.032470703125,
0.0107421875,
0.036865234375,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.01513671875,
-0.040283203125,
-0.003814697265625,
-0.0179443359375,
0.00390625,
-0.021728515625,
-0.01123046875,
-0.01397705078125,
0.041748046875,
-0.023193359375,
0.004547119140625,
-0.0322265625,
0.006134033203125,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.0079345703125,
0.024658203125,
0.0244140625,
-0.035400390625,
0.0130615234375,
-0.0181884765625,
0.0184326171875,
0.060546875,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.0004367828369140625,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.002349853515625,
0.00994873046875,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.0036468505859375,
0.021484375,
0.022705078125,
0.00921630859375,
-0.0030364990234375,
0.0034942626953125,
0.01226806640625,
0.0213623046875,
0.032470703125,
0.00154876708984375,
0.07080078125,
0.029541015625,
-0.076171875,
0.017333984375,
0.03076171875,
0.0233154296875,
0.0035400390625,
0.0147705078125,
-0.03515625,
0.060302734375,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.02197265625,
0.044189453125,
0.0230712890625,
-0.005645751953125,
0.0296630859375,
0.0123291015625,
-0.0296630859375,
0.0194091796875,
0.042724609375,
0.041748046875,
0.057861328125,
-0.009033203125,
0.018798828125,
0.0177001953125,
0.007415771484375,
-0.032470703125,
-0.002593994140625,
0.015869140625,
-0.026611328125,
0.041259765625,
-0.0027313232421875,
-0.05078125,
-0.006134033203125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0166015625,
-0.064453125,
0.0115966796875,
0.0302734375,
-0.00714111328125,
0.04443359375,
-0.0206298828125,
0.0211181640625,
-0.01226806640625,
0.006103515625,
0.024169921875,
0.00469970703125,
0.0279541015625,
0.038818359375,
0.0103759765625,
0.00142669677734375,
0.032470703125,
0.0185546875,
0.0201416015625,
0.039306640625,
-0.009521484375,
-0.000690460205078125,
-0.0169677734375,
0.05078125,
-0.005340576171875,
-0.0142822265625,
0.033447265625,
0.0228271484375,
0.052001953125,
-0.017822265625,
0.00946044921875,
-0.0262451171875,
0.01123046875,
-0.06640625,
-0.006256103515625,
0.0019683837890625,
0.0235595703125,
0.049560546875,
0.0225830078125,
0.03857421875,
-0.0035400390625,
0.0166015625,
0.03857421875,
-0.020263671875,
0.044677734375,
-0.002044677734375,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.041748046875,
-0.00701904296875,
0.0106201171875,
0.03369140625,
-0.03173828125,
-0.00823974609375,
0.04296875,
0.032958984375,
-0.05078125,
-0.035888671875,
0.0419921875,
0.00066375732421875,
0.0634765625,
0.034912109375,
-0.00958251953125,
0.042236328125,
-0.017822265625,
0.035888671875,
0.0185546875,
-0.00555419921875,
-0.0234375,
-0.0277099609375,
0.0250244140625,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0054931640625,
0.0103759765625,
-0.0174560546875,
0.00775146484375,
0.044921875,
-0.026611328125,
0.031494140625,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0032501220703125,
0.0059814453125,
-0.0302734375,
0.00738525390625,
0.0167236328125,
0.048095703125,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.0537109375,
0.07568359375,
0.041748046875,
-0.0113525390625,
0.046875,
-0.0086669921875,
0.007476806640625,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.017822265625,
0.041015625,
0.037109375,
-0.02197265625,
0.03857421875,
-0.0184326171875,
0.0120849609375,
0.00836181640625,
0.032470703125,
-0.0299072265625,
0.0245361328125,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.022216796875,
0.0576171875,
0.036865234375,
-0.007415771484375,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.0037689208984375,
0.003143310546875,
0.00238037109375,
0.076171875,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.022705078125,
0.02001953125,
0.0162353515625,
-0.0299072265625,
0.0020751953125,
-0.037109375,
0.0029296875,
0.06591796875,
0.00872802734375,
-0.042236328125,
0.03271484375,
0.01312255859375,
-0.023681640625,
-0.01409912109375,
0.027099609375,
-0.0184326171875,
0.0155029296875,
-0.045166015625,
0.0128173828125,
0.01312255859375,
0.01470947265625,
0.0250244140625,
0.0048828125,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.01495361328125,
0.01202392578125,
0.01239013671875,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0003604888916015625,
0.037109375,
-0.0159912109375,
0.01251220703125,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.023193359375,
-0.04296875,
-0.027587890625,
-0.056640625,
-0.0341796875,
0.01318359375,
-0.04150390625,
-0.029052734375,
0.01068115234375,
-0.01416015625,
0.030517578125,
-0.0498046875,
0.01251220703125,
-0.025634765625,
-0.0224609375,
0.01025390625,
0.002899169921875,
0.03662109375,
-0.005401611328125,
0.04248046875,
-0.0181884765625,
0.02490234375,
0.0003833770751953125,
-0.044677734375,
-0.04345703125,
-0.01336669921875,
0.0419921875,
-0.00469970703125,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.040283203125,
-0.03515625,
-0.025634765625,
-0.0277099609375,
0.00151824951171875,
0.00927734375,
0.0137939453125,
-0.07373046875,
-0.0086669921875,
0.004730224609375,
-0.0164794921875,
0.01177978515625,
-0.00005626678466796875,
-0.0037689208984375,
-0.023681640625,
0.054443359375,
0.00384521484375,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.0101318359375,
-0.05712890625,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.00091552734375,
-0.047119140625,
-0.007476806640625,
-0.01104736328125,
0.035400390625,
0.033935546875,
-0.06982421875,
0.0250244140625,
0.00531005859375,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0400390625,
0.029052734375,
-0.020751953125,
0.00860595703125,
-0.005767822265625,
-0.0400390625,
0.00982666015625,
-0.02685546875,
0.04052734375,
0.0013885498046875,
0.00994873046875,
0.0133056640625,
0.0152587890625,
0.051513671875,
0.01220703125,
-0.0032196044921875,
0.0166015625,
0.0211181640625,
-0.0120849609375,
0.03173828125,
-0.0206298828125,
0.0057373046875,
-0.0286865234375,
0.019775390625,
0.0191650390625,
-0.01318359375,
-0.03271484375,
0.0634765625,
0.01483154296875,
-0.000354766845703125,
-0.0120849609375,
0.0037384033203125,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.03125,
-0.029052734375,
0.0279541015625,
-0.04248046875,
0.04931640625,
0.0703125,
-0.0198974609375,
0.0020751953125,
-0.0224609375,
-0.01446533203125,
0.01483154296875,
-0.0224609375,
0.03369140625,
-0.0115966796875,
0.0272216796875,
-0.0111083984375,
0.016357421875,
0.037109375,
0.00469970703125,
0.01019287109375,
0.0107421875,
0.0189208984375,
-0.0135498046875,
0.030517578125,
-0.015869140625,
-0.05810546875,
0.0537109375,
-0.007476806640625,
-0.047119140625,
-0.0419921875,
0.0419921875,
0.0098876953125,
-0.0128173828125,
0.01190185546875,
0.03955078125,
-0.027099609375,
0.01495361328125,
0.0206298828125,
-0.014404296875,
-0.0205078125,
-0.051025390625,
0.037841796875,
-0.005340576171875,
-0.0458984375,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.005889892578125,
0.07666015625,
0.026123046875,
0.057373046875,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0093994140625,
0.046142578125,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0113525390625,
0.0294189453125,
0.0380859375,
0.015869140625,
0.05029296875,
-0.0081787109375,
0.035400390625,
-0.047607421875,
0.037109375,
0.01513671875,
0.0654296875,
0.00537109375,
0.045654296875,
-0.0216064453125,
0.0220947265625,
0.08056640625,
0.00009679794311523438,
0.04541015625,
-0.029541015625,
0.031494140625,
0.0189208984375,
0.041015625,
0.015869140625,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.007476806640625,
-0.03271484375,
0.01409912109375,
0.005645751953125,
0.0228271484375,
-0.0240478515625,
0.034912109375,
-0.029541015625,
0.048583984375,
0.002471923828125,
-0.042236328125,
-0.0164794921875,
0.0654296875,
0.0034942626953125,
0.046875,
-0.032470703125,
0.0302734375,
-0.0003185272216796875,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.0576171875,
-0.01904296875,
0.026123046875,
0.00238037109375,
0.0015716552734375,
0.0546875,
-0.00927734375,
0.02197265625,
0.05322265625,
0.016845703125,
-0.0556640625,
0.038818359375,
-0.01300048828125,
0.01123046875,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.0137939453125,
0.01043701171875,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.00830078125,
-0.003509521484375,
0.042236328125,
-0.0045166015625,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.042724609375,
-0.0013427734375,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.0018463134765625,
0.01177978515625,
0.0255126953125,
-0.00054168701171875,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.0390625,
0.002044677734375,
-0.045166015625,
-0.0184326171875,
0.0177001953125,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.004730224609375,
-0.0050048828125,
0.042724609375,
-0.015380859375,
0.00689697265625,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.037841796875,
0.0023040771484375,
0.055419921875,
0.01123046875,
-0.007110595703125,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0289306640625,
0.00836181640625,
-0.003662109375,
0.037109375,
0.002227783203125,
0.03076171875,
0.0279541015625,
0.035888671875,
-0.03515625,
-0.023193359375,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.00262451171875,
0.0032196044921875,
0.04052734375,
0.0289306640625,
-0.026611328125,
-0.091796875,
0.004241943359375,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.05029296875,
-0.04345703125,
-0.000507354736328125,
-0.025634765625,
0.0220947265625,
-0.008544921875,
-0.0162353515625,
0.0087890625,
-0.07470703125,
-0.005462646484375,
0.00836181640625,
-0.0478515625,
-0.060546875,
-0.047607421875,
-0.0205078125,
0.0302734375,
0.02197265625,
-0.02734375,
-0.029296875,
-0.03857421875,
-0.01806640625,
-0.030517578125,
-0.01220703125,
-0.043212890625,
-0.040771484375,
0.01300048828125,
0.0020751953125,
0.040771484375,
0.0184326171875,
0.019775390625,
0.0125732421875,
0.00408935546875,
0.048095703125,
-0.06884765625,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.03369140625,
0.00921630859375,
-0.03271484375,
0.005401611328125,
-0.005523681640625,
0.03466796875,
-0.007110595703125,
0.0184326171875,
0.0184326171875,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.039306640625,
-0.04833984375,
0.020263671875,
-0.017578125,
-0.00165557861328125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.036376953125,
0.040771484375,
-0.0047607421875,
-0.000797271728515625,
0.0712890625,
-0.0380859375,
0.01336669921875,
-0.054931640625,
0.0576171875,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.035888671875,
-0.024169921875,
-0.033203125,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.0234375,
-0.04248046875,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.03662109375,
0.04248046875,
0.031982421875,
0.0230712890625,
0.0283203125,
-0.04541015625,
-0.04833984375,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0301513671875,
0.01031494140625,
0.0208740234375,
0.06787109375,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.0174560546875,
0.01422119140625,
-0.003570556640625,
-0.034423828125,
-0.044677734375,
0.0069580078125,
0.00909423828125,
0.00133514404296875,
0.023681640625,
0.0174560546875,
-0.03955078125,
-0.035400390625,
-0.031005859375,
-0.037841796875,
-0.003021240234375,
-0.052001953125,
0.005828857421875,
0.0322265625,
0.0145263671875,
0.035400390625,
0.045166015625,
0.0223388671875,
0.037841796875,
-0.01953125,
0.0225830078125,
-0.0390625,
-0.07470703125,
0.02587890625,
-0.0004673004150390625,
-0.05322265625,
-0.0019683837890625,
0.0289306640625,
-0.029296875,
0.024658203125,
-0.015625,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.0546875,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.0013885498046875,
0.0216064453125,
-0.010498046875,
0.00592041015625,
0.018798828125,
0.0341796875,
-0.0537109375,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.03955078125,
0.05419921875,
-0.007232666015625,
-0.06982421875,
-0.012451171875,
0.0361328125,
-0.007171630859375,
0.042724609375,
-0.005035400390625,
-0.006134033203125,
-0.0098876953125,
0.059326171875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0025634765625,
0.024169921875,
0.007476806640625,
-0.046630859375,
-0.03759765625,
0.0034942626953125,
0.059326171875,
0.01287841796875,
0.0228271484375,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.017822265625,
0.01806640625,
-0.035400390625,
-0.03857421875,
-0.008056640625,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.001220703125,
0.0279541015625,
-0.00048828125,
-0.017333984375,
-0.00775146484375,
0.01446533203125,
-0.07763671875,
0.035888671875,
-0.030517578125,
0.0233154296875,
0.059814453125,
0.002777099609375,
0.037109375,
0.01483154296875,
0.0064697265625,
0.0262451171875,
-0.036865234375,
0.00396728515625,
0.0015106201171875,
0.02490234375,
0.0145263671875,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.046142578125,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.027099609375,
-0.031005859375,
0.0245361328125,
0.08935546875,
-0.03271484375,
-0.02099609375,
-0.037841796875,
0.021240234375,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0052490234375,
-0.0361328125,
0.01708984375,
0.0172119140625,
0.0208740234375,
-0.060302734375,
-0.01116943359375,
0.0125732421875,
0.031494140625,
0.021728515625,
0.036865234375,
-0.0096435546875,
0.0035247802734375,
-0.0283203125,
-0.0146484375,
-0.0498046875,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0274658203125,
0.0179443359375,
0.0174560546875,
-0.022705078125,
0.0234375,
-0.026611328125,
-0.055908203125,
0.039306640625,
-0.00927734375,
-0.040771484375,
0.017578125,
-0.00006389617919921875,
0.022705078125,
-0.00836181640625,
0.0296630859375,
0.00118255615234375,
-0.0076904296875,
0.0245361328125,
-0.005462646484375,
-0.00360107421875,
0.00075531005859375,
0.047607421875,
-0.0234375,
0.00023365020751953125,
-0.00628662109375,
0.0081787109375,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.059326171875,
-0.0279541015625,
0.0218505859375,
-0.0035400390625,
-0.01092529296875,
0.01507568359375,
-0.034912109375,
-0.042724609375,
-0.006195068359375,
-0.00927734375,
0.00131988525390625,
-0.00830078125,
0.0107421875,
-0.06103515625,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.01171875,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.033935546875,
0.003936767578125,
0.0286865234375,
0.027587890625,
0.056396484375,
0.00909423828125,
-0.004852294921875,
-0.04931640625,
-0.037353515625,
-0.040283203125,
0.03662109375,
0.03955078125,
0.025146484375,
0.0086669921875,
0.015625,
0.004730224609375,
-0.0064697265625,
0.02294921875,
0.0234375,
0.00933837890625,
-0.0205078125,
-0.003448486328125,
-0.0272216796875,
0.0120849609375,
0.007568359375,
-0.0167236328125,
0.046875,
-0.035888671875,
-0.00653076171875,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.037841796875,
0.018798828125,
-0.0152587890625,
0.0031890869140625,
0.015869140625,
-0.005157470703125,
0.0279541015625,
0.01446533203125,
0.01397705078125,
0.0250244140625,
0.0615234375,
0.031494140625,
0.039794921875,
-0.00054168701171875,
0.0128173828125,
0.0155029296875,
-0.080078125,
0.007049560546875,
0.04931640625,
-0.015869140625,
-0.0277099609375,
0.031982421875,
0.033935546875,
-0.0162353515625,
0.0067138671875,
-0.00567626953125,
-0.02392578125,
-0.06884765625,
0.0022430419921875,
0.001251220703125,
0.037353515625,
-0.028076171875,
-0.0034942626953125,
0.0185546875,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0089111328125,
0.025634765625,
0.02734375,
-0.0078125,
0.021240234375,
0.029541015625,
0.00970458984375,
0.0380859375,
-0.0238037109375,
0.00946044921875,
-0.02880859375,
-0.031005859375,
-0.0113525390625,
0.031982421875,
-0.030517578125,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.056884765625,
-0.035888671875,
0.0179443359375,
0.005126953125,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.07080078125,
0.01171875,
-0.035888671875,
-0.052490234375,
0.028564453125,
0.00787353515625,
0.06103515625,
0.031005859375,
-0.0107421875,
0.004547119140625,
-0.015625,
0.03662109375,
-0.072265625,
0.0225830078125,
-0.00104522705078125,
-0.068359375,
-0.05322265625,
-0.0283203125,
-0.00885009765625,
0.0159912109375,
-0.06103515625,
-0.027099609375,
0.0086669921875,
0.03955078125,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.003265380859375,
0.0064697265625,
0.04052734375,
0.01611328125,
-0.00341796875,
0.0301513671875,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.01806640625,
0.01220703125,
0.003082275390625,
0.019775390625,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.046142578125,
-0.0537109375,
-0.046630859375,
-0.04638671875,
-0.055419921875,
0.000652313232421875,
-0.0048828125,
0.00396728515625,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.0216064453125,
0.0169677734375,
-0.040771484375,
-0.06201171875,
-0.0035552978515625,
0.0228271484375,
-0.05078125,
0.01416015625,
0.01483154296875,
-0.026611328125,
0.24609375,
0.0242919921875,
0.00457763671875,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.00946044921875,
0.04833984375,
0.01470947265625,
0.043701171875,
-0.032958984375,
0.0277099609375,
0.002685546875,
0.00823974609375,
0.0247802734375,
-0.0198974609375,
0.031005859375,
0.0498046875,
-0.0289306640625,
0.047607421875,
0.004730224609375,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.0037841796875,
0.01025390625,
-0.0189208984375,
0.056396484375,
0.05078125,
0.0419921875,
0.04736328125,
-0.0634765625,
-0.0025634765625,
-0.038818359375,
0.0230712890625,
-0.0302734375,
0.01495361328125,
-0.0673828125,
-0.01513671875,
0.0152587890625,
-0.005218505859375,
0.00921630859375,
0.035888671875,
-0.015869140625,
0.0005035400390625,
0.00872802734375,
-0.0224609375,
0.005126953125,
-0.00537109375,
0.0194091796875,
-0.027099609375,
0.0947265625,
0.09033203125,
-0.024658203125,
0.0205078125,
0.0029449462890625,
0.0296630859375,
-0.0478515625,
0.00823974609375,
0.021240234375,
0.0194091796875,
-0.005096435546875,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0673828125,
0.025146484375,
0.002685546875,
0.0113525390625,
0.06298828125,
0.036376953125,
0.0269775390625,
0.09375,
-0.017822265625,
-0.02294921875,
-0.037841796875,
-0.00732421875,
-0.002716064453125,
-0.055419921875,
0.00128173828125,
0.04150390625,
0.03759765625,
0.00830078125,
0.03076171875,
0.06201171875,
-0.021484375,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.0615234375,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.035400390625,
0.020751953125,
0.0211181640625,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.034912109375,
0.0067138671875,
0.0093994140625,
0.03369140625,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.0169677734375,
0.020751953125,
0.010986328125
] |
Potter, J.
Information in the nature of quo warranto by the attorney general, to oust defendant from employment of licensed optometrists who serve customers while employed by it. Prom a judgment for defendant, plaintiff appeals. The State claims the purposes set forth in defendant’s articles of association do not include such service, and the law prohibits defendant corporation from operating an optometric department. Included in the purposes of the corporation is to “carry on the business of opticians and dealers in optical goods and allied lines.” Defendant employs optometrists in connection with, its sale of optical goods. The employment of an optometrist in connection with the sale of optical goods by defendant is a natural and proper extension of its authorized service and is not ultra vires.
The statute, 2 Comp. Laws 1929,- § 6787, contemplates maintenance of an optometrical department by corporations in connection with the sale of optical goods, but specific types of advertising are prohibited. Many decisions construing different statutes are cited. They are not applicable to the construction of the statutes of this State.
Judgment affirmed, but without costs.
McDonald, C. J., and Weadock, Sharpe, North, Fead, Wiest, and Butzel, JJ., concurred. | [
-0.02685546875,
-0.0341796875,
-0.005157470703125,
0.04931640625,
-0.06640625,
-0.009033203125,
-0.04541015625,
-0.031005859375,
-0.01019287109375,
0.06982421875,
0.0517578125,
0.0034332275390625,
0.052734375,
0.004608154296875,
0.00506591796875,
-0.014404296875,
0.00115203857421875,
0.050048828125,
-0.00616455078125,
0.03466796875,
0.02978515625,
0.031982421875,
-0.04638671875,
-0.033203125,
-0.03271484375,
-0.011474609375,
0.033447265625,
-0.0177001953125,
0.05078125,
0.033203125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0020599365234375,
0.0194091796875,
-0.020263671875,
-0.0184326171875,
0.0260009765625,
0.03564453125,
-0.013916015625,
0.0118408203125,
-0.04541015625,
0.031005859375,
0.015625,
0.0390625,
-0.0390625,
-0.034912109375,
-0.060546875,
-0.00102996826171875,
-0.0556640625,
0.04248046875,
-0.028076171875,
0.0302734375,
0.0084228515625,
-0.019287109375,
-0.02978515625,
-0.004150390625,
-0.041259765625,
0.006927490234375,
-0.0179443359375,
0.00970458984375,
0.039306640625,
0.03466796875,
0.01336669921875,
0.019287109375,
-0.0054931640625,
0.034423828125,
0.0238037109375,
-0.0145263671875,
0.0390625,
0.01336669921875,
-0.007171630859375,
-0.0023345947265625,
0.0047607421875,
-0.01312255859375,
0.0147705078125,
0.02392578125,
-0.03369140625,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.04638671875,
0.015869140625,
0.0301513671875,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.037353515625,
0.05908203125,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.033203125,
0.06396484375,
-0.0022430419921875,
0.02880859375,
0.0031585693359375,
-0.03369140625,
-0.016845703125,
0.046630859375,
-0.03662109375,
-0.035400390625,
0.039306640625,
0.046875,
-0.04345703125,
0.0302734375,
0.072265625,
-0.004669189453125,
-0.0223388671875,
0.0303955078125,
-0.0224609375,
0.08251953125,
0.0048828125,
0.049560546875,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.003570556640625,
-0.01416015625,
-0.0072021484375,
0.004150390625,
-0.0230712890625,
0.0126953125,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.0115966796875,
0.029541015625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0023956298828125,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.01043701171875,
0.06298828125,
-0.0146484375,
0.054443359375,
-0.0108642578125,
0.051513671875,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.00958251953125,
0.042724609375,
-0.04541015625,
-0.0052490234375,
0.03466796875,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.00946044921875,
0.00286865234375,
-0.001312255859375,
0.0185546875,
0.03759765625,
0.0179443359375,
0.006988525390625,
0.013427734375,
0.020751953125,
0.0255126953125,
-0.0191650390625,
0.0751953125,
0.01422119140625,
0.0830078125,
0.00927734375,
0.048828125,
-0.0859375,
0.00689697265625,
-0.0341796875,
0.0120849609375,
0.0233154296875,
0.029541015625,
-0.0089111328125,
0.01007080078125,
0.0084228515625,
-0.019775390625,
0.0252685546875,
0.003387451171875,
-0.004119873046875,
0.041259765625,
-0.026123046875,
0.01397705078125,
-0.0244140625,
0.047119140625,
-0.019775390625,
0.0019378662109375,
-0.054443359375,
0.0101318359375,
0.0255126953125,
0.0098876953125,
-0.046875,
-0.00970458984375,
0.01708984375,
-0.0159912109375,
0.0498046875,
-0.02490234375,
-0.017333984375,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.005859375,
0.00714111328125,
0.0302734375,
0.03369140625,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.002899169921875,
-0.05712890625,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.05126953125,
0.03076171875,
0.00274658203125,
-0.028564453125,
0.01190185546875,
-0.0191650390625,
0.036376953125,
-0.030029296875,
0.01373291015625,
0.02197265625,
-0.04345703125,
-0.041015625,
0.0029449462890625,
-0.0260009765625,
0.0615234375,
0.0289306640625,
-0.0380859375,
0.031982421875,
0.03515625,
-0.03955078125,
0.0252685546875,
-0.002197265625,
-0.00141143798828125,
0.0026702880859375,
-0.05615234375,
0.02734375,
0.007232666015625,
-0.0419921875,
0.05810546875,
-0.0791015625,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.0262451171875,
0.018798828125,
-0.0152587890625,
0.0291748046875,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.023193359375,
0.041015625,
0.0242919921875,
-0.005828857421875,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.016845703125,
0.00872802734375,
0.0106201171875,
0.06201171875,
-0.060791015625,
-0.0322265625,
0.0341796875,
-0.0012359619140625,
0.03271484375,
0.038330078125,
-0.0712890625,
0.035400390625,
0.05078125,
0.008056640625,
-0.0283203125,
0.0213623046875,
0.006988525390625,
-0.006805419921875,
-0.0203857421875,
0.045654296875,
-0.0022735595703125,
0.032470703125,
0.0155029296875,
0.033203125,
-0.027099609375,
-0.010986328125,
0.01153564453125,
0.0086669921875,
-0.038818359375,
-0.005340576171875,
0.01458740234375,
0.040771484375,
-0.04150390625,
-0.005859375,
0.0255126953125,
-0.044189453125,
0.0888671875,
0.01953125,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.045654296875,
-0.016357421875,
0.01019287109375,
0.0018768310546875,
-0.019775390625,
-0.05908203125,
0.01519775390625,
-0.0302734375,
0.05615234375,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.005615234375,
-0.05419921875,
0.004486083984375,
-0.054443359375,
0.044189453125,
-0.023681640625,
0.03125,
-0.00543212890625,
0.007598876953125,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.0615234375,
0.029052734375,
0.044189453125,
-0.02880859375,
-0.0086669921875,
0.00994873046875,
-0.0595703125,
-0.046142578125,
0.013427734375,
-0.031982421875,
0.0230712890625,
-0.0012054443359375,
-0.022705078125,
0.01458740234375,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.02099609375,
-0.000782012939453125,
-0.04638671875,
0.036376953125,
0.005828857421875,
0.00019931793212890625,
-0.0205078125,
0.03955078125,
0.0118408203125,
0.003814697265625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.0439453125,
-0.0255126953125,
0.03271484375,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.0003261566162109375,
-0.015380859375,
-0.00494384765625,
0.05615234375,
-0.07861328125,
0.022705078125,
-0.052490234375,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.05810546875,
-0.02099609375,
-0.014404296875,
-0.0211181640625,
0.02783203125,
0.005462646484375,
-0.041259765625,
0.0286865234375,
-0.005645751953125,
0.056884765625,
-0.040771484375,
0.01904296875,
0.023193359375,
-0.00179290771484375,
0.060546875,
0.03076171875,
-0.007354736328125,
0.04638671875,
-0.019775390625,
-0.0189208984375,
0.017822265625,
-0.00982666015625,
0.0230712890625,
0.02001953125,
0.03662109375,
0.0025634765625,
-0.03662109375,
-0.07275390625,
0.01263427734375,
-0.005859375,
0.0074462890625,
-0.005157470703125,
-0.0263671875,
-0.0162353515625,
0.01043701171875,
0.006134033203125,
0.0019989013671875,
0.033447265625,
-0.016357421875,
0.0177001953125,
0.00408935546875,
-0.0556640625,
-0.006561279296875,
-0.0419921875,
-0.054931640625,
0.0164794921875,
-0.0014495849609375,
0.01007080078125,
0.0174560546875,
0.01953125,
-0.034423828125,
0.00909423828125,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.002410888671875,
0.00433349609375,
-0.0286865234375,
0.046630859375,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.045166015625,
0.0302734375,
0.019287109375,
-0.06298828125,
-0.035888671875,
0.0029296875,
0.00994873046875,
0.03759765625,
0.01385498046875,
0.017333984375,
0.040771484375,
0.00482177734375,
0.00860595703125,
-0.03515625,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.033447265625,
0.0478515625,
-0.007232666015625,
0.0081787109375,
-0.056884765625,
0.01806640625,
0.0019378662109375,
0.06396484375,
0.00634765625,
0.01348876953125,
-0.033935546875,
-0.005889892578125,
0.0235595703125,
0.002777099609375,
-0.0302734375,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.01373291015625,
0.0458984375,
0.047607421875,
-0.051025390625,
0.00384521484375,
-0.005126953125,
0.017578125,
0.006134033203125,
-0.0030059814453125,
-0.03466796875,
0.02197265625,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.0225830078125,
0.03369140625,
-0.0045166015625,
0.010009765625,
0.01416015625,
0.01239013671875,
0.000789642333984375,
0.0225830078125,
-0.034912109375,
-0.033203125,
0.0166015625,
0.0118408203125,
0.033203125,
0.02001953125,
0.01007080078125,
-0.0181884765625,
0.029296875,
-0.043212890625,
0.057373046875,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.027099609375,
-0.006683349609375,
0.0673828125,
-0.007171630859375,
0.0283203125,
0.0048828125,
0.03515625,
0.01007080078125,
-0.031005859375,
-0.048583984375,
-0.01324462890625,
0.0262451171875,
0.0185546875,
-0.0257568359375,
0.025390625,
-0.029541015625,
-0.01422119140625,
0.033447265625,
0.00072479248046875,
-0.037109375,
0.01251220703125,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.0260009765625,
0.003662109375,
-0.0458984375,
0.037353515625,
-0.013427734375,
0.03369140625,
0.003265380859375,
0.0028533935546875,
0.0142822265625,
-0.0595703125,
-0.028076171875,
0.0014801025390625,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.0177001953125,
0.0238037109375,
0.036865234375,
-0.00057220458984375,
-0.0361328125,
-0.03662109375,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.036865234375,
-0.010498046875,
-0.00009584426879882812,
-0.01123046875,
0.01239013671875,
-0.04736328125,
-0.006500244140625,
0.01025390625,
-0.00677490234375,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.038330078125,
-0.01348876953125,
0.03369140625,
0.05517578125,
-0.031005859375,
0.034423828125,
0.03662109375,
0.035888671875,
0.03076171875,
-0.009033203125,
0.0213623046875,
0.037841796875,
-0.02734375,
0.051513671875,
0.06494140625,
-0.03125,
-0.029296875,
0.01348876953125,
-0.005401611328125,
0.0250244140625,
-0.006988525390625,
0.0159912109375,
0.033447265625,
-0.050537109375,
-0.01116943359375,
0.0196533203125,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.025634765625,
0.0244140625,
0.01300048828125,
0.05126953125,
-0.0111083984375,
0.0062255859375,
0.004425048828125,
-0.0478515625,
0.007293701171875,
-0.0166015625,
-0.00836181640625,
0.001922607421875,
-0.023681640625,
-0.019287109375,
0.04248046875,
0.052734375,
-0.032470703125,
-0.01708984375,
-0.007171630859375,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.0262451171875,
0.00897216796875,
-0.027587890625,
-0.0498046875,
0.0303955078125,
0.0400390625,
0.052001953125,
-0.04443359375,
0.0234375,
-0.01287841796875,
0.00173187255859375,
0.044677734375,
-0.04443359375,
0.0033721923828125,
-0.022216796875,
0.035888671875,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.016357421875,
0.02197265625,
0.041015625,
0.03466796875,
-0.00384521484375,
-0.01806640625,
-0.05029296875,
-0.04541015625,
-0.0164794921875,
0.01495361328125,
-0.0205078125,
-0.0008087158203125,
-0.039794921875,
0.00799560546875,
-0.01007080078125,
0.029541015625,
0.02734375,
-0.02490234375,
-0.036865234375,
-0.014404296875,
0.017333984375,
-0.00112152099609375,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.00384521484375,
-0.0078125,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.036376953125,
-0.053466796875,
0.01165771484375,
-0.040771484375,
0.05126953125,
0.040771484375,
-0.042724609375,
0.0067138671875,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.01287841796875,
0.06298828125,
0.02685546875,
0.01708984375,
0.04052734375,
-0.03564453125,
-0.08056640625,
0.031982421875,
0.010009765625,
-0.0498046875,
-0.056640625,
0.0277099609375,
-0.0035552978515625,
-0.01953125,
0.021240234375,
0.0220947265625,
-0.03076171875,
0.0166015625,
0.034423828125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0052490234375,
-0.0205078125,
0.013916015625,
0.022705078125,
-0.035888671875,
0.0028533935546875,
0.0019683837890625,
0.05078125,
0.06689453125,
-0.01708984375,
0.03515625,
-0.05126953125,
-0.05615234375,
0.046630859375,
-0.003082275390625,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.0322265625,
0.0274658203125,
-0.00238037109375,
0.0274658203125,
0.053466796875,
0.0111083984375,
-0.019287109375,
0.0299072265625,
0.030029296875,
0.057373046875,
-0.012939453125,
-0.044189453125,
0.048583984375,
0.00799560546875,
-0.05029296875,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0908203125,
-0.03076171875,
0.08056640625,
0.0003414154052734375,
0.0181884765625,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.018310546875,
-0.032470703125,
0.0238037109375,
-0.036865234375,
0.03076171875,
0.035400390625,
0.04296875,
-0.0615234375,
-0.00140380859375,
0.00872802734375,
0.00074005126953125,
-0.020263671875,
-0.00213623046875,
-0.046630859375,
0.010498046875,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.00677490234375,
0.0068359375,
-0.00135040283203125,
-0.0035400390625,
0.0181884765625,
-0.03955078125,
0.0076904296875,
0.01904296875,
-0.021484375,
-0.0390625,
-0.0181884765625,
0.00238037109375,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.0025787353515625,
0.031005859375,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.0147705078125,
0.033935546875,
0.001129150390625,
0.04248046875,
-0.007537841796875,
0.00927734375,
-0.019287109375,
-0.017333984375,
0.03857421875,
-0.0029144287109375,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.041259765625,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.01055908203125,
0.0284423828125,
0.017578125,
0.00689697265625,
-0.012451171875,
-0.03369140625,
0.004241943359375,
-0.0390625,
-0.008056640625,
-0.009521484375,
0.013671875,
0.0341796875,
0.0135498046875,
-0.006927490234375,
0.02392578125,
0.009521484375,
0.00274658203125,
0.0228271484375,
0.03466796875,
-0.0126953125,
0.03271484375,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.07861328125,
-0.030029296875,
-0.0263671875,
0.0771484375,
0.027587890625,
-0.0206298828125,
0.0458984375,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0179443359375,
0.0233154296875,
-0.0517578125,
-0.04833984375,
0.0264892578125,
-0.00994873046875,
0.033447265625,
-0.02685546875,
-0.027099609375,
-0.0169677734375,
0.0086669921875,
-0.006011962890625,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.00665283203125,
0.005950927734375,
0.0206298828125,
0.01904296875,
0.0024261474609375,
0.02587890625,
0.0242919921875,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.05419921875,
0.000881195068359375,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.02001953125,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.007080078125,
-0.0439453125,
0.0159912109375,
0.01153564453125,
0.000698089599609375,
-0.0390625,
-0.0042724609375,
-0.029296875,
0.03955078125,
0.0184326171875,
0.001983642578125,
-0.00762939453125,
-0.04345703125,
-0.04150390625,
0.0076904296875,
0.06201171875,
-0.002838134765625,
0.037109375,
0.01275634765625,
0.020751953125,
-0.003936767578125,
-0.03662109375,
-0.01953125,
0.064453125,
0.034423828125,
0.035400390625,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.01519775390625,
0.0517578125,
0.0303955078125,
0.0419921875,
0.039306640625,
-0.007232666015625,
-0.00037384033203125,
-0.0032958984375,
-0.036865234375,
0.044677734375,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.0057373046875,
0.0234375,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.031005859375,
-0.00830078125,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.041748046875,
-0.033935546875,
-0.059814453125,
-0.020751953125,
0.01092529296875,
0.0157470703125,
0.0361328125,
0.0012054443359375,
0.038330078125,
0.017333984375,
0.00848388671875,
-0.004119873046875,
0.011962890625,
-0.005340576171875,
-0.029541015625,
-0.0128173828125,
0.03271484375,
0.0244140625,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.00347900390625,
0.021484375,
0.0172119140625,
0.009765625,
0.0023651123046875,
0.0145263671875,
-0.07080078125,
0.043212890625,
-0.021484375,
0.031982421875,
-0.0478515625,
-0.005889892578125,
0.04052734375,
-0.01953125,
-0.032470703125,
0.03466796875,
-0.02783203125,
-0.00628662109375,
0.038818359375,
0.024658203125,
0.029541015625,
0.038818359375,
0.0303955078125,
-0.020263671875,
0.0181884765625,
0.0272216796875,
-0.0380859375,
-0.01055908203125,
0.0172119140625,
-0.052734375,
-0.050048828125,
-0.025146484375,
-0.0067138671875,
-0.03955078125,
0.0069580078125,
0.0179443359375,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.006988525390625,
-0.0235595703125,
0.0184326171875,
0.016357421875,
0.035888671875,
0.0303955078125,
-0.0458984375,
0.0013275146484375,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.024169921875,
0.01611328125,
-0.0027618408203125,
-0.039794921875,
-0.07275390625,
-0.0223388671875,
0.00909423828125,
-0.005401611328125,
-0.040771484375,
-0.03515625,
-0.0087890625,
0.046875,
-0.025146484375,
0.0286865234375,
-0.024169921875,
-0.0238037109375,
0.0167236328125,
0.035888671875,
0.0031890869140625,
0.0322265625,
0.0181884765625,
0.03955078125,
0.060546875,
0.0157470703125,
-0.0264892578125,
0.006256103515625,
0.01806640625,
0.015380859375,
-0.00738525390625,
0.00640869140625,
-0.01507568359375,
0.00823974609375,
0.05908203125,
0.024169921875,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.053466796875,
-0.00555419921875,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.01953125,
0.006866455078125,
0.0216064453125,
0.01104736328125,
-0.0286865234375,
0.263671875,
0.04296875,
-0.004913330078125,
0.03515625,
0.0286865234375,
0.0458984375,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.00008296966552734375,
-0.042724609375,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.0030670166015625,
-0.038330078125,
-0.01275634765625,
0.019287109375,
0.0205078125,
0.023193359375,
-0.0089111328125,
0.006561279296875,
0.033935546875,
-0.03515625,
-0.05908203125,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.0164794921875,
0.04150390625,
0.0296630859375,
-0.0223388671875,
0.01263427734375,
-0.0517578125,
-0.04345703125,
-0.06640625,
0.0191650390625,
-0.055419921875,
0.0086669921875,
-0.0771484375,
0.00004291534423828125,
0.013671875,
0.03076171875,
0.0213623046875,
0.008544921875,
0.0203857421875,
0.0025177001953125,
0.0257568359375,
-0.00179290771484375,
-0.01123046875,
-0.00109100341796875,
0.006622314453125,
-0.0126953125,
-0.01025390625,
0.03515625,
-0.01611328125,
0.055908203125,
-0.021484375,
0.005950927734375,
0.0086669921875,
0.00933837890625,
0.00179290771484375,
0.016845703125,
-0.017822265625,
-0.01080322265625,
0.0106201171875,
-0.00131988525390625,
0.0286865234375,
-0.001556396484375,
0.045654296875,
-0.0172119140625,
0.0074462890625,
0.0167236328125,
0.01446533203125,
-0.015625,
0.027099609375,
-0.0036163330078125,
0.0208740234375,
0.01470947265625,
-0.04345703125,
0.04296875,
0.03466796875,
0.0225830078125,
0.016357421875,
0.06640625,
-0.0244140625,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.03076171875,
0.04443359375,
0.0016632080078125,
0.0185546875,
-0.045166015625,
-0.033447265625,
0.032470703125,
-0.0224609375,
0.00604248046875,
-0.0361328125,
0.030517578125,
-0.043701171875,
-0.03759765625
] |
Sharpe, J.
On July 12, 1932, the plaintiff rented a second-story flat from defendant, situate on Fourteenth street in the city of Detroit. He paid rent in advance for a month, commencing on August 1st, but had permission to at once move in to clean and make repairs. On the afternoon of July 13th the plaintiff and his wife and brother Were standing on a porch in the rear of the flat. As his wife stepped from the porch into the flat, the porch gave way and fell to the ground, plaintiff falling with it and sustaining quite severe injuries.
This action is brought to recover the damages incident thereto. On trial before the court without a jury, he had judgment for $1,400, from which defendant has taken this appeal.
The defendant had owned the house for 18 years. It was new when she purchased it. Her son, Ernest, had looked after it for sonle years' and collected the rent for her. Wade B. Thompson was employed by the defendant to rebuild the porch after the accident. He testified:
“There was only one post and that was on the south corner. The north corner was supported by a brace, a 45-degree angle brace. It extended a foot or 18 inches back of the outside edge. The brace on the north side extended out about 4 feet and it hit the wall about 4 feet below the porch on a 45-degree angle. * * * The south corner was probably all right. In the north corner we found three nails. These nails were driven into the shiplap. Had they used a larger nail and nailed into the stud-dings and nailed over I don’t think it would have fell. I think that is the chief cause of the accident, the fact that it wasn’t properly fastened in that corner. These nails were three eight-penny common toe nails. The joists in this porch ran north .and south with a header at each end. There were three nails like that supposed to hold half of that porch, that is, the north half. * * * I would say it was very poor construction. Any mechanic that would be conscientious at all in doing it right would never construct it that way, because the fact that it fell demonstrates that.”
A former tenant, James D. Fowler, who occupied the premises for about 10 years and until about the month of August, 1931, testified that the porch was then supported by two posts, 4x4 or 5x5 in size, one at each corner; that “one of the posts was badly decayed. I noticed that about six to ten months before we moved. I told Mrs. Thompson’s son about it, and he said he would take it up with his mother. This is the same son that sometimes came around to collect rent. I don’t know what the condition of the post was, that is, whether there was a footing underneath the post or not. I didn’t dig down to see, but the post was practically rotted off, that is, one of the supporting posts;” and that he told the tenant who occupied the upper story “not to go on the porch until it was fixed.”
Defendant’s son, Ernest, denied that Fowler had ever spoken to him about the porch being out of repair. He testified that “there has never been any change in the construction of the porch;” that he examined the porch and that “it appeared all right.”
The negligence complained of was the “failing to have said porch constructed in such a manner that it would be reasonably safe for the plaintiff’s use.” The evidence justified a finding that Fowler called the attention of defendant’s son to its dangerous condition, and that it was repaired but in a manner that did not remove the danger incident to its use. It was the duty of the defendant, when she permitted the plaintiff to occupy the second story of the building, to see-to it that the porch used therewith was in good repair. The statute (1 Comp. Laws 1929, § 2559) imposed the duty upon her. It seems clear that she did not discharge it, and that plaintiff’s injury was due thereto. Samuelson v. Cleveland Iron Mining Co., 49 Mich. 164 (43 Am. Rep. 456); McIntyre v. Detroit Safe Co., 129 Mich. 385; Annis v. Britton, 232 Mich. 291.
The judgment is affirmed.
McDonald, C. J., and Weadock, Potter, North, Fead, Wiest, and Btjtzel, JJ., concurred. | [
-0.03515625,
0.0322265625,
0.01507568359375,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.07177734375,
-0.01904296875,
-0.05078125,
0.00897216796875,
0.0263671875,
0.0186767578125,
0.039306640625,
-0.002899169921875,
0.010498046875,
-0.017822265625,
0.02685546875,
0.0196533203125,
-0.01043701171875,
0.0242919921875,
0.0203857421875,
0.011962890625,
0.02099609375,
-0.0302734375,
-0.041259765625,
-0.023193359375,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.00439453125,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.036865234375,
0.053955078125,
0.048095703125,
0.000843048095703125,
-0.013427734375,
0.0123291015625,
-0.00262451171875,
-0.044677734375,
-0.013916015625,
0.035400390625,
-0.03759765625,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.01031494140625,
0.00494384765625,
0.002105712890625,
0.034912109375,
-0.0380859375,
0.0023956298828125,
-0.028564453125,
0.0166015625,
-0.01495361328125,
0.0267333984375,
-0.0279541015625,
0.00567626953125,
-0.003265380859375,
0.042236328125,
-0.06298828125,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.062255859375,
-0.01904296875,
0.0302734375,
-0.0021514892578125,
0.0380859375,
0.01513671875,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.038330078125,
0.01409912109375,
0.036376953125,
0.0205078125,
0.00518798828125,
-0.00726318359375,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.003021240234375,
0.0135498046875,
-0.002166748046875,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.024658203125,
-0.002899169921875,
-0.018310546875,
-0.00112152099609375,
-0.005340576171875,
0.016357421875,
0.000797271728515625,
-0.00121307373046875,
0.057373046875,
0.01336669921875,
-0.0458984375,
0.009765625,
0.0028076171875,
0.033447265625,
-0.011962890625,
0.01953125,
-0.0111083984375,
0.05419921875,
-0.0003223419189453125,
0.045654296875,
0.0537109375,
0.0169677734375,
-0.036865234375,
0.038818359375,
0.03271484375,
0.00811767578125,
0.03271484375,
0.0634765625,
0.007110595703125,
0.04443359375,
-0.01495361328125,
0.00384521484375,
-0.0035400390625,
-0.019775390625,
-0.020263671875,
-0.000957489013671875,
-0.00058746337890625,
0.015380859375,
0.06298828125,
0.041259765625,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.006591796875,
0.0233154296875,
-0.053955078125,
0.01275634765625,
0.058837890625,
-0.0045166015625,
-0.004241943359375,
-0.0478515625,
0.0238037109375,
0.0279541015625,
-0.0142822265625,
0.0400390625,
0.01416015625,
0.000728607177734375,
0.032470703125,
0.010498046875,
-0.0152587890625,
0.01202392578125,
0.00131988525390625,
-0.004150390625,
0.0037841796875,
0.0252685546875,
0.0201416015625,
0.0081787109375,
0.051025390625,
0.024169921875,
-0.0031585693359375,
0.061767578125,
-0.00494384765625,
0.0267333984375,
-0.020263671875,
0.0142822265625,
-0.041015625,
-0.007354736328125,
-0.037841796875,
0.0162353515625,
0.02734375,
0.0233154296875,
0.055419921875,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.0021209716796875,
0.004486083984375,
0.043701171875,
0.0283203125,
0.00421142578125,
-0.011962890625,
-0.01348876953125,
0.01025390625,
-0.036376953125,
-0.003448486328125,
-0.01007080078125,
0.0233154296875,
0.006378173828125,
-0.0034637451171875,
0.036376953125,
-0.00616455078125,
-0.0634765625,
-0.050048828125,
0.068359375,
0.02587890625,
0.041259765625,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.001739501953125,
-0.0002727508544921875,
-0.00872802734375,
0.030029296875,
0.054931640625,
-0.01104736328125,
0.00244140625,
-0.029296875,
-0.000762939453125,
-0.0306396484375,
0.0211181640625,
-0.042236328125,
0.048583984375,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.053955078125,
0.0257568359375,
-0.026611328125,
0.03759765625,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.006134033203125,
0.046875,
-0.0205078125,
-0.035400390625,
-0.013671875,
0.0006866455078125,
0.01544189453125,
-0.00604248046875,
-0.0380859375,
0.039794921875,
0.04052734375,
0.015869140625,
0.00775146484375,
0.01129150390625,
-0.0023345947265625,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.022216796875,
0.0206298828125,
0.050048828125,
-0.01263427734375,
0.022216796875,
-0.029052734375,
0.0128173828125,
-0.016357421875,
0.0074462890625,
-0.0263671875,
0.0322265625,
-0.04736328125,
-0.0194091796875,
0.02392578125,
0.029541015625,
0.0206298828125,
-0.0185546875,
-0.01806640625,
0.00726318359375,
0.0211181640625,
0.03955078125,
0.023193359375,
-0.0172119140625,
0.020751953125,
0.0206298828125,
-0.01397705078125,
0.004974365234375,
-0.00616455078125,
0.0235595703125,
0.0228271484375,
0.02880859375,
-0.0458984375,
0.030517578125,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.00653076171875,
-0.0191650390625,
0.0250244140625,
-0.00848388671875,
0.04052734375,
-0.010986328125,
-0.006072998046875,
0.00543212890625,
0.01373291015625,
0.05126953125,
0.003997802734375,
-0.023681640625,
-0.0155029296875,
0.0079345703125,
-0.003387451171875,
-0.016845703125,
-0.0108642578125,
0.06982421875,
0.00958251953125,
0.049560546875,
0.00787353515625,
-0.04638671875,
-0.021728515625,
-0.05859375,
0.0004863739013671875,
-0.03662109375,
0.03515625,
-0.04248046875,
-0.06298828125,
-0.011962890625,
-0.012939453125,
0.060302734375,
-0.042724609375,
-0.0012664794921875,
-0.026611328125,
-0.03759765625,
0.00885009765625,
0.00982666015625,
0.0341796875,
-0.01141357421875,
0.036376953125,
-0.027587890625,
0.0174560546875,
-0.03662109375,
-0.0595703125,
-0.048828125,
0.01116943359375,
0.0208740234375,
-0.0224609375,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.048095703125,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.007659912109375,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.007110595703125,
0.046142578125,
-0.01416015625,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.015380859375,
0.01263427734375,
-0.013671875,
0.031494140625,
0.0240478515625,
0.01708984375,
-0.003936767578125,
0.06640625,
0.018798828125,
0.00482177734375,
-0.0537109375,
-0.0390625,
-0.0072021484375,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.068359375,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.01239013671875,
0.027587890625,
0.038330078125,
-0.048828125,
-0.021484375,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.02783203125,
0.0035247802734375,
0.01806640625,
-0.0223388671875,
0.016357421875,
0.006683349609375,
-0.0152587890625,
0.00274658203125,
-0.049560546875,
0.0341796875,
-0.0133056640625,
0.00110626220703125,
-0.0098876953125,
0.0096435546875,
0.044921875,
0.0164794921875,
-0.023193359375,
-0.0068359375,
0.0024871826171875,
-0.02001953125,
-0.02490234375,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.00109100341796875,
-0.025146484375,
0.0245361328125,
0.04248046875,
-0.01708984375,
-0.016845703125,
0.036376953125,
0.041015625,
0.0230712890625,
-0.0035400390625,
0.01556396484375,
-0.041259765625,
-0.040283203125,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.040771484375,
0.0211181640625,
0.0072021484375,
0.04345703125,
0.03271484375,
-0.03369140625,
0.0157470703125,
-0.0234375,
-0.0693359375,
0.02734375,
-0.004150390625,
0.0194091796875,
0.036865234375,
0.034912109375,
-0.0018463134765625,
0.045166015625,
0.038818359375,
-0.0142822265625,
0.0089111328125,
-0.004425048828125,
-0.0361328125,
-0.01556396484375,
-0.0019073486328125,
-0.0263671875,
-0.0034637451171875,
0.07666015625,
-0.03173828125,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0556640625,
0.008544921875,
0.026611328125,
0.004791259765625,
-0.0059814453125,
0.0234375,
-0.00177764892578125,
0.0103759765625,
0.03759765625,
-0.05908203125,
-0.034912109375,
-0.0546875,
0.04296875,
-0.0018768310546875,
-0.027587890625,
-0.00872802734375,
0.003509521484375,
0.017822265625,
0.0247802734375,
0.007080078125,
0.014892578125,
-0.05908203125,
0.0147705078125,
0.0059814453125,
0.0225830078125,
-0.01025390625,
0.00160980224609375,
0.0341796875,
0.003204345703125,
0.05859375,
-0.022705078125,
0.05078125,
-0.05126953125,
0.0277099609375,
-0.00732421875,
0.0211181640625,
0.00408935546875,
0.021484375,
-0.02978515625,
-0.0054931640625,
0.0712890625,
-0.0087890625,
0.006011962890625,
-0.06201171875,
-0.0189208984375,
0.000637054443359375,
0.032958984375,
-0.021240234375,
-0.0021820068359375,
0.00787353515625,
-0.001617431640625,
0.025634765625,
0.027099609375,
0.03515625,
0.000058650970458984375,
0.004150390625,
-0.057861328125,
0.07568359375,
-0.00555419921875,
-0.0003757476806640625,
-0.02685546875,
0.0673828125,
-0.033935546875,
0.0869140625,
-0.00909423828125,
0.04931640625,
-0.0302734375,
-0.046630859375,
-0.030517578125,
-0.03857421875,
0.04345703125,
0.009521484375,
-0.0263671875,
0.0177001953125,
0.005279541015625,
-0.0010223388671875,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.01025390625,
-0.06494140625,
0.047119140625,
0.01483154296875,
0.003997802734375,
-0.0068359375,
-0.0177001953125,
0.0238037109375,
-0.033447265625,
0.0211181640625,
0.021728515625,
0.041015625,
-0.043212890625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.030029296875,
-0.033935546875,
0.005340576171875,
0.043701171875,
0.0096435546875,
-0.001068115234375,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0272216796875,
0.021240234375,
-0.03759765625,
0.0001239776611328125,
-0.0234375,
-0.01226806640625,
0.002166748046875,
0.005157470703125,
0.006683349609375,
-0.0252685546875,
0.0263671875,
-0.04150390625,
-0.021484375,
-0.00113677978515625,
0.0167236328125,
0.054931640625,
-0.03173828125,
-0.00494384765625,
-0.015625,
0.03369140625,
0.006805419921875,
-0.005767822265625,
0.0458984375,
-0.00897216796875,
0.03466796875,
-0.003631591796875,
0.034912109375,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0166015625,
0.01220703125,
-0.035888671875,
0.0208740234375,
0.04541015625,
-0.004913330078125,
-0.061279296875,
-0.0595703125,
0.0240478515625,
-0.016845703125,
-0.08056640625,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.0042724609375,
0.00860595703125,
0.036865234375,
-0.007171630859375,
0.020263671875,
0.00390625,
-0.03955078125,
0.0137939453125,
0.003143310546875,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.038818359375,
-0.04150390625,
-0.034912109375,
0.043212890625,
0.0361328125,
0.035400390625,
0.01409912109375,
-0.048583984375,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.003936767578125,
-0.053466796875,
0.000732421875,
-0.00439453125,
0.0035858154296875,
0.058349609375,
0.001068115234375,
0.0181884765625,
0.01348876953125,
0.025390625,
0.0286865234375,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.051513671875,
0.0196533203125,
-0.04248046875,
-0.038330078125,
0.0103759765625,
0.031005859375,
-0.001678466796875,
-0.052734375,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.04833984375,
-0.038330078125,
-0.06396484375,
0.0159912109375,
-0.006988525390625,
0.011474609375,
-0.039794921875,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.0016632080078125,
-0.050048828125,
0.02880859375,
0.09423828125,
-0.02099609375,
0.050048828125,
-0.034912109375,
0.0296630859375,
0.0303955078125,
-0.04638671875,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0054931640625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.055419921875,
-0.0272216796875,
0.011474609375,
0.040771484375,
0.0010986328125,
0.0206298828125,
-0.013427734375,
-0.042724609375,
-0.02978515625,
0.06396484375,
-0.00055694580078125,
0.057861328125,
0.048828125,
-0.056884765625,
-0.068359375,
0.0225830078125,
0.028076171875,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.035888671875,
0.043212890625,
0.0020751953125,
-0.004241943359375,
0.024658203125,
-0.00830078125,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.0302734375,
-0.005462646484375,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.05615234375,
-0.0093994140625,
0.00714111328125,
0.0028228759765625,
0.059814453125,
0.037353515625,
0.01513671875,
0.00909423828125,
0.0296630859375,
0.006805419921875,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.0172119140625,
0.0147705078125,
0.009033203125,
0.0000457763671875,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.022705078125,
0.01336669921875,
-0.0137939453125,
0.00787353515625,
-0.03271484375,
-0.04443359375,
-0.02392578125,
-0.0107421875,
0.078125,
-0.048828125,
0.02880859375,
0.0029296875,
0.0184326171875,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.045166015625,
-0.031982421875,
-0.00099945068359375,
0.0361328125,
-0.0654296875,
0.01202392578125,
0.0216064453125,
0.0034942626953125,
0.035400390625,
-0.03857421875,
-0.025634765625,
-0.006622314453125,
0.00131988525390625,
-0.00836181640625,
0.04248046875,
0.0439453125,
0.0040283203125,
-0.0693359375,
-0.06640625,
0.013427734375,
0.0478515625,
-0.0308837890625,
0.06396484375,
-0.037109375,
0.00982666015625,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.04736328125,
-0.00171661376953125,
-0.032470703125,
0.022705078125,
-0.01806640625,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.01068115234375,
0.00921630859375,
-0.000827789306640625,
-0.061279296875,
0.064453125,
0.0009002685546875,
0.0098876953125,
0.0030975341796875,
-0.043212890625,
0.025634765625,
-0.00787353515625,
0.022216796875,
0.036865234375,
-0.024169921875,
0.0233154296875,
0.028564453125,
-0.0142822265625,
0.0018768310546875,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0027618408203125,
-0.031494140625,
-0.01611328125,
-0.007537841796875,
0.027099609375,
0.0238037109375,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.022705078125,
0.006011962890625,
0.048583984375,
-0.017333984375,
0.0147705078125,
-0.03759765625,
-0.004974365234375,
0.03173828125,
0.0380859375,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.0286865234375,
0.025146484375,
0.03662109375,
-0.002838134765625,
0.0111083984375,
-0.0191650390625,
0.017333984375,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.039794921875,
-0.031005859375,
-0.01556396484375,
-0.0147705078125,
0.0283203125,
0.0279541015625,
-0.0269775390625,
0.007659912109375,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.07568359375,
0.061279296875,
-0.049072265625,
-0.039794921875,
0.03271484375,
0.0064697265625,
0.039794921875,
0.0206298828125,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.00028228759765625,
-0.0067138671875,
0.000762939453125,
-0.03857421875,
-0.009033203125,
0.01239013671875,
0.04833984375,
-0.004180908203125,
0.01361083984375,
0.002349853515625,
0.01104736328125,
-0.01953125,
-0.03759765625,
-0.01904296875,
0.000659942626953125,
-0.0308837890625,
-0.0228271484375,
0.02490234375,
-0.00689697265625,
-0.06689453125,
0.034912109375,
0.0201416015625,
0.01531982421875,
-0.033935546875,
0.0162353515625,
-0.06396484375,
0.0245361328125,
-0.00164794921875,
-0.0013885498046875,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.04638671875,
-0.0252685546875,
0.028076171875,
0.03955078125,
0.06298828125,
0.032958984375,
0.007415771484375,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.04931640625,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.0277099609375,
0.02392578125,
0.032958984375,
0.0169677734375,
0.0045166015625,
0.049560546875,
0.043701171875,
0.0234375,
0.054931640625,
-0.01409912109375,
0.00001329183578491211,
0.0267333984375,
-0.02587890625,
-0.0140380859375,
0.0211181640625,
0.00921630859375,
-0.01190185546875,
0.0166015625,
-0.05029296875,
-0.0004596710205078125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0157470703125,
0.04345703125,
-0.0230712890625,
0.01544189453125,
0.00677490234375,
-0.017333984375,
0.041259765625,
-0.000598907470703125,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0126953125,
0.036865234375,
0.0169677734375,
0.008056640625,
0.003875732421875,
0.02783203125,
0.0186767578125,
-0.06640625,
0.00653076171875,
0.03759765625,
0.0296630859375,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.01904296875,
0.01507568359375,
-0.016845703125,
0.0301513671875,
0.0157470703125,
0.01239013671875,
-0.06640625,
0.0308837890625,
-0.0023040771484375,
0.028076171875,
-0.0198974609375,
0.006378173828125,
0.00518798828125,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.03466796875,
0.0291748046875,
0.04931640625,
-0.028076171875,
-0.028564453125,
0.0322265625,
0.03125,
0.041748046875,
0.050048828125,
-0.04443359375,
0.005218505859375,
0.00360107421875,
-0.03466796875,
-0.01806640625,
0.005462646484375,
-0.03857421875,
-0.022216796875,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.0283203125,
0.027587890625,
0.041748046875,
0.0263671875,
-0.057861328125,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.0140380859375,
-0.0201416015625,
0.0291748046875,
0.0147705078125,
0.0859375,
0.02392578125,
-0.029296875,
-0.0004253387451171875,
-0.004791259765625,
0.03955078125,
-0.068359375,
0.03173828125,
-0.0025482177734375,
-0.05517578125,
-0.041015625,
-0.00183868408203125,
0.004852294921875,
0.037353515625,
0.00811767578125,
-0.042724609375,
0.00372314453125,
0.00872802734375,
-0.021484375,
-0.000762939453125,
0.0027313232421875,
-0.035400390625,
0.0186767578125,
0.0257568359375,
0.00897216796875,
0.051025390625,
0.014404296875,
-0.00628662109375,
0.01708984375,
0.004150390625,
-0.0224609375,
-0.0439453125,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.048095703125,
-0.017578125,
-0.03271484375,
-0.041015625,
0.04931640625,
-0.01025390625,
0.0118408203125,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.01806640625,
-0.007354736328125,
-0.035888671875,
-0.00927734375,
-0.01531982421875,
0.018798828125,
-0.021728515625,
0.0201416015625,
0.00872802734375,
-0.058349609375,
0.28515625,
0.0242919921875,
-0.024169921875,
-0.01806640625,
-0.01080322265625,
0.034423828125,
0.00567626953125,
0.02734375,
-0.06884765625,
-0.02734375,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.005859375,
0.00775146484375,
0.0216064453125,
0.043701171875,
0.0223388671875,
-0.049072265625,
0.03955078125,
0.018310546875,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0035858154296875,
0.00982666015625,
-0.00439453125,
0.057373046875,
0.053466796875,
0.037353515625,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0830078125,
-0.02783203125,
-0.037841796875,
0.031005859375,
-0.0419921875,
0.0296630859375,
-0.021728515625,
-0.03857421875,
0.026611328125,
0.0045166015625,
0.002685546875,
-0.00138092041015625,
0.00909423828125,
-0.01025390625,
0.0113525390625,
-0.016357421875,
0.0164794921875,
-0.0130615234375,
0.00860595703125,
-0.039794921875,
0.051025390625,
0.0419921875,
-0.029541015625,
0.01214599609375,
0.00482177734375,
0.02685546875,
-0.0001773834228515625,
-0.0084228515625,
0.03466796875,
-0.0306396484375,
0.005340576171875,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.047607421875,
0.0157470703125,
-0.0234375,
-0.01129150390625,
0.01708984375,
0.0145263671875,
-0.01007080078125,
0.0272216796875,
-0.00433349609375,
-0.032958984375,
0.0115966796875,
0.0179443359375,
-0.00634765625,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.0225830078125,
0.06201171875,
0.0224609375,
-0.01123046875,
0.014892578125,
0.041259765625,
-0.035400390625,
-0.026123046875,
-0.046875,
-0.0045166015625,
0.00179290771484375,
0.031494140625,
0.0303955078125,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.058349609375,
0.002685546875,
-0.0030517578125,
-0.004150390625,
0.056884765625,
0.004608154296875,
0.0113525390625,
-0.00653076171875
] |
Butzel, J.
In 1927, Alexander Miner sold an Oakland county farm to A. E. Carle on executory contract. Two years later, Carle tore down a barn on the farm, protecting Miner’s interest by giving a bond in the sum of $2,000 in which the Fidelity & Casualty Company of New York is named as surety. Under the terms of this bond, Carle was obliged to erect a barn in the rear of the farm residence, equal in value to the barn about to be 'demolished. The new barn was to be free from all claims and liens of subcontractors, laborers and materialmen, and was to be completed within a year. Carle failed to erect a new barn, but instead he constructed a four-stall garage in the rear of the residence. Prior to the commencement of this action, Miner was forced to repossess the farm and the instant suit was brought against the Fidelity & Casualty Company of New York as surety on the bond.
Questions of fact are almost the sole issues in the case. The farm had been used for dairy purposes and the barn was a large building well equipped. It contained stalls for 18 cows and 7 horses. It was equipped with stanchions and swinging mangers and a hay track on which a car was operated. A portion of the floor was cemented. It was shown that Carle sold the stanchions and stalls to a third party when the barn was demolished.
The testimony indicates that the garage erected in the rear of the residence was of very little benefit to the farm and was not a fitting substitute for the barn. The testimony is conflicting as to the value of the building which was demolished. One witness estimated its worth at $4,000; another witness testified that the barn was at least 60 years old and almost a wreck, and that the materials in it were worth about $200. The new garage was built largely out of materials from the old barn. The trial judge, who heard the case and saw the witnesses, gave judgment for $1,750. In doing so, he stated:
‘ ‘ The only thing I can do is to fix the value of the barn; I am going to fix that value at $1,750. It is apparent that the material which was taken out of the barn, some of it at least, went into the garage. I think defendant is entitled to credit for that.
“I will fix the damage of the plaintiff at $1,750 and enter a judgment in his favor for that amount, with costs to be taxed.”
Defendant contends that the trial court erred in failing to reduce the damages by crediting it with the value of the garage erected on the premises. ■They claim that the rule of damages applicable to this situation entitled the plaintiff only to the difference between the value of the building actually tendered and the reasonable value of that which was to be built. This principle might be applicable if there were substantial compliance in good faith with the conditions set forth in the bond. Instead of the structure called for, however, Carle knowingly erected a building of an entirely different type, one which will be of little benefit to the plaintiff. It was not a case of defective construction, but rather of an entire absence of good faith in attempting to meet the conditions set forth in the bond. The judgment was justified by the testimony and is affirmed, with costs to plaintiff.
McDonald, C. J., and Wbadock, Potter, Sharpe, North, Pead, and Wiest,- JJ., concurred. | [
-0.0036163330078125,
0.040283203125,
0.046875,
0.01904296875,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0211181640625,
0.00081634521484375,
-0.0220947265625,
0.010009765625,
0.0257568359375,
0.0390625,
-0.001068115234375,
0.0242919921875,
-0.01025390625,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.010986328125,
0.01318359375,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.0439453125,
0.02392578125,
0.00604248046875,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.05322265625,
-0.00131988525390625,
-0.023681640625,
0.0128173828125,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.0125732421875,
0.0291748046875,
0.047119140625,
-0.021240234375,
-0.00830078125,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.002960205078125,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.0162353515625,
0.01708984375,
-0.044189453125,
-0.019287109375,
-0.02587890625,
-0.00726318359375,
-0.01373291015625,
0.0439453125,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.025146484375,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.056640625,
0.0277099609375,
-0.0181884765625,
0.005859375,
-0.01239013671875,
0.049072265625,
-0.00421142578125,
0.03271484375,
-0.0634765625,
-0.006988525390625,
0.0107421875,
-0.0390625,
0.02734375,
0.04443359375,
-0.04736328125,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.032470703125,
0.0419921875,
0.037109375,
-0.017822265625,
-0.01531982421875,
-0.0126953125,
-0.037841796875,
-0.02001953125,
0.0250244140625,
-0.030517578125,
-0.0107421875,
0.01556396484375,
-0.041259765625,
0.00897216796875,
-0.00087738037109375,
-0.00131988525390625,
-0.0341796875,
0.0279541015625,
-0.0274658203125,
0.08251953125,
-0.0042724609375,
-0.03564453125,
-0.001708984375,
0.00933837890625,
-0.0012359619140625,
-0.00445556640625,
0.01239013671875,
-0.037841796875,
0.0274658203125,
-0.0263671875,
0.043701171875,
0.0281982421875,
0.0189208984375,
-0.039794921875,
0.0250244140625,
0.0155029296875,
-0.022216796875,
0.01220703125,
0.002593994140625,
-0.006500244140625,
0.05615234375,
-0.031005859375,
0.01336669921875,
-0.028564453125,
-0.00104522705078125,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.0177001953125,
0.0098876953125,
-0.0120849609375,
0.052734375,
-0.0019378662109375,
-0.0211181640625,
0.0279541015625,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.0537109375,
0.00970458984375,
0.043212890625,
-0.00628662109375,
0.0191650390625,
-0.05810546875,
0.006866455078125,
0.0147705078125,
0.0027923583984375,
0.05859375,
-0.01708984375,
0.0103759765625,
0.021484375,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.04150390625,
0.029052734375,
-0.00848388671875,
0.01470947265625,
0.022705078125,
0.005157470703125,
0.000255584716796875,
0.006866455078125,
0.020751953125,
0.00421142578125,
-0.02783203125,
0.0322265625,
0.0123291015625,
0.04150390625,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.0284423828125,
0.0223388671875,
-0.050048828125,
-0.005859375,
0.0157470703125,
0.0224609375,
0.0198974609375,
-0.00238037109375,
-0.006134033203125,
0.001617431640625,
0.000698089599609375,
0.0040283203125,
-0.01708984375,
0.0230712890625,
-0.028076171875,
0.0020751953125,
-0.0103759765625,
0.0238037109375,
0.0016021728515625,
0.015869140625,
-0.02099609375,
-0.01611328125,
0.037353515625,
0.0400390625,
-0.036865234375,
-0.034912109375,
0.052734375,
0.0286865234375,
0.060302734375,
-0.01513671875,
-0.017578125,
0.037109375,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.0177001953125,
0.051025390625,
-0.010498046875,
-0.015869140625,
-0.022216796875,
0.0052490234375,
0.010498046875,
-0.002288818359375,
-0.0133056640625,
0.0208740234375,
0.026611328125,
-0.040283203125,
0.01416015625,
0.004791259765625,
0.0019073486328125,
-0.044921875,
-0.006439208984375,
0.01373291015625,
-0.017578125,
-0.03515625,
0.01416015625,
0.033935546875,
0.01361083984375,
-0.047607421875,
-0.058837890625,
0.0849609375,
0.0162353515625,
-0.007293701171875,
-0.005859375,
-0.0086669921875,
0.0030975341796875,
-0.031494140625,
0.01080322265625,
0.00433349609375,
0.04345703125,
-0.01361083984375,
0.031005859375,
-0.004150390625,
0.006195068359375,
-0.01318359375,
0.003936767578125,
-0.0615234375,
0.024169921875,
0.003265380859375,
-0.0205078125,
0.041748046875,
0.024169921875,
0.00592041015625,
-0.0498046875,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.031982421875,
0.043212890625,
0.04248046875,
-0.013427734375,
-0.03857421875,
0.061767578125,
0.01544189453125,
-0.031494140625,
0.0277099609375,
0.0147705078125,
0.02880859375,
0.0169677734375,
0.0081787109375,
-0.0238037109375,
0.00054931640625,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.01092529296875,
0.007232666015625,
0.0269775390625,
-0.0013580322265625,
0.01422119140625,
-0.016357421875,
0.047607421875,
0.005035400390625,
0.0216064453125,
0.038818359375,
0.01055908203125,
-0.03662109375,
-0.0186767578125,
0.025634765625,
0.0009918212890625,
0.0030059814453125,
0.0042724609375,
0.056640625,
0.0076904296875,
0.0036773681640625,
0.03271484375,
-0.054443359375,
0.0031280517578125,
0.00164031982421875,
-0.05078125,
-0.003997802734375,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0223388671875,
0.01025390625,
-0.036865234375,
0.041748046875,
-0.05419921875,
0.00933837890625,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.0380859375,
0.01202392578125,
0.019287109375,
0.0458984375,
-0.0281982421875,
0.04296875,
-0.064453125,
0.004241943359375,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0732421875,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.03662109375,
0.0213623046875,
-0.00151824951171875,
-0.03662109375,
-0.0498046875,
0.0019989013671875,
-0.021484375,
-0.032470703125,
0.0086669921875,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.052001953125,
0.0189208984375,
0.01904296875,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.0498046875,
-0.00341796875,
-0.0064697265625,
-0.03369140625,
0.0196533203125,
0.022705078125,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.0147705078125,
0.0296630859375,
0.01513671875,
0.007232666015625,
-0.021728515625,
-0.080078125,
0.007049560546875,
-0.000797271728515625,
-0.049072265625,
-0.01446533203125,
0.00775146484375,
0.0201416015625,
0.00016880035400390625,
-0.08349609375,
0.00457763671875,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.035888671875,
-0.010986328125,
0.00274658203125,
0.015869140625,
-0.03369140625,
-0.012451171875,
-0.0115966796875,
0.0211181640625,
0.0269775390625,
-0.0233154296875,
0.06396484375,
-0.01220703125,
0.01068115234375,
0.0024871826171875,
0.016845703125,
0.051025390625,
0.0174560546875,
-0.022705078125,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.005859375,
-0.004913330078125,
-0.0140380859375,
-0.0279541015625,
0.0556640625,
-0.0164794921875,
0.019287109375,
0.03955078125,
0.01953125,
-0.0184326171875,
0.0111083984375,
0.03662109375,
0.02978515625,
-0.025390625,
0.0191650390625,
-0.047119140625,
-0.021484375,
-0.0673828125,
-0.0306396484375,
0.031005859375,
-0.0458984375,
0.039306640625,
0.049072265625,
-0.00390625,
0.0157470703125,
-0.012451171875,
-0.04248046875,
0.01708984375,
-0.00775146484375,
0.0123291015625,
0.01171875,
0.0703125,
0.006011962890625,
0.0267333984375,
0.039306640625,
0.056396484375,
0.000240325927734375,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.0015411376953125,
-0.054443359375,
0.05322265625,
-0.0006866455078125,
-0.0537109375,
0.051513671875,
0.0185546875,
-0.031005859375,
-0.033447265625,
0.033447265625,
-0.0238037109375,
0.002105712890625,
-0.009765625,
0.029052734375,
-0.00518798828125,
-0.004547119140625,
0.01092529296875,
-0.060791015625,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.03955078125,
0.012451171875,
0.00799560546875,
-0.02294921875,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.0206298828125,
0.01239013671875,
0.02734375,
0.04248046875,
0.0023193359375,
-0.041015625,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.005340576171875,
0.019775390625,
0.008544921875,
-0.0159912109375,
0.04052734375,
0.04833984375,
0.05126953125,
-0.034912109375,
0.0556640625,
-0.048095703125,
-0.0004711151123046875,
0.0308837890625,
0.026123046875,
0.01190185546875,
0.004608154296875,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.0032958984375,
0.0235595703125,
-0.006072998046875,
0.022216796875,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.0087890625,
0.01409912109375,
0.0830078125,
0.03125,
-0.035888671875,
0.0181884765625,
0.0263671875,
0.0224609375,
0.01513671875,
0.033447265625,
0.0020599365234375,
0.00238037109375,
-0.032470703125,
0.0341796875,
-0.00341796875,
-0.01287841796875,
0.0205078125,
0.0576171875,
-0.03759765625,
0.0390625,
-0.0218505859375,
0.055908203125,
-0.014404296875,
0.01116943359375,
-0.0546875,
-0.004364013671875,
0.0174560546875,
0.007598876953125,
-0.047119140625,
0.049560546875,
0.0007476806640625,
0.025146484375,
0.032958984375,
0.02197265625,
-0.031982421875,
0.047607421875,
-0.0125732421875,
0.039794921875,
-0.0023651123046875,
-0.0140380859375,
0.064453125,
0.006622314453125,
0.0225830078125,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.0048828125,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0556640625,
-0.04296875,
0.0185546875,
-0.0439453125,
0.0281982421875,
0.026123046875,
0.020751953125,
0.003021240234375,
-0.00244140625,
-0.054931640625,
0.020751953125,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.0123291015625,
0.0186767578125,
0.0101318359375,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.027099609375,
0.0101318359375,
0.007415771484375,
0.00860595703125,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.050048828125,
-0.00051116943359375,
0.07763671875,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.005950927734375,
-0.000453948974609375,
0.043212890625,
0.018798828125,
-0.01123046875,
0.0439453125,
-0.01129150390625,
0.007781982421875,
0.04443359375,
0.0234375,
-0.01171875,
-0.033935546875,
0.00531005859375,
0.003997802734375,
0.021240234375,
0.022216796875,
0.0166015625,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.083984375,
-0.0026702880859375,
-0.038818359375,
-0.049560546875,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.013427734375,
0.05859375,
0.0279541015625,
0.0111083984375,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.06640625,
-0.004730224609375,
0.031005859375,
-0.033203125,
-0.05712890625,
-0.032470703125,
-0.035400390625,
0.05419921875,
-0.000896453857421875,
-0.0020294189453125,
0.0086669921875,
-0.055419921875,
0.033447265625,
0.00787353515625,
0.01202392578125,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.0245361328125,
0.0040283203125,
0.0216064453125,
0.05029296875,
-0.01397705078125,
0.03369140625,
-0.00165557861328125,
0.01519775390625,
0.056884765625,
-0.06201171875,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.054443359375,
0.0206298828125,
-0.0033416748046875,
-0.0025634765625,
-0.04638671875,
0.049072265625,
-0.000728607177734375,
0.0172119140625,
-0.056884765625,
-0.057861328125,
-0.058349609375,
-0.01025390625,
0.037109375,
-0.016845703125,
-0.0037994384765625,
-0.037109375,
-0.0242919921875,
0.0064697265625,
-0.002166748046875,
-0.00830078125,
0.0498046875,
-0.00726318359375,
0.0296630859375,
-0.043701171875,
0.0341796875,
0.0086669921875,
-0.0311279296875,
-0.054443359375,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.032958984375,
-0.009765625,
-0.0181884765625,
0.001708984375,
0.0157470703125,
-0.00860595703125,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0732421875,
-0.05419921875,
-0.0189208984375,
0.051513671875,
0.045166015625,
0.00408935546875,
0.0274658203125,
-0.026123046875,
-0.0157470703125,
0.04541015625,
0.0283203125,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.0380859375,
0.0419921875,
0.01007080078125,
-0.0072021484375,
0.005157470703125,
0.00970458984375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.019775390625,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.0211181640625,
0.00042724609375,
-0.0322265625,
0.03662109375,
0.00433349609375,
-0.0322265625,
0.0299072265625,
0.038330078125,
0.003143310546875,
0.005462646484375,
0.0255126953125,
0.04052734375,
-0.053466796875,
-0.01513671875,
-0.0000050067901611328125,
-0.0166015625,
-0.019287109375,
-0.03662109375,
-0.0322265625,
-0.044921875,
0.007049560546875,
0.0220947265625,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.0380859375,
-0.0211181640625,
0.06201171875,
-0.000606536865234375,
-0.008056640625,
0.0189208984375,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0458984375,
-0.00531005859375,
-0.048583984375,
0.032958984375,
0.01129150390625,
-0.0771484375,
-0.0206298828125,
0.06396484375,
0.002227783203125,
0.037841796875,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.059326171875,
0.01275634765625,
0.0286865234375,
-0.0595703125,
-0.01708984375,
0.0400390625,
0.0103759765625,
-0.02978515625,
-0.01080322265625,
0.0179443359375,
0.06591796875,
-0.0067138671875,
0.05859375,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.05029296875,
0.05224609375,
-0.02001953125,
-0.054443359375,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.00360107421875,
0.031982421875,
0.0023040771484375,
-0.00628662109375,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0223388671875,
0.00177764892578125,
-0.037353515625,
0.035400390625,
-0.03564453125,
0.01470947265625,
-0.0064697265625,
-0.0380859375,
0.02587890625,
0.03564453125,
-0.00848388671875,
0.02783203125,
-0.0035858154296875,
0.046875,
0.032470703125,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.00677490234375,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.029541015625,
-0.0419921875,
-0.012939453125,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.018310546875,
0.007415771484375,
0.0244140625,
0.00054168701171875,
-0.043212890625,
-0.0311279296875,
0.02978515625,
-0.056640625,
0.000492095947265625,
-0.05029296875,
0.01287841796875,
-0.004150390625,
0.03564453125,
0.000001125037670135498,
-0.0026092529296875,
0.0135498046875,
0.036376953125,
0.014892578125,
0.00543212890625,
-0.01458740234375,
0.007720947265625,
0.0303955078125,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.05078125,
-0.04345703125,
-0.027099609375,
0.0419921875,
0.01226806640625,
-0.001739501953125,
0.03466796875,
-0.031005859375,
-0.0233154296875,
0.04248046875,
-0.05126953125,
-0.0556640625,
0.005950927734375,
0.03125,
0.0235595703125,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.002593994140625,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.0029754638671875,
-0.00836181640625,
0.01519775390625,
-0.041748046875,
0.0147705078125,
0.0400390625,
0.02685546875,
-0.0283203125,
0.0034942626953125,
0.017578125,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.0380859375,
-0.051513671875,
0.0279541015625,
-0.02734375,
-0.0218505859375,
0.052734375,
-0.0263671875,
-0.056640625,
0.056884765625,
0.0225830078125,
0.03955078125,
-0.0009918212890625,
0.018798828125,
-0.0181884765625,
0.024658203125,
-0.0245361328125,
0.0103759765625,
-0.00677490234375,
-0.05224609375,
-0.048095703125,
0.023193359375,
0.051513671875,
0.05029296875,
0.052734375,
0.01953125,
0.00186920166015625,
0.0079345703125,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.05224609375,
0.0244140625,
0.05712890625,
0.048095703125,
-0.0027313232421875,
0.027099609375,
0.02734375,
0.033203125,
-0.000213623046875,
0.01202392578125,
0.01422119140625,
-0.0498046875,
-0.0308837890625,
0.00848388671875,
0.023193359375,
0.000522613525390625,
0.0009307861328125,
0.0419921875,
-0.028564453125,
-0.0020294189453125,
-0.013427734375,
-0.0108642578125,
0.000774383544921875,
-0.004425048828125,
0.006805419921875,
0.018798828125,
-0.036376953125,
0.02587890625,
0.0145263671875,
-0.025146484375,
-0.0022430419921875,
0.035400390625,
0.0281982421875,
0.01904296875,
0.0225830078125,
0.0230712890625,
0.025146484375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.018798828125,
0.00897216796875,
0.054931640625,
-0.017578125,
-0.00054168701171875,
0.041748046875,
-0.00970458984375,
0.005218505859375,
0.001983642578125,
-0.005218505859375,
-0.0595703125,
0.0008544921875,
-0.00408935546875,
0.021484375,
-0.041748046875,
0.048583984375,
0.01422119140625,
0.02685546875,
-0.044677734375,
0.003387451171875,
0.0245361328125,
0.00848388671875,
-0.0296630859375,
0.0230712890625,
0.0076904296875,
0.00543212890625,
0.0311279296875,
-0.041748046875,
0.0145263671875,
-0.0040283203125,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.0220947265625,
0.0184326171875,
-0.046630859375,
-0.020263671875,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0654296875,
0.00860595703125,
0.00506591796875,
0.00653076171875,
-0.033935546875,
0.01068115234375,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.029541015625,
-0.000331878662109375,
0.003326416015625,
0.06884765625,
0.00168609619140625,
-0.037353515625,
0.021240234375,
-0.033447265625,
0.03466796875,
-0.0556640625,
0.02001953125,
0.036865234375,
-0.038330078125,
-0.017578125,
0.009765625,
-0.000888824462890625,
-0.000957489013671875,
-0.07568359375,
-0.0235595703125,
0.0196533203125,
0.0257568359375,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.02001953125,
0.0166015625,
-0.02978515625,
0.036376953125,
0.02734375,
0.014892578125,
0.0125732421875,
0.0126953125,
0.0098876953125,
-0.00762939453125,
0.031982421875,
0.00860595703125,
0.0152587890625,
-0.02880859375,
-0.0439453125,
-0.044921875,
-0.022216796875,
-0.0634765625,
0.03662109375,
0.01953125,
0.00677490234375,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.0281982421875,
0.000438690185546875,
-0.02685546875,
-0.04150390625,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.0164794921875,
0.00043487548828125,
-0.006439208984375,
0.0036468505859375,
-0.0439453125,
0.306640625,
0.0013275146484375,
-0.011474609375,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.0067138671875,
0.0279541015625,
0.0123291015625,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.031494140625,
-0.003570556640625,
-0.017578125,
0.01361083984375,
-0.00116729736328125,
0.0174560546875,
0.020263671875,
0.057861328125,
-0.046630859375,
0.0291748046875,
0.029541015625,
-0.031005859375,
-0.017822265625,
0.00775146484375,
0.0267333984375,
0.06787109375,
0.02783203125,
0.01361083984375,
0.01611328125,
-0.053466796875,
-0.0223388671875,
0.00099945068359375,
0.0191650390625,
-0.0634765625,
0.0167236328125,
-0.045166015625,
-0.042236328125,
0.03955078125,
0.015869140625,
-0.01055908203125,
0.018310546875,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0145263671875,
0.01416015625,
-0.00153350830078125,
-0.0263671875,
-0.00064849853515625,
0.0201416015625,
-0.02001953125,
0.08203125,
0.061279296875,
-0.014404296875,
0.0042724609375,
0.0213623046875,
0.02978515625,
-0.0196533203125,
0.007080078125,
0.00872802734375,
-0.000850677490234375,
-0.004638671875,
0.00811767578125,
-0.031982421875,
0.01953125,
0.01324462890625,
0.01300048828125,
0.049072265625,
0.0517578125,
0.005767822265625,
0.039794921875,
0.0264892578125,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.0166015625,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.01904296875,
-0.0380859375,
-0.00177764892578125,
0.0546875,
0.01470947265625,
0.0130615234375,
0.035400390625,
0.036865234375,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.02099609375,
-0.052001953125,
-0.023193359375,
0.004150390625,
0.0191650390625,
0.04052734375,
-0.03125,
-0.0284423828125,
0.010498046875,
0.0230712890625,
-0.00469970703125,
-0.000009298324584960938,
0.020751953125,
0.0064697265625,
0.01361083984375
] |
Weadock, J.
Plaintiffs applied to the Michigan public utilities commission for a renewal of permit as a freight carrier, tendering a fee of $13.64, one-twelfth of the annual fee, being for one month from September 18 to October 17, 1933, when the repeal of Act No. 312, Pub. Acts 1931, would take effect.
That sum being refused and the sum of $130.16, the fee for a year, being demanded by the commission that sum was paid under protest and a petition was filed, for mandamus.
An order to show canse was allowed and the commission answered that it advised plaintiff that it was necessary to file an application for a license for one year and based its action on the provisions of section 5 of Act No. 312, Pub. Acts 1931, under which fees may be pro-rated and credited.
A mandamus and writ of prohibition is denied.
Potter, Sharpe, and Fead, JJ., concurred with Weadock, J. McDonald, C. J., and North, Wiest, and Butzel, JJ., concurred in the result. | [
-0.002349853515625,
-0.006927490234375,
0.02001953125,
0.0255126953125,
-0.028564453125,
0.006378173828125,
-0.038818359375,
-0.042724609375,
-0.006591796875,
0.0810546875,
0.036865234375,
-0.03125,
0.05322265625,
-0.04638671875,
0.0260009765625,
0.0172119140625,
0.006072998046875,
0.0181884765625,
-0.005706787109375,
0.029296875,
-0.0076904296875,
0.015625,
0.0120849609375,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.022216796875,
0.02099609375,
-0.00860595703125,
0.03125,
0.0478515625,
0.0240478515625,
-0.00665283203125,
-0.00537109375,
0.0198974609375,
-0.003875732421875,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.0274658203125,
0.02880859375,
-0.05419921875,
0.0289306640625,
-0.0194091796875,
0.01177978515625,
0.01171875,
0.03515625,
-0.004150390625,
-0.03515625,
-0.060546875,
-0.029296875,
-0.01953125,
0.004058837890625,
-0.026123046875,
-0.02197265625,
-0.005035400390625,
-0.007171630859375,
-0.046875,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.046875,
-0.04345703125,
-0.06591796875,
0.00057220458984375,
0.052978515625,
0.030517578125,
-0.0184326171875,
0.023681640625,
-0.023681640625,
-0.004058837890625,
0.0234375,
-0.0208740234375,
0.027099609375,
0.031982421875,
0.020263671875,
0.0029296875,
0.0157470703125,
-0.025634765625,
-0.00104522705078125,
0.016357421875,
0.00946044921875,
-0.002044677734375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0133056640625,
0.040283203125,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.0263671875,
0.05126953125,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.0162353515625,
0.072265625,
-0.00136566162109375,
0.00946044921875,
0.0142822265625,
-0.00180816650390625,
0.005828857421875,
0.0299072265625,
-0.0556640625,
0.009521484375,
0.05078125,
0.023193359375,
-0.0625,
-0.005218505859375,
0.01220703125,
-0.044189453125,
0.021728515625,
0.03076171875,
-0.0181884765625,
0.0458984375,
0.0203857421875,
0.004302978515625,
-0.03173828125,
0.0093994140625,
-0.044677734375,
-0.01416015625,
0.0213623046875,
-0.0277099609375,
0.038330078125,
-0.0302734375,
-0.00165557861328125,
0.007171630859375,
-0.03759765625,
0.01904296875,
-0.011474609375,
0.00927734375,
0.058349609375,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.004852294921875,
0.003326416015625,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.0026702880859375,
-0.00640869140625,
0.04345703125,
-0.04638671875,
0.02294921875,
0.0135498046875,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.0201416015625,
0.013671875,
0.027099609375,
0.05615234375,
0.044921875,
0.030517578125,
0.0234375,
0.01611328125,
0.03173828125,
0.0274658203125,
-0.016357421875,
0.0419921875,
0.0172119140625,
0.024169921875,
0.000797271728515625,
0.0245361328125,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.046142578125,
-0.0035552978515625,
0.040771484375,
0.0269775390625,
0.01202392578125,
0.005401611328125,
0.0260009765625,
-0.005828857421875,
0.03759765625,
0.004669189453125,
-0.025146484375,
0.0186767578125,
0.00048828125,
-0.009765625,
-0.04296875,
0.00799560546875,
0.0213623046875,
0.0030975341796875,
-0.02392578125,
-0.0537109375,
0.0240478515625,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.040771484375,
-0.044677734375,
0.040771484375,
0.0030517578125,
0.0625,
0.026611328125,
-0.0003719329833984375,
0.0062255859375,
0.00555419921875,
0.021240234375,
0.0341796875,
-0.01220703125,
-0.004913330078125,
0.0087890625,
-0.0029296875,
-0.044189453125,
-0.004791259765625,
-0.054931640625,
0.0361328125,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.012451171875,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.0238037109375,
0.037353515625,
0.00457763671875,
0.025390625,
0.02197265625,
0.0257568359375,
-0.041015625,
-0.00099945068359375,
0.0206298828125,
0.042724609375,
-0.036865234375,
-0.041015625,
0.0693359375,
0.024658203125,
0.023681640625,
-0.0126953125,
-0.0028533935546875,
0.0302734375,
0.0223388671875,
-0.032958984375,
0.0206298828125,
0.05322265625,
-0.028076171875,
0.03759765625,
-0.007568359375,
-0.0133056640625,
0.0003223419189453125,
0.00616455078125,
0.0299072265625,
0.01177978515625,
-0.000782012939453125,
0.0101318359375,
0.0211181640625,
0.0654296875,
-0.00830078125,
-0.004119873046875,
-0.000002950429916381836,
-0.01513671875,
0.0128173828125,
0.0654296875,
0.0033721923828125,
-0.0224609375,
0.04736328125,
0.0576171875,
0.00885009765625,
0.023193359375,
-0.035400390625,
0.01397705078125,
0.0269775390625,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.01220703125,
0.052490234375,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.025390625,
0.00494384765625,
0.042236328125,
0.00213623046875,
0.00738525390625,
-0.025390625,
0.014892578125,
-0.0113525390625,
0.020263671875,
0.055419921875,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.040771484375,
-0.01312255859375,
0.018310546875,
0.00001233816146850586,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.01483154296875,
0.00897216796875,
-0.0106201171875,
0.056884765625,
0.026611328125,
0.0021820068359375,
-0.029541015625,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.02001953125,
0.00909423828125,
-0.04150390625,
-0.051025390625,
-0.017578125,
-0.0693359375,
0.041748046875,
-0.0289306640625,
0.0242919921875,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.056884765625,
0.04443359375,
-0.02001953125,
0.031005859375,
-0.045166015625,
0.036865234375,
0.005645751953125,
0.004791259765625,
-0.000186920166015625,
-0.056884765625,
-0.06787109375,
0.018310546875,
0.031494140625,
-0.01904296875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.005340576171875,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0166015625,
-0.04052734375,
-0.05859375,
-0.00153350830078125,
0.004302978515625,
-0.0096435546875,
0.0216064453125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0250244140625,
0.0037078857421875,
-0.00677490234375,
-0.017578125,
0.02197265625,
0.0166015625,
0.00102996826171875,
-0.0208740234375,
0.06103515625,
0.037353515625,
0.013916015625,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.039306640625,
-0.0002918243408203125,
0.01348876953125,
-0.03173828125,
-0.031494140625,
-0.00323486328125,
0.030029296875,
0.03369140625,
-0.04443359375,
0.005462646484375,
-0.07568359375,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.046875,
-0.02392578125,
0.01806640625,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.04052734375,
0.01483154296875,
-0.0108642578125,
0.048828125,
-0.019287109375,
-0.00494384765625,
0.046142578125,
-0.02197265625,
0.006683349609375,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.06298828125,
-0.003143310546875,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.037841796875,
0.00811767578125,
-0.01287841796875,
0.037353515625,
-0.017578125,
0.0130615234375,
-0.004364013671875,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.056640625,
0.0615234375,
0.01129150390625,
0.033935546875,
-0.033203125,
-0.0054931640625,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.02783203125,
-0.01171875,
0.0040283203125,
0.042236328125,
-0.03125,
0.05712890625,
0.05859375,
-0.048828125,
0.001983642578125,
-0.00604248046875,
-0.04931640625,
0.0218505859375,
0.0137939453125,
0.00994873046875,
-0.00994873046875,
0.0244140625,
-0.002471923828125,
-0.019775390625,
0.033447265625,
0.05810546875,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.001373291015625,
0.007568359375,
-0.06591796875,
-0.032470703125,
0.00408935546875,
-0.00457763671875,
-0.021484375,
-0.00067138671875,
-0.024658203125,
-0.0230712890625,
0.026611328125,
0.01287841796875,
0.022705078125,
0.0111083984375,
0.052490234375,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.0033111572265625,
0.041748046875,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.0263671875,
-0.02880859375,
0.0673828125,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.0106201171875,
0.033447265625,
0.0380859375,
0.01031494140625,
-0.01806640625,
0.010986328125,
0.0361328125,
-0.0034332275390625,
-0.01171875,
-0.0150146484375,
0.026123046875,
0.0289306640625,
0.0322265625,
-0.06103515625,
0.053955078125,
-0.043701171875,
0.0296630859375,
0.0234375,
0.00714111328125,
-0.03076171875,
0.0595703125,
-0.01513671875,
-0.050048828125,
0.045654296875,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0166015625,
0.01287841796875,
0.00750732421875,
0.05810546875,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.034912109375,
-0.019287109375,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0025177001953125,
0.03955078125,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.00225830078125,
0.01806640625,
-0.0281982421875,
0.038330078125,
-0.012451171875,
-0.039794921875,
0.010986328125,
0.004608154296875,
-0.00860595703125,
0.0498046875,
-0.00628662109375,
0.015380859375,
0.0252685546875,
0.00506591796875,
-0.0625,
-0.01409912109375,
0.00506591796875,
0.032470703125,
0.0057373046875,
0.0654296875,
-0.026611328125,
-0.001220703125,
0.07373046875,
-0.031494140625,
-0.034423828125,
0.00836181640625,
-0.0216064453125,
0.041015625,
-0.006256103515625,
-0.0262451171875,
0.041015625,
-0.0205078125,
0.048828125,
-0.048828125,
0.01470947265625,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.050048828125,
-0.001678466796875,
-0.01397705078125,
0.0017852783203125,
0.00750732421875,
0.041748046875,
0.0072021484375,
-0.007568359375,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.034423828125,
0.01043701171875,
-0.051513671875,
-0.037353515625,
-0.001068115234375,
0.024658203125,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.02587890625,
0.0169677734375,
0.0024566650390625,
0.0040283203125,
-0.04052734375,
-0.0302734375,
0.0076904296875,
0.004547119140625,
0.0693359375,
-0.045166015625,
0.030517578125,
0.032958984375,
0.02392578125,
-0.003936767578125,
0.01324462890625,
0.034423828125,
0.005035400390625,
0.0159912109375,
0.035888671875,
0.01708984375,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.041748046875,
0.05859375,
0.029296875,
-0.044677734375,
0.0035552978515625,
-0.0247802734375,
0.00872802734375,
0.000012278556823730469,
-0.055908203125,
-0.034423828125,
-0.024658203125,
0.01708984375,
0.031494140625,
0.01483154296875,
-0.000244140625,
0.007080078125,
-0.015869140625,
0.017333984375,
-0.017333984375,
-0.03759765625,
-0.00107574462890625,
-0.041259765625,
-0.050048828125,
0.046875,
0.042724609375,
-0.00482177734375,
-0.039306640625,
-0.00122833251953125,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.031005859375,
-0.028564453125,
-0.02490234375,
-0.0184326171875,
0.00860595703125,
-0.0224609375,
0.0341796875,
-0.025390625,
0.04736328125,
-0.0224609375,
-0.0159912109375,
0.02490234375,
-0.021240234375,
-0.006805419921875,
-0.05712890625,
0.037841796875,
-0.04541015625,
-0.00167083740234375,
0.0242919921875,
0.0537109375,
-0.0035858154296875,
0.01007080078125,
-0.023681640625,
0.006439208984375,
-0.07080078125,
-0.072265625,
0.0299072265625,
0.0279541015625,
0.00518798828125,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.0291748046875,
0.0172119140625,
-0.05615234375,
-0.02734375,
0.059326171875,
-0.017333984375,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.027099609375,
0.0118408203125,
0.04638671875,
-0.03466796875,
0.000946044921875,
0.01226806640625,
0.01416015625,
0.00634765625,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.021240234375,
-0.0289306640625,
0.036865234375,
0.0205078125,
0.0267333984375,
-0.004302978515625,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.040771484375,
-0.029296875,
0.0240478515625,
0.0260009765625,
0.03271484375,
0.0693359375,
-0.03076171875,
-0.003753662109375,
0.020263671875,
0.0159912109375,
-0.05419921875,
-0.0556640625,
0.0595703125,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.00750732421875,
-0.0032501220703125,
0.0184326171875,
-0.03662109375,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.00144195556640625,
-0.0234375,
-0.047607421875,
-0.0238037109375,
0.029296875,
0.0177001953125,
0.0164794921875,
0.0157470703125,
0.0233154296875,
0.02490234375,
0.026123046875,
-0.0267333984375,
0.04443359375,
-0.025390625,
-0.00775146484375,
0.02587890625,
-0.01483154296875,
0.003936767578125,
-0.043701171875,
0.0230712890625,
-0.0194091796875,
0.0091552734375,
0.039794921875,
-0.040771484375,
0.0026092529296875,
-0.0277099609375,
0.0247802734375,
0.0673828125,
-0.04833984375,
-0.03515625,
0.0537109375,
0.004913330078125,
-0.048583984375,
-0.001190185546875,
-0.02783203125,
0.000614166259765625,
0.0113525390625,
-0.0703125,
-0.024658203125,
0.0152587890625,
-0.001373291015625,
0.041259765625,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.0068359375,
0.0016326904296875,
0.0289306640625,
-0.08642578125,
0.040771484375,
-0.01025390625,
0.0703125,
-0.0654296875,
-0.048828125,
0.0263671875,
0.048095703125,
0.0076904296875,
0.0150146484375,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.033203125,
-0.053466796875,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.01300048828125,
0.0054931640625,
0.0205078125,
-0.035400390625,
0.006927490234375,
-0.0035858154296875,
-0.06689453125,
0.01171875,
-0.053955078125,
0.01312255859375,
-0.022216796875,
0.04638671875,
0.007049560546875,
-0.01806640625,
0.017822265625,
0.0283203125,
-0.003814697265625,
0.0439453125,
-0.06005859375,
0.01263427734375,
-0.004547119140625,
-0.00970458984375,
0.0172119140625,
0.023681640625,
-0.049072265625,
-0.041259765625,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.002288818359375,
0.006439208984375,
-0.0162353515625,
0.0296630859375,
0.01513671875,
-0.0390625,
-0.04443359375,
0.021484375,
-0.040283203125,
-0.017578125,
0.008056640625,
-0.003204345703125,
0.035888671875,
0.01141357421875,
-0.032958984375,
-0.039306640625,
0.005157470703125,
0.00860595703125,
0.01385498046875,
0.058837890625,
-0.0458984375,
0.032470703125,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.056640625,
-0.0419921875,
0.0277099609375,
0.05322265625,
0.00457763671875,
0.007110595703125,
0.0234375,
-0.050048828125,
-0.042724609375,
0.01239013671875,
-0.06884765625,
-0.056640625,
0.05419921875,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.010986328125,
-0.0240478515625,
0.01318359375,
0.00087738037109375,
0.022216796875,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.023193359375,
0.0133056640625,
-0.01177978515625,
0.046142578125,
-0.007049560546875,
-0.006195068359375,
0.0361328125,
0.01019287109375,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.0439453125,
-0.003082275390625,
0.06298828125,
0.00665283203125,
-0.0302734375,
-0.023193359375,
-0.024169921875,
-0.07763671875,
0.025390625,
0.01336669921875,
0.004486083984375,
0.0035400390625,
-0.0009613037109375,
-0.04150390625,
0.0028533935546875,
-0.02197265625,
-0.024658203125,
-0.002166748046875,
-0.02783203125,
-0.06103515625,
0.005340576171875,
0.034423828125,
0.00225830078125,
0.0296630859375,
0.0029754638671875,
-0.0167236328125,
0.01251220703125,
-0.00176239013671875,
-0.00007009506225585938,
0.08154296875,
0.020263671875,
0.0172119140625,
0.0076904296875,
0.01806640625,
0.01226806640625,
0.055419921875,
0.0206298828125,
0.017333984375,
-0.0185546875,
0.00004482269287109375,
-0.012939453125,
-0.03759765625,
0.01483154296875,
-0.0224609375,
-0.04443359375,
0.05078125,
-0.0089111328125,
0.015625,
0.0172119140625,
-0.0267333984375,
0.0205078125,
-0.0419921875,
-0.017333984375,
-0.00634765625,
-0.0101318359375,
0.023193359375,
0.046875,
0.015380859375,
-0.026611328125,
0.0294189453125,
0.03955078125,
0.0322265625,
-0.000194549560546875,
0.04345703125,
0.01409912109375,
-0.047119140625,
0.02783203125,
0.0067138671875,
0.00830078125,
0.0150146484375,
0.002044677734375,
0.0101318359375,
-0.0062255859375,
-0.01324462890625,
0.003448486328125,
-0.0341796875,
-0.08349609375,
0.02392578125,
-0.0264892578125,
0.03857421875,
-0.0220947265625,
0.000720977783203125,
0.01708984375,
0.01007080078125,
-0.046630859375,
0.035400390625,
-0.0235595703125,
0.014404296875,
0.01708984375,
0.03173828125,
0.0147705078125,
0.00592041015625,
0.03173828125,
-0.0380859375,
0.058349609375,
0.033935546875,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.025146484375,
0.02490234375,
-0.06298828125,
-0.046630859375,
-0.059326171875,
-0.04052734375,
0.003814697265625,
0.00860595703125,
-0.0101318359375,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.059326171875,
0.0115966796875,
0.006011962890625,
0.08349609375,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0157470703125,
0.029296875,
-0.003570556640625,
-0.02783203125,
0.0291748046875,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.041259765625,
-0.01141357421875,
0.03955078125,
-0.00457763671875,
-0.04296875,
-0.04248046875,
0.041015625,
0.003997802734375,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.013671875,
0.005279541015625,
0.020263671875,
0.0302734375,
0.026611328125,
0.0234375,
0.009521484375,
0.0211181640625,
0.00335693359375,
-0.021240234375,
-0.0011749267578125,
0.0257568359375,
-0.011474609375,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.049072265625,
-0.01220703125,
-0.03271484375,
-0.02978515625,
0.0203857421875,
0.034423828125,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.04052734375,
0.014892578125,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.041748046875,
-0.00162506103515625,
-0.0262451171875,
0.003936767578125,
-0.000827789306640625,
0.003143310546875,
-0.053955078125,
0.25390625,
0.005889892578125,
-0.0206298828125,
0.01177978515625,
0.006134033203125,
0.032470703125,
-0.00148773193359375,
-0.005889892578125,
-0.03076171875,
0.0224609375,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.04638671875,
0.021728515625,
0.0240478515625,
-0.0068359375,
0.03125,
-0.000823974609375,
0.01470947265625,
0.056396484375,
-0.0286865234375,
0.0035400390625,
0.00482177734375,
-0.03857421875,
0.0830078125,
0.031982421875,
-0.00787353515625,
0.051513671875,
-0.0634765625,
0.03076171875,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.00147247314453125,
-0.042236328125,
0.032958984375,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.00244140625,
0.0169677734375,
0.016357421875,
0.0067138671875,
0.005462646484375,
-0.0052490234375,
0.026611328125,
0.00958251953125,
0.02197265625,
-0.02978515625,
0.00823974609375,
-0.00173187255859375,
-0.046142578125,
0.031494140625,
0.0751953125,
-0.009521484375,
0.031494140625,
0.055908203125,
0.048095703125,
-0.003936767578125,
0.0155029296875,
0.0267333984375,
-0.007293701171875,
-0.0234375,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0400390625,
0.044677734375,
0.00482177734375,
0.02099609375,
0.0277099609375,
0.002593994140625,
0.06884765625,
0.0234375,
-0.00151824951171875,
0.0284423828125,
0.033203125,
0.0003910064697265625,
0.00494384765625,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.057373046875,
0.04248046875,
0.01129150390625,
-0.00482177734375,
0.021484375,
0.048828125,
-0.007568359375,
-0.004302978515625,
-0.05224609375,
0.01287841796875,
-0.01513671875,
0.048828125,
0.04736328125,
0.0086669921875,
-0.04541015625,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.01611328125,
0.01165771484375,
0.029052734375,
0.01171875,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0096435546875
] |
Butzel, J.
Solomon and Bessie Zlatkin own a summer hotel at South Haven, Michigan. They borrowed from plaintiff, Morris B. Leon, the sum of $6,830 on May 11, 1928, and in return gave him their note for $8,000 with interest at 7 per cent., payable September 15,1930. They secured the note with a real estate mortgage on the hotel property and a chattel mortgage on the personal property used in connection with the hotel. The $1,170 difference between the amount of money received and the amount of the note represented a bonus or commission of $1,120 paid to the plaintiff for making the loan and a $50 attorney fee paid for the services of plaintiff’s attorney. On the day the loan was made, plaintiff signed and gave defendants a letter agreeing that if they were unable to meet the entire mortgage when due, they were to have the privilege of paying all interest and at least one-half or more of the principal, in which event plaintiff would extend the time of payment for one year, at the same rate of interest as was agreed upon in the original mortgage, defendants to pay plaintiff’s “broker the same rate per thousand per annum” as was paid for the original loan. The record leaves no doubt whatsoever but that plaintiff was his own “broker” and that the broker’s fee, commission, or bonus, whatever it may be called, for the renewal of the loan was to go to plaintiff.
Defendants secured a renewal of the loan both on June 18, 1930, and on September 15, 1931, by paying plaintiff each time a commission of $560, together with some minor expenses in connection with the renewals. In addition to signing extension agreements and a new chattel mortgage each time, defendants stated in affidavits, notarized by plaintiff’s attorney, that no incumbrances had been created or placed against the personal property and that no improvements, replacements, or repairs had been made to the realty so as to create the possibility of any mechanics ’ liens being placed against the property; that the amount owing was the sum of $8,000, 'which was defendants’ due obligation for moneys loaned to them, and that neither of them had any defense whatsoever to such claim of $8,000; that the representations were made for the purpose of inducing plaintiff to extend the real estate mortgage and to accept a new first mortgage upon the real and personal property hereinbefore described. Some of the documents were executed in Illinois, but plaintiff conceded on the record that the usury laws of Illinois were similar to those of Michigan.
Sums aggregating $2,146.44, claimed to be interest, were paid on the loan from time to time and, in addition thereto, the sum of $1,120 was paid in two annual installments of $560 each for the two extensions of the loan. Upon defendants’ failure to make payment on September 15, 1931, in accordance with the terms of the second extension agreement, plaintiff filed a bill to foreclose the mortgages on both the real and personal property. Plaintiff concedes that only $6,830 was loaned by him in the first instance, and that the difference of $1,170 between the amount of the note and the actual sum advanced is usury and cannot be recovered. He claims, however, that when defendants at the time of each renewal made solemn statements under oath that they had no defense to the claim for the face amount of the loan, the taint‘of usury was thereupon lifted as to the $6,830, and defendants should pay interest on such amount from the time the original loan was made. He further claims that the $560 paid at the time of each renewal was a legal consideration belonging to him and should not be credited on the loan.
Defendants in their answer claim that the entire transaction was continuously usurious from its inception, and that, as provided in 2 Comp. Laws 1929, § 9241, plaintiff is only entitled to the actual amount originally loaned, less all payments of every kind made by them. It is conceded that the aggregate sum paid for interest and commissions amounts to $3,266.44. The trial court rendered a decree for plaintiff. He credited defendants with all sums paid for brokerage fees, but charged them with interest from the date on which the loan was first made.
In Gladwin State Bank v. Dow, 212 Mich. 521 (13 A. L. R. 1233), the law is set forth as follows:
“We are satisfied that by the overwhelming weight of authority in this State and elsewhere two propositions are established, i. e., (1) that where a renewal note is given containing and providing for usurious interest, or where usurious "interest is exacted, the defense of usury not only in the particular note sued upon but in all of its predecessors where it exists, if it exists in all, is available to the maker as a defense; and (2) that as between the parties to the transaction, or holders with knowledge, all payments of usurious interest made on the series of notes will be applied by the law to the extinguish-’ ment of the debt, and this even though the parties have treated such payments as payments of interest. To hold otherwise would be but to point a way to the evasion of this beneficent statute. If language not necessary to decision has been used in some of our earlier cases' expressing a contrary view, it must yield to the language used in our later cases where the questions were directly involved. For certain purposes the giving of a renewal note may be treated as payment of the old one, but it will not be so treated where the usury statute is involved.”
Plaintiff contends, however, that there was an absolute waiver of all claims of usury when the renewals were made, and that they should be regarded as voluntary payments or settlements of the usurious debt. Usury is a personal defense and may be waived by the borrower at the time of payment. The transaction may be also purged of usury in the extension of the loan. One manner of doing this is pointed out in Gladwin State Bank v. Dow, supra. See, also, Michigan Loan Ass’n v. Cahill, 253 Mich. 358 (74 A. L. R. 1181). However, this cannot be done by a mere statement of the borrower waiving the defense of usury either at the inception of the loan or at the time of renewal. See Clark v. Spencer, 14 Kan. 398 (19 Am. Rep. 96); Bosler v. Rheem, 72 Pa. 54. When a debt has matured, any sums charged for forbearance and a renewal will be applied to the reduction of the debt. Bateman v. Blake, 81 Mich. 227. The entire transaction in the instant case was continuously usurious, usury being added to usury. The subterfuge of entering into an agreement declaring the absence of any defense to the payment of the full face amount of the obligation was only a palpable effort to avoid the provisions of the statute relating to usury, and will not be given any effect by this court.
Plaintiff is asserting his claim against defendants who are only defending and not pressing any claim against plaintiff. Defendants, therefore, are entitled to invoice the aid of the usury statute to the fullest extent. They should be credited with all payments made by or exacted from them for interest, commissions and brokerage fees, amounting to $3,266.44. After this amount is deducted from the $6,830, the true amount of the original loan, there is a balance of $3,563.56 left. No tender was made by defendants to plaintiff and a decree of foreclosure was properly entered, but for an excessive amount. The case is, therefore, remanded to the trial court with instructions to modify the decree by reducing the amount found due in accordance with this opinion, and to take such further steps as may be necessary in the premises. Costs will be allowed to defendants.
McDonald, C. J., and Weadock, Potter, Sharpe, North, Pead, and Wiest, JJ., concurred. | [
-0.001861572265625,
0.037353515625,
0.0294189453125,
0.018798828125,
-0.0595703125,
-0.02880859375,
0.0027923583984375,
-0.005279541015625,
-0.0032196044921875,
0.02392578125,
0.04052734375,
0.011962890625,
0.031982421875,
-0.0198974609375,
0.0213623046875,
-0.0032501220703125,
-0.0062255859375,
-0.006500244140625,
-0.00787353515625,
0.0054931640625,
-0.005767822265625,
-0.018798828125,
-0.025390625,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.01116943359375,
0.0289306640625,
0.016357421875,
-0.0213623046875,
0.06640625,
0.027587890625,
0.01324462890625,
0.00543212890625,
0.0054931640625,
0.0194091796875,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0128173828125,
0.040771484375,
-0.05517578125,
0.01806640625,
-0.0257568359375,
0.00750732421875,
-0.0025177001953125,
0.045166015625,
-0.0146484375,
-0.06396484375,
-0.025146484375,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.07080078125,
0.01348876953125,
-0.048828125,
0.0189208984375,
-0.0216064453125,
0.053466796875,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.0712890625,
-0.044189453125,
-0.020263671875,
-0.005950927734375,
0.0247802734375,
0.0218505859375,
-0.0498046875,
0.031494140625,
-0.02197265625,
0.00994873046875,
0.0233154296875,
0.0159912109375,
0.017578125,
0.00347900390625,
-0.037353515625,
-0.00122833251953125,
0.0203857421875,
-0.0128173828125,
0.0145263671875,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.000629425048828125,
-0.019287109375,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.027099609375,
-0.026611328125,
-0.04638671875,
0.059326171875,
0.006744384765625,
-0.04052734375,
-0.0118408203125,
0.0281982421875,
0.018310546875,
0.018798828125,
0.027099609375,
-0.045166015625,
0.053955078125,
0.0009002685546875,
0.01287841796875,
0.04736328125,
0.01409912109375,
-0.043212890625,
0.0242919921875,
0.035888671875,
-0.0037841796875,
0.0107421875,
-0.0064697265625,
0.019287109375,
0.08349609375,
0.0004329681396484375,
0.040771484375,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.01611328125,
-0.017578125,
-0.005767822265625,
0.01531982421875,
-0.0137939453125,
0.036865234375,
-0.0030059814453125,
-0.042724609375,
0.01226806640625,
-0.01409912109375,
0.00897216796875,
-0.04296875,
-0.0174560546875,
0.039306640625,
-0.02783203125,
0.0296630859375,
-0.0281982421875,
0.00823974609375,
0.0238037109375,
-0.009521484375,
0.04248046875,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.018310546875,
0.025146484375,
0.004547119140625,
-0.0341796875,
0.025146484375,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.000823974609375,
0.0228271484375,
0.01043701171875,
0.0245361328125,
0.00634765625,
0.034423828125,
0.01324462890625,
-0.005340576171875,
0.0498046875,
0.02392578125,
0.0201416015625,
-0.0054931640625,
-0.008544921875,
-0.050537109375,
0.009033203125,
-0.06982421875,
-0.01177978515625,
0.0380859375,
0.08349609375,
0.021728515625,
-0.00408935546875,
-0.010009765625,
-0.031494140625,
0.0035400390625,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.035888671875,
-0.030517578125,
0.00110626220703125,
-0.0003414154052734375,
-0.008056640625,
0.018798828125,
-0.00139617919921875,
0.0260009765625,
-0.006683349609375,
-0.0322265625,
0.03662109375,
-0.000743865966796875,
-0.056884765625,
-0.041015625,
0.023193359375,
0.01708984375,
0.06884765625,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.03564453125,
0.046630859375,
0.036376953125,
-0.0186767578125,
0.04150390625,
-0.0125732421875,
0.001983642578125,
-0.0284423828125,
0.00113677978515625,
-0.01324462890625,
0.02490234375,
-0.001556396484375,
-0.031494140625,
0.033447265625,
-0.00933837890625,
0.0380859375,
-0.052490234375,
-0.0093994140625,
0.0103759765625,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.0517578125,
-0.0155029296875,
0.046142578125,
0.023681640625,
-0.012939453125,
-0.053955078125,
0.0673828125,
0.028564453125,
-0.00274658203125,
0.0125732421875,
0.0174560546875,
0.0037384033203125,
0.01226806640625,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0166015625,
0.035400390625,
0.01226806640625,
0.031494140625,
-0.022216796875,
0.0196533203125,
-0.03515625,
0.01544189453125,
-0.06787109375,
0.0400390625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.02685546875,
0.036865234375,
0.006805419921875,
-0.00567626953125,
0.00018215179443359375,
-0.054443359375,
-0.0036468505859375,
0.000576019287109375,
0.07080078125,
0.0033111572265625,
0.005645751953125,
0.059814453125,
0.03662109375,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.00439453125,
-0.0191650390625,
0.0184326171875,
0.0341796875,
0.003662109375,
-0.03662109375,
0.06396484375,
-0.037109375,
-0.02197265625,
-0.0186767578125,
0.0036468505859375,
-0.00982666015625,
0.03173828125,
-0.0281982421875,
0.031005859375,
-0.009521484375,
0.04150390625,
0.0361328125,
0.007537841796875,
-0.03662109375,
-0.03955078125,
0.000293731689453125,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.058349609375,
-0.003387451171875,
0.037353515625,
-0.0419921875,
0.04150390625,
-0.0205078125,
-0.017333984375,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.00121307373046875,
-0.05078125,
-0.0159912109375,
0.037353515625,
-0.034912109375,
-0.052734375,
0.00091552734375,
-0.039794921875,
0.02880859375,
-0.048095703125,
0.0157470703125,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.02490234375,
0.035888671875,
0.0033416748046875,
0.01031494140625,
-0.01507568359375,
0.021484375,
-0.0035858154296875,
0.025390625,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0498046875,
0.0013580322265625,
0.06396484375,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.034423828125,
-0.012451171875,
-0.022216796875,
0.02001953125,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.033447265625,
0.01177978515625,
-0.006622314453125,
-0.038818359375,
0.0177001953125,
-0.0126953125,
-0.019775390625,
-0.008056640625,
-0.0023956298828125,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0216064453125,
0.0186767578125,
0.01104736328125,
-0.01904296875,
0.0712890625,
-0.00250244140625,
-0.003631591796875,
0.0059814453125,
-0.058349609375,
0.02294921875,
0.01043701171875,
-0.04541015625,
-0.010986328125,
0.0101318359375,
0.02197265625,
0.0177001953125,
-0.05224609375,
-0.019775390625,
-0.0380859375,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.04931640625,
-0.001068115234375,
0.03662109375,
-0.0458984375,
0.013427734375,
-0.014892578125,
-0.03759765625,
0.019287109375,
-0.0096435546875,
0.0257568359375,
-0.0123291015625,
0.0028839111328125,
0.0150146484375,
0.01904296875,
0.046142578125,
0.0015869140625,
-0.03466796875,
-0.02099609375,
0.0157470703125,
-0.029052734375,
-0.0185546875,
-0.0419921875,
0.0172119140625,
0.004669189453125,
0.04638671875,
0.0257568359375,
-0.00714111328125,
-0.01312255859375,
0.055908203125,
0.0284423828125,
0.0103759765625,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.0478515625,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.01611328125,
-0.01312255859375,
0.05615234375,
-0.0201416015625,
0.056396484375,
0.0673828125,
-0.0791015625,
0.000774383544921875,
-0.036865234375,
-0.043212890625,
0.01251220703125,
-0.0218505859375,
0.00628662109375,
0.02734375,
0.0244140625,
0.027099609375,
0.017822265625,
0.034912109375,
0.02490234375,
0.00860595703125,
-0.020263671875,
-0.020751953125,
-0.0205078125,
0.022705078125,
-0.03076171875,
-0.007232666015625,
0.0380859375,
0.0224609375,
-0.023681640625,
-0.061767578125,
0.0224609375,
0.01507568359375,
0.00830078125,
-0.0289306640625,
0.03369140625,
-0.00145721435546875,
-0.00131988525390625,
0.01373291015625,
-0.03515625,
-0.0107421875,
-0.03125,
0.04931640625,
-0.0235595703125,
0.00738525390625,
-0.0002346038818359375,
-0.0257568359375,
0.0390625,
0.03125,
0.0240478515625,
0.0040283203125,
-0.02490234375,
-0.004180908203125,
0.018798828125,
-0.007171630859375,
-0.047119140625,
-0.02197265625,
0.00555419921875,
0.0186767578125,
0.04248046875,
-0.033447265625,
0.044189453125,
-0.034912109375,
-0.006103515625,
-0.00628662109375,
-0.001739501953125,
0.00089263916015625,
0.0172119140625,
-0.01513671875,
0.005828857421875,
0.0517578125,
0.001373291015625,
0.011474609375,
-0.04541015625,
0.032470703125,
0.04931640625,
0.08642578125,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.0299072265625,
0.02587890625,
0.0196533203125,
0.01446533203125,
0.032958984375,
0.0181884765625,
0.005767822265625,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.04833984375,
0.052734375,
-0.001190185546875,
-0.0311279296875,
-0.0021209716796875,
0.05810546875,
-0.0057373046875,
0.0269775390625,
-0.035888671875,
0.04931640625,
-0.007568359375,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.015380859375,
0.01043701171875,
0.01226806640625,
0.000942230224609375,
-0.0011444091796875,
0.0118408203125,
0.0118408203125,
0.034423828125,
0.01043701171875,
0.021240234375,
-0.043701171875,
0.031982421875,
0.0184326171875,
0.03173828125,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.01226806640625,
0.04736328125,
-0.040283203125,
0.0164794921875,
0.000904083251953125,
0.017822265625,
-0.035400390625,
-0.040283203125,
-0.04296875,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.021240234375,
0.0152587890625,
0.041015625,
0.006134033203125,
-0.000518798828125,
0.0262451171875,
-0.044921875,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.04638671875,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.0072021484375,
-0.01416015625,
0.00311279296875,
-0.01531982421875,
0.052490234375,
0.00015735626220703125,
0.00482177734375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.036376953125,
-0.056396484375,
-0.02001953125,
0.05712890625,
-0.04345703125,
-0.005462646484375,
0.01361083984375,
0.048583984375,
0.01300048828125,
0.00494384765625,
0.058349609375,
-0.01202392578125,
0.01385498046875,
0.057861328125,
0.034912109375,
-0.00579833984375,
-0.0084228515625,
0.007720947265625,
-0.044189453125,
0.00213623046875,
0.0211181640625,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.032958984375,
-0.04345703125,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.048583984375,
-0.0244140625,
-0.00311279296875,
-0.026123046875,
0.0478515625,
0.0113525390625,
0.017578125,
0.004425048828125,
-0.048583984375,
0.0172119140625,
-0.0031280517578125,
0.00909423828125,
-0.020263671875,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.0419921875,
0.01507568359375,
0.060302734375,
0.00958251953125,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.052734375,
0.00970458984375,
-0.0034942626953125,
-0.029541015625,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.001312255859375,
-0.00799560546875,
0.0159912109375,
0.0008544921875,
-0.01446533203125,
0.0517578125,
-0.012451171875,
0.0277099609375,
0.03076171875,
-0.034423828125,
-0.03564453125,
-0.054931640625,
0.01239013671875,
-0.055908203125,
-0.0257568359375,
0.00592041015625,
0.0296630859375,
0.0064697265625,
-0.014892578125,
-0.045166015625,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.062255859375,
-0.064453125,
0.0179443359375,
0.01446533203125,
0.00299072265625,
-0.034912109375,
-0.0556640625,
0.00994873046875,
0.020751953125,
0.00494384765625,
0.0869140625,
-0.049072265625,
0.020263671875,
-0.01483154296875,
0.033447265625,
0.026611328125,
-0.04541015625,
0.0260009765625,
0.004150390625,
-0.0018310546875,
-0.02880859375,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.00360107421875,
-0.0098876953125,
0.0322265625,
0.0147705078125,
-0.032470703125,
0.00421142578125,
-0.056396484375,
-0.05517578125,
-0.006591796875,
0.057861328125,
0.01806640625,
0.01611328125,
0.032958984375,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.000873565673828125,
-0.00025177001953125,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.034912109375,
-0.037353515625,
0.028564453125,
0.02685546875,
0.001220703125,
0.053466796875,
0.0380859375,
-0.02978515625,
0.013671875,
0.02587890625,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.04248046875,
0.007080078125,
0.022705078125,
-0.033447265625,
0.018798828125,
0.0108642578125,
0.0108642578125,
0.03662109375,
-0.02099609375,
0.04052734375,
-0.005462646484375,
-0.032470703125,
0.01055908203125,
0.0133056640625,
-0.01025390625,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.01953125,
0.0033721923828125,
0.0220947265625,
-0.007598876953125,
-0.024658203125,
0.0022735595703125,
0.01080322265625,
0.12060546875,
-0.033447265625,
-0.01116943359375,
0.00628662109375,
0.01129150390625,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.04345703125,
0.032958984375,
0.000713348388671875,
-0.08837890625,
-0.01611328125,
0.0260009765625,
-0.0203857421875,
0.076171875,
-0.046142578125,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.00080108642578125,
0.04736328125,
-0.07666015625,
0.01708984375,
0.038330078125,
0.048583984375,
-0.0439453125,
-0.07373046875,
-0.006500244140625,
0.03369140625,
-0.0439453125,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0146484375,
0.007171630859375,
0.005645751953125,
-0.02978515625,
-0.01397705078125,
0.00469970703125,
-0.0240478515625,
0.010986328125,
0.00518798828125,
-0.0244140625,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.045166015625,
-0.00726318359375,
-0.033935546875,
0.040771484375,
-0.005889892578125,
0.03125,
0.004241943359375,
-0.0260009765625,
0.03369140625,
0.0159912109375,
0.024658203125,
0.0269775390625,
-0.055908203125,
0.002593994140625,
0.002105712890625,
-0.0166015625,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.002166748046875,
-0.01025390625,
-0.0185546875,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.020263671875,
-0.0302734375,
0.008056640625,
0.015625,
0.002532958984375,
-0.03173828125,
0.0263671875,
0.007781982421875,
-0.020751953125,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.0233154296875,
0.033203125,
0.00176239013671875,
0.0267333984375,
-0.00185394287109375,
-0.019775390625,
0.044677734375,
0.017578125,
0.004302978515625,
0.01275634765625,
0.00958251953125,
0.004608154296875,
-0.000637054443359375,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.064453125,
-0.0341796875,
-0.004791259765625,
0.02978515625,
0.038330078125,
-0.015625,
0.000347137451171875,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.03076171875,
0.0216064453125,
-0.0302734375,
-0.0244140625,
0.0191650390625,
0.01251220703125,
0.01806640625,
-0.01544189453125,
0.023193359375,
0.0023193359375,
0.038818359375,
-0.0224609375,
-0.0172119140625,
0.0120849609375,
0.0164794921875,
0.0177001953125,
0.06298828125,
0.00070953369140625,
0.0146484375,
0.0108642578125,
-0.034912109375,
-0.06005859375,
-0.03076171875,
0.0002918243408203125,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.051513671875,
-0.007232666015625,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.0546875,
0.004791259765625,
-0.02685546875,
0.023193359375,
0.0130615234375,
-0.008056640625,
-0.044921875,
0.0167236328125,
0.0047607421875,
-0.01611328125,
-0.003875732421875,
-0.007171630859375,
-0.00323486328125,
0.0228271484375,
0.048583984375,
0.04296875,
0.057861328125,
0.006011962890625,
-0.000812530517578125,
-0.025390625,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.026123046875,
0.057861328125,
0.05908203125,
0.0517578125,
0.017578125,
0.0228271484375,
0.0084228515625,
0.0303955078125,
0.002044677734375,
0.033447265625,
-0.016357421875,
0.00238037109375,
-0.0322265625,
-0.029541015625,
0.06787109375,
0.0137939453125,
-0.033935546875,
0.0025787353515625,
-0.0042724609375,
0.0040283203125,
-0.0380859375,
-0.025146484375,
0.004547119140625,
-0.040283203125,
0.00836181640625,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.0361328125,
0.031982421875,
0.0189208984375,
0.00665283203125,
0.009033203125,
0.04248046875,
0.0157470703125,
0.04296875,
-0.03662109375,
0.0081787109375,
0.017578125,
-0.05712890625,
-0.0093994140625,
0.025146484375,
0.0296630859375,
0.0029754638671875,
-0.00083160400390625,
0.00421142578125,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.02197265625,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.0311279296875,
-0.0830078125,
0.04150390625,
-0.009033203125,
0.01214599609375,
-0.0284423828125,
0.0240478515625,
0.0247802734375,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.033203125,
0.03076171875,
0.034912109375,
-0.005401611328125,
-0.0186767578125,
0.0084228515625,
0.0302734375,
0.0206298828125,
0.03759765625,
-0.06298828125,
0.01202392578125,
0.0245361328125,
-0.018798828125,
-0.027587890625,
0.04443359375,
-0.0400390625,
-0.042236328125,
-0.000591278076171875,
-0.0196533203125,
0.01470947265625,
0.0113525390625,
0.004974365234375,
-0.039794921875,
0.01373291015625,
-0.001251220703125,
-0.01220703125,
0.05615234375,
-0.003509521484375,
0.0703125,
0.00762939453125,
-0.041748046875,
0.01422119140625,
-0.007659912109375,
0.0269775390625,
-0.06396484375,
0.05517578125,
0.0123291015625,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.05224609375,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.00677490234375,
0.022216796875,
-0.031005859375,
-0.037109375,
0.0216064453125,
0.00592041015625,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.03369140625,
0.0059814453125,
-0.00153350830078125,
0.037109375,
0.0361328125,
-0.0255126953125,
0.0252685546875,
0.030517578125,
0.0263671875,
0.03515625,
0.0341796875,
-0.0003681182861328125,
0.037353515625,
-0.004913330078125,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.0419921875,
-0.034912109375,
-0.0537109375,
0.00543212890625,
0.004302978515625,
0.0267333984375,
0.00133514404296875,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.01904296875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.060302734375,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.0001201629638671875,
-0.016845703125,
-0.000064849853515625,
0.0361328125,
-0.05517578125,
0.28125,
0.0201416015625,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.01153564453125,
0.006622314453125,
0.0849609375,
0.00921630859375,
0.01531982421875,
-0.042724609375,
-0.000919342041015625,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.013427734375,
0.0081787109375,
0.017578125,
0.036865234375,
0.0203857421875,
-0.00823974609375,
0.009765625,
0.00506591796875,
-0.039306640625,
0.002105712890625,
-0.033203125,
-0.00775146484375,
0.062255859375,
0.0634765625,
0.0126953125,
0.01519775390625,
-0.053955078125,
0.00164031982421875,
-0.032470703125,
0.0002117156982421875,
-0.05615234375,
0.0042724609375,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.05859375,
0.06640625,
0.0147705078125,
-0.001251220703125,
-0.01214599609375,
0.02880859375,
-0.01019287109375,
0.0235595703125,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.04443359375,
-0.0031280517578125,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.045166015625,
0.060791015625,
0.05224609375,
-0.034912109375,
0.010498046875,
0.043212890625,
0.047119140625,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.011474609375,
0.022705078125,
0.0252685546875,
0.01153564453125,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.04296875,
0.03857421875,
0.037109375,
-0.0272216796875,
0.0205078125,
0.003143310546875,
0.0322265625,
0.00927734375,
0.04833984375,
-0.0198974609375,
0.016357421875,
-0.003082275390625,
-0.0036163330078125,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.01318359375,
0.072265625,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.0272216796875,
0.0308837890625,
0.06298828125,
0.0074462890625,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.015869140625,
0.009765625,
0.0218505859375,
0.013916015625,
0.0155029296875,
-0.04638671875,
-0.017333984375,
0.0155029296875,
-0.00090789794921875,
-0.0126953125,
0.01007080078125,
-0.013916015625,
0.02880859375
] |
Sharpe, J.
(dissenting). On this foreclosure in chancery of a land contract, in which the plaintiffs sought a decree for any deficiency arising on the sale, the court found the amount due thereon to he the sum of $45,516.60, and ordered a sale thereof by the circuit court commissioner of the county. Inserted in the decree was the following provision:
“Said commissioner shall accept no bid for said premises which shall be less than $45,516.60 and interest. ’ ’
From this provision the plaintiffs have taken this appeal. They submitted evidence, that is not disputed, that the “actual present day value of the property” is not to exceed $30,000.
This provision was inserted ixx the decree pursuaxxt to the power conferred upoxx the trial court by Act No. 229, Pxxb. Acts 1933, amending 3 Comp. Laws 1929, § 14366, by adding thereto the following:
“In any forfeiture, foreclosure or specific performaxxce case in chancery based upoxx a mortgage or land coxxtract the court may fix and determine the minimum price at which the real property covered by such mortgage or land contract may be sold at the sale under such forfeiture, foreclosure or specific performance px-oceedings. ”
Plaintiffs’ couxxsel ixx their bxfief say that they “do not questioxx the power of the court to establish an upset price in the decree.” They claim that it should have beexx fixed “at the actual fair value of the property, rather than arbitrarily fixing it at the amount due and unpaid at the time of the sale,” and insist that it should be so modified by this court.
The statute does not command the court to fix the price; it merely permits him to do so. The decree does not compel the plaintiffs to bid the amount so fixed at the sale. When the sale is had, and any less snm bid, it will be the duty of the commissioner to so report to the court and, on petition therefor, the decree may in this respect be - amended or changed if, in his opinion, it is just and equitable to do so. The statute provides no basis for fixing the minimum prices. The trial court stated that the amount so fixed by him was $11,000 less than the contract price; that “there is no sale for this property at the present time,” and that “justice will be done in this case to all the parties if the upset price was fixed at the amount due, $45,000.”
In view of the discretion which may be exercised by the trial court under the statute, we are unwilling to review it upon the record before us.
The appeal should be dismissed, with costs to appellees.
Wiest, J. Act No. 229, Pub. Acts 1933 (amending 3 Comp. Laws 1929, § 14366), does not justify the minimum bid fixed by the circuit judge. That act contemplates exercise of reasonable judgment; not arbitrary action. The act gave the court of equity no new power. The court of equity hag inherent power to control its process and has ever exercised such power in foreclosure upon reports of judicial sales. Bids upon foreclosure sales have been rejected as inadequate and resales ordered. True the power has been sparingly exercised preceding sales. The statute does not call for freehand exercise, nor does it permit elevating the value of the subject of sale beyond its fair value. Having adjudged the sum due on foreclosure that subject was closed and could not be considered in fixing the upset bid for the security. The upset bid for the security must bear a reasonable relation to the value of .the security at the time of sale. In the case at bar the court fixed the upset bid at the sum decreed due on the contract and $15,516 above the unquestioned fair value of the security. Such action was arbitrary and not in accord with principles of equity and cannot be permitted to stand and work the delay incident to its fruitless endeavor and consequent wrong to plaintiffs. Plaintiffs ought not to be required to await demonstration of a futility.
It was well said by the Chancellor in United Building & Loan Ass’n of City of Newark v. Neuman, 113 N. J. Eq. 244 (166 Atl. 537):
“The fixing of an upset price must inevitably discourage possible competitive bidding at judicial sales and thus defeat their very purpose. Morrisse v. Inglis, 46 N. J. Eq. 306 (19 Atl. 16); Ryan v. Wilson, 64 N. J. Eq. 797 (52 Atl. 993, 53 Atl. 1039). The rights of a mortgagee demand the protection of this court no less than those of the mortgagor; and it is of' the highest interest to the public welfare that no judicial action be taken which would render real estate mortgages less desirable as an investment, a result which quite possibly might follow from indiscriminate restraints in proceedings of this kind; and no impediment should be interposed by this court to the orderly pursuit by the holder of a mortgage of his lawful'remedy for the collection of the debt thereby secured, except where necessary for the protection of a countervailing equity. ’ ’
The court in that case recognized the power to grant relief but stated it should be sparingly, exercised.
The case is remanded to the circuit' court with direction to fix the minimum bid at a sum no higher than the fair market value of the security.
Plaintiffs will recover' costs.
Potter, North, and Fead, JJ., concurred with Wiest, J. | [
-0.022216796875,
0.0263671875,
0.033447265625,
0.02783203125,
-0.051025390625,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.007293701171875,
0.007476806640625,
-0.022705078125,
0.05322265625,
0.0654296875,
-0.0181884765625,
0.0133056640625,
0.01708984375,
0.00006914138793945312,
-0.03466796875,
0.0037384033203125,
0.01904296875,
0.00579833984375,
0.05224609375,
-0.01312255859375,
0.010009765625,
-0.041259765625,
-0.00830078125,
-0.0047607421875,
0.00897216796875,
0.01361083984375,
-0.0299072265625,
0.06103515625,
0.023193359375,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.00185394287109375,
-0.006622314453125,
0.0240478515625,
0.0029144287109375,
-0.0157470703125,
0.025390625,
-0.041015625,
0.0228271484375,
0.00830078125,
0.01385498046875,
0.000274658203125,
0.0380859375,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.05126953125,
-0.0537109375,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.0390625,
0.016357421875,
-0.0250244140625,
0.0032806396484375,
0.010498046875,
0.0478515625,
-0.052490234375,
-0.00124359130859375,
-0.004180908203125,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.028076171875,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.00012683868408203125,
-0.0291748046875,
0.0045166015625,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.002716064453125,
0.033935546875,
-0.009765625,
0.0084228515625,
0.0113525390625,
-0.03955078125,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.0034942626953125,
0.035400390625,
-0.015869140625,
-0.005859375,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.00836181640625,
0.0025177001953125,
-0.0240478515625,
0.0634765625,
-0.003173828125,
-0.032958984375,
0.056396484375,
0.0299072265625,
-0.0059814453125,
-0.010986328125,
0.0169677734375,
-0.0400390625,
0.0576171875,
-0.00494384765625,
-0.00008726119995117188,
0.0257568359375,
0.03955078125,
0.017333984375,
0.0101318359375,
0.04541015625,
-0.0169677734375,
0.0289306640625,
0.0419921875,
-0.006744384765625,
0.09130859375,
0.0052490234375,
0.0361328125,
-0.049560546875,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.00421142578125,
0.0115966796875,
-0.0177001953125,
0.031005859375,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.060302734375,
-0.01123046875,
-0.051025390625,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.037353515625,
-0.037841796875,
0.057861328125,
0.0081787109375,
0.0059814453125,
-0.0089111328125,
0.005279541015625,
0.0152587890625,
0.01409912109375,
0.0380859375,
-0.04541015625,
-0.00384521484375,
0.037841796875,
0.0032196044921875,
-0.00592041015625,
0.0172119140625,
0.01458740234375,
0.0057373046875,
0.0057373046875,
-0.0048828125,
0.005126953125,
0.00634765625,
0.041259765625,
-0.007476806640625,
-0.0162353515625,
0.033203125,
0.025634765625,
0.01373291015625,
0.023193359375,
0.01611328125,
-0.05322265625,
0.01092529296875,
-0.0390625,
-0.0166015625,
0.006683349609375,
0.0361328125,
0.036865234375,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.000583648681640625,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.0137939453125,
0.023193359375,
0.0263671875,
-0.041015625,
0.00095367431640625,
-0.02392578125,
0.02197265625,
-0.0096435546875,
0.024169921875,
-0.054443359375,
0.005584716796875,
0.054443359375,
0.0107421875,
-0.0673828125,
-0.018798828125,
0.01251220703125,
-0.0155029296875,
0.03857421875,
0.0010833740234375,
-0.03125,
0.0012359619140625,
-0.0228271484375,
0.0242919921875,
0.040283203125,
-0.009521484375,
0.009765625,
0.00994873046875,
0.0181884765625,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.0390625,
0.0234375,
0.00775146484375,
-0.022705078125,
0.0152587890625,
0.00182342529296875,
0.016357421875,
-0.027099609375,
0.01904296875,
0.0289306640625,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.0615234375,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.0034027099609375,
0.052490234375,
-0.03466796875,
-0.048583984375,
0.0361328125,
0.0294189453125,
-0.015380859375,
0.0242919921875,
-0.020263671875,
0.0174560546875,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.0123291015625,
0.003021240234375,
0.04296875,
-0.00141143798828125,
0.042724609375,
-0.031005859375,
0.015380859375,
0.0252685546875,
0.03662109375,
-0.031005859375,
0.037109375,
-0.006103515625,
-0.007598876953125,
0.052978515625,
0.04052734375,
0.014404296875,
0.006744384765625,
-0.00433349609375,
0.01708984375,
-0.0054931640625,
0.036865234375,
-0.00677490234375,
-0.0225830078125,
0.0546875,
0.033447265625,
-0.00994873046875,
0.03564453125,
-0.0361328125,
0.037109375,
0.038330078125,
0.0087890625,
-0.041259765625,
0.031982421875,
0.006866455078125,
-0.037109375,
-0.0047607421875,
0.00775146484375,
-0.007415771484375,
0.03857421875,
-0.0263671875,
0.04931640625,
0.016357421875,
0.0159912109375,
0.0196533203125,
0.0189208984375,
-0.06201171875,
-0.02392578125,
0.052734375,
0.0155029296875,
-0.06298828125,
-0.0169677734375,
0.0179443359375,
-0.013671875,
0.0218505859375,
-0.004486083984375,
-0.004150390625,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.0277099609375,
0.032958984375,
-0.01708984375,
-0.005462646484375,
-0.00189971923828125,
-0.04052734375,
0.034912109375,
-0.03662109375,
-0.016845703125,
0.00653076171875,
-0.0118408203125,
0.0341796875,
-0.0262451171875,
0.060791015625,
-0.0172119140625,
0.03173828125,
0.01275634765625,
0.03955078125,
0.022705078125,
-0.058837890625,
-0.047607421875,
0.03173828125,
0.022216796875,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0238037109375,
0.02099609375,
0.0098876953125,
-0.03564453125,
-0.005859375,
-0.0634765625,
0.016357421875,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.0228271484375,
0.01123046875,
-0.0390625,
-0.013671875,
-0.020751953125,
0.00128173828125,
-0.00897216796875,
0.03662109375,
0.003204345703125,
0.040283203125,
-0.026123046875,
0.05224609375,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.0029754638671875,
-0.012939453125,
-0.05712890625,
0.02392578125,
0.0162353515625,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.01055908203125,
0.03369140625,
0.021728515625,
0.0908203125,
-0.07763671875,
0.00180816650390625,
-0.04052734375,
0.00567626953125,
-0.0240478515625,
0.00131988525390625,
-0.007537841796875,
0.017578125,
0.0296630859375,
0.00016307830810546875,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0211181640625,
0.0120849609375,
0.0274658203125,
-0.028564453125,
-0.006103515625,
0.0078125,
0.0279541015625,
0.046142578125,
-0.031005859375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.0186767578125,
0.0035858154296875,
-0.02392578125,
0.0279541015625,
-0.045654296875,
0.078125,
-0.019287109375,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0179443359375,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.0233154296875,
0.00872802734375,
0.0267333984375,
0.02294921875,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.0361328125,
-0.009765625,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.034912109375,
0.022216796875,
0.00921630859375,
0.057861328125,
0.068359375,
-0.043212890625,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.0390625,
0.03173828125,
-0.006439208984375,
-0.01904296875,
0.01397705078125,
0.0181884765625,
0.00714111328125,
0.0291748046875,
0.040283203125,
0.049560546875,
0.018310546875,
-0.008056640625,
0.0177001953125,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.007415771484375,
-0.04052734375,
0.05078125,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.02734375,
-0.01031494140625,
0.027099609375,
0.009033203125,
0.0191650390625,
0.000690460205078125,
0.0172119140625,
-0.033447265625,
-0.026123046875,
0.0274658203125,
-0.0673828125,
0.006622314453125,
-0.025634765625,
0.043701171875,
-0.00885009765625,
0.00457763671875,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.00982666015625,
0.0228271484375,
0.0255126953125,
0.00799560546875,
0.0179443359375,
-0.01507568359375,
0.036865234375,
0.042236328125,
-0.0021820068359375,
-0.035888671875,
-0.03271484375,
0.033935546875,
0.0458984375,
0.03955078125,
-0.060302734375,
0.0224609375,
-0.052001953125,
0.004058837890625,
0.0257568359375,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.005706787109375,
0.02783203125,
-0.043212890625,
-0.031982421875,
0.0849609375,
-0.006591796875,
0.00933837890625,
-0.06640625,
0.0137939453125,
-0.013671875,
0.07177734375,
0.01055908203125,
-0.0196533203125,
0.02001953125,
-0.036865234375,
0.01220703125,
0.0185546875,
0.003936767578125,
0.018310546875,
0.0120849609375,
-0.050537109375,
0.057861328125,
-0.01171875,
-0.031494140625,
-0.00885009765625,
0.072265625,
-0.04541015625,
0.04443359375,
-0.0269775390625,
0.0478515625,
-0.003509521484375,
-0.035400390625,
-0.044921875,
-0.0037078857421875,
0.013671875,
-0.0006561279296875,
0.005096435546875,
0.042236328125,
-0.034912109375,
0.001708984375,
0.060302734375,
0.027587890625,
-0.015869140625,
0.0380859375,
0.01116943359375,
0.0208740234375,
-0.009765625,
-0.01171875,
0.0284423828125,
-0.0281982421875,
0.0274658203125,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.0032196044921875,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.06591796875,
0.002685546875,
-0.0040283203125,
-0.0296630859375,
0.02734375,
0.00061798095703125,
0.0203857421875,
-0.060302734375,
-0.033203125,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.038818359375,
0.000308990478515625,
0.03564453125,
0.02734375,
-0.004913330078125,
0.004364013671875,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.05078125,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0291748046875,
0.033203125,
0.060302734375,
-0.0172119140625,
0.01519775390625,
0.0322265625,
0.033935546875,
0.004608154296875,
0.01129150390625,
0.03515625,
0.0078125,
0.0123291015625,
0.035400390625,
0.04345703125,
-0.0546875,
-0.040283203125,
-0.052978515625,
-0.0244140625,
0.0191650390625,
-0.016357421875,
0.03466796875,
-0.0059814453125,
-0.07470703125,
-0.006134033203125,
0.008544921875,
-0.0478515625,
-0.04248046875,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.0037689208984375,
0.0257568359375,
-0.024169921875,
0.037353515625,
0.0130615234375,
-0.09521484375,
0.0294189453125,
-0.010498046875,
0.0223388671875,
-0.001983642578125,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.007415771484375,
0.02001953125,
0.039306640625,
0.0247802734375,
0.017578125,
-0.057373046875,
-0.01068115234375,
0.00775146484375,
-0.005767822265625,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.00133514404296875,
0.0225830078125,
0.01904296875,
0.00701904296875,
0.0458984375,
-0.01470947265625,
0.015625,
0.04638671875,
-0.01055908203125,
0.0030517578125,
-0.07275390625,
-0.011474609375,
-0.004150390625,
0.0010223388671875,
-0.0111083984375,
0.0179443359375,
-0.0177001953125,
0.0078125,
-0.0576171875,
-0.0068359375,
-0.042236328125,
-0.03076171875,
0.03515625,
-0.00830078125,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.0517578125,
0.048583984375,
-0.041748046875,
-0.00909423828125,
0.07666015625,
-0.01165771484375,
0.009765625,
-0.04443359375,
0.03564453125,
0.0179443359375,
-0.053955078125,
-0.032958984375,
-0.006561279296875,
-0.0048828125,
-0.04345703125,
0.0025787353515625,
-0.0032196044921875,
-0.042236328125,
0.060302734375,
0.0225830078125,
-0.024169921875,
0.0196533203125,
-0.06298828125,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.016357421875,
0.044677734375,
0.03466796875,
0.00970458984375,
0.0272216796875,
-0.022216796875,
-0.009033203125,
0.045166015625,
0.0546875,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.033935546875,
0.0123291015625,
0.0184326171875,
-0.0186767578125,
0.057861328125,
0.046630859375,
-0.0634765625,
-0.0016326904296875,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.0211181640625,
0.00286865234375,
-0.0615234375,
0.004150390625,
0.03759765625,
-0.03271484375,
0.0546875,
0.00112152099609375,
0.006591796875,
0.016845703125,
-0.01611328125,
0.01611328125,
-0.04248046875,
-0.04296875,
0.008056640625,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.025634765625,
-0.04541015625,
0.0120849609375,
0.00958251953125,
-0.024169921875,
0.043212890625,
0.0087890625,
-0.027587890625,
-0.0028228759765625,
0.00677490234375,
0.060302734375,
-0.052490234375,
0.05712890625,
0.037841796875,
0.0078125,
-0.059326171875,
0.000774383544921875,
-0.04541015625,
0.046630859375,
-0.02099609375,
-0.07568359375,
0.001251220703125,
0.01220703125,
0.01422119140625,
0.04345703125,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.01953125,
-0.01458740234375,
0.0068359375,
-0.0026702880859375,
0.0098876953125,
0.01171875,
0.0289306640625,
-0.033203125,
-0.02734375,
-0.007293701171875,
0.0247802734375,
0.006683349609375,
0.030517578125,
-0.019287109375,
-0.033203125,
-0.026123046875,
-0.049560546875,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.001373291015625,
0.0233154296875,
0.0322265625,
0.02490234375,
-0.0125732421875,
0.00457763671875,
0.000782012939453125,
-0.0294189453125,
0.0244140625,
-0.0164794921875,
0.05517578125,
0.01422119140625,
-0.0299072265625,
0.0576171875,
0.00823974609375,
0.0299072265625,
0.005706787109375,
-0.03759765625,
0.03076171875,
0.0028533935546875,
0.006988525390625,
0.00121307373046875,
-0.018798828125,
-0.05029296875,
-0.033203125,
-0.042724609375,
-0.02880859375,
0.0050048828125,
-0.0245361328125,
0.037841796875,
-0.002593994140625,
-0.04736328125,
-0.01287841796875,
0.0419921875,
-0.04541015625,
0.01806640625,
-0.0294189453125,
0.0155029296875,
0.01953125,
0.051025390625,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.01336669921875,
0.015625,
-0.00009918212890625,
0.020263671875,
0.009521484375,
-0.004791259765625,
0.0203857421875,
0.0089111328125,
-0.016357421875,
-0.06103515625,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0019989013671875,
0.047607421875,
-0.00244140625,
0.01165771484375,
-0.00433349609375,
-0.033447265625,
0.043212890625,
-0.01953125,
-0.060302734375,
0.04296875,
0.035888671875,
0.0152587890625,
-0.00408935546875,
-0.0047607421875,
-0.0230712890625,
0.026611328125,
-0.05029296875,
0.01409912109375,
0.01202392578125,
0.00408935546875,
0.032470703125,
0.0198974609375,
-0.0322265625,
0.043701171875,
0.051513671875,
-0.037109375,
-0.035400390625,
-0.044921875,
-0.002685546875,
0.016357421875,
0.000812530517578125,
-0.035888671875,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.056640625,
0.0128173828125,
-0.04052734375,
0.015625,
-0.000492095947265625,
0.00921630859375,
-0.06884765625,
-0.018310546875,
-0.008056640625,
-0.0029754638671875,
-0.0020599365234375,
-0.04736328125,
-0.042236328125,
0.0113525390625,
0.03955078125,
0.01263427734375,
0.05322265625,
0.033935546875,
-0.0107421875,
-0.057861328125,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.0250244140625,
0.06298828125,
0.0264892578125,
0.0294189453125,
-0.00070953369140625,
0.001953125,
0.04638671875,
0.031982421875,
0.034912109375,
0.0048828125,
-0.01220703125,
0.00848388671875,
-0.038818359375,
-0.039306640625,
0.0277099609375,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.023193359375,
-0.004638671875,
-0.02734375,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.004241943359375,
-0.052001953125,
-0.002655029296875,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.002044677734375,
-0.02001953125,
0.0093994140625,
0.0157470703125,
0.0137939453125,
0.000476837158203125,
-0.0179443359375,
0.01495361328125,
0.033447265625,
0.0252685546875,
0.0064697265625,
0.047119140625,
0.038330078125,
-0.07666015625,
-0.007537841796875,
0.025146484375,
0.0341796875,
-0.005462646484375,
-0.0201416015625,
0.0240478515625,
0.020751953125,
-0.0166015625,
0.00970458984375,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.056884765625,
0.0211181640625,
-0.00677490234375,
0.030517578125,
-0.06787109375,
-0.012451171875,
-0.01025390625,
-0.00604248046875,
-0.05419921875,
0.05078125,
0.046630859375,
0.0191650390625,
0.004638671875,
0.025390625,
0.01007080078125,
0.00909423828125,
0.045654296875,
-0.0322265625,
0.024658203125,
0.04931640625,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.037353515625,
0.0283203125,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.03662109375,
-0.012451171875,
0.0079345703125,
0.0069580078125,
0.0166015625,
0.0294189453125,
-0.048583984375,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.0380859375,
0.0279541015625,
0.00714111328125,
0.04638671875,
-0.0107421875,
-0.02294921875,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.03466796875,
0.042236328125,
-0.06640625,
0.0361328125,
0.0081787109375,
-0.041748046875,
-0.05224609375,
0.024658203125,
0.0181884765625,
-0.00225830078125,
-0.048828125,
-0.0098876953125,
0.0299072265625,
0.0223388671875,
-0.026123046875,
-0.016845703125,
0.0068359375,
-0.011474609375,
0.01806640625,
-0.009765625,
0.01446533203125,
0.021728515625,
0.03076171875,
0.01129150390625,
-0.0022430419921875,
0.0296630859375,
-0.000278472900390625,
0.017822265625,
0.004486083984375,
-0.04541015625,
-0.03076171875,
-0.050537109375,
-0.03271484375,
0.0289306640625,
0.0291748046875,
-0.01953125,
-0.023193359375,
-0.033935546875,
0.006317138671875,
0.0106201171875,
-0.052001953125,
-0.0296630859375,
0.0172119140625,
-0.046142578125,
0.019775390625,
0.01416015625,
-0.0380859375,
0.2353515625,
0.00543212890625,
-0.007415771484375,
0.01116943359375,
0.0103759765625,
0.034423828125,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.0078125,
-0.01165771484375,
0.000225067138671875,
-0.01904296875,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.010498046875,
0.025634765625,
0.039794921875,
0.00604248046875,
-0.0244140625,
-0.01190185546875,
0.037109375,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.024169921875,
0.006988525390625,
0.078125,
0.035400390625,
0.033203125,
0.0289306640625,
-0.109375,
-0.042236328125,
-0.04443359375,
0.005126953125,
-0.06787109375,
0.0274658203125,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.05419921875,
0.01953125,
0.0286865234375,
0.009521484375,
0.03271484375,
-0.05078125,
-0.0103759765625,
0.052734375,
-0.01324462890625,
0.0152587890625,
-0.007171630859375,
0.00927734375,
0.002349853515625,
0.078125,
0.0257568359375,
-0.048095703125,
0.034423828125,
0.019287109375,
0.0274658203125,
0.00897216796875,
-0.0087890625,
0.0208740234375,
0.024658203125,
0.0191650390625,
-0.0031890869140625,
-0.033447265625,
0.01019287109375,
0.013427734375,
0.002471923828125,
0.06103515625,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.01025390625,
0.0301513671875,
-0.0068359375,
-0.0277099609375,
0.001190185546875,
-0.0010223388671875,
-0.038818359375,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.0218505859375,
0.00830078125,
-0.00188446044921875,
-0.04150390625,
0.03271484375,
0.048095703125,
-0.01007080078125,
0.00119781494140625,
-0.038818359375,
-0.0267333984375,
0.0228271484375,
0.04736328125,
-0.0054931640625,
-0.0107421875,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.007232666015625,
-0.01080322265625,
0.00921630859375,
0.0341796875,
0.035888671875,
-0.0272216796875,
0.006011962890625
] |
Weadock, J.
Plaintiff brought suit against defendant for the sum of $444, the proceeds of the sale of 60 young pigs which had been raised by Adolph Opel, upon which it held a mortgage. The sale of the pigs was consented to by the mortgagee and made by the mortgagor for the sum of $444, which he took to the defendant bank, with the request that it be forwarded to the plaintiff. The bank kept the money, under the claim that it was covered by its mortgage, refused to forward the money to plaintiff or refund the money to Opel and plaintiff brought suit. The case was tried by the court without a jury and a judgment was rendered for defendant. Plaintiff appealed by leave of this court.
Adolph and Julia Opel had given a chattel mortgage on December 3, 1930, to the Deerfield State Bank of Deerfield, Michigan, in the sum of $1,200, with interest at 7 per cent, covering 5 cows (2 Guernsey, 3 Holstein), 7 brood sows, 5 head of horses (1 team grey mares, 10 years old, one roan colt, two years old, one roan horse colt, yearling, one sucking colt), one Dodge victory six sedan, all of said property being situated on their farm in Deer-field township, Lenawee county, Michigan.
This mortgage was filed in the proper township clerk’s office on December 4, 1930, at 8:30 o’clock a. m. and is exhibit A, page 12 in the record. On July 31,1931, Adolph and Julia Opel made a chattel mortgage to the plaintiff to secure a debt of $784.66, on the following property, — 7 brood sows, 60 spring pigs, 20 acres growing barley,' 52 acres growing oats, 60 acres growing corn, 10 acres growing beets, 30 acres growing alfalfa, all of which property was situated on their farm in Deerfield township.
On December 23, 1931, Opel sold the 60 spring pigs for the sum of $444, which he was authorized to do by plaintiff, which money he took to the Deer-field bank with the request that it be forwarded" to the C. F. Medaris Company as a payment on his debt. The bank refused to transmit the money to the Medaris Company and kept it and applied it on their own debt and the plaintiff brought suit for the $444.
The mortgage to the Deerfield Bank, marked exhibit A on page 12 of the record, was dated December 3, 1930, made by Adolph and Julia Opel for the sum of $1,200 and the property described was 5 cows (2 Guernsey, 3 Holstein), 7 brood sows, 5 head of horses (1 team grey mares, 10 years, old, 1 roan colt, 2 years old, 1 roan horse colt, yearling, 1 sucking colt), 1 Dodge victory six sedan, all of said property being located at the farm of Adolph Opel in the township of Deerfield.
This mortgage was filed on the 4th day of December, 1930, at 8:30 a. m., and was not renewed within the 30 days prior to the expiration of the year, .but a new mortgage was given by the same parties to the Deerfield bank on the same property as in the first mortgage for the sum of $960.97. It did not mention the spring pigs and it was filed on the 4th day of December, 1931. On the execution and delivery of the mortgage of December 3, 1931, the former note and chattel mortgage of December 3, 1930, were returned to Mr. Opel. Judgment was rendered for defendant on October 18, 1932, and a motion for a new trial was denied.
The notation that this chattel mortgage is a renewal of the chattel mortgage filed with the clerk on December 4, 1931, was not signed by any person, and no mention is made of the 60 pigs in the so-called renewal mortgage, although they were born several months prior to December 4, 1931.
The mortgage to the bank not having been renewed by a renewal affidavit filed within 30 days before the end of the year, and the pigs sold not being increase under the second mortgage, the sale of the 60 spring pigs was legal, and the bank had no right to refuse to forward the money to plaintiff or to apply it on its debt. If it refused to forward the money it should have returned it to Opel. Besides that, its debt had been reduced from $1,200 to $960.97, and it apparently had ample security, as its mortgage was still good as against the mortgagors.
The judgment for defendant is reversed, with costs of both courts, and the case is remanded to Lenawee circuit court with directions to enter judgment for plaintiff.
Potter and Sharpe, JJ., concurred with Weadock, J.
Fead, J. I agree with Mr. Justice Weadock that the judgment should be reversed, with costs and cause remanded for judgment for plaintiff.
The fact that the first note and mortgage to defendant were surrendered to the mortgagor; that the second mortgage to defendant omitted* property-covered by the first and was for a lesser amount; and that the oral testimony indicated no intention to the contrary, demonstrate that the parties intended, if at all, that the lien of the first mortgage should be continued by the second only as to property included therein. The pigs at bar were not included and the first mortgage was discharged as to them.
McDonald, C. J., and Potter, Sharpe, and North, JJ., concurred with Fead, J. | [
-0.007598876953125,
0.006622314453125,
0.024169921875,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.025146484375,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.0341796875,
0.00836181640625,
0.0185546875,
0.03271484375,
0.0125732421875,
-0.034912109375,
0.03466796875,
0.0255126953125,
0.018798828125,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.004241943359375,
-0.025634765625,
0.00186920166015625,
0.032958984375,
0.0128173828125,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.0693359375,
-0.029052734375,
-0.00732421875,
0.01324462890625,
0.01263427734375,
-0.03515625,
0.059814453125,
0.0186767578125,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.02490234375,
0.025390625,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.026611328125,
-0.01397705078125,
0.036865234375,
-0.04296875,
0.01263427734375,
-0.0673828125,
0.001953125,
-0.0087890625,
0.06640625,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.041015625,
-0.01904296875,
-0.028564453125,
0.03466796875,
-0.005157470703125,
0.033935546875,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.007598876953125,
-0.03271484375,
0.004241943359375,
-0.0498046875,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.024658203125,
-0.0079345703125,
0.02978515625,
0.05859375,
-0.051025390625,
0.053955078125,
-0.018310546875,
0.0205078125,
0.02294921875,
-0.0107421875,
0.00665283203125,
-0.01300048828125,
0.020263671875,
0.0147705078125,
-0.00323486328125,
-0.0419921875,
-0.006500244140625,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.04296875,
-0.004669189453125,
-0.00482177734375,
-0.023681640625,
0.024169921875,
0.01519775390625,
-0.03564453125,
0.10595703125,
0.023193359375,
-0.050537109375,
0.0296630859375,
0.004425048828125,
0.033447265625,
-0.0014495849609375,
0.0257568359375,
-0.0262451171875,
0.05419921875,
-0.0299072265625,
0.01708984375,
0.04052734375,
0.039306640625,
-0.036376953125,
0.0257568359375,
0.0024261474609375,
-0.02392578125,
0.008544921875,
0.007080078125,
0.016845703125,
0.08544921875,
-0.00457763671875,
0.03515625,
-0.02685546875,
0.00250244140625,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.00970458984375,
0.0108642578125,
0.00775146484375,
0.037353515625,
-0.0205078125,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.0029144287109375,
-0.061767578125,
0.02392578125,
-0.046630859375,
0.003662109375,
0.058349609375,
-0.01507568359375,
0.0220947265625,
0.0128173828125,
0.0257568359375,
0.0203857421875,
-0.049072265625,
0.052978515625,
-0.0177001953125,
0.01519775390625,
0.01708984375,
-0.020263671875,
-0.03564453125,
0.0203857421875,
-0.003997802734375,
0.026123046875,
0.0147705078125,
0.0078125,
0.009033203125,
-0.00933837890625,
0.0439453125,
0.037841796875,
-0.0927734375,
0.047119140625,
0.02197265625,
0.0174560546875,
0.01190185546875,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.011474609375,
-0.0224609375,
-0.0927734375,
-0.0208740234375,
0.0130615234375,
0.0498046875,
0.0245361328125,
-0.003875732421875,
0.0308837890625,
0.0086669921875,
-0.0048828125,
0.006011962890625,
0.024658203125,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.02001953125,
0.009765625,
-0.0419921875,
0.0322265625,
0.0142822265625,
0.0380859375,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.03466796875,
0.057861328125,
0.03271484375,
-0.08154296875,
-0.060302734375,
0.0252685546875,
0.022705078125,
0.04345703125,
-0.00848388671875,
0.031494140625,
0.0024566650390625,
-0.007781982421875,
0.0302734375,
0.0185546875,
0.021484375,
-0.014404296875,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.0205078125,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.01190185546875,
0.0206298828125,
-0.015380859375,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.031494140625,
0.044677734375,
-0.022216796875,
0.0103759765625,
0.016845703125,
0.0260009765625,
-0.024658203125,
0.00341796875,
0.021728515625,
0.0223388671875,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.012939453125,
0.046630859375,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.047607421875,
-0.039794921875,
-0.00445556640625,
0.0091552734375,
0.0103759765625,
-0.033447265625,
-0.013671875,
0.031494140625,
-0.031494140625,
0.0208740234375,
-0.03857421875,
-0.010498046875,
0.0091552734375,
0.0140380859375,
-0.01324462890625,
0.0279541015625,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.01806640625,
0.031982421875,
0.01361083984375,
0.0059814453125,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.0069580078125,
0.0220947265625,
0.042724609375,
-0.00157928466796875,
-0.058837890625,
0.0184326171875,
0.00122833251953125,
-0.00052642822265625,
0.01165771484375,
-0.0419921875,
-0.0245361328125,
0.03759765625,
-0.00830078125,
-0.01519775390625,
0.03271484375,
-0.0133056640625,
0.007080078125,
0.022705078125,
0.05517578125,
0.0034637451171875,
0.01953125,
-0.01263427734375,
0.018798828125,
0.00909423828125,
0.0230712890625,
0.04541015625,
0.0027618408203125,
-0.029052734375,
-0.0238037109375,
0.01263427734375,
0.0101318359375,
-0.01556396484375,
0.0238037109375,
0.033935546875,
0.0001239776611328125,
0.0281982421875,
0.0203857421875,
-0.0185546875,
-0.0341796875,
-0.049560546875,
-0.044921875,
-0.006622314453125,
0.018310546875,
-0.0693359375,
-0.06884765625,
-0.007781982421875,
-0.0291748046875,
0.040771484375,
-0.031494140625,
0.0244140625,
-0.016357421875,
-0.06982421875,
0.0380859375,
0.0255126953125,
0.03369140625,
-0.0181884765625,
0.029541015625,
-0.03076171875,
0.02197265625,
-0.00170135498046875,
-0.022216796875,
-0.072265625,
-0.0291748046875,
0.031494140625,
-0.014404296875,
-0.0308837890625,
-0.0185546875,
0.0093994140625,
0.01416015625,
-0.0556640625,
-0.01104736328125,
0.00616455078125,
-0.0302734375,
-0.0218505859375,
0.0125732421875,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.05224609375,
-0.00830078125,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.0230712890625,
0.0203857421875,
0.009521484375,
0.0311279296875,
0.0113525390625,
0.044921875,
0.01104736328125,
0.036376953125,
-0.030517578125,
-0.047607421875,
0.010986328125,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.02783203125,
0.00830078125,
0.007720947265625,
0.00799560546875,
0.010009765625,
-0.08154296875,
0.000888824462890625,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.05126953125,
-0.051025390625,
-0.02734375,
0.025146484375,
-0.021240234375,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0283203125,
-0.0400390625,
0.0142822265625,
-0.006256103515625,
0.04541015625,
0.01025390625,
0.017822265625,
0.01226806640625,
-0.00885009765625,
0.03369140625,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.033447265625,
0.007080078125,
0.00179290771484375,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.00482177734375,
0.0201416015625,
-0.0146484375,
0.040283203125,
-0.0034942626953125,
0.04345703125,
-0.038818359375,
0.0255126953125,
0.00225830078125,
0.033447265625,
-0.018310546875,
0.031005859375,
-0.026611328125,
-0.036865234375,
0.01336669921875,
-0.02587890625,
0.0211181640625,
-0.00653076171875,
0.044677734375,
0.057861328125,
-0.022216796875,
-0.00732421875,
-0.040283203125,
-0.04296875,
-0.005950927734375,
-0.005615234375,
0.01177978515625,
0.04052734375,
0.031494140625,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.02392578125,
0.046875,
0.03369140625,
0.01483154296875,
0.0064697265625,
0.0279541015625,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.010009765625,
-0.027099609375,
0.0211181640625,
0.047607421875,
-0.007354736328125,
-0.05615234375,
0.0299072265625,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.0159912109375,
0.00469970703125,
0.06201171875,
-0.0172119140625,
0.0189208984375,
-0.000919342041015625,
-0.056640625,
-0.042724609375,
-0.0142822265625,
0.0537109375,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.0400390625,
0.00075531005859375,
-0.006561279296875,
-0.004547119140625,
0.0269775390625,
0.01470947265625,
-0.0059814453125,
0.0050048828125,
0.01708984375,
0.0294189453125,
-0.01116943359375,
0.00274658203125,
-0.0234375,
0.042236328125,
0.0206298828125,
0.076171875,
-0.032958984375,
0.047607421875,
-0.056640625,
-0.000057220458984375,
0.0130615234375,
0.000530242919921875,
-0.04052734375,
0.000751495361328125,
-0.004364013671875,
0.019775390625,
0.041259765625,
-0.03125,
0.0301513671875,
0.007720947265625,
0.02392578125,
0.0361328125,
0.09375,
-0.006195068359375,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.001373291015625,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.006439208984375,
0.032958984375,
0.0419921875,
0.00897216796875,
0.0400390625,
-0.049072265625,
0.03173828125,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0191650390625,
0.053955078125,
-0.0213623046875,
0.01953125,
-0.0208740234375,
0.006439208984375,
-0.00897216796875,
0.0047607421875,
-0.05322265625,
-0.00830078125,
0.0303955078125,
0.038818359375,
-0.00982666015625,
0.06689453125,
0.0002193450927734375,
0.0137939453125,
0.04296875,
0.013671875,
-0.0205078125,
0.01068115234375,
-0.005828857421875,
0.03857421875,
0.0179443359375,
0.00102996826171875,
0.03759765625,
-0.029296875,
0.020751953125,
-0.015380859375,
-0.00445556640625,
-0.037353515625,
-0.052978515625,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.020263671875,
-0.0145263671875,
0.041259765625,
0.01483154296875,
0.022216796875,
-0.01031494140625,
0.003265380859375,
-0.0296630859375,
0.0205078125,
-0.0274658203125,
0.0030975341796875,
0.0303955078125,
0.0201416015625,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.02294921875,
0.00421142578125,
0.01483154296875,
0.00025177001953125,
-0.02197265625,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.04296875,
-0.006591796875,
0.06201171875,
-0.0245361328125,
0.0029296875,
0.004241943359375,
0.0260009765625,
0.0007476806640625,
-0.0023193359375,
0.0311279296875,
0.03466796875,
0.0205078125,
0.021728515625,
0.041259765625,
-0.0029754638671875,
-0.01806640625,
-0.0037384033203125,
-0.0224609375,
0.008056640625,
0.05517578125,
-0.0045166015625,
-0.035888671875,
-0.054931640625,
0.004608154296875,
-0.0062255859375,
-0.052001953125,
-0.038818359375,
0.0174560546875,
-0.03515625,
0.052490234375,
-0.006439208984375,
-0.007293701171875,
0.006805419921875,
-0.0634765625,
-0.00689697265625,
-0.006744384765625,
-0.04345703125,
-0.036376953125,
-0.053466796875,
-0.0400390625,
0.01190185546875,
0.024169921875,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.0018310546875,
-0.033447265625,
0.0172119140625,
-0.0062255859375,
0.007171630859375,
-0.003509521484375,
-0.04833984375,
-0.0184326171875,
0.00531005859375,
0.0174560546875,
-0.0257568359375,
0.06494140625,
-0.04052734375,
-0.012939453125,
0.042236328125,
-0.0927734375,
0.0135498046875,
-0.04541015625,
0.01043701171875,
-0.010986328125,
0.0177001953125,
0.00299072265625,
0.0439453125,
-0.004974365234375,
-0.0026702880859375,
-0.021484375,
-0.0361328125,
-0.039306640625,
-0.056396484375,
0.0228271484375,
-0.0038299560546875,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.0272216796875,
0.01385498046875,
-0.006378173828125,
0.03955078125,
0.0771484375,
-0.006591796875,
-0.005828857421875,
-0.0126953125,
0.01080322265625,
0.0133056640625,
-0.0311279296875,
-0.00185394287109375,
0.0033111572265625,
0.0079345703125,
0.01397705078125,
-0.00025177001953125,
-0.0029754638671875,
-0.046630859375,
0.0106201171875,
0.0135498046875,
0.002044677734375,
-0.03857421875,
-0.048583984375,
-0.0498046875,
-0.00531005859375,
0.0115966796875,
0.039794921875,
0.0123291015625,
0.08056640625,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.0478515625,
0.033203125,
-0.003173828125,
-0.05908203125,
-0.044189453125,
0.0250244140625,
0.0166015625,
-0.0205078125,
0.01531982421875,
0.003204345703125,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.0189208984375,
0.00115966796875,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.0101318359375,
0.012939453125,
0.018798828125,
-0.0537109375,
0.024169921875,
0.031494140625,
0.001953125,
0.043701171875,
-0.0269775390625,
0.037841796875,
-0.06982421875,
-0.06982421875,
0.03564453125,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.00142669677734375,
-0.01116943359375,
0.0034332275390625,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.003448486328125,
0.0079345703125,
-0.0038604736328125,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.033203125,
0.005859375,
0.0712890625,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0235595703125,
0.0279541015625,
0.03759765625,
-0.0712890625,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.048583984375,
0.0111083984375,
-0.00830078125,
-0.07763671875,
-0.03369140625,
0.04443359375,
-0.003021240234375,
0.04052734375,
-0.0140380859375,
-0.056640625,
0.0186767578125,
0.04833984375,
-0.0634765625,
0.053955078125,
-0.0042724609375,
0.031494140625,
-0.042236328125,
-0.04345703125,
0.0439453125,
-0.00970458984375,
0.019775390625,
0.037109375,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.01019287109375,
0.00909423828125,
-0.04248046875,
-0.01422119140625,
0.0034637451171875,
-0.01287841796875,
0.020263671875,
-0.0252685546875,
0.012939453125,
-0.01422119140625,
0.01068115234375,
-0.004425048828125,
-0.054443359375,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.0208740234375,
0.0277099609375,
-0.0018310546875,
-0.028564453125,
0.0238037109375,
0.01190185546875,
-0.00103759765625,
0.05859375,
-0.002166748046875,
0.039306640625,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.003570556640625,
0.006591796875,
-0.005340576171875,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.01092529296875,
0.01385498046875,
-0.00634765625,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.0146484375,
0.05419921875,
-0.0101318359375,
-0.012939453125,
-0.0103759765625,
0.03173828125,
-0.0296630859375,
0.0274658203125,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.003936767578125,
-0.01275634765625,
0.005401611328125,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.0128173828125,
0.04052734375,
0.0108642578125,
0.0137939453125,
0.049072265625,
0.016357421875,
0.01513671875,
0.0184326171875,
-0.007720947265625,
-0.03076171875,
-0.0458984375,
0.0169677734375,
0.0269775390625,
0.025390625,
0.00201416015625,
0.02587890625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.036376953125,
0.0037841796875,
-0.04150390625,
-0.0191650390625,
0.04443359375,
-0.00921630859375,
0.0308837890625,
-0.01220703125,
-0.022216796875,
-0.00836181640625,
0.0186767578125,
-0.017333984375,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.0172119140625,
0.04296875,
0.0218505859375,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.000942230224609375,
0.0179443359375,
-0.0028839111328125,
-0.054931640625,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.0002765655517578125,
-0.027099609375,
-0.0556640625,
-0.0026092529296875,
-0.027099609375,
-0.10546875,
0.0252685546875,
0.00262451171875,
0.01165771484375,
-0.038818359375,
0.0005340576171875,
-0.047119140625,
0.01507568359375,
-0.05078125,
-0.0018463134765625,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.01556396484375,
0.0380859375,
0.039306640625,
0.0024871826171875,
0.05615234375,
0.02783203125,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.002716064453125,
-0.019775390625,
-0.05908203125,
0.072265625,
0.0595703125,
0.03564453125,
0.001373291015625,
0.001007080078125,
0.01904296875,
0.013671875,
0.02392578125,
0.0712890625,
-0.00396728515625,
-0.017822265625,
-0.0005035400390625,
-0.0208740234375,
0.04248046875,
0.021728515625,
-0.035400390625,
0.0172119140625,
0.0037078857421875,
-0.01434326171875,
0.01171875,
-0.006256103515625,
-0.00135040283203125,
-0.047119140625,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.0107421875,
-0.03076171875,
0.015869140625,
0.0267333984375,
0.01068115234375,
-0.005035400390625,
0.057861328125,
0.007598876953125,
0.02783203125,
-0.0084228515625,
0.0137939453125,
0.0281982421875,
-0.0859375,
0.00982666015625,
0.006378173828125,
0.00799560546875,
-0.0133056640625,
0.014892578125,
0.0238037109375,
-0.019287109375,
-0.006744384765625,
-0.015380859375,
-0.004852294921875,
-0.06103515625,
0.037109375,
0.01104736328125,
0.0419921875,
-0.0157470703125,
0.0186767578125,
-0.005126953125,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.0625,
0.01129150390625,
0.01422119140625,
0.0294189453125,
-0.0081787109375,
0.0004215240478515625,
-0.0157470703125,
0.02978515625,
0.041259765625,
-0.041015625,
0.00494384765625,
-0.0004520416259765625,
-0.031005859375,
-0.00146484375,
0.034912109375,
-0.037353515625,
-0.05078125,
-0.0224609375,
-0.07470703125,
0.01171875,
0.017822265625,
0.019775390625,
-0.06982421875,
0.0014495849609375,
-0.00604248046875,
-0.0233154296875,
0.01220703125,
0.01495361328125,
0.0712890625,
0.01025390625,
-0.02099609375,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.01495361328125,
0.0203857421875,
-0.051025390625,
0.035888671875,
-0.003570556640625,
-0.037109375,
-0.031982421875,
-0.01336669921875,
0.0029144287109375,
0.01239013671875,
-0.021240234375,
-0.033935546875,
0.05078125,
0.0140380859375,
0.000213623046875,
-0.0027313232421875,
0.021728515625,
-0.01312255859375,
0.03466796875,
0.031982421875,
0.03564453125,
0.01019287109375,
0.0045166015625,
0.01611328125,
0.01513671875,
0.01556396484375,
0.0260009765625,
0.027099609375,
-0.00299072265625,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0091552734375,
0.0072021484375,
-0.053955078125,
0.033935546875,
0.0308837890625,
0.02734375,
0.0024871826171875,
-0.038818359375,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.03662109375,
-0.04052734375,
-0.007598876953125,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.0037841796875,
0.01171875,
0.0286865234375,
-0.04736328125,
0.275390625,
0.04638671875,
-0.01519775390625,
0.0011749267578125,
-0.005096435546875,
0.00543212890625,
0.0244140625,
-0.013427734375,
-0.050537109375,
0.0203857421875,
-0.0179443359375,
0.00165557861328125,
0.019287109375,
0.003570556640625,
0.01141357421875,
0.050537109375,
-0.0203857421875,
0.01312255859375,
0.01483154296875,
-0.009521484375,
-0.011474609375,
-0.006591796875,
-0.0007476806640625,
0.08349609375,
0.0244140625,
0.01190185546875,
0.0537109375,
-0.07666015625,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.040283203125,
0.04052734375,
-0.039794921875,
0.00030517578125,
-0.039306640625,
0.0031585693359375,
0.0247802734375,
-0.00830078125,
-0.01239013671875,
0.044921875,
0.0185546875,
0.0277099609375,
-0.0023193359375,
0.0111083984375,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.033447265625,
0.0098876953125,
-0.05078125,
0.036865234375,
0.11767578125,
-0.00537109375,
0.01239013671875,
0.0286865234375,
0.02197265625,
-0.033203125,
0.018798828125,
0.0157470703125,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.025390625,
-0.022705078125,
-0.031982421875,
0.04931640625,
-0.0208740234375,
0.058349609375,
0.032958984375,
0.01422119140625,
0.042236328125,
0.0272216796875,
0.0184326171875,
0.0089111328125,
0.01312255859375,
-0.007293701171875,
-0.006134033203125,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.02783203125,
0.053955078125,
0.01275634765625,
-0.006927490234375,
0.0164794921875,
0.040283203125,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.012451171875,
-0.010986328125,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.022705078125,
0.01519775390625,
0.0233154296875,
0.0026092529296875,
-0.00872802734375,
0.0185546875,
0.004486083984375,
0.0257568359375,
-0.0035247802734375,
0.003692626953125,
0.0107421875,
0.0208740234375
] |
McDonald, J.
This bill was filed to redeem from the foreclosure of a mortgage by advertisement, for an accounting as to the amount due on the mortgage, and to recover damages for the ejectment of plaintiffs Tomaska from the premises.
The evidence shows that on August 25,1925, Julius Falkenberg and wife executed a mortgage to the defendants on the premises in question for $1,950. On January 11,1927, the Falkenbergs sold the premises to plaintiff Stephen Eberle. Matthew Tomaska and wife bought them on land contract from Eberle, went into possession, and remained there until ejected after the foreclosure proceedings. When the mortgage came due defendants demanded payment. Eberle seemed able and willing to pay, but they could not agree on the amount due. There was a difference between them of $150. Eberle had a receipt for $150 which the defendants insisted was given to Falkenberg to take the place of a receipt which Falkenberg claimed to have lost. The controversy in regard to this payment was carried on for some time. The parties met in the People’s State Bank at Delray, Michigan, on October 8, 1927. Acting for Mr. Eberle, the banker tendered Sambáb $1,600, which he refused to accept. Eberle says he did not know foreclosure proceeding were pending at that time. Proceedings to foreclose by advertisement had been started on May.5, 1927. The premises were sold on August 12, 1927. The tender was made after the sale, but before the time for redemption had expired. Eberle says that he first learned of the foreclosure when the plaintiffs Tomaska were put off the premises after the lapse of the time to redeem. They then began this suit on the theory that refusal to accept a tender of the amount due operated as a fraud on the plaintiffs and entitled them to relief from the foreclosure. The defendants say there was ho fraud, that the proceedings* were regular, that the statutory period for redemption had expired-before the bill was filed, and that therefore the court had no jurisdiction to decree a redemption. The court accepted the plaintiffs’ view of the law and the facts, and entered a decree setting aside the sheriff’s deed to the defendants. They have appealed.
The first question to be considered is the legal effect of the plaintiffs’ tender of $1,600, made after the sale but before the period of redemption had expired.
There is no doubt that a tender was made. The defendant admits it. He testified:
“The banker brought the money. He read it out. He said I should sign here for him, for this much money. I said:.‘No, I would not sign.’ I turned around and went out. Since then I have not seen any of them. I would not sign because the amount was not enough.”
The amount claimed to be due at that time, including principal, interest and total cost of foreclosure, was $1,743.70. Therefore the tender was sufficient if Eberle was entitled to the credit of $150. Whether he was entitled to such credit is a question of fact which we will discuss presently. If the tender was sufficient, the effect was to discharge the lien. In Caruthers v. Humphrey, 12 Mich. 270, it was said:
“A mortgage is no longer in this State what it was originally at common law, a grant of the land to the mortgagee, defeasible upon condition subsequent, and to become absolute on failure to pay at the specified day. It is but a security for the debt. The estate in the land is still in the mortgagor; and payment at any time before foreclosure or sale, or in case of foreclosure by advertisement at any time before the expiration of the time of redemption— including, of course, any legal costs which, may have been mad,e — will discharge the mortgage in the same manner as if made on the day of payment mentioned in the mortgage.”
It was later held that if the refusal to accept a tender is not absolute or unreasonable, it does not necessarily have the effect of discharging the mortgage lien. Waldron v. Murphy, 40 Mich. 668; Hayward v. Chase, 181 Mich. 614. It is not necessary that the tender be thereafter kept good. Potts v. Plaisted, 30 Mich. 149. In the instant case, the tender was absolute and legal in all respects if it was for the proper amount.
"When Eberle bought the property from the Falkenbergs, they turned over to him as credits on the mortgage three receipts; one for $150 dated May 14, 1926, one for $350 dated August 7, 1926, and one for $150 dated November 8, 1926. The defendant contends that $150 of the amount represented in these receipts was receipted for twice and should be credited but once on the mortgage. He explains that on August 7, 1926, the Falkenbergs paid him $200, but that he gave them a receipt for $350 so that they might have some evidence of the previous payment of $150, the receipt for which they claimed to have lost. For this reason he says that $150 should be deducted from the credits claimed by Mr. Eberle. Mr. and Mrs. Falkenberg were witnesses at the hearing. Both positively denied defendant’s story in regard to the receipts. The court who had the advantage of seeing them on the witness stand and hearing them testify said:
“From the manner of giving their testimony on the stand and the appearance of the Falkenbergs I am impressed that they were truthful witnesses and that Sambab received the money represented by receipts, exhibits 1, 2, and 3.”
The record furnishes no reason for discrediting the testimony of these two witnesses. We agree with the conclusion reached by the trial court. It follows that when the tender of $1,600 was made there was due to the defendant, including principal, interest, and foreclosure costs, the sum of $1,593.70. The tender was legal, and the plaintiff was entitled to have the mortgage discharged. Instead of accepting it, the defendant made an unjust demand for an amount which he must have known did not belong to him. Under the rule laid down by this court in many decisions, the tender operated to discharge the lien but did not extinguish the debt. However, we do not care to rest our decision on that ground. The plaintiff Eberle does not ask for that relief. He is willing to pay the mortgage debt with interest and costs of foreclosure less the rent which the defendant has been receiving for the premises since he took possession. He merely asks the right to redeem. The trial court granted him that privilege, and in doing so we think he correctly disposed of the issue. The decree is affirmed, with costs to the plaintiffs.
North, C. J., and Fead, Btttzel, Wiest, Clark, Potter, and Sharpe, JJ., -concurred. | [
-0.0145263671875,
0.0147705078125,
0.0206298828125,
0.0634765625,
-0.03662109375,
-0.03955078125,
-0.003387451171875,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.0279541015625,
0.05517578125,
0.044677734375,
0.004364013671875,
0.032470703125,
0.01470947265625,
-0.0255126953125,
0.00347900390625,
-0.028076171875,
-0.016357421875,
-0.01116943359375,
0.016845703125,
0.0147705078125,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.0036163330078125,
0.016357421875,
-0.040771484375,
0.06494140625,
0.03369140625,
0.0019989013671875,
0.01422119140625,
-0.031982421875,
0.01409912109375,
0.0267333984375,
-0.01519775390625,
0.03515625,
-0.080078125,
0.038330078125,
-0.02685546875,
0.00311279296875,
0.01507568359375,
0.0205078125,
-0.045166015625,
-0.05029296875,
0.0142822265625,
-0.0380859375,
-0.034912109375,
0.0205078125,
-0.0220947265625,
0.01953125,
-0.041015625,
0.0242919921875,
-0.0181884765625,
0.00157928466796875,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0439453125,
-0.049560546875,
-0.0390625,
0.014404296875,
0.0228271484375,
-0.04541015625,
0.0230712890625,
-0.056640625,
-0.00531005859375,
0.01470947265625,
0.0181884765625,
0.020751953125,
0.009033203125,
-0.0235595703125,
0.02294921875,
-0.006500244140625,
0.005767822265625,
-0.0081787109375,
0.0028076171875,
-0.003143310546875,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.02099609375,
-0.01953125,
0.01470947265625,
0.000560760498046875,
-0.04150390625,
0.08349609375,
0.0036163330078125,
-0.0247802734375,
0.0072021484375,
0.0198974609375,
0.01434326171875,
0.0146484375,
0.03564453125,
-0.03173828125,
0.05615234375,
-0.0194091796875,
0.026123046875,
0.0341796875,
0.0186767578125,
-0.0242919921875,
0.023193359375,
0.04443359375,
-0.00121307373046875,
0.0213623046875,
0.0224609375,
-0.00628662109375,
0.08154296875,
-0.01031494140625,
0.04638671875,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.02587890625,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.00640869140625,
0.0201416015625,
-0.021484375,
0.03515625,
-0.031005859375,
-0.04296875,
-0.0037994384765625,
-0.03369140625,
0.01275634765625,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0299072265625,
0.057861328125,
0.0277099609375,
0.00634765625,
-0.05810546875,
-0.002838134765625,
0.0245361328125,
-0.02392578125,
0.04736328125,
-0.0093994140625,
0.038818359375,
-0.007080078125,
-0.021484375,
-0.03662109375,
0.03759765625,
-0.03076171875,
0.00897216796875,
0.0225830078125,
0.01806640625,
0.037353515625,
0.00152587890625,
0.034912109375,
-0.024169921875,
-0.0286865234375,
0.0267333984375,
-0.01422119140625,
0.0126953125,
0.009521484375,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.0169677734375,
0.0020751953125,
-0.0712890625,
0.0150146484375,
0.03759765625,
0.039306640625,
0.0302734375,
0.0010833740234375,
0.036376953125,
-0.011962890625,
-0.03369140625,
0.00897216796875,
-0.00738525390625,
-0.02294921875,
-0.0035400390625,
-0.006011962890625,
-0.004058837890625,
0.001007080078125,
0.00384521484375,
0.005218505859375,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.04638671875,
0.0281982421875,
0.02001953125,
-0.0634765625,
-0.014892578125,
0.06005859375,
0.0036163330078125,
0.07080078125,
-0.0057373046875,
-0.006317138671875,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.016845703125,
0.03173828125,
0.042236328125,
-0.0004520416259765625,
0.01031494140625,
-0.00213623046875,
-0.00555419921875,
-0.041015625,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.01397705078125,
0.026123046875,
-0.00007581710815429688,
-0.03466796875,
0.0137939453125,
-0.0174560546875,
0.00933837890625,
-0.037109375,
-0.0269775390625,
0.0341796875,
-0.02001953125,
-0.049560546875,
-0.0294189453125,
0.0269775390625,
0.0400390625,
-0.006988525390625,
-0.03369140625,
0.062255859375,
0.03466796875,
0.000064849853515625,
-0.0010223388671875,
-0.0162353515625,
0.0029144287109375,
-0.00750732421875,
-0.039794921875,
-0.01031494140625,
0.034912109375,
0.00244140625,
0.006622314453125,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.0042724609375,
-0.038818359375,
0.0034942626953125,
-0.032470703125,
0.05029296875,
-0.0062255859375,
-0.0272216796875,
0.046142578125,
0.0390625,
-0.01025390625,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.03125,
0.01904296875,
0.00020599365234375,
0.035888671875,
0.01275634765625,
-0.0032806396484375,
0.033447265625,
0.02099609375,
-0.01025390625,
0.006256103515625,
-0.01336669921875,
0.038330078125,
0.04736328125,
0.0238037109375,
-0.03564453125,
0.051025390625,
-0.01904296875,
-0.03515625,
0.00848388671875,
0.019287109375,
-0.04443359375,
0.0198974609375,
-0.0517578125,
0.031494140625,
-0.0233154296875,
0.048828125,
0.024169921875,
-0.00162506103515625,
-0.033203125,
-0.03125,
0.031494140625,
0.004180908203125,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.048583984375,
0.005767822265625,
-0.0281982421875,
0.027587890625,
0.0203857421875,
-0.025390625,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.01806640625,
-0.05078125,
0.0020751953125,
0.0206298828125,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.050048828125,
-0.02587890625,
-0.036865234375,
0.033935546875,
-0.03173828125,
0.025390625,
-0.0023651123046875,
-0.0166015625,
0.01220703125,
-0.0216064453125,
0.0247802734375,
-0.05078125,
0.035400390625,
0.000423431396484375,
0.0308837890625,
0.0068359375,
-0.0361328125,
-0.04541015625,
0.0021820068359375,
0.05029296875,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.03564453125,
-0.030517578125,
0.011962890625,
-0.018798828125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.060791015625,
0.00823974609375,
-0.039306640625,
-0.04638671875,
0.01177978515625,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.0186767578125,
0.0037994384765625,
-0.0022430419921875,
-0.0294189453125,
0.0439453125,
0.026123046875,
-0.002685546875,
-0.02099609375,
0.06982421875,
0.005401611328125,
0.031982421875,
-0.005706787109375,
-0.050537109375,
0.017578125,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.023193359375,
-0.039794921875,
0.0257568359375,
0.0260009765625,
0.01104736328125,
-0.07080078125,
-0.052001953125,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.02490234375,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0162353515625,
0.029052734375,
0.005645751953125,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.002838134765625,
-0.0269775390625,
0.01434326171875,
-0.005889892578125,
0.03369140625,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.0157470703125,
0.01275634765625,
0.01190185546875,
0.031494140625,
0.0125732421875,
-0.017333984375,
-0.0230712890625,
0.0098876953125,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.021240234375,
-0.0439453125,
0.06591796875,
-0.01556396484375,
0.007354736328125,
0.02783203125,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0301513671875,
0.0283203125,
0.0201416015625,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.049560546875,
-0.023681640625,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.016357421875,
-0.054931640625,
0.025146484375,
-0.007293701171875,
0.036865234375,
0.051513671875,
-0.058837890625,
0.0115966796875,
-0.0537109375,
-0.0281982421875,
0.007568359375,
-0.005218505859375,
0.01324462890625,
0.00019073486328125,
0.034912109375,
-0.01300048828125,
0.021240234375,
0.07373046875,
0.064453125,
0.00341796875,
0.019775390625,
0.0014495849609375,
-0.0322265625,
0.01336669921875,
-0.03173828125,
-0.021728515625,
0.021728515625,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.018798828125,
-0.0546875,
0.0047607421875,
0.00927734375,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.002777099609375,
0.033447265625,
0.0125732421875,
-0.0126953125,
0.0069580078125,
-0.055419921875,
-0.0400390625,
-0.033935546875,
0.02880859375,
-0.032958984375,
-0.01043701171875,
0.003753662109375,
-0.0198974609375,
0.01092529296875,
0.036376953125,
0.020751953125,
-0.00701904296875,
-0.025390625,
0.0018768310546875,
0.0189208984375,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.0308837890625,
-0.003265380859375,
0.048095703125,
0.032470703125,
0.041748046875,
-0.0281982421875,
0.07666015625,
-0.050048828125,
0.0235595703125,
0.006103515625,
0.01422119140625,
0.021728515625,
-0.0067138671875,
-0.033935546875,
0.0186767578125,
0.054443359375,
-0.0166015625,
0.009033203125,
-0.0240478515625,
0.00060272216796875,
0.0400390625,
0.0595703125,
-0.015625,
-0.03564453125,
0.017822265625,
0.010986328125,
-0.0012969970703125,
0.015869140625,
0.03857421875,
0.00165557861328125,
-0.0361328125,
-0.037353515625,
0.062255859375,
-0.0054931640625,
-0.011962890625,
0.0086669921875,
0.05908203125,
-0.050537109375,
0.033203125,
-0.036376953125,
0.0537109375,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.016357421875,
0.01708984375,
0.023681640625,
0.0091552734375,
0.028076171875,
0.002655029296875,
0.0260009765625,
0.029052734375,
0.007598876953125,
-0.017333984375,
0.0067138671875,
0.0291748046875,
0.02783203125,
0.019775390625,
-0.03564453125,
0.01953125,
-0.0301513671875,
0.047119140625,
-0.013427734375,
0.0263671875,
-0.043701171875,
-0.0615234375,
-0.04541015625,
-0.02001953125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.006744384765625,
0.046630859375,
0.01385498046875,
0.017822265625,
0.0162353515625,
-0.060302734375,
-0.043701171875,
-0.052490234375,
-0.035400390625,
0.004058837890625,
-0.01318359375,
0.0274658203125,
-0.0159912109375,
0.033935546875,
0.05908203125,
-0.005645751953125,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0205078125,
-0.0255126953125,
0.0257568359375,
0.08203125,
-0.0196533203125,
0.00799560546875,
-0.005645751953125,
0.031982421875,
0.02099609375,
0.01275634765625,
0.046630859375,
0.0020904541015625,
0.04150390625,
0.053955078125,
0.040771484375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.04150390625,
-0.00299072265625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.01373291015625,
0.042724609375,
0.0157470703125,
-0.033935546875,
-0.058837890625,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.027099609375,
-0.0478515625,
-0.035888671875,
-0.00927734375,
0.0245361328125,
0.0281982421875,
0.01177978515625,
0.0283203125,
0.0157470703125,
-0.0654296875,
0.017333984375,
-0.0189208984375,
0.003173828125,
-0.007781982421875,
-0.0030670166015625,
-0.01422119140625,
0.0279541015625,
0.031982421875,
-0.0038299560546875,
-0.0020904541015625,
-0.04443359375,
0.0091552734375,
0.0093994140625,
-0.00113677978515625,
-0.025390625,
-0.02783203125,
0.0019683837890625,
0.00177001953125,
0.036865234375,
-0.001739501953125,
0.0311279296875,
0.0162353515625,
-0.00689697265625,
0.01031494140625,
-0.06640625,
0.017578125,
-0.076171875,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.033203125,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.0126953125,
0.0228271484375,
0.0177001953125,
0.0025634765625,
-0.017822265625,
-0.03271484375,
-0.05224609375,
-0.04296875,
0.043212890625,
-0.00421142578125,
-0.021484375,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.057861328125,
0.03564453125,
-0.00201416015625,
0.038818359375,
0.09326171875,
-0.025390625,
0.0177001953125,
-0.0098876953125,
0.008056640625,
0.033447265625,
-0.053955078125,
-0.03125,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.00014495849609375,
-0.021484375,
0.00193023681640625,
0.0045166015625,
-0.0361328125,
0.02197265625,
0.0203857421875,
-0.0196533203125,
0.0250244140625,
-0.07177734375,
-0.053955078125,
-0.010498046875,
0.042236328125,
0.03515625,
0.0390625,
0.0625,
0.005218505859375,
-0.0087890625,
0.02783203125,
-0.0013580322265625,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.035400390625,
-0.005615234375,
0.013671875,
-0.02490234375,
0.0419921875,
0.0311279296875,
-0.04150390625,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.0390625,
-0.040283203125,
-0.017822265625,
-0.016845703125,
0.0224609375,
0.04443359375,
-0.0115966796875,
0.0419921875,
0.006072998046875,
0.0115966796875,
0.023681640625,
-0.0098876953125,
0.032958984375,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.024658203125,
0.018310546875,
-0.0030975341796875,
-0.027587890625,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.002410888671875,
-0.006378173828125,
-0.0166015625,
0.00159454345703125,
-0.023193359375,
-0.04248046875,
-0.0015716552734375,
-0.003021240234375,
0.06396484375,
-0.000545501708984375,
0.00921630859375,
0.036865234375,
0.036865234375,
-0.041259765625,
0.0260009765625,
-0.0693359375,
0.021240234375,
0.008544921875,
-0.07470703125,
-0.011474609375,
0.03466796875,
-0.00836181640625,
0.050537109375,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.030029296875,
0.005462646484375,
0.00127410888671875,
-0.0458984375,
0.03955078125,
0.002410888671875,
0.0299072265625,
-0.0263671875,
-0.025390625,
-0.01019287109375,
0.0380859375,
-0.0235595703125,
0.035888671875,
-0.047119140625,
-0.002197265625,
0.00750732421875,
-0.05908203125,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.01513671875,
-0.00106048583984375,
0.018310546875,
0.0026092529296875,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.01806640625,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.0036468505859375,
-0.041259765625,
0.0272216796875,
-0.0135498046875,
0.037353515625,
0.0264892578125,
-0.0155029296875,
0.05419921875,
0.0096435546875,
-0.004669189453125,
0.036865234375,
-0.046630859375,
0.0322265625,
-0.001251220703125,
0.01434326171875,
0.01434326171875,
-0.000827789306640625,
-0.03173828125,
0.0145263671875,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.041748046875,
-0.0028533935546875,
0.018310546875,
0.0673828125,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.053955078125,
-0.00433349609375,
0.00872802734375,
-0.0242919921875,
0.007049560546875,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.00689697265625,
0.05029296875,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.0174560546875,
0.038330078125,
-0.0013427734375,
0.018310546875,
0.01318359375,
0.001068115234375,
-0.004486083984375,
0.00634765625,
-0.030029296875,
-0.049560546875,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.01336669921875,
0.00799560546875,
0.0308837890625,
-0.01324462890625,
0.02392578125,
0.000949859619140625,
-0.04931640625,
-0.00927734375,
-0.032470703125,
-0.02099609375,
0.01141357421875,
0.01385498046875,
0.0162353515625,
-0.0213623046875,
0.0189208984375,
0.0037994384765625,
0.02392578125,
-0.052734375,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.0224609375,
0.016357421875,
0.035400390625,
0.005523681640625,
-0.009033203125,
0.000957489013671875,
0.017578125,
0.0008544921875,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.033447265625,
0.025390625,
-0.025634765625,
-0.045166015625,
-0.0185546875,
-0.0419921875,
-0.03515625,
0.0269775390625,
0.0201416015625,
0.036376953125,
-0.003021240234375,
0.0341796875,
-0.03466796875,
-0.007080078125,
0.00823974609375,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.026123046875,
0.02783203125,
0.07421875,
0.0240478515625,
0.052978515625,
0.0086669921875,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.027587890625,
0.08349609375,
0.0255126953125,
-0.0087890625,
0.005828857421875,
0.0303955078125,
-0.000014007091522216797,
0.003753662109375,
0.01116943359375,
0.0250244140625,
-0.003692626953125,
0.01226806640625,
-0.02197265625,
-0.0181884765625,
0.031982421875,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.0546875,
0.019775390625,
-0.017333984375,
0.000629425048828125,
-0.0286865234375,
0.0017242431640625,
0.040771484375,
-0.039306640625,
-0.03857421875,
-0.031494140625,
-0.028076171875,
0.04150390625,
0.0250244140625,
0.005706787109375,
0.0106201171875,
0.0299072265625,
0.0235595703125,
0.0152587890625,
-0.00067901611328125,
0.0361328125,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.052978515625,
-0.006744384765625,
0.035400390625,
0.04345703125,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.0021820068359375,
0.01214599609375,
0.012939453125,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.032470703125,
-0.024658203125,
-0.02734375,
0.0179443359375,
-0.0179443359375,
0.038330078125,
-0.0322265625,
0.01422119140625,
0.024169921875,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.0162353515625,
0.02734375,
0.0303955078125,
0.01397705078125,
-0.0269775390625,
0.02685546875,
-0.010986328125,
0.042724609375,
0.0272216796875,
-0.0299072265625,
0.050537109375,
0.0155029296875,
-0.04150390625,
-0.030029296875,
0.017578125,
-0.050048828125,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.00555419921875,
0.006988525390625,
0.0106201171875,
0.01165771484375,
0.0196533203125,
-0.049072265625,
0.01519775390625,
-0.000804901123046875,
-0.02197265625,
0.033447265625,
-0.0211181640625,
0.0625,
-0.000949859619140625,
-0.030029296875,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.046142578125,
0.0233154296875,
-0.0208740234375,
0.06494140625,
0.033935546875,
-0.035888671875,
-0.06591796875,
-0.025634765625,
-0.01226806640625,
0.0194091796875,
-0.047607421875,
-0.0361328125,
0.0135498046875,
0.024658203125,
0.000820159912109375,
-0.034912109375,
0.022705078125,
0.006439208984375,
0.06591796875,
0.0111083984375,
0.0201416015625,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.0015716552734375,
0.02099609375,
0.0230712890625,
0.038330078125,
0.011474609375,
-0.00007534027099609375,
0.004852294921875,
-0.044189453125,
0.0093994140625,
-0.039794921875,
-0.046142578125,
0.01312255859375,
0.031982421875,
0.0299072265625,
-0.018310546875,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.040771484375,
-0.03857421875,
-0.007476806640625,
0.00677490234375,
-0.035400390625,
0.047607421875,
0.024169921875,
-0.06640625,
0.298828125,
0.0017242431640625,
0.0106201171875,
0.01336669921875,
0.02294921875,
0.039306640625,
0.00518798828125,
-0.00150299072265625,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.004425048828125,
0.00537109375,
-0.044189453125,
-0.015869140625,
0.03662109375,
0.01324462890625,
0.01519775390625,
0.00022411346435546875,
0.037841796875,
0.014404296875,
-0.039306640625,
0.003204345703125,
-0.003692626953125,
-0.0230712890625,
0.08251953125,
0.043212890625,
0.044921875,
0.05224609375,
-0.06298828125,
-0.017822265625,
-0.03173828125,
-0.0064697265625,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.044921875,
-0.06103515625,
0.0478515625,
0.00836181640625,
0.007049560546875,
0.000016689300537109375,
0.0093994140625,
0.0028533935546875,
0.047607421875,
0.0272216796875,
-0.03662109375,
-0.0017242431640625,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.038330078125,
0.04345703125,
0.03173828125,
-0.03466796875,
0.044677734375,
0.031982421875,
0.0361328125,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.025390625,
0.0208740234375,
0.030517578125,
0.004119873046875,
-0.0030517578125,
-0.032958984375,
0.036865234375,
0.01806640625,
0.01495361328125,
0.041748046875,
0.029541015625,
0.01312255859375,
0.0272216796875,
0.040283203125,
-0.032470703125,
0.00469970703125,
-0.002655029296875,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.0216064453125,
0.005157470703125,
0.021484375,
0.02001953125,
-0.009033203125,
0.0166015625,
0.035888671875,
-0.04248046875,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.051025390625,
-0.0152587890625,
0.01416015625,
0.030029296875,
0.0277099609375,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.0032806396484375,
0.0196533203125,
-0.01019287109375,
0.044677734375,
-0.005401611328125,
-0.01226806640625,
0.00180816650390625,
0.060791015625
] |
Sharpe, J.
Reuben and Kenneth Snelenberger, sons of the defendant, pleaded guilty to the larceny of a Chevrolet landau sedan from one John Jablonski at Bay City on September 13, 1928, and are now serving a sentence therefor in the State prison at Marquette. The defendant was convicted of receiving this automobile, knowing it to have been stolen, and also with its concealment. He here seeks review of his sentence by writ of error.
The car was stolen from the fair grounds at Bay City and taken to the farm home of the defendant’s sons near Flushing, in Genesee county. Reuben’s wife, Fay, now divorced and remarried to a man named McKinzie, was with them at the time. She testified that a few days before the theft she heard the defendant, “tell Reuben he wanted him to get him a Chevrolet landau sedan, and Reuben said, ‘If we can’t get it will something else do?’ He said, ‘No,’ he had his head set on a landau sedan, that is what he wanted, and to be sure not to. get a special paint job so they would not have to paint it over.”
The record discloses that Reuben had before that time purchased a wrecked car of the same model from a second-hand dealer, and had had the title transferred by him to the defendant. He removed the motor therefrom, and took it to his home. Mrs. McKinzie further testified that on the morning -after the car was stolen the defendant came to his son’s home, a few miles from his own place, and that she saw him and his sons working around the car in the barn for several days thereafter. After the motor had been changed, she went with Reuben when he took the car to the defendant’s farm. Defendant came out to the'car to go for a ride with them. He then said, “Be still in front of mother in regard to the car.” Clearly, defendant’s motion for a directed verdict was properly denied.
In his instructions to the • jury the court stated that it was undisputed that Reuben secured the motor from the second-hand car, and had the transfer of title made out in the name of the defendant; that Reuben took the motor to his own home, and the motor was then put into the stolen car, and, “that during all the time of this changing the father was there, but whether he assisted or not I don’t know, there is nothing in the testimony to show whether he did or not.”
No witnesses were called by the defendant. The testimony of Mrs. McKinzie was in no way disputed, and justified this statement to the jury.
Error is assigned upon the opening statement and final argument of the prosecuting attorney. No reversible error is disclosed therein. In our opinion the defendant had a fair trial, and the evidence submitted justified his conviction.
The judgment is affirmed.
North, C. J., and Fead, Butzel, Wiest, Clark, McDonald, and Potter, JJ., concurred. | [
0.01226806640625,
0.0296630859375,
0.01806640625,
0.0283203125,
-0.08251953125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.017333984375,
-0.042236328125,
0.001007080078125,
0.0185546875,
0.04052734375,
-0.022216796875,
-0.00836181640625,
0.00341796875,
-0.00616455078125,
-0.0225830078125,
0.0223388671875,
0.034912109375,
0.002197265625,
0.016357421875,
0.05029296875,
-0.04833984375,
-0.0255126953125,
0.00482177734375,
-0.00494384765625,
0.006195068359375,
0.00555419921875,
-0.0002498626708984375,
0.0247802734375,
0.0380859375,
-0.004608154296875,
-0.00640869140625,
0.0150146484375,
-0.0220947265625,
0.00144195556640625,
-0.00170135498046875,
0.0380859375,
-0.0537109375,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.003997802734375,
-0.022705078125,
-0.00182342529296875,
0.0147705078125,
-0.0036468505859375,
-0.0380859375,
-0.039306640625,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.023681640625,
0.011962890625,
-0.037841796875,
0.0322265625,
-0.024169921875,
0.060791015625,
-0.045654296875,
0.01416015625,
-0.0263671875,
0.016357421875,
0.02490234375,
-0.008544921875,
0.030517578125,
0.0478515625,
-0.025634765625,
0.00323486328125,
-0.03857421875,
0.0216064453125,
0.02392578125,
0.03173828125,
-0.00125885009765625,
-0.026611328125,
0.0106201171875,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.021240234375,
-0.030029296875,
0.0022430419921875,
-0.02392578125,
-0.006256103515625,
0.006683349609375,
0.044189453125,
0.004119873046875,
0.01409912109375,
0.001190185546875,
-0.012451171875,
0.06005859375,
0.0030517578125,
-0.03466796875,
0.0216064453125,
0.0128173828125,
0.00335693359375,
-0.006011962890625,
0.00567626953125,
-0.0016632080078125,
0.0595703125,
-0.047119140625,
0.0016632080078125,
0.080078125,
0.0252685546875,
-0.047607421875,
0.0035552978515625,
0.005889892578125,
-0.03271484375,
0.012939453125,
0.0064697265625,
0.0177001953125,
0.08984375,
-0.007415771484375,
0.033447265625,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.023681640625,
0.022705078125,
0.001220703125,
0.001495361328125,
0.0751953125,
0.0037078857421875,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.010009765625,
-0.03759765625,
0.0198974609375,
-0.0032806396484375,
0.00173187255859375,
0.0966796875,
-0.019287109375,
0.03369140625,
-0.0069580078125,
0.01318359375,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.0341796875,
0.0458984375,
0.027099609375,
0.025146484375,
0.0277099609375,
0.00537109375,
-0.007080078125,
0.007049560546875,
-0.00170135498046875,
0.0031890869140625,
-0.00616455078125,
0.005828857421875,
0.01324462890625,
0.044189453125,
0.02099609375,
0.02099609375,
-0.0123291015625,
0.05615234375,
0.031982421875,
0.00701904296875,
-0.01513671875,
0.0289306640625,
-0.0269775390625,
0.0322265625,
-0.0751953125,
-0.037841796875,
0.030029296875,
0.0184326171875,
0.046630859375,
0.006195068359375,
-0.010009765625,
-0.045166015625,
0.005126953125,
0.041015625,
-0.042724609375,
0.01544189453125,
0.023681640625,
0.02734375,
-0.00154876708984375,
0.0086669921875,
0.0164794921875,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.041015625,
-0.041015625,
0.0228271484375,
0.01019287109375,
-0.0634765625,
-0.0277099609375,
0.058349609375,
-0.00347900390625,
0.022216796875,
0.006011962890625,
-0.02685546875,
0.01220703125,
-0.0322265625,
0.039306640625,
0.05517578125,
0.0079345703125,
-0.015380859375,
-0.0023345947265625,
0.0108642578125,
0.01031494140625,
-0.021484375,
-0.031005859375,
0.0106201171875,
0.03662109375,
0.00122833251953125,
0.0034332275390625,
-0.03955078125,
0.031494140625,
-0.0439453125,
-0.03076171875,
0.033447265625,
-0.00433349609375,
-0.048583984375,
-0.004486083984375,
0.0206298828125,
0.0177001953125,
-0.036865234375,
-0.05517578125,
0.0517578125,
0.020751953125,
-0.02685546875,
0.0062255859375,
0.0026702880859375,
0.0174560546875,
0.0034942626953125,
-0.030517578125,
-0.003753662109375,
0.048828125,
0.019775390625,
0.01019287109375,
-0.0283203125,
0.01031494140625,
-0.0074462890625,
-0.004730224609375,
-0.0279541015625,
0.0302734375,
-0.0303955078125,
0.00897216796875,
0.055419921875,
0.050537109375,
-0.01556396484375,
-0.01348876953125,
0.02197265625,
0.01104736328125,
0.00860595703125,
0.044677734375,
-0.02734375,
-0.0242919921875,
0.01153564453125,
-0.025146484375,
-0.011962890625,
0.033447265625,
-0.005615234375,
-0.01019287109375,
0.0732421875,
0.022705078125,
-0.006134033203125,
0.049560546875,
-0.003204345703125,
-0.005401611328125,
-0.0196533203125,
0.013671875,
-0.0030670166015625,
0.01611328125,
-0.033447265625,
0.010986328125,
0.00225830078125,
0.01275634765625,
0.046630859375,
-0.002716064453125,
0.00201416015625,
0.0025787353515625,
-0.001983642578125,
0.021728515625,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.006256103515625,
-0.0230712890625,
0.0361328125,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.056640625,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.0311279296875,
-0.06396484375,
-0.033935546875,
0.0240478515625,
-0.051025390625,
-0.03662109375,
0.02392578125,
-0.040771484375,
0.0693359375,
-0.038818359375,
0.0087890625,
-0.019775390625,
-0.048828125,
0.0390625,
0.0244140625,
0.037109375,
-0.033447265625,
0.01483154296875,
0.01336669921875,
0.0174560546875,
-0.052001953125,
-0.0155029296875,
0.00183868408203125,
0.019775390625,
0.046142578125,
-0.05517578125,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.03173828125,
-0.047607421875,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0179443359375,
0.01202392578125,
-0.021484375,
-0.03564453125,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.008544921875,
-0.010986328125,
-0.046630859375,
-0.00921630859375,
0.030029296875,
-0.00811767578125,
0.01953125,
0.0087890625,
0.039306640625,
-0.01263427734375,
0.0634765625,
-0.0101318359375,
0.00186920166015625,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.017333984375,
-0.06298828125,
-0.0223388671875,
0.005340576171875,
0.02587890625,
0.0203857421875,
-0.0255126953125,
0.0126953125,
-0.051025390625,
-0.00604248046875,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.018310546875,
0.006134033203125,
-0.013671875,
0.003997802734375,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.017333984375,
0.030029296875,
0.00604248046875,
0.0026702880859375,
-0.0322265625,
0.0098876953125,
-0.0230712890625,
0.0240478515625,
0.0238037109375,
0.04736328125,
0.007476806640625,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.025146484375,
-0.00518798828125,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.01507568359375,
0.015869140625,
-0.041259765625,
0.00408935546875,
0.05078125,
-0.02978515625,
-0.0255126953125,
0.011962890625,
0.048828125,
0.00921630859375,
0.00075531005859375,
0.0224609375,
-0.021240234375,
-0.024658203125,
-0.0322265625,
-0.03076171875,
0.0133056640625,
-0.0038909912109375,
0.054443359375,
0.017333984375,
-0.056640625,
0.039306640625,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.0615234375,
0.0194091796875,
-0.035400390625,
0.0103759765625,
0.01153564453125,
0.019775390625,
-0.015869140625,
0.0130615234375,
-0.01226806640625,
0.01129150390625,
0.004241943359375,
0.002838134765625,
0.0172119140625,
-0.0595703125,
0.0194091796875,
-0.00115966796875,
-0.005615234375,
0.01470947265625,
-0.007598876953125,
-0.041015625,
-0.034423828125,
0.0279541015625,
0.00799560546875,
0.019775390625,
-0.0128173828125,
0.040283203125,
0.0174560546875,
0.015869140625,
0.0439453125,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0269775390625,
0.06298828125,
0.0272216796875,
-0.0654296875,
-0.03564453125,
-0.01043701171875,
0.0595703125,
0.062255859375,
0.050537109375,
-0.023193359375,
-0.050048828125,
0.0140380859375,
0.0208740234375,
-0.02880859375,
-0.06982421875,
0.0174560546875,
0.047607421875,
-0.0096435546875,
0.05126953125,
-0.023681640625,
0.03515625,
-0.0272216796875,
0.0111083984375,
0.005523681640625,
0.0654296875,
-0.015869140625,
0.051025390625,
-0.042236328125,
0.01165771484375,
0.0634765625,
-0.007720947265625,
0.03857421875,
0.0164794921875,
-0.0157470703125,
0.01519775390625,
0.08447265625,
0.015625,
0.0206298828125,
0.011962890625,
0.01275634765625,
0.004180908203125,
0.0031890869140625,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.00020122528076171875,
0.0299072265625,
-0.047607421875,
0.0419921875,
-0.006072998046875,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.0186767578125,
0.064453125,
-0.01611328125,
0.054443359375,
-0.023681640625,
0.015869140625,
-0.010986328125,
-0.039794921875,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0166015625,
0.012939453125,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.0252685546875,
0.058349609375,
0.0078125,
0.0172119140625,
0.038330078125,
-0.010986328125,
-0.03857421875,
0.041748046875,
0.00738525390625,
0.0223388671875,
-0.0107421875,
-0.01104736328125,
0.0159912109375,
-0.034912109375,
0.02392578125,
-0.0185546875,
0.0021209716796875,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.047607421875,
-0.057861328125,
-0.005584716796875,
-0.033203125,
0.0283203125,
-0.009765625,
0.01708984375,
-0.00408935546875,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.0064697265625,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.015869140625,
0.0087890625,
0.00946044921875,
0.0107421875,
-0.025390625,
0.006988525390625,
0.04296875,
-0.0002288818359375,
-0.017822265625,
-0.000514984130859375,
-0.05810546875,
0.026123046875,
0.0322265625,
-0.0025787353515625,
0.04345703125,
-0.000701904296875,
0.00885009765625,
-0.003662109375,
-0.0252685546875,
0.03759765625,
0.00579833984375,
0.027099609375,
0.044677734375,
0.03271484375,
-0.0103759765625,
0.0184326171875,
0.0302734375,
-0.0208740234375,
0.00063323974609375,
0.0223388671875,
-0.029296875,
-0.0703125,
-0.051025390625,
-0.001373291015625,
-0.03076171875,
-0.047119140625,
-0.0166015625,
0.021484375,
-0.0279541015625,
0.040771484375,
-0.042724609375,
0.0033416748046875,
-0.00118255615234375,
-0.04345703125,
0.0108642578125,
-0.006072998046875,
-0.0634765625,
-0.04541015625,
-0.04541015625,
-0.015625,
0.0218505859375,
0.031494140625,
-0.000743865966796875,
-0.002044677734375,
-0.0201416015625,
0.0225830078125,
-0.02001953125,
0.0111083984375,
-0.07666015625,
-0.022705078125,
0.01031494140625,
-0.0030975341796875,
0.037353515625,
0.005828857421875,
0.028076171875,
0.0059814453125,
0.02587890625,
0.00933837890625,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.029541015625,
-0.0284423828125,
0.0306396484375,
-0.052490234375,
-0.015869140625,
-0.00787353515625,
0.04150390625,
0.01519775390625,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.0032806396484375,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.05078125,
-0.04931640625,
0.031494140625,
0.027099609375,
0.03955078125,
-0.051025390625,
-0.0263671875,
0.01165771484375,
0.03564453125,
-0.0106201171875,
0.08544921875,
0.002593994140625,
-0.01806640625,
-0.037841796875,
0.034423828125,
0.042236328125,
-0.0322265625,
-0.00061798095703125,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.006317138671875,
-0.046142578125,
-0.00830078125,
0.0400390625,
0.033447265625,
-0.000835418701171875,
0.0157470703125,
-0.053955078125,
-0.03515625,
0.005645751953125,
0.046142578125,
0.02099609375,
0.04296875,
0.04931640625,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.026611328125,
0.01806640625,
0.0189208984375,
-0.0458984375,
-0.0439453125,
0.004608154296875,
0.00052642822265625,
-0.0257568359375,
0.03466796875,
0.013916015625,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.03515625,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0244140625,
-0.0546875,
-0.00787353515625,
0.0118408203125,
-0.000957489013671875,
0.0079345703125,
0.055908203125,
0.00665283203125,
0.004608154296875,
0.0078125,
0.05322265625,
-0.031005859375,
-0.0322265625,
0.044189453125,
-0.00762939453125,
0.00408935546875,
-0.0252685546875,
0.025390625,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.0159912109375,
0.044189453125,
-0.025146484375,
-0.0703125,
-0.03759765625,
-0.025146484375,
0.042724609375,
-0.051025390625,
0.01263427734375,
0.03369140625,
-0.00457763671875,
-0.03564453125,
-0.01953125,
-0.005035400390625,
0.04150390625,
0.007720947265625,
-0.09033203125,
-0.0198974609375,
0.0458984375,
-0.01611328125,
0.0244140625,
-0.055419921875,
-0.023681640625,
0.019287109375,
0.02001953125,
-0.059814453125,
0.0172119140625,
0.020751953125,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.038330078125,
0.0211181640625,
0.046142578125,
-0.00787353515625,
0.040771484375,
-0.04150390625,
-0.049072265625,
0.004241943359375,
-0.018310546875,
-0.053466796875,
-0.0185546875,
0.00421142578125,
0.052734375,
0.000377655029296875,
-0.041259765625,
-0.01507568359375,
0.0184326171875,
0.002349853515625,
-0.02685546875,
0.029296875,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.000640869140625,
-0.041259765625,
-0.003173828125,
0.0155029296875,
-0.01190185546875,
0.0225830078125,
-0.037841796875,
0.01519775390625,
0.048828125,
0.00439453125,
-0.005340576171875,
-0.01708984375,
-0.0703125,
-0.024658203125,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.0260009765625,
0.0024566650390625,
0.030517578125,
-0.002471923828125,
-0.021728515625,
0.0230712890625,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.033447265625,
-0.000316619873046875,
-0.025390625,
0.0244140625,
0.033447265625,
0.037841796875,
-0.042724609375,
-0.0228271484375,
0.0111083984375,
0.041259765625,
0.0174560546875,
-0.0126953125,
-0.0157470703125,
0.03466796875,
0.00811767578125,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.050048828125,
-0.052978515625,
0.01214599609375,
0.0189208984375,
0.0238037109375,
-0.023681640625,
0.039794921875,
-0.033935546875,
-0.06982421875,
0.0213623046875,
-0.062255859375,
-0.001617431640625,
0.031982421875,
-0.00592041015625,
0.041748046875,
0.0106201171875,
-0.0069580078125,
0.01007080078125,
0.033447265625,
0.01361083984375,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.016357421875,
-0.004364013671875,
0.0267333984375,
0.055419921875,
0.001556396484375,
-0.0047607421875,
-0.00130462646484375,
-0.00099945068359375,
-0.040283203125,
-0.024658203125,
0.02099609375,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.034423828125,
-0.02734375,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.049072265625,
0.01318359375,
0.0004215240478515625,
-0.00010919570922851562,
-0.0087890625,
-0.006591796875,
-0.053466796875,
-0.02392578125,
-0.0159912109375,
0.0032196044921875,
-0.00579833984375,
-0.043701171875,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.004150390625,
0.047607421875,
0.04638671875,
0.030029296875,
0.03564453125,
-0.0072021484375,
-0.042724609375,
-0.00726318359375,
-0.0296630859375,
0.03369140625,
0.043212890625,
0.03662109375,
0.0311279296875,
0.043701171875,
0.04638671875,
0.033203125,
0.0277099609375,
0.00592041015625,
0.00109100341796875,
-0.01318359375,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.00034332275390625,
0.038818359375,
-0.0045166015625,
-0.016845703125,
0.06396484375,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.04443359375,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.0103759765625,
0.0267333984375,
-0.037353515625,
0.01239013671875,
-0.024658203125,
0.01123046875,
-0.00811767578125,
0.000576019287109375,
0.00341796875,
0.00151824951171875,
0.0274658203125,
0.033447265625,
0.024658203125,
-0.010986328125,
0.015869140625,
-0.00186920166015625,
-0.0380859375,
-0.003875732421875,
0.072265625,
-0.000008463859558105469,
-0.00482177734375,
0.02197265625,
0.00408935546875,
-0.0179443359375,
0.02294921875,
0.04248046875,
-0.02685546875,
-0.0517578125,
0.015625,
-0.003997802734375,
0.05078125,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.00457763671875,
0.041259765625,
0.00762939453125,
-0.01361083984375,
0.0079345703125,
0.003997802734375,
0.006561279296875,
-0.0308837890625,
0.0186767578125,
0.041259765625,
0.035400390625,
0.05908203125,
-0.01220703125,
-0.03369140625,
-0.003814697265625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.052734375,
0.0233154296875,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.045166015625,
-0.037109375,
-0.0301513671875,
0.022705078125,
0.00994873046875,
-0.044921875,
-0.016845703125,
-0.0067138671875,
-0.02880859375,
0.0196533203125,
0.051513671875,
0.0458984375,
0.0186767578125,
-0.042724609375,
0.002471923828125,
-0.00457763671875,
0.044921875,
-0.048095703125,
-0.00482177734375,
0.008544921875,
-0.08056640625,
-0.048828125,
-0.04736328125,
-0.0255126953125,
0.00738525390625,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.047607421875,
-0.00787353515625,
0.0029449462890625,
-0.0205078125,
-0.01373291015625,
0.01336669921875,
-0.031005859375,
0.05419921875,
0.019287109375,
-0.0103759765625,
0.00482177734375,
0.027587890625,
0.011474609375,
0.0264892578125,
0.01165771484375,
-0.012451171875,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0224609375,
-0.038330078125,
-0.002166748046875,
-0.0166015625,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0361328125,
0.0057373046875,
0.03564453125,
-0.016357421875,
-0.042236328125,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.0247802734375,
0.002716064453125,
0.015380859375,
0.00994873046875,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.000965118408203125,
-0.056396484375,
0.2890625,
0.0322265625,
0.012939453125,
0.0033111572265625,
-0.04931640625,
0.06884765625,
0.0242919921875,
0.00958251953125,
-0.041748046875,
0.033935546875,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.00311279296875,
0.01025390625,
0.0235595703125,
0.025390625,
-0.031494140625,
0.034912109375,
-0.006317138671875,
-0.056396484375,
0.0150146484375,
0.018798828125,
-0.009033203125,
0.036865234375,
0.044189453125,
0.01483154296875,
0.01031494140625,
-0.04638671875,
-0.043701171875,
-0.01708984375,
-0.00732421875,
-0.04248046875,
0.03076171875,
-0.04248046875,
0.0003070831298828125,
0.003143310546875,
0.018310546875,
-0.003814697265625,
-0.002349853515625,
0.005950927734375,
0.01953125,
0.004608154296875,
0.01458740234375,
-0.021728515625,
0.02001953125,
0.005523681640625,
-0.0458984375,
0.06884765625,
0.0703125,
-0.0113525390625,
0.03369140625,
0.0225830078125,
0.026123046875,
-0.0220947265625,
0.023681640625,
0.06591796875,
-0.033203125,
0.006622314453125,
0.002899169921875,
-0.06787109375,
0.03173828125,
0.0189208984375,
-0.01025390625,
0.0255126953125,
0.0169677734375,
0.00860595703125,
0.050048828125,
0.00933837890625,
-0.06103515625,
-0.00653076171875,
0.005645751953125,
0.0067138671875,
-0.029052734375,
0.02001953125,
0.019775390625,
0.0299072265625,
-0.01336669921875,
0.003143310546875,
0.0255126953125,
-0.0279541015625,
0.0152587890625,
-0.031982421875,
-0.025146484375,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0208740234375,
0.0166015625,
-0.04052734375,
-0.02734375,
0.00860595703125,
0.004974365234375,
0.01226806640625,
-0.001739501953125,
-0.0057373046875,
0.0289306640625,
-0.01007080078125
] |
Fead, J.
Asi far as material here, plaintiff’s declaration, in substance, alleges that on November 22, 1928, the corner of Michigan avenue and Twenty-sixth street, in the city of Bay City, was a business center; between the 5-foot cement sidewalk on the east side of Michigan avenue, south of Twenty-sixth street, and the paved roadway was a 15-foot parkway; .ior some eight months prior to above date, for a distance of about 30 feet, beginning about 32 feet south of the corner of Twenty-sixth street, there had been placed and allowed to remain along the west edge of the sidewalk and over a portion of it a strong, inconspicuous, braided metal wire, fastened to stakes 5 inches high and 12 feet apart, the wire being suspended about 4 inches high at the north stake.and sagging and resting on the sidewalk between the north and the next stake south; the city officers had notice and knowledge and reasonable time to remove the wire or remedy the con dition; plaintiff, using due care, walked from the pavement across the parkway, diagonally northeasterly, placed his left fpot on the sidewalk at a point about 2 feet south of the north end of the wire, caught his right foot in the wire, was thrown to the walk and severely injured; the wire was practically invisible because of a light fall of snow. The declaration further fully charged negligence, injury, and damages.
On motion to dismiss, in the nature of demurrer, the court held that the declaration did not state a cause of action, as the city had provided a safe place •for pedestrians to walk and the wire was not such a' defect in the street as rendered it' unsafe for travel.
The liability of a city for injuries caused by defects in its streets is'purely statutory. The statute, 1 Comp. Laws 1915, § 4584 et seq., predicates such liability on the failure of the city to keep its streets “in reasonable repair, and in condition reasonably safe and fit for ti’ayel.”
This does not require that all parts of a country road, even within corporate limits, shall be prepared for travel. Keyes v. Village of Marcellus, 50 Mich. 439 (45 Am. Rep. 52). And it undoubtedly is the right of a city to determine, in its discretion and beyond judicial review, what part of a nominal highway shall be devoted to the various purposes of travel, to locate the road for vehicular traffic, and the portions for sidewalks, gutters, parkways, and other suitable uses. McArthur v. City of Saginaw, 58 Mich. 357 (55 Am. Rep. 687).
But the city cannot lawfully, by the mere provision of suitable passageways for pedestrians, maintain dangerous and unreasonable obstructions or conditions in the street at pláces where people may reasonably be expected to go. It has the duty, in a well-traveled district, to keep the whole highway reasonably safe for travel. Lincoln v. City of Detroit, 101 Mich. 245. It cannot confine its citizens in a traffic groove. It must take into account the natural inclination of children to run about in play and the perverse insistence of adults to cut corners and cross streets and grass plats instead of following precisely the beaten or provided path. Such departure from the sidewalk is not negligence per se in the individual, nor does it relieve the city of the duty to keep its streets in proper condition for travel at the places where people may reasonably be expected probably to walk. Lincoln v. City of Detroit, supra; Baker v. City of Grand Rapids, 111 Mich. 447; Finch v. Village of Bangor, 133 Mich. 149. In all of these cases pedestrians were injured when off the side or crosswalks.
There is nothing in the declaration which indicates that plaintiff did not have the right to cross the parkway. In Johnson v. City of Bay City, 164 Mich. 251 (Ann. Cas. 1912 B, 866), the court said:
“In going upon the ornamental grass plat, between the sidewalk and the curb line, plaintiff was not a trespasser. That ground is as much a part of the street as any other ground within its limits, and no citizen could be guilty of trespass in going upon or over it.”
The language in Miller v. City of Detroit, 156 Mich. 630 (132 Am. St. Rep. 537), that the statutory duty of the city extends only to the “physical highway, ’ ’ does not mean that the city is liable only for defects in the bed of the road. In that case it was recognized that the duty exists to remove dangerous obstructions from a highway upon the theory that they constitute defects in the surface. A pile of sheet steel resting on edge on the sidewalk in a manner dangerous to pedestrians is an actionable defect in the walk. Brown v. City of St. Johns, 187 Mich. 641. A wire strung dangerously across a walk or wherever it may reasonably be expected that pedestrians would travel would be such a defect because the street then would not be in a .condition reasonably safe and fit for travel.
The declaration alleges no reason or excuse for the wire nor statement of its purpose nor reason why plaintiff was not entitled to cross the parkway as and where he did. Defendant, however, calls attention to an ordinance of the city, permitting abutting residence owners- to beautify the space between the sidewalk and curb, suggests that the parkway was constructed in. pursuance of the ordinance, and urges that the wire was intended as and was a lawful and proper protection to the grass plat from pedestrians. Overlooking the valid objection that these claims do not appear in the declaration and accepting the stated facts as true, it still does not appear that defendant’s contention of nonliability is sound.
The right to guard grass plats from- traffic is undoubted and conceded. But, as the city must anticipate that pedestrians will cross the parkways, the guards employed must not be dangerous to travelers. Only those of such character and so placed that the city will continue to perform its statutory duty to keep the street in a reasonably safe condition for travel are permissible. The essential question is whether the guard is a reasonable one. The wire as described in the declaration, by reason of its original height or lack of height, its sagging, its position, its low visibility, especially in winter, may fairly be considered not a reasonably safe guard but a dangerous trap to pedestrians; and the question of whether it was a proper guard or a dangerous instrumentality resulting in a breach of the statutory duty of the city would be for a jury. We think the declaration states a cause of action.
We have no case- precisely in point in this State, but the question has come before other courts, and the conclusion we have reached is sustained by the almost unanimous weight of authority. The cases in point and numerous analogous ones are digested in a note in 59 A. L. R. at pp. 387, 394.
Judgment dismissing the declaration is reversed, with costs, the cause remanded to the circuit court, and defendant will have 15 days after remand to plead
North, C. J., and Wiest, Clark, McDonald, Potter, and Sharpe, JJ., concurred. The late Justice Fellows took no part in this decision. | [
-0.045166015625,
0.00872802734375,
0.01953125,
0.03662109375,
-0.07470703125,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.0184326171875,
0.0302734375,
0.054443359375,
0.0242919921875,
-0.01287841796875,
0.03564453125,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.048583984375,
0.02978515625,
-0.0242919921875,
0.05322265625,
0.01025390625,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.03857421875,
-0.032470703125,
0.0022430419921875,
0.024169921875,
-0.01275634765625,
0.046630859375,
0.053466796875,
0.023193359375,
-0.01708984375,
0.0262451171875,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.015625,
0.006927490234375,
0.052978515625,
-0.061279296875,
0.01904296875,
-0.0034332275390625,
0.02197265625,
0.0135498046875,
0.0269775390625,
-0.0654296875,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.060791015625,
0.006866455078125,
-0.028076171875,
0.0223388671875,
-0.046875,
-0.01422119140625,
0.026611328125,
-0.00250244140625,
-0.046630859375,
-0.00244140625,
-0.039306640625,
-0.01446533203125,
0.00738525390625,
-0.01080322265625,
0.03515625,
0.035888671875,
-0.015625,
-0.005584716796875,
-0.0208740234375,
0.033203125,
0.0004596710205078125,
0.01416015625,
0.038330078125,
0.0174560546875,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.00927734375,
0.052001953125,
-0.02099609375,
-0.037353515625,
0.0255126953125,
-0.004302978515625,
-0.005767822265625,
-0.019287109375,
-0.031005859375,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.007659912109375,
0.04150390625,
0.01507568359375,
-0.023193359375,
0.0213623046875,
-0.036865234375,
0.0208740234375,
-0.00116729736328125,
-0.00109100341796875,
0.0014801025390625,
0.026611328125,
0.0086669921875,
0.00089263916015625,
0.04638671875,
0.033935546875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0205078125,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.033447265625,
0.012451171875,
0.0517578125,
-0.01312255859375,
0.059326171875,
-0.01171875,
0.031494140625,
-0.007415771484375,
-0.034912109375,
-0.003326416015625,
-0.01470947265625,
0.00180816650390625,
0.01287841796875,
-0.0017852783203125,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.031982421875,
0.0042724609375,
0.03125,
0.0284423828125,
0.00787353515625,
0.012939453125,
0.07861328125,
-0.012939453125,
0.0179443359375,
-0.0067138671875,
-0.0191650390625,
0.00506591796875,
-0.000934600830078125,
0.030029296875,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.0084228515625,
0.016845703125,
0.003204345703125,
0.004150390625,
0.029541015625,
0.030029296875,
0.046142578125,
0.0005950927734375,
0.02392578125,
0.0400390625,
0.044189453125,
0.0133056640625,
-0.004608154296875,
0.006622314453125,
0.07080078125,
0.014404296875,
0.033935546875,
-0.00482177734375,
0.04736328125,
-0.0390625,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.0576171875,
0.0023345947265625,
0.05712890625,
-0.0177001953125,
0.005767822265625,
0.023193359375,
0.021728515625,
-0.008056640625,
0.039794921875,
0.0308837890625,
-0.01300048828125,
0.00150299072265625,
0.0035247802734375,
0.000675201416015625,
-0.031494140625,
-0.000640869140625,
-0.01416015625,
0.03515625,
-0.03173828125,
-0.01043701171875,
0.042724609375,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0390625,
-0.046142578125,
0.03173828125,
0.0179443359375,
0.0240478515625,
0.016357421875,
-0.00946044921875,
0.00750732421875,
-0.0191650390625,
0.017822265625,
0.057861328125,
0.01116943359375,
0.00102996826171875,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.0166015625,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0244140625,
-0.02685546875,
0.05126953125,
0.0018768310546875,
-0.0419921875,
-0.0185546875,
-0.0137939453125,
0.041748046875,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.004669189453125,
0.003387451171875,
-0.0703125,
-0.0390625,
-0.0400390625,
-0.00897216796875,
0.02978515625,
-0.059814453125,
-0.0196533203125,
0.0546875,
0.043212890625,
-0.0013427734375,
0.00469970703125,
0.005340576171875,
-0.0029296875,
-0.00311279296875,
-0.00909423828125,
0.04638671875,
-0.003570556640625,
0.00592041015625,
0.0111083984375,
-0.0196533203125,
0.00836181640625,
-0.015625,
0.031005859375,
-0.006378173828125,
0.0361328125,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.0072021484375,
0.0213623046875,
0.013916015625,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.0014801025390625,
0.0223388671875,
0.0206298828125,
0.01019287109375,
0.00013446807861328125,
0.034912109375,
0.032470703125,
-0.0194091796875,
0.024169921875,
0.0135498046875,
0.055419921875,
0.0224609375,
0.009765625,
-0.023193359375,
0.0400390625,
-0.0037384033203125,
-0.0546875,
0.013671875,
0.019287109375,
0.007781982421875,
0.0233154296875,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.00225830078125,
-0.006103515625,
0.0009002685546875,
0.0595703125,
0.014892578125,
-0.0517578125,
-0.019287109375,
0.060546875,
0.0576171875,
-0.033935546875,
0.0027923583984375,
0.033447265625,
0.022705078125,
0.03125,
0.01458740234375,
-0.0595703125,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.049560546875,
-0.014404296875,
-0.01318359375,
0.013916015625,
-0.06982421875,
-0.034912109375,
0.03515625,
-0.034423828125,
0.0732421875,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.03564453125,
-0.02783203125,
-0.0181884765625,
0.038818359375,
-0.005340576171875,
0.048828125,
-0.061767578125,
0.040771484375,
0.0260009765625,
0.0267333984375,
-0.0021514892578125,
-0.06396484375,
-0.0712890625,
0.0281982421875,
0.0260009765625,
-0.01177978515625,
0.024658203125,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.0390625,
-0.0277099609375,
0.00579833984375,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.0098876953125,
0.00013828277587890625,
-0.031982421875,
0.027099609375,
-0.005523681640625,
-0.0115966796875,
0.034912109375,
0.0269775390625,
-0.0130615234375,
0.02587890625,
0.0003452301025390625,
0.0174560546875,
-0.036376953125,
0.0830078125,
0.04541015625,
0.023681640625,
0.03857421875,
-0.0498046875,
-0.00445556640625,
0.0294189453125,
-0.03759765625,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0162353515625,
0.00518798828125,
0.031982421875,
-0.046875,
-0.00750732421875,
-0.058349609375,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.00933837890625,
0.04150390625,
-0.0220947265625,
0.00897216796875,
0.0194091796875,
-0.041015625,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.00286865234375,
0.0279541015625,
-0.0250244140625,
0.007537841796875,
0.01171875,
0.0020904541015625,
0.049560546875,
-0.00093841552734375,
-0.016357421875,
0.018310546875,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.0478515625,
0.0106201171875,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.02978515625,
0.0223388671875,
0.013427734375,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.032958984375,
0.0498046875,
0.012939453125,
0.01806640625,
-0.01287841796875,
0.0101318359375,
-0.028076171875,
-0.048583984375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.00927734375,
0.00927734375,
0.00299072265625,
0.0052490234375,
-0.00433349609375,
-0.0299072265625,
0.036865234375,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.07958984375,
0.053466796875,
-0.0186767578125,
0.01123046875,
0.0194091796875,
0.030029296875,
-0.0191650390625,
0.035888671875,
0.015380859375,
0.03125,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.02099609375,
0.00823974609375,
-0.041015625,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.00616455078125,
-0.0625,
0.051025390625,
0.012939453125,
-0.018310546875,
-0.0185546875,
0.0140380859375,
0.038330078125,
-0.008544921875,
0.0247802734375,
0.03369140625,
0.043701171875,
0.00836181640625,
0.047119140625,
-0.0595703125,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.017578125,
0.036865234375,
0.01373291015625,
-0.01953125,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.00439453125,
0.04443359375,
0.0172119140625,
-0.00738525390625,
-0.0016937255859375,
-0.023193359375,
0.01544189453125,
0.0252685546875,
-0.004974365234375,
-0.02783203125,
0.0194091796875,
0.0400390625,
-0.0081787109375,
0.045654296875,
-0.04345703125,
0.0220947265625,
-0.033447265625,
0.0262451171875,
0.005218505859375,
0.054931640625,
-0.027099609375,
0.03369140625,
-0.046630859375,
-0.00390625,
0.050537109375,
0.0185546875,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.0439453125,
-0.0361328125,
0.00188446044921875,
0.0673828125,
-0.00140380859375,
-0.034912109375,
-0.006622314453125,
-0.00160980224609375,
0.0225830078125,
0.0419921875,
-0.0263671875,
-0.0198974609375,
0.055908203125,
-0.0308837890625,
0.0556640625,
-0.018798828125,
-0.0498046875,
-0.01324462890625,
0.036865234375,
-0.020263671875,
0.051513671875,
-0.05322265625,
0.029541015625,
-0.03173828125,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.033935546875,
-0.011474609375,
0.02294921875,
-0.0263671875,
-0.019775390625,
0.0311279296875,
-0.000530242919921875,
0.0152587890625,
0.01708984375,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0341796875,
-0.00994873046875,
0.023681640625,
-0.005859375,
-0.04736328125,
-0.002288818359375,
-0.048828125,
0.0283203125,
0.00335693359375,
0.01953125,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.043701171875,
0.0057373046875,
0.0206298828125,
-0.0194091796875,
0.0198974609375,
0.036865234375,
0.021728515625,
0.00165557861328125,
-0.032958984375,
-0.04638671875,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.055419921875,
-0.0242919921875,
0.0185546875,
-0.0031585693359375,
0.031005859375,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.051513671875,
-0.0087890625,
0.003265380859375,
-0.03515625,
-0.020263671875,
0.0014495849609375,
-0.005828857421875,
0.0546875,
-0.007659912109375,
0.01458740234375,
0.0087890625,
0.020263671875,
0.0294189453125,
0.0308837890625,
0.00958251953125,
0.0014495849609375,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0091552734375,
0.0299072265625,
-0.04052734375,
-0.034423828125,
0.00933837890625,
-0.026123046875,
0.0306396484375,
-0.0034637451171875,
-0.016357421875,
-0.03125,
-0.033203125,
0.0296630859375,
-0.0036468505859375,
-0.0654296875,
-0.025146484375,
0.0169677734375,
0.004669189453125,
0.0279541015625,
0.01336669921875,
0.00189971923828125,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.033935546875,
0.03466796875,
-0.000637054443359375,
-0.046630859375,
-0.0023956298828125,
-0.0439453125,
-0.022216796875,
0.064453125,
0.054443359375,
0.00927734375,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.021240234375,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.037353515625,
0.0036468505859375,
-0.052490234375,
-0.043212890625,
0.00194549560546875,
0.00933837890625,
0.0478515625,
-0.02685546875,
0.0634765625,
-0.000640869140625,
0.002166748046875,
0.0098876953125,
0.00653076171875,
0.01019287109375,
-0.06884765625,
0.052490234375,
-0.047607421875,
-0.0244140625,
-0.007659912109375,
0.052734375,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.034423828125,
-0.000896453857421875,
-0.03173828125,
-0.028564453125,
-0.06640625,
0.0152587890625,
0.01953125,
-0.006622314453125,
-0.045654296875,
-0.031494140625,
0.0206298828125,
-0.017578125,
0.04052734375,
0.0673828125,
-0.009033203125,
-0.00421142578125,
-0.0240478515625,
0.0308837890625,
0.0057373046875,
-0.047607421875,
-0.0205078125,
0.0166015625,
-0.005706787109375,
0.004486083984375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.0040283203125,
-0.0101318359375,
0.0234375,
0.009521484375,
0.039306640625,
-0.046630859375,
-0.045654296875,
-0.0654296875,
0.05419921875,
0.0250244140625,
0.029541015625,
0.0194091796875,
-0.05029296875,
-0.0291748046875,
0.015869140625,
0.01190185546875,
-0.03125,
-0.035888671875,
0.0654296875,
0.005859375,
-0.05419921875,
0.0186767578125,
0.054443359375,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.01904296875,
-0.017578125,
-0.03564453125,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.07275390625,
-0.0113525390625,
0.032470703125,
0.02197265625,
0.007659912109375,
0.02392578125,
0.06103515625,
0.0361328125,
0.01385498046875,
0.0311279296875,
-0.007354736328125,
-0.0252685546875,
0.031005859375,
0.00128936767578125,
-0.0037078857421875,
-0.038330078125,
0.0142822265625,
-0.006744384765625,
-0.034423828125,
0.059326171875,
-0.038818359375,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.008056640625,
0.060302734375,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0113525390625,
0.0732421875,
-0.0036163330078125,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.0087890625,
0.01513671875,
-0.062255859375,
-0.037841796875,
0.0037384033203125,
0.0137939453125,
0.0390625,
-0.019775390625,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0185546875,
0.0224609375,
-0.02685546875,
0.01214599609375,
0.00131988525390625,
0.038818359375,
-0.054931640625,
-0.033203125,
0.000835418701171875,
0.06201171875,
-0.01336669921875,
0.016357421875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.04443359375,
-0.0230712890625,
0.00677490234375,
0.03662109375,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.023193359375,
-0.0022430419921875,
0.005126953125,
-0.006500244140625,
-0.02880859375,
0.04345703125,
-0.01263427734375,
0.0152587890625,
0.0235595703125,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0167236328125,
0.031494140625,
-0.000274658203125,
0.0322265625,
-0.06787109375,
0.01470947265625,
0.01446533203125,
0.0076904296875,
-0.000339508056640625,
-0.005279541015625,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.046142578125,
0.007659912109375,
0.004241943359375,
0.034912109375,
0.05224609375,
0.006744384765625,
-0.0693359375,
0.005889892578125,
0.015380859375,
-0.03369140625,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.0263671875,
0.02880859375,
0.0179443359375,
0.036865234375,
-0.000728607177734375,
-0.0291748046875,
0.0556640625,
0.0113525390625,
0.0269775390625,
0.0067138671875,
-0.0247802734375,
0.0036163330078125,
-0.051025390625,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.038818359375,
-0.004852294921875,
-0.02490234375,
0.041015625,
0.0306396484375,
-0.01300048828125,
0.039794921875,
-0.06982421875,
-0.055908203125,
0.036376953125,
-0.060546875,
-0.05322265625,
0.0220947265625,
-0.00390625,
-0.0101318359375,
0.01318359375,
-0.025634765625,
-0.0140380859375,
-0.026611328125,
-0.020263671875,
0.018310546875,
-0.00958251953125,
0.0026702880859375,
0.043701171875,
-0.03125,
0.0390625,
0.0123291015625,
0.0177001953125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.03173828125,
0.00146484375,
0.01104736328125,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.005279541015625,
-0.05224609375,
-0.01220703125,
0.041259765625,
-0.0025634765625,
-0.03369140625,
0.016845703125,
-0.039794921875,
-0.005828857421875,
-0.00118255615234375,
-0.00180816650390625,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.033447265625,
-0.01116943359375,
0.00958251953125,
0.051025390625,
0.019775390625,
0.0179443359375,
0.0019683837890625,
0.00787353515625,
-0.0283203125,
-0.0025787353515625,
-0.00848388671875,
0.045166015625,
0.0211181640625,
0.0269775390625,
-0.003265380859375,
0.052734375,
0.032958984375,
0.0235595703125,
-0.005279541015625,
-0.00469970703125,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.00567626953125,
-0.04248046875,
0.00066375732421875,
0.06201171875,
-0.004608154296875,
-0.01214599609375,
0.014404296875,
-0.042236328125,
-0.0034637451171875,
-0.011962890625,
-0.00927734375,
0.034912109375,
-0.0206298828125,
0.008056640625,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.0242919921875,
0.0225830078125,
0.01141357421875,
-0.022705078125,
0.01904296875,
0.0283203125,
0.03173828125,
-0.0029144287109375,
0.040771484375,
-0.008544921875,
0.037109375,
-0.048828125,
-0.01953125,
0.0308837890625,
0.0216064453125,
0.004730224609375,
0.000194549560546875,
0.0107421875,
0.0177001953125,
0.01153564453125,
0.038330078125,
-0.0032958984375,
-0.05712890625,
0.004638671875,
-0.01116943359375,
0.033447265625,
-0.048828125,
-0.0133056640625,
0.03271484375,
0.006805419921875,
-0.0634765625,
0.057373046875,
0.01904296875,
0.0036163330078125,
0.01409912109375,
0.035400390625,
0.0162353515625,
0.0274658203125,
0.052001953125,
-0.01300048828125,
0.03662109375,
0.01531982421875,
-0.07373046875,
-0.047119140625,
0.0274658203125,
-0.029296875,
-0.05419921875,
-0.048583984375,
0.0062255859375,
0.02734375,
0.0057373046875,
0.0458984375,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.01904296875,
-0.036865234375,
0.001739501953125,
-0.006866455078125,
0.0400390625,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.003814697265625,
0.0260009765625,
0.0137939453125,
-0.047607421875,
0.026123046875,
-0.0224609375,
-0.0478515625,
-0.0224609375,
0.01104736328125,
0.0113525390625,
0.0021514892578125,
-0.050537109375,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.0322265625,
0.00958251953125,
-0.030517578125,
0.016357421875,
-0.0064697265625,
-0.023681640625,
0.0390625,
0.0240478515625,
0.0216064453125,
0.029296875,
-0.042724609375,
0.0205078125,
0.0361328125,
0.0203857421875,
-0.007568359375,
0.006072998046875,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.05517578125,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.01025390625,
-0.0269775390625,
0.0069580078125,
-0.034912109375,
0.0311279296875,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.02734375,
-0.01519775390625,
0.010009765625,
-0.034423828125,
-0.006927490234375,
-0.0537109375,
-0.007354736328125,
-0.015869140625,
0.0264892578125,
-0.057373046875,
0.291015625,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.00372314453125,
-0.0096435546875,
0.0076904296875,
0.06396484375,
0.001007080078125,
-0.0107421875,
-0.033203125,
-0.01708984375,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.0289306640625,
0.004486083984375,
0.020263671875,
0.0400390625,
0.014892578125,
-0.03369140625,
-0.00244140625,
0.02490234375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.005859375,
0.000789642333984375,
-0.00982666015625,
0.05615234375,
0.048583984375,
-0.00396728515625,
0.0233154296875,
-0.07861328125,
-0.0185546875,
-0.025146484375,
0.017333984375,
-0.0185546875,
0.041748046875,
-0.038330078125,
-0.03125,
0.03369140625,
0.03955078125,
0.020751953125,
-0.0308837890625,
0.0098876953125,
0.0205078125,
-0.00634765625,
-0.00145721435546875,
0.00055694580078125,
0.01300048828125,
0.0096435546875,
-0.041748046875,
0.0296630859375,
0.04296875,
-0.0361328125,
0.038818359375,
0.052734375,
0.018798828125,
0.0213623046875,
0.0045166015625,
0.03076171875,
0.01348876953125,
0.01434326171875,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.0380859375,
-0.003936767578125,
-0.036376953125,
0.0019683837890625,
0.052734375,
-0.039794921875,
-0.01904296875,
0.004669189453125,
0.002532958984375,
-0.0003452301025390625,
0.00093841552734375,
-0.0184326171875,
0.00689697265625,
0.007781982421875,
-0.0400390625,
0.053955078125,
0.004058837890625,
-0.012451171875,
0.05712890625,
0.04443359375,
0.003997802734375,
0.0013427734375,
-0.048583984375,
-0.0067138671875,
0.0203857421875,
0.04541015625,
0.03173828125,
0.016357421875,
-0.0634765625,
0.0179443359375,
-0.00885009765625,
0.001373291015625,
0.00885009765625,
-0.00537109375,
-0.00537109375,
-0.000934600830078125
] |
Butzel, J.
Plaintiff Borgess Hospital, devoted to eleemosynary purposes, was organized as a nonprofit corporation under the laws of this State. It is owned; managed and its work carried on by the Sisters of St. Joseph, a religious community of the Catholic Church. The corporation originally maintained hospitals at Kalamazoo and Monroe, Michigan. In 1920 it extended its activities to Flint, Michigan, where it acquired an old residence and adapted it to hospital uses. The facilities thus afforded proved inadequate, however, and plaintiff secured the assistance of a citizens’ committee and professional campaign managers, who solicited the residents of Flint to obtain sufficient funds to erect a modern hospital building on land provided by the Sisters of St. Joseph.
In order to give the project more local color and to assure subscribers that their contributions would be devoted to local uses, Grant J. Brown, one of the chief executives of the Union Industrial Bank of Flint, was made treasurer of the building campaign, and the bank was selected as depository of the campaign funds. Subsequently, the bank became the Union Industrial Trust & Savings Bank of Flint. Owing to difficulties that arose in the bank, Brown withdrew from the presidency of the institution and also gave up his post as treasurer of the campaign. Charles S. Mott of Flint, upon becoming president of the bank, was induced to become campaign treasurer upon the assurance that his position would be solely an honorary one and that the duties connected therewith were already being performed by others. ITis testimony to that effect is undisputed. All funds collected during the incumbencies of Brown and Mott were deposited in the accounts of the hospital at the bank. Plaintiff’s officers and trustees, consisting of the Sisters, retained complete control over the bank accounts and the withdrawal of moneys therefrom, either directly or through their own agents.
An agent of the corporation testified that he suggested at one time that, instead of depositing these funds, they be invested “in 5% per cent, liberty bonds,” evidently an issue of short-time treasury certificates. Mr. Brown, then president of the bank, advised to the contrary. The major portion of the money was deposited in a Union Industrial Trust & Savings Bank savings account and the sum of $16,239.82 earned and credited as interest at the rate' of 4 per cent. At one time, at the request of plaintiff’s- agent, large sums were withdrawn from the bank and deposited in other Flint banking insti tuitions which had contributed to the fund. These amounts were eventually redeposited in the Union Industrial Trust & Savings Bank.
On the resumption of banking operations following the bank holiday proclaimed on February 14, 1933, the Union bank was one of the large number of institutions unable to open its doors. At the time of closing, plaintiff had five different deposit accounts at the bank, each of which was identified by a distinctive name. The largest, called the “St. Joseph Hospital Building Fund,” was a savings account, in which there was a balance of $106,251.87, more than nine-tenths of the total on deposit. There were also a number of commercial accounts, among them a “construction department” account of $7,679.46, a “construction pay roll” account of $425.16, a “campaign expense fund” account of $431.51, and an account known as “St. Joseph Hospital account No. 2 Building Fund,” amounting to $1,115.54. Plaintiff filed a bill seeking to impose a joint and several liability upon the bank and Charles S. Mott, individually, to the extent of the funds deposited. Its claim to priority in the assets of the bank is based upon a trust-fund theory.
The necessity for a hospital of the type under construction, the hardship caused by cessation of the building operations and the embarrassment of plaintiff in not being able to meet its contractual obligations arising during the completion of the building were obvious and conceded. Notwithstanding these factors, which could not fail to appeal to a court’s sympathies, the trial judge held that under the law he was forced to find against plaintiff’s contentions.
When the funds were collected on subscriptions, they were first deposited to the credit of the hospital building fund in the commercial account. As the amounts on deposit in this account reached the sum of $5,000 or more, they were automatically transferred to the savings account in accordance with arrangements made with the plaintiff or its representatives. When the trustees desired to transfer funds from the savings department to their checking accounts, requisitions were made by letter. It is significant that the Sisters exercised the sole direction and control over the transfer or withdrawal of these funds. At one time, $60,000 was transferred from the savings account to the construction account and then checked against in order to make deposits in three other banks, as hereinbefore stated, and not to meet costs of construction, an indication that the various accounts were subject to checks drawn by the Sisters for purposes not strictly consistent with the titles borne by them.
There was no agreement in regard to any of the accounts of plaintiff. The bank did not agree to treat the funds as special deposits, nor to set aside the moneys therein deposited for special purposes, and refrain from commingling them with the other moneys of the bank. Inasmuch as the bank agreed to pay interest on the savings account, it must have been apparent to plaintiff that it was necessary for it to invest the moneys. While it may have been the intent of the plaintiff to use the smaller accounts for pay rolls, campaign expenses, and construction costs, ihere is no evidence of a duty on the part of the bank to honor only those checks issued for purposes consistent with the titles of the accounts against which they were drawn. The bank was in no position to question properly drawn checks. There was no mutual understanding nor intention at the time the accounts were opened that withdrawals could not be made by the Sisters as they saw fit, just as if the accounts were not specially named. The presumption with reference to a bank deposit is that it is general in the absence of evidence to the contrary. Keyes v. Railroad Co. (C. C. A.), 61 Fed. (2d) 611 (86 A. L. R. 203).
In order to justify the designation of an account as a special deposit, not only its special purpose must be shown, but also an intention on the part of both parties that it must be held and used exclusively for such purposes. Craig v. Bank of Granby, 210 Mo. App. 334 (238 S. W. 507).
While there have been some fine spun distinctions drawn in a number of decisions in other jurisdic-. tions that give certain accounts a preferred position as special deposits, we believe that the better authority is to the effect that a deposit will not be regarded as special unless made for a special purpose and with the understanding that it is to be set aside solely for that purpose and not mingled with other •moneys of the bank. Reichert v. American State Savings Bank, 264 Mich. 366, 369.
Other Michigan decisions cited by appellant are not pertinent, as they involve circumstances not present in the instant case. The fact that these accounts were opened by plaintiff under special names is not sufficient in and of itself to stamp them as special deposits. Very frequently a person may open several accounts at the same bank, one for business purposes, another for household uses, etc. Frequently, a corporation, in addition to maintaining a general account, will open a pay roll or other specially designated account. Separation of funds in this manner is often accomplished for bookkeeping purposes and does not necessarily establish an intention to make a special deposit. The problem before us was discussed in Northern Sugar Corp. v. Thompson (C. C. A.), 13 Fed. (2d) 829, in which, the court said:
“In the instant case, there was no agreement between the sugar corporation and the bant that the funds deposited to cover pay roll checks should be held by the bank as a special fund, separate and apart from other general funds of the bank, or that they should be treated by the bank in any way different from a general deposit. * * *
“The sugar corporation did not expect that the funds deposited in the beet pay roll account would be paid out to any particular payee, but to various classes of persons. The checks drawn on the pay roll account were payable to farmers, laborers, to lien-holders, and to persons holding orders. The bank was at no time advised what particular persons were entitled to such payments. The sugar corporation expected the bank to honor a check drawn by it on the pay roll account, regardless of who the payee might be, and regardless of the obligation in payment of which it was given. * * *
“It is not an uncommon practice today for the large corporate organizations to carry several different accounts in the same bank. These accounts might be properly called departmental accounts. In such accounts, funds are deposited, and checked out to pay the obligations of a particular department. Thus, in a sense, these deposits are made for the purpose of paying a particular class of obligations. But it is not the intention of the parties that the bank, in accepting such deposits, shall act as the agent of the corporation, but such deposits are intended to be general deposits. The purpose of the corporation in carrying such separate accounts is not to reserve title to the deposits in itself, but to keep the transactions of its several departments separate from each other, and to facilitate the keeping of its hooks and records.”
See, also, Fralick v. Coeur D’Alene Bank & Trust Co., 36 Idaho, 108 (210 Pac. 586); Noyes v. First National Bank of New York, 180 App. Div. 162 (167 N. Y. Supp. 288), affirmed in 224 N. Y. 542 (120 N. E. 870); American Surety Co. of New York v. Bank of Italy, 63 Cal. App. 149 (218 Pac. 466).
Examination of the testimony and correspondence in the instant case leads us to the same conclusion as that reached by the trial judge, namely, that none of the deposits were special nor was there any intention to have them kept separately from the other funds of the bank. Consequently, appellant’s claim of priority in the assets of the bank must fail.
We further find no liability on the part of the defendant, Mott; There is no claim that Mott diverted a single penny of the funds. He accepted the office of treasurer on his understanding that it was purely an honorary position. In his capacity as treasurer, he issued no checks and was not an officer of the campaign in any real sense. It was his duty to see that the subscriptions, when paid, were deposited in the bank to the credit of plaintiff. He fully performed this duty.
Plaintiff claims, however, that as treasurer of the campaign committee defendant was negligent, first, in selection of the depository and, second, in failing to deposit the subscriptions collected in accounts that would be unmistakably recognized and treated as special deposits. Inasmuch as the selection of the depository was made prior to defendant Mott’s acceptance of his post as treasurer and inasmuch as there is no evidence to indicate that the bank was in such a condition when Mott assumed office that he should have advised a change in .depositories, there is no merit to plaintiff’s claim of negligence in this respect, nor can it be claimed that Mott should have required the treatment of the funds collected as special deposits. He merely continued the same arrangement which had been approved up to the time he assumed office. Dictates of convenience and the absence of any evidence showing such a precarious situation .in the bank as would have rendered it advisable to require the opening of special deposit accounts justify his failure' to make any change in the status of these accounts. It is quite significant of his confidence in the bank that he and his children had almost $45,000 on deposit in the bank at the time it closed. We fail to find any testimony whatsoever tending to fasten liability on defendant Mott.
While we fully appreciate the misfortune and disaster that visits such a worthy institution in the wake of a bank failure, we are governed by legal principles and are constrained to agree with the decree of the trial court in favor of defendants. The decree dismissing the bill is affirmed.
Inasmuch as a question under the banking act is involved and the banking commissioner is a party, we shall not allow any costs.
McDonald, C. J., and Potter, Sharpe, North, Pead, and Wiest, JJ., concurred with Butzel, J. | [
-0.0211181640625,
0.01422119140625,
0.0172119140625,
0.04833984375,
-0.056884765625,
-0.027587890625,
-0.03515625,
-0.00482177734375,
-0.004791259765625,
0.0027008056640625,
0.0308837890625,
0.0208740234375,
0.05615234375,
-0.005035400390625,
0.0022735595703125,
-0.011474609375,
0.001922607421875,
0.0169677734375,
-0.008544921875,
0.01116943359375,
0.0274658203125,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.06787109375,
-0.01904296875,
-0.04833984375,
0.031494140625,
0.022216796875,
-0.0203857421875,
0.0703125,
0.0184326171875,
-0.028564453125,
-0.0264892578125,
0.03759765625,
-0.01806640625,
-0.03466796875,
0.00130462646484375,
0.054931640625,
-0.05224609375,
0.028076171875,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.01397705078125,
0.00347900390625,
0.01190185546875,
-0.025634765625,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.024169921875,
-0.0126953125,
-0.0223388671875,
0.02880859375,
-0.022216796875,
0.01336669921875,
-0.009765625,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.01055908203125,
0.004150390625,
-0.052001953125,
-0.002410888671875,
-0.05126953125,
-0.0263671875,
0.00531005859375,
0.038330078125,
-0.05224609375,
0.06396484375,
-0.025634765625,
0.05712890625,
0.035400390625,
-0.000568389892578125,
0.0079345703125,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.042236328125,
0.026123046875,
0.01220703125,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0184326171875,
0.027587890625,
-0.02880859375,
0.010009765625,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.045166015625,
0.0634765625,
0.00555419921875,
-0.038330078125,
0.0181884765625,
-0.02197265625,
0.03173828125,
-0.01904296875,
0.00775146484375,
-0.00433349609375,
0.024169921875,
-0.0234375,
-0.005645751953125,
0.0537109375,
0.06298828125,
-0.0595703125,
-0.028564453125,
0.014892578125,
-0.01019287109375,
0.01239013671875,
0.0308837890625,
-0.02490234375,
0.08203125,
0.00142669677734375,
0.0228271484375,
0.007568359375,
0.0224609375,
0.01214599609375,
-0.00677490234375,
-0.0034332275390625,
-0.01446533203125,
0.01519775390625,
-0.007232666015625,
-0.04052734375,
0.01275634765625,
-0.0311279296875,
0.00872802734375,
-0.057861328125,
0.0126953125,
0.020263671875,
0.001708984375,
0.034912109375,
0.0001087188720703125,
0.0296630859375,
0.0101318359375,
0.021484375,
0.05224609375,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.031982421875,
0.03515625,
-0.01495361328125,
0.006134033203125,
-0.006500244140625,
0.0064697265625,
0.0159912109375,
0.0439453125,
-0.0069580078125,
0.04052734375,
0.042236328125,
-0.009521484375,
0.039306640625,
-0.02294921875,
0.0830078125,
0.0026092529296875,
0.0255126953125,
-0.0050048828125,
-0.00067138671875,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.061767578125,
-0.017333984375,
0.045654296875,
0.06103515625,
0.027587890625,
-0.00360107421875,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.012451171875,
0.001617431640625,
0.028564453125,
-0.051513671875,
0.027099609375,
0.00823974609375,
0.0111083984375,
-0.0242919921875,
0.0125732421875,
-0.00439453125,
0.05419921875,
-0.015625,
-0.0257568359375,
0.024658203125,
0.0159912109375,
-0.060546875,
-0.040771484375,
0.024658203125,
0.023681640625,
0.026611328125,
0.00653076171875,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.0034637451171875,
0.01336669921875,
0.07373046875,
0.035400390625,
0.00994873046875,
-0.019287109375,
0.0201416015625,
-0.0458984375,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.033203125,
0.01055908203125,
0.01519775390625,
-0.0400390625,
0.0146484375,
-0.00811767578125,
0.04443359375,
-0.016845703125,
0.0035400390625,
0.0084228515625,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.002655029296875,
-0.0152587890625,
0.01318359375,
0.048583984375,
-0.001068115234375,
-0.0262451171875,
0.06298828125,
0.00787353515625,
-0.0208740234375,
0.00665283203125,
0.0284423828125,
0.031494140625,
0.029296875,
0.0216064453125,
0.004852294921875,
0.004119873046875,
-0.040771484375,
0.017333984375,
-0.033203125,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.01519775390625,
0.0279541015625,
0.0076904296875,
0.0517578125,
-0.0093994140625,
0.00179290771484375,
0.03125,
0.0272216796875,
-0.024658203125,
-0.0458984375,
-0.02880859375,
-0.01446533203125,
0.023681640625,
0.06298828125,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0145263671875,
0.0654296875,
0.051025390625,
0.01123046875,
0.01458740234375,
-0.0576171875,
0.04248046875,
0.064453125,
0.0179443359375,
-0.0341796875,
0.02783203125,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.047119140625,
-0.0267333984375,
0.06005859375,
0.0230712890625,
0.049072265625,
-0.0101318359375,
0.027587890625,
-0.0128173828125,
0.007171630859375,
0.0224609375,
-0.000835418701171875,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.032958984375,
0.0478515625,
-0.0101318359375,
-0.0576171875,
0.00018405914306640625,
0.03662109375,
-0.0252685546875,
0.04296875,
0.006500244140625,
-0.03173828125,
-0.054443359375,
-0.030517578125,
-0.01165771484375,
0.01055908203125,
-0.00738525390625,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0517578125,
0.013671875,
-0.0390625,
0.04541015625,
-0.00159454345703125,
-0.015869140625,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.0279541015625,
0.02392578125,
0.0269775390625,
0.024169921875,
-0.06298828125,
-0.0021514892578125,
-0.0264892578125,
0.0003261566162109375,
-0.016357421875,
-0.0019378662109375,
-0.035400390625,
-0.006805419921875,
0.0771484375,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.01953125,
-0.02880859375,
-0.05126953125,
0.002685546875,
-0.036865234375,
0.0125732421875,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.0194091796875,
0.01397705078125,
0.0419921875,
-0.032470703125,
0.00909423828125,
0.031494140625,
-0.00286865234375,
0.00628662109375,
0.027099609375,
0.00421142578125,
0.0024871826171875,
-0.02587890625,
0.060302734375,
0.022216796875,
-0.002044677734375,
-0.033447265625,
-0.02978515625,
-0.007293701171875,
0.00946044921875,
-0.05126953125,
-0.0208740234375,
0.01177978515625,
0.028564453125,
0.00946044921875,
-0.0791015625,
0.002197265625,
-0.044189453125,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0189208984375,
0.0220947265625,
-0.040771484375,
0.00811767578125,
-0.0205078125,
-0.028564453125,
0.0228271484375,
-0.036376953125,
0.049072265625,
-0.017578125,
-0.01446533203125,
0.00140380859375,
-0.02880859375,
0.02783203125,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.0164794921875,
0.0017852783203125,
-0.0213623046875,
0.0093994140625,
0.0198974609375,
0.025390625,
0.06005859375,
0.0245361328125,
0.0269775390625,
-0.044677734375,
0.044189453125,
0.0074462890625,
0.0240478515625,
-0.022216796875,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.05908203125,
-0.04931640625,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.01055908203125,
0.042236328125,
-0.00016307830810546875,
0.04248046875,
0.016357421875,
-0.049072265625,
0.02392578125,
-0.04345703125,
-0.044189453125,
0.0291748046875,
-0.021484375,
0.0301513671875,
0.0169677734375,
0.023681640625,
-0.0017547607421875,
0.0380859375,
0.0037384033203125,
0.0322265625,
0.006927490234375,
-0.0035552978515625,
0.030029296875,
-0.003173828125,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.0037994384765625,
-0.02685546875,
0.0281982421875,
0.047607421875,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.051513671875,
0.00860595703125,
0.000873565673828125,
0.038818359375,
0.00347900390625,
0.0458984375,
0.02587890625,
0.007171630859375,
0.01953125,
-0.0537109375,
-0.006317138671875,
-0.01611328125,
0.0306396484375,
0.024169921875,
0.00848388671875,
-0.03759765625,
0.0089111328125,
0.04150390625,
0.048583984375,
0.0179443359375,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.041015625,
0.0022125244140625,
0.03271484375,
-0.009521484375,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.003326416015625,
0.0130615234375,
0.032470703125,
0.042724609375,
-0.0233154296875,
0.0279541015625,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.01251220703125,
0.004669189453125,
-0.00042724609375,
-0.01190185546875,
0.0185546875,
0.00506591796875,
0.010498046875,
0.026123046875,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.000270843505859375,
-0.028564453125,
0.004852294921875,
0.039306640625,
0.057861328125,
-0.0027618408203125,
-0.010009765625,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.01422119140625,
0.046142578125,
0.0218505859375,
0.03369140625,
0.017578125,
0.0081787109375,
-0.033935546875,
0.041748046875,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.05029296875,
0.017333984375,
0.03271484375,
-0.0224609375,
0.027099609375,
-0.037841796875,
0.00083160400390625,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.050537109375,
0.0184326171875,
0.05517578125,
0.023193359375,
-0.01531982421875,
0.036865234375,
-0.019775390625,
0.0185546875,
0.046630859375,
0.00799560546875,
-0.0380859375,
0.0625,
-0.0130615234375,
0.035888671875,
0.0074462890625,
-0.039794921875,
0.03857421875,
-0.0029449462890625,
0.01409912109375,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.0185546875,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.0279541015625,
0.008056640625,
-0.021728515625,
0.0028533935546875,
0.052978515625,
0.044189453125,
0.01226806640625,
-0.003692626953125,
-0.0247802734375,
0.021484375,
-0.0546875,
0.01007080078125,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.020263671875,
0.01239013671875,
-0.0213623046875,
0.0107421875,
-0.01904296875,
0.0130615234375,
-0.0419921875,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.041259765625,
-0.03759765625,
0.044677734375,
-0.034423828125,
0.0001392364501953125,
0.022216796875,
0.029296875,
0.01806640625,
-0.0230712890625,
0.01434326171875,
0.004638671875,
0.01409912109375,
0.046875,
0.0264892578125,
-0.0005645751953125,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.00099945068359375,
-0.00592041015625,
0.033447265625,
0.029541015625,
0.0115966796875,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.0703125,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.023681640625,
-0.05126953125,
-0.004425048828125,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.025146484375,
0.0101318359375,
0.0194091796875,
-0.006591796875,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.037109375,
-0.0030670166015625,
0.016845703125,
-0.014404296875,
-0.02001953125,
-0.059326171875,
-0.0235595703125,
0.04443359375,
0.038330078125,
0.00106048583984375,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.040283203125,
-0.0191650390625,
0.00244140625,
0.005401611328125,
-0.0615234375,
-0.040771484375,
-0.007720947265625,
0.01171875,
0.0390625,
-0.03564453125,
0.0576171875,
-0.013671875,
0.003448486328125,
0.0128173828125,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.0810546875,
0.03271484375,
-0.040771484375,
0.01007080078125,
0.019775390625,
0.035888671875,
-0.0048828125,
0.005157470703125,
-0.03173828125,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.046142578125,
0.017822265625,
0.0186767578125,
-0.032470703125,
0.00164031982421875,
-0.04248046875,
0.0072021484375,
0.00482177734375,
0.00787353515625,
0.052734375,
-0.044189453125,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.03076171875,
-0.004669189453125,
0.0218505859375,
-0.0191650390625,
0.03076171875,
0.024169921875,
-0.003021240234375,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.0205078125,
-0.021484375,
-0.0074462890625,
0.0189208984375,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.00023365020751953125,
-0.056396484375,
-0.043212890625,
-0.04296875,
0.0576171875,
0.00421142578125,
-0.0003032684326171875,
0.039794921875,
-0.00225830078125,
-0.030517578125,
-0.018310546875,
0.0208740234375,
-0.059814453125,
-0.0478515625,
0.0179443359375,
0.017333984375,
-0.0234375,
0.0194091796875,
0.0458984375,
-0.041259765625,
0.0208740234375,
-0.0018463134765625,
-0.05517578125,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.0296630859375,
0.005462646484375,
0.037841796875,
-0.03369140625,
0.0084228515625,
0.020263671875,
0.0146484375,
0.0234375,
-0.04833984375,
0.049560546875,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.0263671875,
0.03369140625,
0.00860595703125,
0.00494384765625,
-0.031005859375,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.017822265625,
0.0322265625,
0.0185546875,
-0.018310546875,
0.000736236572265625,
0.005828857421875,
-0.000028967857360839844,
0.08740234375,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.0242919921875,
0.03369140625,
-0.005218505859375,
-0.059814453125,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.0537109375,
0.041259765625,
0.031005859375,
-0.099609375,
-0.0208740234375,
0.0634765625,
0.0015716552734375,
0.08056640625,
-0.029296875,
-0.033447265625,
-0.004486083984375,
0.01531982421875,
-0.029541015625,
0.0206298828125,
0.0341796875,
0.060791015625,
-0.07080078125,
-0.053955078125,
-0.01263427734375,
0.041259765625,
-0.055908203125,
0.000713348388671875,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.012451171875,
-0.0218505859375,
0.004058837890625,
-0.0023345947265625,
0.003692626953125,
-0.030029296875,
0.0033416748046875,
-0.0037384033203125,
-0.034912109375,
-0.004119873046875,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0033416748046875,
-0.0361328125,
0.0390625,
0.0157470703125,
-0.023681640625,
0.0177001953125,
0.022705078125,
-0.0047607421875,
0.0311279296875,
-0.0223388671875,
0.01177978515625,
0.01080322265625,
0.0019378662109375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.02197265625,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.044189453125,
-0.0220947265625,
0.001800537109375,
-0.0098876953125,
0.026611328125,
-0.0013427734375,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.04931640625,
-0.007568359375,
0.007354736328125,
-0.045166015625,
-0.03125,
-0.0203857421875,
0.027587890625,
0.003936767578125,
0.0086669921875,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.030517578125,
0.01513671875,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.0194091796875,
0.046875,
0.05224609375,
0.036376953125,
-0.011474609375,
-0.019287109375,
-0.03857421875,
-0.029541015625,
0.00170135498046875,
0.03759765625,
0.07568359375,
-0.0301513671875,
0.04931640625,
-0.05517578125,
-0.0181884765625,
0.01007080078125,
-0.047119140625,
-0.03955078125,
0.04345703125,
0.0103759765625,
0.03369140625,
-0.0240478515625,
0.00238037109375,
-0.014892578125,
-0.00421142578125,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.00162506103515625,
0.004058837890625,
0.01531982421875,
0.0211181640625,
0.03662109375,
0.00018978118896484375,
0.0031280517578125,
0.0252685546875,
-0.031005859375,
-0.0419921875,
0.017333984375,
0.01275634765625,
0.0032958984375,
-0.00238037109375,
0.00174713134765625,
-0.0283203125,
-0.042724609375,
-0.025146484375,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.006439208984375,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.015625,
-0.033203125,
0.038330078125,
-0.01171875,
0.00518798828125,
0.016357421875,
-0.0308837890625,
-0.032470703125,
0.035400390625,
0.061767578125,
-0.002685546875,
0.025634765625,
-0.00555419921875,
-0.01806640625,
0.0013427734375,
-0.033447265625,
-0.012451171875,
0.0712890625,
0.034912109375,
0.05078125,
0.00787353515625,
-0.00927734375,
0.0208740234375,
0.057861328125,
0.0255126953125,
0.03369140625,
-0.0103759765625,
0.0125732421875,
-0.0283203125,
-0.0233154296875,
0.038330078125,
0.01373291015625,
-0.049560546875,
0.0341796875,
0.01318359375,
-0.00177001953125,
0.006439208984375,
-0.034912109375,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.06201171875,
-0.02587890625,
-0.048828125,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.0002727508544921875,
0.022216796875,
0.0137939453125,
0.000507354736328125,
0.0137939453125,
0.022705078125,
0.02734375,
0.0020751953125,
0.0081787109375,
0.016357421875,
-0.003082275390625,
-0.0208740234375,
0.009765625,
0.041015625,
-0.002777099609375,
-0.0004425048828125,
0.020751953125,
0.002410888671875,
-0.01116943359375,
0.0027618408203125,
0.0015411376953125,
-0.0546875,
0.0203857421875,
-0.035888671875,
0.0267333984375,
-0.0257568359375,
0.01507568359375,
0.01312255859375,
0.0179443359375,
-0.0546875,
0.0341796875,
0.0185546875,
0.004302978515625,
0.021240234375,
0.0108642578125,
0.0078125,
-0.0009765625,
0.034912109375,
-0.0133056640625,
0.0262451171875,
0.0308837890625,
-0.06103515625,
-0.035400390625,
-0.00122833251953125,
-0.03955078125,
-0.03369140625,
-0.050537109375,
-0.01123046875,
0.0081787109375,
-0.01904296875,
0.03369140625,
-0.055419921875,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.0126953125,
0.035400390625,
0.01123046875,
0.0615234375,
-0.0034942626953125,
-0.04150390625,
0.0240478515625,
0.0164794921875,
0.003997802734375,
-0.0517578125,
0.0269775390625,
-0.0035858154296875,
-0.026123046875,
-0.060791015625,
-0.0458984375,
-0.00139617919921875,
0.01507568359375,
-0.050537109375,
-0.017822265625,
0.004974365234375,
0.0267333984375,
-0.01806640625,
-0.00007534027099609375,
0.0054931640625,
-0.01300048828125,
0.0242919921875,
0.03271484375,
0.0162353515625,
0.02490234375,
-0.0064697265625,
0.00811767578125,
0.033935546875,
0.0084228515625,
0.00154876708984375,
0.01220703125,
-0.06787109375,
-0.016845703125,
-0.0118408203125,
0.00188446044921875,
-0.054931640625,
0.0184326171875,
-0.00372314453125,
0.01104736328125,
0.0040283203125,
-0.033203125,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.013916015625,
-0.005157470703125,
-0.037353515625,
-0.005645751953125,
0.009521484375,
0.032958984375,
-0.06201171875,
0.27734375,
0.0238037109375,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.00701904296875,
0.04150390625,
0.0322265625,
0.0140380859375,
-0.026123046875,
0.0203857421875,
-0.01123046875,
0.01416015625,
-0.0233154296875,
0.003936767578125,
0.03857421875,
0.04736328125,
-0.00921630859375,
0.0294189453125,
0.01312255859375,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0235595703125,
0.0037689208984375,
-0.040283203125,
0.0751953125,
0.042724609375,
-0.03369140625,
-0.004791259765625,
-0.0517578125,
-0.0126953125,
-0.039306640625,
0.00994873046875,
-0.0439453125,
0.0157470703125,
-0.06298828125,
-0.008544921875,
0.042724609375,
-0.00142669677734375,
0.00665283203125,
-0.025146484375,
0.033203125,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.000919342041015625,
0.018798828125,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0089111328125,
0.025146484375,
-0.04833984375,
0.01318359375,
0.058349609375,
-0.0026092529296875,
0.0281982421875,
0.06103515625,
0.042236328125,
-0.0361328125,
-0.003173828125,
-0.01422119140625,
0.0257568359375,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.04052734375,
0.036865234375,
0.03125,
0.037353515625,
0.056884765625,
-0.0224609375,
0.05810546875,
0.016845703125,
0.01611328125,
-0.036376953125,
0.04638671875,
-0.039794921875,
0.0185546875,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.01904296875,
0.08984375,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.003265380859375,
0.046142578125,
0.038818359375,
0.003814697265625,
-0.006988525390625,
0.018798828125,
-0.02197265625,
0.0234375,
0.00213623046875,
0.036376953125,
-0.026611328125,
-0.062255859375,
0.0162353515625,
0.01068115234375,
0.00066375732421875,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.012451171875,
-0.016357421875,
0.025634765625
] |
North, J.
Plaintiff has appealed by certiorari from an order and determination of the Grand Bapids city commission, acting as a civil service board, removing him from the office of superintendent of police. Appellant complains that the charges for which he was removed were not sustained by the testimony; that the action taken against him by the civil service board was arbitrary and captious; that members of the civil service board were prejudiced and disqualified; and that appellant was denied a fair and impartial hearing.
Appellant held his office under the civil service provisions of the Grand Bapids charter which charter provides in an office of this type the occupant may “be removed by the city commission for official misconduct or for unfaithful or improper performance of the duties of his office or employment or for ineligibility.” Grand Bapids City Charter, title 5, § 24. There is also provision for service of a copy of the charges made, notice of hearing and oppor tunity to defend, and that a majority vote of the city commission-elect is necessary for removal from office.
Asserting his power to act under the provisions of the city charter, the city manager gave appellant written notice of his summary discharge from office for the following reasons:
“1. That you have been guilty of insubordination in office by appealing to the public sympathies through the press and the publishing of misleading reports concerning the city manager, who, as director of public safety, is your superior officer.
“2. That you have been guilty of insubordination and malfeasance in office by subjecting the taxpayers of this city to the expense of a wholly unwarranted telephone call to the city of Chicago in an attempt to determine the whereabouts and the activities of certain members of the city commission and the city manager, all of whom were your superior officers.
“3. That you have been guilty of misfeasance and malfeasance in the conduct of your office by using, on numerous occasions, the particulars of which will be furnished if and when a hearing is held hereon, excessive and unnecessary profanity in the presence of divers good citizens.”
Appellant appealed to the civil service board “in answer to the charges preferred against him by the .city manager, and requests the' unbiased judgment of said board on the hearing of said appeal.” He answered and denied the charges made against him. Hearing was had before the seven members of the city commission sitting as a civil, service board. Five voted for appellant’s removal, two against it. Four signed a report wherein it is recited that they found the superintendent of police guilty of the first and third charges and further:
“Regarding the second charge, we find A. A. Carroll, aided and abetted by the Grand Rapids Press, is guilty of official misconduct and insubordination towards his superior officers. The evidence clearly shows however that the telephone bills were paid by the newspaper. * * *
“In view of the foregoing verdict, we would, therefore, concur in the recommendation of the city manager and recommend that suspension be made permanent. ’ ’
To the report the following was appended:
“Owing to the continued and faithful service that Mr. A. A. Carroll has rendered to the city of Grand Rapids for many years, we would recommend to the city commission that he be pensioned at the rate of $50 per month during his lifetime.”
Right of judicial review is not challenged; and counsel for the respective parties do not materially disagree as to the scope of such review.
“But the settled rule of law is that if there be evidence upon which the trial tribunal may reasonably found its conclusion of guilt or innocence, this court will not reverse the judgment by weighing the testimony for the purpose of forming an independent judgment. If the judgment of the trial court can be fairly supported by the record, the duty of this court is at an end so far as further investigation is concerned.” Martin v. Smith, 100 N. J. Law, 50 (125 Atl. 142).
‘ ‘ Ordinarily the evidence will be examined by the court only for the purpose of ascertaining whether it furnished any substantial basis for the removal.” 2 McQuillin, Municipal Corporations (2d Ed.), § 593.
It follows that the scope of this appeal is limited to determining whether the testimony taken fairly tends to support a finding that there was a substantial or reasonable basis as charged for removing appellant from office on the ground that he was guilty of official misconduct.
The first of the charges is that of “insubordination in office. ’ ’ This is based not upon any act that had to do in any way with the discharge of appellant’s official duties. Instead the complaint is of an interview with him which was published in a local paper wherein he was quoted as saying he had been asked to resign by the city manager, who as the director of public safety had “supervision, charge, and control of the police and fire service;” and further:
“I have won these fights before and I know no reason why I should give up now; it will be necessary for the city commission to act in the case; charges will have to be filed against me, and there is nothing’ I could be charged with. ’ ’
Previous to this interview the city manager had requested a third party to inquire of appellant if he had any plans relative to resigning from office, stating that if this was done the city manager would like to go before the common council and “acknowledge the faithful service he has rendered the people of Grand Rapids and see that a fitting tribute is paid to his years of service. ’ ’ This, if not a request to resign, was, to say the least, quite suggestive. Whether granting the interview to the press was an exercise of good judgment or otherwise is beside the point. It was in no sense an act of insubordination.
The second charge of insubordination and malfeasance in office involves a long distance telephone call which, at the request of the same newspaper, appellant made to Chicago and sought through a police officer there to ascertain if the city manager and five of the city commissioners were registered at a Chicago hotel. The testimony discloses that the inquiry was prompted on the part of the newspaper because of its desire to obtain from the city attorney for publication an opinion which the attorney had prepared for the city commissioners, and which he refused to give to the press except the consent and approval of the proper city officials were first obtained. While the telephone inquiry failed to so disclose, the city manager and five of the commissioners were in Chicago at the time. Presumably they were there, as they claim, incident to matters concerning the proper discharge of their official duties. If so, surely appellant’s attempt to assist in locating them could not be distorted into insubordination or malfeasance incident to the discharge of his official duties. The charges for telephoning were subsequently paid by the newspaper for which the call was made. The civil service board on this hearing so found; and did not find appellant guilty of expending public money improperly nor could such a charge be sustained under the testimony.
The third charge is that appellant on numerous occasions used “excessive and unnecessary profanity” in the presence of other citizens. While this charge is denied by appellant and there is much dispute in the testimony, on this appeal, we accept the testimony as true which tends to support the charge. Nonetheless if it be conceded that at times, under stress of occasions which are necessarily incident to the discharge of appellant’s official duties, he became profanely emphatic it seems decidedly captious that on this complaint, apparently now made for the first time, he should be removed from office after all “the continued and faithful service that Mr. A. A. Carroll has rendered the city of Grand Rapids” for many years as set forth incident to the report made by the civil service board. As noted above, appellant was in office under civil service provisions. He could not be captiously removed on trivial or technical grounds. If he was to be removed at all it must be removal for cause and that which is charged as a reason or justification for removing one from office for cause must relate to and affect the administration of the office. It must be something which in a material way affects the rights and interests of the public. State, ex rel. Hart, v. Common Council of Duluth, 53 Minn. 238 (55 N. W. 118, 39 Am. St. Rep. 595).
“Where the removal is to be for official misconduct or for misfeasance or mal-administration in office, the misconduct which shall warrant a removal of the officer must be such as affects his performance of his duties as an officer and not such only as affects his character as a private individual.” Mechem, Public Offices and Officers, § 457.
See, also, Throop on Public Officers, § 366; and 22 R. O. L. p. 571, where it is said:
“It must be a cause relating to and affecting the administration of the office, and must be restricted to something of a substantial nature directly affecting the rights and interests of the public. The eccentric manner of an officer, his having an exaggerated notion of his own importance, indulgence in coarse language or talking loudly on the streets, however offensive, will not warrant any interference with his incumbency. ’ ’
It is said that removal for insufficient, frivolous or irrelevant reasons is a removal without proper cause, although such removal falls short of an exercise of bad faith. 46 C. J. p. 992.
Under this record, for reasons above indicated, it. must be held that the superintendent of police was improperly removed from office. It is also urgéd in his behalf on this appeal that certain members of the civil service board before which the hearing was held had prejudged his case and were disqualified by prejudice against him. In view of our holding just above indicated it is not necessary to review this phase of the record. The determination of the city commission of Grand Rapids, acting as a civil service board, in sustaining the charges, or any of them made against the appellant is vacated, and the removal of appellant from the office of superintendent of police set aside and held for naught. Costs of this court to appellant.
McDonald, C. J., and Weadook, Potter, Sharpe, Fead, "Wiest, and Butzel, JJ., concurred. | [
-0.002166748046875,
-0.04931640625,
0.00830078125,
0.031982421875,
-0.041748046875,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.060302734375,
-0.0234375,
0.0030059814453125,
0.055908203125,
0.055419921875,
0.01318359375,
0.01141357421875,
0.0032958984375,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.017333984375,
-0.031982421875,
0.011962890625,
0.024658203125,
-0.032958984375,
0.0230712890625,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.0439453125,
-0.0224609375,
-0.03955078125,
0.0030059814453125,
-0.032958984375,
-0.004241943359375,
0.040771484375,
0.04296875,
0.00064849853515625,
-0.0341796875,
0.0185546875,
-0.0546875,
-0.0025177001953125,
0.0040283203125,
0.04931640625,
-0.038330078125,
0.0458984375,
0.027587890625,
0.00872802734375,
0.0103759765625,
0.00531005859375,
-0.04248046875,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.051513671875,
-0.0703125,
-0.0067138671875,
-0.046875,
-0.0380859375,
0.0146484375,
0.044677734375,
0.032958984375,
-0.0012969970703125,
0.0050048828125,
-0.03662109375,
-0.006622314453125,
-0.0400390625,
0.020263671875,
0.020263671875,
0.0013427734375,
0.02392578125,
0.0166015625,
-0.029296875,
0.0206298828125,
0.0303955078125,
-0.03125,
0.0004367828369140625,
0.01007080078125,
-0.01806640625,
-0.01385498046875,
0.0225830078125,
-0.0263671875,
0.006011962890625,
0.0142822265625,
0.0155029296875,
0.00086212158203125,
-0.058837890625,
0.0218505859375,
0.0296630859375,
-0.01177978515625,
0.01220703125,
0.036865234375,
0.0107421875,
-0.0059814453125,
0.0458984375,
0.03125,
0.040283203125,
0.032470703125,
0.029052734375,
0.0245361328125,
0.052001953125,
-0.0498046875,
0.00075531005859375,
0.0059814453125,
0.012939453125,
-0.016357421875,
-0.000009179115295410156,
0.031982421875,
-0.031005859375,
0.03125,
0.0079345703125,
-0.0203857421875,
0.080078125,
-0.0019989013671875,
-0.025390625,
0.00010251998901367188,
0.0089111328125,
0.0107421875,
-0.03173828125,
0.02392578125,
-0.01300048828125,
0.059814453125,
-0.027587890625,
-0.02392578125,
0.01031494140625,
0.01263427734375,
-0.0029296875,
0.0035400390625,
0.01483154296875,
0.07470703125,
-0.01953125,
0.03662109375,
-0.0216064453125,
0.0166015625,
-0.00131988525390625,
0.0142822265625,
0.061279296875,
-0.0250244140625,
0.034423828125,
0.02001953125,
0.0213623046875,
-0.0072021484375,
-0.016845703125,
0.037841796875,
-0.00689697265625,
0.020263671875,
0.02587890625,
0.059326171875,
0.03515625,
0.042724609375,
0.03369140625,
0.010498046875,
0.0478515625,
0.023681640625,
0.027587890625,
-0.0220947265625,
0.03271484375,
-0.00469970703125,
0.018798828125,
-0.05810546875,
-0.004608154296875,
0.0771484375,
0.0106201171875,
0.0191650390625,
0.001953125,
0.033447265625,
-0.047607421875,
0.004852294921875,
0.012451171875,
-0.038330078125,
0.01123046875,
-0.050048828125,
-0.0072021484375,
-0.001129150390625,
-0.017822265625,
-0.003143310546875,
0.022216796875,
-0.017578125,
-0.006256103515625,
0.026123046875,
0.0230712890625,
-0.04296875,
-0.0341796875,
0.0166015625,
-0.0130615234375,
0.0029144287109375,
0.005889892578125,
0.0037384033203125,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.011474609375,
0.019287109375,
0.05615234375,
-0.006378173828125,
0.047119140625,
0.00086212158203125,
-0.00122833251953125,
-0.059814453125,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.0703125,
0.0245361328125,
0.03466796875,
-0.00048828125,
0.00034332275390625,
0.02880859375,
0.035888671875,
-0.00311279296875,
0.0233154296875,
0.03759765625,
-0.042236328125,
-0.0186767578125,
0.009765625,
0.0004177093505859375,
0.053955078125,
-0.032958984375,
0.00341796875,
0.07177734375,
0.0279541015625,
-0.006591796875,
0.03515625,
0.0235595703125,
0.0169677734375,
0.01336669921875,
-0.04248046875,
0.00653076171875,
0.0213623046875,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0059814453125,
-0.038330078125,
0.00133514404296875,
0.0019683837890625,
0.0033416748046875,
-0.0296630859375,
0.03662109375,
-0.02734375,
-0.0185546875,
-0.00188446044921875,
0.056396484375,
-0.0294189453125,
0.0179443359375,
0.0264892578125,
0.0027313232421875,
-0.00396728515625,
0.023681640625,
0.006927490234375,
-0.03173828125,
0.0615234375,
0.07080078125,
0.03125,
-0.0048828125,
-0.0556640625,
0.059326171875,
0.05810546875,
0.015625,
-0.0279541015625,
0.01806640625,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.005035400390625,
-0.00701904296875,
0.019775390625,
-0.0009918212890625,
-0.0030670166015625,
0.017822265625,
0.0078125,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.0142822265625,
0.055908203125,
0.01190185546875,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0184326171875,
0.052490234375,
0.00848388671875,
0.00494384765625,
0.032958984375,
0.00897216796875,
-0.0303955078125,
0.01080322265625,
0.03515625,
-0.024169921875,
-0.019775390625,
-0.04541015625,
0.01263427734375,
-0.0142822265625,
0.002197265625,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.00836181640625,
0.005157470703125,
-0.05859375,
0.0576171875,
0.0201416015625,
-0.0250244140625,
0.01190185546875,
-0.02099609375,
0.0306396484375,
-0.0341796875,
0.017578125,
-0.0213623046875,
0.017822265625,
0.02685546875,
0.00946044921875,
-0.03515625,
-0.00634765625,
-0.06201171875,
0.041259765625,
0.04541015625,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.0068359375,
0.040283203125,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.0205078125,
-0.00072479248046875,
-0.0234375,
0.01177978515625,
-0.010986328125,
-0.02685546875,
-0.0013427734375,
-0.0030975341796875,
-0.0218505859375,
0.006744384765625,
0.021728515625,
0.0279541015625,
0.01275634765625,
0.016845703125,
0.0294189453125,
-0.0257568359375,
0.06787109375,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.002838134765625,
-0.031005859375,
-0.04736328125,
-0.0419921875,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0439453125,
-0.040283203125,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.004058837890625,
0.03173828125,
-0.0269775390625,
0.0220947265625,
-0.1083984375,
0.01129150390625,
-0.0390625,
-0.0576171875,
0.002960205078125,
0.01055908203125,
0.0238037109375,
-0.02099609375,
-0.045654296875,
0.0098876953125,
-0.037109375,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.026611328125,
-0.0107421875,
0.00726318359375,
-0.014404296875,
0.05224609375,
0.01275634765625,
-0.0283203125,
0.0301513671875,
0.00885009765625,
-0.045654296875,
-0.000598907470703125,
-0.004180908203125,
-0.0030670166015625,
0.006011962890625,
0.0458984375,
0.005279541015625,
-0.06298828125,
-0.007598876953125,
0.0194091796875,
0.015869140625,
0.00013065338134765625,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.045654296875,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.044677734375,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0250244140625,
0.034423828125,
-0.0262451171875,
0.050048828125,
0.0281982421875,
-0.042236328125,
0.015380859375,
-0.05078125,
-0.041015625,
-0.0029449462890625,
0.0027923583984375,
0.02783203125,
-0.0004367828369140625,
0.01416015625,
-0.038818359375,
0.0107421875,
0.007537841796875,
0.00360107421875,
-0.0172119140625,
0.0001373291015625,
0.0301513671875,
0.0155029296875,
-0.019775390625,
0.000484466552734375,
0.000667572021484375,
0.005035400390625,
-0.004791259765625,
-0.0260009765625,
0.01483154296875,
0.041748046875,
0.0341796875,
0.03515625,
0.03076171875,
0.041259765625,
0.0076904296875,
0.01129150390625,
0.040283203125,
-0.05712890625,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.0361328125,
0.032470703125,
-0.015625,
0.0263671875,
-0.01025390625,
-0.00628662109375,
0.0615234375,
0.061279296875,
0.056884765625,
-0.00927734375,
-0.05126953125,
0.009033203125,
0.05517578125,
0.0025177001953125,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.005523681640625,
0.0751953125,
0.0458984375,
0.052001953125,
-0.0189208984375,
0.01263427734375,
-0.018310546875,
0.055419921875,
0.01336669921875,
0.004150390625,
-0.043701171875,
0.0498046875,
-0.0537109375,
-0.04296875,
0.037109375,
-0.002471923828125,
-0.06494140625,
-0.01904296875,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.017333984375,
0.043212890625,
-0.015625,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.017333984375,
-0.012939453125,
0.007537841796875,
0.0263671875,
-0.01397705078125,
0.0128173828125,
-0.020263671875,
-0.020263671875,
0.060791015625,
-0.02783203125,
-0.0615234375,
-0.0257568359375,
0.0296630859375,
0.012451171875,
0.0703125,
-0.02880859375,
0.019775390625,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.034423828125,
-0.03076171875,
-0.013671875,
0.04296875,
-0.0279541015625,
0.034423828125,
0.043212890625,
0.012939453125,
0.000934600830078125,
0.001617431640625,
-0.033935546875,
-0.03857421875,
-0.002288818359375,
-0.0201416015625,
0.0230712890625,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.02392578125,
0.01336669921875,
-0.00634765625,
0.031005859375,
0.0020751953125,
0.021484375,
-0.035888671875,
-0.042724609375,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.037109375,
-0.01025390625,
0.0142822265625,
0.00982666015625,
0.04150390625,
-0.00142669677734375,
-0.041015625,
0.0272216796875,
0.007354736328125,
-0.000583648681640625,
-0.03125,
-0.005035400390625,
0.00640869140625,
0.048828125,
0.0111083984375,
-0.013427734375,
0.0089111328125,
-0.02685546875,
-0.058837890625,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.0218505859375,
0.00799560546875,
0.052978515625,
-0.032470703125,
0.03466796875,
0.035400390625,
0.0303955078125,
0.016357421875,
0.01177978515625,
-0.00531005859375,
0.0230712890625,
0.0269775390625,
0.00634765625,
0.041259765625,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.045654296875,
-0.004058837890625,
-0.00823974609375,
0.0260009765625,
-0.00146484375,
-0.043701171875,
-0.017578125,
-0.0257568359375,
0.004058837890625,
-0.0002193450927734375,
-0.04345703125,
-0.0228271484375,
0.0185546875,
0.0228271484375,
0.01519775390625,
0.0037384033203125,
0.0087890625,
0.001983642578125,
-0.040771484375,
0.05078125,
-0.0028076171875,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.03125,
-0.034912109375,
-0.0126953125,
0.04541015625,
0.03076171875,
0.01171875,
0.0264892578125,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.02294921875,
-0.02197265625,
-0.048583984375,
0.00051116943359375,
0.01611328125,
0.021484375,
0.060302734375,
-0.0101318359375,
0.0478515625,
0.01007080078125,
0.00830078125,
-0.00531005859375,
0.0123291015625,
-0.017578125,
-0.047119140625,
0.046875,
-0.0294189453125,
0.000835418701171875,
-0.00167083740234375,
0.040283203125,
-0.00445556640625,
0.0250244140625,
-0.05078125,
0.01300048828125,
-0.033935546875,
-0.03955078125,
0.0034637451171875,
0.02294921875,
-0.046142578125,
-0.0322265625,
-0.01214599609375,
0.032958984375,
-0.05517578125,
0.033203125,
0.044677734375,
0.0014495849609375,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.06884765625,
0.0322265625,
0.01165771484375,
-0.0615234375,
-0.037353515625,
-0.00634765625,
-0.050048828125,
0.0130615234375,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.0067138671875,
-0.0216064453125,
0.0155029296875,
0.0216064453125,
0.006011962890625,
-0.0011749267578125,
-0.018798828125,
-0.04833984375,
-0.0361328125,
0.08056640625,
-0.02001953125,
0.0439453125,
0.04296875,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0576171875,
-0.0072021484375,
0.02734375,
-0.054931640625,
-0.042236328125,
0.043701171875,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.05615234375,
0.0106201171875,
0.044921875,
-0.059326171875,
-0.04248046875,
-0.048828125,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0247802734375,
0.01239013671875,
0.045654296875,
-0.0419921875,
0.0213623046875,
0.0244140625,
0.0146484375,
0.008544921875,
-0.020751953125,
0.033447265625,
-0.005462646484375,
0.003082275390625,
0.06396484375,
-0.00579833984375,
0.0010833740234375,
-0.048095703125,
0.00189971923828125,
0.0240478515625,
0.019775390625,
0.0458984375,
-0.014404296875,
-0.0019378662109375,
-0.0146484375,
0.019287109375,
0.0888671875,
-0.0361328125,
0.03076171875,
-0.000400543212890625,
-0.0059814453125,
-0.02392578125,
-0.009765625,
-0.05615234375,
0.000354766845703125,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.0859375,
-0.01220703125,
0.059814453125,
0.01611328125,
0.034912109375,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.007110595703125,
0.00103759765625,
-0.000873565673828125,
-0.050537109375,
0.016845703125,
0.01019287109375,
0.004669189453125,
-0.013427734375,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.0234375,
-0.045654296875,
0.0216064453125,
-0.0439453125,
-0.04833984375,
0.008056640625,
-0.044921875,
-0.0390625,
-0.0274658203125,
0.00014495849609375,
0.011474609375,
-0.0023956298828125,
0.0025634765625,
-0.00439453125,
0.04296875,
0.00384521484375,
-0.02685546875,
0.0084228515625,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0272216796875,
0.01080322265625,
-0.021728515625,
0.017578125,
0.01385498046875,
0.0263671875,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.0159912109375,
0.0162353515625,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.00537109375,
-0.031005859375,
-0.048583984375,
-0.044189453125,
-0.026611328125,
0.004150390625,
0.00860595703125,
-0.01507568359375,
0.05419921875,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.01422119140625,
0.00872802734375,
0.0218505859375,
-0.027587890625,
-0.01202392578125,
0.052978515625,
0.0245361328125,
0.0556640625,
0.0034027099609375,
0.0021514892578125,
-0.002044677734375,
-0.00994873046875,
0.005462646484375,
0.00860595703125,
0.025634765625,
0.0184326171875,
0.0145263671875,
-0.03857421875,
0.0272216796875,
-0.046142578125,
-0.041259765625,
0.0247802734375,
0.03076171875,
0.039794921875,
-0.005523681640625,
0.0223388671875,
0.00396728515625,
-0.0303955078125,
0.04736328125,
-0.07177734375,
-0.06201171875,
0.0087890625,
0.0018310546875,
-0.000873565673828125,
-0.03955078125,
0.004730224609375,
-0.004913330078125,
0.0255126953125,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.02734375,
-0.0079345703125,
0.0048828125,
0.021484375,
0.01275634765625,
0.01153564453125,
0.0230712890625,
0.0223388671875,
-0.00567626953125,
-0.048828125,
0.028076171875,
0.032958984375,
0.007415771484375,
-0.005218505859375,
-0.022216796875,
0.0142822265625,
-0.08349609375,
0.0299072265625,
0.00167083740234375,
0.00188446044921875,
-0.00421142578125,
-0.00726318359375,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0012054443359375,
-0.007415771484375,
-0.0106201171875,
0.016845703125,
-0.05859375,
-0.02001953125,
-0.0235595703125,
0.033935546875,
-0.01519775390625,
0.018798828125,
0.0264892578125,
-0.0419921875,
-0.052490234375,
-0.0052490234375,
-0.033447265625,
0.046875,
0.03515625,
-0.0030517578125,
0.00616455078125,
0.015380859375,
0.009521484375,
0.007598876953125,
0.0123291015625,
-0.040283203125,
-0.03076171875,
0.017333984375,
-0.025634765625,
-0.005157470703125,
0.027587890625,
-0.004669189453125,
-0.0166015625,
0.0228271484375,
-0.0400390625,
-0.00159454345703125,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.031982421875,
0.0220947265625,
-0.033935546875,
-0.004180908203125,
-0.03125,
-0.0201416015625,
0.034912109375,
0.023681640625,
0.0279541015625,
-0.01019287109375,
0.038818359375,
0.0556640625,
0.002197265625,
0.03271484375,
0.04150390625,
-0.004669189453125,
-0.04443359375,
0.01495361328125,
0.0478515625,
0.0322265625,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.01275634765625,
0.0279541015625,
0.027587890625,
-0.0126953125,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.0439453125,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.01220703125,
0.0439453125,
-0.0245361328125,
0.01153564453125,
0.02490234375,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0301513671875,
0.054931640625,
0.01092529296875,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.004425048828125,
0.0279541015625,
0.040283203125,
0.01019287109375,
0.05517578125,
-0.08349609375,
0.0216064453125,
0.0556640625,
-0.02490234375,
-0.0654296875,
0.00958251953125,
-0.036865234375,
-0.037841796875,
-0.046630859375,
0.01104736328125,
-0.000629425048828125,
0.0196533203125,
0.00604248046875,
-0.034912109375,
0.021240234375,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.00066375732421875,
0.0216064453125,
0.0157470703125,
0.046142578125,
-0.048095703125,
-0.0252685546875,
0.0040283203125,
-0.00007581710815429688,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.00933837890625,
0.021484375,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.044189453125,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.00811767578125,
0.025390625,
-0.07861328125,
-0.035400390625,
-0.00775146484375,
0.0546875,
-0.01141357421875,
0.014404296875,
-0.015869140625,
-0.000820159912109375,
0.03759765625,
0.0126953125,
0.0390625,
-0.037841796875,
0.00872802734375,
0.0021514892578125,
0.0037689208984375,
-0.028564453125,
-0.007415771484375,
0.00927734375,
-0.04248046875,
-0.03515625,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.01611328125,
0.01336669921875,
-0.01953125,
0.0267333984375,
0.043701171875,
-0.0439453125,
0.005462646484375,
-0.013671875,
-0.041259765625,
0.015869140625,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.01348876953125,
0.025390625,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.068359375,
0.2275390625,
0.02294921875,
-0.04150390625,
0.01239013671875,
0.017578125,
0.041748046875,
0.04248046875,
0.006011962890625,
-0.03076171875,
-0.01251220703125,
0.0128173828125,
-0.060791015625,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0022430419921875,
0.00677490234375,
0.026123046875,
-0.00439453125,
-0.0255126953125,
0.004730224609375,
-0.04296875,
0.007476806640625,
0.005706787109375,
-0.0230712890625,
0.055908203125,
0.0108642578125,
-0.0201416015625,
0.024169921875,
-0.07177734375,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.0458984375,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.033935546875,
0.01220703125,
-0.031982421875,
0.009033203125,
0.03076171875,
0.0439453125,
-0.009033203125,
-0.00701904296875,
0.00439453125,
0.0096435546875,
0.05078125,
-0.0107421875,
-0.0380859375,
-0.0031280517578125,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.034912109375,
0.006011962890625,
0.06201171875,
-0.023193359375,
0.058837890625,
0.03955078125,
0.048828125,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.01092529296875,
0.0322265625,
-0.00799560546875,
0.00421142578125,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.02880859375,
0.01007080078125,
0.0145263671875,
0.0201416015625,
0.05615234375,
-0.029052734375,
0.0174560546875,
0.03369140625,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.0244140625,
0.0272216796875,
0.037841796875,
0.01055908203125,
0.0230712890625,
-0.07568359375,
0.0233154296875,
0.036376953125,
0.004425048828125,
0.0224609375,
0.0703125,
-0.032470703125,
0.006683349609375,
-0.000530242919921875,
-0.028076171875,
0.027099609375,
0.047607421875,
0.0220947265625,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.00048065185546875,
-0.002044677734375,
-0.002227783203125,
-0.035400390625,
-0.033203125,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.0135498046875
] |
Wiest, J.
Plaintiffs are milk dealers in Saginaw county, and filed the hill herein to restrain defendants from enforcing Act No. 361, Pub. Acts 1927. The bill was dismissed in the circuit court, and plaintiffs appealed.
Since the hearing in the circuit the mentioned act has been amended by Act No. 60, Pub. Acts 1929, and this has eliminated several questions, and leaves only the following contentions: (1) The act expresses more than one object. (2) The object of the act is not expressed in the title. (3) The act “attempts to revise, alter or amend a law by reference to its title only without re-enacting and publishing at length the act revised by section or sections of the act altered or amended.”
The act of 1927 amended Act No. 222, Pub. Acts 1913 (2 Comp. Laws 1915, § 6417 et seq.). The act of 1913 was a health measure to insure wholesome milk to the public, and the provisions of the act ran true to such purpose. By the act of 1927 the title to the act of 1913 was amended “to prevent fraud by misbranding and to regulate traffic in registered containers,” and five new sections to such end were enacted. The old sections were left intact, and, therefore, it was not necessary to re-enact and publish at length such old sections. Had the 1927 act revised, altered, or amended sections of the 1913 act it would have been necessary to re-enact and publish the same at length. Constitution, art. 5, § 21. The five added sections covered matter within the title as amended.
It is claimed that such new matter, regulating the marking of milk bottles and containers, registry of identification marks, and the use and sale of milk bottles, is foreign to the sanitary purpose of the act of 1913 and results in a law embracing more than one object, and, therefore, is contrary to the provision that:
“No law shall embrace more than one object, which shall be expressed in its title.” Constitution, art. 5, § 21.
The 1913 act was a sanitary measure for the protection of public health, and reached the establishments and outfits of milk dealers. Having imposed regulation, it was proper and in line with the same object to amplify that law so as to require milk dealers to employ containers with identity marks and prohibit unauthorized use or sale thereof by others. The law, as amended in 1927, seeks to insure pure milk, to be delivered in sanitary containers, protects marked containers from deceptive use, makes responsibility traceable, and protects the owner of containers from loss. The property protected is used in a business subject to regulation in behalf of public health, and, the law having so subjected the property, the same law may protect the public and the owners of the property so employed from fraud, imposition, misbranding, and sale or use by others.
The decree in the circuit is affirmed, with costs against plaintiffs.
' North, C. J., and Fead, Potter, and Sharpe, JJ., concurred. Clark and McDonald, JJ., did not sit. The late Justice Fellows took no part in this decision. ' • ■ ■ | [
-0.03076171875,
0.002655029296875,
0.04736328125,
0.0458984375,
-0.0390625,
-0.041015625,
0.01336669921875,
-0.002899169921875,
-0.022216796875,
0.08740234375,
0.0179443359375,
0.023681640625,
0.03759765625,
-0.000823974609375,
0.00135040283203125,
0.003936767578125,
0.022216796875,
0.0250244140625,
-0.009033203125,
0.050537109375,
0.057861328125,
0.0419921875,
-0.052490234375,
-0.019287109375,
-0.025146484375,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.0016326904296875,
-0.035888671875,
0.05126953125,
0.0390625,
-0.0184326171875,
0.0289306640625,
0.0308837890625,
-0.0203857421875,
0.00946044921875,
-0.019287109375,
0.059814453125,
-0.02294921875,
0.0390625,
0.002044677734375,
0.0191650390625,
0.004974365234375,
0.043212890625,
-0.036376953125,
-0.048583984375,
-0.033447265625,
-0.008056640625,
-0.0264892578125,
0.05517578125,
-0.0034332275390625,
-0.014892578125,
-0.02880859375,
-0.02490234375,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.02783203125,
-0.0234375,
-0.0166015625,
-0.028076171875,
-0.01348876953125,
0.037841796875,
0.0252685546875,
0.0166015625,
0.00185394287109375,
-0.0159912109375,
0.0303955078125,
0.02587890625,
0.0007781982421875,
0.003753662109375,
-0.0030975341796875,
-0.033935546875,
0.02490234375,
-0.01611328125,
-0.061767578125,
-0.0341796875,
0.0240478515625,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0020599365234375,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.040771484375,
0.026611328125,
-0.017333984375,
-0.0245361328125,
0.0556640625,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.031005859375,
0.040771484375,
-0.01080322265625,
0.04248046875,
0.000247955322265625,
0.0208740234375,
-0.0302734375,
0.03076171875,
-0.07568359375,
-0.0283203125,
0.041748046875,
0.036865234375,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.00921630859375,
0.042724609375,
-0.04736328125,
0.0228271484375,
0.0224609375,
0.00020694732666015625,
0.08544921875,
-0.006591796875,
0.0693359375,
-0.04638671875,
0.00946044921875,
-0.028564453125,
0.0025634765625,
0.01507568359375,
-0.03369140625,
0.0213623046875,
-0.040771484375,
0.0223388671875,
0.0179443359375,
-0.01544189453125,
0.0400390625,
-0.0164794921875,
0.004669189453125,
0.068359375,
0.006439208984375,
0.037353515625,
0.0174560546875,
-0.02294921875,
-0.00156402587890625,
-0.0169677734375,
0.055908203125,
-0.0281982421875,
0.0277099609375,
0.0213623046875,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.00701904296875,
-0.00017833709716796875,
-0.001922607421875,
0.038330078125,
0.0225830078125,
-0.0106201171875,
0.049072265625,
-0.00799560546875,
0.00250244140625,
0.0206298828125,
-0.005340576171875,
0.029052734375,
0.018798828125,
0.0322265625,
-0.03564453125,
0.05712890625,
-0.05224609375,
-0.037841796875,
-0.045166015625,
0.0322265625,
0.060791015625,
0.0216064453125,
-0.004608154296875,
0.006256103515625,
0.0194091796875,
-0.019287109375,
0.005859375,
0.0169677734375,
-0.06005859375,
-0.00592041015625,
-0.00994873046875,
0.020263671875,
-0.0064697265625,
0.026611328125,
0.018310546875,
-0.019775390625,
-0.06787109375,
-0.004180908203125,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.06298828125,
-0.022216796875,
0.033447265625,
0.031494140625,
0.0654296875,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.047119140625,
0.041259765625,
-0.027099609375,
-0.0017242431640625,
0.055419921875,
0.00555419921875,
-0.0024871826171875,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.00830078125,
-0.02001953125,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.05029296875,
0.025634765625,
-0.01025390625,
-0.018310546875,
0.00445556640625,
0.02587890625,
0.031494140625,
-0.03369140625,
0.0250244140625,
0.0302734375,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0311279296875,
-0.011474609375,
-0.01251220703125,
0.0277099609375,
0.02001953125,
-0.0157470703125,
0.06201171875,
0.036865234375,
-0.0216064453125,
0.0040283203125,
-0.043212890625,
0.01348876953125,
-0.0034942626953125,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.00396728515625,
-0.006561279296875,
-0.004364013671875,
0.033447265625,
-0.038330078125,
0.0045166015625,
-0.0162353515625,
0.03369140625,
0.031494140625,
0.072265625,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.01165771484375,
0.056884765625,
0.0390625,
-0.0247802734375,
0.0069580078125,
0.0033111572265625,
0.0079345703125,
0.045166015625,
0.0517578125,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.0169677734375,
0.02734375,
0.0186767578125,
0.00811767578125,
0.05224609375,
0.01708984375,
0.01025390625,
0.0179443359375,
-0.01519775390625,
0.024169921875,
0.0294189453125,
0.00640869140625,
-0.032470703125,
0.026123046875,
0.0400390625,
0.037353515625,
0.0400390625,
0.00408935546875,
0.0191650390625,
-0.006744384765625,
-0.00897216796875,
0.0296630859375,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.05810546875,
-0.0458984375,
0.06640625,
0.016845703125,
-0.021240234375,
-0.0302734375,
0.02783203125,
-0.045166015625,
0.033447265625,
0.0208740234375,
-0.0390625,
-0.005615234375,
-0.05322265625,
-0.041259765625,
-0.006195068359375,
0.0174560546875,
-0.0634765625,
-0.0269775390625,
0.015380859375,
-0.04931640625,
0.04736328125,
-0.031982421875,
0.0091552734375,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.0128173828125,
0.0034637451171875,
0.005828857421875,
0.03662109375,
-0.056396484375,
0.0023193359375,
0.014404296875,
0.046142578125,
-0.006622314453125,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.0771484375,
-0.0047607421875,
0.003448486328125,
0.016845703125,
-0.03466796875,
-0.024658203125,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.0390625,
-0.049560546875,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.04248046875,
0.007598876953125,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.0038604736328125,
0.01043701171875,
-0.030029296875,
-0.03271484375,
0.036865234375,
0.002655029296875,
0.0286865234375,
-0.04248046875,
0.0184326171875,
0.029541015625,
0.0303955078125,
-0.00179290771484375,
-0.07080078125,
-0.00860595703125,
0.0157470703125,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.001129150390625,
0.009765625,
0.004486083984375,
0.0245361328125,
-0.09033203125,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.044921875,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.04345703125,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.019775390625,
-0.0279541015625,
0.042236328125,
-0.033935546875,
0.0048828125,
0.008544921875,
0.06298828125,
-0.030517578125,
0.00823974609375,
0.0128173828125,
-0.01318359375,
0.062255859375,
0.01025390625,
-0.010009765625,
0.004547119140625,
-0.018798828125,
0.006988525390625,
0.007537841796875,
0.006134033203125,
0.0179443359375,
-0.0003604888916015625,
-0.0054931640625,
0.01116943359375,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.01116943359375,
0.0291748046875,
0.0218505859375,
-0.00156402587890625,
-0.0201416015625,
0.0191650390625,
-0.0625,
0.000774383544921875,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.01031494140625,
0.018310546875,
-0.00238037109375,
-0.021728515625,
0.0189208984375,
-0.026611328125,
0.023681640625,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.05224609375,
0.042236328125,
0.00897216796875,
0.01214599609375,
-0.007171630859375,
-0.00164031982421875,
0.004974365234375,
0.00238037109375,
0.0240478515625,
0.0279541015625,
0.033935546875,
-0.0234375,
0.0322265625,
-0.015869140625,
0.041015625,
0.01055908203125,
-0.044677734375,
0.0267333984375,
0.0263671875,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.0174560546875,
0.0152587890625,
0.006439208984375,
0.0283203125,
0.045166015625,
0.01483154296875,
0.037109375,
0.0179443359375,
0.00445556640625,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.031494140625,
0.04736328125,
-0.00125885009765625,
-0.000629425048828125,
-0.0159912109375,
0.01129150390625,
0.00506591796875,
0.025146484375,
0.028564453125,
-0.005523681640625,
-0.045166015625,
-0.0096435546875,
0.03271484375,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.0634765625,
0.005950927734375,
0.0233154296875,
0.0023956298828125,
0.040283203125,
-0.0556640625,
0.042724609375,
-0.056640625,
0.021240234375,
0.020263671875,
-0.006622314453125,
-0.006866455078125,
0.00531005859375,
-0.00506591796875,
-0.0302734375,
0.04443359375,
0.003326416015625,
0.0089111328125,
0.0400390625,
-0.0361328125,
0.006500244140625,
0.0556640625,
-0.02685546875,
-0.0025787353515625,
-0.0223388671875,
0.0166015625,
0.01275634765625,
0.015869140625,
0.0152587890625,
0.01397705078125,
0.04833984375,
-0.0263671875,
0.01397705078125,
-0.044189453125,
-0.030029296875,
0.017822265625,
0.030517578125,
0.006561279296875,
0.05908203125,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.00347900390625,
0.00970458984375,
-0.0016021728515625,
-0.053466796875,
0.0037994384765625,
0.0079345703125,
0.00958251953125,
-0.0252685546875,
0.09375,
-0.043212890625,
0.010498046875,
0.0458984375,
-0.007476806640625,
-0.03271484375,
0.01080322265625,
-0.004241943359375,
0.0252685546875,
0.0301513671875,
-0.0189208984375,
0.01068115234375,
-0.01507568359375,
0.048095703125,
-0.006103515625,
-0.0167236328125,
0.01141357421875,
-0.039794921875,
-0.056396484375,
0.0128173828125,
-0.033935546875,
0.01458740234375,
0.06689453125,
0.018798828125,
0.0277099609375,
0.040283203125,
-0.049072265625,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.0634765625,
-0.00823974609375,
0.00665283203125,
0.0299072265625,
-0.01318359375,
-0.00762939453125,
-0.0169677734375,
0.012939453125,
-0.010498046875,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.0235595703125,
0.03466796875,
0.0654296875,
-0.013671875,
0.060302734375,
0.0064697265625,
0.0096435546875,
0.005096435546875,
-0.00823974609375,
0.037109375,
0.00009202957153320312,
0.0177001953125,
0.02001953125,
0.0361328125,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.032958984375,
-0.004547119140625,
-0.028564453125,
0.0031890869140625,
0.03466796875,
-0.03271484375,
0.00982666015625,
-0.08740234375,
0.0111083984375,
-0.00274658203125,
-0.04052734375,
-0.0120849609375,
0.01434326171875,
0.0125732421875,
0.06005859375,
0.0074462890625,
0.01531982421875,
0.037353515625,
-0.037109375,
-0.0031890869140625,
0.0125732421875,
-0.0198974609375,
0.0169677734375,
-0.06982421875,
-0.0302734375,
0.0010223388671875,
0.0252685546875,
0.00799560546875,
0.005584716796875,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.0311279296875,
0.010009765625,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.044189453125,
0.052490234375,
-0.01483154296875,
0.0303955078125,
-0.0255126953125,
0.019287109375,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.0096435546875,
0.041748046875,
-0.03759765625,
-0.02294921875,
-0.0595703125,
0.039794921875,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.011474609375,
0.03857421875,
-0.007659912109375,
0.0103759765625,
-0.01190185546875,
0.00616455078125,
-0.06884765625,
-0.046630859375,
0.013916015625,
0.0242919921875,
-0.003692626953125,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.037841796875,
0.057373046875,
-0.0205078125,
-0.01104736328125,
0.05810546875,
-0.026611328125,
-0.02880859375,
-0.00872802734375,
0.0240478515625,
0.00018215179443359375,
-0.029052734375,
0.00201416015625,
0.01068115234375,
-0.00640869140625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.023193359375,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.02734375,
0.031005859375,
0.038330078125,
0.00153350830078125,
0.007720947265625,
-0.019775390625,
-0.051025390625,
-0.01141357421875,
0.041259765625,
0.0103759765625,
0.015380859375,
0.03857421875,
-0.0064697265625,
-0.03466796875,
0.0218505859375,
0.01239013671875,
-0.003509521484375,
-0.05126953125,
0.05517578125,
0.0031890869140625,
-0.0791015625,
0.0220947265625,
0.03271484375,
-0.03125,
-0.002838134765625,
-0.00045013427734375,
-0.03662109375,
0.006378173828125,
0.00811767578125,
0.002593994140625,
0.036376953125,
-0.0184326171875,
0.00151824951171875,
-0.00445556640625,
0.023193359375,
0.030029296875,
-0.0123291015625,
0.042724609375,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.04248046875,
-0.000934600830078125,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.00628662109375,
0.0012664794921875,
0.0113525390625,
0.0052490234375,
0.04931640625,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.033935546875,
-0.001800537109375,
0.0322265625,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.033935546875,
0.04833984375,
0.01153564453125,
-0.05224609375,
0.0101318359375,
0.00146484375,
0.029541015625,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0791015625,
-0.023193359375,
0.030517578125,
-0.00182342529296875,
0.029052734375,
-0.04736328125,
-0.06103515625,
-0.0322265625,
0.04541015625,
-0.08154296875,
0.0341796875,
0.032470703125,
0.06689453125,
-0.057861328125,
-0.046875,
0.016357421875,
0.0693359375,
0.0172119140625,
0.00836181640625,
-0.00153350830078125,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.0027008056640625,
0.00347900390625,
-0.0033111572265625,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.01513671875,
0.031005859375,
-0.005706787109375,
-0.006134033203125,
-0.00506591796875,
-0.016357421875,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.01409912109375,
0.00494384765625,
-0.044921875,
0.0274658203125,
0.01470947265625,
-0.053466796875,
-0.01513671875,
0.00775146484375,
0.00482177734375,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.039794921875,
-0.01123046875,
-0.0024261474609375,
-0.018310546875,
0.0162353515625,
-0.034912109375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.07861328125,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.038818359375,
0.00628662109375,
0.005035400390625,
0.0390625,
0.0220947265625,
-0.004180908203125,
-0.04345703125,
0.006195068359375,
-0.0179443359375,
0.034912109375,
-0.02978515625,
0.0179443359375,
0.04443359375,
0.0272216796875,
0.004425048828125,
-0.000881195068359375,
0.0286865234375,
-0.00201416015625,
0.002410888671875,
0.044189453125,
-0.00946044921875,
0.041259765625,
0.00927734375,
-0.03564453125,
-0.0198974609375,
0.006927490234375,
-0.016357421875,
0.05712890625,
0.01043701171875,
0.005615234375,
0.02880859375,
-0.04443359375,
-0.043701171875,
-0.005218505859375,
-0.045654296875,
-0.0380859375,
0.0189208984375,
0.0030364990234375,
0.0198974609375,
0.00150299072265625,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.060791015625,
0.01251220703125,
-0.0301513671875,
0.0036163330078125,
-0.01318359375,
0.000759124755859375,
0.04150390625,
0.0206298828125,
0.001983642578125,
0.036376953125,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.039306640625,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.0177001953125,
0.0264892578125,
0.0014801025390625,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0400390625,
-0.028076171875,
-0.05908203125,
0.007537841796875,
-0.003753662109375,
0.0032958984375,
-0.04052734375,
0.015869140625,
-0.064453125,
0.005706787109375,
-0.01275634765625,
0.0020599365234375,
-0.0361328125,
-0.00084686279296875,
-0.046630859375,
0.04833984375,
0.0291748046875,
0.0233154296875,
0.0150146484375,
-0.01263427734375,
0.0301513671875,
-0.000812530517578125,
-0.04248046875,
-0.0205078125,
0.0673828125,
0.0299072265625,
0.00311279296875,
-0.006500244140625,
0.004852294921875,
0.040283203125,
0.01287841796875,
0.01104736328125,
0.00811767578125,
-0.020263671875,
0.01129150390625,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.02880859375,
-0.016845703125,
-0.0301513671875,
0.04150390625,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0174560546875,
0.01507568359375,
-0.051513671875,
0.0247802734375,
-0.0498046875,
-0.039794921875,
-0.02880859375,
-0.0123291015625,
0.01483154296875,
0.058837890625,
-0.00738525390625,
0.025146484375,
0.013671875,
0.035400390625,
0.01611328125,
-0.00034332275390625,
0.00173187255859375,
-0.00021648406982421875,
-0.007293701171875,
-0.0159912109375,
0.0081787109375,
0.0230712890625,
0.00506591796875,
0.01611328125,
0.001556396484375,
0.022705078125,
0.00665283203125,
-0.0005035400390625,
0.06494140625,
-0.048828125,
0.01220703125,
-0.028564453125,
0.022705078125,
0.00616455078125,
0.010986328125,
0.0247802734375,
-0.01904296875,
-0.047119140625,
0.036865234375,
-0.00051116943359375,
0.0224609375,
0.0263671875,
0.0091552734375,
-0.002166748046875,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.0079345703125,
0.000102996826171875,
0.0302734375,
0.018310546875,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.036865234375,
-0.01904296875,
-0.052490234375,
-0.033447265625,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.06640625,
0.024658203125,
-0.00579833984375,
0.00616455078125,
-0.024169921875,
-0.021240234375,
-0.004302978515625,
-0.045166015625,
-0.003875732421875,
-0.01055908203125,
0.023681640625,
0.02197265625,
0.01495361328125,
-0.01531982421875,
-0.01495361328125,
0.01068115234375,
-0.03369140625,
0.0458984375,
-0.007171630859375,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.03125,
-0.0712890625,
0.022705078125,
0.00131988525390625,
-0.02685546875,
-0.00799560546875,
0.025634765625,
0.007110595703125,
-0.00433349609375,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.027099609375,
0.02294921875,
0.0240478515625,
0.0225830078125,
0.021240234375,
0.007049560546875,
0.0118408203125,
0.0277099609375,
0.007781982421875,
0.0361328125,
-0.001678466796875,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.035400390625,
0.01165771484375,
0.00921630859375,
-0.029052734375,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0027923583984375,
-0.00250244140625,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.046630859375,
-0.005462646484375,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.0052490234375,
-0.013916015625,
-0.02978515625,
-0.013916015625,
-0.006378173828125,
0.0238037109375,
-0.044677734375,
0.29296875,
-0.003265380859375,
-0.0004634857177734375,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.0172119140625,
0.018798828125,
-0.004547119140625,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.0301513671875,
0.036376953125,
-0.041015625,
-0.061767578125,
0.0086669921875,
0.032958984375,
0.0035247802734375,
0.0191650390625,
-0.043212890625,
-0.01397705078125,
0.0228271484375,
-0.0595703125,
-0.041015625,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.015625,
0.0390625,
0.0233154296875,
0.0201416015625,
0.0576171875,
-0.06787109375,
-0.020263671875,
-0.044677734375,
0.03662109375,
-0.041748046875,
0.04931640625,
-0.0546875,
-0.007476806640625,
-0.0078125,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.028076171875,
0.038818359375,
-0.000804901123046875,
0.0118408203125,
0.0181884765625,
0.009521484375,
-0.00885009765625,
0.04248046875,
0.0286865234375,
0.0036163330078125,
0.0634765625,
0.0771484375,
-0.017333984375,
0.048583984375,
-0.0028533935546875,
0.034912109375,
-0.004547119140625,
0.0113525390625,
0.01904296875,
0.03466796875,
-0.0016632080078125,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.044189453125,
0.031982421875,
-0.0137939453125,
0.043701171875,
0.038818359375,
0.00665283203125,
-0.038330078125,
0.01519775390625,
0.01141357421875,
0.015869140625,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.0203857421875,
0.0098876953125,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.0201416015625,
0.02099609375,
-0.0260009765625,
0.0068359375,
0.05029296875,
-0.00110626220703125,
-0.0244140625,
0.0205078125,
-0.04833984375,
-0.047119140625,
0.00885009765625,
0.04150390625,
0.020263671875,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.007476806640625,
0.01446533203125,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.002288818359375,
-0.0361328125,
0.025146484375,
0.00628662109375,
0.0003204345703125
] |
Weadock, J.
This is an appeal by Bankers Discount Corporation of Indiana from a .decree dis missing its bill in aid of execution issued on its judgment against the defendant Carrie Gillette’s interest in the south one-half of lots 17 and 18, plat of Niles, Michigan, the levy being made August 27, 1932, the amount being $8,682.51. The judgment against Mrs. Gillette was based on her guaranty of a debt of her nephew-in-law, Edward Forbes, who plaintiff’s attorney calls “the ne’er-do-well son-in-law of Verna” Cierno. The supervisor in Niles testified that the fair value of the property, in his opinion, was $5,000. It was Mrs. Gillette’s homestead. Under the statute (3 Comp. Laws 1929, § 14617), the plaintiff had a prima facie case, and the burden was on defendants.
A mortgage had been given by Carrie Reum (Gillette) on May 23, 1925, on the property in question to a building and loan association which was' discharged and paid on January 12, 1931, and on the same day she gave a mortgage on the same property to the bank of Niles for $1,200, due in five years with 7 per cent, interest, payable semi-annually.
The property in question was conveyed by warranty deed from Carrie Reum, a widow (later Gillette) to Verna Cierno on January. 12, 1931, consideration named being $1, and which deed was duly recorded January 14, 1931, more than a year before plaintiff’s judgment was rendered. After this Verna Cierno made a mortgage to the bank of Niles for $500 due in two years with interest at 7 per cent., semi-annually, and both mortgages were assigned by the bank to Charles E. and Lenore Silsbee, husband and wife, which assignment was duly recorded.
The deposition of each defendant was taken prior to the hearing, under the new rule (Court Rule No. 40 [1931]), and were examined and cross-ex amined afterwards at the hearing. These defendants were living together as a family and should be so considered. The circuit court found in its decree:
‘ ‘ The court does find, that the plaintiff herein has not established or proved the matters and things set forth in its bill of complaint, and the court does further find that Verna Cierno is the owner in her own right in fee simple of the land and premises .described as: The south half of lots 17 and 18 in William Justice’s plat of the village, now city, of Niles, Berrien county, Michigan; referred to in the plaintiff’s bill of complaint, subject to a mortgage held thereon by the State Bank of Niles as set forth and claimed by the defendants in their answer filed herein, and the court does further find and determine that the defendant, Verna Cierno, paid good and sufficient consideration for the said premises upon her purchase .of the said premises from the said defendant, Carrie Gillette, and that the said Carrie Gillette has no right, title or interest therein which is subject to any claim or demand of the plaintiff, and therefore, on motion of Burns & Hadsell, attorneys for the said defendants, the court does hereby find,_ order, adjudge and decree, that the plaintiff’s bill of complaint be and hereby is dismissed, and all.claims of plaintiff in and to said premises by reason of any levy made upon said premises discharged of record, and that the said defendant Verna Cierno holds the said premises free and clear from any claim and/or demand of the plaintiff. ’ ’
The decree is affirmed, with costs of both courts.
Potter, Sharpe, North, Fead, Wiest, and Btjtzel, JJ., concurred. McDonald, C. J., did not sit. | [
-0.03564453125,
0.02734375,
0.025634765625,
-0.004608154296875,
-0.060791015625,
0.002685546875,
-0.0181884765625,
0.00958251953125,
-0.012939453125,
0.03515625,
0.04833984375,
-0.01953125,
0.03125,
-0.010498046875,
0.00830078125,
-0.0040283203125,
-0.034423828125,
0.0244140625,
-0.00982666015625,
0.048095703125,
0.018798828125,
-0.006072998046875,
-0.056884765625,
0.0030517578125,
-0.01458740234375,
0.01116943359375,
0.0216064453125,
-0.02685546875,
0.06591796875,
0.034912109375,
-0.0037689208984375,
-0.029052734375,
0.0072021484375,
-0.00970458984375,
0.007781982421875,
-0.0203857421875,
0.0169677734375,
-0.0458984375,
-0.00616455078125,
-0.036376953125,
-0.022216796875,
0.0224609375,
0.0458984375,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.0302734375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.044677734375,
0.0302734375,
-0.044921875,
0.01171875,
-0.0311279296875,
-0.0011444091796875,
-0.015869140625,
0.00396728515625,
-0.01953125,
-0.011474609375,
-0.032958984375,
-0.003448486328125,
0.01544189453125,
0.031494140625,
-0.0289306640625,
0.0260009765625,
-0.0181884765625,
0.02197265625,
0.036865234375,
0.005401611328125,
0.006927490234375,
0.0262451171875,
-0.004547119140625,
0.01507568359375,
-0.0361328125,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.00616455078125,
0.0032501220703125,
-0.01806640625,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.006256103515625,
-0.0308837890625,
0.0028839111328125,
0.0081787109375,
-0.052978515625,
0.056640625,
0.0201416015625,
-0.055908203125,
0.0191650390625,
-0.002044677734375,
0.037841796875,
-0.00799560546875,
0.035400390625,
-0.0255126953125,
0.06005859375,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.0286865234375,
0.041259765625,
0.02880859375,
-0.025146484375,
0.003204345703125,
0.021240234375,
-0.01019287109375,
0.0000782012939453125,
0.005035400390625,
0.00787353515625,
0.08203125,
-0.00009584426879882812,
0.023193359375,
-0.017822265625,
-0.015869140625,
-0.01068115234375,
0.008544921875,
0.02880859375,
-0.01275634765625,
0.0267333984375,
-0.01544189453125,
-0.051025390625,
0.01483154296875,
-0.0517578125,
0.0015869140625,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0022125244140625,
0.0257568359375,
-0.0211181640625,
0.0167236328125,
0.00151824951171875,
0.0201416015625,
0.0164794921875,
-0.03515625,
0.04736328125,
-0.045166015625,
-0.004150390625,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.010498046875,
-0.0308837890625,
0.0113525390625,
0.02685546875,
0.0294189453125,
0.03369140625,
0.006805419921875,
-0.003265380859375,
0.00482177734375,
0.054443359375,
0.01904296875,
-0.02099609375,
0.042236328125,
0.025390625,
0.029296875,
0.0181884765625,
0.025390625,
-0.019287109375,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.087890625,
0.019775390625,
0.0517578125,
0.04833984375,
0.0308837890625,
-0.013916015625,
0.0302734375,
-0.035888671875,
0.02392578125,
0.01531982421875,
-0.006378173828125,
0.0159912109375,
-0.024658203125,
0.0045166015625,
-0.0537109375,
0.006072998046875,
0.0026397705078125,
0.01483154296875,
-0.018310546875,
-0.041015625,
0.0693359375,
0.0108642578125,
-0.080078125,
-0.045166015625,
0.045166015625,
0.00830078125,
0.058349609375,
-0.01416015625,
0.01708984375,
0.01806640625,
-0.017578125,
0.03857421875,
0.03173828125,
-0.010986328125,
0.011962890625,
-0.02734375,
0.005279541015625,
-0.0634765625,
-0.0037841796875,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0029754638671875,
-0.01416015625,
0.00176239013671875,
0.001373291015625,
-0.031982421875,
0.0419921875,
-0.021484375,
0.0086669921875,
0.042236328125,
-0.00185394287109375,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.013916015625,
0.01031494140625,
0.072265625,
0.000885009765625,
-0.04345703125,
0.054443359375,
0.0341796875,
-0.015380859375,
-0.0208740234375,
0.012451171875,
0.0191650390625,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.017333984375,
0.001220703125,
0.0277099609375,
-0.0234375,
0.032958984375,
-0.02978515625,
0.0235595703125,
0.0062255859375,
0.0546875,
-0.0189208984375,
0.01385498046875,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.01348876953125,
0.04638671875,
0.0252685546875,
-0.017578125,
-0.00188446044921875,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.005218505859375,
-0.00494384765625,
0.0267333984375,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.0234375,
0.043212890625,
0.03369140625,
-0.01513671875,
0.0211181640625,
-0.02734375,
-0.01239013671875,
0.056640625,
0.007080078125,
-0.052001953125,
0.038818359375,
-0.00518798828125,
-0.022705078125,
-0.030029296875,
0.04638671875,
-0.035400390625,
0.036376953125,
-0.02392578125,
0.037353515625,
-0.00238037109375,
0.036865234375,
0.04150390625,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.01531982421875,
-0.004180908203125,
0.0361328125,
0.0169677734375,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.0031585693359375,
0.0205078125,
-0.034912109375,
0.042724609375,
-0.0047607421875,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.040283203125,
-0.0228271484375,
0.0220947265625,
-0.01904296875,
-0.052734375,
-0.00762939453125,
-0.0264892578125,
0.038818359375,
-0.040771484375,
-0.017333984375,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.04833984375,
0.032958984375,
0.02587890625,
0.0272216796875,
-0.032958984375,
0.0211181640625,
0.01068115234375,
0.033935546875,
0.0118408203125,
-0.057861328125,
-0.050048828125,
0.0069580078125,
0.03076171875,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.026123046875,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.02490234375,
-0.047119140625,
-0.05029296875,
0.0194091796875,
-0.037353515625,
-0.00439453125,
0.01043701171875,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0135498046875,
0.0157470703125,
0.0113525390625,
0.02392578125,
0.01190185546875,
0.03515625,
-0.0020904541015625,
0.0888671875,
-0.02294921875,
-0.005218505859375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.036376953125,
0.0036773681640625,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.04736328125,
-0.0169677734375,
0.0076904296875,
0.029541015625,
0.010009765625,
-0.08935546875,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.05029296875,
-0.05078125,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0235595703125,
0.00762939453125,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.01483154296875,
0.00543212890625,
-0.0311279296875,
-0.006988525390625,
-0.0296630859375,
0.0302734375,
-0.0034332275390625,
-0.0250244140625,
0.0206298828125,
0.01055908203125,
0.0277099609375,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.034912109375,
0.001617431640625,
0.03515625,
-0.0301513671875,
0.01043701171875,
-0.02392578125,
0.029052734375,
-0.0277099609375,
0.0308837890625,
0.0007781982421875,
0.0245361328125,
-0.040283203125,
0.031494140625,
0.035400390625,
0.046630859375,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.0205078125,
-0.032470703125,
0.005828857421875,
-0.003631591796875,
-0.0380859375,
0.055419921875,
0.0029449462890625,
0.05712890625,
0.07666015625,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.03271484375,
-0.02197265625,
-0.00078582763671875,
-0.01080322265625,
0.04541015625,
0.01434326171875,
0.01129150390625,
-0.00194549560546875,
0.035400390625,
0.037109375,
0.00115966796875,
0.02392578125,
0.002105712890625,
0.03271484375,
-0.00579833984375,
0.01019287109375,
-0.011474609375,
-0.0341796875,
0.0291748046875,
0.007537841796875,
-0.036865234375,
-0.07958984375,
0.031494140625,
0.000377655029296875,
-0.00927734375,
-0.00909423828125,
0.02978515625,
-0.00750732421875,
0.0208740234375,
0.002227783203125,
-0.046875,
-0.039306640625,
-0.0439453125,
0.029052734375,
-0.015869140625,
-0.03564453125,
0.0093994140625,
-0.01202392578125,
0.0322265625,
0.0419921875,
0.045166015625,
-0.002777099609375,
-0.014404296875,
-0.0081787109375,
0.020751953125,
-0.0023193359375,
-0.0498046875,
-0.015869140625,
0.00994873046875,
0.02294921875,
0.0220947265625,
-0.031005859375,
0.054443359375,
-0.0301513671875,
0.0252685546875,
0.0234375,
0.0185546875,
-0.006134033203125,
0.01007080078125,
-0.0240478515625,
0.01318359375,
0.06640625,
-0.033935546875,
0.033203125,
-0.033203125,
0.02490234375,
0.034423828125,
0.061279296875,
-0.00555419921875,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.005645751953125,
-0.0213623046875,
0.01177978515625,
0.01007080078125,
0.032958984375,
0.0078125,
0.052978515625,
-0.041015625,
0.048828125,
-0.007659912109375,
-0.033935546875,
-0.044677734375,
0.051025390625,
-0.019287109375,
0.0400390625,
-0.058837890625,
0.0439453125,
-0.010986328125,
0.01043701171875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.006866455078125,
0.031982421875,
0.019775390625,
0.00142669677734375,
0.05078125,
-0.0008392333984375,
0.0150146484375,
0.039306640625,
0.00531005859375,
-0.047119140625,
0.04541015625,
0.004486083984375,
0.0091552734375,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0130615234375,
0.02392578125,
-0.01129150390625,
0.027099609375,
-0.0037384033203125,
0.01904296875,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.041748046875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.038330078125,
-0.00830078125,
0.0279541015625,
0.00157928466796875,
0.010498046875,
-0.022216796875,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.0224609375,
-0.055419921875,
-0.01251220703125,
0.0252685546875,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.02783203125,
0.05859375,
0.000789642333984375,
0.01544189453125,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.0390625,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.0024566650390625,
0.06689453125,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.006805419921875,
0.00946044921875,
0.0615234375,
0.002593994140625,
0.0225830078125,
0.04931640625,
-0.0247802734375,
0.037109375,
0.034912109375,
0.04052734375,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.0234375,
-0.005523681640625,
-0.040771484375,
0.0115966796875,
0.0220947265625,
0.024658203125,
-0.007171630859375,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0257568359375,
0.01068115234375,
-0.05810546875,
-0.053955078125,
-0.01904296875,
0.006103515625,
0.02197265625,
-0.0205078125,
-0.00159454345703125,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0810546875,
0.000518798828125,
0.002593994140625,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.04736328125,
-0.031494140625,
-0.02978515625,
0.0019073486328125,
0.032470703125,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.036865234375,
-0.04541015625,
-0.0023956298828125,
-0.0166015625,
-0.01123046875,
-0.02392578125,
-0.03662109375,
-0.013916015625,
0.00148773193359375,
0.018310546875,
-0.038330078125,
0.06787109375,
-0.010986328125,
-0.0150146484375,
0.049072265625,
-0.0771484375,
0.000888824462890625,
-0.095703125,
0.000545501708984375,
-0.051025390625,
-0.036376953125,
0.00102996826171875,
0.03271484375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0021820068359375,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.031005859375,
-0.0703125,
-0.037109375,
0.01708984375,
0.017333984375,
-0.00457763671875,
-0.00927734375,
-0.060546875,
0.035888671875,
-0.0164794921875,
0.0123291015625,
0.08544921875,
-0.01470947265625,
0.021728515625,
-0.03369140625,
0.0286865234375,
0.02880859375,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.010009765625,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.020263671875,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.00628662109375,
-0.02294921875,
0.032470703125,
0.0277099609375,
-0.0024871826171875,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.050048828125,
-0.042236328125,
-0.0213623046875,
0.03515625,
0.010986328125,
0.052734375,
0.05517578125,
-0.004425048828125,
-0.026611328125,
0.037109375,
0.0400390625,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.046630859375,
0.006103515625,
-0.01123046875,
-0.00537109375,
0.04638671875,
0.0032958984375,
-0.056396484375,
-0.0030059814453125,
0.000583648681640625,
-0.05517578125,
-0.0244140625,
-0.0380859375,
0.0186767578125,
0.037841796875,
-0.0211181640625,
0.048828125,
0.0137939453125,
-0.004180908203125,
0.044921875,
-0.0208740234375,
0.012451171875,
-0.03662109375,
-0.0260009765625,
0.03857421875,
-0.0017852783203125,
-0.021240234375,
-0.0101318359375,
-0.0019989013671875,
-0.0186767578125,
0.0067138671875,
0.01239013671875,
0.0220947265625,
-0.0537109375,
-0.02587890625,
0.037109375,
0.0693359375,
-0.04345703125,
0.00102996826171875,
0.021484375,
0.04248046875,
-0.055908203125,
-0.00225830078125,
-0.0311279296875,
0.016357421875,
-0.00127410888671875,
-0.06640625,
-0.00457763671875,
0.0419921875,
0.0003261566162109375,
0.048828125,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.00860595703125,
0.0208740234375,
0.023193359375,
-0.050048828125,
0.048095703125,
0.01507568359375,
0.0458984375,
-0.03955078125,
-0.060302734375,
0.02294921875,
0.0263671875,
0.007293701171875,
0.006317138671875,
-0.0208740234375,
0.003021240234375,
-0.01544189453125,
-0.03271484375,
-0.033935546875,
0.00787353515625,
-0.01434326171875,
0.03369140625,
0.000972747802734375,
0.01904296875,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.0361328125,
0.00634765625,
-0.06103515625,
0.016845703125,
-0.0074462890625,
0.041748046875,
-0.00244140625,
-0.023193359375,
0.031494140625,
0.005767822265625,
0.000797271728515625,
0.02197265625,
-0.051513671875,
0.001983642578125,
0.008056640625,
0.00457763671875,
-0.016357421875,
-0.007232666015625,
-0.02587890625,
-0.02392578125,
-0.03857421875,
-0.017333984375,
-0.0303955078125,
0.01043701171875,
0.044677734375,
-0.016357421875,
-0.0263671875,
-0.0213623046875,
0.0120849609375,
-0.050048828125,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.021484375,
-0.01123046875,
-0.00002014636993408203,
0.01055908203125,
-0.01318359375,
-0.033935546875,
0.025634765625,
0.04052734375,
0.01239013671875,
0.0179443359375,
0.00469970703125,
0.026123046875,
0.006134033203125,
-0.02587890625,
-0.037109375,
-0.0390625,
0.0289306640625,
0.02392578125,
0.039306640625,
-0.017333984375,
0.049560546875,
-0.0478515625,
-0.0654296875,
0.0213623046875,
-0.02978515625,
-0.0220947265625,
0.0267333984375,
0.0064697265625,
0.0341796875,
-0.021728515625,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.0216064453125,
0.0341796875,
-0.0068359375,
-0.0301513671875,
0.016845703125,
0.00982666015625,
0.01226806640625,
0.035400390625,
-0.006866455078125,
0.0025177001953125,
0.0166015625,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.038330078125,
-0.007568359375,
0.02392578125,
0.0078125,
-0.036376953125,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.030517578125,
-0.056884765625,
0.029296875,
0.006103515625,
0.007232666015625,
-0.0108642578125,
0.038818359375,
-0.052734375,
0.01300048828125,
0.0130615234375,
-0.013427734375,
-0.00537109375,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.031982421875,
0.027587890625,
0.048828125,
-0.006011962890625,
0.03955078125,
0.0111083984375,
-0.027587890625,
-0.051025390625,
-0.04833984375,
-0.021728515625,
0.07373046875,
0.041015625,
0.02685546875,
-0.020263671875,
0.0074462890625,
0.0250244140625,
0.0341796875,
0.0128173828125,
0.0216064453125,
0.019287109375,
0.03173828125,
-0.03466796875,
-0.01507568359375,
0.05712890625,
0.0146484375,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.00689697265625,
-0.021484375,
0.00238037109375,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.0186767578125,
0.0213623046875,
-0.023193359375,
0.000774383544921875,
-0.023193359375,
-0.0311279296875,
0.0208740234375,
0.0244140625,
0.01507568359375,
0.008544921875,
0.0498046875,
0.0272216796875,
0.04931640625,
-0.006927490234375,
0.03564453125,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.02001953125,
-0.0025634765625,
0.0172119140625,
0.022705078125,
-0.0260009765625,
0.037109375,
0.029052734375,
0.0250244140625,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.006195068359375,
-0.01531982421875,
-0.0830078125,
-0.0022430419921875,
-0.0032501220703125,
0.0498046875,
-0.02783203125,
0.01806640625,
0.042724609375,
0.00787353515625,
-0.01141357421875,
0.0179443359375,
0.041015625,
0.0157470703125,
-0.0208740234375,
0.015625,
0.0120849609375,
0.031982421875,
0.054443359375,
-0.0191650390625,
0.0130615234375,
0.0400390625,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0150146484375,
0.027587890625,
-0.03076171875,
-0.048095703125,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.01483154296875,
0.006744384765625,
0.00174713134765625,
0.007293701171875,
-0.0517578125,
0.014892578125,
-0.03173828125,
-0.020751953125,
0.042724609375,
0.0380859375,
0.05322265625,
0.024169921875,
-0.01287841796875,
0.0213623046875,
0.0306396484375,
0.0263671875,
-0.03564453125,
0.0390625,
0.0150146484375,
-0.00160980224609375,
-0.041015625,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0172119140625,
0.03271484375,
-0.035888671875,
-0.045654296875,
0.017578125,
0.002593994140625,
-0.01708984375,
-0.041259765625,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.0010986328125,
0.0247802734375,
0.029052734375,
-0.006317138671875,
0.0162353515625,
0.00156402587890625,
0.0125732421875,
0.0224609375,
0.0302734375,
0.0023651123046875,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.053466796875,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.036376953125,
0.022705078125,
0.000698089599609375,
0.01513671875,
-0.00072479248046875,
-0.00531005859375,
0.00017642974853515625,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.033935546875,
-0.01708984375,
-0.007659912109375,
-0.0341796875,
0.021728515625,
0.016845703125,
-0.058837890625,
0.287109375,
0.0225830078125,
0.000782012939453125,
-0.04150390625,
0.0118408203125,
0.0235595703125,
-0.02880859375,
-0.000823974609375,
0.00396728515625,
0.00665283203125,
-0.029296875,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.033935546875,
0.019287109375,
0.01495361328125,
0.03955078125,
-0.0238037109375,
0.04833984375,
0.0380859375,
-0.01416015625,
-0.018798828125,
-0.015625,
-0.031494140625,
0.08544921875,
0.033447265625,
0.0186767578125,
0.02880859375,
-0.060546875,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.052001953125,
0.0177001953125,
-0.059814453125,
0.0027618408203125,
-0.07080078125,
-0.021728515625,
0.0284423828125,
0.0023345947265625,
0.0198974609375,
0.0390625,
0.006103515625,
0.0093994140625,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.02001953125,
0.007049560546875,
-0.031494140625,
-0.01544189453125,
-0.0322265625,
0.0810546875,
0.06494140625,
-0.026611328125,
0.027099609375,
0.03125,
0.05517578125,
-0.003387451171875,
0.0211181640625,
0.00604248046875,
0.0208740234375,
-0.0037689208984375,
-0.024169921875,
-0.0164794921875,
0.03564453125,
-0.0157470703125,
0.0211181640625,
0.05126953125,
0.0196533203125,
0.0262451171875,
0.04345703125,
0.0101318359375,
-0.018798828125,
0.00089263916015625,
0.01483154296875,
0.020751953125,
-0.03955078125,
0.0150146484375,
0.044189453125,
0.0023651123046875,
-0.041015625,
-0.00543212890625,
0.034423828125,
-0.0169677734375,
0.00946044921875,
-0.04296875,
-0.00848388671875,
0.00506591796875,
0.034912109375,
0.0224609375,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.028564453125,
0.01068115234375,
-0.00037384033203125,
-0.0069580078125,
0.006134033203125,
-0.0028076171875,
-0.0162353515625,
0.020263671875
] |
Fead, J.
This is a petition for writ of mandamus to compel the circuit judge to set aside an order remitting to the probate court the case of In re Spin ner’s Estate, upon contest of will, the court having held that contestants did not seasonably file a proper stay bond. In view of the decision handed down herewith in the main case, reported ante, 263, the question is moot.
Petition denied without costs.
North, 0. J., and Wiest, Clark, McDonald, Potter, and Sharpe, JJ., concurred. The late Justice Fellows took no part in this decision. | [
0.0299072265625,
-0.00927734375,
-0.00872802734375,
0.041015625,
-0.02734375,
-0.0230712890625,
0.01177978515625,
0.01953125,
-0.027099609375,
0.038330078125,
0.06689453125,
-0.01513671875,
0.05517578125,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.052734375,
-0.0191650390625,
0.0225830078125,
0.032470703125,
-0.02099609375,
0.0135498046875,
0.02685546875,
0.01214599609375,
-0.0133056640625,
0.00102996826171875,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.039794921875,
-0.01324462890625,
0.01953125,
0.0281982421875,
0.0172119140625,
0.01385498046875,
-0.0556640625,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.007049560546875,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.005859375,
0.0247802734375,
-0.06640625,
0.02197265625,
-0.0247802734375,
0.00049591064453125,
-0.0028228759765625,
0.032958984375,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.056396484375,
-0.0966796875,
-0.0400390625,
-0.018310546875,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.0263671875,
-0.0155029296875,
0.0074462890625,
-0.007415771484375,
-0.0186767578125,
0.0022125244140625,
-0.0054931640625,
-0.01416015625,
-0.0390625,
-0.0159912109375,
0.0018463134765625,
0.036376953125,
-0.01092529296875,
0.01275634765625,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.0341796875,
0.04345703125,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.033447265625,
0.00390625,
0.0128173828125,
-0.0113525390625,
0.0228271484375,
0.024658203125,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.001068115234375,
-0.00244140625,
0.01165771484375,
0.017578125,
0.0390625,
-0.00628662109375,
0.0157470703125,
0.00323486328125,
-0.0146484375,
0.02294921875,
0.0068359375,
0.0228271484375,
0.033203125,
0.0130615234375,
-0.052001953125,
0.06103515625,
-0.08349609375,
-0.020751953125,
0.006439208984375,
0.06640625,
-0.025634765625,
-0.017578125,
0.03173828125,
-0.042724609375,
0.0230712890625,
0.036376953125,
-0.0166015625,
0.039306640625,
0.0111083984375,
0.0167236328125,
0.0037384033203125,
0.035888671875,
0.003692626953125,
0.0086669921875,
0.0264892578125,
-0.017333984375,
0.0303955078125,
0.0018157958984375,
-0.058837890625,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.04541015625,
0.006317138671875,
-0.0390625,
-0.0218505859375,
0.031005859375,
-0.01434326171875,
0.0390625,
0.00157928466796875,
0.005126953125,
-0.00299072265625,
0.025146484375,
0.0247802734375,
-0.009765625,
-0.01251220703125,
0.04443359375,
0.01385498046875,
0.0245361328125,
-0.013916015625,
0.009521484375,
0.034912109375,
0.020263671875,
0.0203857421875,
0.0169677734375,
-0.0140380859375,
0.0184326171875,
0.0157470703125,
0.03857421875,
0.064453125,
0.055908203125,
-0.0050048828125,
0.0252685546875,
0.00555419921875,
-0.03515625,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.021728515625,
0.0284423828125,
0.0306396484375,
0.052978515625,
0.05419921875,
-0.01409912109375,
0.050048828125,
-0.0224609375,
0.0016326904296875,
0.048583984375,
-0.001495361328125,
0.06640625,
-0.0260009765625,
0.0361328125,
0.0201416015625,
-0.0034332275390625,
0.056640625,
0.006439208984375,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.036376953125,
0.014892578125,
0.0380859375,
-0.0390625,
-0.01312255859375,
0.026611328125,
0.007110595703125,
0.07275390625,
0.00665283203125,
-0.02001953125,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.0218505859375,
0.0615234375,
0.056396484375,
0.00933837890625,
-0.00640869140625,
0.027099609375,
0.017333984375,
-0.033935546875,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.0206298828125,
0.014892578125,
0.0242919921875,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.04345703125,
0.03857421875,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.0673828125,
0.015380859375,
0.01239013671875,
0.05859375,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.047607421875,
0.042724609375,
0.01324462890625,
-0.048095703125,
0.009521484375,
-0.0157470703125,
0.02783203125,
-0.002716064453125,
-0.024169921875,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0235595703125,
-0.0145263671875,
0.0196533203125,
-0.0150146484375,
0.0072021484375,
-0.0068359375,
0.04248046875,
0.017822265625,
0.0257568359375,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.005218505859375,
0.05029296875,
0.016357421875,
-0.01953125,
0.0225830078125,
-0.03369140625,
0.0216064453125,
-0.01336669921875,
0.06005859375,
0.020751953125,
-0.04443359375,
0.055419921875,
0.01068115234375,
0.01220703125,
0.0203857421875,
-0.0289306640625,
0.029541015625,
0.036865234375,
0.007598876953125,
-0.00579833984375,
0.03173828125,
-0.024658203125,
0.00823974609375,
-0.00390625,
-0.0140380859375,
0.0137939453125,
0.044921875,
0.02001953125,
0.0018157958984375,
0.0068359375,
0.0029754638671875,
0.05712890625,
0.0216064453125,
-0.0625,
-0.03125,
0.041748046875,
0.0087890625,
-0.046630859375,
-0.0034027099609375,
0.0034637451171875,
-0.01043701171875,
0.0283203125,
-0.010498046875,
0.0003299713134765625,
-0.003570556640625,
-0.025634765625,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.03857421875,
0.0164794921875,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.047119140625,
0.04052734375,
-0.042236328125,
-0.0150146484375,
0.032470703125,
-0.049072265625,
0.03515625,
-0.02685546875,
0.041259765625,
-0.05859375,
-0.00531005859375,
0.022705078125,
0.05029296875,
0.00762939453125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0260009765625,
0.01055908203125,
-0.019287109375,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.017822265625,
-0.013916015625,
-0.0172119140625,
0.00531005859375,
-0.001983642578125,
0.0203857421875,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.0179443359375,
0.005279541015625,
-0.05859375,
0.0250244140625,
0.00933837890625,
-0.0004787445068359375,
0.0634765625,
0.0000457763671875,
0.033447265625,
-0.016845703125,
0.0654296875,
0.004638671875,
-0.00726318359375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0634765625,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.0146484375,
-0.054443359375,
-0.02734375,
0.0054931640625,
0.0107421875,
0.0037994384765625,
-0.044921875,
0.0208740234375,
-0.026611328125,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0252685546875,
0.002410888671875,
-0.00396728515625,
-0.01953125,
0.033447265625,
0.00958251953125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.029541015625,
0.03125,
0.0361328125,
-0.023681640625,
-0.00104522705078125,
0.012939453125,
-0.0296630859375,
0.0010528564453125,
0.02783203125,
-0.045654296875,
-0.032470703125,
0.025390625,
-0.061279296875,
0.032470703125,
-0.005462646484375,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.007568359375,
0.0020294189453125,
0.0018157958984375,
-0.028076171875,
-0.02294921875,
0.057861328125,
-0.021240234375,
0.00286865234375,
-0.00018310546875,
-0.02392578125,
-0.0302734375,
-0.0238037109375,
0.0091552734375,
-0.01116943359375,
0.0244140625,
-0.06982421875,
0.040771484375,
0.052734375,
-0.013427734375,
-0.02587890625,
-0.01904296875,
-0.06396484375,
0.0264892578125,
0.01068115234375,
0.00390625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.0078125,
-0.00927734375,
0.0019989013671875,
0.044677734375,
0.04833984375,
0.0048828125,
-0.01519775390625,
0.0198974609375,
0.005615234375,
0.018798828125,
0.0177001953125,
-0.03271484375,
0.00119781494140625,
-0.02734375,
-0.03955078125,
-0.00384521484375,
0.022705078125,
0.0108642578125,
0.0283203125,
0.058837890625,
0.03857421875,
0.01397705078125,
-0.026611328125,
0.0125732421875,
-0.06982421875,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.045654296875,
0.042236328125,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.007476806640625,
0.02734375,
0.025390625,
0.046875,
0.031005859375,
-0.0035400390625,
-0.022705078125,
0.0274658203125,
0.03173828125,
0.0030670166015625,
-0.009765625,
-0.033203125,
-0.000728607177734375,
0.048583984375,
0.032958984375,
-0.0213623046875,
0.027099609375,
-0.046630859375,
0.040771484375,
0.005645751953125,
-0.011474609375,
-0.00787353515625,
0.035400390625,
-0.035888671875,
0.01141357421875,
0.047607421875,
0.019775390625,
0.004425048828125,
-0.0732421875,
0.000232696533203125,
-0.003143310546875,
0.039794921875,
0.01708984375,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.0205078125,
-0.0107421875,
-0.0107421875,
-0.006500244140625,
-0.006439208984375,
0.00138092041015625,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.037841796875,
0.05078125,
-0.025390625,
-0.044921875,
-0.0255126953125,
0.0291748046875,
-0.00799560546875,
0.03955078125,
-0.048583984375,
0.0185546875,
0.00041961669921875,
0.0133056640625,
-0.0390625,
-0.0142822265625,
0.030029296875,
-0.01806640625,
0.0283203125,
0.06298828125,
-0.02099609375,
-0.0017547607421875,
0.054443359375,
0.0084228515625,
-0.039306640625,
0.0284423828125,
0.010009765625,
0.0137939453125,
-0.0010986328125,
-0.00994873046875,
0.043212890625,
-0.05029296875,
0.05908203125,
-0.014404296875,
0.00543212890625,
0.0059814453125,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.05126953125,
-0.043701171875,
0.0101318359375,
-0.0019683837890625,
0.013671875,
0.0052490234375,
0.0208740234375,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.06982421875,
0.007049560546875,
-0.050048828125,
-0.0439453125,
0.0150146484375,
-0.0084228515625,
0.03759765625,
-0.01153564453125,
0.0189208984375,
0.0279541015625,
0.04345703125,
-0.0390625,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.003021240234375,
0.0269775390625,
0.0137939453125,
0.0274658203125,
-0.004364013671875,
0.035400390625,
0.01806640625,
0.034423828125,
0.0172119140625,
-0.00543212890625,
-0.0150146484375,
0.010986328125,
0.031005859375,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0267333984375,
0.01202392578125,
-0.00531005859375,
0.0247802734375,
0.0177001953125,
-0.006591796875,
-0.03759765625,
-0.042236328125,
-0.021240234375,
0.0306396484375,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.05419921875,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.021728515625,
0.00689697265625,
-0.03173828125,
0.0133056640625,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.07470703125,
0.08349609375,
-0.0225830078125,
0.01202392578125,
-0.03759765625,
-0.02587890625,
-0.0361328125,
0.05126953125,
0.02685546875,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.0390625,
-0.004119873046875,
0.01348876953125,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.042724609375,
0.0084228515625,
0.005462646484375,
-0.013916015625,
0.0037078857421875,
0.0185546875,
0.0302734375,
-0.01348876953125,
0.0126953125,
0.0264892578125,
-0.0400390625,
0.0033111572265625,
-0.07080078125,
0.0301513671875,
-0.0002994537353515625,
0.0196533203125,
-0.01300048828125,
0.04345703125,
-0.0040283203125,
0.01611328125,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.000797271728515625,
-0.029541015625,
-0.057861328125,
0.010009765625,
-0.0027008056640625,
0.0179443359375,
-0.017333984375,
-0.035888671875,
0.007049560546875,
-0.06689453125,
-0.018798828125,
0.043701171875,
-0.0040283203125,
-0.018798828125,
-0.06201171875,
0.035400390625,
0.045654296875,
-0.05322265625,
-0.0615234375,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.039306640625,
0.06591796875,
0.05322265625,
-0.017822265625,
0.02294921875,
-0.03125,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.0162353515625,
0.025146484375,
0.00170135498046875,
0.01953125,
0.0537109375,
-0.0205078125,
-0.0247802734375,
0.000629425048828125,
0.05810546875,
-0.020263671875,
-0.041015625,
0.0263671875,
0.00180816650390625,
-0.013916015625,
0.057373046875,
0.0263671875,
-0.05517578125,
-0.034912109375,
-0.040283203125,
-0.05126953125,
-0.031982421875,
-0.00933837890625,
0.034423828125,
0.0390625,
-0.04296875,
0.04296875,
0.004302978515625,
0.003997802734375,
0.029541015625,
-0.0888671875,
0.058837890625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.049072265625,
0.031982421875,
-0.00007390975952148438,
0.02734375,
-0.0693359375,
-0.005950927734375,
-0.04443359375,
0.0185546875,
0.0225830078125,
-0.0162353515625,
0.01611328125,
-0.00628662109375,
0.01300048828125,
0.0693359375,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.009521484375,
0.033447265625,
0.0042724609375,
-0.022216796875,
-0.00106048583984375,
-0.047119140625,
0.0242919921875,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.09716796875,
0.00244140625,
0.022216796875,
0.052978515625,
0.052734375,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.004486083984375,
0.019775390625,
-0.019775390625,
0.038818359375,
-0.004608154296875,
0.041015625,
-0.056396484375,
-0.043701171875,
-0.01519775390625,
0.0216064453125,
-0.0184326171875,
0.014892578125,
-0.024658203125,
-0.00616455078125,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.025390625,
-0.0023040771484375,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.033447265625,
0.0235595703125,
-0.001708984375,
0.0126953125,
-0.00433349609375,
0.01312255859375,
-0.041748046875,
0.03515625,
-0.035888671875,
0.03955078125,
0.0235595703125,
-0.00150299072265625,
0.03125,
0.01611328125,
-0.002716064453125,
0.021728515625,
-0.038330078125,
-0.035400390625,
0.00142669677734375,
0.0235595703125,
0.02490234375,
-0.003570556640625,
-0.0556640625,
-0.0030975341796875,
-0.029541015625,
-0.00982666015625,
0.01434326171875,
-0.0208740234375,
0.0301513671875,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.033935546875,
-0.035888671875,
0.029296875,
-0.043701171875,
-0.01373291015625,
0.00506591796875,
-0.00014972686767578125,
0.0301513671875,
0.0247802734375,
0.01080322265625,
0.0322265625,
0.00244140625,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.0087890625,
0.03173828125,
-0.006439208984375,
0.025634765625,
-0.011474609375,
-0.00567626953125,
-0.040283203125,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.004669189453125,
0.03515625,
0.04296875,
-0.00384521484375,
0.047607421875,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.0172119140625,
0.0223388671875,
-0.050048828125,
-0.037109375,
0.031494140625,
0.02978515625,
0.0020904541015625,
-0.061279296875,
0.006622314453125,
-0.01904296875,
0.046875,
0.00225830078125,
-0.0146484375,
0.060302734375,
-0.015625,
0.06298828125,
-0.002410888671875,
-0.02001953125,
0.0081787109375,
0.01495361328125,
-0.054443359375,
-0.07080078125,
-0.006866455078125,
0.034423828125,
0.0390625,
0.02783203125,
-0.033447265625,
0.01806640625,
-0.06787109375,
0.005706787109375,
0.0062255859375,
0.01141357421875,
-0.001220703125,
0.0137939453125,
0.00653076171875,
-0.014404296875,
-0.00439453125,
-0.0162353515625,
0.01263427734375,
-0.054931640625,
-0.0390625,
-0.00860595703125,
0.01904296875,
-0.0050048828125,
0.052734375,
0.04345703125,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.048095703125,
0.01202392578125,
-0.00077056884765625,
0.060546875,
0.02783203125,
0.01153564453125,
-0.01031494140625,
0.032470703125,
0.04541015625,
0.0157470703125,
0.0478515625,
0.0142822265625,
0.001190185546875,
-0.003875732421875,
-0.0306396484375,
0.00106048583984375,
0.02490234375,
-0.0244140625,
0.00677490234375,
0.0230712890625,
-0.01953125,
0.02294921875,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.032958984375,
0.0125732421875,
-0.026123046875,
0.01025390625,
-0.025390625,
0.00811767578125,
0.0191650390625,
0.051513671875,
0.00035858154296875,
-0.00909423828125,
0.0179443359375,
0.03173828125,
0.051513671875,
0.0086669921875,
0.0576171875,
0.0037384033203125,
-0.08642578125,
0.01123046875,
-0.00799560546875,
0.034912109375,
-0.037353515625,
-0.01348876953125,
0.005340576171875,
0.0022735595703125,
-0.035888671875,
0.0218505859375,
-0.037109375,
-0.040771484375,
0.00799560546875,
-0.0179443359375,
0.01953125,
-0.0595703125,
0.00054931640625,
0.0291748046875,
0.0240478515625,
-0.020751953125,
0.03515625,
0.021240234375,
0.0289306640625,
-0.034423828125,
0.0030517578125,
-0.00775146484375,
0.0277099609375,
0.059814453125,
-0.039794921875,
0.0274658203125,
0.041748046875,
0.007293701171875,
-0.039794921875,
0.014892578125,
-0.048095703125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.04833984375,
0.0150146484375,
-0.006866455078125,
0.0272216796875,
0.013916015625,
-0.0390625,
0.0322265625,
0.00131988525390625,
-0.034912109375,
0.0283203125,
0.0299072265625,
0.0380859375,
-0.01708984375,
-0.0223388671875,
0.00946044921875,
-0.014892578125,
0.01904296875,
-0.041259765625,
0.038330078125,
-0.0126953125,
-0.052001953125,
-0.06884765625,
-0.0157470703125,
0.027099609375,
0.00141143798828125,
-0.05859375,
-0.0274658203125,
0.0213623046875,
0.039794921875,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.043701171875,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.01080322265625,
0.0390625,
0.0174560546875,
0.00144195556640625,
-0.00701904296875,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.004852294921875,
0.0306396484375,
0.03662109375,
0.01007080078125,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.003143310546875,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.025390625,
-0.043212890625,
-0.015869140625,
0.00860595703125,
0.011474609375,
0.040283203125,
-0.054443359375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.0004482269287109375,
0.01177978515625,
-0.041015625,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.003448486328125,
-0.0223388671875,
0.000031948089599609375,
0.0034942626953125,
-0.047119140625,
0.267578125,
0.015869140625,
-0.041015625,
0.025146484375,
-0.01806640625,
0.0194091796875,
0.01318359375,
0.002197265625,
0.01177978515625,
-0.002227783203125,
-0.0146484375,
0.009033203125,
-0.026123046875,
-0.0035400390625,
-0.01141357421875,
0.03076171875,
-0.009765625,
-0.0029296875,
0.0250244140625,
-0.041015625,
-0.0027313232421875,
0.00830078125,
-0.042236328125,
0.046630859375,
0.036865234375,
0.025390625,
0.007232666015625,
-0.058837890625,
-0.02490234375,
-0.0194091796875,
0.034912109375,
-0.078125,
0.0125732421875,
-0.019287109375,
-0.01336669921875,
0.0390625,
0.007232666015625,
-0.0225830078125,
0.037109375,
-0.044677734375,
-0.0028076171875,
-0.000705718994140625,
0.02001953125,
-0.003997802734375,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.010009765625,
-0.033203125,
0.04931640625,
0.04443359375,
-0.0255126953125,
0.0262451171875,
0.045166015625,
0.01263427734375,
-0.0027618408203125,
-0.05859375,
0.0194091796875,
0.006317138671875,
0.00262451171875,
-0.0302734375,
-0.051025390625,
0.012939453125,
0.00640869140625,
-0.00482177734375,
0.0380859375,
-0.01141357421875,
0.02685546875,
0.046630859375,
-0.006805419921875,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.0167236328125,
0.053466796875,
0.003936767578125,
0.00341796875,
-0.007415771484375,
0.039306640625,
0.00408935546875,
-0.01409912109375,
0.02197265625,
0.048828125,
0.00005054473876953125,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.04443359375,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.014892578125,
0.07958984375,
0.0133056640625,
0.0169677734375,
-0.02490234375,
-0.031494140625,
0.0155029296875,
0.01287841796875,
-0.002044677734375,
-0.0203857421875,
0.00787353515625,
-0.01055908203125
] |
Sharpe, J.
On January 16, 1931, certain general creditors of the Detroit City Service Company filed a bill of complaint to secure the appointment of a receiver for the corporation. The Union Guardian Trust Company and H. S. Oderman were duly appointed. In the order appointing them they were—
“authorized to continue, manage, operate and conduct the business of the defendant until the further order of this court, with full authority to carry on, manage, operate and conduct said business, to buy and sell merchandise, supplies or stock in trade, for cash or on credit, and as may be deemed advisable by said receivers.”
On June 25,1931, the Consolidated Public' Service Company, a stockholder in the corporation, filed a petition for leave to intervene in said proceeding. It prayed therein that a receiver of- the company and its assets be appointed or “the receivership already created in said suit be continued with all the powers and duties set forth in the order appointing receiver in this canse,” and with the further power and authority to continue the business of the corporation, marshal its assets, pay its debts, wind up its affairs, and “distribute the balance of the proceeds among* the stockholders as their interest may appear. That upon the winding up of the affairs of said corporation and the distribution of the assets, said corporation be dissolved. ’ ’
An order permitting intervention was entered, the petition to “stand as and for its intervening' bill of complaint. ’ ’ This was followed by an order granted “upon consideration of the verified petition and intervening bill of complaint,” and, by consent of the corporation, reappointing the above-named receivers and continuing the receivership then existing, and authorizing and empowering them- — •
“to continue and carry on the business as conducted by said defendant corporation pending the further order of this court and in the conduct of said business to make such contracts and incur such expense as in its discretion may be necessary.”
Creditors and stockholders were enjoined from instituting or prosecuting actions or suits against the corporation, and the receivers were invested with “all of the powers and rights applicable to receivers upon creditors ’ bills under the rules and practice of this court.”
The receivers continued to carry on the ice and coal business in which the corporation was engaged, and are still doing so. No decree of dissolution has been entered.
It further appears that the trustee under a mortgage securing bonds of the corporation has taken proceedings to foreclose it. As the mortgage covered only a part of the real estate owned by the corporation and none of its personal property, the proceed ings taken thereunder are immaterial to the issue here presented.
The secretary of State presented a claim to the circuit court commissioner appointed to hear claims against the corporation for the privilege tax for the year 1931, amounting to $6,000, which was disallowed. On review by the circuit court an order was entered disallowing it, from which the secretary of State has taken this appeal.
Section 10140, 2 Comp. Laws 1929, provides for the filing of annual reports and the payment of a fee by corporations, with some exceptions, “for the privilege of exercising its franchise and of transacting its business within this State.” The privilege fee thus imposed is in the nature of an excise tax on the right to transact business in this State. In re G. H. Hammond Co., 246 Mich. 179. The amount of the fee is not in dispute. The question here presented is whether the fee is payable after the receivers were appointed and took control of the corporate property.
A question very similar, in our opinion, was presented in Re Detroit Properties Corp., 254 Mich. 523, and it was there held that where a receiver operates the business of a corporation under order of the court the corporation is not divested of its franchise; that “the tax is on the franchise, and, as the franchise is being exercised by the receiver, the tax is valid.” -While the question was one of first impression in this court, the authorities are reviewed at length and clearly sustain the conclusion reached.
A similar question was presented in Michigan v. Michigan Trust Co., 286 U. S. 334 (52 Sup. Ct. 512), and it was held that the construction placed by this court upon the statute in the case above referred to should be followed in the Federal courts.
Counsel insist that as the receivers were reappointed under the bill of the Consolidated Public Service Company, in which a dissolution was prayed for, the holding in Hurd v. Meyer, 259 Mich. 190, is controlling. In that case a petition for the dissolution of the corporation was filed and a decree dissolving the corporation and appointing a receiver to wind up its affairs was entered. We have set forth at some length the proceedings taken in this case when the stockholders ’ bill was filed. The order entered was not one for dissolution. It empowered the receivers to carry on, operate and conduct the business of the corporation, apparently in the hope that dissolution would be averted. Upon the hearing in the trial court counsel for the receivers stated that the corporation was—
“still going as a going business now as far as that is concerned. There has been no change in the operation of the business except for the effect of the decree of the court and the people stepping in and asking for a dissolution.”
Stress is also laid upon the following language in Detroit Trust Co. v. Detroit City Service Co., 262 Mich. 14, 50:
“The equity receivership, particularly in view of the allegations in the second bill of complaint,' which were admitted in the answer of the service company, gave the receivers title to all the assets, subject to the liens.”
In that case the receivers became possessed of the assets of the corporation for the purpose of carrying on its business under the orders of the court above referred to, and title for that purpose may be said to have passed to them. But the court was not then speaking of the title with which a receiver becomes vested when appointed in a decree dissolving a corporation under 3 Comp. Laws 1929, § 15315, as was the case in Hurd v. Meyer, supra.
It follows that the order of the trial court disallowing the claim for the 1931 fee will be set aside, with costs, and the cause remanded with directions to allow the same.
McDonald, C. J., and Weadock, Potter, North, Pead, Wiest, and Butzel, JJ., concurred. | [
-0.039794921875,
-0.01495361328125,
0.033935546875,
0.022216796875,
-0.040771484375,
0.004364013671875,
-0.034912109375,
-0.0205078125,
0.0120849609375,
0.030029296875,
0.03662109375,
0.01458740234375,
0.01483154296875,
0.0155029296875,
-0.02197265625,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.0108642578125,
0.022216796875,
-0.021484375,
0.01397705078125,
0.02197265625,
0.005157470703125,
-0.028076171875,
-0.034912109375,
-0.01513671875,
-0.030029296875,
0.000762939453125,
-0.03564453125,
0.0537109375,
0.0211181640625,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0283203125,
0.0162353515625,
0.002777099609375,
-0.029052734375,
-0.01806640625,
0.02783203125,
-0.06396484375,
0.011474609375,
-0.04296875,
-0.0062255859375,
0.052734375,
0.03466796875,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.035888671875,
0.01348876953125,
-0.03369140625,
0.005889892578125,
-0.056884765625,
0.0203857421875,
0.0244140625,
0.03173828125,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.0022125244140625,
-0.06591796875,
-0.03466796875,
-0.008056640625,
0.0140380859375,
0.03564453125,
0.0260009765625,
-0.0057373046875,
0.047607421875,
-0.0169677734375,
0.00836181640625,
0.038818359375,
-0.01373291015625,
0.0137939453125,
0.00872802734375,
-0.0017547607421875,
-0.0135498046875,
0.0172119140625,
-0.017333984375,
0.005279541015625,
0.03515625,
0.01446533203125,
0.0087890625,
-0.07958984375,
0.0216064453125,
-0.015869140625,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.0213623046875,
0.046142578125,
-0.024169921875,
-0.0205078125,
0.03515625,
0.0179443359375,
0.0537109375,
-0.02197265625,
0.01513671875,
-0.01336669921875,
0.061279296875,
-0.03662109375,
0.00970458984375,
0.048828125,
-0.001953125,
-0.0087890625,
-0.0040283203125,
0.032470703125,
0.0026397705078125,
0.02880859375,
-0.00726318359375,
-0.01214599609375,
0.0537109375,
0.0201416015625,
0.01318359375,
-0.009033203125,
0.0096435546875,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.0206298828125,
0.0220947265625,
-0.044677734375,
0.040771484375,
-0.006256103515625,
-0.057861328125,
0.037109375,
-0.029541015625,
0.00555419921875,
-0.0203857421875,
0.01287841796875,
0.080078125,
-0.005950927734375,
0.024169921875,
-0.0302734375,
0.0294189453125,
0.02978515625,
0.00014781951904296875,
0.0400390625,
-0.0159912109375,
0.047607421875,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.0050048828125,
0.003753662109375,
0.0091552734375,
0.010009765625,
0.01007080078125,
0.01141357421875,
-0.002960205078125,
0.0289306640625,
0.0240478515625,
0.01275634765625,
0.02001953125,
0.000789642333984375,
0.039306640625,
-0.00665283203125,
0.03271484375,
-0.0107421875,
0.057861328125,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.0263671875,
-0.037353515625,
0.007598876953125,
0.053955078125,
0.05517578125,
0.0341796875,
-0.002532958984375,
0.00543212890625,
-0.0322265625,
0.0194091796875,
0.004852294921875,
-0.01190185546875,
0.00180816650390625,
-0.00013828277587890625,
-0.005462646484375,
-0.025390625,
0.0216064453125,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.00506591796875,
-0.058349609375,
-0.004913330078125,
0.000621795654296875,
-0.0045166015625,
-0.059814453125,
-0.0274658203125,
0.0001850128173828125,
-0.00750732421875,
0.0303955078125,
0.00494384765625,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.0081787109375,
0.01202392578125,
0.00927734375,
0.00176239013671875,
0.02392578125,
-0.007110595703125,
0.0130615234375,
-0.031982421875,
0.00628662109375,
-0.032470703125,
0.031005859375,
-0.02294921875,
-0.0218505859375,
0.007781982421875,
-0.029541015625,
0.03564453125,
0.0101318359375,
-0.01312255859375,
0.0380859375,
0.02294921875,
-0.0294189453125,
0.0155029296875,
-0.033447265625,
0.043701171875,
-0.03662109375,
-0.033935546875,
0.07373046875,
0.0140380859375,
0.01202392578125,
0.026123046875,
0.000782012939453125,
0.04541015625,
-0.005035400390625,
-0.00193023681640625,
0.01239013671875,
0.030029296875,
-0.0419921875,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.00787353515625,
0.01324462890625,
0.027587890625,
-0.020263671875,
0.06689453125,
0.00335693359375,
-0.0201416015625,
0.054443359375,
0.04345703125,
-0.033935546875,
0.00177001953125,
0.0103759765625,
-0.01336669921875,
0.01123046875,
0.059814453125,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.006683349609375,
0.032958984375,
0.04150390625,
0.0050048828125,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.0247802734375,
0.028076171875,
0.05615234375,
0.0120849609375,
-0.04638671875,
0.034423828125,
-0.00174713134765625,
-0.03466796875,
-0.01385498046875,
0.0301513671875,
-0.0133056640625,
0.01416015625,
0.0211181640625,
0.0216064453125,
-0.016357421875,
0.017822265625,
-0.0001583099365234375,
0.0031280517578125,
-0.021240234375,
-0.02880859375,
0.06689453125,
0.0031890869140625,
-0.048828125,
0.0096435546875,
0.046142578125,
-0.021240234375,
0.049560546875,
0.022216796875,
-0.033447265625,
-0.037109375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.0211181640625,
0.0120849609375,
0.0115966796875,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.061767578125,
0.032470703125,
-0.034912109375,
0.0250244140625,
-0.040771484375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0235595703125,
0.00689697265625,
-0.023681640625,
0.004425048828125,
-0.035400390625,
-0.004852294921875,
-0.0220947265625,
0.032470703125,
-0.005645751953125,
-0.000789642333984375,
-0.031494140625,
0.0390625,
0.0306396484375,
-0.020751953125,
-0.03271484375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.00579833984375,
-0.024169921875,
-0.0341796875,
0.016845703125,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.007354736328125,
-0.0240478515625,
0.031005859375,
-0.044677734375,
-0.0301513671875,
0.006561279296875,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.009521484375,
0.03662109375,
0.0157470703125,
-0.0172119140625,
0.0005340576171875,
0.053466796875,
0.0152587890625,
0.03564453125,
0.006591796875,
-0.033935546875,
0.01519775390625,
0.00518798828125,
-0.031982421875,
0.0015106201171875,
0.001495361328125,
0.013671875,
0.045654296875,
-0.029296875,
0.014892578125,
-0.05029296875,
-0.02392578125,
-0.02587890625,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.0145263671875,
0.0284423828125,
-0.0078125,
-0.0322265625,
0.0233154296875,
-0.00005698204040527344,
0.0263671875,
-0.039794921875,
0.0113525390625,
0.00384521484375,
0.00185394287109375,
0.0064697265625,
0.0380859375,
-0.0419921875,
0.0059814453125,
0.01348876953125,
-0.0419921875,
0.004180908203125,
-0.0380859375,
0.000865936279296875,
0.0177001953125,
0.04150390625,
0.0306396484375,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.04296875,
0.05419921875,
0.0213623046875,
0.0186767578125,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.00830078125,
-0.0067138671875,
-0.048095703125,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.0191650390625,
0.028076171875,
-0.0037078857421875,
0.0595703125,
0.06640625,
-0.037353515625,
0.011962890625,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.040771484375,
-0.005645751953125,
0.013916015625,
0.0225830078125,
0.000396728515625,
0.01214599609375,
-0.00164031982421875,
0.037109375,
0.006500244140625,
0.0301513671875,
-0.010009765625,
-0.01092529296875,
0.036865234375,
-0.041015625,
0.0047607421875,
-0.00145721435546875,
-0.00787353515625,
0.000004976987838745117,
0.00689697265625,
-0.0615234375,
-0.00555419921875,
0.0269775390625,
0.0152587890625,
-0.0024566650390625,
0.0167236328125,
0.034912109375,
0.031982421875,
-0.0517578125,
0.041015625,
-0.03662109375,
-0.025390625,
-0.0218505859375,
0.030517578125,
0.0003337860107421875,
0.0133056640625,
-0.041748046875,
0.0157470703125,
0.01507568359375,
0.01470947265625,
0.008544921875,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.02099609375,
-0.0152587890625,
0.05078125,
-0.000213623046875,
-0.02587890625,
-0.0169677734375,
0.045654296875,
0.03662109375,
0.043701171875,
-0.044921875,
0.0712890625,
-0.031494140625,
0.00897216796875,
0.0198974609375,
-0.00640869140625,
-0.02783203125,
0.020751953125,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.0233154296875,
0.043212890625,
0.0081787109375,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.0019683837890625,
0.0072021484375,
0.0306396484375,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.0020904541015625,
0.0091552734375,
-0.0030059814453125,
0.02099609375,
-0.00634765625,
0.037841796875,
0.007476806640625,
0.01239013671875,
-0.0244140625,
0.0439453125,
-0.005828857421875,
-0.016357421875,
0.0057373046875,
0.04248046875,
-0.0189208984375,
0.052490234375,
0.000690460205078125,
0.06103515625,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0025634765625,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.038330078125,
0.034423828125,
0.047607421875,
0.0211181640625,
0.04833984375,
0.01031494140625,
-0.010009765625,
0.0010223388671875,
-0.02685546875,
-0.03662109375,
0.021728515625,
-0.01397705078125,
0.026611328125,
0.0025787353515625,
-0.0235595703125,
0.0301513671875,
-0.0177001953125,
0.05029296875,
-0.0108642578125,
0.032470703125,
-0.0537109375,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.023193359375,
-0.0177001953125,
0.0191650390625,
0.031005859375,
0.006439208984375,
-0.01416015625,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.007598876953125,
-0.05419921875,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.00092315673828125,
-0.01531982421875,
0.043212890625,
-0.0206298828125,
0.01483154296875,
-0.00106048583984375,
-0.033935546875,
0.0017242431640625,
-0.05029296875,
-0.0517578125,
-0.0302734375,
0.07373046875,
-0.04541015625,
0.0047607421875,
0.01226806640625,
0.059814453125,
0.038330078125,
0.013671875,
0.0213623046875,
0.034912109375,
0.044921875,
0.029052734375,
0.068359375,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.03759765625,
-0.006011962890625,
-0.036865234375,
0.025634765625,
0.04248046875,
-0.0106201171875,
0.016845703125,
-0.07666015625,
-0.001068115234375,
-0.0029449462890625,
-0.049072265625,
-0.01287841796875,
0.007781982421875,
0.019287109375,
0.0238037109375,
0.007781982421875,
-0.00171661376953125,
-0.021484375,
-0.03662109375,
0.0013275146484375,
-0.017333984375,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.006866455078125,
-0.04443359375,
-0.03857421875,
0.05126953125,
0.0223388671875,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.044189453125,
0.007537841796875,
-0.03759765625,
0.032958984375,
-0.058837890625,
-0.0216064453125,
0.00096893310546875,
0.037353515625,
0.06494140625,
-0.0458984375,
0.020263671875,
0.006927490234375,
-0.019287109375,
0.006744384765625,
-0.048095703125,
-0.022216796875,
-0.053466796875,
0.0245361328125,
-0.017333984375,
0.00457763671875,
0.017578125,
0.045166015625,
0.026611328125,
0.0186767578125,
-0.02197265625,
0.000946044921875,
-0.050537109375,
-0.039794921875,
-0.0033416748046875,
0.0186767578125,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0224609375,
-0.034912109375,
0.016357421875,
-0.040283203125,
0.0142822265625,
0.049072265625,
-0.0274658203125,
0.0303955078125,
-0.0230712890625,
0.01239013671875,
0.0106201171875,
-0.0205078125,
0.002227783203125,
-0.007568359375,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.0216064453125,
0.002777099609375,
-0.0517578125,
0.008056640625,
0.04541015625,
-0.01513671875,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.052978515625,
-0.044677734375,
-0.01470947265625,
0.04248046875,
0.0040283203125,
-0.00213623046875,
0.0250244140625,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.041015625,
0.00604248046875,
-0.009765625,
-0.046630859375,
-0.0225830078125,
0.0341796875,
0.00958251953125,
-0.009521484375,
0.024658203125,
0.0419921875,
-0.023193359375,
0.003173828125,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.015869140625,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.0380859375,
0.03369140625,
0.04052734375,
-0.0164794921875,
0.01519775390625,
0.037841796875,
0.01397705078125,
0.02734375,
-0.0240478515625,
0.0291748046875,
-0.016357421875,
0.00162506103515625,
0.012451171875,
-0.01165771484375,
0.0033111572265625,
-0.034912109375,
0.0007476806640625,
-0.007568359375,
-0.00830078125,
0.055908203125,
0.0174560546875,
-0.00543212890625,
-0.04248046875,
-0.0017547607421875,
0.0830078125,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.016357421875,
0.0230712890625,
0.0196533203125,
-0.051513671875,
0.0230712890625,
-0.0284423828125,
0.023193359375,
-0.017578125,
-0.07763671875,
-0.00408935546875,
0.0556640625,
0.03515625,
0.040283203125,
-0.0184326171875,
0.002685546875,
-0.0128173828125,
0.0208740234375,
-0.04443359375,
0.05078125,
0.017333984375,
0.015869140625,
-0.056396484375,
-0.052978515625,
0.00145721435546875,
0.01123046875,
-0.0302734375,
0.0026702880859375,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.047607421875,
0.00689697265625,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.0361328125,
0.002105712890625,
0.00762939453125,
0.0018768310546875,
-0.0084228515625,
0.01336669921875,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0615234375,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.051513671875,
0.0230712890625,
-0.0068359375,
0.01336669921875,
0.041015625,
-0.0296630859375,
0.01519775390625,
0.01458740234375,
-0.0269775390625,
0.060546875,
-0.0294189453125,
0.01080322265625,
-0.0247802734375,
0.0269775390625,
0.0022125244140625,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.033935546875,
-0.076171875,
-0.024169921875,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.0162353515625,
0.01409912109375,
0.046630859375,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.01708984375,
-0.00885009765625,
0.01263427734375,
-0.033203125,
0.0015411376953125,
0.0079345703125,
0.00677490234375,
0.038818359375,
0.020263671875,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.0458984375,
-0.00494384765625,
0.007080078125,
-0.0005950927734375,
0.043212890625,
-0.00750732421875,
0.02783203125,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.054931640625,
-0.0693359375,
-0.0673828125,
-0.0206298828125,
0.053955078125,
0.02734375,
0.0152587890625,
0.03271484375,
-0.026123046875,
-0.029296875,
0.01068115234375,
-0.04296875,
-0.045654296875,
0.041015625,
0.0213623046875,
0.0238037109375,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.019287109375,
0.016845703125,
0.004150390625,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.015380859375,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.0203857421875,
0.0419921875,
-0.0123291015625,
0.0279541015625,
0.01312255859375,
0.02490234375,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.0498046875,
0.0205078125,
0.0030059814453125,
-0.04833984375,
-0.031982421875,
-0.01806640625,
-0.0185546875,
-0.059326171875,
0.025146484375,
-0.0130615234375,
0.0213623046875,
-0.0057373046875,
-0.003997802734375,
-0.05322265625,
0.01263427734375,
-0.00640869140625,
0.008056640625,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.014404296875,
-0.060791015625,
0.020751953125,
0.06201171875,
0.01092529296875,
0.02783203125,
-0.00182342529296875,
-0.00689697265625,
-0.014404296875,
-0.041015625,
-0.009765625,
0.078125,
0.05517578125,
0.0072021484375,
0.00026702880859375,
0.040771484375,
0.019775390625,
0.0294189453125,
-0.0111083984375,
0.005462646484375,
0.004608154296875,
-0.0064697265625,
-0.0244140625,
-0.0194091796875,
0.040771484375,
-0.00592041015625,
-0.0322265625,
0.0198974609375,
-0.03076171875,
-0.00335693359375,
-0.01141357421875,
0.007354736328125,
0.00095367431640625,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0024261474609375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.047119140625,
0.0031280517578125,
0.05126953125,
-0.00119781494140625,
-0.0272216796875,
0.0185546875,
0.0142822265625,
0.038330078125,
0.01239013671875,
0.051513671875,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.043212890625,
-0.0284423828125,
0.03955078125,
0.01806640625,
-0.0260009765625,
0.02880859375,
0.0224609375,
0.0203857421875,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.01904296875,
-0.0849609375,
0.0086669921875,
-0.017333984375,
0.04736328125,
-0.031005859375,
-0.00677490234375,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.0390625,
0.048828125,
0.0026092529296875,
0.016357421875,
0.00665283203125,
-0.0025482177734375,
0.007568359375,
0.0228271484375,
0.037353515625,
-0.056640625,
0.02294921875,
0.05859375,
-0.0205078125,
-0.0595703125,
0.01416015625,
-0.03515625,
-0.0791015625,
-0.0546875,
-0.013916015625,
-0.018798828125,
-0.00762939453125,
0.04638671875,
-0.060791015625,
-0.032958984375,
-0.047119140625,
-0.035400390625,
0.03564453125,
0.01116943359375,
0.059814453125,
-0.003692626953125,
-0.040771484375,
-0.004058837890625,
0.007232666015625,
-0.00665283203125,
-0.03662109375,
0.05126953125,
0.054443359375,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.0238037109375,
0.01495361328125,
-0.005126953125,
-0.00738525390625,
-0.052978515625,
-0.0128173828125,
0.017822265625,
0.0255126953125,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.0125732421875,
0.02099609375,
0.00494384765625,
0.01446533203125,
0.02880859375,
-0.02587890625,
0.026611328125,
0.01422119140625,
0.0262451171875,
0.026611328125,
0.029541015625,
0.00836181640625,
0.005218505859375,
0.00421142578125,
-0.0205078125,
-0.046142578125,
-0.05224609375,
-0.04296875,
0.029541015625,
0.078125,
0.00665283203125,
0.0115966796875,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.005340576171875,
-0.07470703125,
-0.037841796875,
0.0045166015625,
0.0059814453125,
-0.0230712890625,
0.039306640625,
0.0235595703125,
-0.02587890625,
0.2890625,
0.033203125,
-0.0277099609375,
0.00014019012451171875,
-0.007080078125,
0.047119140625,
-0.006805419921875,
-0.017822265625,
-0.0322265625,
0.0002689361572265625,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.029541015625,
0.000629425048828125,
0.0103759765625,
0.000659942626953125,
0.0361328125,
-0.022216796875,
0.043701171875,
0.052734375,
-0.03955078125,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.055419921875,
0.0703125,
0.0179443359375,
0.00732421875,
0.03515625,
-0.087890625,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.0458984375,
-0.02685546875,
-0.0439453125,
0.00732421875,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.04150390625,
0.033203125,
0.0172119140625,
0.00225830078125,
-0.038818359375,
-0.0064697265625,
-0.000774383544921875,
0.018798828125,
0.00665283203125,
-0.0263671875,
-0.0169677734375,
0.006591796875,
-0.048583984375,
0.060302734375,
0.0400390625,
0.00341796875,
0.0299072265625,
0.04248046875,
0.05859375,
0.0174560546875,
0.018310546875,
0.031982421875,
-0.01165771484375,
0.000667572021484375,
-0.03759765625,
-0.040771484375,
0.038818359375,
0.029541015625,
0.0179443359375,
0.04443359375,
0.0225830078125,
0.019775390625,
0.02099609375,
0.016845703125,
0.00061798095703125,
0.0284423828125,
0.01275634765625,
0.0166015625,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.0458984375,
0.03759765625,
0.009521484375,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.00213623046875,
0.06884765625,
-0.03125,
0.00067901611328125,
-0.022705078125,
-0.031982421875,
0.0120849609375,
0.0888671875,
0.00933837890625,
-0.0087890625,
-0.00128173828125,
0.0155029296875,
-0.0133056640625,
0.007659912109375,
0.0220947265625,
-0.028076171875,
0.00006198883056640625,
-0.007049560546875
] |
Wiest, J.
This is certiorari to review habeas corpus. December 8,1931, Willard O. Twombly was under arrest by virtue of a rendition warrant, issued by the governor of this State, based upon a requisition of the governor of the State of New York, in pursuance of an indictment in the latter State, charging Twombly with having abandoned his child in the State of New York on the 24th day of September, 1925, and on the ground that he was a fugitive from justice. Mr. Twombly sued out a writ of habeas corpus in the Jackson circuit and, upon hearing, was adjudged not a fugitive from justice and was discharged. A year later, lacking a few days, the agent representing the demanding State moved the circuit court to vacate the order of discharge. This motion was denied and an order to that effect entered December 28, 1932. January 19, 1933, we issued our writ of certiorari.
The rendition in this instance being by virtue of Federal law, review of discharge by certiorari is permissible. South Carolina v. Bailey, 289 U. S. 412 (53 Sup. Ct. 667). Review, however, if desired must be promptly sought and prosecuted.
As stated in Storti v. Massachusetts, 183 U. S. 138 (22 Sup. Ct. 72):
“Proceedings in habeas corpus are to be disposed of in a summary way. The interests of both the public and the petitioner require promptness; that if he is unlawfully restrained of his liberty it may be given to him as speedily as possible; that if not, all having anything to do with his restraint be advised thereof, and the mind of the public be put at rest, and also that if further action is to be taken in the matter it may be taken without delay. * * * This matter of promptness is not peculiar to these cases in Federal courts, but is the general rule which obtains wherever the common law is in force. It is one of those things which give to such proceedings their special value, and is enforced by statutory provisions, both State and Federal. * * * All the freedom of equity procedure is thus prescribed; and substantial justice, promptly administered, is ever the rule in habeas corpus.”
The review here sought should not be entertained because of inexcusable delay. Habeas corpus, to be at all effective, commands speedy determination and the law will not permit one discharged by virtue of the writ to be called in, quite 12 months after liberty has been granted, to defend his discharge when nothing is done questioning his release in the meantime. The dilatory motion, denied by the circuit judge, cannot be employed to extend time for review.
The writ of certiorari was improviclently issued and is dismissed, with..costs.
McDonald, C. J., and Weadock, Potter, Sharpe, North, Fead, and Butzel, JJ., concurred. | [
-0.00830078125,
-0.0244140625,
0.03271484375,
0.0732421875,
-0.06103515625,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0234375,
0.005401611328125,
0.041015625,
0.0009765625,
-0.000606536865234375,
-0.03125,
-0.001922607421875,
0.0037384033203125,
0.0191650390625,
-0.008056640625,
0.01275634765625,
0.00775146484375,
0.0089111328125,
0.023681640625,
0.033203125,
-0.01446533203125,
0.00946044921875,
0.01092529296875,
-0.034912109375,
0.0260009765625,
0.0263671875,
0.0712890625,
0.0625,
0.00433349609375,
0.00341796875,
0.022216796875,
-0.016845703125,
-0.0030059814453125,
-0.0291748046875,
0.09228515625,
-0.056396484375,
0.05859375,
-0.0147705078125,
0.00421142578125,
0.024658203125,
0.0247802734375,
-0.02294921875,
-0.09765625,
-0.049560546875,
-0.01708984375,
0.00909423828125,
0.028076171875,
-0.0181884765625,
0.003875732421875,
-0.00390625,
0.00994873046875,
-0.051025390625,
0.013916015625,
-0.0283203125,
-0.004730224609375,
-0.041259765625,
0.004669189453125,
0.047119140625,
0.0390625,
0.010009765625,
0.0419921875,
-0.045166015625,
-0.0181884765625,
0.03271484375,
-0.02197265625,
0.00154876708984375,
-0.004791259765625,
-0.026123046875,
0.0115966796875,
0.0157470703125,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.011474609375,
0.03076171875,
0.00159454345703125,
0.0108642578125,
-0.04736328125,
0.0289306640625,
0.01422119140625,
0.0274658203125,
0.0225830078125,
0.0556640625,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.0206298828125,
0.0181884765625,
0.0269775390625,
0.0194091796875,
0.052001953125,
0.036376953125,
0.0255126953125,
0.051513671875,
-0.049560546875,
-0.048828125,
0.014892578125,
0.0184326171875,
-0.031982421875,
0.0030364990234375,
0.060791015625,
-0.005096435546875,
-0.00628662109375,
0.007049560546875,
-0.0054931640625,
0.05810546875,
-0.0224609375,
-0.001251220703125,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.02490234375,
-0.03515625,
-0.01495361328125,
0.03515625,
0.0098876953125,
0.00946044921875,
-0.03173828125,
-0.07666015625,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.033203125,
-0.00104522705078125,
-0.028076171875,
0.0103759765625,
0.06982421875,
0.0181884765625,
0.00811767578125,
0.0089111328125,
0.0142822265625,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.0093994140625,
0.032958984375,
0.01153564453125,
0.0458984375,
0.003936767578125,
0.00823974609375,
0.018798828125,
-0.0010223388671875,
0.0185546875,
0.0169677734375,
0.042236328125,
0.00860595703125,
0.033935546875,
0.0037384033203125,
0.00113677978515625,
-0.00020122528076171875,
0.005615234375,
0.0267333984375,
0.05029296875,
0.05224609375,
-0.0186767578125,
0.057861328125,
-0.01422119140625,
0.0162353515625,
-0.045166015625,
0.0166015625,
0.0150146484375,
0.01031494140625,
0.01806640625,
0.02978515625,
0.0050048828125,
-0.0234375,
-0.039306640625,
0.033447265625,
-0.035400390625,
0.036865234375,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0205078125,
0.024658203125,
-0.00567626953125,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.00885009765625,
0.0009613037109375,
-0.0198974609375,
0.02099609375,
0.046142578125,
0.0019073486328125,
0.0272216796875,
0.01031494140625,
-0.004058837890625,
0.00933837890625,
-0.03759765625,
-0.0007781982421875,
0.057861328125,
0.00775146484375,
-0.0184326171875,
0.035400390625,
-0.020751953125,
0.01611328125,
-0.044677734375,
-0.05322265625,
-0.01416015625,
0.026611328125,
0.002227783203125,
0.02734375,
0.0084228515625,
0.046875,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.021484375,
0.01202392578125,
0.00102996826171875,
-0.0634765625,
0.018310546875,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.003265380859375,
-0.07470703125,
-0.0177001953125,
0.0732421875,
0.0015411376953125,
0.006072998046875,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.00099945068359375,
0.006195068359375,
-0.0322265625,
-0.01318359375,
0.00164794921875,
0.0169677734375,
-0.005889892578125,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.017333984375,
0.0400390625,
-0.0262451171875,
0.00958251953125,
0.01507568359375,
0.0040283203125,
0.0224609375,
-0.01397705078125,
0.03857421875,
0.07177734375,
-0.044189453125,
-0.002655029296875,
0.038330078125,
0.0234375,
-0.0101318359375,
0.046875,
0.0263671875,
-0.015380859375,
0.056396484375,
0.0400390625,
0.0283203125,
0.0262451171875,
0.00714111328125,
0.03076171875,
0.07177734375,
-0.00347900390625,
0.007110595703125,
0.000766754150390625,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.024658203125,
-0.00384521484375,
0.023681640625,
0.002777099609375,
0.048095703125,
0.000904083251953125,
-0.005523681640625,
-0.0074462890625,
-0.0115966796875,
0.050537109375,
0.00164031982421875,
-0.0361328125,
-0.04248046875,
0.05029296875,
0.028076171875,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.01220703125,
-0.0283203125,
0.050537109375,
0.0196533203125,
0.0103759765625,
0.0036773681640625,
-0.033935546875,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0135498046875,
0.0120849609375,
0.017333984375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.031005859375,
0.0615234375,
-0.03125,
0.00022411346435546875,
-0.000583648681640625,
-0.0078125,
0.031982421875,
-0.021484375,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.04296875,
-0.01007080078125,
0.0299072265625,
0.03662109375,
-0.02294921875,
-0.056884765625,
-0.05810546875,
0.01397705078125,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.041015625,
-0.01611328125,
0.0146484375,
-0.024658203125,
-0.01495361328125,
0.02099609375,
-0.049072265625,
0.0076904296875,
-0.04150390625,
-0.030517578125,
0.017333984375,
0.0030517578125,
-0.010498046875,
0.017578125,
-0.0284423828125,
0.000579833984375,
0.050048828125,
-0.0018463134765625,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.04736328125,
0.05224609375,
0.0203857421875,
0.00787353515625,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0673828125,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.0712890625,
-0.00823974609375,
0.01190185546875,
0.0238037109375,
-0.042236328125,
0.024658203125,
-0.060546875,
0.01287841796875,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0034942626953125,
0.0498046875,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.036376953125,
-0.005859375,
0.020751953125,
0.0264892578125,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0341796875,
0.000820159912109375,
-0.000926971435546875,
0.027587890625,
0.020751953125,
-0.027099609375,
-0.018310546875,
0.00186920166015625,
-0.0263671875,
0.006622314453125,
-0.01806640625,
0.022705078125,
0.002044677734375,
0.031494140625,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0203857421875,
0.05029296875,
0.0260009765625,
0.007171630859375,
0.002197265625,
-0.00238037109375,
-0.00341796875,
-0.0517578125,
0.004180908203125,
-0.0247802734375,
0.03564453125,
-0.0830078125,
0.0260009765625,
-0.016845703125,
0.010986328125,
-0.033203125,
-0.048095703125,
-0.0201416015625,
0.023193359375,
-0.0205078125,
-0.02392578125,
0.010498046875,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.021484375,
0.000759124755859375,
0.034912109375,
0.01165771484375,
-0.008056640625,
-0.01055908203125,
0.0478515625,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.027587890625,
0.003265380859375,
-0.01422119140625,
0.0155029296875,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.06103515625,
-0.023193359375,
0.05126953125,
0.00189971923828125,
0.048828125,
0.0264892578125,
-0.0006103515625,
0.027099609375,
0.0033721923828125,
0.0576171875,
0.0009613037109375,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.022705078125,
0.07470703125,
0.004425048828125,
0.0198974609375,
-0.02490234375,
-0.008056640625,
0.04296875,
0.04833984375,
0.046142578125,
-0.0185546875,
-0.06591796875,
0.017333984375,
0.00848388671875,
-0.04296875,
-0.0595703125,
-0.05419921875,
0.0498046875,
0.041015625,
0.046630859375,
-0.01239013671875,
0.0458984375,
-0.045654296875,
0.031005859375,
0.00482177734375,
0.0301513671875,
-0.046875,
0.036376953125,
-0.02978515625,
-0.05517578125,
0.06640625,
0.0037078857421875,
-0.0458984375,
0.0234375,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.0238037109375,
0.0400390625,
-0.009765625,
0.00122833251953125,
-0.0089111328125,
0.00186920166015625,
0.0517578125,
0.00112152099609375,
-0.03662109375,
0.0234375,
0.00909423828125,
-0.045654296875,
0.032470703125,
-0.048828125,
-0.0091552734375,
0.01141357421875,
0.048828125,
-0.0016021728515625,
0.018798828125,
0.01031494140625,
0.044921875,
-0.0225830078125,
0.026611328125,
0.0133056640625,
-0.0084228515625,
0.04150390625,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.002960205078125,
0.0634765625,
0.00116729736328125,
0.030517578125,
0.0203857421875,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.0035247802734375,
-0.0179443359375,
0.01043701171875,
0.039794921875,
0.0235595703125,
-0.0286865234375,
0.009521484375,
-0.004913330078125,
0.034912109375,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.0003528594970703125,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.0037994384765625,
-0.0390625,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.000820159912109375,
0.00933837890625,
-0.0101318359375,
0.01708984375,
0.020751953125,
-0.0025634765625,
-0.057373046875,
0.01507568359375,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.04833984375,
-0.024658203125,
0.0185546875,
0.052001953125,
0.0247802734375,
0.0174560546875,
0.0230712890625,
-0.0027618408203125,
-0.049560546875,
-0.0244140625,
-0.022216796875,
0.0145263671875,
0.055908203125,
0.013671875,
0.02734375,
-0.005828857421875,
0.022216796875,
-0.00823974609375,
0.007293701171875,
0.03466796875,
-0.013671875,
0.01177978515625,
0.040771484375,
0.036376953125,
-0.0615234375,
-0.00872802734375,
0.005828857421875,
-0.029541015625,
0.007080078125,
0.017333984375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.051025390625,
-0.0439453125,
0.015625,
-0.0030364990234375,
-0.05517578125,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0145263671875,
0.00634765625,
0.005645751953125,
-0.02783203125,
0.004058837890625,
-0.00179290771484375,
-0.0274658203125,
0.01434326171875,
0.0181884765625,
-0.02392578125,
0.0023040771484375,
-0.024658203125,
0.01031494140625,
0.034912109375,
0.0029754638671875,
0.0068359375,
-0.0234375,
0.006103515625,
-0.003509521484375,
-0.0026397705078125,
0.0052490234375,
-0.05322265625,
-0.015869140625,
0.0101318359375,
0.02294921875,
0.023193359375,
0.00897216796875,
0.0096435546875,
-0.00009918212890625,
0.0262451171875,
-0.033203125,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.039794921875,
0.051025390625,
-0.0390625,
0.032958984375,
0.041015625,
0.04248046875,
0.029296875,
0.02978515625,
-0.029052734375,
-0.002777099609375,
-0.029296875,
0.009033203125,
-0.006011962890625,
0.031005859375,
0.00775146484375,
-0.040283203125,
-0.068359375,
0.05224609375,
-0.044189453125,
-0.031494140625,
0.046875,
-0.02490234375,
-0.05419921875,
-0.037109375,
0.00537109375,
0.018798828125,
-0.046875,
-0.042236328125,
0.00262451171875,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.034912109375,
0.0036468505859375,
0.03662109375,
-0.0634765625,
0.04052734375,
0.049072265625,
0.00970458984375,
0.02197265625,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.036376953125,
-0.00933837890625,
0.00124359130859375,
0.0250244140625,
0.0255126953125,
0.02490234375,
0.0213623046875,
-0.021728515625,
-0.030029296875,
0.00109100341796875,
-0.055419921875,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.0068359375,
0.007110595703125,
-0.055419921875,
0.00628662109375,
-0.027587890625,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.0458984375,
-0.05078125,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0234375,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.0146484375,
0.040283203125,
-0.012939453125,
-0.0164794921875,
0.0220947265625,
-0.0032196044921875,
0.0291748046875,
-0.02197265625,
0.0244140625,
0.0208740234375,
-0.0296630859375,
0.03515625,
0.0262451171875,
0.00933837890625,
-0.0576171875,
-0.037841796875,
-0.00994873046875,
0.0419921875,
0.02734375,
-0.0030364990234375,
-0.0042724609375,
0.031494140625,
0.000637054443359375,
0.02978515625,
-0.008056640625,
0.015380859375,
0.04541015625,
0.0106201171875,
-0.039306640625,
0.01007080078125,
0.00469970703125,
0.03759765625,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.0849609375,
-0.01202392578125,
0.039794921875,
0.0228271484375,
-0.00341796875,
-0.0185546875,
-0.03173828125,
0.0322265625,
0.033447265625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.00360107421875,
0.02001953125,
0.003387451171875,
-0.04541015625,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.04345703125,
0.044677734375,
-0.00604248046875,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.04052734375,
-0.00341796875,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.007171630859375,
0.0184326171875,
0.0172119140625,
-0.0021209716796875,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.033447265625,
0.034912109375,
0.0003509521484375,
-0.01153564453125,
0.00933837890625,
-0.01422119140625,
0.01275634765625,
0.02587890625,
0.0048828125,
0.00909423828125,
0.014404296875,
-0.002197265625,
0.0247802734375,
-0.00469970703125,
-0.00142669677734375,
-0.037841796875,
0.00653076171875,
-0.0018768310546875,
-0.023681640625,
-0.07763671875,
-0.003265380859375,
-0.021484375,
0.0096435546875,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.0255126953125,
0.0286865234375,
-0.0242919921875,
0.004302978515625,
-0.03076171875,
0.05078125,
-0.02294921875,
0.01953125,
0.0031280517578125,
0.0078125,
0.06787109375,
0.01422119140625,
0.0013885498046875,
0.007476806640625,
-0.00537109375,
0.0020599365234375,
0.0084228515625,
0.00811767578125,
0.006195068359375,
0.044921875,
-0.037841796875,
-0.02099609375,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.0155029296875,
0.049072265625,
0.042236328125,
0.005279541015625,
0.03759765625,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0303955078125,
0.01336669921875,
-0.021484375,
-0.03955078125,
0.03662109375,
0.037841796875,
0.010498046875,
0.00628662109375,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.05810546875,
0.02880859375,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.055908203125,
-0.006927490234375,
0.00543212890625,
0.033935546875,
0.0322265625,
-0.0137939453125,
0.01434326171875,
-0.0050048828125,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.07373046875,
-0.01092529296875,
0.041015625,
0.029541015625,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.0380859375,
0.0262451171875,
-0.09033203125,
0.03466796875,
0.0228271484375,
0.0234375,
0.0184326171875,
0.018310546875,
-0.028076171875,
-0.03173828125,
0.0027313232421875,
-0.036376953125,
0.007354736328125,
0.00445556640625,
-0.042724609375,
-0.03173828125,
0.00119781494140625,
-0.00787353515625,
0.010498046875,
0.019775390625,
-0.006103515625,
-0.04052734375,
0.008056640625,
-0.0026397705078125,
0.048095703125,
0.035400390625,
0.03076171875,
-0.01397705078125,
0.041015625,
0.0390625,
0.006683349609375,
0.017822265625,
-0.00604248046875,
-0.013671875,
0.020263671875,
-0.012939453125,
0.002593994140625,
0.0211181640625,
0.00775146484375,
-0.0146484375,
0.0174560546875,
-0.041015625,
0.006256103515625,
-0.02392578125,
-0.0380859375,
0.044921875,
-0.0634765625,
0.0206298828125,
-0.04150390625,
-0.01806640625,
0.0172119140625,
0.033203125,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.01312255859375,
0.08984375,
0.024169921875,
-0.00616455078125,
0.0201416015625,
-0.0022125244140625,
-0.015380859375,
-0.046875,
-0.004425048828125,
0.036865234375,
0.0419921875,
-0.00982666015625,
0.02490234375,
0.002593994140625,
0.0289306640625,
0.0245361328125,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.006591796875,
-0.0146484375,
-0.0101318359375,
-0.006561279296875,
0.044921875,
-0.045166015625,
0.000934600830078125,
0.054443359375,
0.035400390625,
0.00170135498046875,
0.0228271484375,
0.02197265625,
0.01416015625,
-0.041015625,
0.0228271484375,
0.0419921875,
-0.0036773681640625,
0.03662109375,
-0.05859375,
0.00787353515625,
0.039306640625,
-0.003387451171875,
-0.068359375,
0.0233154296875,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.01416015625,
-0.0211181640625,
0.029052734375,
0.036376953125,
-0.000675201416015625,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.040771484375,
-0.028564453125,
-0.03662109375,
-0.0322265625,
0.0284423828125,
0.0225830078125,
0.05029296875,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.036376953125,
-0.03759765625,
0.0012359619140625,
0.03759765625,
-0.027587890625,
0.01708984375,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.057861328125,
-0.0517578125,
-0.04052734375,
0.00628662109375,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.04345703125,
0.018310546875,
0.0040283203125,
0.060302734375,
-0.0003662109375,
-0.01513671875,
-0.042724609375,
-0.0084228515625,
0.0458984375,
0.0194091796875,
-0.0014495849609375,
0.01123046875,
0.0277099609375,
0.00970458984375,
-0.001861572265625,
0.0272216796875,
-0.0152587890625,
0.04736328125,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.004180908203125,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.042236328125,
0.014892578125,
-0.008544921875,
0.000728607177734375,
-0.0146484375,
0.004058837890625,
-0.0771484375,
-0.003173828125,
-0.00927734375,
-0.0269775390625,
0.01348876953125,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.01043701171875,
0.0205078125,
-0.007568359375,
-0.0303955078125,
0.26171875,
0.0186767578125,
-0.03662109375,
-0.041748046875,
-0.015869140625,
0.033203125,
-0.0023040771484375,
0.0118408203125,
0.0087890625,
0.0240478515625,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0751953125,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.01904296875,
0.0169677734375,
0.0079345703125,
0.004180908203125,
-0.017333984375,
-0.000453948974609375,
-0.046142578125,
0.00628662109375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.048583984375,
0.047607421875,
0.0012664794921875,
-0.01373291015625,
0.0673828125,
-0.038818359375,
0.01226806640625,
-0.024169921875,
-0.01904296875,
-0.0556640625,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.048583984375,
0.0283203125,
0.06640625,
-0.008544921875,
0.006378173828125,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.0291748046875,
0.0303955078125,
0.004302978515625,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.0238037109375,
0.03759765625,
-0.0252685546875,
0.03076171875,
0.052978515625,
-0.0152587890625,
0.04541015625,
-0.00665283203125,
0.01043701171875,
-0.07275390625,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0252685546875,
0.002044677734375,
0.01226806640625,
-0.001129150390625,
-0.083984375,
0.0040283203125,
0.03271484375,
0.01422119140625,
0.0390625,
-0.003875732421875,
-0.0052490234375,
0.0849609375,
0.012451171875,
-0.044677734375,
-0.023681640625,
0.03662109375,
0.0113525390625,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.0146484375,
0.030517578125,
0.036865234375,
-0.019775390625,
0.00604248046875,
0.0269775390625,
-0.0517578125,
-0.03271484375,
-0.02490234375,
-0.02099609375,
-0.00653076171875,
0.024658203125,
0.0228271484375,
-0.03515625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.044189453125,
0.00127410888671875,
0.020263671875,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.0113525390625,
0.021240234375,
-0.0030364990234375
] |
Fead, J.
About midnight of Christmas eve, 1927, plaintiff, Alta Durfey, and her sister, Margaret Matchuret, employees in a Mary Lee Candy Shop in Detroit, started home in a taxicab owned by ap pellant and driven by Clarence Milligan. They had several Christmas parcels which Milligan laid on the floor of the cab some eight inches in front of the back seat heater. Plaintiff carried in her lap a bird cage, made of an inflammable substance, probably celluloid. When they had ridden some 15 minutes a fire occurred in the cab and both were severely burned. Plaintiff had judgment on trial before the court without a jury.
In its opinion the court spoke highly of the candor and veracity of the women. Both said they first saw a blue flame coming from the heater. Plaintiff at the time was leaning over the bird cage and it “exploded” into flames. The women were burned in the face, arms and body, but the most severe burns on both were from the waist to the feet. The upholstering of the back seat was burned.
Attempt was made by expert testimony to indicate that the bird cage must have been resting on the car heater and, by disintegration from heat, gas was formed which exploded. Also it was claimed that the exhaust did not contain inflammable gases. The court weighed this theory against the positive testimony of the passengers. If, as the court found, plaintiff held the bird cage on her lap, the character and location of the burns strongly support the claim that the fire came from the heater. We cannot say that the court erred in so finding.
No specific imperfection in the car was shown but, in addition to finding that the driver did not stop within a reasonable time after the alarm was given, the court held that defendant’s negligence consisted in failing to provide a safe vehicle and to make proper inspection.
Defendant, a common carrier, had the duty to exercise a high degree of care for the protection of passengers. DeJager v. Andringa, 241 Mich. 474. The law does not throw upon the passenger of a common carrier the often impossible burden of pointing out by direct evidence the specific breach of duty by the carrier. While the accident alone is not evidence of negligence, the accident itself, together with the surrounding circumstances and legitimate inferences, may establish negligence (Burghardt v. Railway, 206 Mich. 545 [5 A. L. R. 1333]; Ignaszak v. McCray Refrigerator Co., 221 Mich. 10), and — •
“where a thing happens which would not ordinarily have occurred if due care had been used, the fact of such happening raises a presumption of negligence in some one.” Barnowsky v. Helson, 89 Mich. 523 (15 L. R. A. 33).
Obviously'if the fire came from the heater and the heater whs a proper one, properly installed, and kept in proper condition, the fire would not have occurred because exhaust heaters are in common use and such accidents are uncommon. We are not able to say that the court erred in holding that a preponderance of the testimony demonstrates defendant’s negligence.
In addition to this suit by plaintiff, actions were brought by her father, James Durfey, by Margaret Matehuret and her husband, Herman Matchuret. The causes were consolidated for trial and judgments entered in behalf of all plaintiffs. As the instant judgment is affirmed, the- others follow it and no separate opinions are necessary.
Judgments for plaintiffs, with costs, in the four cases are affirmed.
McDonald, C. J., and Wbadock, Potter, Sharpe, North, Wiest, and Butzel, JJ., concurred. | [
-0.0086669921875,
0.00555419921875,
0.0220947265625,
0.035888671875,
-0.01953125,
-0.021240234375,
-0.0478515625,
-0.03662109375,
0.02294921875,
0.0400390625,
0.03857421875,
0.0166015625,
0.05615234375,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.00665283203125,
-0.03271484375,
0.01068115234375,
0.052978515625,
0.002838134765625,
-0.002838134765625,
0.005889892578125,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.045166015625,
-0.039306640625,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0191650390625,
0.019287109375,
-0.013427734375,
0.0419921875,
0.061767578125,
0.01806640625,
-0.00665283203125,
0.051513671875,
-0.030517578125,
-0.00531005859375,
-0.0029296875,
0.037109375,
-0.029541015625,
0.00020503997802734375,
-0.01806640625,
0.035888671875,
0.0306396484375,
0.05126953125,
-0.0419921875,
-0.028076171875,
-0.0201416015625,
0.00250244140625,
0.04052734375,
0.035888671875,
-0.037109375,
0.01708984375,
-0.0201416015625,
0.01708984375,
-0.05419921875,
-0.007415771484375,
-0.02392578125,
-0.00640869140625,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.0224609375,
0.0260009765625,
0.060546875,
-0.039306640625,
0.01953125,
-0.02978515625,
0.0269775390625,
0.0250244140625,
-0.0247802734375,
0.00860595703125,
-0.064453125,
0.0174560546875,
0.03271484375,
0.016357421875,
-0.03857421875,
-0.01953125,
-0.046142578125,
-0.045166015625,
-0.01806640625,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.003326416015625,
0.0294189453125,
0.003814697265625,
0.01104736328125,
0.0439453125,
-0.00567626953125,
-0.019287109375,
0.013916015625,
-0.0302734375,
0.017333984375,
-0.017333984375,
0.0050048828125,
-0.0289306640625,
0.037109375,
-0.0238037109375,
0.0096435546875,
0.04345703125,
0.0361328125,
-0.037353515625,
-0.005828857421875,
0.0201416015625,
-0.0177001953125,
0.026123046875,
0.003082275390625,
0.01507568359375,
0.07763671875,
-0.04052734375,
0.037841796875,
-0.0101318359375,
-0.011962890625,
0.0011444091796875,
-0.02001953125,
-0.025146484375,
0.0322265625,
0.004791259765625,
-0.032958984375,
0.0103759765625,
-0.014404296875,
-0.0101318359375,
0.031494140625,
-0.042724609375,
0.0216064453125,
0.060791015625,
-0.020263671875,
0.00872802734375,
-0.035400390625,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.00665283203125,
0.012939453125,
0.053955078125,
0.0037689208984375,
0.04150390625,
0.01171875,
-0.01513671875,
-0.01165771484375,
0.0458984375,
0.006683349609375,
0.0189208984375,
0.03271484375,
0.0279541015625,
0.0311279296875,
0.010498046875,
0.025146484375,
0.0240478515625,
-0.00274658203125,
0.07763671875,
-0.0030975341796875,
0.0223388671875,
-0.007598876953125,
0.038818359375,
-0.05126953125,
-0.0322265625,
-0.047607421875,
0.014404296875,
0.04248046875,
-0.023193359375,
0.0181884765625,
-0.0302734375,
0.031494140625,
-0.03564453125,
0.0198974609375,
0.012451171875,
-0.043212890625,
0.005462646484375,
0.0036163330078125,
0.045654296875,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0010528564453125,
-0.005767822265625,
0.0272216796875,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.0537109375,
0.01373291015625,
-0.004791259765625,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0194091796875,
0.06591796875,
0.0137939453125,
0.0115966796875,
-0.03271484375,
-0.03955078125,
0.025146484375,
-0.0299072265625,
0.04833984375,
0.03369140625,
0.010986328125,
0.01470947265625,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.031005859375,
-0.03076171875,
-0.01513671875,
-0.02734375,
0.0283203125,
-0.01123046875,
-0.059326171875,
0.006103515625,
-0.0111083984375,
0.0284423828125,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.02880859375,
0.050537109375,
-0.0341796875,
0.002105712890625,
0.01177978515625,
-0.0220947265625,
0.011962890625,
-0.00213623046875,
-0.0211181640625,
0.0361328125,
0.03173828125,
0.032470703125,
-0.002532958984375,
-0.000850677490234375,
0.0284423828125,
0.00933837890625,
-0.02978515625,
-0.0042724609375,
0.006256103515625,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.00147247314453125,
-0.058349609375,
-0.016845703125,
-0.01214599609375,
0.00201416015625,
0.009033203125,
0.025146484375,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0167236328125,
0.009765625,
0.032958984375,
0.01544189453125,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.01300048828125,
0.0150146484375,
0.0164794921875,
0.031982421875,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.04345703125,
0.040283203125,
-0.0145263671875,
0.0419921875,
-0.0045166015625,
0.032958984375,
0.037841796875,
0.0498046875,
0.0130615234375,
0.00408935546875,
0.045654296875,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.0069580078125,
0.04443359375,
0.0230712890625,
0.01806640625,
0.0164794921875,
0.01239013671875,
0.011962890625,
-0.00958251953125,
0.058349609375,
0.02880859375,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.00830078125,
0.0167236328125,
0.00063323974609375,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.00152587890625,
0.061279296875,
-0.009521484375,
0.02685546875,
-0.004974365234375,
-0.040771484375,
-0.047119140625,
-0.053955078125,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0263671875,
0.002716064453125,
-0.0400390625,
-0.048095703125,
0.0264892578125,
-0.0062255859375,
0.07421875,
0.001007080078125,
0.00897216796875,
0.0322265625,
-0.09326171875,
-0.00299072265625,
0.011474609375,
0.032470703125,
-0.04150390625,
0.039306640625,
-0.00616455078125,
-0.01300048828125,
0.020751953125,
-0.0439453125,
-0.0546875,
0.0186767578125,
0.040283203125,
-0.0035247802734375,
0.0189208984375,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.04443359375,
-0.009521484375,
0.0072021484375,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.0101318359375,
-0.039306640625,
-0.015625,
0.0233154296875,
-0.042236328125,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.03662109375,
0.02197265625,
-0.00885009765625,
0.0159912109375,
0.02734375,
0.02783203125,
-0.034423828125,
0.040283203125,
0.0067138671875,
0.01275634765625,
0.0196533203125,
-0.056396484375,
-0.012939453125,
0.00299072265625,
-0.055419921875,
-0.0228271484375,
0.00225830078125,
0.012451171875,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.06103515625,
0.012451171875,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.0020294189453125,
-0.0185546875,
0.0284423828125,
-0.0181884765625,
0.0262451171875,
-0.02099609375,
0.0201416015625,
0.0185546875,
0.0006561279296875,
0.002288818359375,
-0.01007080078125,
0.00125885009765625,
-0.003875732421875,
-0.006927490234375,
0.07177734375,
0.032470703125,
-0.03076171875,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.050048828125,
-0.019287109375,
-0.0157470703125,
0.024169921875,
-0.009521484375,
-0.031982421875,
0.0115966796875,
0.032958984375,
-0.0224609375,
-0.0118408203125,
0.0380859375,
-0.00653076171875,
-0.018310546875,
-0.0068359375,
0.041015625,
-0.017822265625,
-0.03271484375,
0.01312255859375,
-0.0308837890625,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.0128173828125,
0.0322265625,
0.002838134765625,
-0.0322265625,
0.015380859375,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.0390625,
0.02490234375,
0.0086669921875,
0.0230712890625,
0.05224609375,
0.0264892578125,
-0.0458984375,
0.0014495849609375,
0.0045166015625,
-0.029052734375,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.0216064453125,
0.006805419921875,
-0.04248046875,
-0.0028839111328125,
0.00946044921875,
-0.02734375,
0.0341796875,
-0.004486083984375,
-0.039794921875,
-0.064453125,
0.01153564453125,
0.031005859375,
0.01434326171875,
0.0419921875,
0.0296630859375,
0.037353515625,
0.0198974609375,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.05908203125,
-0.040771484375,
-0.031982421875,
0.059814453125,
-0.01953125,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.016845703125,
0.009521484375,
0.0235595703125,
0.0224609375,
0.0291748046875,
0.00872802734375,
-0.034912109375,
0.00616455078125,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.03759765625,
0.056640625,
0.010009765625,
0.0341796875,
-0.061279296875,
0.04150390625,
-0.03271484375,
0.044189453125,
0.0113525390625,
0.003997802734375,
-0.033447265625,
0.02587890625,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.0279541015625,
0.035888671875,
0.002716064453125,
-0.01904296875,
0.007293701171875,
-0.0133056640625,
0.0067138671875,
0.048828125,
-0.039306640625,
-0.00738525390625,
0.016357421875,
0.0301513671875,
0.03125,
0.0400390625,
0.018798828125,
0.01092529296875,
0.037109375,
-0.0693359375,
0.087890625,
0.01275634765625,
-0.029052734375,
0.0155029296875,
0.0458984375,
-0.0015411376953125,
0.033935546875,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.0074462890625,
-0.006927490234375,
-0.00665283203125,
-0.00653076171875,
-0.017822265625,
0.0194091796875,
0.0003070831298828125,
-0.022216796875,
0.05419921875,
-0.01470947265625,
0.04345703125,
0.00189971923828125,
-0.03466796875,
-0.028564453125,
0.0223388671875,
-0.01336669921875,
0.01251220703125,
0.00653076171875,
-0.04345703125,
0.03759765625,
-0.0625,
0.037841796875,
-0.01806640625,
-0.0029144287109375,
-0.035888671875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0028839111328125,
0.00433349609375,
0.01226806640625,
0.0223388671875,
0.044677734375,
0.0272216796875,
-0.025146484375,
-0.02001953125,
-0.052490234375,
0.0244140625,
-0.034912109375,
-0.033935546875,
-0.006378173828125,
-0.0155029296875,
0.0194091796875,
-0.006439208984375,
-0.0218505859375,
0.0159912109375,
0.030517578125,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.00421142578125,
0.05224609375,
-0.00982666015625,
0.0361328125,
0.0218505859375,
0.02001953125,
0.001068115234375,
0.0263671875,
0.057373046875,
0.001739501953125,
0.0308837890625,
0.03857421875,
0.035888671875,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.0162353515625,
0.04443359375,
-0.028564453125,
-0.0225830078125,
0.0299072265625,
-0.025634765625,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.048828125,
0.0162353515625,
-0.01953125,
-0.0311279296875,
-0.01385498046875,
0.0281982421875,
0.0311279296875,
0.054931640625,
-0.013916015625,
0.01531982421875,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.056396484375,
0.026611328125,
-0.01171875,
-0.08056640625,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.04541015625,
-0.017822265625,
0.0322265625,
0.002777099609375,
0.0216064453125,
-0.004302978515625,
-0.0294189453125,
0.01385498046875,
-0.07763671875,
0.006011962890625,
-0.0201416015625,
0.0079345703125,
0.0262451171875,
-0.017333984375,
0.057373046875,
-0.0322265625,
0.060791015625,
0.0017242431640625,
0.0216064453125,
0.02734375,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.05126953125,
0.080078125,
-0.043212890625,
0.0084228515625,
-0.00982666015625,
0.03173828125,
0.01123046875,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.033203125,
0.00958251953125,
-0.09033203125,
0.0322265625,
-0.000957489013671875,
-0.00677490234375,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.00958251953125,
0.00933837890625,
-0.04541015625,
-0.00927734375,
0.080078125,
-0.02978515625,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.0133056640625,
0.03857421875,
0.039794921875,
-0.037353515625,
0.0031280517578125,
0.0062255859375,
0.0015716552734375,
-0.07568359375,
-0.00408935546875,
-0.02294921875,
-0.043701171875,
0.0062255859375,
0.02783203125,
-0.004486083984375,
0.04150390625,
0.00897216796875,
-0.068359375,
-0.03662109375,
0.053466796875,
0.0022430419921875,
0.020263671875,
0.046142578125,
-0.045166015625,
-0.07080078125,
0.03271484375,
0.0111083984375,
-0.06298828125,
-0.0230712890625,
0.055419921875,
-0.004638671875,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0211181640625,
0.027587890625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.0625,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.015625,
-0.019287109375,
-0.00518798828125,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.00028228759765625,
0.0125732421875,
0.0205078125,
0.027587890625,
0.0172119140625,
0.059326171875,
-0.04638671875,
-0.031494140625,
0.03564453125,
-0.00110626220703125,
0.0250244140625,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.00689697265625,
0.01556396484375,
-0.0162353515625,
0.052734375,
-0.050537109375,
-0.0419921875,
-0.00201416015625,
-0.017822265625,
0.0322265625,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.0400390625,
0.030029296875,
-0.0031280517578125,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.04150390625,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.032958984375,
0.0198974609375,
-0.060302734375,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.00482177734375,
-0.0198974609375,
0.027587890625,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0634765625,
0.01092529296875,
0.0167236328125,
-0.06591796875,
0.05029296875,
0.0281982421875,
0.042724609375,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.052978515625,
0.00567626953125,
0.04150390625,
-0.0230712890625,
0.01556396484375,
-0.0211181640625,
0.002716064453125,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.027587890625,
-0.02587890625,
-0.051513671875,
0.000606536865234375,
0.050048828125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0380859375,
-0.04638671875,
0.01251220703125,
0.037353515625,
-0.00994873046875,
0.03564453125,
-0.0257568359375,
0.0130615234375,
0.01434326171875,
-0.02294921875,
-0.01611328125,
-0.008544921875,
-0.02001953125,
0.025634765625,
-0.037841796875,
0.0167236328125,
0.05126953125,
-0.0267333984375,
0.0341796875,
-0.00457763671875,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.0030670166015625,
0.0101318359375,
-0.056396484375,
-0.010986328125,
-0.01708984375,
0.0283203125,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.061279296875,
-0.0264892578125,
0.00482177734375,
-0.04638671875,
0.0157470703125,
-0.0078125,
-0.00128936767578125,
0.0166015625,
0.0380859375,
-0.004913330078125,
0.0086669921875,
-0.0029754638671875,
0.01214599609375,
0.01708984375,
-0.0068359375,
-0.004180908203125,
0.053955078125,
-0.017333984375,
0.000797271728515625,
-0.04541015625,
0.0211181640625,
-0.01214599609375,
0.0235595703125,
0.052001953125,
0.03466796875,
0.03173828125,
-0.04931640625,
-0.06884765625,
0.025634765625,
-0.06689453125,
0.01507568359375,
0.01544189453125,
0.0181884765625,
0.000598907470703125,
0.01239013671875,
-0.00469970703125,
0.00738525390625,
0.019287109375,
-0.008056640625,
0.0038604736328125,
-0.0028076171875,
-0.050048828125,
0.04833984375,
-0.02001953125,
0.02099609375,
-0.03173828125,
0.01531982421875,
-0.025146484375,
-0.0128173828125,
0.019287109375,
-0.0012359619140625,
-0.0201416015625,
0.000568389892578125,
-0.003936767578125,
0.0213623046875,
-0.072265625,
0.017822265625,
0.03466796875,
0.03662109375,
0.006927490234375,
0.0205078125,
-0.024658203125,
0.027587890625,
-0.022216796875,
-0.00077056884765625,
0.01300048828125,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0361328125,
0.00787353515625,
0.0537109375,
0.00421142578125,
0.023681640625,
0.037109375,
0.01141357421875,
-0.0023956298828125,
-0.01953125,
-0.0115966796875,
0.0322265625,
0.002655029296875,
0.0118408203125,
-0.0264892578125,
0.034423828125,
0.0264892578125,
0.01483154296875,
0.0106201171875,
0.01239013671875,
0.0084228515625,
-0.0014495849609375,
0.01226806640625,
-0.000614166259765625,
0.07275390625,
0.0026092529296875,
-0.0089111328125,
0.01324462890625,
-0.0185546875,
-0.00543212890625,
0.006561279296875,
0.00469970703125,
0.051025390625,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.0185546875,
-0.00506591796875,
0.035400390625,
0.028076171875,
0.005523681640625,
0.006744384765625,
0.0439453125,
-0.00592041015625,
0.0225830078125,
-0.0013580322265625,
0.043212890625,
-0.02783203125,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.055908203125,
-0.013671875,
0.03955078125,
-0.00994873046875,
0.02099609375,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.0262451171875,
0.041015625,
0.00897216796875,
0.028564453125,
0.0223388671875,
-0.068359375,
0.047607421875,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.000507354736328125,
-0.0303955078125,
0.03662109375,
0.0322265625,
0.0135498046875,
-0.04638671875,
0.032958984375,
0.00665283203125,
0.015869140625,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.00064849853515625,
0.01318359375,
0.028076171875,
0.0244140625,
-0.014404296875,
-0.02734375,
-0.015869140625,
-0.04541015625,
-0.044921875,
-0.0030975341796875,
-0.03564453125,
-0.056640625,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.005645751953125,
-0.016845703125,
0.00124359130859375,
0.037109375,
-0.046630859375,
-0.021728515625,
-0.01953125,
-0.0296630859375,
0.0155029296875,
-0.0029296875,
0.051025390625,
0.0181884765625,
-0.00567626953125,
-0.050048828125,
-0.01806640625,
0.0712890625,
-0.0103759765625,
0.05908203125,
-0.039794921875,
-0.06689453125,
-0.0517578125,
0.000476837158203125,
0.0159912109375,
-0.022216796875,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.0458984375,
-0.0031890869140625,
0.0341796875,
0.0027618408203125,
0.015625,
0.0005340576171875,
-0.06201171875,
0.00531005859375,
0.027587890625,
-0.00238037109375,
0.032470703125,
0.0089111328125,
0.00872802734375,
0.002532958984375,
-0.045166015625,
-0.0166015625,
0.01263427734375,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.0152587890625,
0.00160980224609375,
0.0162353515625,
0.041015625,
0.00064849853515625,
0.03564453125,
0.0029449462890625,
-0.043212890625,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.0184326171875,
0.0216064453125,
-0.005523681640625,
-0.0096435546875,
0.02001953125,
-0.00182342529296875,
0.02978515625,
-0.05029296875,
0.29296875,
0.0185546875,
-0.0225830078125,
0.00970458984375,
0.006927490234375,
0.045654296875,
0.012939453125,
-0.018310546875,
-0.0216064453125,
0.01422119140625,
-0.041748046875,
-0.0291748046875,
0.01904296875,
0.0250244140625,
0.043212890625,
0.041015625,
-0.046142578125,
0.013671875,
0.004364013671875,
-0.04248046875,
0.007476806640625,
0.0078125,
0.02392578125,
0.061767578125,
0.039306640625,
-0.004547119140625,
0.0283203125,
-0.06884765625,
0.00225830078125,
-0.039306640625,
0.0091552734375,
-0.07080078125,
0.0400390625,
-0.010498046875,
0.00799560546875,
0.0225830078125,
-0.00170135498046875,
-0.026611328125,
0.0033111572265625,
0.00799560546875,
0.00604248046875,
0.0216064453125,
0.0186767578125,
-0.00188446044921875,
-0.016357421875,
-0.0006866455078125,
-0.0208740234375,
0.0142822265625,
0.0230712890625,
-0.043212890625,
0.01611328125,
-0.0040283203125,
0.0003070831298828125,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.0400390625,
0.0185546875,
-0.006134033203125,
-0.031982421875,
-0.03173828125,
-0.046142578125,
0.0089111328125,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.005340576171875,
0.024658203125,
0.00201416015625,
0.01220703125,
0.0021209716796875,
0.018310546875,
-0.0242919921875,
0.00115966796875,
0.000331878662109375,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.025634765625,
-0.01251220703125,
0.04248046875,
0.0244140625,
-0.0267333984375,
0.041259765625,
0.035888671875,
-0.032958984375,
0.04052734375,
-0.036865234375,
0.0186767578125,
0.0123291015625,
0.042724609375,
0.018798828125,
0.00396728515625,
-0.042724609375,
-0.01556396484375,
-0.01312255859375,
0.0255126953125,
0.00799560546875,
0.02880859375,
0.057861328125,
-0.021728515625
] |
Butzel, J.
At the annual tax sales of the county treasurer in 1927 and 1928, Frank Weston, plaintiff, purchased tax titles for wild lands in Chippewa county, Michigan. Some of the purchases were made on May 3,1927, and the others on May 1,1928. Tax deeds were subsequently issued to him for those descriptions for the years purchased from the State tax land list but not for those taken from the delinquent list. The sales were made on account of the nonpayment of taxes for one or more of the years 1922, 1923, 1924 and 1925. In each instance, the purchaser bought from the State tax land list and also paid taxes found on the delinquent list for the subsequent year, receiving proper certificates of purchase from the county treasurer showing- such payments.
One C. E. Green was associated with Weston in making the 1927 purchases hut, on August 21, 1928, he quitclaimed to plaintiff his entire interest in their joint purchase of tax titles for the years 1922, 1923 and 1924. One week later, Weston executed the statutory six-months’ notices for reconveyance and gave them to the sheriff of Chippewa county for service. Because of an error in the notices as to certain of the lands, new notices were delivered to the sheriff in March, 1929, covering a large portion of the properties. The notices were addressed to the Northwestern Timberland Company, the last grantee of record in the chain of title, and to Archie C. Belding, the holder of the last tax titles issued prior to those acquired by Weston.
On March 25, 1930, Weston brought the instant suit against Belding and others to quiet title to the ■lands. Edmund LeDuc was permitted to intervene as a party defendant and is evidently the only person now contesting plaintiff’s claims on appeal. LeDuc claims title through a series of mesne conveyances from previous title holders.
(1) Appellant alleges that, prior to the purchases by Weston and Green, Green had been engaged in a similar venture involving these same lands with Belding, named in the notices as an earlier tax-title holder; that they had conveyed in trust to a third party; that Green could not again sell the same interest to Weston; and that, at most, Weston had only obtained Green’s interest as cestui in the earlier agreement. It is true that there were certain prior transactions between Belding, Green and others but none of them were recorded. As was held by the trial judge, there is insufficient proof of Weston’s having had such knowledge of these transactions as to bind him in any way or make it incumbent upon him to serve notice upon anyone claiming an interest through these dealings. The tax deeds and certificates issued to Weston and Green after the 1927 sale named them both as purchasers. While the record indicates that he was to receive some share in .the profits, Green quitclaimed to Weston for the very purpose of vesting the entire title in him. The trial judge was correct in holding that the notices for reconveyance, signed solely by Weston, were sufficient.
(2) Error is claimed in that, in each case, the notices to reconvey addressed to the Northwestern Timber] and Company were delivered to -the sheriff of Chippewa county for service from one to three days earlier than the notices addressed to Belding. These notices were delivered so close together in point of time that there was no substantial defect in the proceedings. The half-year period runs from the time the notice is served. More than six months passed after service of the notices to Belding before plaintiff asserted his title. It is not claimed that either of the parties on whom the notices were served nor anyone claiming under them attempted to redeem, nor is there any showing that anyone was prejudiced. . While it> is conceded that all parties are entitled to substantially the same notice and equal opportunity to redeem, we believe that these requirements were 'met in the instant case. We adopt the rule as set forth in Williams v. Olson, 141 Mich. 580, in which the court said:
“Unless compelled to do so, courts should not so construe the legislation as to make its provisions mandatory, and, so, applicable only to cases where the returns of service of notice show exact con formity with, the statute provisions. To do so would not only render the legislation abortive, but would afford the delinquent taxpayer additional security against the collection, by the State, of its revenues.”
(3) Appellant claims that the new tax notices served in March, 1929, were defective because at the time that they were served the lands covered therein had been bid in by the State for the subsequent year’s taxes. Inasmuch as the year allowed for redemption from this tax sale had not yet expired, Weston still retained such title as would enable him to serve notice. See Broadwell v. Walker, 216 Mich. 210. Further, he acquired tax title for the year included in the State bid at the sale in May, 1929.
(4) Further error is alleged by appellant in that the notice described the delinquent taxes as having been paid as a condition of purchase from the State tax land list. 1 Comp. Laws 1929, § 3473, stipulates that, when a description is included on both the State tax land and delinquent lists, a purchaser must buy in the description from both lists. While the language of the notice may have been technically incorrect, the error seems unimportant. Closser v. McBride, 182 Mich. 594.
(5) It is also the appellant’s contention that, inasmuch as the tax notices included the taxes for the years for which purchase from the delinquent list was made and no deeds were issued in exchange for the certificates of purchase received by the appellee for these years, the notice's were invalid. In support of their claim, they cite 1 Comp. Laws 1929, § 3535, which provides that, before a purchaser may be entitled to a writ of assistance, he must serve a notice including the statement that “the undersigned has title * * * under tax deed or deeds issued therefor. ’ ’ This-declaration was made in the. no tices but appel lant asserts that it was ineffective due to appellee’s failure to procure tax deeds for his purchases from the delinquent list. Under our decisions, an original record owner is not entitled to a year’s period of redemption from a sale for delinquent taxes when the description is also purchased from the State tax land list for earlier taxes bid in by the State. His sole redress is to pay the amount bid at the sale, adding thereto 100 per cent, and the description fee, within six months of service of the notice for reconveyance. Grand Haven, etc., Verein v. Soule, 175 Mich. 210. In the instant case, plaintiff had tax deeds for his purchases from the State tax land list. Inasmuch as a 100 per cent, penalty became due immediately upon purchase from the delinquent tax list, we do not believe that defendant had a right to complain because the purchaser did not secure deeds for those years, nor do we believe that the statute requires them in this situation.
(6) Appellant further claims that the service was incomplete because there was no service upon him, the grantee named in the tax deed of record for the latest year’s tax. Defendant, prior thereto, had already assigned to Belding, on whom service was made. 1 Comp. Laws 1929, § 3535, states that the service shall be made “upon the grantee or grantees under the tax deed issued by the auditor general for the latest year’s tax then appearing of record in said registry of deeds.” Belding, defendant’s assignee, was properly served. To hold such service insufficient would lead to a ridiculous result. It would mean that the party who no longer has any interest in the property must be served, to the exclusion of those who have acquired his interest.
(7) Appellant further claims that the notice was defective because the sheriff’s return failed to show service on persons in possession or to state that there was no one in possession' of the lands on whom service might be made. The proofs showed that, as to one parcel of land, there was a house erected and occupied by fishermen and hunters for a brief space of time each year. The court refused to grant plaintiff relief as to this particular lot or parcel and as to an adjoining piece which plaintiff included in a single statement of the amount paid. The sheriff should have stated in his return that there was no one in possession of the unoccupied parcels of property but, inasmuch as the proofs revealed that the property was unoccupied except in the instance mentioned by the trial judge, we do not believe that the appellant was prejudiced thereby.
(8) In one of the notices delivered to the sheriff for service on Belding, the amount demanded for redemption was incorrectly stated as $64.16. In a duplicate notice served on the Northwestern Timberland Company, the amount was correctly stated as $61.16. An itemized statement of the amounts paid was included in the notices. A simple computation by the recipient would have disclosed an error of $3 in the first notice. We believe the case is ruled by Rogers v. Davison, 188 Mich. 519, 522. It was, at most, a clerical error easily discovered by checking the figures.
(9) Appellant contends that the tax notices addressed to the “Northwestern Timberland Co.,” without stating that the company was a corporation, were fatally defective. This contention has no merit. Dunn v. Peck, 255 Mich. 391. He also complains that there was no proper service upon the company. Notice was sent by registered mail, as provided by law, and reached the company’s offices in Boston, Massachusetts. The return receipt for one notice ivas signed “Northwestern Timberland Co., J. W. McLeod.” Another was signed “William M. Bullivant, President.” The testimony shows beyond any question that the notices reached the company, that Bullivant is president and J. W. McLeod his confidential secretary, possessed of authority to sign receipts for all mail sent Bullivant. The trial judge held that the notices had been properly addressed and sent by registered mail as provided by law, that they had been received by the company, and that the service was sufficient. We agree with him.
The other points raised are without any merit and require no discussion.
The decree of the trial court is affirmed, with costs to plaintiff.
McDonald, C. J., and Weadock, -Potter, North, Dead, and Wiest, JJ., concurred. Sharpe, J., did not sit. | [
-0.0208740234375,
0.019775390625,
0.047119140625,
0.028564453125,
-0.041015625,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.0177001953125,
0.01226806640625,
0.062255859375,
0.03076171875,
0.0107421875,
0.029052734375,
0.00909423828125,
0.003204345703125,
-0.0024261474609375,
-0.034912109375,
-0.003936767578125,
-0.01519775390625,
0.0380859375,
0.01708984375,
0.00738525390625,
-0.030029296875,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.006378173828125,
-0.005950927734375,
0.052490234375,
0.0233154296875,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.01446533203125,
0.01519775390625,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.0177001953125,
0.006591796875,
0.02587890625,
-0.0625,
0.00396728515625,
-0.0047607421875,
-0.0146484375,
-0.006256103515625,
0.03955078125,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.05419921875,
-0.02685546875,
-0.03662109375,
0.018798828125,
-0.0400390625,
0.0189208984375,
-0.005767822265625,
0.0089111328125,
-0.03955078125,
0.0196533203125,
-0.0296630859375,
0.0034332275390625,
-0.04736328125,
0.01019287109375,
0.0059814453125,
0.0211181640625,
-0.030029296875,
0.0033721923828125,
-0.015869140625,
0.04296875,
0.0096435546875,
-0.0107421875,
0.00004291534423828125,
0.036865234375,
-0.051513671875,
-0.0034027099609375,
0.00537109375,
-0.0087890625,
-0.01324462890625,
0.024658203125,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.000240325927734375,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.0216064453125,
0.00762939453125,
0.00084686279296875,
-0.020751953125,
0.031982421875,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.04443359375,
-0.00701904296875,
-0.0277099609375,
0.0267333984375,
0.032470703125,
0.0185546875,
-0.019775390625,
0.043212890625,
-0.0084228515625,
0.029052734375,
0.0693359375,
0.037109375,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.01397705078125,
0.015869140625,
-0.02587890625,
0.012451171875,
0.0228271484375,
0.0244140625,
0.07275390625,
-0.028564453125,
0.016845703125,
-0.019775390625,
0.007720947265625,
-0.008056640625,
-0.0286865234375,
0.0257568359375,
-0.02490234375,
0.0264892578125,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.013916015625,
0.0213623046875,
-0.0030517578125,
-0.03173828125,
0.016845703125,
0.05322265625,
-0.0322265625,
0.0186767578125,
-0.007476806640625,
0.02294921875,
0.01251220703125,
-0.01507568359375,
0.0458984375,
-0.025634765625,
0.020751953125,
0.03369140625,
-0.02685546875,
-0.0118408203125,
0.0101318359375,
-0.0169677734375,
0.01263427734375,
0.008544921875,
0.029296875,
0.00738525390625,
-0.0137939453125,
0.03076171875,
0.04052734375,
-0.02197265625,
0.041259765625,
0.02880859375,
0.041748046875,
-0.000797271728515625,
0.0185546875,
-0.01123046875,
0.006256103515625,
-0.07373046875,
0.00921630859375,
0.04931640625,
0.045166015625,
0.0208740234375,
0.0037689208984375,
0.0458984375,
-0.019287109375,
0.02294921875,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.00762939453125,
-0.0267333984375,
0.042724609375,
0.004150390625,
0.022705078125,
-0.037109375,
-0.0263671875,
0.041259765625,
0.0020904541015625,
-0.053466796875,
-0.01397705078125,
0.03564453125,
0.03076171875,
0.06494140625,
0.00274658203125,
0.01165771484375,
0.0133056640625,
0.00311279296875,
-0.007354736328125,
0.06884765625,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.00653076171875,
-0.0091552734375,
0.00653076171875,
-0.060791015625,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.0184326171875,
0.0291748046875,
0.01385498046875,
-0.006683349609375,
0.01068115234375,
-0.0286865234375,
0.0257568359375,
-0.01043701171875,
0.0267333984375,
0.00146484375,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.05419921875,
0.00537109375,
0.032958984375,
-0.017822265625,
-0.046875,
0.08203125,
0.031494140625,
-0.010986328125,
0.0235595703125,
-0.021240234375,
-0.007598876953125,
0.039794921875,
-0.0537109375,
-0.00811767578125,
0.03857421875,
-0.00811767578125,
0.049560546875,
-0.0025634765625,
-0.0166015625,
0.0255126953125,
0.041015625,
0.007293701171875,
0.053466796875,
0.00164794921875,
-0.0126953125,
0.0556640625,
0.042724609375,
-0.022216796875,
0.007659912109375,
-0.03125,
0.0064697265625,
0.027099609375,
0.037353515625,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.0252685546875,
0.060546875,
0.0220947265625,
-0.00390625,
0.0004558563232421875,
-0.035400390625,
-0.005279541015625,
0.03515625,
0.0027923583984375,
-0.005218505859375,
0.057373046875,
-0.005584716796875,
-0.028076171875,
-0.00836181640625,
0.039306640625,
-0.0184326171875,
0.0179443359375,
-0.042724609375,
-0.0087890625,
0.00750732421875,
0.005615234375,
0.05224609375,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.04833984375,
-0.010498046875,
0.0267333984375,
-0.01544189453125,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.024169921875,
0.00543212890625,
-0.0311279296875,
0.056640625,
0.0242919921875,
-0.0400390625,
-0.043701171875,
-0.04443359375,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.01312255859375,
0.0024261474609375,
-0.05908203125,
-0.04638671875,
0.0235595703125,
-0.05908203125,
0.010009765625,
-0.032958984375,
0.03466796875,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.00897216796875,
0.041748046875,
-0.01513671875,
0.058837890625,
-0.031982421875,
0.0234375,
-0.0185546875,
0.0252685546875,
-0.004852294921875,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.058837890625,
-0.0017852783203125,
0.0289306640625,
-0.007049560546875,
0.0126953125,
-0.049072265625,
0.0020904541015625,
0.00141143798828125,
-0.05029296875,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.01025390625,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.0078125,
0.00347900390625,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.030517578125,
-0.017333984375,
0.035400390625,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.00604248046875,
0.013916015625,
0.002471923828125,
-0.0208740234375,
0.03857421875,
0.03125,
-0.0087890625,
-0.0023651123046875,
-0.04736328125,
0.0042724609375,
-0.0027313232421875,
-0.019287109375,
-0.0030059814453125,
-0.0115966796875,
0.041259765625,
0.031494140625,
-0.0771484375,
-0.007232666015625,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0439453125,
-0.04833984375,
-0.0162353515625,
0.003326416015625,
-0.0225830078125,
0.002288818359375,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.07470703125,
0.01385498046875,
0.004425048828125,
0.028564453125,
-0.0147705078125,
0.00872802734375,
0.02587890625,
0.041259765625,
0.046630859375,
-0.02392578125,
-0.0024871826171875,
0.014892578125,
-0.004791259765625,
0.006256103515625,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.005859375,
0.0419921875,
-0.0213623046875,
0.032470703125,
0.018798828125,
-0.01123046875,
-0.0283203125,
0.022705078125,
0.033203125,
0.022705078125,
0.0011749267578125,
0.0218505859375,
-0.02783203125,
-0.028076171875,
-0.05224609375,
-0.024169921875,
0.06640625,
0.0023345947265625,
0.0303955078125,
0.0712890625,
-0.00872802734375,
0.02783203125,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.04833984375,
0.005096435546875,
-0.0072021484375,
-0.00109100341796875,
-0.01275634765625,
0.00897216796875,
0.00885009765625,
0.008544921875,
0.04638671875,
0.0272216796875,
-0.003173828125,
-0.000614166259765625,
-0.026123046875,
-0.006622314453125,
-0.024169921875,
-0.00714111328125,
-0.031982421875,
0.0135498046875,
0.01397705078125,
-0.037109375,
-0.048583984375,
0.041015625,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.0181884765625,
0.01153564453125,
0.046630859375,
0.041259765625,
0.0308837890625,
0.005462646484375,
-0.060302734375,
-0.031982421875,
-0.01904296875,
0.0712890625,
0.01141357421875,
-0.00213623046875,
0.000946044921875,
0.0016937255859375,
0.0184326171875,
0.006103515625,
0.038330078125,
-0.020751953125,
-0.017822265625,
0.0086669921875,
0.021240234375,
-0.005157470703125,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.02490234375,
-0.00250244140625,
0.0252685546875,
0.07421875,
-0.03857421875,
0.0517578125,
-0.00836181640625,
0.01446533203125,
0.00958251953125,
0.0242919921875,
0.01318359375,
0.03173828125,
-0.035400390625,
0.005859375,
0.037353515625,
-0.0031280517578125,
0.0224609375,
-0.03955078125,
0.01214599609375,
0.0242919921875,
0.0693359375,
-0.0014801025390625,
-0.05419921875,
0.006744384765625,
-0.0294189453125,
0.0172119140625,
0.03466796875,
0.0556640625,
0.00555419921875,
-0.0302734375,
-0.052734375,
0.014404296875,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.0654296875,
0.037841796875,
0.058837890625,
-0.05078125,
0.01385498046875,
-0.06103515625,
0.005950927734375,
-0.00738525390625,
0.0006866455078125,
-0.061279296875,
-0.003753662109375,
0.027587890625,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.0152587890625,
0.042236328125,
0.00098419189453125,
0.01007080078125,
0.04736328125,
-0.0003948211669921875,
-0.051025390625,
0.017822265625,
-0.0186767578125,
0.0230712890625,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.000789642333984375,
0.04443359375,
-0.0244140625,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.036376953125,
0.0150146484375,
-0.048583984375,
-0.06298828125,
-0.04931640625,
-0.000766754150390625,
-0.021728515625,
0.0189208984375,
0.06689453125,
0.0213623046875,
0.0152587890625,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.021484375,
-0.00738525390625,
-0.0595703125,
-0.0341796875,
0.05712890625,
0.01043701171875,
0.0118408203125,
-0.037109375,
0.0205078125,
0.0240478515625,
-0.0032196044921875,
-0.006622314453125,
-0.041015625,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.02197265625,
0.07763671875,
-0.01318359375,
-0.011474609375,
0.0233154296875,
0.0264892578125,
0.0230712890625,
0.0224609375,
0.052001953125,
-0.0017242431640625,
0.0228271484375,
0.046875,
0.0213623046875,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.0201416015625,
0.01361083984375,
-0.01336669921875,
0.0157470703125,
0.057373046875,
-0.0159912109375,
0.0084228515625,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0014801025390625,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.053955078125,
-0.0294189453125,
0.003692626953125,
0.002410888671875,
0.0341796875,
-0.00173187255859375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.00665283203125,
0.0101318359375,
0.0093994140625,
-0.0037689208984375,
-0.058837890625,
-0.0234375,
-0.0291748046875,
0.005126953125,
0.0634765625,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.03759765625,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.018798828125,
-0.004486083984375,
-0.04150390625,
-0.0284423828125,
0.0023651123046875,
0.021728515625,
-0.0283203125,
0.0152587890625,
-0.01544189453125,
-0.0208740234375,
0.041259765625,
-0.05224609375,
-0.041015625,
-0.07763671875,
0.000904083251953125,
-0.022216796875,
-0.002960205078125,
-0.0152587890625,
0.07080078125,
-0.0201416015625,
0.038818359375,
-0.0263671875,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.080078125,
-0.038330078125,
0.041259765625,
-0.01171875,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.03076171875,
0.04052734375,
0.0142822265625,
0.014404296875,
0.06640625,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.0107421875,
-0.02001953125,
-0.00183868408203125,
-0.014404296875,
-0.015380859375,
-0.0147705078125,
0.0126953125,
0.0033721923828125,
0.0130615234375,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.04248046875,
-0.010498046875,
0.036865234375,
0.0303955078125,
-0.01300048828125,
0.027587890625,
-0.0439453125,
-0.046875,
-0.017333984375,
0.049560546875,
-0.005523681640625,
0.0096435546875,
0.041748046875,
0.0146484375,
-0.0067138671875,
0.049072265625,
0.0284423828125,
-0.01513671875,
-0.07177734375,
0.040771484375,
0.024658203125,
-0.001861572265625,
0.001251220703125,
0.044921875,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0020294189453125,
0.01397705078125,
-0.044677734375,
-0.013427734375,
-0.057861328125,
0.0186767578125,
0.02099609375,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.01043701171875,
0.049072265625,
0.0032806396484375,
0.02587890625,
-0.01104736328125,
0.025634765625,
-0.043212890625,
-0.025634765625,
0.016845703125,
-0.031494140625,
-0.048583984375,
-0.0244140625,
0.00213623046875,
-0.017578125,
-0.0311279296875,
0.02392578125,
-0.02392578125,
-0.029541015625,
-0.002471923828125,
-0.0177001953125,
0.056396484375,
0.00994873046875,
-0.053466796875,
0.012939453125,
-0.003173828125,
-0.042724609375,
-0.00738525390625,
-0.037353515625,
0.046875,
-0.0025482177734375,
-0.0810546875,
-0.00811767578125,
0.0291748046875,
-0.006256103515625,
0.041259765625,
-0.046630859375,
-0.01434326171875,
0.0235595703125,
0.0233154296875,
-0.033935546875,
0.0028228759765625,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.0050048828125,
-0.05126953125,
-0.044921875,
0.004669189453125,
0.047607421875,
0.00970458984375,
0.04150390625,
-0.012451171875,
0.0052490234375,
0.0023956298828125,
-0.01904296875,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.01708984375,
0.01531982421875,
0.02490234375,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0169677734375,
0.0177001953125,
-0.015380859375,
0.0230712890625,
-0.0927734375,
-0.0032196044921875,
-0.0283203125,
0.0147705078125,
0.045166015625,
-0.0201416015625,
0.004119873046875,
0.04638671875,
-0.0064697265625,
0.06201171875,
-0.058837890625,
0.0157470703125,
0.01409912109375,
-0.004638671875,
-0.022705078125,
0.002166748046875,
-0.049560546875,
-0.023681640625,
0.0228271484375,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.0263671875,
0.031005859375,
0.01043701171875,
-0.042724609375,
-0.036865234375,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.00115966796875,
-0.0458984375,
0.021728515625,
-0.044677734375,
0.03955078125,
0.007568359375,
0.0220947265625,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.007720947265625,
0.021728515625,
0.024169921875,
0.052734375,
0.0277099609375,
0.002197265625,
0.033203125,
0.0036163330078125,
0.01043701171875,
-0.00017547607421875,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.0002918243408203125,
0.03515625,
0.0277099609375,
-0.0203857421875,
0.034912109375,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.0301513671875,
0.045166015625,
-0.035400390625,
-0.031494140625,
0.028564453125,
0.004180908203125,
0.00022220611572265625,
0.0062255859375,
0.056396484375,
0.0123291015625,
0.001434326171875,
-0.02294921875,
0.00897216796875,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.02099609375,
0.0238037109375,
0.01361083984375,
-0.002899169921875,
0.0272216796875,
0.01397705078125,
-0.040771484375,
-0.059814453125,
-0.0284423828125,
0.058349609375,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.047607421875,
-0.0673828125,
0.01806640625,
-0.01287841796875,
0.02001953125,
0.0076904296875,
0.019287109375,
-0.0296630859375,
0.0087890625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.023193359375,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.055419921875,
-0.0157470703125,
0.0284423828125,
0.038818359375,
0.005828857421875,
0.014404296875,
-0.004425048828125,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.0361328125,
0.05615234375,
0.048828125,
0.0272216796875,
-0.007110595703125,
0.031982421875,
0.025146484375,
0.051025390625,
-0.00677490234375,
0.0208740234375,
-0.034912109375,
0.030517578125,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.0286865234375,
0.027587890625,
0.00177764892578125,
-0.002960205078125,
0.01611328125,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.0111083984375,
0.0306396484375,
-0.01611328125,
0.00421142578125,
0.0106201171875,
0.00909423828125,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.031982421875,
0.019287109375,
0.0184326171875,
0.02685546875,
0.005645751953125,
0.0322265625,
0.044189453125,
0.053955078125,
-0.01239013671875,
0.006103515625,
0.0079345703125,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.0167236328125,
0.034912109375,
0.04638671875,
-0.044189453125,
0.0020599365234375,
0.0033111572265625,
-0.03857421875,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.064453125,
0.0001506805419921875,
-0.0196533203125,
0.0242919921875,
-0.037841796875,
0.01513671875,
0.036376953125,
-0.022216796875,
-0.05859375,
0.0289306640625,
0.0037841796875,
0.037841796875,
-0.033935546875,
0.0289306640625,
0.006103515625,
0.013427734375,
0.033447265625,
-0.02587890625,
0.041015625,
0.00848388671875,
-0.047119140625,
-0.0213623046875,
0.0225830078125,
-0.049560546875,
-0.0030364990234375,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.03759765625,
0.03369140625,
0.00482177734375,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.0026397705078125,
0.00970458984375,
0.010498046875,
0.0296630859375,
0.026611328125,
0.024658203125,
-0.00604248046875,
-0.03125,
0.0269775390625,
-0.01611328125,
0.0225830078125,
-0.054443359375,
0.0439453125,
0.016845703125,
-0.04833984375,
-0.007598876953125,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.0244140625,
0.00677490234375,
-0.051025390625,
-0.02294921875,
0.006195068359375,
0.006591796875,
-0.03271484375,
-0.01416015625,
-0.02099609375,
-0.020751953125,
0.046142578125,
0.021484375,
0.00543212890625,
0.00262451171875,
0.0024871826171875,
0.0206298828125,
0.027099609375,
0.02294921875,
0.0179443359375,
0.057861328125,
-0.006378173828125,
-0.058349609375,
-0.0311279296875,
-0.03759765625,
-0.072265625,
-0.038330078125,
0.0169677734375,
0.00634765625,
-0.006256103515625,
-0.037841796875,
0.02880859375,
-0.01806640625,
-0.051025390625,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.05419921875,
-0.01806640625,
0.00799560546875,
0.03515625,
-0.0034637451171875,
0.28515625,
-0.0126953125,
0.024169921875,
-0.0113525390625,
0.0152587890625,
0.0478515625,
0.0252685546875,
0.023681640625,
-0.051025390625,
0.02685546875,
-0.0250244140625,
0.00640869140625,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.003997802734375,
0.0157470703125,
0.0252685546875,
-0.04443359375,
0.0206298828125,
0.032470703125,
-0.036865234375,
0.01043701171875,
0.023193359375,
-0.01611328125,
0.07275390625,
0.0341796875,
-0.01239013671875,
0.0033111572265625,
-0.09130859375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.025146484375,
-0.0028076171875,
-0.060546875,
0.0255126953125,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0277099609375,
0.033203125,
0.0277099609375,
-0.0027008056640625,
0.01214599609375,
0.0184326171875,
0.03271484375,
0.0224609375,
-0.020751953125,
-0.01324462890625,
0.0281982421875,
0.031982421875,
-0.03369140625,
0.03564453125,
0.06884765625,
-0.0234375,
0.0120849609375,
0.0380859375,
0.0257568359375,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.004547119140625,
0.037109375,
0.0164794921875,
0.011962890625,
-0.003875732421875,
-0.034912109375,
0.0289306640625,
0.01422119140625,
0.029052734375,
0.053955078125,
-0.005218505859375,
0.049560546875,
0.020751953125,
0.03662109375,
-0.02783203125,
-0.03369140625,
-0.025634765625,
0.014404296875,
-0.031982421875,
-0.023681640625,
0.032470703125,
0.01080322265625,
0.00022220611572265625,
0.04736328125,
0.032958984375,
-0.017822265625,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.07373046875,
-0.00677490234375,
-0.0014801025390625,
-0.002166748046875,
0.0047607421875,
0.000186920166015625,
-0.0201416015625,
0.00762939453125,
0.00927734375,
-0.0166015625,
-0.023681640625,
0.0274658203125,
-0.00921630859375,
0.011962890625
] |
Weadock, J.
In a chancery foreclosure of a land contract a personal decree against defendant Julia Steinhebel was sought by notice in the summons and a deficiency judgment, if any, was asked in the bill of complaint. Defendant answered by her attorney,, who did not appear on the hearing. A decree was granted plaintiff, fixing the amount due at $5,513.66, ordering sale which was made by circuit court commissioner, whose report of same was confirmed.
A petition was filed and granted for the sum of $2,681.08, by a decretal order, filed December 24, 1932, and defendant appealed because a deficiency was not asked for in the summons.
The decree and decretal order appealed from is affirmed, with costs to appellee.
McDonald, C. J., and Potter, Sharpe, North, Fead, Wiest, and Btjtzel, JJ., concurred. | [
-0.0615234375,
-0.01513671875,
0.006195068359375,
0.023681640625,
-0.045166015625,
-0.0023193359375,
-0.01513671875,
0.005828857421875,
-0.01202392578125,
0.049072265625,
0.0262451171875,
-0.043212890625,
0.0250244140625,
0.0030975341796875,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.0101318359375,
-0.01953125,
0.015869140625,
-0.006256103515625,
0.03564453125,
-0.015380859375,
0.01611328125,
-0.044921875,
0.006317138671875,
-0.021728515625,
0.0179443359375,
0.01239013671875,
-0.0223388671875,
0.055908203125,
0.005706787109375,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.029052734375,
-0.018310546875,
0.0028839111328125,
-0.0167236328125,
0.03173828125,
-0.078125,
0.054443359375,
-0.02099609375,
0.012451171875,
-0.01470947265625,
0.06787109375,
-0.0263671875,
-0.0478515625,
-0.044189453125,
-0.0517578125,
-0.042236328125,
0.0050048828125,
-0.031982421875,
0.01300048828125,
-0.0208740234375,
0.005035400390625,
-0.044189453125,
0.003997802734375,
-0.045166015625,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.055419921875,
0.00244140625,
-0.0135498046875,
0.01068115234375,
-0.053466796875,
0.035888671875,
-0.0234375,
-0.012939453125,
0.05126953125,
-0.003173828125,
-0.017822265625,
-0.001953125,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.00274658203125,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.00433349609375,
0.0125732421875,
-0.01287841796875,
0.007476806640625,
-0.029052734375,
-0.0361328125,
0.03076171875,
0.028076171875,
-0.039306640625,
0.06787109375,
0.01092529296875,
-0.0211181640625,
0.03515625,
0.0103759765625,
0.011962890625,
-0.0047607421875,
0.023193359375,
-0.037109375,
0.0712890625,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.00011396408081054688,
0.04248046875,
0.0286865234375,
-0.03125,
0.0159912109375,
0.044677734375,
0.0252685546875,
0.00921630859375,
0.0244140625,
-0.006439208984375,
0.08837890625,
-0.00341796875,
0.0164794921875,
-0.050048828125,
-0.013427734375,
-0.00118255615234375,
-0.031005859375,
0.02001953125,
-0.03369140625,
0.0419921875,
-0.049072265625,
-0.044921875,
0.00946044921875,
-0.052001953125,
-0.021728515625,
-0.0390625,
-0.0361328125,
0.05419921875,
-0.005523681640625,
0.02587890625,
-0.0286865234375,
0.0123291015625,
0.0238037109375,
-0.000881195068359375,
0.03076171875,
-0.05859375,
-0.0032806396484375,
-0.009765625,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0390625,
0.0026702880859375,
0.011962890625,
0.034912109375,
0.0140380859375,
0.0201416015625,
0.003082275390625,
-0.01104736328125,
0.0576171875,
-0.019775390625,
-0.025146484375,
0.048095703125,
-0.004425048828125,
0.006988525390625,
0.015625,
-0.0022735595703125,
-0.048828125,
0.0052490234375,
-0.0537109375,
0.013427734375,
0.0142822265625,
0.053466796875,
0.03759765625,
-0.002593994140625,
0.03076171875,
-0.004180908203125,
0.00084686279296875,
0.006195068359375,
-0.006439208984375,
0.01104736328125,
-0.0234375,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.020263671875,
0.0089111328125,
0.0111083984375,
0.0257568359375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0294189453125,
0.02587890625,
0.018310546875,
-0.06884765625,
-0.0284423828125,
0.023681640625,
-0.0263671875,
0.0634765625,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.0029754638671875,
-0.00136566162109375,
0.009033203125,
0.0103759765625,
0.041259765625,
-0.040771484375,
0.0225830078125,
0.0186767578125,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.0003986358642578125,
-0.044189453125,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.003753662109375,
0.0184326171875,
-0.007110595703125,
0.0213623046875,
-0.0181884765625,
0.05224609375,
-0.0517578125,
0.024658203125,
0.048583984375,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.072265625,
0.01251220703125,
-0.009765625,
0.05029296875,
-0.03955078125,
-0.030517578125,
0.06787109375,
0.035400390625,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.01220703125,
0.009033203125,
-0.006439208984375,
-0.003753662109375,
-0.01397705078125,
0.00830078125,
0.04150390625,
-0.00689697265625,
0.0654296875,
-0.051513671875,
0.0174560546875,
0.025146484375,
0.0322265625,
-0.024658203125,
0.035888671875,
-0.01025390625,
-0.0255126953125,
0.055908203125,
0.04150390625,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.00811767578125,
0.00183868408203125,
-0.0157470703125,
0.00160980224609375,
0.057861328125,
0.0098876953125,
0.0093994140625,
0.06982421875,
0.030517578125,
-0.0281982421875,
0.0263671875,
-0.043701171875,
0.0218505859375,
0.038330078125,
0.01409912109375,
-0.03857421875,
0.04638671875,
0.02001953125,
-0.00244140625,
0.0069580078125,
-0.0008392333984375,
-0.038818359375,
0.0546875,
-0.0279541015625,
0.036376953125,
-0.0030059814453125,
0.016357421875,
0.021484375,
0.01397705078125,
-0.0322265625,
0.009033203125,
0.051025390625,
0.01806640625,
-0.0260009765625,
0.0067138671875,
0.01226806640625,
-0.0281982421875,
0.058837890625,
0.02001953125,
0.00933837890625,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.0074462890625,
-0.03271484375,
-0.001953125,
0.00775146484375,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.055419921875,
0.032470703125,
-0.03466796875,
0.0125732421875,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.068359375,
-0.00106048583984375,
-0.01031494140625,
0.0234375,
-0.0133056640625,
0.0220947265625,
0.0152587890625,
0.04443359375,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.05712890625,
-0.0296630859375,
0.011474609375,
0.052490234375,
-0.025634765625,
-0.0498046875,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.033935546875,
-0.02490234375,
-0.057861328125,
0.01239013671875,
-0.017578125,
-0.0341796875,
0.01275634765625,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.0283203125,
-0.00537109375,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.0201416015625,
0.03564453125,
0.023193359375,
0.01123046875,
-0.004119873046875,
0.07373046875,
0.0120849609375,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.038818359375,
-0.04052734375,
0.01165771484375,
0.0162353515625,
-0.05712890625,
-0.004791259765625,
0.011962890625,
0.039794921875,
0.030029296875,
-0.07080078125,
0.00180816650390625,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0145263671875,
0.001312255859375,
0.01019287109375,
0.003204345703125,
0.022705078125,
-0.005523681640625,
0.0025177001953125,
0.00506591796875,
0.00093841552734375,
0.054443359375,
-0.01104736328125,
0.0020599365234375,
0.030029296875,
-0.020751953125,
0.022216796875,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.011962890625,
0.0235595703125,
-0.0302734375,
0.0012969970703125,
-0.0283203125,
0.034423828125,
-0.020263671875,
0.0157470703125,
0.0166015625,
-0.005615234375,
-0.0274658203125,
0.05126953125,
0.037109375,
0.0238037109375,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.003814697265625,
-0.057861328125,
0.01177978515625,
-0.02734375,
0.05078125,
-0.0390625,
0.05224609375,
0.07470703125,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.000537872314453125,
-0.03076171875,
-0.0654296875,
-0.002593994140625,
-0.016845703125,
0.02734375,
0.024169921875,
0.0267333984375,
0.005462646484375,
0.0035247802734375,
0.03515625,
0.0498046875,
0.0120849609375,
-0.01116943359375,
0.03466796875,
-0.0048828125,
-0.009765625,
0.0078125,
-0.0030517578125,
0.0361328125,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.0247802734375,
0.0179443359375,
0.0054931640625,
0.005828857421875,
0.01611328125,
0.042236328125,
0.009521484375,
-0.0111083984375,
0.0203857421875,
-0.05224609375,
0.01385498046875,
-0.034912109375,
0.034912109375,
-0.025390625,
-0.0213623046875,
0.01251220703125,
0.00982666015625,
0.0172119140625,
0.0296630859375,
0.0091552734375,
-0.0030059814453125,
-0.02001953125,
0.034423828125,
0.031494140625,
0.0247802734375,
-0.02880859375,
-0.02685546875,
0.0257568359375,
0.015625,
0.0036773681640625,
-0.0247802734375,
0.0281982421875,
-0.0546875,
0.01953125,
0.0018463134765625,
-0.000553131103515625,
-0.0184326171875,
0.000946044921875,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.003265380859375,
0.0732421875,
0.01171875,
-0.003997802734375,
-0.0286865234375,
0.0196533203125,
0.036376953125,
0.058349609375,
-0.003326416015625,
-0.00579833984375,
0.031005859375,
-0.00927734375,
0.0166015625,
0.01177978515625,
0.0098876953125,
0.01458740234375,
0.01416015625,
-0.04833984375,
0.06298828125,
-0.004425048828125,
-0.02880859375,
-0.0296630859375,
0.0712890625,
-0.035888671875,
0.03564453125,
-0.017822265625,
0.03125,
0.0150146484375,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0166015625,
0.044921875,
0.0279541015625,
-0.0262451171875,
0.0206298828125,
-0.0006103515625,
-0.00396728515625,
0.042236328125,
0.0157470703125,
-0.0172119140625,
0.01708984375,
0.01116943359375,
0.013427734375,
-0.00154876708984375,
-0.0283203125,
0.0556640625,
-0.0235595703125,
0.0157470703125,
-0.0299072265625,
0.004791259765625,
-0.027099609375,
-0.042724609375,
-0.031494140625,
-0.01708984375,
-0.035400390625,
0.00506591796875,
0.015625,
0.00506591796875,
0.0166015625,
-0.01806640625,
-0.035400390625,
-0.029052734375,
-0.055908203125,
-0.04736328125,
0.01031494140625,
0.0390625,
0.02392578125,
0.0108642578125,
0.0234375,
0.040283203125,
0.024169921875,
-0.0380859375,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.0047607421875,
0.005645751953125,
0.06787109375,
-0.033203125,
0.015625,
0.0242919921875,
0.004425048828125,
0.01007080078125,
0.0220947265625,
0.06103515625,
0.003448486328125,
0.014404296875,
0.0341796875,
0.052978515625,
-0.032470703125,
-0.033935546875,
0.00106048583984375,
-0.04443359375,
0.019287109375,
0.0205078125,
0.0296630859375,
-0.02197265625,
-0.038818359375,
0.00872802734375,
-0.0020599365234375,
-0.06982421875,
-0.044189453125,
-0.04443359375,
0.0120849609375,
0.01495361328125,
-0.0064697265625,
0.0260009765625,
0.01239013671875,
-0.0908203125,
0.03173828125,
-0.0234375,
-0.017578125,
-0.00286865234375,
-0.0062255859375,
-0.035400390625,
0.034423828125,
0.006256103515625,
-0.003936767578125,
0.0029449462890625,
-0.03125,
0.00141143798828125,
-0.009033203125,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.02734375,
-0.037109375,
-0.00183868408203125,
0.0228271484375,
0.033203125,
-0.005157470703125,
0.052490234375,
-0.05126953125,
-0.025390625,
0.05810546875,
-0.03369140625,
0.01300048828125,
-0.09912109375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0140380859375,
-0.0169677734375,
0.01611328125,
0.01068115234375,
-0.0150146484375,
0.03662109375,
-0.036865234375,
-0.044189453125,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0439453125,
0.01129150390625,
0.0133056640625,
-0.027587890625,
-0.006500244140625,
-0.055419921875,
0.08642578125,
-0.027587890625,
0.005584716796875,
0.04296875,
-0.009765625,
0.033203125,
-0.03759765625,
0.0120849609375,
0.0155029296875,
-0.047607421875,
-0.05322265625,
-0.021484375,
0.0081787109375,
-0.0224609375,
0.0106201171875,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.048583984375,
0.038818359375,
0.0189208984375,
0.01153564453125,
0.0169677734375,
-0.03955078125,
-0.006134033203125,
-0.007293701171875,
0.0380859375,
-0.007354736328125,
0.04541015625,
0.05322265625,
-0.00750732421875,
0.00823974609375,
0.0208740234375,
0.01611328125,
-0.030029296875,
-0.033935546875,
0.0028228759765625,
0.0068359375,
-0.03955078125,
0.0284423828125,
0.04248046875,
-0.035888671875,
0.00518798828125,
0.000896453857421875,
-0.047119140625,
-0.025390625,
-0.05517578125,
0.027099609375,
0.05224609375,
-0.023193359375,
0.052978515625,
0.01220703125,
-0.018310546875,
0.059326171875,
-0.04248046875,
0.0281982421875,
-0.045166015625,
-0.0255126953125,
0.033203125,
-0.0002956390380859375,
-0.042724609375,
-0.05615234375,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.0029296875,
0.0078125,
0.01953125,
0.01239013671875,
-0.021484375,
0.0174560546875,
0.04833984375,
0.06787109375,
-0.037109375,
0.0291748046875,
0.02734375,
0.01251220703125,
-0.07421875,
0.01165771484375,
-0.01904296875,
0.01495361328125,
-0.021484375,
-0.07177734375,
-0.032958984375,
0.0546875,
0.00347900390625,
0.016845703125,
-0.024658203125,
-0.0294189453125,
0.021728515625,
0.02880859375,
-0.0274658203125,
0.0291748046875,
-0.01611328125,
0.034423828125,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.045166015625,
0.0157470703125,
0.009765625,
-0.0164794921875,
0.06298828125,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.023681640625,
0.01019287109375,
-0.029052734375,
-0.00848388671875,
0.005523681640625,
-0.00811767578125,
0.0283203125,
-0.01116943359375,
0.015380859375,
-0.038330078125,
-0.008056640625,
-0.015869140625,
-0.05517578125,
0.0194091796875,
-0.00299072265625,
0.041748046875,
0.016357421875,
-0.01348876953125,
0.037353515625,
0.00616455078125,
0.0133056640625,
0.03515625,
-0.02783203125,
0.0021820068359375,
0.0120849609375,
0.004669189453125,
-0.005462646484375,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.015380859375,
0.005889892578125,
-0.030029296875,
0.07177734375,
-0.017578125,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.006195068359375,
0.051513671875,
-0.0322265625,
-0.00167083740234375,
-0.028564453125,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.0021820068359375,
0.029296875,
-0.00445556640625,
-0.0034637451171875,
0.0106201171875,
0.0189208984375,
0.0201416015625,
0.0159912109375,
0.00506591796875,
0.0194091796875,
0.002899169921875,
-0.02685546875,
-0.06591796875,
-0.038330078125,
0.00115203857421875,
0.01904296875,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.0023956298828125,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.032958984375,
0.046630859375,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.06689453125,
0.03662109375,
0.03125,
0.0081787109375,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.01141357421875,
0.0037841796875,
0.00872802734375,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.0341796875,
0.006561279296875,
0.022705078125,
0.03564453125,
-0.00732421875,
-0.007110595703125,
-0.010986328125,
0.035400390625,
-0.0185546875,
-0.04150390625,
-0.042236328125,
0.0216064453125,
0.0201416015625,
-0.025146484375,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.017333984375,
-0.06787109375,
0.00183868408203125,
-0.0115966796875,
0.01287841796875,
-0.01104736328125,
0.017578125,
-0.056396484375,
-0.016845703125,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.009765625,
0.00726318359375,
-0.005126953125,
-0.03759765625,
0.034423828125,
0.046630859375,
-0.01409912109375,
0.035888671875,
0.038330078125,
-0.02392578125,
-0.030029296875,
-0.0291748046875,
0.01025390625,
0.078125,
0.015869140625,
0.033203125,
0.00823974609375,
-0.01055908203125,
0.0272216796875,
0.018798828125,
0.0140380859375,
0.0302734375,
0.004180908203125,
0.0299072265625,
-0.0546875,
-0.02490234375,
0.0267333984375,
-0.00238037109375,
-0.008544921875,
0.0272216796875,
-0.0234375,
-0.00182342529296875,
0.014404296875,
-0.04296875,
0.026123046875,
-0.023681640625,
-0.0048828125,
-0.03955078125,
-0.031005859375,
0.0252685546875,
0.0263671875,
0.031982421875,
0.0159912109375,
0.0546875,
0.01031494140625,
0.0245361328125,
0.005218505859375,
0.04638671875,
-0.0021514892578125,
-0.0888671875,
0.026611328125,
-0.009033203125,
0.0361328125,
-0.0257568359375,
0.0126953125,
0.059814453125,
-0.004150390625,
-0.031005859375,
-0.0263671875,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.036376953125,
-0.00616455078125,
0.00775146484375,
0.0263671875,
-0.033935546875,
0.01153564453125,
0.01611328125,
0.000293731689453125,
-0.0189208984375,
0.04345703125,
0.0240478515625,
0.006683349609375,
-0.026123046875,
0.003082275390625,
0.00592041015625,
0.0093994140625,
0.0299072265625,
-0.033203125,
0.027099609375,
0.043212890625,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.034912109375,
0.0029449462890625,
-0.046630859375,
-0.02880859375,
-0.0537109375,
0.004974365234375,
-0.0068359375,
0.03662109375,
0.03955078125,
-0.0751953125,
0.006134033203125,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.04345703125,
0.0230712890625,
0.006927490234375,
0.0859375,
0.00823974609375,
-0.02294921875,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.00543212890625,
0.031005859375,
-0.07080078125,
0.03369140625,
-0.006103515625,
-0.031005859375,
-0.0419921875,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.0029144287109375,
0.002655029296875,
-0.06005859375,
-0.0284423828125,
0.004302978515625,
0.031982421875,
0.00016021728515625,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.0245361328125,
0.000698089599609375,
0.01300048828125,
0.02197265625,
0.023681640625,
0.01513671875,
0.0224609375,
0.025390625,
-0.00171661376953125,
0.052734375,
0.007293701171875,
0.0036163330078125,
0.006072998046875,
-0.0439453125,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.036376953125,
0.0091552734375,
0.0390625,
0.033447265625,
-0.01416015625,
-0.050048828125,
0.0045166015625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.03857421875,
-0.010498046875,
0.014892578125,
-0.041748046875,
0.0302734375,
0.0255126953125,
-0.0751953125,
0.251953125,
0.039306640625,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.0140380859375,
0.019287109375,
0.02099609375,
-0.03857421875,
-0.006378173828125,
-0.00762939453125,
0.011474609375,
-0.00726318359375,
-0.0012664794921875,
-0.01129150390625,
0.0166015625,
-0.00439453125,
0.044677734375,
-0.00408935546875,
0.03564453125,
0.02294921875,
-0.0255126953125,
0.000431060791015625,
-0.0277099609375,
0.00025177001953125,
0.06884765625,
0.0235595703125,
0.01055908203125,
0.06787109375,
-0.06494140625,
-0.005584716796875,
-0.0625,
-0.022216796875,
-0.0703125,
-0.001220703125,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0157470703125,
0.038330078125,
0.0177001953125,
0.0048828125,
0.01226806640625,
0.0125732421875,
-0.001220703125,
0.033935546875,
-0.00099945068359375,
-0.039306640625,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.013671875,
-0.044189453125,
0.0159912109375,
0.0439453125,
-0.0218505859375,
0.06396484375,
0.031005859375,
0.0169677734375,
-0.000484466552734375,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.00019741058349609375,
0.009521484375,
-0.007232666015625,
-0.0263671875,
-0.05126953125,
0.012451171875,
0.0203857421875,
-0.004913330078125,
0.052978515625,
-0.00170135498046875,
0.01483154296875,
0.037109375,
0.004241943359375,
-0.0205078125,
0.0155029296875,
0.030029296875,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0177001953125,
0.026611328125,
0.0015869140625,
-0.043701171875,
0.036376953125,
0.0390625,
-0.0155029296875,
0.004425048828125,
-0.007049560546875,
-0.02490234375,
0.01513671875,
0.027587890625,
0.0191650390625,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.032958984375,
0.003662109375,
0.00762939453125,
-0.005340576171875,
0.0028076171875,
0.0054931640625,
0.0036163330078125,
0.035400390625
] |
Potter, J.
Plaintiffs, as widow and son of Ernest Lindsey, deceased, made claim against defendants before the department of labor and industry for compensation for the death of Ernest Lindsey. The sole question in dispute is whether the accident arose out of and in the course of decedent’s employment. The deputy commissioner found defendants liable and awarded compensation. This finding was reversed on appeal by the department. The case was disposed of by the department on the theory decedent was employed by defendant Max Loebel as a delivery truck driver. The undisputed evidence is, “He was employed to sell cheese and deliver cheese on a route.” On the day Ernest Lindsey was injured he started out with defendant Loebel’s truck about.5:30 a. m. over his regular route, and after about 2:30 p. m. one Grant Bennett, a friend who had accompanied him, drove the truck and was driving it when the accident occurred in which decedent was injured. Decedent was, under the undisputed facts, something more than a truck driver. He was a salesman employed to sell and deliver cheese over a route. He was in the discharge of his duty as such salesman at the time the injury occurred; in furtherance of his employer’s business; doing a duty he was employed to perform. There is no question but defendants would be liable had decedent himself been driving the truck. The sole defense rests upon the fact some one other than decedent was driving the truck at the time of the injury which resulted in his death. A similar question was before the court in Marchand v. Russell, 257 Mich. 96. This was an action for damages resulting from alleged negligence. After reviewing the authorities it was said:
“We think the more satisfactory rule is to hold that the person permitted by the servant to operate the car in his presence is but an instrument employed by him, and that his acts are, in legal effect, the acts of the servant himself. ’ ’
Hoffman v. Roehl, 61 Mont. 290 (203 Pac. 349, 20 A. L. R. 189, 194); Thixton v. Palmer, 210 Ky. 838 (276 S. W. 971, 44 A. L. R. 1379); Geiss v. Twin City Taxicab Co., 120 Minn. 368 (139 N. W. 611, 45 L. R. A. [N. S.] 382); Grant v. Knepper, 245 N. Y. 158 (156 N. E. 650, 54 A. L. R. 845), and the cases collected in the annotations thereto in A. L. R. fully sustain this rule.
The order of the department of labor and industry is reversed, and the cause remanded for disposition in accordance with this opinion.
McDonald, C. J., and Fead, J., concurred with Potter, J. | [
-0.03466796875,
0.0238037109375,
-0.012939453125,
0.044921875,
-0.031005859375,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.021728515625,
-0.02734375,
0.021484375,
0.050537109375,
-0.00165557861328125,
-0.00872802734375,
0.032958984375,
-0.0016326904296875,
0.00150299072265625,
-0.00604248046875,
-0.004608154296875,
0.027099609375,
-0.0164794921875,
0.01177978515625,
0.023193359375,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.0185546875,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.019287109375,
0.00250244140625,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.0277099609375,
0.0263671875,
0.039306640625,
-0.025390625,
0.00640869140625,
0.056640625,
-0.04443359375,
0.0031890869140625,
0.00028228759765625,
0.05126953125,
-0.043212890625,
-0.000263214111328125,
-0.00133514404296875,
-0.00762939453125,
0.004150390625,
0.04345703125,
-0.051025390625,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.0546875,
0.0098876953125,
-0.0223388671875,
0.038330078125,
-0.0390625,
0.007659912109375,
0.0035858154296875,
0.0179443359375,
-0.04052734375,
0.03515625,
-0.043212890625,
0.0030059814453125,
-0.0185546875,
-0.005462646484375,
0.031494140625,
0.021484375,
-0.055419921875,
0.01312255859375,
-0.061279296875,
-0.005462646484375,
0.0181884765625,
-0.009765625,
0.0194091796875,
-0.0250244140625,
0.0235595703125,
-0.033447265625,
0.0125732421875,
-0.03564453125,
0.011474609375,
0.008056640625,
-0.021240234375,
-0.046875,
-0.0162353515625,
0.01171875,
0.0108642578125,
0.025146484375,
-0.0224609375,
0.0732421875,
-0.02294921875,
-0.05322265625,
0.044677734375,
-0.006011962890625,
0.04248046875,
-0.0244140625,
0.01446533203125,
-0.0108642578125,
0.0390625,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.005279541015625,
0.038818359375,
0.0400390625,
-0.0263671875,
0.0208740234375,
0.01611328125,
-0.055908203125,
0.0439453125,
0.0159912109375,
0.02490234375,
0.048095703125,
-0.03369140625,
0.033203125,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.0029144287109375,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.0059814453125,
0.01300048828125,
0.006927490234375,
0.02734375,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.0147705078125,
0.01611328125,
0.004058837890625,
-0.00567626953125,
-0.022705078125,
0.020263671875,
0.0703125,
-0.01531982421875,
0.046875,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.0040283203125,
0.00994873046875,
-0.0220947265625,
0.046875,
-0.0228271484375,
0.03173828125,
0.051025390625,
0.0257568359375,
-0.017822265625,
0.021240234375,
0.00811767578125,
0.010986328125,
0.0191650390625,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.004425048828125,
0.0272216796875,
0.010986328125,
0.0267333984375,
-0.0234375,
0.0478515625,
0.0069580078125,
0.02734375,
-0.017333984375,
0.05029296875,
-0.04052734375,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.058837890625,
0.01531982421875,
0.058349609375,
-0.031494140625,
-0.002838134765625,
-0.0177001953125,
0.047119140625,
-0.032470703125,
0.05126953125,
0.00433349609375,
-0.0283203125,
-0.0184326171875,
0.017578125,
0.0286865234375,
-0.005523681640625,
0.00897216796875,
-0.0018463134765625,
0.029052734375,
-0.022216796875,
-0.0380859375,
0.0012054443359375,
-0.0054931640625,
-0.06591796875,
-0.005889892578125,
0.06298828125,
0.036376953125,
0.06591796875,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.0224609375,
0.0098876953125,
-0.03564453125,
0.0113525390625,
0.0240478515625,
0.0025787353515625,
0.00396728515625,
-0.020263671875,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.005462646484375,
-0.0040283203125,
-0.03515625,
0.033447265625,
0.0238037109375,
-0.0281982421875,
0.03173828125,
-0.0072021484375,
0.061279296875,
-0.030029296875,
-0.01324462890625,
0.0194091796875,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.0008392333984375,
-0.0269775390625,
0.0036163330078125,
0.0283203125,
-0.03076171875,
-0.0234375,
0.060791015625,
0.02392578125,
-0.00494384765625,
0.00994873046875,
0.017822265625,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.00201416015625,
-0.053466796875,
0.01519775390625,
0.0269775390625,
-0.040283203125,
0.000499725341796875,
-0.05126953125,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.0216064453125,
0.0181884765625,
-0.009033203125,
0.025390625,
-0.013427734375,
-0.023681640625,
0.00201416015625,
-0.00244140625,
-0.0166015625,
-0.016845703125,
0.0390625,
-0.0001354217529296875,
0.0186767578125,
0.07373046875,
-0.039794921875,
-0.052734375,
0.045654296875,
-0.0228271484375,
0.01055908203125,
0.00823974609375,
0.03515625,
0.0341796875,
0.051025390625,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.011962890625,
0.052978515625,
0.0011138916015625,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.01611328125,
0.02099609375,
-0.00799560546875,
0.0087890625,
0.00860595703125,
0.02294921875,
-0.0111083984375,
0.02392578125,
0.03564453125,
0.031982421875,
-0.026611328125,
-0.033935546875,
0.046875,
0.03515625,
-0.0223388671875,
0.02294921875,
0.0223388671875,
-0.025390625,
0.036376953125,
-0.00048828125,
-0.034423828125,
-0.03564453125,
-0.021728515625,
-0.04443359375,
0.040283203125,
-0.01123046875,
-0.0537109375,
-0.0252685546875,
0.0286865234375,
-0.016357421875,
0.0615234375,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.0196533203125,
0.0263671875,
-0.04541015625,
0.01336669921875,
-0.0283203125,
0.0498046875,
-0.0546875,
0.0260009765625,
-0.0174560546875,
0.006866455078125,
0.026123046875,
-0.09619140625,
-0.0400390625,
0.0072021484375,
0.035888671875,
0.00921630859375,
0.0028228759765625,
0.00933837890625,
-0.018310546875,
-0.034912109375,
0.00958251953125,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.00732421875,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.030517578125,
0.0166015625,
-0.028076171875,
-0.024658203125,
-0.01953125,
0.034423828125,
-0.0439453125,
0.013427734375,
0.0118408203125,
-0.005950927734375,
-0.01220703125,
0.0869140625,
0.030029296875,
0.005218505859375,
-0.0034637451171875,
-0.0291748046875,
0.003021240234375,
0.0260009765625,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.025390625,
-0.01129150390625,
0.03515625,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.03955078125,
0.0238037109375,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.02978515625,
-0.022216796875,
0.01361083984375,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.04150390625,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.0274658203125,
0.0186767578125,
0.00147247314453125,
0.029052734375,
-0.0299072265625,
0.007049560546875,
0.01177978515625,
-0.025390625,
0.00897216796875,
0.056396484375,
0.01513671875,
0.018798828125,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.007049560546875,
0.0027923583984375,
0.0003070831298828125,
0.00531005859375,
0.046630859375,
0.046630859375,
-0.044189453125,
-0.045654296875,
0.05615234375,
0.0024261474609375,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.01611328125,
0.041015625,
-0.036376953125,
-0.03125,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.00830078125,
0.017822265625,
-0.0262451171875,
0.037841796875,
0.0235595703125,
-0.032958984375,
0.0048828125,
-0.031494140625,
-0.06201171875,
-0.00347900390625,
0.00010824203491210938,
0.0242919921875,
0.0296630859375,
0.02197265625,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0167236328125,
0.00811767578125,
-0.032958984375,
0.03515625,
-0.0235595703125,
0.039306640625,
-0.032470703125,
-0.044677734375,
0.03759765625,
0.00567626953125,
-0.02197265625,
0.0089111328125,
0.01373291015625,
0.03564453125,
-0.0014495849609375,
0.0361328125,
0.0167236328125,
0.028564453125,
0.00958251953125,
0.00018024444580078125,
-0.03173828125,
0.004974365234375,
-0.050537109375,
0.027587890625,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.020751953125,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.019775390625,
0.029052734375,
0.01385498046875,
0.052001953125,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.005279541015625,
-0.00946044921875,
0.0032196044921875,
0.025390625,
0.006622314453125,
-0.0263671875,
0.0537109375,
0.0005950927734375,
0.07080078125,
-0.0169677734375,
0.020751953125,
-0.015625,
0.018310546875,
-0.017822265625,
0.059326171875,
-0.0400390625,
0.0244140625,
-0.06787109375,
-0.025390625,
0.044189453125,
0.0113525390625,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.004791259765625,
0.01153564453125,
0.040771484375,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.0234375,
-0.010009765625,
0.01904296875,
-0.0016937255859375,
0.025390625,
0.0228271484375,
-0.00762939453125,
0.034423828125,
-0.00714111328125,
0.07666015625,
0.007171630859375,
-0.01531982421875,
-0.004974365234375,
0.0625,
-0.005218505859375,
0.03759765625,
-0.01116943359375,
0.01348876953125,
-0.00084686279296875,
0.0103759765625,
-0.0234375,
0.0279541015625,
0.011962890625,
0.010498046875,
0.0098876953125,
0.0625,
-0.0125732421875,
0.00897216796875,
0.03466796875,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.0162353515625,
0.043701171875,
-0.0166015625,
0.01324462890625,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.0064697265625,
0.028564453125,
-0.055908203125,
0.03564453125,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.031494140625,
-0.060791015625,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.00616455078125,
-0.007171630859375,
0.01123046875,
0.0537109375,
0.0279541015625,
-0.061767578125,
-0.02734375,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.042724609375,
0.00738525390625,
0.01165771484375,
-0.0033111572265625,
0.024658203125,
0.0228271484375,
0.006072998046875,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.00567626953125,
-0.040283203125,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.05224609375,
-0.01336669921875,
0.0294189453125,
-0.0216064453125,
0.055419921875,
0.036376953125,
0.035888671875,
0.006866455078125,
0.00848388671875,
0.0291748046875,
0.023193359375,
0.034423828125,
0.0260009765625,
0.0260009765625,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.059814453125,
0.0145263671875,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0078125,
0.037841796875,
0.00439453125,
-0.018798828125,
-0.08349609375,
0.0267333984375,
0.00146484375,
-0.0205078125,
-0.0205078125,
0.00933837890625,
-0.01190185546875,
0.029541015625,
0.0029296875,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.03759765625,
0.030517578125,
-0.0010223388671875,
-0.045166015625,
-0.041015625,
-0.0498046875,
-0.0118408203125,
0.049072265625,
0.0517578125,
0.003936767578125,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.033935546875,
0.009033203125,
-0.046142578125,
0.0098876953125,
-0.03564453125,
0.005157470703125,
0.01312255859375,
0.01092529296875,
0.03564453125,
-0.013916015625,
0.030517578125,
-0.01397705078125,
0.0244140625,
0.050537109375,
-0.0703125,
-0.01318359375,
-0.046630859375,
0.07763671875,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.029052734375,
-0.01031494140625,
0.00897216796875,
-0.01409912109375,
0.01007080078125,
0.0260009765625,
0.0042724609375,
-0.037109375,
-0.09033203125,
-0.00543212890625,
0.0242919921875,
-0.0234375,
-0.028076171875,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.00015163421630859375,
-0.05078125,
0.034423828125,
0.06591796875,
0.0135498046875,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.00089263916015625,
0.02978515625,
0.0023956298828125,
-0.0322265625,
0.0257568359375,
-0.004486083984375,
-0.024169921875,
-0.039794921875,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.017822265625,
-0.0185546875,
0.030517578125,
0.0218505859375,
0.0107421875,
0.04736328125,
0.00250244140625,
-0.054931640625,
-0.01287841796875,
0.0546875,
-0.0162353515625,
0.007080078125,
0.057373046875,
-0.0224609375,
-0.042236328125,
0.0091552734375,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.0703125,
-0.057373046875,
0.0380859375,
0.0009002685546875,
-0.0240478515625,
0.031982421875,
0.0194091796875,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.00567626953125,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.044189453125,
0.0189208984375,
0.02490234375,
-0.001220703125,
0.00518798828125,
0.03515625,
-0.0032501220703125,
0.032470703125,
-0.00799560546875,
0.0654296875,
-0.018798828125,
-0.0306396484375,
0.041015625,
-0.012451171875,
0.033935546875,
-0.017822265625,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.0164794921875,
0.00323486328125,
0.06640625,
-0.034912109375,
-0.0498046875,
-0.040283203125,
0.01153564453125,
0.01483154296875,
-0.01806640625,
-0.05029296875,
0.0150146484375,
0.01513671875,
-0.06396484375,
-0.03125,
-0.01165771484375,
0.0223388671875,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.0908203125,
-0.02392578125,
0.019287109375,
-0.018798828125,
0.01251220703125,
-0.052490234375,
-0.0478515625,
-0.0198974609375,
0.037109375,
-0.08056640625,
0.0106201171875,
0.040283203125,
0.056640625,
-0.00518798828125,
-0.072265625,
-0.003692626953125,
0.0233154296875,
0.0106201171875,
0.00640869140625,
-0.037353515625,
0.01336669921875,
0.0031585693359375,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.00201416015625,
-0.0306396484375,
0.0289306640625,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.0301513671875,
0.0035400390625,
-0.023681640625,
0.00445556640625,
-0.0390625,
0.03125,
-0.017822265625,
0.004547119140625,
0.01806640625,
-0.038818359375,
-0.003631591796875,
0.0439453125,
-0.0263671875,
0.0286865234375,
-0.0281982421875,
0.00445556640625,
0.0289306640625,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.003143310546875,
0.00494384765625,
-0.033203125,
-0.041015625,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.04296875,
-0.0174560546875,
0.046630859375,
0.04931640625,
-0.035400390625,
-0.025146484375,
-0.041748046875,
0.0033416748046875,
-0.064453125,
0.0186767578125,
-0.024169921875,
0.0244140625,
0.0281982421875,
0.03955078125,
-0.0185546875,
-0.0250244140625,
0.0115966796875,
0.0419921875,
0.0181884765625,
0.028076171875,
-0.00836181640625,
0.035400390625,
-0.01953125,
0.016845703125,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0274658203125,
0.01129150390625,
0.044189453125,
0.03271484375,
-0.000652313232421875,
0.03662109375,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.042236328125,
-0.00110626220703125,
-0.050537109375,
-0.0164794921875,
0.04833984375,
0.0037689208984375,
0.01422119140625,
0.0189208984375,
0.0078125,
-0.01202392578125,
0.0289306640625,
0.01953125,
0.00762939453125,
-0.034912109375,
-0.02099609375,
0.06298828125,
-0.0030670166015625,
0.0120849609375,
0.032958984375,
0.0150146484375,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.05810546875,
0.025634765625,
0.01080322265625,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.01025390625,
0.00092315673828125,
-0.060791015625,
-0.00124359130859375,
0.02880859375,
0.00421142578125,
-0.0263671875,
-0.0019989013671875,
-0.03759765625,
0.033447265625,
-0.0230712890625,
0.0191650390625,
0.02294921875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.026123046875,
0.01177978515625,
0.0174560546875,
0.000850677490234375,
0.0537109375,
0.0145263671875,
0.01092529296875,
0.0033721923828125,
-0.039794921875,
-0.038818359375,
0.03955078125,
0.036376953125,
0.02294921875,
0.0147705078125,
0.0302734375,
0.031982421875,
0.042724609375,
0.0152587890625,
0.05859375,
0.01171875,
-0.00531005859375,
0.006134033203125,
-0.0203857421875,
0.04638671875,
-0.0087890625,
0.007568359375,
0.0322265625,
-0.051025390625,
0.01611328125,
-0.00537109375,
-0.00396728515625,
0.0252685546875,
-0.010498046875,
-0.016357421875,
0.004547119140625,
-0.005767822265625,
0.0281982421875,
0.03076171875,
-0.042724609375,
0.018798828125,
0.027099609375,
0.037353515625,
0.00726318359375,
0.0096435546875,
-0.0016632080078125,
0.001220703125,
-0.078125,
-0.016845703125,
0.04248046875,
0.00921630859375,
0.017822265625,
0.01953125,
0.00872802734375,
0.00567626953125,
-0.00714111328125,
0.0211181640625,
0.021728515625,
-0.07080078125,
0.035400390625,
0.0078125,
0.05078125,
-0.01043701171875,
0.0213623046875,
0.03173828125,
-0.006683349609375,
-0.0712890625,
0.01904296875,
0.0238037109375,
0.0189208984375,
0.00823974609375,
0.01416015625,
0.0062255859375,
0.0025482177734375,
0.0419921875,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.019287109375,
-0.07470703125,
-0.006195068359375,
0.003997802734375,
-0.0400390625,
-0.041259765625,
-0.036865234375,
0.000006586313247680664,
-0.00970458984375,
0.025146484375,
0.0191650390625,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.036376953125,
0.036865234375,
0.0016021728515625,
0.052734375,
0.0029144287109375,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.0224609375,
0.0296630859375,
0.0238037109375,
-0.04736328125,
0.037841796875,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.052734375,
-0.072265625,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.006622314453125,
0.0263671875,
-0.05908203125,
-0.045166015625,
-0.024169921875,
-0.00136566162109375,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.00421142578125,
-0.00011348724365234375,
-0.049072265625,
0.03564453125,
0.0296630859375,
-0.0162353515625,
0.02685546875,
0.006805419921875,
-0.00041961669921875,
0.00250244140625,
0.00179290771484375,
-0.0308837890625,
0.00179290771484375,
-0.01904296875,
-0.022216796875,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.00933837890625,
0.00927734375,
0.00872802734375,
0.048828125,
0.0022430419921875,
-0.037109375,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.004608154296875,
-0.002838134765625,
0.004638671875,
-0.018798828125,
-0.0033721923828125,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.06884765625,
0.2734375,
-0.004180908203125,
0.0025177001953125,
0.0294189453125,
-0.00009059906005859375,
0.068359375,
0.02783203125,
-0.015869140625,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.04541015625,
-0.023681640625,
0.01416015625,
0.039794921875,
0.005340576171875,
0.025390625,
0.026611328125,
-0.04833984375,
0.015625,
0.011962890625,
-0.047607421875,
-0.0152587890625,
0.01263427734375,
-0.00156402587890625,
0.052490234375,
0.02099609375,
0.0133056640625,
0.0191650390625,
-0.06982421875,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0361328125,
0.0252685546875,
-0.045654296875,
0.01446533203125,
-0.027587890625,
0.00102996826171875,
0.03662109375,
-0.0013885498046875,
0.006927490234375,
-0.0245361328125,
0.0181884765625,
0.000438690185546875,
0.018310546875,
0.006988525390625,
-0.007080078125,
0.00128173828125,
0.0166015625,
-0.046875,
0.057373046875,
0.060791015625,
-0.05224609375,
0.017578125,
0.00103759765625,
0.036376953125,
-0.0269775390625,
0.0032958984375,
0.044677734375,
0.0012054443359375,
-0.017333984375,
-0.08349609375,
-0.0634765625,
0.026611328125,
0.005462646484375,
0.0301513671875,
0.04931640625,
0.0201416015625,
-0.0167236328125,
0.035888671875,
-0.003631591796875,
-0.0162353515625,
0.031005859375,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.004180908203125,
-0.0244140625,
-0.0286865234375,
0.044189453125,
0.01458740234375,
-0.0022125244140625,
0.01544189453125,
0.054443359375,
-0.007720947265625,
0.028076171875,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.003936767578125,
-0.034423828125,
0.00946044921875,
0.03271484375,
0.006866455078125,
-0.040283203125,
0.00830078125,
-0.000762939453125,
0.002471923828125,
-0.045654296875,
0.01190185546875,
0.0059814453125,
-0.017578125
] |
Clark, J.
Defendant Stranahan drove his automobile against plaintiff’s son causing serious injury. Plaintiff recovered judgment for his damages against Stranahan for $1,782.25 and costs. In the trial of that cause defendant Ford was attorney for Stranahan and he may also have been acting for the other defendant, Wolverine Mntnal Motor Insurance Company, a Michigan corporation, a mutual company, as its name indicates, which company had issued to Stranahan a policy in common form, covering the automobile as to fire and theft in named amount, and indemnity against liability for damages for personal injury, defense of suit, etc., in the amount of $1,000. There had been, before the trial of the said cause, correspondence and negotiation between counsel in an attempt to settle, but without success. Very soon after entry of the judgment Stranahan and his attorney requested of the insurance company that the $1,000 be forwarded by telegraph. This was done, and the company received release. Of the sum the attorney received his fees and Stranahan took the rest. Plaintiff’s later writ of garnishment brought disclosure of the payment. This bill is filed on the theory of fraud and conspiracy on the part of the defendants, and it is contended that what was done is a fraud upon the rights of plaintiff.
Defendants have appealed from a decree for plaintiff.
The policy of insurance here is like that discussed in Griffin v. Casualty & Surety Co., 231 Mich. 642. It provided not indemnity against damages but indemnity against liability for damages. When Stranahan’s liability for damages was determined by the entry of the judgment, thereupon (on this record) there became due and payable from the insurance company to Stranahan the sum provided by the policy. It was the legal right of Stranahan to have it, and it was the legal duty of the company to pay it. Without paying the judgment Stranahan had right to sue the company and to recover. Griffin v. Casualty & Surety Co., supra.
Plaintiff had no rights under the policy. He was not a party to it. The amount due was not even a trust fund for his benefit. 2 Berry on Automobiles (6th Ed.), § 2186; Bain v. Atkins, 181 Mass. 240 (63 N. E. 414, 57 L. R. A. 791, 92 Am. St. Rep. 411); Randall v. Railway, 134 Mich. 493.
Stranahan and his attorney were in the exercise of a legal right in collecting the money and the insurance company but discharged a legal duty in paying it. This therefore cannot be held to be fraud. See 12 R. C. L. p. 237; 26 C. J. p. 1177; note 27 A. L. R. p. 1417; Damon v. Bache, 55 Pa. St. 67 (93 Am. Dec. 730); Shibler v. Hartley, 201 Pa. St. 286 (50 Atl. 950, 88 Am. St. Rep. 811).
It follows that the decree is reversed, and the bill dismissed, with costs to defendants.
North, C. J., and Fead, Wiest, McDonald, Potter, and Sharpe, JJ., concurred. The late Justice Fellows took no part in this decision. | [
-0.010009765625,
0.01507568359375,
0.0244140625,
0.0267333984375,
-0.04345703125,
-0.00052642822265625,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.0615234375,
-0.007568359375,
0.0419921875,
0.08056640625,
0.0162353515625,
0.01806640625,
0.0087890625,
-0.01123046875,
0.01226806640625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.014892578125,
0.00836181640625,
0.01385498046875,
0.013427734375,
-0.026123046875,
-0.0537109375,
0.0001468658447265625,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.0162353515625,
0.057373046875,
-0.0286865234375,
0.052978515625,
0.0177001953125,
0.0021209716796875,
-0.00567626953125,
0.00421142578125,
-0.015625,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.0283203125,
0.041748046875,
-0.06201171875,
-0.00830078125,
0.030029296875,
0.01904296875,
0.00274658203125,
0.044677734375,
-0.044189453125,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.041748046875,
0.032958984375,
-0.035888671875,
0.01336669921875,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.025634765625,
-0.027587890625,
0.03662109375,
-0.052001953125,
-0.0032501220703125,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.0037994384765625,
0.01324462890625,
0.004119873046875,
-0.029052734375,
0.038330078125,
-0.051025390625,
0.01287841796875,
0.00921630859375,
0.03271484375,
0.0228271484375,
0.005401611328125,
0.037353515625,
0.00396728515625,
0.041015625,
-0.0191650390625,
0.0205078125,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.0012664794921875,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.06494140625,
-0.00077056884765625,
-0.00131988525390625,
-0.004119873046875,
-0.0068359375,
0.0498046875,
-0.0027008056640625,
-0.04248046875,
0.0201416015625,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.002288818359375,
-0.0115966796875,
0.006439208984375,
-0.01055908203125,
0.043212890625,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0341796875,
0.03125,
0.000820159912109375,
-0.03857421875,
0.031005859375,
0.0184326171875,
-0.00396728515625,
0.039794921875,
0.000911712646484375,
-0.01513671875,
0.0546875,
-0.02587890625,
0.039306640625,
-0.00592041015625,
-0.0732421875,
-0.0123291015625,
0.01324462890625,
0.008544921875,
0.004058837890625,
0.040283203125,
-0.03173828125,
-0.02392578125,
-0.021240234375,
-0.00128936767578125,
0.005462646484375,
-0.0263671875,
-0.01373291015625,
0.051025390625,
-0.019287109375,
0.0174560546875,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.003448486328125,
0.03369140625,
0.01104736328125,
0.030029296875,
-0.0284423828125,
0.052734375,
0.03759765625,
0.007476806640625,
0.00003170967102050781,
0.023193359375,
0.00634765625,
0.01495361328125,
-0.0028076171875,
0.0089111328125,
0.03955078125,
0.0177001953125,
0.03466796875,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.003753662109375,
0.0517578125,
0.00592041015625,
0.048583984375,
-0.00189208984375,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.0478515625,
-0.0022430419921875,
-0.0634765625,
0.0272216796875,
0.037109375,
0.013427734375,
0.02490234375,
-0.02197265625,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.03271484375,
0.028076171875,
-0.0004215240478515625,
-0.004913330078125,
0.0150146484375,
-0.008056640625,
0.033447265625,
-0.033203125,
0.03125,
-0.0213623046875,
0.01263427734375,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.037841796875,
0.0115966796875,
-0.03076171875,
-0.05029296875,
-0.015625,
0.043701171875,
0.028076171875,
0.080078125,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.00164794921875,
-0.0142822265625,
0.03759765625,
0.04931640625,
0.0546875,
0.0277099609375,
0.000606536865234375,
0.0123291015625,
-0.0234375,
-0.026611328125,
-0.013671875,
0.04931640625,
0.00897216796875,
-0.044189453125,
0.0228271484375,
0.00124359130859375,
0.0240478515625,
-0.0016632080078125,
-0.028076171875,
0.0291748046875,
0.0002269744873046875,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0279541015625,
0.00396728515625,
0.026123046875,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.01312255859375,
0.06787109375,
0.044921875,
-0.0213623046875,
0.022216796875,
0.0086669921875,
0.00390625,
0.0194091796875,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0250244140625,
0.0322265625,
-0.0023345947265625,
0.017333984375,
-0.046142578125,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.043212890625,
0.033447265625,
-0.042236328125,
0.01092529296875,
-0.02880859375,
-0.029052734375,
0.0140380859375,
0.031982421875,
-0.036376953125,
0.004730224609375,
0.0150146484375,
-0.0166015625,
-0.00872802734375,
0.0625,
-0.02197265625,
-0.033203125,
0.031494140625,
-0.0172119140625,
0.01953125,
-0.000598907470703125,
0.006744384765625,
0.01806640625,
0.05029296875,
-0.0159912109375,
0.029296875,
0.03955078125,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.01300048828125,
0.02880859375,
0.0206298828125,
0.01153564453125,
0.0400390625,
0.01080322265625,
0.004241943359375,
0.002532958984375,
0.0174560546875,
0.0712890625,
0.01263427734375,
-0.033935546875,
-0.025634765625,
0.01190185546875,
0.029296875,
-0.0458984375,
-0.00057220458984375,
0.04052734375,
-0.005706787109375,
0.0250244140625,
-0.00640869140625,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.06787109375,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.044921875,
-0.000946044921875,
-0.03955078125,
0.0181884765625,
-0.018310546875,
0.01953125,
0.02392578125,
-0.04296875,
0.021240234375,
-0.0208740234375,
0.0419921875,
-0.0250244140625,
0.0252685546875,
-0.0106201171875,
0.00180816650390625,
0.029052734375,
-0.08154296875,
-0.0166015625,
0.0048828125,
0.04345703125,
-0.00909423828125,
0.00116729736328125,
-0.038818359375,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.025146484375,
0.031005859375,
-0.0230712890625,
0.01123046875,
-0.0072021484375,
-0.04052734375,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.002166748046875,
-0.0439453125,
-0.0281982421875,
0.0252685546875,
-0.050537109375,
0.04736328125,
-0.0230712890625,
0.036865234375,
0.004913330078125,
0.04638671875,
-0.0130615234375,
0.005126953125,
0.00433349609375,
-0.042724609375,
-0.006072998046875,
-0.004119873046875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.03173828125,
0.0242919921875,
0.004974365234375,
0.06640625,
-0.0654296875,
-0.041015625,
-0.06201171875,
-0.026611328125,
-0.015869140625,
-0.0052490234375,
0.01300048828125,
-0.031982421875,
-0.06494140625,
-0.013427734375,
-0.033447265625,
0.03466796875,
-0.00238037109375,
0.0213623046875,
-0.03955078125,
-0.00421142578125,
-0.01318359375,
-0.034423828125,
0.055419921875,
0.05908203125,
0.005828857421875,
0.00390625,
0.0023956298828125,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0026397705078125,
-0.02587890625,
0.0272216796875,
0.00188446044921875,
0.00897216796875,
0.048583984375,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.04736328125,
-0.00958251953125,
0.02001953125,
-0.00157928466796875,
-0.045654296875,
-0.006439208984375,
0.0009918212890625,
-0.02783203125,
-0.0185546875,
-0.005950927734375,
0.018798828125,
0.01483154296875,
0.05712890625,
0.01611328125,
-0.0439453125,
0.0007476806640625,
-0.0439453125,
-0.08056640625,
-0.0004138946533203125,
-0.015625,
-0.018310546875,
0.0157470703125,
0.0191650390625,
-0.0107421875,
0.0054931640625,
0.0023040771484375,
0.0234375,
0.01300048828125,
-0.047607421875,
-0.00144195556640625,
-0.03564453125,
0.006622314453125,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.03857421875,
0.0306396484375,
-0.00131988525390625,
-0.030029296875,
-0.0615234375,
0.0174560546875,
0.008544921875,
-0.032958984375,
0.02685546875,
0.031982421875,
0.00007677078247070312,
0.033935546875,
-0.00628662109375,
-0.06982421875,
-0.03515625,
-0.026611328125,
0.042236328125,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.0419921875,
-0.0390625,
-0.0162353515625,
0.02880859375,
0.048828125,
0.025634765625,
0.000762939453125,
0.00396728515625,
0.0130615234375,
0.00811767578125,
-0.0634765625,
-0.004119873046875,
0.00823974609375,
0.05322265625,
-0.005157470703125,
0.048095703125,
-0.0537109375,
0.06494140625,
-0.0294189453125,
0.001220703125,
0.015625,
0.0478515625,
-0.004638671875,
0.0172119140625,
-0.02490234375,
-0.0074462890625,
0.037841796875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.002349853515625,
-0.00927734375,
0.028564453125,
0.07080078125,
-0.031005859375,
0.012451171875,
0.0252685546875,
-0.01080322265625,
0.0012664794921875,
0.01129150390625,
0.00994873046875,
0.00921630859375,
0.03759765625,
-0.04736328125,
0.06103515625,
-0.00201416015625,
-0.0654296875,
0.0106201171875,
0.04736328125,
-0.02978515625,
0.01513671875,
-0.031982421875,
0.0341796875,
-0.03515625,
-0.004364013671875,
-0.046142578125,
0.00153350830078125,
0.033935546875,
0.01470947265625,
0.023681640625,
0.05419921875,
-0.0302734375,
-0.0019989013671875,
0.0076904296875,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.023681640625,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0022125244140625,
0.0263671875,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.037109375,
0.047607421875,
-0.012939453125,
0.03759765625,
0.00567626953125,
0.003997802734375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.050537109375,
-0.0068359375,
0.00885009765625,
-0.0289306640625,
0.0079345703125,
0.04052734375,
-0.003997802734375,
-0.03076171875,
-0.035400390625,
-0.03271484375,
0.000179290771484375,
-0.05810546875,
0.0177001953125,
-0.0224609375,
-0.03369140625,
0.022705078125,
-0.01055908203125,
0.009765625,
0.0037841796875,
0.0033721923828125,
-0.022216796875,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.06640625,
-0.0238037109375,
0.0546875,
-0.00994873046875,
0.0126953125,
0.036865234375,
0.04052734375,
0.0172119140625,
-0.0013427734375,
0.01153564453125,
0.05712890625,
0.06640625,
0.0400390625,
0.0296630859375,
-0.03662109375,
-0.0498046875,
0.008544921875,
-0.035888671875,
-0.04931640625,
-0.0185546875,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.04638671875,
0.0145263671875,
0.0220947265625,
-0.02197265625,
-0.045166015625,
-0.0159912109375,
0.01239013671875,
0.02490234375,
-0.020751953125,
-0.00555419921875,
0.01007080078125,
-0.054443359375,
0.042236328125,
0.000957489013671875,
-0.033447265625,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.05810546875,
0.00640869140625,
0.042236328125,
0.044189453125,
0.0023956298828125,
-0.010009765625,
-0.0517578125,
0.032958984375,
-0.0322265625,
0.0169677734375,
-0.006561279296875,
0.0198974609375,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.005645751953125,
0.04443359375,
-0.00555419921875,
0.052978515625,
0.0018310546875,
0.0078125,
0.03076171875,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.056396484375,
0.06884765625,
-0.060302734375,
-0.031982421875,
0.0174560546875,
0.0458984375,
0.016845703125,
0.010498046875,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.011474609375,
-0.052978515625,
-0.0595703125,
0.038330078125,
0.00982666015625,
-0.00592041015625,
-0.0517578125,
-0.06591796875,
0.02783203125,
-0.044921875,
0.01361083984375,
0.0751953125,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.01043701171875,
0.00640869140625,
0.025634765625,
0.033203125,
-0.02099609375,
-0.005462646484375,
0.010986328125,
0.00531005859375,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0062255859375,
0.00311279296875,
-0.03857421875,
0.0267333984375,
0.00732421875,
0.01019287109375,
0.04248046875,
-0.03466796875,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0108642578125,
0.0390625,
0.027587890625,
0.04443359375,
0.05078125,
0.00098419189453125,
-0.039306640625,
0.0380859375,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.0419921875,
-0.0419921875,
0.023681640625,
0.007293701171875,
-0.01611328125,
0.01312255859375,
0.037109375,
-0.042236328125,
-0.006561279296875,
-0.012451171875,
-0.031494140625,
-0.030029296875,
-0.02978515625,
-0.0087890625,
0.046142578125,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.01483154296875,
0.0245361328125,
0.01434326171875,
0.0191650390625,
-0.0341796875,
0.06591796875,
-0.0615234375,
0.0164794921875,
0.0186767578125,
0.0146484375,
0.033447265625,
-0.0303955078125,
0.019775390625,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.0107421875,
0.033447265625,
-0.046630859375,
-0.064453125,
-0.023681640625,
-0.0030975341796875,
0.056396484375,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.045166015625,
0.0380859375,
0.007171630859375,
-0.01806640625,
-0.03369140625,
-0.022705078125,
0.0341796875,
0.00009012222290039062,
-0.0517578125,
-0.0185546875,
-0.0026397705078125,
0.005645751953125,
0.0400390625,
-0.0390625,
-0.024658203125,
0.0274658203125,
0.0245361328125,
-0.0400390625,
0.037841796875,
0.0390625,
0.044921875,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.053466796875,
-0.0223388671875,
0.0169677734375,
0.00311279296875,
0.0107421875,
-0.0277099609375,
0.00567626953125,
0.0015716552734375,
-0.0263671875,
-0.034912109375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.003631591796875,
0.040283203125,
0.013916015625,
0.00107574462890625,
0.0198974609375,
-0.0380859375,
-0.0036468505859375,
-0.0517578125,
0.0225830078125,
0.0189208984375,
0.03955078125,
0.01611328125,
-0.031494140625,
-0.020263671875,
0.01251220703125,
-0.0169677734375,
0.03271484375,
-0.03076171875,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.00830078125,
0.029541015625,
0.0078125,
0.00384521484375,
-0.0224609375,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.0078125,
0.03076171875,
0.056396484375,
0.01434326171875,
-0.058837890625,
-0.0218505859375,
0.01611328125,
-0.0419921875,
0.0198974609375,
0.00830078125,
0.0002422332763671875,
0.029052734375,
0.04248046875,
0.0006256103515625,
-0.0133056640625,
0.01031494140625,
0.01324462890625,
0.004241943359375,
0.0167236328125,
0.036865234375,
-0.0084228515625,
0.0027008056640625,
0.006927490234375,
-0.0576171875,
-0.039794921875,
0.002532958984375,
0.0361328125,
0.060302734375,
0.030029296875,
0.0240478515625,
-0.03662109375,
-0.037841796875,
-0.002349853515625,
-0.0191650390625,
0.004302978515625,
0.04443359375,
-0.00775146484375,
0.0284423828125,
0.00164794921875,
0.0113525390625,
-0.044677734375,
0.016845703125,
0.01165771484375,
-0.0201416015625,
0.029052734375,
-0.006988525390625,
0.048583984375,
0.021484375,
0.00182342529296875,
0.01324462890625,
0.005462646484375,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.038818359375,
0.0306396484375,
0.041748046875,
-0.05029296875,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0006103515625,
-0.000762939453125,
-0.07666015625,
0.0074462890625,
0.02197265625,
0.04736328125,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.004974365234375,
-0.040283203125,
0.033203125,
0.024169921875,
-0.0093994140625,
0.0034332275390625,
-0.056884765625,
-0.045166015625,
0.005523681640625,
0.03125,
-0.01202392578125,
0.04150390625,
0.04541015625,
0.026611328125,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.0301513671875,
0.035888671875,
0.0252685546875,
0.033447265625,
0.013671875,
0.02392578125,
0.03466796875,
0.025390625,
0.025634765625,
-0.00077056884765625,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.025390625,
0.00191497802734375,
0.0224609375,
0.056884765625,
0.001708984375,
-0.050537109375,
0.0177001953125,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.013671875,
0.0164794921875,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0014495849609375,
-0.044921875,
0.0419921875,
-0.00167083740234375,
-0.0002117156982421875,
0.0147705078125,
0.039306640625,
0.0030059814453125,
0.01165771484375,
0.0213623046875,
0.0174560546875,
-0.02685546875,
-0.046875,
-0.03662109375,
0.03955078125,
0.0281982421875,
0.0269775390625,
0.039306640625,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.039306640625,
-0.029296875,
0.00885009765625,
0.0074462890625,
-0.07666015625,
0.0272216796875,
-0.01165771484375,
0.06591796875,
-0.03515625,
0.007171630859375,
0.039794921875,
-0.006561279296875,
-0.039306640625,
-0.0087890625,
0.005767822265625,
0.0198974609375,
-0.032470703125,
0.00787353515625,
0.022216796875,
0.0030364990234375,
0.0458984375,
-0.005584716796875,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.02197265625,
-0.0517578125,
-0.019287109375,
0.058349609375,
-0.004730224609375,
-0.01171875,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.004791259765625,
-0.046630859375,
-0.01239013671875,
0.040771484375,
-0.05615234375,
-0.00653076171875,
-0.00152587890625,
0.0019378662109375,
0.032470703125,
-0.0166015625,
0.0654296875,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.0004730224609375,
0.005462646484375,
-0.0283203125,
0.052490234375,
-0.06201171875,
0.005828857421875,
0.016845703125,
-0.0556640625,
-0.0546875,
-0.0030670166015625,
0.01373291015625,
0.00946044921875,
-0.02099609375,
-0.029296875,
0.014892578125,
0.01507568359375,
-0.0458984375,
0.041259765625,
0.00138092041015625,
-0.043701171875,
0.051025390625,
0.035888671875,
-0.0240478515625,
0.035400390625,
0.0201416015625,
0.0255126953125,
0.000020265579223632812,
0.00653076171875,
-0.0096435546875,
0.02099609375,
0.0123291015625,
-0.056640625,
0.01495361328125,
-0.0004711151123046875,
-0.042724609375,
0.003692626953125,
0.01104736328125,
0.03466796875,
0.006805419921875,
-0.01806640625,
-0.006866455078125,
-0.00139617919921875,
-0.005767822265625,
0.00579833984375,
-0.0126953125,
-0.005218505859375,
0.0301513671875,
0.0045166015625,
-0.05517578125,
0.267578125,
0.0390625,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0062255859375,
0.04248046875,
0.04443359375,
-0.012451171875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0218505859375,
0.000957489013671875,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.00518798828125,
0.01025390625,
0.017578125,
0.027099609375,
-0.034912109375,
0.024169921875,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.044677734375,
0.01904296875,
0.0033416748046875,
-0.030029296875,
0.023193359375,
0.046142578125,
-0.00182342529296875,
0.019287109375,
-0.038818359375,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.002532958984375,
0.016357421875,
-0.02978515625,
0.0208740234375,
-0.08203125,
-0.0166015625,
0.03125,
0.005523681640625,
0.01611328125,
0.0003719329833984375,
-0.00433349609375,
-0.01806640625,
0.030517578125,
0.003204345703125,
-0.0380859375,
0.00543212890625,
0.005340576171875,
-0.018310546875,
0.05126953125,
0.043212890625,
-0.03759765625,
0.030029296875,
0.021240234375,
0.012451171875,
-0.01953125,
0.0167236328125,
0.025390625,
0.01031494140625,
0.0064697265625,
-0.044677734375,
-0.0250244140625,
0.01483154296875,
0.00077056884765625,
0.05810546875,
0.050537109375,
0.0072021484375,
0.043701171875,
0.0216064453125,
0.01409912109375,
-0.006378173828125,
0.01220703125,
-0.017822265625,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.021484375,
-0.000713348388671875,
0.048583984375,
0.022216796875,
-0.02001953125,
0.0030059814453125,
0.0771484375,
0.037353515625,
-0.0185546875,
-0.042724609375,
0.006988525390625,
-0.0147705078125,
0.017822265625,
-0.005767822265625,
0.0028076171875,
-0.030029296875,
-0.0020751953125,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.01708984375,
0.01129150390625,
0.0289306640625,
0.01336669921875,
0.0260009765625
] |
Potter, J.
Plaintiff and defendant were married in 1891. They have no children. August 19, 1927, plaintiff filed a hill for divorce. Defendant filed an answer to the hill of complaint and later an amended and supplemental hnswer in the nature of a cross-bill. Decree was entered May 21, 1928, granting defendant a divorce from bed and board on the grounds of extreme cruelty, giving her property of the estimated value of $16,341.63, and to plaintiff property of the estimated value of $11,971.26, subject to indebtedness of $630. The decree provided the parties should make conveyance to each other so as to vest the title of the property in the party to whom it was awarded, and in default thereof a certified copy of the decree might be recorded which should stand as and for a sufficient conveyance. From the decree entered, defendant appeals. After reviewing the extensive record, we think the trial court’s division of the property substantially correct, and the decree appealed from is affirmed, without costs.
North, C. J., and Fead, Btjtzel, Wiest, Clark, McDonald, and Sharpe, JJ., concurred. | [
-0.0322265625,
0.0157470703125,
0.0274658203125,
0.031982421875,
-0.0634765625,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.01263427734375,
0.001312255859375,
0.03466796875,
0.03076171875,
0.020263671875,
0.01458740234375,
0.00830078125,
0.006195068359375,
-0.0016937255859375,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.005462646484375,
0.00970458984375,
0.015625,
0.023193359375,
0.00799560546875,
0.043212890625,
-0.054931640625,
0.00616455078125,
0.0380859375,
0.023681640625,
-0.0087890625,
-0.005767822265625,
0.035888671875,
0.0361328125,
-0.006561279296875,
0.0111083984375,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.0101318359375,
-0.0067138671875,
-0.0308837890625,
0.02197265625,
-0.044921875,
0.014404296875,
-0.00738525390625,
0.017333984375,
0.00168609619140625,
0.0146484375,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.0595703125,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.034423828125,
-0.013671875,
-0.04248046875,
-0.00408935546875,
-0.04931640625,
0.028076171875,
-0.058837890625,
0.017578125,
-0.034912109375,
-0.024658203125,
-0.0224609375,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.001739501953125,
0.0380859375,
-0.003814697265625,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.00860595703125,
0.031005859375,
0.0264892578125,
0.01806640625,
-0.022216796875,
-0.029052734375,
-0.020751953125,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.03515625,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.04296875,
0.005096435546875,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.0218505859375,
0.0281982421875,
0.034423828125,
-0.0042724609375,
0.017578125,
-0.02490234375,
-0.04052734375,
0.024658203125,
0.005523681640625,
0.04443359375,
-0.002593994140625,
0.0262451171875,
-0.04345703125,
0.05712890625,
-0.00506591796875,
0.033447265625,
0.0291748046875,
0.03271484375,
-0.0225830078125,
0.01177978515625,
0.033935546875,
0.0034332275390625,
-0.00274658203125,
0.02587890625,
-0.002349853515625,
0.08642578125,
0.01171875,
0.03759765625,
-0.005889892578125,
-0.0166015625,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.01483154296875,
0.0322265625,
-0.01190185546875,
0.040283203125,
-0.02294921875,
-0.0380859375,
0.0218505859375,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.03515625,
-0.03173828125,
-0.036376953125,
0.08251953125,
0.00592041015625,
0.05517578125,
-0.01416015625,
0.032958984375,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.0341796875,
0.034423828125,
0.003814697265625,
-0.00860595703125,
0.0081787109375,
-0.0024261474609375,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0167236328125,
0.02099609375,
-0.023193359375,
0.036865234375,
0.005767822265625,
0.005340576171875,
-0.0213623046875,
0.044189453125,
-0.028564453125,
-0.000362396240234375,
0.05859375,
0.02001953125,
0.048828125,
-0.0252685546875,
0.030029296875,
-0.05419921875,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.044677734375,
0.01318359375,
0.035400390625,
0.04443359375,
0.07080078125,
-0.00506591796875,
0.00640869140625,
-0.05615234375,
0.000400543212890625,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.0084228515625,
0.01214599609375,
-0.0400390625,
-0.006622314453125,
-0.0052490234375,
0.02978515625,
-0.0038299560546875,
0.034423828125,
-0.039306640625,
-0.0380859375,
0.0267333984375,
0.006988525390625,
-0.050537109375,
-0.0030059814453125,
0.04931640625,
0.0169677734375,
0.045166015625,
-0.00018787384033203125,
-0.005035400390625,
0.007476806640625,
0.00115966796875,
0.0269775390625,
0.027099609375,
-0.02490234375,
-0.00543212890625,
0.028076171875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.00567626953125,
-0.03662109375,
-0.01318359375,
0.005828857421875,
-0.000720977783203125,
-0.029541015625,
0.0184326171875,
-0.004425048828125,
0.0179443359375,
-0.00115966796875,
-0.016845703125,
0.0400390625,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.04052734375,
-0.00311279296875,
0.016845703125,
0.04052734375,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.0201416015625,
0.07958984375,
0.04345703125,
-0.03369140625,
0.003662109375,
0.001708984375,
0.0194091796875,
0.01007080078125,
-0.036865234375,
0.005523681640625,
0.031494140625,
-0.0172119140625,
0.021484375,
-0.07666015625,
0.0281982421875,
-0.004852294921875,
0.029541015625,
-0.042724609375,
0.0419921875,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.0230712890625,
0.040771484375,
0.0498046875,
0.00543212890625,
0.0230712890625,
-0.02099609375,
0.0203857421875,
0.005523681640625,
0.030029296875,
0.0019378662109375,
-0.041259765625,
0.02490234375,
0.03466796875,
-0.031982421875,
0.0299072265625,
-0.0286865234375,
0.00982666015625,
0.023193359375,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.00396728515625,
0.064453125,
0.0034332275390625,
0.00750732421875,
-0.0322265625,
0.033447265625,
0.01080322265625,
0.0537109375,
-0.0255126953125,
0.05126953125,
0.02685546875,
0.002960205078125,
0.04833984375,
0.0223388671875,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.00970458984375,
0.04296875,
0.018798828125,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.0167236328125,
0.019287109375,
-0.03515625,
0.0546875,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.011962890625,
-0.00189971923828125,
-0.026123046875,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.00372314453125,
-0.00628662109375,
-0.05126953125,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.00634765625,
0.029296875,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0023040771484375,
0.015869140625,
-0.021484375,
0.0264892578125,
0.009033203125,
0.046875,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0189208984375,
0.039306640625,
0.044189453125,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.08447265625,
-0.043701171875,
0.01123046875,
0.0439453125,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.042236328125,
-0.00750732421875,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.038818359375,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.04931640625,
0.01361083984375,
-0.017822265625,
-0.02001953125,
0.00848388671875,
-0.00732421875,
-0.041259765625,
-0.0390625,
-0.000812530517578125,
-0.0013275146484375,
0.0294189453125,
0.04150390625,
0.008544921875,
-0.0224609375,
0.09375,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.037841796875,
-0.05126953125,
-0.0166015625,
0.0179443359375,
-0.056396484375,
-0.01239013671875,
0.006256103515625,
0.047119140625,
0.0299072265625,
-0.07861328125,
-0.00122833251953125,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.04931640625,
-0.012939453125,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.000614166259765625,
0.011474609375,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.046630859375,
-0.0078125,
0.00122833251953125,
0.038818359375,
-0.026123046875,
0.0031280517578125,
0.02001953125,
0.019287109375,
0.03662109375,
0.0155029296875,
-0.01385498046875,
0.0206298828125,
0.03515625,
-0.029541015625,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.00592041015625,
0.0306396484375,
-0.0400390625,
-0.00001633167266845703,
0.0179443359375,
-0.03076171875,
-0.0458984375,
0.05078125,
0.00372314453125,
0.0084228515625,
-0.0026702880859375,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.0208740234375,
0.0017242431640625,
-0.038818359375,
0.048095703125,
-0.0390625,
0.047119140625,
0.0693359375,
-0.01531982421875,
0.005096435546875,
-0.02978515625,
-0.07373046875,
0.0252685546875,
-0.0106201171875,
0.03466796875,
0.0017547607421875,
0.001220703125,
0.007171630859375,
0.0038604736328125,
0.045654296875,
0.06298828125,
0.033203125,
-0.0118408203125,
0.033935546875,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.0211181640625,
0.006744384765625,
-0.00927734375,
0.04150390625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.05126953125,
-0.040283203125,
0.0390625,
0.0172119140625,
0.004180908203125,
0.03173828125,
0.040283203125,
-0.00653076171875,
0.0067138671875,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0498046875,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.034423828125,
0.037841796875,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.00098419189453125,
0.0130615234375,
-0.016357421875,
-0.00830078125,
0.034912109375,
0.05029296875,
-0.0036468505859375,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.0196533203125,
0.0341796875,
0.01177978515625,
-0.035888671875,
-0.048095703125,
0.0211181640625,
0.0078125,
0.01080322265625,
-0.046875,
0.045654296875,
-0.058837890625,
0.037841796875,
0.028564453125,
0.002349853515625,
-0.00787353515625,
0.0294189453125,
-0.01300048828125,
0.018798828125,
0.04541015625,
-0.006134033203125,
-0.0010528564453125,
-0.03759765625,
0.03173828125,
0.00469970703125,
0.08056640625,
0.01190185546875,
0.00860595703125,
0.0194091796875,
-0.005218505859375,
0.0059814453125,
0.019287109375,
0.042236328125,
-0.006195068359375,
0.01336669921875,
-0.05517578125,
0.028564453125,
0.002349853515625,
-0.03857421875,
-0.049072265625,
0.04443359375,
-0.01348876953125,
0.0517578125,
-0.0361328125,
0.05322265625,
0.038818359375,
-0.033935546875,
-0.044189453125,
-0.0162353515625,
0.0264892578125,
0.000621795654296875,
-0.02099609375,
0.0201416015625,
-0.01171875,
0.0057373046875,
0.0172119140625,
0.00396728515625,
0.0096435546875,
0.047119140625,
0.0267333984375,
0.0252685546875,
-0.031494140625,
-0.044189453125,
0.029296875,
-0.01336669921875,
0.0225830078125,
-0.037353515625,
0.03466796875,
-0.006988525390625,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.033447265625,
-0.038330078125,
-0.007598876953125,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.00860595703125,
0.007415771484375,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.0267333984375,
0.00189208984375,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0458984375,
-0.005126953125,
-0.01531982421875,
-0.00090789794921875,
-0.00439453125,
0.0191650390625,
-0.0177001953125,
0.01519775390625,
-0.004547119140625,
-0.041015625,
-0.01953125,
0.01055908203125,
0.08154296875,
-0.046630859375,
0.0166015625,
0.04052734375,
0.0032958984375,
0.000904083251953125,
-0.00518798828125,
0.03564453125,
0.00640869140625,
0.01214599609375,
0.0361328125,
0.037353515625,
-0.028076171875,
0.00823974609375,
-0.012451171875,
-0.003997802734375,
0.00640869140625,
0.0546875,
0.0025634765625,
-0.021484375,
-0.03759765625,
0.02685546875,
0.044677734375,
-0.07373046875,
-0.02197265625,
-0.034423828125,
-0.00014019012451171875,
-0.010986328125,
-0.035400390625,
0.045654296875,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.06689453125,
0.033935546875,
0.0181884765625,
-0.017578125,
-0.043212890625,
0.015625,
-0.0174560546875,
0.03125,
-0.0299072265625,
0.031005859375,
0.00628662109375,
-0.036865234375,
-0.02392578125,
0.00531005859375,
-0.000274658203125,
-0.0400390625,
0.0076904296875,
0.036376953125,
0.00494384765625,
0.017822265625,
0.01507568359375,
0.00531005859375,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.004058837890625,
0.022216796875,
-0.0537109375,
-0.0032196044921875,
-0.064453125,
-0.022705078125,
-0.005950927734375,
-0.020751953125,
-0.02880859375,
0.0240478515625,
-0.0169677734375,
0.028564453125,
-0.014892578125,
-0.048095703125,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.056396484375,
0.0169677734375,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.01904296875,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.04052734375,
0.048095703125,
-0.0478515625,
0.01055908203125,
0.08203125,
-0.002655029296875,
-0.000675201416015625,
-0.046875,
0.009033203125,
0.0234375,
-0.032958984375,
-0.01904296875,
-0.06884765625,
-0.045654296875,
-0.015869140625,
-0.021240234375,
-0.014892578125,
-0.037841796875,
0.0419921875,
0.029296875,
-0.042236328125,
-0.0008697509765625,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.048095703125,
-0.0211181640625,
0.0238037109375,
-0.0201416015625,
0.041748046875,
0.048828125,
-0.011474609375,
-0.024658203125,
0.064453125,
0.01397705078125,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.04736328125,
0.0322265625,
-0.010986328125,
-0.048095703125,
0.02490234375,
0.0174560546875,
-0.048583984375,
0.0120849609375,
-0.0146484375,
-0.0498046875,
0.00160980224609375,
-0.052734375,
0.029541015625,
0.033203125,
-0.01092529296875,
0.037109375,
0.0301513671875,
0.021728515625,
0.04150390625,
-0.0177001953125,
0.02685546875,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.04345703125,
0.045166015625,
0.0162353515625,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.037841796875,
0.0035858154296875,
0.00098419189453125,
0.01318359375,
-0.0011138916015625,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.04248046875,
0.03857421875,
0.032958984375,
0.052001953125,
-0.02197265625,
-0.00933837890625,
0.0361328125,
0.032958984375,
-0.07080078125,
-0.022705078125,
-0.015625,
-0.0030670166015625,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.064453125,
0.00167083740234375,
0.036376953125,
0.01416015625,
0.04248046875,
-0.016845703125,
-0.046630859375,
-0.006134033203125,
-0.0019683837890625,
-0.032958984375,
0.0299072265625,
0.02880859375,
0.044921875,
-0.020263671875,
-0.056640625,
0.00897216796875,
0.037109375,
-0.022216796875,
0.0235595703125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.01458740234375,
0.0074462890625,
-0.0150146484375,
0.00113677978515625,
0.027587890625,
0.0390625,
0.018798828125,
0.0140380859375,
0.0031585693359375,
-0.017578125,
-0.048583984375,
0.0233154296875,
-0.044921875,
0.039794921875,
-0.007659912109375,
0.046875,
0.0181884765625,
-0.006988525390625,
0.018798828125,
0.0166015625,
0.012939453125,
0.01116943359375,
-0.01519775390625,
0.000004410743713378906,
0.00848388671875,
0.037353515625,
0.0035400390625,
-0.029296875,
-0.03759765625,
-0.020751953125,
-0.0341796875,
-0.034423828125,
-0.03857421875,
-0.016357421875,
0.049560546875,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.031005859375,
-0.038818359375,
0.0283203125,
0.00005125999450683594,
0.01708984375,
-0.0274658203125,
0.006744384765625,
0.03369140625,
0.0147705078125,
0.003448486328125,
0.037109375,
0.0157470703125,
0.02783203125,
0.0303955078125,
0.0238037109375,
-0.00127410888671875,
0.01068115234375,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.0283203125,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.025390625,
0.03857421875,
0.0181884765625,
-0.03173828125,
0.0322265625,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.0206298828125,
0.0228271484375,
-0.06494140625,
-0.0478515625,
0.040771484375,
0.020263671875,
0.0034027099609375,
-0.01220703125,
0.00787353515625,
0.003631591796875,
0.0211181640625,
0.01446533203125,
-0.04150390625,
0.0036468505859375,
-0.01611328125,
0.031494140625,
0.023193359375,
-0.0211181640625,
0.0303955078125,
0.0068359375,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.03466796875,
0.0181884765625,
0.01226806640625,
-0.007476806640625,
-0.010986328125,
-0.00628662109375,
-0.05908203125,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.014892578125,
0.031494140625,
0.0269775390625,
0.022216796875,
-0.06884765625,
-0.00506591796875,
-0.05029296875,
-0.01080322265625,
0.00115203857421875,
-0.03759765625,
-0.0458984375,
0.028564453125,
0.0281982421875,
0.0203857421875,
0.054443359375,
0.006500244140625,
-0.01611328125,
-0.025634765625,
-0.046630859375,
-0.0034637451171875,
0.052734375,
0.00634765625,
0.02490234375,
-0.0140380859375,
0.01300048828125,
0.031005859375,
0.0634765625,
0.01458740234375,
0.00640869140625,
0.005706787109375,
0.043212890625,
-0.0223388671875,
0.0034332275390625,
-0.00018024444580078125,
0.01226806640625,
-0.0029754638671875,
0.00286865234375,
-0.004364013671875,
-0.03076171875,
-0.01513671875,
-0.014404296875,
-0.00012874603271484375,
-0.021240234375,
0.00058746337890625,
-0.029541015625,
-0.01104736328125,
0.031982421875,
0.01177978515625,
0.03515625,
0.020263671875,
0.0106201171875,
0.0213623046875,
0.06396484375,
-0.005889892578125,
-0.00396728515625,
0.0185546875,
-0.06787109375,
0.0205078125,
0.0262451171875,
0.0213623046875,
-0.0225830078125,
0.036865234375,
0.0341796875,
0.0022430419921875,
0.01904296875,
-0.003021240234375,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.058837890625,
-0.007537841796875,
0.0218505859375,
0.03857421875,
-0.03662109375,
0.027099609375,
0.040283203125,
-0.002716064453125,
-0.005126953125,
0.0164794921875,
0.0284423828125,
0.02880859375,
0.0087890625,
-0.01177978515625,
0.0140380859375,
0.0213623046875,
0.02978515625,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.01263427734375,
0.01220703125,
-0.03515625,
-0.037353515625,
0.0361328125,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.05517578125,
-0.035400390625,
0.01202392578125,
-0.0277099609375,
0.0252685546875,
0.005706787109375,
-0.060546875,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.052734375,
-0.030029296875,
0.0625,
0.0174560546875,
0.056884765625,
0.003082275390625,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.0205078125,
-0.039794921875,
0.037109375,
-0.055908203125,
0.0245361328125,
0.0211181640625,
-0.046875,
-0.06787109375,
-0.020751953125,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.0150146484375,
0.009033203125,
-0.01953125,
-0.013671875,
0.03857421875,
-0.023681640625,
-0.00927734375,
-0.021728515625,
-0.0252685546875,
0.027099609375,
0.0225830078125,
0.00836181640625,
0.0234375,
0.033447265625,
0.01019287109375,
-0.01177978515625,
0.0162353515625,
0.0123291015625,
-0.00390625,
0.027587890625,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.0498046875,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.0111083984375,
0.0045166015625,
0.033935546875,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.041748046875,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.022705078125,
-0.006378173828125,
-0.0128173828125,
0.000957489013671875,
0.006561279296875,
-0.0478515625,
0.2734375,
0.04345703125,
-0.0179443359375,
0.0087890625,
0.0024871826171875,
0.06640625,
0.0267333984375,
-0.0260009765625,
0.0012359619140625,
0.039306640625,
-0.0205078125,
-0.0146484375,
-0.02099609375,
0.0128173828125,
0.018310546875,
0.0272216796875,
-0.042724609375,
0.0185546875,
0.01385498046875,
-0.033447265625,
-0.02099609375,
-0.0234375,
0.004913330078125,
0.046875,
0.0234375,
0.005615234375,
0.0220947265625,
-0.06298828125,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.0478515625,
-0.00193023681640625,
-0.072265625,
0.021484375,
-0.0478515625,
-0.041259765625,
0.013671875,
0.00128173828125,
0.00830078125,
0.030029296875,
-0.00469970703125,
-0.00201416015625,
0.0145263671875,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.016845703125,
0.0262451171875,
-0.037841796875,
0.0791015625,
0.076171875,
-0.031005859375,
0.0230712890625,
0.023681640625,
0.01361083984375,
-0.03369140625,
-0.005401611328125,
-0.004638671875,
0.018798828125,
0.00897216796875,
-0.005828857421875,
-0.0279541015625,
0.01043701171875,
0.051513671875,
-0.00823974609375,
0.056884765625,
0.010498046875,
0.0286865234375,
0.0224609375,
0.00787353515625,
-0.021728515625,
-0.0172119140625,
0.00201416015625,
-0.05615234375,
-0.047607421875,
-0.025390625,
0.036865234375,
0.0164794921875,
-0.051025390625,
0.0284423828125,
0.054931640625,
-0.03515625,
-0.000720977783203125,
-0.040283203125,
-0.004241943359375,
0.0162353515625,
0.03466796875,
-0.008056640625,
0.01220703125,
-0.0703125,
-0.0027313232421875,
0.006439208984375,
0.00118255615234375,
0.039306640625,
0.00677490234375,
0.016845703125,
-0.013916015625
] |
Butzel, J.
Plaintiff George Engel was at one time owner of a lot fronting 82% feet on Paris avenue in the city of Grand Rapids, with two houses situated on the said lot. On September, 20, 1902, or thereabouts, he sold on land contract either the southerly 40 or 41% feet of the property, together with the house on same, to Henry Gildner, husband of defendant Eva Gildner, father of defendant Marie Phillips, and father-in-law of defendant Emmet J. Phillips. These three defendants became interested in the property upon the death of Henry Gildner in 1927. The land contract has either been lost or destroyed. There is a dispute as to whether the land contract called for 40 or 41% feet of frontage. It is defendants’ claim that Engel sold the southerly half of his property, which would call for 41% feet. The deed, given a few years later, was introduced as an exhibit in the case. It was first drafted to provide for the-south 41% feet, but the words “one and. one- quarter feet” were stricken out before delivery, so that the deed only called for 40 feet of frontage.
From the time of the giving of the deed until the time of the hearing, Gildner or his heirs paid taxes on the southerly 41% feet. This 1% feet of land is a part of a driveway in which defendants claim a perpetual easement as appurtenant to their property. This driveway is 8 feet wide and is situated on the most southerly side of plaintiffs’ property. Defendants claim that the “one and one-quarter” feet belong to them and these words were erased from the deed without Gildner’s knowledge or consent. The legal title to the 1% feet is not determined in this case. Payment of taxes by Gildner and the manner in which the rights in the property were considered for 25 years is of importance. Plaintiffs denied existence of this easement and brought this action to restrain the use of the driveway by defendants.
The equities in the case are with the defendants. The lots are 130 feet deep and run from Paris avenue in an easterly direction to the rear of the lot. There is no alley or street in the rear. From the time plaintiffs sold the property and up to and including the time of the hearing, the Gildner house has been located only from 4 to 4% feet from the driveway. It is conceded that the coal chute was in the basement on the northerly side of the Gildner house, and that there is no ingress or egress to deliver coal or supplies to the rear of the Gildner property except by using the driveway. Plaintiffs at the hearing admitted the right to use the driveway for unloading coal and delivering supplies to the house was given to Gildner and practically conceded defendants’ rights to the front part of the driveway. A very small portion of it, in addition to the0144 feet in dispute, is located on defendants’ land. Defendants claim, that the right to use the driveway was given to them as an easement appurtenant to the land at the time plaintiffs sold it, and that plaintiffs acknowledged this fact.
The property on Paris avenue is on a grade, and defendants’ property averages two feet higher than that of plaintiffs. It was necessary to build a retaining wall between the two lots. Plaintiffs built steps between the two lots so as to make the two properties more accessible to one another. . This made it easier for defendants to reach the driveway. Plaintiffs claim the steps were built to enable an easier exchange of visits.
Henry Gildner’s testimony was not available. He died in January, 1927. Up to that time there had been no, dispute whatsoever in regard to the driveway. Shortly after his death plaintiffs presented a bill for $100, at the rate of $10 a year, for the use of the driveway. The case involves principally questions of fact!
It was some time after the purchase of the property by Gildner before plaintiff extended the driveway to a garage which he built on the rear of the land owned by him. It was not extended at the time Gildner bought the property, nor could there have been any use or need thereof by Gildner until many years later and then within 15 years prior to the time of the beginning of this suit. In 1918, he built a garage on the rear of his property. The use of the easterly or rear part of this driveway as extended was not in contemplation by the parties when Gildner bought his property, nor was it appurtenant to defendants’ land at that time. Gildner, without any objection, broke through the retaining wall so as to connect a driveway to the garage he had built on his own lot, with the main driveway in dispute. A further recital of the facts is of no benefit to the profession.
We believe the lower court was correct in ruling that, to the extent that the driveway had been used for 15 years and upwards, there is no question but that an easement by prescription exists. For 25 years the entire driveway, with the exception of the reár or easterly portion thereof, had been uninterruptedly used and enjoyed by Gildner and defendants. They continuously claimed this right and there was acquiescence by plaintiffs. All of the elements necessary to establish the prescriptive right áre present. Such right is the same as title by adverse possession except that it is not exclusive. The identity of this part of the driveway had been fully established, and there was the claim of right adverse to plaintiffs which was known and acquiesced in by them. A similar state of facts has been frequently before this court. See Outhwaite v. Foote, 240 Mich. 327; St. Cecelia Society v. Universal Car & Service Co., 213 Mich. 569; Wortman v. Stafford, 217 Mich. 554.
We do not, however, share the conclusions of the lower court which held that defendants had a permanent easement appurtenant to their land to the rear or easterly part of the driveway. The use of a driveway for more than the prescriptive period does not establish a right to an extension of a driveway which was not used by claimants for the prescriptive period. This extension was for the sole benefit of the owner of the property. The use of the extension of said driveway by Gildner and defendants, and the acquiescence in such use by the owner was for a period of less than 15 years. There is no doubt but that defendants established a right by prescription to. the driveway for a reasonable distance beyond the line of the rear wall of their house if extended across the driveway. Vehicles had been continuously driven to this point in order to turn around. Beyond this point, however, there was no occasion for G-ildner or defendants to go. The defendants, therefore, did not acquire any right to an easement to the rear or more easterly portion of the driveway. They did not use it for the prescriptive period. The defendants are, therefore, entitled to a prescriptive easement in the driveway to a point thereof to be determined by the circuit judge. This point should be a reasonable distance beyond the line of the rear wall of defendants’ house, if such line were extended across the driveway, so that defendants will be able to turn their vehicles from the driveway into the rear of their own property and thus reach their garage. In order to connect the driveway with the rear of their property, it is equitable that defendants shall, as far as it may be necessary, break down the retaining wall which the lower court found to be on their property.
The decree of the lower court is modified to this extent. It is otherwise affirmed, with costs to plaintiffs.
North, O. J., and Fead, Wiest, Clark, McDonald, Potter, and Sharpe, JJ., concurred. | [
-0.006622314453125,
0.03466796875,
0.0291748046875,
0.019287109375,
-0.06884765625,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.02001953125,
0.0201416015625,
0.00750732421875,
0.0400390625,
0.0233154296875,
0.002593994140625,
0.03515625,
-0.04296875,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.0018310546875,
-0.020751953125,
0.00384521484375,
-0.0017852783203125,
0.0142822265625,
0.020263671875,
-0.005859375,
-0.044189453125,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.01104736328125,
0.01141357421875,
-0.006927490234375,
-0.0133056640625,
0.056640625,
0.0184326171875,
-0.00469970703125,
-0.0146484375,
-0.005218505859375,
-0.0308837890625,
-0.005157470703125,
0.006195068359375,
0.045166015625,
-0.07958984375,
0.0164794921875,
-0.0230712890625,
0.010498046875,
0.0038299560546875,
0.02294921875,
-0.031982421875,
-0.00225830078125,
-0.04443359375,
-0.043212890625,
-0.033447265625,
0.0218505859375,
-0.04150390625,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.0235595703125,
0.0400390625,
-0.052978515625,
0.01092529296875,
-0.062255859375,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.0087890625,
0.0031280517578125,
0.02197265625,
-0.042724609375,
0.01495361328125,
-0.0194091796875,
0.017578125,
0.0301513671875,
0.016845703125,
-0.00531005859375,
0.024169921875,
-0.047119140625,
-0.0032501220703125,
0.007110595703125,
-0.00185394287109375,
0.0257568359375,
0.03271484375,
-0.0023345947265625,
-0.005401611328125,
0.0001239776611328125,
-0.0296630859375,
0.01708984375,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.0269775390625,
0.0537109375,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.01324462890625,
0.0108642578125,
0.004638671875,
0.013427734375,
0.0260009765625,
0.032958984375,
-0.0341796875,
0.034423828125,
0.00506591796875,
0.03125,
0.022216796875,
0.03125,
-0.0074462890625,
-0.01446533203125,
0.0036468505859375,
-0.0093994140625,
0.041259765625,
0.026123046875,
0.0400390625,
0.0849609375,
-0.03173828125,
0.002532958984375,
-0.0252685546875,
0.000059604644775390625,
0.00848388671875,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.0235595703125,
0.03369140625,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.03759765625,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.000051021575927734375,
-0.004119873046875,
-0.0283203125,
0.03466796875,
0.045654296875,
-0.0150146484375,
0.048828125,
0.01220703125,
-0.007537841796875,
0.03759765625,
-0.0201416015625,
0.048828125,
-0.042724609375,
-0.02783203125,
0.02490234375,
-0.0234375,
-0.031494140625,
-0.012451171875,
0.030029296875,
0.0419921875,
0.0177001953125,
0.01708984375,
0.0201416015625,
0.0164794921875,
0.01458740234375,
0.0172119140625,
0.0001430511474609375,
0.050537109375,
0.00537109375,
0.01470947265625,
0.0235595703125,
0.01190185546875,
-0.024658203125,
-0.001739501953125,
-0.0849609375,
0.035400390625,
0.036865234375,
0.02001953125,
0.0242919921875,
0.00006914138793945312,
0.034912109375,
-0.041259765625,
0.03173828125,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.017578125,
-0.018310546875,
-0.0030670166015625,
0.0208740234375,
-0.050048828125,
0.02099609375,
0.002777099609375,
0.05908203125,
-0.060546875,
0.006439208984375,
0.0673828125,
-0.0062255859375,
-0.053955078125,
-0.01519775390625,
0.03857421875,
0.0036163330078125,
0.06591796875,
-0.0263671875,
0.01080322265625,
0.00002944469451904297,
-0.014404296875,
0.0009918212890625,
0.061767578125,
0.0228271484375,
0.01214599609375,
-0.02880859375,
-0.006591796875,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.004730224609375,
-0.035888671875,
0.03515625,
0.0185546875,
-0.0194091796875,
0.0128173828125,
-0.035400390625,
0.06787109375,
-0.03076171875,
0.01904296875,
-0.000042438507080078125,
-0.0419921875,
-0.0380859375,
-0.002685546875,
0.01019287109375,
0.06396484375,
-0.022705078125,
-0.032470703125,
0.0693359375,
0.0341796875,
-0.03125,
-0.0072021484375,
0.0031280517578125,
0.0272216796875,
0.00110626220703125,
-0.0277099609375,
0.01153564453125,
0.035888671875,
-0.025390625,
0.042724609375,
-0.04443359375,
0.00848388671875,
0.0003566741943359375,
0.0263671875,
-0.0281982421875,
0.036865234375,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.0037689208984375,
0.03564453125,
0.00823974609375,
-0.000453948974609375,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.0302734375,
-0.016845703125,
0.007232666015625,
0.0341796875,
-0.02783203125,
-0.045654296875,
0.046630859375,
0.0308837890625,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.00518798828125,
0.00112152099609375,
0.0172119140625,
0.03955078125,
0.029052734375,
-0.0078125,
0.037109375,
-0.0026702880859375,
-0.01312255859375,
0.0216064453125,
0.0361328125,
-0.04150390625,
-0.00007343292236328125,
-0.02685546875,
0.00823974609375,
0.005157470703125,
0.016357421875,
0.041015625,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.011962890625,
0.053955078125,
0.030029296875,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0283203125,
0.01483154296875,
-0.004180908203125,
0.04638671875,
-0.040283203125,
-0.03271484375,
-0.01318359375,
-0.0020294189453125,
-0.001434326171875,
-0.0120849609375,
0.0272216796875,
-0.05029296875,
-0.057861328125,
-0.0107421875,
-0.01336669921875,
0.021484375,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.029052734375,
-0.037109375,
0.04345703125,
-0.004791259765625,
0.0274658203125,
0.00177764892578125,
0.0302734375,
-0.0218505859375,
0.025634765625,
-0.02978515625,
-0.0302734375,
-0.04931640625,
-0.0203857421875,
0.0322265625,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.0284423828125,
0.00028228759765625,
-0.0035400390625,
-0.016845703125,
-0.019775390625,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.00927734375,
-0.044677734375,
-0.0179443359375,
0.02392578125,
0.00162506103515625,
-0.03369140625,
0.03369140625,
0.03564453125,
-0.00274658203125,
0.0341796875,
0.027099609375,
0.015625,
-0.0289306640625,
0.0810546875,
0.0196533203125,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.004241943359375,
-0.072265625,
0.00823974609375,
-0.01556396484375,
-0.045654296875,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.00372314453125,
0.035400390625,
-0.0002536773681640625,
-0.061279296875,
0.004547119140625,
-0.034423828125,
-0.02392578125,
-0.04443359375,
-0.0220947265625,
0.0135498046875,
-0.026611328125,
0.0072021484375,
0.0206298828125,
-0.02001953125,
0.026123046875,
-0.021728515625,
0.028564453125,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.00811767578125,
0.024169921875,
0.034912109375,
0.0634765625,
0.00051116943359375,
-0.01239013671875,
0.026123046875,
-0.003265380859375,
-0.016845703125,
-0.031494140625,
0.005859375,
0.0164794921875,
-0.0341796875,
0.040771484375,
-0.00008535385131835938,
0.0012359619140625,
-0.012939453125,
0.017578125,
0.0240478515625,
0.000690460205078125,
0.0201416015625,
0.00701904296875,
-0.06005859375,
-0.02783203125,
-0.0263671875,
-0.05712890625,
0.064453125,
-0.05859375,
0.0283203125,
0.0439453125,
-0.048583984375,
0.017822265625,
-0.04638671875,
-0.045654296875,
0.0098876953125,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.01043701171875,
0.01904296875,
0.0478515625,
-0.01068115234375,
0.0040283203125,
0.043212890625,
0.06103515625,
0.00714111328125,
-0.01806640625,
0.019287109375,
-0.01300048828125,
0.02685546875,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0498046875,
0.046875,
0.0169677734375,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.0400390625,
0.0181884765625,
0.0235595703125,
0.0263671875,
0.0159912109375,
0.06689453125,
0.015380859375,
0.01055908203125,
0.033935546875,
-0.064453125,
-0.021484375,
-0.01708984375,
0.033447265625,
0.001251220703125,
-0.037841796875,
0.00958251953125,
-0.02978515625,
0.033447265625,
0.03125,
0.031494140625,
0.0096435546875,
-0.033203125,
-0.0015869140625,
0.0263671875,
0.0118408203125,
-0.02978515625,
-0.005889892578125,
0.002655029296875,
0.046142578125,
0.03369140625,
-0.03955078125,
0.031982421875,
-0.0269775390625,
0.0125732421875,
0.038818359375,
-0.003265380859375,
-0.01336669921875,
0.0185546875,
-0.03173828125,
0.02978515625,
0.037353515625,
-0.01336669921875,
0.0162353515625,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0098876953125,
-0.00811767578125,
0.04931640625,
-0.00164031982421875,
-0.0341796875,
0.00335693359375,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.01318359375,
0.039306640625,
0.025146484375,
0.001678466796875,
-0.0000858306884765625,
-0.0079345703125,
0.05029296875,
-0.0078125,
-0.03271484375,
0.0206298828125,
0.04541015625,
-0.0281982421875,
0.026123046875,
-0.0274658203125,
0.0172119140625,
0.006134033203125,
0.0203857421875,
-0.0303955078125,
0.00537109375,
0.0072021484375,
-0.0009765625,
-0.0089111328125,
0.046142578125,
0.0123291015625,
0.01177978515625,
0.059326171875,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.03173828125,
0.0235595703125,
0.00994873046875,
0.0146484375,
0.004608154296875,
-0.03369140625,
0.0595703125,
-0.016357421875,
0.0021514892578125,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0003871917724609375,
-0.027587890625,
-0.06298828125,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.0194091796875,
0.00168609619140625,
-0.02099609375,
0.032958984375,
0.00103759765625,
0.0712890625,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.02978515625,
-0.042236328125,
-0.01190185546875,
0.021728515625,
-0.01129150390625,
0.01275634765625,
-0.0172119140625,
0.0062255859375,
0.01385498046875,
-0.004364013671875,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0213623046875,
0.01708984375,
-0.0262451171875,
0.0703125,
-0.00078582763671875,
0.005767822265625,
0.01556396484375,
0.036865234375,
0.00933837890625,
0.02392578125,
0.032958984375,
-0.00946044921875,
0.01007080078125,
0.0322265625,
0.050537109375,
-0.025390625,
-0.0113525390625,
0.005615234375,
-0.01373291015625,
0.01025390625,
0.02392578125,
0.01483154296875,
-0.00726318359375,
-0.064453125,
0.01043701171875,
-0.0308837890625,
-0.0859375,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.01708984375,
0.03173828125,
0.029541015625,
-0.006591796875,
0.0128173828125,
-0.0703125,
0.0498046875,
-0.016357421875,
-0.019287109375,
-0.039794921875,
-0.03076171875,
-0.01507568359375,
0.036376953125,
0.044677734375,
-0.0185546875,
0.00958251953125,
-0.047119140625,
0.00909423828125,
-0.0067138671875,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.03662109375,
-0.03515625,
-0.0030975341796875,
0.011962890625,
0.029296875,
-0.00860595703125,
0.058837890625,
-0.0009002685546875,
-0.0179443359375,
0.064453125,
-0.03955078125,
0.0130615234375,
-0.0830078125,
0.002197265625,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.0301513671875,
0.0015411376953125,
0.0296630859375,
-0.046875,
-0.005035400390625,
-0.052734375,
-0.032470703125,
-0.043701171875,
-0.05517578125,
0.044677734375,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.0257568359375,
0.00189971923828125,
-0.0257568359375,
0.037841796875,
0.00933837890625,
0.0341796875,
0.08984375,
-0.02685546875,
0.037353515625,
-0.0458984375,
0.00921630859375,
0.00066375732421875,
-0.0458984375,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.0302734375,
0.0137939453125,
-0.00015544891357421875,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.03173828125,
-0.030029296875,
-0.0020904541015625,
0.017822265625,
-0.00494384765625,
0.029296875,
-0.0400390625,
-0.050048828125,
-0.040771484375,
0.0517578125,
-0.0009918212890625,
0.0098876953125,
0.039794921875,
-0.03173828125,
-0.00020503997802734375,
0.02392578125,
0.031982421875,
-0.01025390625,
-0.07470703125,
0.0299072265625,
0.0037078857421875,
-0.048583984375,
0.05126953125,
0.0341796875,
-0.0478515625,
-0.0220947265625,
0.00982666015625,
-0.06103515625,
0.021240234375,
-0.056396484375,
0.0106201171875,
0.0240478515625,
-0.0196533203125,
0.005157470703125,
0.0245361328125,
0.021484375,
0.0478515625,
-0.01129150390625,
0.02587890625,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.02197265625,
0.0274658203125,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.03466796875,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.0244140625,
0.02978515625,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.034912109375,
-0.01361083984375,
0.0179443359375,
0.068359375,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.01092529296875,
0.0296630859375,
0.01055908203125,
-0.06103515625,
0.0033111572265625,
-0.0242919921875,
0.0498046875,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.08837890625,
-0.0478515625,
0.0419921875,
-0.0164794921875,
0.0634765625,
-0.049560546875,
-0.034423828125,
0.00121307373046875,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.05517578125,
-0.01080322265625,
0.041015625,
0.0186767578125,
-0.03759765625,
-0.0263671875,
0.033447265625,
0.057373046875,
-0.002197265625,
0.034912109375,
-0.035400390625,
-0.01171875,
0.0087890625,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.00860595703125,
0.0150146484375,
0.01190185546875,
-0.0003185272216796875,
0.003997802734375,
-0.03369140625,
0.006256103515625,
0.00063323974609375,
-0.07666015625,
0.044921875,
-0.03173828125,
0.01153564453125,
0.0142822265625,
-0.03173828125,
0.034912109375,
0.04345703125,
0.01373291015625,
0.0281982421875,
-0.0673828125,
0.0419921875,
0.03369140625,
-0.0024871826171875,
-0.00109100341796875,
-0.02587890625,
-0.0205078125,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.00390625,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.02392578125,
0.000812530517578125,
0.01385498046875,
-0.01416015625,
-0.025146484375,
-0.01483154296875,
0.02490234375,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.044677734375,
0.0159912109375,
-0.00799560546875,
0.012939453125,
0.0147705078125,
-0.0185546875,
0.0284423828125,
0.0269775390625,
0.01043701171875,
0.00958251953125,
0.017578125,
0.003997802734375,
0.009521484375,
-0.005828857421875,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.03759765625,
-0.0185546875,
0.032470703125,
0.028076171875,
-0.0283203125,
0.038818359375,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.08544921875,
0.037109375,
-0.027099609375,
-0.07177734375,
0.01190185546875,
0.033203125,
0.0179443359375,
0.0024566650390625,
-0.00005316734313964844,
-0.0036163330078125,
0.01171875,
-0.031982421875,
0.01019287109375,
-0.0038299560546875,
-0.001312255859375,
0.03466796875,
0.0267333984375,
-0.0257568359375,
0.00653076171875,
0.030517578125,
-0.04296875,
-0.053466796875,
-0.034423828125,
-0.004425048828125,
0.0162353515625,
-0.00701904296875,
0.022216796875,
-0.0498046875,
-0.055908203125,
-0.005126953125,
-0.0004444122314453125,
0.00616455078125,
-0.025146484375,
0.01336669921875,
-0.06103515625,
0.0194091796875,
-0.0205078125,
0.003326416015625,
-0.02197265625,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.00396728515625,
0.02783203125,
0.0458984375,
0.0244140625,
0.04248046875,
0.01055908203125,
-0.00201416015625,
-0.027587890625,
-0.033203125,
-0.02099609375,
0.040283203125,
0.007598876953125,
0.027587890625,
-0.011962890625,
0.002166748046875,
0.027099609375,
0.029296875,
-0.0186767578125,
0.050048828125,
0.003387451171875,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.043212890625,
-0.00811767578125,
0.031982421875,
0.00946044921875,
-0.000606536865234375,
0.0341796875,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.0283203125,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.034423828125,
0.0294189453125,
-0.0177001953125,
0.01129150390625,
-0.00074005126953125,
-0.021484375,
0.0299072265625,
0.01025390625,
0.0089111328125,
0.003997802734375,
0.0167236328125,
0.0458984375,
0.021240234375,
0.0009613037109375,
0.007598876953125,
0.03466796875,
-0.058837890625,
-0.01458740234375,
0.02197265625,
0.046630859375,
-0.046630859375,
-0.0208740234375,
0.0115966796875,
0.0076904296875,
-0.042236328125,
-0.005645751953125,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.0888671875,
0.00482177734375,
-0.0145263671875,
0.02880859375,
-0.032470703125,
0.02978515625,
0.048095703125,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.032470703125,
0.049072265625,
0.0250244140625,
0.0064697265625,
0.0028076171875,
0.037353515625,
0.0147705078125,
0.0196533203125,
0.0169677734375,
-0.032470703125,
0.01507568359375,
0.01214599609375,
-0.032470703125,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.00616455078125,
-0.03173828125,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.0106201171875,
0.02197265625,
0.00408935546875,
0.012451171875,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.00909423828125,
0.01190185546875,
-0.049560546875,
0.0038604736328125,
0.00109100341796875,
0.041748046875,
0.00738525390625,
-0.05126953125,
0.0079345703125,
0.00080108642578125,
0.00002753734588623047,
-0.0673828125,
0.0498046875,
0.0025482177734375,
-0.033447265625,
-0.031494140625,
-0.016357421875,
0.0031280517578125,
0.018310546875,
-0.0537109375,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.0018463134765625,
0.0177001953125,
-0.0205078125,
-0.0169677734375,
0.004364013671875,
-0.0162353515625,
0.0306396484375,
0.0286865234375,
0.0111083984375,
0.00897216796875,
0.01263427734375,
0.0322265625,
0.00014209747314453125,
0.005035400390625,
0.00872802734375,
-0.03125,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.05908203125,
-0.02001953125,
-0.016357421875,
-0.0322265625,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.0205078125,
0.015625,
-0.00133514404296875,
-0.019287109375,
0.0120849609375,
-0.017578125,
-0.05908203125,
0.00115203857421875,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0380859375,
-0.001129150390625,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.0498046875,
0.28515625,
0.0220947265625,
0.0006561279296875,
0.0228271484375,
-0.0020294189453125,
0.048828125,
0.024169921875,
0.012939453125,
-0.064453125,
-0.0024566650390625,
-0.036376953125,
-0.00274658203125,
0.00311279296875,
0.013427734375,
0.05908203125,
0.0380859375,
-0.0234375,
0.046142578125,
0.016845703125,
-0.015625,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.0289306640625,
0.00104522705078125,
0.087890625,
0.046630859375,
0.0177001953125,
0.00726318359375,
-0.068359375,
-0.041259765625,
-0.050048828125,
0.005462646484375,
-0.0240478515625,
0.025390625,
-0.060791015625,
-0.00860595703125,
0.0233154296875,
-0.0223388671875,
0.007598876953125,
0.044189453125,
0.004669189453125,
0.002960205078125,
-0.016845703125,
-0.01806640625,
-0.023681640625,
0.01806640625,
0.00439453125,
-0.037841796875,
0.0189208984375,
0.06982421875,
-0.00970458984375,
0.0272216796875,
0.041259765625,
0.052734375,
0.002777099609375,
0.002197265625,
0.0191650390625,
0.039306640625,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.00994873046875,
0.0322265625,
0.00213623046875,
0.0036773681640625,
0.0311279296875,
-0.00799560546875,
0.0159912109375,
0.03564453125,
0.0234375,
-0.00022602081298828125,
0.0106201171875,
0.00543212890625,
0.00136566162109375,
-0.00067901611328125,
-0.035400390625,
0.034423828125,
0.021728515625,
0.01519775390625,
0.054443359375,
0.033447265625,
-0.0022430419921875,
0.000865936279296875,
-0.06787109375,
-0.0157470703125,
0.03759765625,
0.0174560546875,
0.0458984375,
-0.023681640625,
-0.043701171875,
0.05126953125,
0.01458740234375,
-0.015869140625,
-0.009521484375,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.00921630859375
] |
Potter, J.
Plaintiffs filed their bill of complaint. to reform, for mutual mistake, the terms of a written lease of a gasoline service station in Owosso. From a decree dismissing the bill, plaintiffs appeal.
Plaintiffs, engaged in the wholesale oil business, leased a location and operated a filling station in Owosso. It had not made money. Plaintiffs desired to dispose of it, and sold the stock and leased the filling station to defendants. It is plaintiffs’ claim that by mutual mistake the lease omitted an agreement that defendants were to buy only from plaintiffs, and gasoline was to be sold by plaintiffs to defendants at three cents less than the local retail price fixed by the Standard Oil Company of Indiana. Plaintiffs testify to the mistake and its mutuality. Plaintiffs’ attorney prepared the lease and bill of sale at plaintiffs’ direction and request. Nothing was said in the papers of the claimed omitted terms of the contract, nor was it mentioned by plaintiffs to their attorney who prepared the papers' as directed. The lease was read over by the parties and executed in the form prepared. The trial court had the advantage of seeing the witnesses. Considering that plaintiffs had not made money, that they wanted to sell, directed the terms of the lease to be prepared by their attorney, that it was prepared by him in the form directed, that they read it over and signed it, and that the bill was not filed until defendants intimated they were going to handle products purchased elsewhere than from plaintiffs, and that defendants deny the claimed mistake and ■allege the existing lease is correct, we think the court was right in denying plaintiffs relief, and the decree of the trial court is affirmed, with costs.
North, C. J., and Fead, Bdtzel, Wiest, Clark, McDonald, and Sharpe, JJ., concurred. | [
-0.0162353515625,
0.006439208984375,
0.012451171875,
0.036865234375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.031982421875,
0.00165557861328125,
-0.02587890625,
0.0018310546875,
0.10302734375,
0.06103515625,
0.0257568359375,
0.038330078125,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.0167236328125,
0.007080078125,
0.03955078125,
0.007232666015625,
0.006927490234375,
0.0191650390625,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.023681640625,
-0.01513671875,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.005157470703125,
-0.0269775390625,
0.033447265625,
0.040283203125,
-0.016357421875,
0.0028533935546875,
-0.00927734375,
-0.021240234375,
-0.015380859375,
0.0015869140625,
0.05712890625,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0068359375,
-0.01202392578125,
0.017578125,
0.01470947265625,
0.07177734375,
-0.05078125,
-0.01953125,
-0.05126953125,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.021484375,
0.0537109375,
-0.038330078125,
0.0194091796875,
-0.02099609375,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.030517578125,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.0537109375,
-0.025390625,
-0.058837890625,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0242919921875,
0.029052734375,
-0.0167236328125,
0.03564453125,
-0.0220947265625,
0.0218505859375,
0.0274658203125,
-0.017578125,
0.009033203125,
0.00124359130859375,
0.002716064453125,
-0.007049560546875,
0.0294189453125,
-0.02490234375,
-0.0166015625,
0.0262451171875,
-0.0150146484375,
0.001007080078125,
-0.034912109375,
-0.0023193359375,
0.0289306640625,
0.02734375,
0.0026397705078125,
0.0751953125,
-0.017333984375,
-0.051025390625,
0.0625,
0.0107421875,
0.0133056640625,
0.026123046875,
0.00738525390625,
-0.03564453125,
0.036376953125,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0108642578125,
0.057861328125,
0.058837890625,
-0.0400390625,
-0.005340576171875,
0.01483154296875,
-0.0281982421875,
0.01007080078125,
0.0247802734375,
-0.0159912109375,
0.06591796875,
-0.0234375,
0.024169921875,
-0.0220947265625,
0.00994873046875,
0.00396728515625,
-0.003753662109375,
0.00823974609375,
0.0032958984375,
0.0201416015625,
-0.024658203125,
-0.06298828125,
0.004547119140625,
-0.0033111572265625,
0.0031280517578125,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.005096435546875,
0.06396484375,
-0.006011962890625,
0.028076171875,
0.00762939453125,
-0.00360107421875,
-0.006011962890625,
-0.0201416015625,
0.033203125,
-0.02978515625,
0.0194091796875,
0.0284423828125,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.01123046875,
0.024658203125,
0.036865234375,
0.0247802734375,
0.05029296875,
0.02001953125,
0.0137939453125,
0.0274658203125,
0.02392578125,
-0.00102996826171875,
-0.005584716796875,
0.05126953125,
0.00897216796875,
0.05078125,
0.0026702880859375,
0.042724609375,
-0.049072265625,
-0.006317138671875,
-0.059326171875,
0.00421142578125,
0.03271484375,
0.04052734375,
0.007080078125,
0.01458740234375,
0.01708984375,
-0.0322265625,
0.003631591796875,
-0.00701904296875,
0.006866455078125,
0.00188446044921875,
-0.038330078125,
0.00167083740234375,
-0.0186767578125,
0.0186767578125,
-0.00064849853515625,
0.0234375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.038818359375,
0.04296875,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.0712890625,
-0.025146484375,
0.017822265625,
0.0286865234375,
0.04541015625,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.037109375,
-0.033935546875,
0.0013275146484375,
0.006927490234375,
0.02099609375,
0.00634765625,
0.04345703125,
0.015869140625,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.044921875,
-0.02294921875,
0.031005859375,
0.002227783203125,
-0.0517578125,
0.0081787109375,
-0.01385498046875,
0.033935546875,
-0.0184326171875,
0.01611328125,
0.03759765625,
-0.0009765625,
-0.0478515625,
-0.017578125,
0.005767822265625,
0.03564453125,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.03564453125,
0.056884765625,
0.030517578125,
0.000255584716796875,
-0.006134033203125,
0.008056640625,
0.0247802734375,
-0.007232666015625,
-0.051025390625,
0.0084228515625,
0.033203125,
0.00113677978515625,
-0.00701904296875,
-0.048095703125,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.01031494140625,
0.00531005859375,
-0.03564453125,
0.047119140625,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.034912109375,
0.076171875,
0.0220947265625,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.02734375,
-0.0400390625,
0.00250244140625,
0.007568359375,
0.0478515625,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.037841796875,
0.059326171875,
0.029296875,
0.006378173828125,
-0.000713348388671875,
-0.00099945068359375,
0.045654296875,
0.01007080078125,
0.014404296875,
-0.0167236328125,
0.051025390625,
-0.008544921875,
0.002410888671875,
-0.00171661376953125,
0.046142578125,
-0.0205078125,
0.02783203125,
-0.015380859375,
0.032958984375,
0.006561279296875,
0.004974365234375,
0.0206298828125,
-0.0019683837890625,
-0.056640625,
-0.0194091796875,
0.0556640625,
0.000072479248046875,
-0.045166015625,
-0.0302734375,
0.005950927734375,
-0.0264892578125,
0.0439453125,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.00653076171875,
-0.0032958984375,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.02978515625,
0.01068115234375,
0.0021209716796875,
-0.0498046875,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.058837890625,
0.032958984375,
-0.02490234375,
-0.002716064453125,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.0203857421875,
0.033935546875,
0.0089111328125,
0.03857421875,
-0.0302734375,
0.05615234375,
-0.0024261474609375,
0.0196533203125,
-0.01513671875,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.045654296875,
0.0023956298828125,
0.032470703125,
-0.017333984375,
-0.01953125,
0.01318359375,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.033203125,
-0.058837890625,
0.006622314453125,
-0.035400390625,
-0.00823974609375,
0.0267333984375,
-0.007080078125,
-0.01953125,
-0.0081787109375,
0.021240234375,
-0.0146484375,
0.055419921875,
-0.00732421875,
0.015380859375,
-0.035400390625,
0.051513671875,
-0.00848388671875,
0.032470703125,
-0.00732421875,
-0.0791015625,
-0.00185394287109375,
0.0118408203125,
-0.024658203125,
-0.019775390625,
0.0174560546875,
0.023193359375,
0.0294189453125,
-0.0615234375,
0.01513671875,
-0.05615234375,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.005157470703125,
0.00665283203125,
-0.01373291015625,
0.021240234375,
-0.0034942626953125,
-0.044921875,
-0.0167236328125,
0.004302978515625,
0.06298828125,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.0262451171875,
0.0191650390625,
0.024169921875,
0.05029296875,
0.047119140625,
-0.04052734375,
0.0033416748046875,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.035888671875,
-0.03076171875,
-0.0262451171875,
0.02490234375,
-0.005615234375,
0.00099945068359375,
0.0206298828125,
-0.02490234375,
-0.058349609375,
0.04443359375,
0.01092529296875,
-0.004486083984375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.041748046875,
-0.021728515625,
-0.0064697265625,
-0.010986328125,
-0.0208740234375,
0.045654296875,
-0.002777099609375,
0.031982421875,
0.03515625,
-0.051025390625,
0.0147705078125,
-0.031005859375,
-0.06201171875,
0.0458984375,
0.005523681640625,
0.01116943359375,
0.00592041015625,
0.035888671875,
-0.0277099609375,
0.0159912109375,
0.0172119140625,
0.06298828125,
0.0096435546875,
-0.00250244140625,
0.00775146484375,
-0.0137939453125,
0.01165771484375,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.02001953125,
0.023681640625,
-0.00927734375,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.052490234375,
0.03271484375,
0.0166015625,
0.00738525390625,
0.04931640625,
0.0751953125,
0.003204345703125,
0.004638671875,
-0.009033203125,
-0.048095703125,
-0.0390625,
-0.041748046875,
0.0595703125,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.03125,
-0.0595703125,
-0.0003185272216796875,
0.043212890625,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.0034027099609375,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.00634765625,
0.041259765625,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.0458984375,
-0.0205078125,
0.004638671875,
0.01336669921875,
0.058837890625,
-0.060546875,
0.058349609375,
-0.0390625,
0.0169677734375,
0.04248046875,
0.0126953125,
-0.02685546875,
0.020263671875,
-0.001007080078125,
-0.01904296875,
0.0703125,
-0.02392578125,
-0.02783203125,
-0.05517578125,
0.00885009765625,
0.00799560546875,
0.08349609375,
-0.05810546875,
-0.03515625,
0.00136566162109375,
0.01226806640625,
0.0201416015625,
0.023193359375,
-0.002105712890625,
0.015869140625,
0.03759765625,
-0.041015625,
0.043701171875,
-0.004913330078125,
0.0030364990234375,
0.00634765625,
0.05859375,
-0.034912109375,
0.0625,
-0.0289306640625,
0.01348876953125,
0.00146484375,
-0.020751953125,
-0.05029296875,
-0.00933837890625,
0.017578125,
0.04833984375,
-0.0240478515625,
0.022216796875,
-0.005279541015625,
-0.00579833984375,
0.0546875,
0.00994873046875,
0.00537109375,
0.031494140625,
0.01409912109375,
0.00982666015625,
-0.01611328125,
-0.004302978515625,
0.04248046875,
-0.0086669921875,
0.06298828125,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.001068115234375,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.044921875,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.00183868408203125,
0.02685546875,
0.00726318359375,
0.006561279296875,
-0.048583984375,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.03515625,
-0.0279541015625,
0.002593994140625,
-0.004974365234375,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.029541015625,
-0.00439453125,
0.000274658203125,
0.006378173828125,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.03515625,
-0.0076904296875,
0.01251220703125,
0.059326171875,
-0.027099609375,
0.024169921875,
0.041748046875,
0.004058837890625,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.003265380859375,
0.0419921875,
0.033447265625,
0.0164794921875,
0.0537109375,
0.03515625,
-0.021484375,
-0.025146484375,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.046142578125,
-0.0115966796875,
0.029296875,
-0.004058837890625,
0.01446533203125,
-0.06494140625,
0.01177978515625,
0.0033721923828125,
-0.036376953125,
-0.04736328125,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.0014801025390625,
0.0205078125,
0.00390625,
0.0081787109375,
-0.005828857421875,
-0.049072265625,
0.0537109375,
0.00836181640625,
-0.024169921875,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.031005859375,
-0.0283203125,
0.034912109375,
0.0113525390625,
0.002288818359375,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.0025482177734375,
-0.020263671875,
-0.0018768310546875,
0.026123046875,
-0.00390625,
0.0263671875,
0.0130615234375,
0.033447265625,
-0.004302978515625,
0.057861328125,
-0.004180908203125,
-0.00170135498046875,
0.046630859375,
-0.023681640625,
0.01165771484375,
-0.0673828125,
0.0615234375,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.024658203125,
0.003265380859375,
0.055419921875,
-0.0152587890625,
0.0220947265625,
-0.03515625,
-0.040283203125,
-0.044677734375,
-0.052978515625,
0.01483154296875,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.01287841796875,
0.0040283203125,
-0.052734375,
-0.0008087158203125,
-0.031982421875,
-0.00579833984375,
0.08203125,
-0.012451171875,
-0.008544921875,
-0.048583984375,
0.004119873046875,
0.0458984375,
-0.035400390625,
0.01434326171875,
-0.0054931640625,
0.01141357421875,
-0.056884765625,
-0.0142822265625,
0.00970458984375,
-0.0186767578125,
0.006805419921875,
0.031005859375,
-0.022705078125,
0.0233154296875,
-0.01953125,
-0.0751953125,
0.0012664794921875,
0.0255126953125,
-0.0048828125,
0.022216796875,
0.05859375,
-0.00732421875,
-0.048095703125,
0.023681640625,
0.0146484375,
-0.010009765625,
-0.031494140625,
0.04736328125,
0.0013580322265625,
-0.01165771484375,
0.03515625,
0.03515625,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.00701904296875,
-0.0004673004150390625,
-0.04052734375,
-0.042236328125,
-0.03515625,
0.0146484375,
0.01226806640625,
-0.049072265625,
0.007415771484375,
0.0052490234375,
0.03857421875,
0.025634765625,
-0.0164794921875,
0.040771484375,
-0.0302734375,
-0.0230712890625,
0.055908203125,
-0.0244140625,
0.006744384765625,
-0.04150390625,
0.014404296875,
0.003936767578125,
-0.000782012939453125,
0.05126953125,
-0.025390625,
-0.026123046875,
-0.000896453857421875,
0.023681640625,
0.09765625,
-0.0234375,
-0.0045166015625,
0.031494140625,
-0.00396728515625,
-0.06396484375,
-0.000621795654296875,
-0.0439453125,
0.01080322265625,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.052490234375,
0.005218505859375,
0.01171875,
-0.0021820068359375,
0.056396484375,
-0.083984375,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.00286865234375,
0.01239013671875,
-0.041748046875,
0.051513671875,
0.039306640625,
0.08056640625,
-0.044677734375,
-0.025146484375,
0.00665283203125,
0.00592041015625,
-0.0111083984375,
0.015869140625,
-0.0146484375,
0.004302978515625,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.025146484375,
-0.039794921875,
-0.002593994140625,
0.0076904296875,
0.036376953125,
-0.0191650390625,
0.01214599609375,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.0255126953125,
0.013671875,
-0.047607421875,
0.02099609375,
-0.008056640625,
0.0040283203125,
0.03076171875,
-0.027099609375,
0.0361328125,
0.01190185546875,
0.0201416015625,
0.017333984375,
-0.0172119140625,
0.025390625,
0.016357421875,
0.01904296875,
0.01239013671875,
0.006103515625,
-0.005523681640625,
-0.041748046875,
-0.0244140625,
-0.029541015625,
0.008056640625,
0.0196533203125,
0.022705078125,
0.019775390625,
-0.046630859375,
-0.0498046875,
0.01068115234375,
-0.02587890625,
0.0126953125,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.002227783203125,
0.00958251953125,
0.0269775390625,
-0.021728515625,
-0.0159912109375,
0.00634765625,
-0.038330078125,
0.038330078125,
0.058349609375,
0.007415771484375,
0.0205078125,
-0.023681640625,
-0.027587890625,
-0.07958984375,
-0.030517578125,
-0.02001953125,
0.04638671875,
0.03955078125,
-0.018798828125,
0.04296875,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.03515625,
0.003173828125,
-0.0546875,
-0.0194091796875,
0.0189208984375,
0.00634765625,
-0.00579833984375,
-0.03662109375,
0.01446533203125,
0.0050048828125,
0.0211181640625,
-0.034912109375,
-0.03564453125,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.023193359375,
0.0478515625,
0.00180816650390625,
-0.00174713134765625,
0.0130615234375,
0.01177978515625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.0126953125,
0.0198974609375,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.005462646484375,
-0.0032196044921875,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.0732421875,
0.022705078125,
0.01904296875,
0.017822265625,
-0.01708984375,
0.01239013671875,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.01904296875,
-0.01123046875,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.0361328125,
-0.04296875,
0.0247802734375,
0.033447265625,
-0.002044677734375,
0.06787109375,
0.0196533203125,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0123291015625,
0.05322265625,
0.0194091796875,
0.0576171875,
-0.0047607421875,
0.0016632080078125,
0.0233154296875,
-0.010009765625,
-0.0033111572265625,
0.04150390625,
-0.003204345703125,
0.00150299072265625,
-0.037841796875,
-0.02490234375,
0.036376953125,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.0281982421875,
0.023681640625,
0.0003986358642578125,
-0.0177001953125,
0.0189208984375,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.0018310546875,
-0.015869140625,
-0.00182342529296875,
-0.021484375,
-0.00860595703125,
0.0267333984375,
0.004425048828125,
0.0341796875,
0.02392578125,
0.0174560546875,
-0.00860595703125,
0.033447265625,
-0.007232666015625,
0.006622314453125,
0.0123291015625,
-0.06640625,
-0.00506591796875,
0.03955078125,
0.035888671875,
-0.004302978515625,
0.0277099609375,
0.02734375,
0.0174560546875,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.006134033203125,
-0.027587890625,
-0.0654296875,
0.0205078125,
-0.030517578125,
0.0361328125,
-0.0625,
0.00537109375,
0.036865234375,
0.006439208984375,
-0.0198974609375,
0.031982421875,
0.048583984375,
0.00775146484375,
0.01385498046875,
0.0252685546875,
0.005767822265625,
0.01708984375,
0.01202392578125,
-0.000583648681640625,
0.00421142578125,
0.00213623046875,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0201416015625,
0.0260009765625,
-0.043212890625,
-0.048583984375,
-0.0205078125,
-0.03759765625,
0.005157470703125,
-0.00138092041015625,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.0615234375,
0.018798828125,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.024169921875,
0.01806640625,
-0.00946044921875,
0.05224609375,
-0.001617431640625,
-0.02392578125,
-0.0167236328125,
0.00921630859375,
0.01422119140625,
-0.022216796875,
0.01470947265625,
0.0296630859375,
-0.042724609375,
-0.0576171875,
0.003509521484375,
0.01275634765625,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.03662109375,
-0.0556640625,
-0.00946044921875,
0.0211181640625,
0.0031585693359375,
-0.021484375,
-0.018310546875,
-0.0380859375,
0.04150390625,
0.046142578125,
0.02197265625,
0.021240234375,
0.003265380859375,
0.037353515625,
0.021240234375,
-0.01318359375,
0.0012054443359375,
-0.00408935546875,
0.01202392578125,
-0.0024261474609375,
-0.02880859375,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.02587890625,
0.01129150390625,
-0.002716064453125,
0.037841796875,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.05712890625,
-0.0048828125,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.0067138671875,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.01953125,
0.001983642578125,
0.0299072265625,
-0.034423828125,
0.259765625,
0.0225830078125,
-0.025390625,
0.01904296875,
0.0244140625,
0.043212890625,
0.00054168701171875,
0.009765625,
-0.02099609375,
-0.005401611328125,
0.009765625,
-0.0615234375,
-0.0064697265625,
0.0654296875,
0.01287841796875,
0.0164794921875,
-0.07177734375,
0.030517578125,
0.01953125,
-0.042724609375,
0.007049560546875,
-0.007171630859375,
-0.03369140625,
0.035888671875,
0.036865234375,
-0.0026092529296875,
0.029541015625,
-0.0791015625,
-0.001129150390625,
-0.056884765625,
-0.022216796875,
-0.044921875,
0.0040283203125,
-0.06640625,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0289306640625,
-0.015869140625,
0.0203857421875,
0.0634765625,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.002777099609375,
0.0230712890625,
0.010986328125,
0.006683349609375,
0.005828857421875,
-0.00830078125,
-0.03369140625,
0.02392578125,
0.0634765625,
-0.06689453125,
0.07177734375,
0.01507568359375,
0.020263671875,
-0.034423828125,
-0.010986328125,
0.0230712890625,
0.03515625,
-0.040771484375,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.039794921875,
0.055908203125,
0.022216796875,
0.0361328125,
0.0712890625,
0.006103515625,
0.0228271484375,
0.01446533203125,
0.00102996826171875,
0.0164794921875,
0.01116943359375,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.006072998046875,
-0.0052490234375,
-0.043701171875,
0.037353515625,
0.0011444091796875,
-0.01708984375,
0.02392578125,
0.03857421875,
-0.00982666015625,
0.003936767578125,
-0.049560546875,
-0.01397705078125,
0.0277099609375,
0.0390625,
0.025390625,
0.0205078125,
-0.06396484375,
-0.001434326171875,
-0.006591796875,
0.0057373046875,
-0.0019073486328125,
-0.00167083740234375,
0.024169921875,
-0.0021209716796875
] |
McDonald, J.
The plaintiff brought this suit to recover damages for injuries to his automobile which collided with one of the defendant’s engines on the Main street crossing in the city of Ishpeming, Michigan. At the time of the accident, he and his wife were riding in the rear seat of the automobile, which was being driven by one John Peterson. They were going north on Main street, which in the area of the accident is crossed by four railroad tracks, three of which belong to the Chicago & Northwestern Railway Company and the other belongs to the defendant. Defendant’s track is the most northerly. On this track the accident took place about 9 o ’clock in the evening. The crossing is protected by gates, but they are not operated at night, and were up when the plaintiff passed upon the crossing from the south. As they approached the crossing, the plaintiff and his driver observed that the gates were not down, but they did not rely on that entirely. They looked in both directions before entering upon the crossing, and saw no trains. On the third track to their right stood a box car close by the sidewalk. They saw the box car. They proceeded on their way and crossed the third track before they discovered a train approaching from the east. It was then too late to stop. There was a collision, and the automobile was badly damaged. It is the plaintiff’s claim that the defendant was negligent in not having its gates down, in running its train at an excessive speed, and in failing to ring the bell or give any warning of its approach to the crossing. In defense, the defendant denied negligence on its part, and insisted the plaintiff’s negligence was the sole cause of the accident.
At the conclusion of the proof, the trial court directed a verdict for the defendant on the ground that no negligence on its part had been shown, and that the plaintiff and his driver were guilty of contributory negligence as a matter of law.
We think the trial court correctly disposed of the issue. The engine, drawing a freight train, approached the crossing from the east, which was to the right of the driver of the automobile. He testified that he did not look to the right once after crossing the first track. When he reached the third track, his view to the right was obstructed to some extent by the box car, but beyond the box car, between the third track and the defendant’s track, was a safety zone of 38 feet. There his view was unobstructed. There was the train, but he did not see it because he did not look. He drove ahead heedlessly until he was within 12 feet of the track, when the plaintiff called to him from the rear seat. Then, and for the first time, he saw the train. It was too late to avoid the collision. If either the driver or the plaintiff had looked after they passed the box car, while they were in a zone of safety, they would have seen the train and been able to avoid the accident. The trainmen saw them, and had it not been for their prompt action and the slow speed of the train, the result of the collision probably would have been more serious. The train was stopped within the length of the engine. The record presents a clear case of con tributory negligence on tbe part of both tbe driver and the owner of the car. The court made no mistake in directing a verdict for the defendant. The judgment is affirmed, with costs against the plaintiff.
North, C. J., and Fead, Butzel, Wiest, Clark, Potter, and Sharpe, JJ., concurred. | [
-0.041748046875,
0.029296875,
0.0269775390625,
0.0146484375,
-0.046142578125,
-0.034423828125,
-0.01953125,
-0.0186767578125,
0.0048828125,
0.0458984375,
-0.0020599365234375,
0.01141357421875,
0.0255126953125,
0.0013885498046875,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.005401611328125,
-0.0380859375,
0.0034332275390625,
-0.00946044921875,
0.005584716796875,
-0.005462646484375,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.048828125,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.051513671875,
-0.0079345703125,
0.036376953125,
-0.0240478515625,
0.032470703125,
0.036865234375,
0.00177001953125,
0.011474609375,
0.006500244140625,
0.007415771484375,
-0.0034027099609375,
0.009765625,
0.046630859375,
-0.049560546875,
0.049072265625,
-0.013671875,
0.0302734375,
-0.00799560546875,
0.03515625,
-0.0546875,
-0.009765625,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.0172119140625,
0.0184326171875,
-0.03857421875,
0.01458740234375,
-0.00396728515625,
-0.004119873046875,
-0.046875,
-0.0023345947265625,
-0.015625,
-0.0186767578125,
0.0137939453125,
-0.031005859375,
0.0228271484375,
0.03564453125,
-0.0390625,
0.03564453125,
-0.02734375,
0.0283203125,
0.0068359375,
0.025390625,
-0.0068359375,
-0.0252685546875,
0.006072998046875,
-0.0291748046875,
0.006256103515625,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.0155029296875,
0.0137939453125,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.0242919921875,
0.0045166015625,
0.0185546875,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.0128173828125,
0.072265625,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.031982421875,
0.047607421875,
-0.0096435546875,
0.01129150390625,
-0.020263671875,
0.01190185546875,
-0.007171630859375,
0.041748046875,
-0.045166015625,
-0.006591796875,
0.07568359375,
0.0322265625,
-0.05908203125,
0.00177764892578125,
0.01043701171875,
-0.00811767578125,
0.013427734375,
0.05029296875,
-0.004119873046875,
0.0576171875,
-0.02294921875,
0.014404296875,
-0.03369140625,
0.0133056640625,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.0174560546875,
0.0186767578125,
0.02099609375,
0.0001926422119140625,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.02392578125,
-0.00616455078125,
0.000835418701171875,
0.0035552978515625,
0.000377655029296875,
0.0277099609375,
0.03125,
-0.0263671875,
0.011474609375,
0.008056640625,
-0.017822265625,
0.007049560546875,
-0.03076171875,
0.07568359375,
-0.0086669921875,
0.045654296875,
0.0181884765625,
0.005126953125,
-0.0078125,
0.033203125,
0.0164794921875,
0.01153564453125,
-0.006378173828125,
0.014892578125,
0.0230712890625,
0.0478515625,
0.00909423828125,
0.02734375,
0.002349853515625,
0.059326171875,
-0.007537841796875,
0.0223388671875,
-0.0093994140625,
0.01513671875,
-0.005889892578125,
-0.03515625,
-0.055908203125,
0.01434326171875,
0.0322265625,
-0.0283203125,
0.0181884765625,
-0.0230712890625,
0.00469970703125,
-0.018798828125,
0.0419921875,
0.0162353515625,
0.005706787109375,
0.052001953125,
0.038818359375,
0.03076171875,
-0.0216064453125,
0.01287841796875,
0.0014801025390625,
0.01226806640625,
-0.037353515625,
-0.02685546875,
-0.00482177734375,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.04296875,
0.07666015625,
0.015625,
0.004150390625,
-0.001922607421875,
-0.0546875,
-0.010009765625,
0.001983642578125,
0.0113525390625,
0.08154296875,
-0.000331878662109375,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.025146484375,
0.0230712890625,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.03515625,
-0.0302734375,
0.05224609375,
0.00165557861328125,
-0.04248046875,
-0.0028533935546875,
-0.0147705078125,
0.06005859375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.0400390625,
0.05029296875,
0.024658203125,
0.00191497802734375,
-0.009521484375,
-0.00897216796875,
0.034912109375,
-0.046875,
-0.03173828125,
0.0478515625,
0.017822265625,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.01092529296875,
0.0289306640625,
-0.019775390625,
-0.00439453125,
-0.018798828125,
0.00946044921875,
0.0277099609375,
0.0002193450927734375,
0.00022602081298828125,
-0.01953125,
-0.05810546875,
-0.00775146484375,
0.0113525390625,
0.0078125,
0.01397705078125,
0.01092529296875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0196533203125,
0.01611328125,
-0.024169921875,
0.01080322265625,
0.003997802734375,
0.007049560546875,
0.0098876953125,
0.0537109375,
-0.017822265625,
-0.054931640625,
0.034423828125,
-0.0235595703125,
0.022705078125,
-0.005767822265625,
0.042236328125,
0.025146484375,
0.04736328125,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.005706787109375,
0.025146484375,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.027587890625,
-0.007354736328125,
0.03759765625,
-0.003936767578125,
0.01531982421875,
-0.028076171875,
-0.013427734375,
0.03271484375,
0.0203857421875,
0.07421875,
0.03271484375,
-0.052734375,
-0.03857421875,
0.060546875,
0.02734375,
-0.040771484375,
0.00567626953125,
0.0233154296875,
-0.01239013671875,
0.030517578125,
-0.009765625,
-0.0283203125,
-0.047607421875,
-0.016357421875,
-0.00982666015625,
0.01953125,
0.00518798828125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0654296875,
0.02392578125,
-0.0096435546875,
0.052734375,
-0.00634765625,
0.018310546875,
0.0113525390625,
-0.046630859375,
0.01806640625,
-0.031982421875,
0.02001953125,
-0.05908203125,
0.01953125,
0.00958251953125,
0.01953125,
-0.00762939453125,
-0.0751953125,
-0.039306640625,
0.0194091796875,
0.0036163330078125,
-0.0380859375,
0.012939453125,
0.003631591796875,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0074462890625,
0.0264892578125,
-0.03955078125,
-0.010498046875,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.01019287109375,
0.023193359375,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.005340576171875,
-0.00238037109375,
0.0400390625,
-0.038818359375,
0.018798828125,
0.0003566741943359375,
-0.00927734375,
0.0024871826171875,
0.06396484375,
0.022216796875,
0.0164794921875,
0.0302734375,
-0.046630859375,
-0.025146484375,
0.0002841949462890625,
-0.0634765625,
-0.041259765625,
0.01708984375,
0.0595703125,
0.01318359375,
-0.040283203125,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.043701171875,
0.017578125,
0.02734375,
0.006683349609375,
0.049072265625,
0.01025390625,
-0.0380859375,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.01092529296875,
0.0390625,
-0.01007080078125,
0.0478515625,
-0.0322265625,
0.005950927734375,
-0.009765625,
-0.0191650390625,
0.020263671875,
0.0654296875,
-0.02294921875,
0.02099609375,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.02587890625,
0.0027618408203125,
-0.045166015625,
-0.0098876953125,
0.037353515625,
0.03369140625,
-0.055908203125,
-0.035888671875,
0.03271484375,
0.00689697265625,
-0.003814697265625,
-0.0185546875,
0.0206298828125,
-0.00592041015625,
-0.0771484375,
-0.007659912109375,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.00921630859375,
0.048828125,
0.01446533203125,
-0.01123046875,
0.0302734375,
-0.022216796875,
-0.06884765625,
0.02783203125,
0.040771484375,
0.0172119140625,
0.07275390625,
0.04296875,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0074462890625,
-0.0135498046875,
0.0172119140625,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.037353515625,
-0.015625,
-0.0712890625,
0.023681640625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.037353515625,
0.051513671875,
-0.00390625,
-0.006988525390625,
-0.03662109375,
-0.003265380859375,
0.0537109375,
-0.0012359619140625,
0.0015411376953125,
0.042236328125,
0.0091552734375,
0.0302734375,
0.0264892578125,
-0.03955078125,
-0.035400390625,
-0.009033203125,
0.06640625,
-0.01806640625,
-0.00714111328125,
-0.04052734375,
-0.0137939453125,
0.044677734375,
0.0162353515625,
0.037841796875,
0.00860595703125,
-0.01251220703125,
0.013916015625,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.0098876953125,
0.005340576171875,
0.051025390625,
0.02392578125,
0.041259765625,
-0.017333984375,
0.0634765625,
-0.0498046875,
0.01373291015625,
0.0106201171875,
0.052490234375,
-0.024658203125,
0.04638671875,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.04052734375,
0.054931640625,
0.006927490234375,
-0.027099609375,
-0.01416015625,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.0250244140625,
0.056640625,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.0242919921875,
0.01019287109375,
-0.0198974609375,
0.018798828125,
0.026123046875,
-0.009765625,
-0.004364013671875,
0.02099609375,
-0.03076171875,
0.06201171875,
0.005767822265625,
-0.0595703125,
0.0019683837890625,
0.0478515625,
-0.036865234375,
0.057861328125,
-0.0296630859375,
0.0172119140625,
-0.017333984375,
-0.0015869140625,
-0.019287109375,
-0.03271484375,
0.017822265625,
0.031982421875,
-0.0167236328125,
0.07373046875,
0.004974365234375,
0.0281982421875,
0.0498046875,
-0.033447265625,
-0.025634765625,
0.0498046875,
-0.01416015625,
0.026611328125,
0.013671875,
-0.047119140625,
0.003692626953125,
-0.08349609375,
0.0157470703125,
-0.0244140625,
-0.009765625,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0576171875,
-0.0277099609375,
0.00872802734375,
0.010498046875,
0.00701904296875,
0.04248046875,
0.06640625,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.0107421875,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.00604248046875,
-0.045166015625,
0.00543212890625,
-0.004547119140625,
-0.021240234375,
0.0113525390625,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.0078125,
0.0008697509765625,
0.045654296875,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.042236328125,
-0.0152587890625,
0.03466796875,
-0.0224609375,
0.0198974609375,
0.03857421875,
0.01116943359375,
0.0166015625,
0.0230712890625,
0.0002460479736328125,
0.01312255859375,
0.019775390625,
0.004486083984375,
0.036376953125,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.0185546875,
-0.037841796875,
0.00286865234375,
0.0012359619140625,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.03125,
-0.050048828125,
0.0087890625,
-0.018310546875,
-0.039794921875,
-0.00445556640625,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.0074462890625,
0.03564453125,
0.00823974609375,
0.0277099609375,
0.0087890625,
-0.0240478515625,
0.00970458984375,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.054443359375,
0.0023193359375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0284423828125,
0.03369140625,
0.03369140625,
-0.00885009765625,
0.032470703125,
-0.024169921875,
0.018310546875,
-0.025390625,
-0.019287109375,
-0.05419921875,
-0.019775390625,
-0.005828857421875,
0.001617431640625,
0.024658203125,
-0.00107574462890625,
0.00506591796875,
0.006011962890625,
0.007598876953125,
0.0159912109375,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.04638671875,
0.058837890625,
-0.06298828125,
-0.0262451171875,
0.0257568359375,
0.0537109375,
-0.027099609375,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.00390625,
-0.002227783203125,
-0.0341796875,
-0.08837890625,
0.045654296875,
0.005523681640625,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.041748046875,
-0.0380859375,
0.00046539306640625,
-0.0247802734375,
0.003387451171875,
0.076171875,
-0.044921875,
0.0230712890625,
-0.038818359375,
0.0303955078125,
0.0267333984375,
-0.00604248046875,
0.0036773681640625,
0.013671875,
-0.015869140625,
-0.00537109375,
-0.006011962890625,
-0.02734375,
-0.0037689208984375,
-0.023193359375,
0.005218505859375,
0.0303955078125,
0.046630859375,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.06396484375,
-0.02685546875,
0.0751953125,
0.0302734375,
0.04248046875,
0.05078125,
-0.03125,
-0.037841796875,
0.0157470703125,
0.003448486328125,
-0.05029296875,
-0.044921875,
0.02392578125,
-0.00555419921875,
-0.039306640625,
0.0054931640625,
0.0272216796875,
-0.033447265625,
-0.06640625,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.040283203125,
0.0027008056640625,
-0.046142578125,
-0.0022430419921875,
0.0040283203125,
0.01251220703125,
-0.039794921875,
0.009521484375,
0.01434326171875,
0.032470703125,
-0.03271484375,
0.052978515625,
0.01171875,
-0.018798828125,
0.03857421875,
0.0206298828125,
0.03369140625,
-0.052978515625,
-0.005096435546875,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.015869140625,
0.05810546875,
-0.06787109375,
-0.00640869140625,
-0.0001964569091796875,
0.00665283203125,
0.04833984375,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.0211181640625,
0.05712890625,
0.00579833984375,
-0.007659912109375,
-0.047607421875,
-0.0196533203125,
0.03125,
-0.00090789794921875,
-0.060791015625,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.00860595703125,
0.00250244140625,
0.0172119140625,
-0.06298828125,
-0.00732421875,
-0.00494384765625,
0.031494140625,
-0.064453125,
0.03369140625,
0.042236328125,
0.036865234375,
-0.047607421875,
-0.050537109375,
0.0244140625,
0.018798828125,
-0.00848388671875,
0.04736328125,
-0.0458984375,
0.033203125,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.05908203125,
-0.040283203125,
0.0017547607421875,
0.051513671875,
-0.01611328125,
-0.03076171875,
0.00531005859375,
-0.00139617919921875,
0.0213623046875,
-0.055908203125,
0.0341796875,
-0.024169921875,
0.0150146484375,
0.0140380859375,
-0.035400390625,
0.01409912109375,
0.033447265625,
0.020751953125,
0.031005859375,
-0.04150390625,
0.010986328125,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.015380859375,
0.0263671875,
0.0147705078125,
-0.02978515625,
0.005035400390625,
-0.01318359375,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.015380859375,
0.033447265625,
0.0634765625,
-0.01904296875,
-0.052490234375,
-0.0238037109375,
0.05126953125,
-0.033203125,
-0.00090789794921875,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.00616455078125,
0.027587890625,
0.023681640625,
-0.01806640625,
0.007415771484375,
0.00946044921875,
-0.0029296875,
0.0111083984375,
0.031494140625,
0.00921630859375,
0.00897216796875,
-0.0235595703125,
0.015869140625,
-0.06103515625,
-0.0250244140625,
0.006622314453125,
0.0390625,
0.025146484375,
-0.00469970703125,
0.033935546875,
-0.031982421875,
-0.046142578125,
0.0235595703125,
-0.052490234375,
-0.047607421875,
0.01031494140625,
-0.01220703125,
0.0142822265625,
0.00958251953125,
-0.008544921875,
0.01953125,
0.00506591796875,
0.0037994384765625,
0.01287841796875,
0.0013427734375,
-0.025390625,
0.0791015625,
-0.0155029296875,
0.00014781951904296875,
0.0052490234375,
-0.00299072265625,
-0.022705078125,
-0.028564453125,
-0.000789642333984375,
0.000911712646484375,
-0.0035247802734375,
-0.025146484375,
-0.01416015625,
-0.004364013671875,
-0.083984375,
0.0087890625,
0.04296875,
0.042724609375,
-0.0262451171875,
0.0027313232421875,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.0159912109375,
0.021484375,
0.00897216796875,
0.0203857421875,
-0.052001953125,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.01007080078125,
0.04931640625,
0.00677490234375,
0.042236328125,
0.007049560546875,
0.04052734375,
0.00653076171875,
-0.00738525390625,
-0.022705078125,
0.013427734375,
0.031005859375,
0.009033203125,
0.0157470703125,
0.033935546875,
0.0194091796875,
0.0002460479736328125,
0.012451171875,
0.006988525390625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.011474609375,
-0.00445556640625,
0.01031494140625,
0.04150390625,
0.00182342529296875,
-0.01397705078125,
0.00958251953125,
-0.04541015625,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.005584716796875,
0.023681640625,
-0.024169921875,
-0.017822265625,
-0.00579833984375,
0.00384521484375,
0.0498046875,
-0.00244140625,
-0.00823974609375,
0.01397705078125,
0.0277099609375,
0.0361328125,
-0.00860595703125,
0.0439453125,
0.0130615234375,
0.021240234375,
-0.0537109375,
-0.01806640625,
0.029296875,
0.003875732421875,
0.0244140625,
0.03125,
0.00677490234375,
-0.02197265625,
-0.0260009765625,
0.01275634765625,
0.003509521484375,
-0.08154296875,
0.0030975341796875,
-0.00189208984375,
0.044921875,
-0.0264892578125,
0.0294189453125,
0.05859375,
-0.005889892578125,
-0.059326171875,
0.01904296875,
0.015625,
-0.013671875,
-0.0103759765625,
0.02001953125,
0.02685546875,
0.0162353515625,
0.026611328125,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.022216796875,
-0.07666015625,
-0.021728515625,
0.0186767578125,
-0.0302734375,
-0.046142578125,
-0.045166015625,
-0.07666015625,
0.005035400390625,
-0.010498046875,
0.0225830078125,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.029541015625,
0.02197265625,
-0.006561279296875,
0.0849609375,
0.0196533203125,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.057373046875,
0.012451171875,
0.0306396484375,
-0.0498046875,
0.01422119140625,
-0.000457763671875,
-0.046142578125,
-0.03515625,
-0.00244140625,
-0.011474609375,
0.004058837890625,
-0.027587890625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.03857421875,
0.014404296875,
-0.04638671875,
0.04150390625,
0.0191650390625,
0.01171875,
0.0303955078125,
0.060302734375,
0.0028228759765625,
0.0224609375,
0.0257568359375,
-0.00506591796875,
0.03759765625,
-0.003173828125,
-0.0252685546875,
0.01092529296875,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.04345703125,
0.0076904296875,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.0267333984375,
0.0198974609375,
-0.01708984375,
0.0272216796875,
-0.002716064453125,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.008056640625,
-0.00439453125,
-0.00146484375,
-0.037353515625,
0.0189208984375,
-0.00775146484375,
0.03173828125,
-0.045166015625,
0.267578125,
0.00567626953125,
-0.032470703125,
0.0233154296875,
-0.01318359375,
0.0576171875,
0.0181884765625,
-0.0068359375,
-0.048828125,
0.0025634765625,
0.004974365234375,
-0.0230712890625,
0.006805419921875,
0.00146484375,
0.047607421875,
0.01708984375,
-0.059814453125,
0.023681640625,
0.01470947265625,
-0.0751953125,
0.006103515625,
0.02001953125,
-0.03125,
0.047119140625,
0.03857421875,
0.0025177001953125,
0.02734375,
-0.055908203125,
-0.033203125,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.0147705078125,
0.0027923583984375,
0.015380859375,
-0.025146484375,
-0.019775390625,
0.0267333984375,
-0.0206298828125,
0.01409912109375,
-0.026611328125,
0.023193359375,
-0.0010986328125,
0.0111083984375,
0.040771484375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.0126953125,
0.0322265625,
-0.032470703125,
0.04833984375,
0.04736328125,
-0.046142578125,
-0.0003528594970703125,
0.044921875,
0.03662109375,
-0.01202392578125,
0.008056640625,
0.04052734375,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.048828125,
-0.023193359375,
0.03173828125,
-0.021484375,
0.0164794921875,
0.0225830078125,
-0.0091552734375,
0.01226806640625,
0.0361328125,
0.0303955078125,
0.01177978515625,
0.0230712890625,
-0.00604248046875,
-0.012451171875,
-0.03125,
-0.01458740234375,
0.0322265625,
0.030517578125,
-0.015869140625,
0.015380859375,
0.056396484375,
-0.0303955078125,
0.0032958984375,
-0.022216796875,
0.00244140625,
0.03564453125,
0.0289306640625,
0.06689453125,
0.0267333984375,
-0.029296875,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.0019989013671875,
0.0128173828125,
-0.0047607421875,
0.0162353515625,
0.0213623046875,
-0.00078582763671875
] |
Clark, C. J.
This appeal of plaintiffs from decree dismissing, on motion, hill of complaint is determined by 3 Comp. Laws 1929, § 15521:
“Jurisdiction assumed in any case by a judge of probate, so far as it depends on the place of residence of any person, or the location of his estate, shall not be contested in any suit or proceéding whatever, except in an appeal from the probate court in the original case, or when the want of jurisdiction appears on the same record.”
George E. Mannhart, residing in Detroit, was ill and went to Arizona in the hope of improvement. He died there. His widow, now Myrtle E. Graham, petitioned the probate court of Wayne county, Michigan, for appointment of administrator, in which petition it was alleged that Mannhart died a resident of said county leaving personal property to be administered. An order was duly made and entered, November 23, 1927, by the probate court, granting administration to Myrtle E. Graham, and providing for bond, which was filed. She, as such administratrix, has reduced the estate to possession.
It is said by counsel that under the law of Arizona the widow would take all property left by deceased, and that under law of Michigan she must share with the defendants, heirs-at-law.
On August 15,1929, the administratrix filed a petition in the probate court to vacate and dismiss the proceedings and orders in the cause for the reasons, as alleged, that deceased was not a resident of Michigan at time of death and left no property in the State. This petition was denied, without entry of formal order.
On January 15, 1930, another petition was filed in the court and cause by plaintiff Tucson Title Insur anee Company, a corporation, reciting that it had been appointed, on June 14, 1929, administrator of the estate of the deceased by order of the superior court of Pima county, Arizona, and praying an order that said administratrix be directed to surrender up to it all property of the estate in her hands. Order granting the prayer of the petition was entered by the probate court. This order was reviewed on certiorari in the circuit court and was reversed and held f6r naught. There was no appeal.
This bill in equity by the Arizona administrator and the Michigan administratrix seek to achieve what they failed to accomplish on the petitions to the probate court.
The order of the probate court, purporting to grant removal, on appeal, was held for naught, and it is naught.
The proceeding and order respecting granting letters of administration by the probate court of "Wayne county are regular and on their face show no want of jurisdiction. Want of jurisdiction of record ivas not made to appear by the mere filing in the probate court the affidavits in support of the unsuccessful motions to vacate.
The statute above quoted, the validity of which is not attacked, controls.
Affirmed.
McDonald, Potter, Sharpe, North, Fead, Wiest, and Butzel, JJ., concurred. | [
-0.004547119140625,
0.00732421875,
-0.0020751953125,
-0.008056640625,
-0.054443359375,
-0.000560760498046875,
-0.0157470703125,
0.007537841796875,
0.005706787109375,
0.039306640625,
0.034912109375,
-0.015625,
0.00848388671875,
-0.006011962890625,
-0.042236328125,
-0.016357421875,
-0.0164794921875,
0.029052734375,
0.012451171875,
0.031982421875,
0.00811767578125,
0.034423828125,
-0.09765625,
-0.034912109375,
-0.006561279296875,
-0.0218505859375,
0.01031494140625,
0.0050048828125,
0.060302734375,
0.00970458984375,
-0.02392578125,
-0.00567626953125,
-0.006439208984375,
-0.0013275146484375,
0.01080322265625,
-0.0079345703125,
0.05078125,
-0.07568359375,
0.0152587890625,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0185546875,
-0.02587890625,
0.018310546875,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.06884765625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.033203125,
-0.0235595703125,
0.0213623046875,
-0.0380859375,
0.00927734375,
-0.00072479248046875,
-0.00701904296875,
0.0012969970703125,
0.0025482177734375,
-0.04736328125,
-0.020263671875,
-0.043212890625,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.00848388671875,
0.017822265625,
0.0037994384765625,
0.00518798828125,
-0.05029296875,
0.0303955078125,
0.048095703125,
0.006134033203125,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.002288818359375,
-0.041015625,
0.01092529296875,
-0.0036163330078125,
0.010986328125,
0.018310546875,
-0.016845703125,
0.00482177734375,
-0.014892578125,
-0.0517578125,
0.01318359375,
0.029541015625,
0.021240234375,
-0.00146484375,
0.039306640625,
-0.00125885009765625,
-0.033935546875,
0.034423828125,
-0.0047607421875,
0.0458984375,
-0.0198974609375,
0.0260009765625,
-0.0279541015625,
0.056396484375,
-0.038818359375,
0.0155029296875,
0.0247802734375,
0.034912109375,
-0.01318359375,
0.029296875,
0.04150390625,
-0.022216796875,
0.0264892578125,
0.04248046875,
-0.02197265625,
0.07470703125,
0.0010833740234375,
0.006011962890625,
-0.01397705078125,
0.01055908203125,
0.011474609375,
-0.038330078125,
0.0233154296875,
0.005767822265625,
-0.0030975341796875,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.0233154296875,
0.0205078125,
-0.0147705078125,
0.006561279296875,
-0.045166015625,
-0.021728515625,
0.054443359375,
-0.033203125,
0.0257568359375,
-0.00127410888671875,
0.03955078125,
0.030517578125,
0.005859375,
0.06103515625,
0.0184326171875,
0.033447265625,
0.0235595703125,
0.0162353515625,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.02734375,
0.0250244140625,
0.020263671875,
0.02001953125,
-0.000926971435546875,
0.00701904296875,
0.003662109375,
0.016357421875,
0.0242919921875,
0.007720947265625,
0.0301513671875,
0.046142578125,
0.01153564453125,
0.001007080078125,
-0.00927734375,
-0.0478515625,
-0.03173828125,
-0.03564453125,
0.054931640625,
0.021484375,
0.047119140625,
0.0498046875,
-0.01275634765625,
0.0576171875,
-0.0228271484375,
0.00860595703125,
0.0247802734375,
-0.0296630859375,
0.037109375,
-0.021484375,
0.015625,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.0035400390625,
0.0169677734375,
0.003753662109375,
-0.033203125,
-0.03466796875,
0.0244140625,
0.017822265625,
-0.040771484375,
-0.005767822265625,
0.03173828125,
0.01904296875,
0.041748046875,
-0.02783203125,
-0.024658203125,
0.027099609375,
-0.0361328125,
0.006591796875,
0.060791015625,
-0.0211181640625,
0.0177001953125,
-0.0126953125,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0546875,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.0024871826171875,
0.02392578125,
-0.021484375,
0.0263671875,
0.0224609375,
-0.002410888671875,
0.032470703125,
0.013916015625,
-0.03857421875,
0.020263671875,
-0.00157928466796875,
-0.0069580078125,
0.006134033203125,
0.0172119140625,
0.02734375,
-0.01513671875,
-0.0174560546875,
0.04296875,
0.0029144287109375,
-0.041015625,
-0.017578125,
0.0240478515625,
0.00897216796875,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.032958984375,
0.002685546875,
0.006256103515625,
-0.0272216796875,
0.0308837890625,
-0.04052734375,
0.00830078125,
0.01153564453125,
0.032958984375,
-0.00811767578125,
0.03466796875,
0.012451171875,
-0.0252685546875,
0.016357421875,
0.022216796875,
-0.0072021484375,
0.00823974609375,
0.0057373046875,
0.009033203125,
-0.0028228759765625,
0.06884765625,
0.0014495849609375,
0.003387451171875,
0.037841796875,
0.01422119140625,
0.0004291534423828125,
-0.0003509521484375,
0.005279541015625,
0.04541015625,
0.0693359375,
-0.006256103515625,
-0.011474609375,
0.080078125,
0.0008087158203125,
0.01220703125,
-0.0196533203125,
0.0035552978515625,
-0.002197265625,
0.035400390625,
-0.00007534027099609375,
0.02294921875,
0.0101318359375,
0.00567626953125,
0.059814453125,
0.0257568359375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.03955078125,
0.056884765625,
-0.001983642578125,
-0.034912109375,
-0.015625,
0.01031494140625,
0.00005078315734863281,
0.0240478515625,
-0.033203125,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.038330078125,
-0.032958984375,
-0.01068115234375,
0.02392578125,
-0.0040283203125,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.07421875,
0.01446533203125,
-0.0194091796875,
0.07958984375,
-0.04052734375,
0.00177764892578125,
-0.0087890625,
-0.08154296875,
0.017333984375,
0.002044677734375,
0.048583984375,
-0.0361328125,
0.035400390625,
-0.007293701171875,
0.0257568359375,
-0.037109375,
-0.039794921875,
-0.0703125,
0.03466796875,
0.033935546875,
-0.007110595703125,
-0.019775390625,
-0.049560546875,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.01519775390625,
0.027587890625,
-0.00127410888671875,
-0.0032196044921875,
-0.01470947265625,
0.02734375,
-0.041259765625,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.0283203125,
0.037841796875,
-0.0206298828125,
0.0478515625,
0.0185546875,
0.03271484375,
-0.0146484375,
0.0791015625,
0.0157470703125,
-0.037841796875,
0.01336669921875,
-0.0419921875,
0.01239013671875,
0.0296630859375,
-0.07666015625,
-0.0113525390625,
0.0172119140625,
0.033935546875,
0.0004177093505859375,
-0.045166015625,
0.00592041015625,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.046142578125,
-0.035888671875,
-0.009765625,
0.002532958984375,
0.00164794921875,
-0.017333984375,
-0.02197265625,
-0.000278472900390625,
0.00115203857421875,
0.036376953125,
-0.0703125,
0.01275634765625,
0.0172119140625,
-0.016845703125,
0.040283203125,
0.0244140625,
-0.0458984375,
0.012939453125,
-0.003326416015625,
-0.018798828125,
0.031494140625,
-0.007049560546875,
0.0155029296875,
-0.0223388671875,
0.015380859375,
0.021728515625,
-0.04541015625,
-0.04638671875,
0.0286865234375,
-0.0185546875,
0.0294189453125,
-0.03369140625,
-0.000804901123046875,
-0.02587890625,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.0294189453125,
0.057861328125,
-0.05517578125,
0.050048828125,
0.05029296875,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0390625,
-0.0498046875,
-0.0076904296875,
0.013427734375,
0.032958984375,
0.01397705078125,
0.0164794921875,
0.01226806640625,
-0.0263671875,
0.041015625,
0.0390625,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.0128173828125,
0.03955078125,
-0.033203125,
-0.0172119140625,
0.01312255859375,
-0.0299072265625,
0.017822265625,
-0.00408935546875,
-0.04541015625,
-0.01019287109375,
0.052001953125,
0.0166015625,
-0.0086669921875,
0.03515625,
0.01214599609375,
0.0277099609375,
0.0111083984375,
0.00445556640625,
-0.039306640625,
-0.009521484375,
-0.032958984375,
0.039306640625,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.0107421875,
0.0272216796875,
0.033935546875,
0.0751953125,
-0.0014495849609375,
-0.017578125,
0.0106201171875,
0.06005859375,
0.01904296875,
0.0147705078125,
0.002197265625,
0.038330078125,
0.0289306640625,
0.01611328125,
-0.048828125,
0.01129150390625,
-0.0654296875,
0.050048828125,
0.0250244140625,
0.0145263671875,
0.0252685546875,
0.035888671875,
0.0011444091796875,
-0.003692626953125,
0.05126953125,
0.0172119140625,
0.010986328125,
-0.0034637451171875,
0.015625,
0.003997802734375,
0.038330078125,
0.033935546875,
-0.03564453125,
-0.000545501708984375,
-0.041748046875,
0.007232666015625,
0.0213623046875,
0.024658203125,
-0.001617431640625,
0.00079345703125,
-0.0294189453125,
0.03173828125,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.05859375,
-0.007171630859375,
0.049560546875,
-0.01104736328125,
0.03369140625,
-0.022705078125,
0.07275390625,
0.0021209716796875,
-0.007080078125,
-0.010986328125,
-0.0008087158203125,
0.01446533203125,
-0.00140380859375,
0.034423828125,
0.0693359375,
-0.0322265625,
-0.02001953125,
0.03076171875,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.058349609375,
0.0203857421875,
-0.01153564453125,
0.0289306640625,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.0361328125,
0.0052490234375,
-0.001983642578125,
0.03466796875,
-0.016845703125,
0.009765625,
-0.001495361328125,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.029052734375,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.00433349609375,
0.01019287109375,
0.004852294921875,
0.00384521484375,
0.005523681640625,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.00360107421875,
-0.051025390625,
-0.04296875,
0.0220947265625,
-0.0252685546875,
0.056396484375,
-0.004364013671875,
0.0128173828125,
0.0172119140625,
0.0224609375,
-0.018310546875,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.0008087158203125,
0.04296875,
-0.04296875,
-0.00144195556640625,
-0.01312255859375,
0.056884765625,
0.01953125,
0.005950927734375,
0.052978515625,
0.024658203125,
0.036376953125,
0.0169677734375,
0.03271484375,
-0.049560546875,
-0.00982666015625,
0.0098876953125,
0.0087890625,
-0.0013885498046875,
0.031494140625,
-0.00836181640625,
0.00909423828125,
-0.039794921875,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.05224609375,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.0050048828125,
-0.0003108978271484375,
0.01202392578125,
-0.0038604736328125,
0.002899169921875,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.060546875,
0.0145263671875,
-0.04443359375,
0.01068115234375,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.01904296875,
-0.0361328125,
0.02734375,
0.033203125,
-0.038818359375,
0.02490234375,
-0.046630859375,
-0.0322265625,
-0.05078125,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.037841796875,
-0.021728515625,
-0.003631591796875,
0.0205078125,
0.048095703125,
0.033935546875,
0.01397705078125,
-0.00628662109375,
0.031005859375,
0.01409912109375,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.037109375,
-0.11328125,
0.015625,
-0.0205078125,
-0.01123046875,
0.0057373046875,
0.0361328125,
-0.0286865234375,
0.0216064453125,
-0.011962890625,
0.01531982421875,
-0.0390625,
-0.027587890625,
0.0242919921875,
0.001129150390625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.034423828125,
-0.04638671875,
0.049560546875,
-0.041259765625,
-0.01153564453125,
0.10400390625,
-0.0230712890625,
0.01806640625,
-0.051025390625,
0.03955078125,
0.0130615234375,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0218505859375,
0.00311279296875,
-0.017578125,
-0.0654296875,
-0.021728515625,
-0.028564453125,
-0.03125,
0.023681640625,
0.052734375,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.0294189453125,
0.056396484375,
-0.010009765625,
0.013916015625,
0.048095703125,
-0.057373046875,
-0.041015625,
0.01495361328125,
0.0400390625,
-0.037841796875,
-0.05224609375,
0.0283203125,
0.01416015625,
-0.04443359375,
0.0177001953125,
0.05810546875,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0283203125,
0.0198974609375,
0.032958984375,
-0.001068115234375,
0.0142822265625,
0.029541015625,
-0.0027923583984375,
0.052978515625,
-0.04541015625,
0.004150390625,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.037353515625,
0.01055908203125,
0.03857421875,
0.004241943359375,
-0.01129150390625,
0.012451171875,
0.006988525390625,
0.0272216796875,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.030029296875,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.00701904296875,
0.03662109375,
0.03662109375,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.01470947265625,
0.0091552734375,
0.033447265625,
-0.052490234375,
-0.0069580078125,
-0.003753662109375,
0.0301513671875,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.0947265625,
-0.033447265625,
0.02978515625,
0.0208740234375,
0.02490234375,
0.024169921875,
-0.019775390625,
-0.0101318359375,
0.01239013671875,
-0.017822265625,
0.034912109375,
0.029052734375,
0.002288818359375,
-0.049560546875,
-0.04150390625,
0.041015625,
0.0255126953125,
-0.0201416015625,
0.0211181640625,
-0.011962890625,
-0.006195068359375,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.006683349609375,
-0.017333984375,
-0.030029296875,
0.03125,
-0.01348876953125,
0.00927734375,
0.003875732421875,
-0.005126953125,
0.0037994384765625,
0.0036163330078125,
-0.048583984375,
-0.0064697265625,
-0.045166015625,
0.033203125,
0.0228271484375,
-0.03857421875,
0.0081787109375,
0.026611328125,
0.0155029296875,
0.044921875,
-0.0537109375,
-0.00115966796875,
0.0133056640625,
-0.01953125,
0.017822265625,
-0.064453125,
-0.0654296875,
-0.047607421875,
-0.013916015625,
-0.0546875,
-0.0140380859375,
0.005706787109375,
0.0498046875,
-0.04541015625,
-0.020263671875,
-0.0166015625,
0.032470703125,
-0.048095703125,
-0.03759765625,
-0.026123046875,
0.0185546875,
0.050537109375,
0.031982421875,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.009521484375,
-0.010986328125,
0.0400390625,
-0.0022430419921875,
0.03271484375,
0.00616455078125,
0.0067138671875,
-0.022705078125,
0.003936767578125,
-0.0380859375,
-0.041748046875,
0.01531982421875,
0.039306640625,
-0.0045166015625,
-0.004608154296875,
0.0257568359375,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.003936767578125,
0.039306640625,
-0.057373046875,
-0.0291748046875,
0.0096435546875,
0.016845703125,
0.0245361328125,
0.0057373046875,
0.005767822265625,
-0.00689697265625,
-0.0133056640625,
0.0032806396484375,
-0.00506591796875,
0.028564453125,
0.012451171875,
0.06005859375,
-0.001953125,
-0.0029754638671875,
0.006500244140625,
0.0147705078125,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.041015625,
0.00119781494140625,
0.00506591796875,
0.0159912109375,
0.0089111328125,
-0.0247802734375,
0.00872802734375,
-0.091796875,
0.0003032684326171875,
-0.015380859375,
0.0279541015625,
-0.00335693359375,
-0.00141143798828125,
-0.06103515625,
-0.00286865234375,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.004119873046875,
0.0067138671875,
-0.056396484375,
-0.039794921875,
0.025146484375,
0.022216796875,
-0.0189208984375,
0.022216796875,
0.000720977783203125,
-0.033203125,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.042236328125,
-0.0177001953125,
0.0390625,
0.0257568359375,
-0.0322265625,
-0.033447265625,
0.00982666015625,
0.06494140625,
0.017333984375,
0.057861328125,
0.02734375,
0.012939453125,
0.0040283203125,
-0.02392578125,
0.00848388671875,
0.00640869140625,
-0.01416015625,
-0.0216064453125,
0.00677490234375,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.031494140625,
-0.02197265625,
-0.03125,
0.018310546875,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.033447265625,
-0.04345703125,
-0.0322265625,
0.0030975341796875,
0.0284423828125,
0.0089111328125,
-0.010498046875,
0.00732421875,
0.03955078125,
0.04931640625,
-0.00689697265625,
0.02392578125,
0.00433349609375,
-0.0673828125,
-0.006866455078125,
0.0306396484375,
0.00506591796875,
-0.025146484375,
0.013916015625,
0.0267333984375,
0.01275634765625,
-0.0224609375,
0.0029754638671875,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.06884765625,
0.027099609375,
0.01531982421875,
0.0400390625,
-0.0034942626953125,
-0.0033111572265625,
0.031982421875,
0.01519775390625,
-0.04638671875,
0.02490234375,
0.0181884765625,
0.03564453125,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.02197265625,
0.0091552734375,
-0.003570556640625,
0.039306640625,
-0.0078125,
0.05029296875,
0.052734375,
-0.049560546875,
-0.043701171875,
-0.0032196044921875,
-0.02392578125,
-0.03564453125,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0166015625,
0.00927734375,
0.0103759765625,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.0439453125,
-0.006866455078125,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.046875,
0.049560546875,
0.0069580078125,
0.037109375,
0.01318359375,
-0.010009765625,
-0.006561279296875,
-0.0015716552734375,
0.015869140625,
-0.0576171875,
0.044921875,
0.0252685546875,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.06103515625,
-0.027587890625,
0.004974365234375,
-0.006500244140625,
-0.025146484375,
-0.0057373046875,
-0.00787353515625,
0.041259765625,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.00286865234375,
-0.0024871826171875,
0.0115966796875,
0.00182342529296875,
0.0201416015625,
0.0128173828125,
0.03466796875,
0.025146484375,
0.01446533203125,
-0.0224609375,
0.00994873046875,
-0.0037078857421875,
-0.0224609375,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.058837890625,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.03662109375,
0.00750732421875,
0.06787109375,
0.022705078125,
-0.000202178955078125,
-0.03125,
0.016845703125,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.0595703125,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.01226806640625,
0.0233154296875,
0.0283203125,
-0.053466796875,
0.271484375,
0.018798828125,
-0.0101318359375,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.00531005859375,
0.047119140625,
0.02783203125,
0.0022430419921875,
-0.01263427734375,
0.005218505859375,
-0.021240234375,
-0.039794921875,
-0.00183868408203125,
0.00762939453125,
-0.010498046875,
0.06982421875,
-0.0184326171875,
0.0185546875,
0.0023651123046875,
-0.034423828125,
0.0091552734375,
-0.013671875,
-0.03173828125,
0.07373046875,
0.018310546875,
0.01470947265625,
0.044189453125,
-0.0625,
-0.028076171875,
-0.054931640625,
-0.0059814453125,
-0.048828125,
0.0238037109375,
-0.042236328125,
0.003936767578125,
0.028076171875,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.04248046875,
0.000621795654296875,
0.018798828125,
0.0194091796875,
0.01092529296875,
-0.01123046875,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.01397705078125,
0.0196533203125,
-0.031494140625,
0.045166015625,
0.04296875,
0.005859375,
0.04833984375,
0.0234375,
0.04833984375,
-0.004974365234375,
-0.01470947265625,
0.04833984375,
0.01904296875,
-0.000865936279296875,
-0.053466796875,
-0.0556640625,
-0.0184326171875,
0.015625,
0.009033203125,
0.01434326171875,
-0.0191650390625,
0.0693359375,
0.052001953125,
-0.00750732421875,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.012939453125,
0.0240478515625,
-0.015380859375,
-0.01904296875,
-0.006591796875,
0.0654296875,
0.06298828125,
-0.028076171875,
0.00653076171875,
0.0211181640625,
-0.005889892578125,
0.0235595703125,
-0.041748046875,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.0010528564453125,
0.0361328125,
0.01092529296875,
0.00567626953125,
-0.040771484375,
0.00738525390625,
-0.005035400390625,
0.0208740234375,
-0.0185546875,
-0.019287109375,
-0.045166015625,
-0.0244140625
] |
McDonald, J.
A summary judgment was entered in favor of the plaintiff in an action at law to recover the unpaid balance on a land contract. Defendant appealed.
The plaintiff is survivor of William Aben and Annie Aben, his wife, vendors in a land contract. Hyman D. Dorman was the vendee. He assigned to the defendant, Esther Rice. In the assignment she assumed and agreed to pay the unpaid balance. At the same time and in the same instrument, the plaintiff consented to the assignment and released Mr. Dorman from further liability on the purchase price. Defendant went into possession and made some payments on the contract. Subsequently she got in default and this suit was begun. After it was at issue, the plaintiff moved for a summary judgment, which the court granted. The defendant filed an affidavit of merits, in.which the only defense is stated as follows:
“That this deponent (defendant) never signed any agreement to which the plaintiff was a party agreeing to pay the said plaintiff any sum of money whatsoever. ’ ’
The issue presented is one of law. The defendant contends that there was no privity of contract be tween herself and the plaintiff; and that the question involved is ruled by Tapert v. Schultz, 252 Mich. 39. The cases are not alike in their facts. In the Tapert Case there was no discharge of the original debtor. The vendor was not a party to the agreement in which the vendee’s assignee agreed to pay the balance due on the contract. He did not consent to accept the assignee as a substitute for the original debtor, and the assignee made him no promises. There was no privity of contract between them. In this case, the vendor was a party to the transaction between her vendee and the assignee. She consented in writing to the assignment and to the discharge of the original obligor. In this assignment the assignee agreed to pay the balance due on the contract. By accepting the assignment in those circumstances, the defendant became bound to the vendor to pay the debt according to the terms of the original contract. There was a mutual understanding among the three parties that the original obligor be discharged and defendant substituted in his place. By this agreement a complete novation of parties was created. Harrington-Wiard Co. v. Blomstrom Manfg. Co., 166 Mich. 276.
Consent of all the' parties to the novation is necessary, but need not be expressed in writing. It is sufficient if it appears from' the facts and circumstances attending the transaction. Harrington-Wiard Co. v. Blomstrom Manfg. Co., supra.
Consideration for the novation is essential, but that; is furnished by the mutual agreement of the parties.
In Bacon v. Bates, 53 Vt. 30, it was said:
“The promise, agreement, and undertaking of each party, was a sufficient consideration for the promise, agreement, and undertaking of every other . party to such novation.”
Also, see 20 R. C. L. p. 367.
On the theory of novation, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed, with costs to the plaintiff.
Clark, C. J., and Potter, Sharpe, North, Fead, Wiest, and Btjtzel, JJ., concurred. | [
-0.02587890625,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.0166015625,
0.04296875,
-0.058349609375,
-0.021240234375,
-0.009521484375,
-0.0380859375,
-0.007110595703125,
0.0595703125,
0.043212890625,
-0.0137939453125,
0.03662109375,
0.0196533203125,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.036376953125,
0.01031494140625,
-0.04248046875,
0.0016937255859375,
0.0079345703125,
-0.047607421875,
-0.0634765625,
-0.00213623046875,
0.01409912109375,
0.00145721435546875,
0.014892578125,
-0.0255126953125,
0.06298828125,
0.0361328125,
0.0111083984375,
0.0035400390625,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.0036163330078125,
0.0146484375,
-0.021240234375,
0.022705078125,
-0.05908203125,
0.0296630859375,
-0.0174560546875,
0.034912109375,
0.01953125,
0.03369140625,
-0.05078125,
-0.03076171875,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0556640625,
-0.03515625,
0.06982421875,
-0.039306640625,
0.0179443359375,
-0.0133056640625,
0.0087890625,
-0.0517578125,
0.0028228759765625,
-0.03662109375,
-0.044921875,
-0.0169677734375,
0.0072021484375,
0.03564453125,
0.000827789306640625,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.0078125,
-0.043701171875,
0.00335693359375,
0.003143310546875,
0.006195068359375,
0.00390625,
-0.000629425048828125,
-0.01611328125,
0.01556396484375,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.017822265625,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.00634765625,
-0.0390625,
-0.02587890625,
0.0130615234375,
0.0031280517578125,
0.04345703125,
-0.00787353515625,
0.00921630859375,
0.019287109375,
-0.0238037109375,
0.01226806640625,
-0.01336669921875,
0.01031494140625,
0.003692626953125,
0.03125,
-0.0098876953125,
0.045166015625,
0.00909423828125,
0.00360107421875,
0.0208740234375,
0.032470703125,
-0.01470947265625,
0.025390625,
0.0274658203125,
0.0017547607421875,
0.02587890625,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.0096435546875,
0.078125,
-0.006072998046875,
0.0286865234375,
-0.055419921875,
-0.006927490234375,
-0.0035400390625,
-0.0019989013671875,
0.0250244140625,
-0.00191497802734375,
0.033935546875,
-0.046630859375,
-0.060302734375,
-0.017822265625,
-0.0220947265625,
0.016357421875,
-0.02001953125,
-0.0189208984375,
0.061279296875,
0.00433349609375,
0.0252685546875,
-0.0179443359375,
0.00897216796875,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.0008392333984375,
0.03857421875,
-0.031982421875,
0.0225830078125,
0.050537109375,
0.00106048583984375,
-0.045166015625,
0.0240478515625,
0.005035400390625,
0.0177001953125,
0.015380859375,
0.046142578125,
0.0108642578125,
0.012939453125,
0.04345703125,
-0.022705078125,
0.004669189453125,
0.046142578125,
0.0255126953125,
0.050537109375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.004974365234375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.018310546875,
-0.059814453125,
0.006805419921875,
0.0498046875,
0.0240478515625,
0.01434326171875,
-0.03369140625,
0.01544189453125,
-0.026611328125,
0.0032958984375,
-0.02685546875,
0.0040283203125,
0.01483154296875,
0.00170135498046875,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.04052734375,
0.0036468505859375,
-0.0126953125,
0.0263671875,
-0.033447265625,
-0.035888671875,
0.01544189453125,
-0.007049560546875,
-0.0517578125,
-0.026123046875,
0.049560546875,
0.00433349609375,
0.052734375,
-0.0224609375,
-0.02197265625,
-0.034912109375,
0.028564453125,
0.0291748046875,
-0.004486083984375,
-0.005645751953125,
0.032958984375,
-0.0031890869140625,
-0.040283203125,
-0.02685546875,
-0.037109375,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.01318359375,
-0.0126953125,
-0.0458984375,
0.043212890625,
0.002197265625,
0.0277099609375,
-0.057373046875,
-0.004180908203125,
0.048828125,
0.0240478515625,
-0.026611328125,
-0.01470947265625,
0.003143310546875,
0.055908203125,
-0.017578125,
-0.0245361328125,
0.07275390625,
0.029052734375,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0166015625,
-0.02099609375,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.0146484375,
-0.043701171875,
-0.015380859375,
0.023193359375,
0.011962890625,
0.0164794921875,
-0.06640625,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.029052734375,
0.011962890625,
-0.037109375,
0.02685546875,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.025390625,
0.05322265625,
0.0299072265625,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.00775146484375,
0.0108642578125,
0.00897216796875,
0.054931640625,
-0.007781982421875,
-0.034423828125,
0.026123046875,
-0.00139617919921875,
0.0150146484375,
0.0164794921875,
-0.0003814697265625,
-0.0015716552734375,
0.035400390625,
0.01043701171875,
-0.025390625,
0.0250244140625,
-0.006805419921875,
-0.02392578125,
-0.0306396484375,
0.038818359375,
-0.042724609375,
0.04638671875,
-0.0211181640625,
0.01422119140625,
-0.017333984375,
0.027587890625,
0.02880859375,
0.0255126953125,
-0.057861328125,
-0.034423828125,
0.0230712890625,
0.0140380859375,
-0.04443359375,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.01220703125,
-0.0224609375,
0.05908203125,
0.00122833251953125,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.01458740234375,
0.0035552978515625,
-0.033203125,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.0390625,
-0.007476806640625,
0.00213623046875,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.00634765625,
0.03076171875,
-0.038330078125,
0.0166015625,
-0.016357421875,
0.0224609375,
-0.035888671875,
0.07421875,
-0.013427734375,
0.06591796875,
0.0284423828125,
-0.039794921875,
-0.054931640625,
0.0035858154296875,
0.047607421875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.018310546875,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.015869140625,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.01953125,
-0.072265625,
0.0306396484375,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.049072265625,
0.007354736328125,
-0.00811767578125,
0.007781982421875,
-0.00072479248046875,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.006744384765625,
0.046630859375,
-0.0079345703125,
0.0030670166015625,
-0.031982421875,
0.056396484375,
0.0091552734375,
-0.007110595703125,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.039306640625,
-0.023193359375,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.013427734375,
-0.04345703125,
0.0068359375,
0.031494140625,
0.02392578125,
-0.064453125,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.02734375,
-0.013427734375,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.009521484375,
0.0014801025390625,
-0.01806640625,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.00897216796875,
0.000732421875,
0.01953125,
-0.0308837890625,
-0.0037994384765625,
-0.01043701171875,
0.044189453125,
0.0673828125,
0.01409912109375,
-0.044677734375,
0.00701904296875,
0.00098419189453125,
-0.01025390625,
-0.030517578125,
-0.033935546875,
-0.006622314453125,
0.0021820068359375,
0.000888824462890625,
0.0216064453125,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.006256103515625,
0.00970458984375,
-0.00021457672119140625,
0.038330078125,
-0.03466796875,
-0.037841796875,
0.0019073486328125,
-0.022705078125,
0.001678466796875,
-0.005401611328125,
0.0184326171875,
-0.02197265625,
0.0302734375,
0.080078125,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.017333984375,
-0.034912109375,
-0.048583984375,
0.016357421875,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.044677734375,
0.030517578125,
0.02197265625,
-0.012451171875,
0.00457763671875,
0.056884765625,
0.04541015625,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.013916015625,
0.021240234375,
-0.011474609375,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0234375,
-0.041748046875,
0.00811767578125,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.019775390625,
-0.043212890625,
0.045654296875,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.01055908203125,
0.00738525390625,
0.07958984375,
0.0289306640625,
0.0306396484375,
0.005279541015625,
-0.061767578125,
0.0002651214599609375,
-0.056640625,
0.03466796875,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.0106201171875,
0.01483154296875,
0.0341796875,
0.0250244140625,
0.005828857421875,
0.02685546875,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.0267333984375,
0.00567626953125,
0.03564453125,
0.0022430419921875,
-0.033203125,
-0.041748046875,
0.055419921875,
0.040283203125,
0.041748046875,
-0.0361328125,
0.0791015625,
-0.048828125,
0.01904296875,
0.0242919921875,
0.01458740234375,
-0.00311279296875,
0.0322265625,
-0.0196533203125,
0.01806640625,
0.0615234375,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.0186767578125,
0.044189453125,
-0.0024871826171875,
0.06298828125,
-0.04296875,
-0.04150390625,
0.03759765625,
0.0283203125,
0.030517578125,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.00122833251953125,
0.036865234375,
0.040771484375,
-0.025390625,
0.05126953125,
-0.009765625,
-0.02587890625,
0.0274658203125,
0.052490234375,
-0.046142578125,
0.0361328125,
-0.01513671875,
0.0269775390625,
0.00848388671875,
0.00927734375,
-0.011962890625,
0.0235595703125,
0.038330078125,
0.02001953125,
0.00080108642578125,
0.020751953125,
-0.017578125,
0.02099609375,
0.0400390625,
0.03076171875,
-0.00970458984375,
0.03466796875,
0.000942230224609375,
0.00335693359375,
0.013427734375,
-0.036865234375,
0.035400390625,
-0.01544189453125,
0.0086669921875,
0.0009002685546875,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.04931640625,
-0.04296875,
0.006195068359375,
-0.039794921875,
-0.004638671875,
0.0299072265625,
-0.0019989013671875,
-0.01171875,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.0140380859375,
0.0146484375,
0.0118408203125,
0.037109375,
-0.021728515625,
0.030029296875,
0.00115966796875,
0.01397705078125,
-0.013916015625,
-0.041015625,
-0.04736328125,
0.0126953125,
0.08740234375,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0166015625,
0.01336669921875,
0.0291748046875,
0.004730224609375,
-0.0225830078125,
0.0556640625,
-0.00933837890625,
0.037841796875,
0.07421875,
0.060791015625,
-0.0308837890625,
-0.04296875,
-0.026123046875,
-0.01324462890625,
0.0242919921875,
-0.01239013671875,
0.0186767578125,
-0.025390625,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.0047607421875,
-0.0000019669532775878906,
-0.049072265625,
-0.048583984375,
0.010009765625,
0.01507568359375,
0.0283203125,
-0.0244140625,
0.0250244140625,
0.0101318359375,
-0.0289306640625,
0.032958984375,
0.003173828125,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.006927490234375,
-0.00299072265625,
-0.029052734375,
0.03271484375,
0.006134033203125,
-0.0045166015625,
0.0021209716796875,
-0.03857421875,
0.06494140625,
-0.00830078125,
-0.041259765625,
-0.02392578125,
-0.007110595703125,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0238037109375,
0.03466796875,
-0.02294921875,
0.047607421875,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.0057373046875,
0.046142578125,
-0.041015625,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.07666015625,
0.0296630859375,
-0.03759765625,
-0.00083160400390625,
0.0126953125,
0.0185546875,
0.03515625,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.03125,
-0.041015625,
-0.049560546875,
-0.043701171875,
0.036865234375,
-0.0005645751953125,
0.00946044921875,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.058837890625,
0.03564453125,
-0.024658203125,
0.02099609375,
0.06298828125,
-0.00750732421875,
-0.017822265625,
-0.03125,
0.02880859375,
0.012451171875,
-0.038330078125,
-0.03173828125,
-0.022705078125,
0.01470947265625,
-0.02001953125,
-0.02294921875,
0.005767822265625,
-0.048583984375,
0.051025390625,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.01513671875,
-0.005157470703125,
-0.056396484375,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.01556396484375,
0.03466796875,
-0.0191650390625,
0.01544189453125,
0.053955078125,
-0.0006866455078125,
-0.022705078125,
0.0308837890625,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.000797271728515625,
-0.07470703125,
0.006103515625,
0.00604248046875,
-0.01470947265625,
0.0291748046875,
0.006561279296875,
-0.048828125,
-0.039794921875,
-0.019775390625,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.030517578125,
-0.041259765625,
0.0167236328125,
0.04248046875,
-0.048828125,
0.007659912109375,
0.0281982421875,
-0.01544189453125,
0.0380859375,
-0.0625,
0.01043701171875,
-0.03125,
-0.04736328125,
0.036376953125,
0.00775146484375,
-0.0311279296875,
-0.003173828125,
0.0257568359375,
-0.0186767578125,
0.01544189453125,
0.04638671875,
-0.00732421875,
-0.05029296875,
-0.012939453125,
0.032958984375,
0.07568359375,
-0.00130462646484375,
-0.0223388671875,
0.0419921875,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.003265380859375,
-0.001220703125,
0.0211181640625,
-0.00021266937255859375,
-0.06103515625,
-0.0223388671875,
0.04296875,
-0.00084686279296875,
0.031982421875,
-0.030029296875,
-0.0303955078125,
0.01171875,
0.03564453125,
-0.0361328125,
0.025146484375,
-0.0033111572265625,
0.052978515625,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.007598876953125,
-0.007781982421875,
0.0247802734375,
0.01531982421875,
0.01458740234375,
-0.04931640625,
-0.0018463134765625,
-0.0001811981201171875,
-0.0673828125,
-0.051513671875,
-0.037353515625,
0.0107421875,
0.0224609375,
0.0111083984375,
-0.0072021484375,
-0.006683349609375,
-0.0205078125,
-0.0023956298828125,
-0.02685546875,
0.003936767578125,
-0.01611328125,
0.037353515625,
0.01092529296875,
0.0206298828125,
0.0184326171875,
0.0208740234375,
0.01092529296875,
0.02490234375,
-0.0206298828125,
0.00726318359375,
-0.000942230224609375,
0.031982421875,
0.0036163330078125,
0.008056640625,
-0.015869140625,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.042724609375,
-0.020263671875,
-0.0027923583984375,
0.0172119140625,
0.060546875,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.024658203125,
0.04052734375,
-0.0233154296875,
0.0274658203125,
-0.03515625,
0.01611328125,
0.04833984375,
0.0252685546875,
-0.011962890625,
0.01141357421875,
0.009033203125,
0.002288818359375,
0.0208740234375,
0.041259765625,
0.007232666015625,
0.03271484375,
-0.016357421875,
0.004730224609375,
-0.043701171875,
-0.02783203125,
-0.028076171875,
0.034912109375,
0.0299072265625,
-0.0302734375,
0.044921875,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.04443359375,
-0.00152587890625,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.0072021484375,
0.0281982421875,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.0018310546875,
-0.005462646484375,
0.026123046875,
-0.01611328125,
0.039306640625,
-0.03759765625,
-0.031005859375,
-0.01409912109375,
0.005889892578125,
0.0296630859375,
0.00885009765625,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.01007080078125,
0.015869140625,
-0.044921875,
-0.040771484375,
-0.027587890625,
0.0302734375,
-0.01025390625,
-0.04296875,
-0.033447265625,
0.0106201171875,
-0.057373046875,
0.0247802734375,
0.01239013671875,
0.059326171875,
0.0181884765625,
0.009033203125,
-0.044677734375,
0.00421142578125,
-0.0005645751953125,
0.0033416748046875,
0.017333984375,
-0.053466796875,
-0.060791015625,
0.00921630859375,
0.0196533203125,
-0.00909423828125,
0.057861328125,
0.0169677734375,
0.007080078125,
-0.0458984375,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.0185546875,
0.037841796875,
0.0303955078125,
0.01226806640625,
-0.0303955078125,
0.003814697265625,
-0.01446533203125,
0.019287109375,
-0.023681640625,
0.036376953125,
0.0198974609375,
0.015869140625,
0.0068359375,
0.02490234375,
0.03515625,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.006561279296875,
-0.033447265625,
0.0257568359375,
-0.00775146484375,
0.0001316070556640625,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.0235595703125,
0.0230712890625,
-0.01708984375,
-0.03271484375,
0.03662109375,
0.0186767578125,
0.014892578125,
-0.01495361328125,
0.0277099609375,
0.0296630859375,
-0.00186920166015625,
-0.004730224609375,
0.0174560546875,
0.00982666015625,
-0.076171875,
-0.006805419921875,
0.0177001953125,
0.0211181640625,
0.0093994140625,
0.012939453125,
0.00860595703125,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.03173828125,
-0.00058746337890625,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.0712890625,
0.0050048828125,
0.01129150390625,
0.009521484375,
-0.0458984375,
0.0537109375,
0.0291748046875,
-0.019775390625,
-0.03857421875,
0.043212890625,
0.0279541015625,
0.0145263671875,
-0.0167236328125,
0.00921630859375,
0.0019683837890625,
0.04150390625,
0.0306396484375,
-0.016357421875,
0.0179443359375,
-0.007415771484375,
-0.0478515625,
0.006744384765625,
0.052734375,
-0.024658203125,
-0.034423828125,
-0.00060272216796875,
0.0093994140625,
-0.021728515625,
0.030517578125,
0.0216064453125,
-0.040771484375,
0.0228271484375,
0.01416015625,
-0.013427734375,
0.016845703125,
0.014404296875,
0.05224609375,
-0.0002231597900390625,
-0.0247802734375,
0.0301513671875,
-0.05224609375,
0.05859375,
-0.0458984375,
0.0228271484375,
0.0235595703125,
-0.04052734375,
-0.06201171875,
-0.01507568359375,
0.0238037109375,
0.00677490234375,
-0.05810546875,
0.00087738037109375,
-0.0146484375,
0.03173828125,
0.0027008056640625,
-0.025146484375,
-0.019287109375,
0.00921630859375,
0.046875,
0.01434326171875,
0.002227783203125,
0.00494384765625,
0.003021240234375,
0.025390625,
0.0279541015625,
0.049560546875,
0.0133056640625,
0.0242919921875,
0.00518798828125,
-0.05615234375,
0.01031494140625,
-0.02294921875,
0.00799560546875,
0.0281982421875,
0.004241943359375,
0.006744384765625,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.036865234375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.005218505859375,
-0.025634765625,
-0.00006914138793945312,
0.054931640625,
-0.034423828125,
0.283203125,
0.025146484375,
-0.01611328125,
0.0203857421875,
0.02685546875,
0.049560546875,
0.021484375,
0.00628662109375,
0.00482177734375,
0.0264892578125,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.01129150390625,
0.000823974609375,
-0.0003871917724609375,
0.0233154296875,
-0.055908203125,
0.043212890625,
0.006561279296875,
-0.05712890625,
0.01953125,
-0.047119140625,
-0.0031280517578125,
0.07666015625,
0.035400390625,
-0.00250244140625,
0.053466796875,
-0.05615234375,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.034912109375,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.0263671875,
0.0341796875,
-0.060302734375,
-0.0296630859375,
0.058349609375,
0.0341796875,
0.006591796875,
0.0123291015625,
0.000843048095703125,
0.007232666015625,
0.056396484375,
0.018310546875,
-0.0004711151123046875,
-0.014892578125,
0.0198974609375,
-0.049560546875,
0.060302734375,
0.0242919921875,
-0.03759765625,
0.046142578125,
0.0257568359375,
0.017333984375,
-0.043212890625,
-0.00762939453125,
0.01080322265625,
0.044677734375,
0.00811767578125,
-0.021240234375,
-0.040283203125,
-0.01055908203125,
0.0223388671875,
-0.01055908203125,
0.06396484375,
0.039794921875,
0.021484375,
0.048583984375,
0.0294189453125,
-0.0093994140625,
0.03369140625,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.03076171875,
-0.0296630859375,
0.00628662109375,
-0.000713348388671875,
-0.052978515625,
0.036865234375,
0.05029296875,
-0.04248046875,
0.01611328125,
-0.053955078125,
-0.0023956298828125,
0.024658203125,
0.0478515625,
0.017822265625,
-0.002838134765625,
-0.033935546875,
-0.01708984375,
-0.008544921875,
0.032958984375,
0.0274658203125,
-0.01165771484375,
0.03857421875,
0.01611328125
] |
Wiest, J.
This suit was commenced by summons, issued November 14, 1930, with February 13, 1930, as return day, stating damages not to exceed $25,000. Service was made November 18, 1930. Defendant did not appear, and judgment- by default was taken 'for $43,599.81, on January 24, 1931. August 28, 1931, .defendant filed a motion to set aside the default and judgment alleging that, when the summons was served, the deputy sheriff, making the service, called attention to the fact that, while the summons was issued in November, it required service on or before the previous February, and the defendants need not pay any attention thereto, and, relying thereon,.no attention was given the matter; also that the summons set the damages at $25,000, and judgment was taken for a much greater sum. The circuit judge set the default and judgment aside, and allowed time-for appearance and plea. Plaintiff reviews by appeal, duly authorized.
■The mistake in the return day of the summons was clearly of a clerical 'nature, and could not mislead defendants, for the summons required them to enter their appearance, within 15 days after service, if they cared to make a defense. Gould v. Castel, 47 Mich. 604; Low v. Mills, 61 Mich. 35; Whitmore v. Behm, 22 N. D. 280 (133 N. W. 300).
In Clutterbuck v. Wildman, 2 Tyrw. (Eng.) 276, a writ of quo minus was tested November 25, 1831, was served December 29,1831, with notice to appear on January 11, 1831, and it was held that:
“The mistake of inserting 1831 instead of 1832 in the notice to appear, was not such as to mislead the defendant, who might well understand what the period was to which it really referred. ’ ’
There is no merit in this point.
The purpose of stating the maximum claim of damages in the summons is to give notice to the defendant of the extent of plaintiff’s claim. More than six months having elapsed after the default and judgment, plaintiff invokes the court rule, former Circuit Court Rule No. 32, present Court Rule No. 28, against setting aside a default after the expiration of six months. The old court rule provided, and the present court rule provides:
“In all cases where personal service shall have been made upon a defendant, and proceedings taken after default on the. strength thereof, his default shall not be set aside unless the application shall be made within six months after such default is regularly filed or entered.”
Proceedings, after default, to come within this rule, must be regular. The proceedings herein, after default, were irregular. The summons served stated that plaintiff claimed damages “not exceeding $25,000. ’ ’ The declaration filed the day default was entered claimed damages in the sum of $50,000. The summons was not amended, and could not have been amended without new service, or notice.
The judgment was erroneously taken for $43,599.81. Such judgment was not, and could not be taken on the strength of the default, and, therefore, was not a proceeding after default within the mentioned rule.
The circuit judge was right in entertaining the motion to set aside the default, and we approve of the discretion he exercised.
Affirmed, with costs to defendant.
Clark, C. J., and McDonald, Potter, Sharpe, North, Fead, and Butzel, JJ., concurred. | [
-0.0546875,
0.00836181640625,
0.028076171875,
0.0478515625,
-0.05615234375,
-0.016845703125,
0.005950927734375,
-0.030029296875,
-0.006927490234375,
0.0810546875,
0.027587890625,
-0.023681640625,
0.010498046875,
0.00469970703125,
-0.043701171875,
0.0021209716796875,
-0.045654296875,
0.0306396484375,
-0.019775390625,
0.055908203125,
0.0186767578125,
0.00121307373046875,
-0.024169921875,
-0.0185546875,
-0.0157470703125,
0.0159912109375,
0.01470947265625,
-0.01385498046875,
0.0703125,
0.0068359375,
-0.005645751953125,
-0.0216064453125,
0.0028839111328125,
-0.02490234375,
-0.0322265625,
-0.023193359375,
0.0299072265625,
-0.064453125,
-0.0002613067626953125,
0.00482177734375,
0.054931640625,
0.0033721923828125,
0.03369140625,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.049072265625,
-0.043212890625,
-0.01007080078125,
0.00775146484375,
-0.05322265625,
0.01416015625,
-0.013427734375,
-0.023681640625,
-0.030029296875,
0.006927490234375,
-0.04248046875,
-0.016845703125,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.00628662109375,
0.020263671875,
0.0125732421875,
-0.01318359375,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.037841796875,
0.0108642578125,
0.05322265625,
-0.0299072265625,
0.00689697265625,
-0.005523681640625,
0.002655029296875,
-0.004058837890625,
0.00029754638671875,
0.00994873046875,
0.000553131103515625,
-0.0072021484375,
-0.031982421875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.046142578125,
0.007537841796875,
0.001190185546875,
0.01214599609375,
-0.04638671875,
0.028564453125,
0.005615234375,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.00095367431640625,
-0.0006103515625,
-0.0128173828125,
0.023681640625,
-0.00025177001953125,
-0.01171875,
0.0791015625,
-0.03662109375,
-0.0140380859375,
0.036865234375,
0.0174560546875,
-0.00994873046875,
0.0311279296875,
0.007080078125,
-0.0257568359375,
0.017333984375,
0.01153564453125,
-0.03173828125,
0.052734375,
0.00640869140625,
0.03271484375,
-0.04248046875,
-0.037109375,
-0.0478515625,
-0.006591796875,
0.0208740234375,
-0.007110595703125,
0.044921875,
-0.0458984375,
-0.039794921875,
0.0140380859375,
-0.01385498046875,
0.01214599609375,
0.004486083984375,
-0.00634765625,
0.07763671875,
-0.00064849853515625,
0.044921875,
-0.007049560546875,
0.0269775390625,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.0162353515625,
0.078125,
0.004913330078125,
0.016845703125,
0.0177001953125,
0.01324462890625,
-0.02392578125,
0.01611328125,
0.0238037109375,
0.033203125,
0.004730224609375,
-0.002593994140625,
0.0262451171875,
-0.025146484375,
0.049560546875,
-0.022216796875,
-0.0072021484375,
0.046142578125,
0.015625,
0.027587890625,
0.0159912109375,
0.0419921875,
-0.039306640625,
0.015625,
-0.052978515625,
-0.006103515625,
0.058837890625,
0.023193359375,
0.023193359375,
0.0205078125,
0.00970458984375,
-0.037841796875,
0.00119781494140625,
-0.025390625,
-0.000942230224609375,
0.0196533203125,
-0.0439453125,
-0.0244140625,
0.01409912109375,
-0.00390625,
-0.01611328125,
0.00927734375,
-0.013427734375,
-0.032958984375,
0.01318359375,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.038330078125,
0.0257568359375,
0.0233154296875,
0.04931640625,
-0.037109375,
-0.0234375,
-0.003814697265625,
-0.03662109375,
0.0235595703125,
0.03173828125,
0.01153564453125,
0.03564453125,
-0.013427734375,
0.01214599609375,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.033203125,
-0.006439208984375,
0.0230712890625,
-0.0159912109375,
0.00531005859375,
0.00006580352783203125,
0.00653076171875,
0.02392578125,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.0040283203125,
0.03466796875,
-0.0101318359375,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.0052490234375,
0.0458984375,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.0184326171875,
0.08203125,
0.015869140625,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.0101318359375,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.0185546875,
-0.017578125,
-0.0047607421875,
0.0179443359375,
-0.0223388671875,
0.014892578125,
-0.06640625,
0.0164794921875,
-0.039306640625,
0.02685546875,
-0.0390625,
0.0306396484375,
0.01025390625,
-0.0257568359375,
0.016357421875,
0.0294189453125,
-0.00885009765625,
0.0537109375,
-0.025390625,
0.01434326171875,
0.0111083984375,
0.053466796875,
-0.021484375,
-0.043701171875,
0.051513671875,
0.05908203125,
-0.00079345703125,
0.0157470703125,
-0.006500244140625,
0.0269775390625,
0.060546875,
0.00396728515625,
-0.0225830078125,
0.043212890625,
-0.017822265625,
-0.024658203125,
-0.0301513671875,
0.0390625,
0.003143310546875,
0.040771484375,
-0.0252685546875,
0.01129150390625,
-0.0057373046875,
0.0120849609375,
0.044921875,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.04248046875,
-0.0284423828125,
0.0230712890625,
0.029541015625,
-0.01708984375,
-0.006317138671875,
0.03076171875,
-0.01434326171875,
0.06103515625,
0.01007080078125,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.04833984375,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.033447265625,
0.0031890869140625,
0.011962890625,
-0.0047607421875,
-0.04443359375,
-0.00518798828125,
-0.043212890625,
0.047607421875,
-0.02734375,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.0213623046875,
0.02685546875,
-0.01275634765625,
0.01318359375,
-0.01531982421875,
0.01202392578125,
-0.00007390975952148438,
0.054931640625,
0.00075531005859375,
-0.046630859375,
-0.042724609375,
0.052734375,
0.0390625,
0.021728515625,
-0.0023956298828125,
0.0096435546875,
-0.00994873046875,
0.00225830078125,
0.0106201171875,
-0.0181884765625,
0.0289306640625,
-0.02099609375,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0283203125,
-0.026123046875,
0.0010528564453125,
0.0233154296875,
0.005828857421875,
-0.04931640625,
0.0167236328125,
-0.005584716796875,
0.0140380859375,
-0.01239013671875,
0.0361328125,
0.000583648681640625,
0.00185394287109375,
-0.01025390625,
-0.07275390625,
-0.0159912109375,
0.00592041015625,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.01025390625,
-0.006683349609375,
0.006317138671875,
0.0189208984375,
-0.050537109375,
-0.02587890625,
-0.02978515625,
-0.037353515625,
-0.04833984375,
-0.0216064453125,
0.006317138671875,
-0.01904296875,
-0.012451171875,
0.0103759765625,
-0.023681640625,
0.0289306640625,
-0.0106201171875,
0.05517578125,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0380859375,
0.03955078125,
-0.006103515625,
0.0576171875,
0.0546875,
-0.026123046875,
0.01953125,
0.0230712890625,
-0.0205078125,
-0.004119873046875,
-0.02001953125,
0.0218505859375,
0.007476806640625,
0.0206298828125,
0.007781982421875,
-0.0361328125,
-0.004913330078125,
0.03466796875,
0.04443359375,
0.002410888671875,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0004119873046875,
0.0126953125,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0269775390625,
0.0062255859375,
0.038818359375,
-0.01171875,
0.02001953125,
0.040283203125,
-0.0067138671875,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.0302734375,
-0.0419921875,
0.01611328125,
-0.01214599609375,
0.0052490234375,
0.0341796875,
0.0194091796875,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0089111328125,
0.0390625,
0.0034637451171875,
0.004364013671875,
-0.0230712890625,
0.021728515625,
-0.018310546875,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.00531005859375,
0.01116943359375,
0.05078125,
0.0103759765625,
-0.04638671875,
-0.0185546875,
0.0135498046875,
0.015380859375,
-0.01806640625,
0.0279541015625,
0.0206298828125,
-0.0185546875,
0.035888671875,
-0.002471923828125,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.0064697265625,
-0.0576171875,
0.0576171875,
-0.033203125,
0.01025390625,
0.021728515625,
0.0028228759765625,
0.04296875,
0.04541015625,
0.052490234375,
-0.033203125,
-0.053955078125,
0.020263671875,
0.039306640625,
-0.0078125,
-0.01129150390625,
0.019775390625,
0.0234375,
0.036865234375,
0.0250244140625,
-0.033203125,
0.08056640625,
-0.035888671875,
0.0135498046875,
0.0130615234375,
0.08837890625,
-0.0172119140625,
0.0234375,
-0.021484375,
-0.01007080078125,
0.07470703125,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.00823974609375,
0.004638671875,
0.023681640625,
0.057861328125,
-0.02490234375,
-0.0302734375,
0.015869140625,
0.0174560546875,
0.048583984375,
-0.01434326171875,
0.0159912109375,
0.01953125,
0.035888671875,
-0.02587890625,
0.08984375,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.0020599365234375,
0.0027008056640625,
0.058837890625,
-0.0322265625,
0.0224609375,
-0.02587890625,
0.07861328125,
-0.0311279296875,
-0.028564453125,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.001220703125,
0.0234375,
0.023681640625,
-0.00823974609375,
0.0250244140625,
-0.0002155303955078125,
0.00909423828125,
0.02978515625,
0.01507568359375,
-0.033203125,
0.0179443359375,
0.02978515625,
0.022705078125,
-0.0185546875,
0.006134033203125,
0.02490234375,
-0.03564453125,
0.016845703125,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.017333984375,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.02880859375,
-0.013671875,
-0.0296630859375,
0.0272216796875,
0.03125,
-0.007080078125,
-0.02197265625,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.08349609375,
-0.049560546875,
-0.0179443359375,
0.0030670166015625,
-0.0016021728515625,
-0.01141357421875,
0.00022029876708984375,
0.01129150390625,
0.0185546875,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.03515625,
-0.0263671875,
0.0166015625,
-0.033447265625,
0.03662109375,
0.04296875,
0.0184326171875,
0.019287109375,
0.017578125,
0.0517578125,
0.0024566650390625,
-0.0038909912109375,
0.012939453125,
0.03662109375,
-0.0556640625,
-0.031982421875,
0.01422119140625,
-0.056640625,
0.0203857421875,
0.0196533203125,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.03759765625,
-0.07421875,
0.00848388671875,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.02197265625,
-0.044189453125,
-0.0008087158203125,
0.00872802734375,
0.027099609375,
-0.0263671875,
-0.0174560546875,
0.007476806640625,
-0.015869140625,
0.0274658203125,
0.031005859375,
-0.02099609375,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0322265625,
0.0284423828125,
0.0284423828125,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.00157928466796875,
-0.01275634765625,
0.00604248046875,
0.0111083984375,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.03466796875,
-0.02294921875,
0.010009765625,
0.05029296875,
0.01483154296875,
0.007781982421875,
0.048095703125,
0.0208740234375,
0.0255126953125,
0.031005859375,
-0.02587890625,
-0.042724609375,
-0.061767578125,
-0.00677490234375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.02294921875,
0.00506591796875,
0.0242919921875,
0.007415771484375,
-0.0033111572265625,
-0.0068359375,
-0.056640625,
-0.07275390625,
-0.0255126953125,
0.0076904296875,
0.01080322265625,
0.01507568359375,
-0.039306640625,
-0.07568359375,
0.0289306640625,
-0.0498046875,
-0.00341796875,
0.0517578125,
-0.01446533203125,
0.028564453125,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0291748046875,
0.01507568359375,
-0.005889892578125,
0.01226806640625,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.0244140625,
-0.04541015625,
-0.01904296875,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.045654296875,
0.03369140625,
0.0289306640625,
-0.002044677734375,
0.0185546875,
-0.0341796875,
-0.043701171875,
-0.000659942626953125,
0.0301513671875,
0.00836181640625,
0.06396484375,
0.0751953125,
-0.01318359375,
-0.030517578125,
0.02490234375,
-0.01708984375,
-0.01806640625,
-0.04052734375,
0.0284423828125,
0.01263427734375,
-0.0045166015625,
0.00775146484375,
0.0274658203125,
0.0106201171875,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.0244140625,
-0.028564453125,
-0.04833984375,
-0.053466796875,
-0.01141357421875,
0.033447265625,
-0.0185546875,
-0.01611328125,
0.0203857421875,
0.0286865234375,
0.0272216796875,
-0.0311279296875,
0.031494140625,
-0.0272216796875,
0.0240478515625,
0.006500244140625,
0.0106201171875,
0.024658203125,
-0.0322265625,
-0.00860595703125,
0.0059814453125,
0.0029449462890625,
0.0291748046875,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.049560546875,
0.005340576171875,
0.0162353515625,
0.07666015625,
-0.041015625,
-0.015380859375,
0.0272216796875,
0.03564453125,
-0.053955078125,
-0.00122833251953125,
-0.035888671875,
0.035888671875,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.0830078125,
0.007781982421875,
0.037109375,
0.04150390625,
0.022705078125,
-0.038818359375,
-0.005615234375,
0.0084228515625,
0.047607421875,
-0.08349609375,
0.01214599609375,
0.03564453125,
0.05517578125,
-0.048095703125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.01239013671875,
0.0164794921875,
-0.03125,
-0.002685546875,
0.030029296875,
-0.005889892578125,
0.0107421875,
-0.049072265625,
-0.06201171875,
-0.0517578125,
-0.0010528564453125,
0.051025390625,
-0.0244140625,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.02685546875,
-0.005706787109375,
0.021728515625,
-0.0439453125,
0.042236328125,
-0.00933837890625,
0.037841796875,
-0.01220703125,
-0.0057373046875,
-0.007232666015625,
0.017333984375,
0.0179443359375,
0.036376953125,
-0.03759765625,
0.0213623046875,
-0.000392913818359375,
0.0194091796875,
0.01025390625,
-0.007354736328125,
-0.08154296875,
-0.046142578125,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.03271484375,
0.0252685546875,
-0.0034027099609375,
0.04833984375,
0.01336669921875,
-0.050048828125,
0.00115203857421875,
0.044189453125,
-0.017822265625,
0.015380859375,
-0.01953125,
0.036865234375,
0.032470703125,
0.029296875,
-0.01708984375,
-0.00885009765625,
0.01556396484375,
0.033203125,
0.022705078125,
0.031494140625,
0.007476806640625,
-0.0030517578125,
-0.037109375,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.05126953125,
-0.036865234375,
0.037109375,
0.064453125,
-0.004730224609375,
0.008056640625,
0.033935546875,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.013671875,
0.0361328125,
-0.041748046875,
-0.040283203125,
0.04443359375,
0.017578125,
-0.006072998046875,
0.0037078857421875,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0037841796875,
0.006134033203125,
-0.02490234375,
-0.00457763671875,
0.0126953125,
-0.0147705078125,
0.04443359375,
0.01092529296875,
0.00299072265625,
0.0341796875,
0.0283203125,
-0.013427734375,
-0.059326171875,
-0.01287841796875,
0.01220703125,
-0.03173828125,
-0.017822265625,
-0.01141357421875,
0.020263671875,
-0.0703125,
0.05712890625,
0.03759765625,
0.029541015625,
-0.017578125,
0.020263671875,
-0.033203125,
-0.00714111328125,
0.026611328125,
-0.05322265625,
0.02001953125,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.058349609375,
0.0208740234375,
0.04638671875,
-0.00634765625,
0.0301513671875,
0.0277099609375,
-0.049072265625,
-0.027587890625,
-0.049072265625,
-0.032958984375,
0.056884765625,
0.0120849609375,
0.000690460205078125,
0.007110595703125,
0.022705078125,
0.034912109375,
0.0213623046875,
0.052001953125,
0.004974365234375,
0.00262451171875,
0.037109375,
-0.0211181640625,
0.019287109375,
0.00927734375,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.0203857421875,
0.009521484375,
-0.005126953125,
0.01556396484375,
-0.042236328125,
-0.064453125,
0.0164794921875,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.0040283203125,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.0262451171875,
0.049560546875,
0.032958984375,
0.020751953125,
0.0205078125,
0.0380859375,
0.0108642578125,
-0.0022735595703125,
0.013916015625,
0.0223388671875,
-0.0263671875,
-0.06591796875,
-0.0000629425048828125,
0.004974365234375,
0.0264892578125,
-0.00164031982421875,
0.02001953125,
0.0556640625,
-0.002105712890625,
-0.0037078857421875,
0.0005950927734375,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.0654296875,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.014404296875,
0.042724609375,
-0.0306396484375,
0.0010833740234375,
0.041015625,
-0.0026092529296875,
-0.042236328125,
0.051025390625,
0.026611328125,
0.0164794921875,
-0.022705078125,
0.006439208984375,
0.033447265625,
-0.016845703125,
0.0223388671875,
-0.052978515625,
-0.016845703125,
0.0194091796875,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.04833984375,
0.039306640625,
-0.03955078125,
-0.044677734375,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.0294189453125,
0.005218505859375,
0.041259765625,
-0.043212890625,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.053466796875,
-0.032958984375,
0.0206298828125,
0.0030364990234375,
0.07080078125,
-0.0034637451171875,
-0.02197265625,
0.0260009765625,
-0.0303955078125,
0.047119140625,
-0.033203125,
0.0361328125,
0.004638671875,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0634765625,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.004913330078125,
0.00469970703125,
-0.01953125,
-0.00921630859375,
0.048095703125,
0.024169921875,
-0.03271484375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.000301361083984375,
-0.00180816650390625,
0.02783203125,
0.028076171875,
-0.002044677734375,
0.035400390625,
0.0272216796875,
0.0172119140625,
0.031982421875,
0.01953125,
-0.043212890625,
-0.006866455078125,
0.01361083984375,
-0.029296875,
-0.054443359375,
-0.0272216796875,
0.01171875,
0.0081787109375,
0.0225830078125,
0.009033203125,
-0.006011962890625,
-0.029052734375,
0.005767822265625,
-0.036865234375,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.045166015625,
0.01611328125,
0.0045166015625,
0.04248046875,
0.0228271484375,
-0.03369140625,
0.275390625,
0.006439208984375,
-0.02734375,
-0.031982421875,
0.0228271484375,
0.031982421875,
-0.0010528564453125,
-0.0419921875,
-0.0240478515625,
0.0291748046875,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.01348876953125,
0.0308837890625,
0.016357421875,
0.0233154296875,
-0.0306396484375,
0.0128173828125,
0.072265625,
-0.04296875,
-0.007110595703125,
0.00787353515625,
-0.0072021484375,
0.054443359375,
0.02197265625,
-0.0029449462890625,
0.059326171875,
-0.043212890625,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.01904296875,
0.01202392578125,
-0.03125,
0.0036773681640625,
-0.012451171875,
-0.03857421875,
0.037353515625,
0.0189208984375,
0.005859375,
-0.004791259765625,
-0.0262451171875,
0.0106201171875,
0.01263427734375,
-0.006256103515625,
0.0184326171875,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.039306640625,
0.031982421875,
0.061279296875,
-0.048583984375,
0.056396484375,
0.0038909912109375,
0.021484375,
0.01116943359375,
-0.048583984375,
0.0145263671875,
0.01953125,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.03857421875,
-0.03125,
0.00023746490478515625,
0.01336669921875,
0.0341796875,
0.0250244140625,
0.0093994140625,
0.03076171875,
0.01153564453125,
0.005126953125,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0003452301025390625,
0.0023193359375,
-0.014892578125,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.01416015625,
0.01287841796875,
-0.0042724609375,
-0.0517578125,
0.01904296875,
0.0712890625,
-0.039306640625,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.041015625,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.000812530517578125,
0.033935546875,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.005462646484375,
-0.04443359375,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.020751953125,
0.0181884765625,
0.0242919921875,
0.0137939453125,
0.0093994140625,
0.026123046875
] |
McDonald, J.
(dissenting). This is an action to recover damages for injuries resulting in the death of Oscar Spencer occasioned by a collision between an automobile which he was driving and one of the defendant’s street cars. The accident happened on Temple avenue near Twelfth street in the city of Detroit, Michigan. Temple avenue is a narrow thoroughfare with a single street car track in the center. At the point of the accident there was a parked automobile at the southerly curb of the street. There was not sufficient room for a motor vehicle to pass between the parked automobile and a street car running parallel to it. The plaintiff’s decedent was driving eastward following a taxicab. The street car was coming from the opposite direction. When the taxicab reached the parked automobile, it veered to the left over the street car track, and, after passing, resumed its proper place in the street. The decedent attempted to pass the parked automobile in the same way, but before he got off the track, he was struck by the street car. He received injuries which resulted in his death a few days later.
On the trial at the close of the plaintiff’s case, the defendant moved for a • directed verdict on the ground of contributory negligence and lack of evidence to show defendant’s negligence. Decision was reserved. At the conclusion of all the evidence, the trial court submitted to the jury only the question of subsequent negligence. The verdict was in favor of the plaintiff. On motion, a judgment for the defendant non obstante veredicto was entered. The plaintiff has appealed.
The principal question involved is whether the court was right in holding as a matter of law that the defendant was not guilty of subsequent negligence.
Conceding, for the purpose of this discussion, that the plaintiff’s decedent was negligent in driving on the track, in view of the approaching street car, his negligence ceased when he attempted to drive off and avoid the collision. The motorman had a clear view of the track, and says that he observed the decedent’s peril. There is evidence that at that time he was 20 or 30 feet from the automobile. He testified that the street car was going at a speed of 5 miles an hour, and that he could have stopped it within a distance of 3 or 4 feet. If he had done so he would have avoided the accident. The plaintiff’s evidence is that he made no attempt to stop the car; that its speed was not slackened before the collision. If he was able to avoid the collision by stopping the car, after observing the decedent’s position of peril, and made no reasonable effort to do so, he was guilty of subsequent negligence. In view of the evidence, the question was for the jury.
My Brother, Justice North, contends that the record presents a case of concurrent negligence. He bases his contention on a misunderstanding of the speed of decedent’s automobile, which he claims was traveling 18 or 20 miles an hour. Leon L. Theuret, a witness for the defendant, testified:
“The automobile was not coming at all fast.
“Q. How fast do you think it was coming?
“A. I think he was coming about 10 or 12 miles an hour. I was surprised at how slow the man was coming. That was in my mind all the time. ’ ’
In view of this evidence, Justice North is wrong in his conclusion as to the time the collision occurred after the motorman observed the decedent’s position of peril.
In disposing of the motion for judgment non obstante veredicto, the trial court was of the opinion that he could consider only such testimony as had been introduced up to the close of the plaintiff’s case, at which time the defendant requested a directed verdict. In this the court was wrong. The hearing on the question of the entry of a judgment, notwithstanding the verdict, is a reserved consideration of a request made for a directed verdict at the close of all the testimony. If, as a matter of law, a defendant is entitled to a directed verdict at that time, he is entitled to judgment notwithstanding the verdict after the jury has determined the issue against him. But all of the evidence must be considered. In this case, when so considered, it clearly appears there is evidence that would justify the jury in finding subsequent negligence. The court erred in entering a judgment for defendant.
As the record contains no assignments of error by the defendant, the judgment should be reversed, and the cause remanded to the circuit court for the entry of judgment on the verdict as rendered. In re Knox’s Estate, 220 Mich. 469; Yacobian v. Vartanian, 221 Mich. 25.
The judgment should be reversed, with costs to the plaintiff.
Clark, C. J., concurred with McDonald, J.
North, J. I am not in accord with Justice McDonald’s statement:
“Conceding, for the purpose of this discussion, that the plaintiff’s decedent was negligent in driving on the track, in view of the approaching street car, his negligence ceased when he attempted to drive off and avoid the collision.”
Nor can I concur with his holding that the verdict and judgment can be sustained on the theory of subsequent negligence.
The negligence of plaintiff’s decedent continued until the instant of the impact, because he continued to drive his automobile forward and in the direction in which it collided with the street car. It was a proximate cause of the accident itself.
“If there was concurrent negligence, the doctrine of subsequent negligence could have no application. * * * In order that there be intervening negligence on the part of the defendant, it is necessary that the plaintiff’s antecedent negligence as a proximate cause should have ceased. The evidence is that it continued up to the time of the impact, that is, assuming that the cars collided on the pavement. The doctrine of subsequent negligence is not applicable.” Howell v. Hakes, 251 Mich. 372.
To the same effect see Gibbard v. Cursan, 225 Mich. 311.
Justice McDonald calls attention to an inaccuracy in a former draft of this opinion wherein the speed at which decedent was driving his- automobile was placed at 18 to 20 miles per hour. Conceding this, and “accepting the minimum rate of 10 miles per hour as the rate at which plaintiff’s decedent was driving, still the principle by which this case is governed is not rendered less applicable. If, as appears from the facts in Justice McDonald’s opinion and construed most favorably to plaintiff, decedent was driving only 10 miles per hour and the street car was traveling only 5 miles per hour, and the two were 30 feet from each other when the motorman had his first view of the oncoming automobile, still the impact would occur in less than a second and a half thereafter.
The law does not require performance of the impossible. It is a matter of common knowledge that in an emergency an interval of time must be allowed for one’s mental faculties to function, then follows performance of the physical acts incident to averting the impending danger, and then a further interval of time intervenes in which the applied mechanical parts — such as brakes — are taking effect. Defendant’s motorman not only had to discover that plaintiff’s decedent was approaching in the path of the street car, but also that, because of the automobile parked at the curb, plaintiff’s decedent could not veer to his right and leave the street car track as the taxicab driver had done the instant before. Until the motorman comprehended this full sitúa tion, or in reason should have done so, he could not be held guilty of subsequent negligence, because until that instant the motorman was guilty of no negligence whatever. If the motorman was guilty of negligence thereafter, it was negligence which was. concurrent with that of plaintiff’s decedent in causing the accident. As this court said in Ssost v. Dykman, 252 Mich. 151, so here, the testimony shows no point of .time or place at which defendant’s negligence became subsequent to that of plaintiff’s decedent. Splitting time to the fraction of a second as a basis of applying the doctrine of subsequent negligence is more than either a practical or a just application of this phase of the law will permit. Ou this record there is neither reason nor justice in permitting recovery against the defendant on the theory of subsequent negligence.
The following determination reached by the trial court is sustained by the record:
“The fact that the driver of the automobile attempted to swerve his car to the right between the parked car and the street car does not absolve him from contributory negligence. That act, in my opinion, came too late to warrant the court in saying that the negligence of the decedent had ceased to operate'. It came at too late a time for the court to say that the motorman should have apprehended that the plaintiff was in a place of peril and 'should have taken effective steps to avoid the accident.”
The judgment entered in the circuit court is affirmed, with costs to appellee.
Potter, Sharpe, Pead, Wiest, and Butzel, JJ., concurred with North, J. | [
-0.047607421875,
0.038818359375,
0.0380859375,
0.0279541015625,
-0.052978515625,
-0.02685546875,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.01953125,
-0.003143310546875,
0.064453125,
0.0234375,
0.0225830078125,
0.01171875,
-0.00165557861328125,
0.0027618408203125,
-0.0133056640625,
0.0002765655517578125,
0.02587890625,
-0.036865234375,
0.0027008056640625,
0.006805419921875,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.04150390625,
-0.0208740234375,
0.0084228515625,
0.026123046875,
-0.01904296875,
0.05078125,
0.0191650390625,
0.0172119140625,
-0.0157470703125,
0.0341796875,
-0.0166015625,
-0.005035400390625,
0.0208740234375,
0.0498046875,
-0.0478515625,
0.043701171875,
0.0142822265625,
0.029052734375,
0.00927734375,
0.036376953125,
-0.045654296875,
-0.01123046875,
-0.0546875,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.033447265625,
0.001251220703125,
-0.0498046875,
-0.00006437301635742188,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.002685546875,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.0002841949462890625,
-0.034912109375,
-0.006988525390625,
0.0228271484375,
-0.015869140625,
0.024658203125,
0.02978515625,
-0.0179443359375,
0.022216796875,
-0.033935546875,
0.0181884765625,
0.038818359375,
0.01043701171875,
0.00677490234375,
-0.02001953125,
-0.0057373046875,
-0.03125,
0.007110595703125,
0.005706787109375,
0.000362396240234375,
-0.021240234375,
-0.00070953369140625,
-0.0050048828125,
-0.01708984375,
0.01953125,
0.016357421875,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.005462646484375,
0.080078125,
-0.006378173828125,
-0.01171875,
0.013916015625,
0.005828857421875,
0.01129150390625,
-0.041259765625,
-0.007415771484375,
0.006256103515625,
0.0400390625,
-0.0048828125,
-0.00634765625,
0.0322265625,
0.047607421875,
-0.02392578125,
-0.013916015625,
0.046875,
-0.0291748046875,
0.01275634765625,
0.0308837890625,
0.0002803802490234375,
0.0498046875,
-0.0224609375,
0.03125,
-0.039306640625,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.005096435546875,
-0.026123046875,
0.0262451171875,
0.0322265625,
0.01177978515625,
0.0025787353515625,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.0027618408203125,
-0.00323486328125,
0.004791259765625,
-0.01611328125,
0.0155029296875,
0.046630859375,
-0.009521484375,
0.0289306640625,
0.009521484375,
-0.00543212890625,
-0.0111083984375,
0.0031585693359375,
0.05322265625,
-0.021484375,
0.0213623046875,
0.0186767578125,
0.0291748046875,
-0.0098876953125,
0.00162506103515625,
0.02587890625,
0.025390625,
0.0115966796875,
0.0174560546875,
0.0155029296875,
0.057373046875,
0.0201416015625,
0.007110595703125,
-0.00142669677734375,
0.06689453125,
0.003631591796875,
0.046875,
-0.028076171875,
0.03662109375,
-0.033935546875,
-0.02734375,
-0.04541015625,
0.00408935546875,
0.019775390625,
-0.0162353515625,
0.0264892578125,
-0.03662109375,
0.000560760498046875,
-0.037841796875,
0.046142578125,
0.048095703125,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.00982666015625,
0.023681640625,
0.0458984375,
-0.0184326171875,
0.03662109375,
-0.03173828125,
0.0341796875,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.015869140625,
0.035888671875,
-0.02734375,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.03369140625,
0.048828125,
0.034423828125,
0.0166015625,
0.00135040283203125,
-0.041748046875,
0.002838134765625,
-0.0240478515625,
0.034912109375,
0.0712890625,
-0.004119873046875,
-0.0030975341796875,
-0.036376953125,
0.0032958984375,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.0220947265625,
0.00148773193359375,
0.0166015625,
-0.0625,
-0.00164794921875,
0.0228271484375,
0.0341796875,
-0.002655029296875,
-0.0296630859375,
0.04541015625,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.0233154296875,
0.005615234375,
0.0286865234375,
-0.03515625,
-0.0166015625,
0.040283203125,
0.02490234375,
-0.01043701171875,
0.019775390625,
0.02001953125,
-0.0029144287109375,
0.00128936767578125,
-0.025634765625,
0.0159912109375,
0.02392578125,
-0.0027618408203125,
-0.0037384033203125,
-0.045654296875,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.009765625,
0.00775146484375,
0.0020599365234375,
0.012451171875,
-0.0026092529296875,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.004180908203125,
0.0185546875,
-0.0260009765625,
0.01397705078125,
0.00872802734375,
-0.006866455078125,
-0.006500244140625,
0.0625,
-0.005340576171875,
-0.046142578125,
0.00098419189453125,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.007415771484375,
-0.0089111328125,
0.03173828125,
0.06396484375,
0.054443359375,
0.00012111663818359375,
-0.0177001953125,
0.04443359375,
0.0213623046875,
-0.00885009765625,
0.01611328125,
0.020751953125,
0.022705078125,
0.01007080078125,
-0.0001544952392578125,
-0.0185546875,
0.03076171875,
0.029541015625,
0.060546875,
0.021240234375,
-0.04248046875,
-0.048583984375,
0.06591796875,
0.06396484375,
-0.048095703125,
-0.00970458984375,
0.0306396484375,
-0.006744384765625,
0.03271484375,
-0.008056640625,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.032958984375,
-0.024169921875,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0162353515625,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.08154296875,
0.0172119140625,
-0.0220947265625,
0.08203125,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.0169677734375,
0.000537872314453125,
-0.035400390625,
0.009765625,
-0.015869140625,
0.058837890625,
-0.04296875,
0.004913330078125,
0.0198974609375,
0.02734375,
0.0244140625,
-0.06005859375,
-0.04443359375,
0.017822265625,
0.0052490234375,
-0.0263671875,
0.02685546875,
-0.00185394287109375,
-0.04736328125,
-0.022216796875,
0.0267333984375,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.013427734375,
0.002655029296875,
0.00701904296875,
0.018798828125,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.005615234375,
0.0245361328125,
-0.043701171875,
0.0142822265625,
0.01092529296875,
0.037841796875,
-0.01416015625,
0.08642578125,
-0.01104736328125,
0.0010833740234375,
0.023193359375,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0218505859375,
0.00012111663818359375,
-0.04638671875,
-0.04541015625,
-0.01025390625,
0.04541015625,
0.031982421875,
-0.0634765625,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.060302734375,
0.00469970703125,
0.01806640625,
0.01043701171875,
0.031005859375,
-0.0069580078125,
-0.042724609375,
-0.000812530517578125,
-0.03369140625,
0.0115966796875,
-0.00070953369140625,
0.0208740234375,
-0.031982421875,
0.0023193359375,
-0.00701904296875,
0.0126953125,
0.03173828125,
0.034912109375,
-0.011474609375,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0064697265625,
-0.05810546875,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.00653076171875,
-0.037353515625,
-0.006134033203125,
0.043701171875,
0.038330078125,
-0.043701171875,
-0.033447265625,
0.040283203125,
0.013671875,
-0.003631591796875,
-0.020263671875,
0.007080078125,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.0439453125,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.0146484375,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.00311279296875,
0.050048828125,
0.00103759765625,
-0.0361328125,
0.01202392578125,
-0.0361328125,
-0.07666015625,
0.050537109375,
0.0206298828125,
0.005859375,
0.046630859375,
0.0234375,
-0.0211181640625,
0.0103759765625,
-0.0184326171875,
0.006622314453125,
0.0074462890625,
-0.0263671875,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.032470703125,
-0.00567626953125,
-0.0205078125,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0498046875,
-0.0322265625,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0159912109375,
0.0250244140625,
0.002044677734375,
0.01416015625,
0.00933837890625,
0.0252685546875,
0.0301513671875,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.052001953125,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.0123291015625,
0.059814453125,
-0.030029296875,
-0.0322265625,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0064697265625,
0.0517578125,
0.04248046875,
0.038818359375,
0.003387451171875,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.035888671875,
-0.00274658203125,
0.0634765625,
0.0267333984375,
0.046630859375,
-0.029296875,
0.03466796875,
-0.053955078125,
0.007568359375,
0.010498046875,
0.040771484375,
-0.03564453125,
0.0269775390625,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.035888671875,
0.0693359375,
0.025146484375,
-0.01708984375,
0.00897216796875,
-0.02734375,
-0.021240234375,
0.043701171875,
-0.005859375,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0027008056640625,
0.02783203125,
0.0322265625,
0.01129150390625,
-0.016357421875,
0.005157470703125,
0.049072265625,
-0.03955078125,
0.054931640625,
0.005279541015625,
-0.029541015625,
-0.0020751953125,
0.05126953125,
-0.01531982421875,
0.05908203125,
-0.003448486328125,
0.0250244140625,
-0.03662109375,
-0.01531982421875,
-0.02294921875,
-0.01422119140625,
0.006622314453125,
-0.00628662109375,
0.0031890869140625,
0.064453125,
-0.05712890625,
0.027099609375,
0.03271484375,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.01446533203125,
0.051025390625,
-0.005126953125,
0.0308837890625,
0.012939453125,
-0.0277099609375,
0.006866455078125,
-0.0537109375,
0.0299072265625,
-0.004119873046875,
0.006988525390625,
-0.047607421875,
-0.046142578125,
-0.02783203125,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.0220947265625,
0.0135498046875,
0.0294189453125,
0.027099609375,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.0380859375,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.033935546875,
-0.00171661376953125,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.04736328125,
-0.006378173828125,
0.0255126953125,
-0.027587890625,
-0.00628662109375,
0.00970458984375,
-0.053466796875,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.052001953125,
-0.01300048828125,
0.01513671875,
-0.0213623046875,
0.0478515625,
0.0086669921875,
0.020751953125,
0.01507568359375,
0.00146484375,
0.0185546875,
-0.0023956298828125,
0.05126953125,
0.0179443359375,
0.034423828125,
-0.015380859375,
-0.0118408203125,
0.0098876953125,
-0.0224609375,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.000553131103515625,
-0.036376953125,
-0.051513671875,
-0.076171875,
0.042724609375,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.02734375,
-0.01513671875,
0.0028076171875,
0.00994873046875,
-0.005035400390625,
0.00762939453125,
-0.0054931640625,
-0.05126953125,
0.059814453125,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.04150390625,
-0.044677734375,
-0.02490234375,
-0.007293701171875,
0.04638671875,
0.0556640625,
0.01123046875,
0.0035552978515625,
-0.031005859375,
0.00150299072265625,
-0.039794921875,
0.00872802734375,
-0.055908203125,
0.00078582763671875,
-0.0017547607421875,
0.005828857421875,
0.013427734375,
-0.005645751953125,
0.037841796875,
0.004638671875,
0.038330078125,
0.03125,
-0.016357421875,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.07958984375,
0.08740234375,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.03662109375,
0.010986328125,
0.05078125,
-0.046875,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.025390625,
0.0166015625,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.0927734375,
0.032470703125,
0.01025390625,
-0.000911712646484375,
-0.0322265625,
-0.001220703125,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.03271484375,
0.015625,
0.060546875,
-0.0177001953125,
0.006622314453125,
-0.026123046875,
0.0546875,
0.038330078125,
-0.033203125,
-0.01043701171875,
0.0025787353515625,
0.01055908203125,
-0.03173828125,
-0.006744384765625,
-0.0419921875,
0.00083160400390625,
0.01239013671875,
0.025390625,
0.026123046875,
0.0250244140625,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.05712890625,
-0.0439453125,
0.061279296875,
0.01904296875,
0.0235595703125,
0.052734375,
-0.042724609375,
-0.02978515625,
-0.01611328125,
0.00872802734375,
-0.058349609375,
-0.01348876953125,
0.059326171875,
-0.00372314453125,
-0.037841796875,
0.036376953125,
0.039306640625,
-0.0302734375,
-0.021484375,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.0556640625,
0.01153564453125,
-0.041748046875,
-0.0022735595703125,
0.003082275390625,
-0.016845703125,
0.007232666015625,
0.0263671875,
0.010986328125,
0.0177001953125,
-0.02099609375,
0.0498046875,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.042724609375,
0.030517578125,
0.0234375,
0.017822265625,
-0.058349609375,
0.0025482177734375,
-0.0177001953125,
0.00011396408081054688,
0.054931640625,
-0.050048828125,
-0.038818359375,
-0.026611328125,
0.01470947265625,
0.0439453125,
-0.051513671875,
-0.0030670166015625,
0.03466796875,
-0.006195068359375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.032958984375,
0.0021820068359375,
0.017333984375,
-0.008056640625,
-0.087890625,
-0.035400390625,
-0.006072998046875,
0.012939453125,
0.02197265625,
-0.04443359375,
-0.029052734375,
-0.005035400390625,
0.02392578125,
-0.036376953125,
0.045166015625,
0.0390625,
0.057373046875,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.06640625,
0.0189208984375,
0.0235595703125,
0.0081787109375,
0.0284423828125,
-0.055908203125,
0.01019287109375,
-0.031982421875,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.03857421875,
-0.00469970703125,
0.0673828125,
0.00077056884765625,
-0.02685546875,
-0.0048828125,
-0.00003337860107421875,
-0.00177001953125,
-0.033447265625,
0.05419921875,
-0.0057373046875,
0.005615234375,
0.01324462890625,
-0.029296875,
0.004638671875,
0.0167236328125,
-0.01385498046875,
0.03173828125,
-0.0498046875,
0.004974365234375,
0.0206298828125,
0.0179443359375,
0.0093994140625,
-0.021240234375,
-0.015869140625,
0.0017852783203125,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.019775390625,
-0.033935546875,
0.0185546875,
0.05224609375,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.050537109375,
-0.0146484375,
0.0223388671875,
-0.04443359375,
-0.00750732421875,
-0.02880859375,
0.02490234375,
0.021240234375,
0.0147705078125,
-0.00506591796875,
-0.0216064453125,
0.0098876953125,
0.0198974609375,
-0.026611328125,
0.043212890625,
-0.003326416015625,
-0.0023040771484375,
-0.032470703125,
0.0234375,
-0.064453125,
-0.01904296875,
-0.01708984375,
0.018310546875,
0.04541015625,
0.02099609375,
0.012939453125,
-0.043212890625,
-0.05859375,
0.00018024444580078125,
-0.052978515625,
-0.03271484375,
0.0267333984375,
-0.0030670166015625,
-0.005096435546875,
0.017333984375,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.007232666015625,
0.03857421875,
0.006072998046875,
0.0186767578125,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.005126953125,
0.044189453125,
-0.0004444122314453125,
0.0037384033203125,
0.0014190673828125,
-0.0030059814453125,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.04052734375,
0.017822265625,
0.03369140625,
-0.020751953125,
-0.021484375,
-0.04638671875,
0.01116943359375,
-0.087890625,
-0.0322265625,
0.0380859375,
0.018798828125,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0078125,
-0.02197265625,
-0.0027008056640625,
0.01348876953125,
-0.011962890625,
0.03076171875,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.0247802734375,
0.047119140625,
-0.01263427734375,
0.07568359375,
0.0201416015625,
0.0308837890625,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.0157470703125,
0.004547119140625,
0.04931640625,
0.029296875,
0.0003662109375,
0.004974365234375,
0.034423828125,
0.03466796875,
0.00860595703125,
0.0021820068359375,
-0.002655029296875,
-0.005767822265625,
-0.027587890625,
0.009033203125,
0.0113525390625,
0.06494140625,
0.006988525390625,
-0.0064697265625,
0.0242919921875,
-0.0263671875,
-0.004730224609375,
-0.0140380859375,
-0.03955078125,
0.03955078125,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.02197265625,
0.004150390625,
0.02490234375,
0.00665283203125,
-0.017822265625,
0.0184326171875,
0.019775390625,
0.03662109375,
0.0079345703125,
0.036376953125,
0.0010833740234375,
0.031005859375,
-0.045166015625,
-0.03369140625,
0.048095703125,
-0.0164794921875,
0.0289306640625,
0.05126953125,
0.035888671875,
0.006591796875,
-0.007537841796875,
0.003387451171875,
0.015625,
-0.09765625,
0.0380859375,
0.00543212890625,
0.04931640625,
-0.0255126953125,
0.0194091796875,
0.0439453125,
0.0166015625,
-0.060302734375,
0.03125,
0.0164794921875,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.0191650390625,
0.0228271484375,
-0.00090789794921875,
-0.01544189453125,
0.0361328125,
0.004150390625,
0.0050048828125,
-0.00537109375,
-0.0615234375,
-0.035888671875,
0.01422119140625,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.04052734375,
0.0021820068359375,
-0.033447265625,
-0.02197265625,
0.0025482177734375,
0.036376953125,
-0.057861328125,
0.00848388671875,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.01953125,
0.04638671875,
-0.01287841796875,
0.0400390625,
0.01324462890625,
-0.018798828125,
-0.0291748046875,
0.021484375,
0.043212890625,
-0.06103515625,
0.005645751953125,
-0.01416015625,
-0.06494140625,
-0.06640625,
-0.01361083984375,
0.000583648681640625,
0.009033203125,
-0.016845703125,
-0.06640625,
-0.048095703125,
0.034423828125,
-0.05224609375,
0.036376953125,
0.03125,
-0.0230712890625,
0.029541015625,
0.03515625,
0.0086669921875,
0.0235595703125,
0.015625,
0.0128173828125,
0.01470947265625,
0.025146484375,
-0.01019287109375,
0.006866455078125,
-0.00689697265625,
-0.03076171875,
0.0096435546875,
-0.005218505859375,
-0.007293701171875,
-0.003143310546875,
-0.01129150390625,
0.021240234375,
0.005279541015625,
-0.034912109375,
0.0002651214599609375,
-0.004119873046875,
-0.03076171875,
-0.0042724609375,
-0.032958984375,
-0.00531005859375,
-0.025634765625,
-0.00238037109375,
-0.07373046875,
0.271484375,
0.004486083984375,
-0.033203125,
0.027587890625,
-0.014404296875,
0.06201171875,
0.0172119140625,
-0.0068359375,
-0.029541015625,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.023681640625,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.002899169921875,
-0.01611328125,
0.05419921875,
0.0242919921875,
-0.0595703125,
0.01446533203125,
0.025634765625,
-0.0498046875,
-0.0155029296875,
0.009521484375,
-0.02783203125,
0.0306396484375,
0.0517578125,
0.0142822265625,
0.0155029296875,
-0.072265625,
-0.013427734375,
-0.037353515625,
0.02490234375,
-0.0211181640625,
0.01055908203125,
-0.0263671875,
-0.01904296875,
0.04541015625,
0.003997802734375,
0.00390625,
-0.0169677734375,
0.00653076171875,
0.028076171875,
0.00762939453125,
0.0234375,
-0.019775390625,
0.0103759765625,
0.0198974609375,
-0.037841796875,
0.04296875,
0.0306396484375,
-0.06298828125,
0.00531005859375,
0.0224609375,
0.04052734375,
-0.0026092529296875,
-0.027587890625,
0.0130615234375,
0.0030670166015625,
0.021728515625,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.0341796875,
0.027587890625,
-0.0322265625,
0.034423828125,
0.0255126953125,
0.00148773193359375,
-0.019287109375,
0.0361328125,
0.01275634765625,
0.0244140625,
0.02587890625,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.036865234375,
-0.006988525390625,
-0.0028839111328125,
0.0439453125,
0.0255126953125,
-0.025634765625,
0.041748046875,
0.05419921875,
-0.01214599609375,
0.026123046875,
-0.035888671875,
0.03173828125,
-0.006378173828125,
0.039794921875,
0.0303955078125,
0.021240234375,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.01373291015625,
0.0198974609375,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.006683349609375,
0.0057373046875,
-0.0014801025390625
] |
Sharpe, J.
This case involves appeals by the Detroit International Bridge Company, a Michigan corporation, with its principal office in the city of Detroit, from the determination of the corporation tax appeal board fixing its annual privilege fees for the years 1929 and 1930.
The purposes for which the bridge company was organized are:
“To construct, own and/or operate a highway bridge across the Detroit river from Detroit, Michigan, to Sandwich, Province of Ontario, Canada, and the approaches thereto;
“To maintain and operate such bridge and the approaches thereto for the use of vehicular and pedestrian traffic, and to charge and collect tolls for such use. ’ ’
The bridge is used for vehicular and pedestrian traffic across the Detroit river from Detroit to Canada. Permission and authority for its construction were granted to the bridge company by act of congress and to the Canadian Transit Company, which is now a subsidiary of the bridge company, by an act of parliament of the Dominion of Canada.
The applicable sections of Act No. 85, Pub. Acts 1921, as amended by Act No. 175, Pub. Acts 1929 (2 Comp. Laws 1929, §§ 10140, 10143), requiring the payment of ah annual privilege fee by corporations, appear in the margin.
1. In 1929 tbe bridge company reported under the heading, “Cash, Including Cash on Special Deposit, in Michigan, $1,069.65'; without Michigan, $5,673,155.71,” and in its 1930 report, under a similar heading, cash “In Michigan, $6,271.64,” and “Without Michigan, $44,124.15.” In the latter report also appeared an item, “Special Deposits, $1,768,920.81.”
It is the claim of the company that the amount of the items “Special Deposits” had become localized and had acquired a business situs in the State of New York. The appeal board held otherwise. Included in the. item $5,673,155.71 was $52,041.60, money of the company on deposit in a New York bank. It is conceded that this sum should be included in the computation. It appears from the affidavit of the president of the company, annexed to the 1929 report, that the balance of this item was held by the New York Trust Company as trustee under a joint first mortgage of the bridge company and the Canadian Transit Company, securing bonds of these companies in the sum of $12,000,000, and also as trustee under a trust agreement of the bridge company, securing debentures of that company in the amount of $8,000,000; that these bonds and debentures were issued to bankers for cash in August, 1927; that the proceeds thereof came into the hands of the trustee and the sum then in its hands was the balance thereof after such payments as had been made by it on the construction cost of the bridge; that a part of it had been loaned on call to individuals and corporations located and doing business in New Tort, and that the trustee was authorized so to do by the provisions in the mortgage and trust agreement; that the bridge company was entitled to it only as needed to pay the cost of construction of the bridge, and that a substantial part of it was to be used during the period of construction in payment of interest due upon the mortgage bonds and debentures.
The item of “Special Deposits” in the 1930 report is explained in a similar manner, the amount in the hands of the trustee having been reduced to that amount.
The fee here sought to be collected is imposed upon the “paid-up capital and surplus” of the corporation “for the privilege of exercising its franchise and of transacting its business within this State,” and the computation thereof in the ratio prescribed “shall be made upon the corporation’s property, both tangible and intangible, owned or used in Michigan,” and as provided in the amendment (Act No. 175, Pub. Acts 1929 [2 Comp. Laws 1929, § 10143]):
“In determining the amount or value of intangible property, including capital investments, owned or used in this State by either a domestic or foreign corporation, such property shall be considered to be located, owned or used in this State for the purposes hereof, if used in or acquired from the conduct of its business in this State, irrespective of the domicile of the corporation. ’ ’
It seems clear that the money in the hands of the trustee in New York is the property of the corporation, and was properly included in the computation.
The contention of counsel for the bridge company that this money “had become localized and had acquired a business situs in the State of New York,” if a subject for consideration in the construction to be placed upon our statute, is answered by the holding of the court in that State that the “activities” of the trustee in a similar case “are merely incidental to the corporate organization and the ownership of corporate assets and are not exercised for the purpose of continued efforts in the pursuit of profit and gain, which is the test of the ‘doing of business.’ ” People, ex rel. Manila E. R. & L. Corp., v. Knapp, 229 N. Y. 502 (128 N. E. 892) (syllabus).
The bonds and debentures were issued by the bridge company to secure the money with which to erect the bridge. These instruments do not appear in the record, although counsel on both sides quote from them. It will be assumed that under their provisions it was, and is, the duty of the trustee to protect the purchasers by seeing to it that the money is expended for the purpose for which the securities were issued. But, until so expended, it belongs to the bridge company, although not subject to withdrawal from the hands of the trustee until the conditions of the trust agreement have been complied with. The purpose of its retention by the trustee was not for reinvestment. Neither could it be appropriated or set aside by the trustee for the payment of interest on the bonds or securities until such interest became due.
2. Under the heading “Investments,” the 1929 report showed $1,304,630.70, and that for 1930 $2,471,610.63. These items included stock in the Canadian Transit Company of the value of $1,280,000. Over objection these sums were included in the computation by the appeal hoard. This company was organized under the laws of the Dominion of Canada. While the title to that part of the bridge situated in Canada is held by it, all of the shares of its stock are held and owned by the Detroit International Bridge Company. It is hut a subsidiary thereof. Its affairs must be conducted as a separate entity, in order that the governmental rights of that country may be protected. Its stock is on deposit by the bridge company with the trustee in New York as collateral to the bonds and debentures issued. This stock is an asset in the hands of the bridge company, and was properly included in the computation.
3. Items “Unamortized Discount and Expense on Funded Debt” of $1,234,217.19 in the 1929 report and $1,153,458.98 in that of 1930 were included in the computations by the appeal board. These items are thus explained by the president in his affidavit above referred to: When the bonds and debentures of the bridge company were sold in 1927, the face value of them was not received by the company. They were sold at a discount, and there were certain expenses connected with the sale. This discount and expense are represented by these items, and are treated upon its balance sheet as an asset to be reduced each year until the securities mature. He states:
“The theory upon which accountants proceed in sanctioning this practice is that since the item is a payment for the use of money over a long period it is fair that the burden of the payment should he spread over the entire period and not charged entirely to the year in which it was made. ’ ’
These are but bookkeeping items. They do not in fact represent an asset or property of the company. Without passing upon the propriety of making such entries on its balance sheets and inserting them in its reports to the secretary of State, we are satisfied that they should not have been included in the computation of the tax.
4. It is insisted that the bridge company is not subject to the payment of any annual privilege tax; that it is limited by its charter and dedication to public use, and is engaged exclusively in foreign commerce, and that the imposition of such a tax upon it violates article 1, § 8, clause 3, of the Federal Constitution, which empowers the congress of the United States “to regulate commerce with foreign nations.”
We are impressed that in the discussion of this matter counsel lose sight of the nature of the privilege fee sought to be collected. It is not a tax upon the proceeds of the business of the corporation. It in no way involves the tolls collected from those using the bridge as a means of transportation between Detroit and Canada. It is a fee imposed by law “for the privilege of exercising its franchise and of transacting its business within this State.” The distinction between such a fee and a tax upon property was clearly pointed out in Union Steam Pump Sales Co. v. Secretary of State, 216 Mich. 261, and later in Re Truscon Steel Co., 246 Mich. 174, and in Re G. H. Hammond Co., 246 Mich. 179. The question presented is so clearly disposed of in Re Detroit & Windsor Ferry Co., 232 Mich. 574, that further discussion seems unnecessary.
The cases relied on by counsel for the bridge company are, we think, easily distinguished. In Philadelphia & Southern Steamship Co. v. Pennsylvania, 122 U. S. 326 (7 Sup. Ct. 1118), the tax was levied upon the gross receipts of a steampship company; in Covington, etc., Bridge Co. v. Kentucky, 154 U. S. 204 (14 Sup. Ct. 1087), the State sought to regulate the rates of fare for passage over a bridge spanning the Ohio river; in City of Sault Ste. Marie v. Int’l Transit Co., 234 U. S. 333 (34 Sup. Ct. 826, 52 L. R. A. [N. S.] 574), the city sought to enforce the collection of a license fee, and in Ozark Pipe Line Corp. v. Monier, 266 U. S. 555 (45 Sup. Ct. 184), and in State Tax Commission v. Interstate Natural Gas Co., Inc. (U. S.), 52 Sup. Ct. 62, the State sought to enforce a statute providing for the collection of such a tax on corporations not organized under its laws and exclusively engaged in interstate commerce.
Unless counsel can agree upon the deductions which shall be made in conformity herewith, the orders will be set aside and remand had to the board to determine the proper amount of the tax to be paid.
Clark, C. J., and McDonald, Potter, North, Fead, Wiest, and Butzel, JJ., concurred.
2 Comp. Laws 1929.
“10140 Annual privilege fee; profit corporation. Sec. 4. Every corporation organized or doing business under the laws of this State, excepting railroad companies and interurban railroad companies, and telephone and telegraph companies, express companies and foreign insurance companies shall, at the time of filing its annual report with the secretary of State of this State, as required by section five of chapter two of part five of act number eighty-four of the public acts of nineteen hundred twenty-one, for the privilege of exercising its franchise and of transacting its business within this State, pay to the secretary of State an annual fee of two and one-half mills upon each dollar of its paid-up capital and surplus, but such privilege fee shall in no case be less than ten dollars nor more than fifty thousand dollars. It is the intent of this section to impose the tax herein provided for upon every corporation, foreign or domestic, having the privilege of exercising corporate franchises within this State, irrespective of whether any such corporation chooses to actually exercise such privilege during any taxable period.”
“10143 Franchise and privilege fees; method of computation; surplus defined; furnishing of information. Seo. 5. In the case of computing the franchise and privilege fees prescribed by sections three and four of this act, respectively, both as to domestic and foreign corporations, such computation shall be made upon the corporation’s property, both tangible and intangible, owned or used in Michigan in the ratio that such property bears to the entire property of the corporation, and such ratio shall be applied by the secretary of State to determine the amount of the authorized capital stock owned or used in Michigan, and to determine what portion of the corporation’s paid-up capital and surplus, severally, are owned or used in Michigan. The term 'surplus’ as used in this act, shall be taken and deemed to mean the net value of the corporation’s property, less its outstanding indebtedness and paid-up capital; but in no case, either as domestic or as to foreign corporations, shall any deduction be made from the item of paid-up capital, in computing the privilege fee thereon, by reason of any impairment of the same. None of the property or capital of any corporation subject to paying the privilege fee prescribed in section four which is located without the State of Michigan, and none of the capital or surplus of such corporation represented by property exclusively used in interstate commerce, shall in any case enter into the computation of the net amount of the authorized capital, or the capital and surplus, as the ease may be, upon which the computation of the privilege fees shall be made: Provided, That in determining the amount or value of intangible property, including capital investments, owned or used in this State by either a domestic or foreign corporation, such prop erty shall be considered to be located, owned or used in this State for the purposes hereof, if used in or acquired from the conduct of its business in this State, irrespective of the domicile of the corporation. The secretary of State shall in all such eases be authorized to require the corporation to furnish detailed and exact information touching such several matters before making a final determination of the privilege fee to be paid by such corporation. Por the purpose of this act only, each share of no par value shall be deemed to have the value of at least one dollar, or such value as shall have been fixed by the corporation for the sale of such stock, or the book value as determined by the secretary of State, whichever may be the higher. In any case where the capital of a corporation is not divided into shares, the whole property thereof shall be deemed to be the authorized capital stock for the purpose of this act.” | [
-0.026611328125,
0.034912109375,
0.031982421875,
-0.00531005859375,
-0.03759765625,
-0.00119781494140625,
-0.02685546875,
-0.031005859375,
-0.02197265625,
0.0294189453125,
0.00958251953125,
0.01123046875,
0.0005035400390625,
-0.00970458984375,
0.01483154296875,
0.0015411376953125,
-0.0303955078125,
0.027099609375,
-0.0062255859375,
0.038818359375,
0.00390625,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.043212890625,
-0.01953125,
0.0201416015625,
0.02783203125,
-0.018310546875,
0.06787109375,
0.048828125,
-0.029052734375,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.0084228515625,
0.0283203125,
-0.008544921875,
-0.027099609375,
0.01806640625,
-0.0390625,
0.0191650390625,
0.0030670166015625,
0.001129150390625,
0.0211181640625,
-0.00506591796875,
-0.02099609375,
-0.033935546875,
-0.02783203125,
0.0169677734375,
-0.02978515625,
0.031494140625,
-0.036376953125,
0.01165771484375,
0.050537109375,
0.01202392578125,
-0.038818359375,
-0.004730224609375,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.01904296875,
-0.0284423828125,
0.003448486328125,
0.043701171875,
0.0263671875,
-0.0201416015625,
0.0162353515625,
0.00086212158203125,
0.035888671875,
-0.00122833251953125,
-0.01422119140625,
0.0255126953125,
0.01416015625,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.0283203125,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.006683349609375,
0.0130615234375,
-0.0026092529296875,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.002960205078125,
-0.033935546875,
0.031494140625,
-0.00037384033203125,
-0.01953125,
-0.0137939453125,
0.0096435546875,
-0.028076171875,
-0.046630859375,
0.04931640625,
-0.00185394287109375,
0.046875,
-0.0086669921875,
0.0291748046875,
-0.016845703125,
0.0194091796875,
-0.028076171875,
-0.002899169921875,
0.03369140625,
0.0203857421875,
-0.0341796875,
-0.01953125,
-0.0028839111328125,
-0.032470703125,
0.05419921875,
0.01904296875,
0.02783203125,
0.06787109375,
0.0269775390625,
0.0498046875,
-0.01708984375,
0.01373291015625,
-0.019287109375,
-0.0201416015625,
0.0167236328125,
0.0167236328125,
0.0169677734375,
-0.029541015625,
-0.03125,
0.0031280517578125,
-0.04345703125,
0.005157470703125,
-0.02880859375,
-0.0035400390625,
0.049560546875,
-0.00811767578125,
0.0194091796875,
-0.00372314453125,
-0.00347900390625,
-0.033935546875,
0.0206298828125,
0.01123046875,
-0.0294189453125,
0.05029296875,
0.005706787109375,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.01397705078125,
0.059814453125,
-0.01495361328125,
0.044189453125,
-0.0002593994140625,
0.0120849609375,
0.043212890625,
0.04638671875,
0.00836181640625,
0.068359375,
0.005950927734375,
0.039794921875,
0.0186767578125,
0.05517578125,
-0.00176239013671875,
0.01007080078125,
-0.017822265625,
-0.020263671875,
-0.00543212890625,
0.00176239013671875,
0.04150390625,
0.0216064453125,
0.0185546875,
-0.0032196044921875,
-0.004119873046875,
-0.0306396484375,
0.05224609375,
-0.00311279296875,
-0.0181884765625,
0.00872802734375,
0.0152587890625,
0.037109375,
-0.04150390625,
0.01495361328125,
0.0035400390625,
0.0296630859375,
-0.020263671875,
0.00823974609375,
0.02734375,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.048828125,
-0.050048828125,
0.0126953125,
0.0311279296875,
0.021240234375,
0.025146484375,
-0.0026397705078125,
-0.017822265625,
-0.0257568359375,
0.032470703125,
0.062255859375,
0.0126953125,
0.016845703125,
-0.003509521484375,
0.006378173828125,
-0.0208740234375,
0.017822265625,
-0.05419921875,
0.043701171875,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.042724609375,
0.031982421875,
-0.022705078125,
0.04150390625,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.01214599609375,
0.037841796875,
0.00885009765625,
-0.028564453125,
-0.0052490234375,
0.00109100341796875,
0.07177734375,
-0.04931640625,
-0.01348876953125,
0.0556640625,
0.0250244140625,
-0.024658203125,
0.023681640625,
0.038330078125,
0.02783203125,
0.00396728515625,
-0.05322265625,
0.018798828125,
0.078125,
-0.0294189453125,
0.023681640625,
0.016357421875,
-0.0269775390625,
0.0157470703125,
0.012451171875,
-0.0179443359375,
0.0233154296875,
-0.002838134765625,
-0.01068115234375,
0.013916015625,
0.06298828125,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.00714111328125,
0.017333984375,
0.01336669921875,
0.0135498046875,
0.05810546875,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.01239013671875,
0.041015625,
0.025146484375,
-0.0162353515625,
0.00335693359375,
-0.04736328125,
0.020263671875,
0.04736328125,
-0.005828857421875,
-0.019775390625,
0.051513671875,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.00180816650390625,
0.0252685546875,
-0.0007476806640625,
0.0157470703125,
-0.043212890625,
0.0118408203125,
-0.0196533203125,
0.0191650390625,
0.05126953125,
-0.007720947265625,
-0.0048828125,
-0.0419921875,
0.0084228515625,
0.047607421875,
-0.04541015625,
-0.036376953125,
0.0294189453125,
-0.01153564453125,
0.0311279296875,
0.0228271484375,
-0.033203125,
-0.0439453125,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.0004291534423828125,
-0.0233154296875,
0.013671875,
-0.0654296875,
-0.068359375,
0.042236328125,
-0.0228271484375,
0.047119140625,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.05908203125,
-0.042236328125,
0.0296630859375,
0.01470947265625,
0.03564453125,
-0.06005859375,
-0.003204345703125,
-0.0026397705078125,
0.0546875,
-0.012451171875,
-0.0162353515625,
0.00018978118896484375,
0.0234375,
0.019287109375,
-0.025146484375,
-0.01806640625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.02734375,
0.000743865966796875,
-0.0185546875,
-0.0023193359375,
0.0322265625,
0.0286865234375,
-0.0159912109375,
0.0240478515625,
-0.044189453125,
0.0096435546875,
-0.0147705078125,
0.010986328125,
0.00274658203125,
-0.00830078125,
0.0081787109375,
0.024169921875,
-0.01171875,
0.061767578125,
0.033447265625,
0.005126953125,
0.00167083740234375,
-0.03564453125,
0.02685546875,
0.0208740234375,
-0.0274658203125,
0.012451171875,
0.0185546875,
0.050537109375,
0.037841796875,
-0.07421875,
0.004547119140625,
-0.060791015625,
-0.018310546875,
-0.023193359375,
-0.01544189453125,
0.013427734375,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.04443359375,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.006439208984375,
0.0257568359375,
-0.0224609375,
-0.004791259765625,
-0.0439453125,
0.00506591796875,
0.0205078125,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.049072265625,
0.000331878662109375,
0.000545501708984375,
-0.0289306640625,
0.029052734375,
-0.007720947265625,
0.033935546875,
0.01226806640625,
0.0218505859375,
0.0517578125,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.046875,
0.0299072265625,
0.026611328125,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.002716064453125,
0.025390625,
-0.024169921875,
-0.022216796875,
-0.05224609375,
-0.0015106201171875,
0.022705078125,
-0.00408935546875,
0.0400390625,
0.0673828125,
-0.0341796875,
0.01318359375,
-0.02197265625,
-0.036865234375,
-0.01019287109375,
0.0245361328125,
0.00177001953125,
-0.0228271484375,
0.0159912109375,
-0.006256103515625,
0.04443359375,
0.0301513671875,
0.016845703125,
-0.00640869140625,
-0.01263427734375,
0.01104736328125,
-0.028564453125,
-0.006195068359375,
0.00762939453125,
0.006866455078125,
0.0164794921875,
0.02099609375,
-0.0361328125,
-0.036376953125,
0.034423828125,
0.021484375,
0.004119873046875,
0.00830078125,
0.051025390625,
0.0113525390625,
0.0252685546875,
0.06640625,
-0.0224609375,
-0.05908203125,
-0.000457763671875,
0.07421875,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.0390625,
0.0025482177734375,
0.0263671875,
0.02490234375,
-0.0003452301025390625,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.01953125,
-0.0001773834228515625,
0.000682830810546875,
0.011962890625,
0.006072998046875,
-0.012451171875,
0.0228271484375,
0.02001953125,
0.051025390625,
-0.046630859375,
0.058837890625,
-0.02978515625,
0.00154876708984375,
0.0078125,
-0.0126953125,
-0.021240234375,
0.019287109375,
-0.057861328125,
-0.037353515625,
0.068359375,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.003662109375,
0.06005859375,
0.0038604736328125,
-0.0009918212890625,
-0.000728607177734375,
-0.0247802734375,
0.0185546875,
-0.00188446044921875,
0.0020294189453125,
-0.0242919921875,
0.0203857421875,
-0.0235595703125,
0.021728515625,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.044921875,
-0.0218505859375,
0.042236328125,
-0.0255126953125,
0.044189453125,
-0.007171630859375,
0.032470703125,
-0.017578125,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.03466796875,
-0.049560546875,
0.043701171875,
0.03955078125,
0.0191650390625,
0.058349609375,
0.020263671875,
-0.0042724609375,
0.039306640625,
-0.0311279296875,
-0.048095703125,
0.021484375,
-0.01055908203125,
0.0311279296875,
-0.004486083984375,
-0.0240478515625,
0.02392578125,
-0.04248046875,
0.006805419921875,
-0.0390625,
0.0361328125,
-0.045166015625,
-0.0595703125,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.004638671875,
-0.044677734375,
0.0255126953125,
0.04248046875,
0.01806640625,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.0064697265625,
-0.0281982421875,
0.0020294189453125,
-0.04150390625,
-0.01708984375,
0.023193359375,
-0.03759765625,
0.0361328125,
-0.025146484375,
0.01495361328125,
0.015625,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.0311279296875,
-0.0478515625,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0125732421875,
0.0615234375,
-0.03662109375,
-0.0228271484375,
0.042724609375,
0.07080078125,
0.024658203125,
0.029541015625,
0.01300048828125,
0.0218505859375,
0.068359375,
0.0218505859375,
0.0361328125,
-0.0234375,
-0.0169677734375,
0.0206298828125,
-0.041015625,
0.0224609375,
0.0186767578125,
0.00139617919921875,
-0.00390625,
-0.051513671875,
0.0238037109375,
-0.000858306884765625,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.029052734375,
-0.018798828125,
-0.018310546875,
0.0576171875,
0.0013275146484375,
-0.01068115234375,
0.01214599609375,
-0.043212890625,
0.0084228515625,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.042724609375,
-0.04052734375,
0.0194091796875,
0.028564453125,
-0.0205078125,
0.0035552978515625,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.00213623046875,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.054443359375,
0.00457763671875,
-0.004669189453125,
-0.016357421875,
0.025390625,
-0.06201171875,
0.0498046875,
0.00518798828125,
-0.018798828125,
0.025146484375,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.064453125,
0.026611328125,
-0.0673828125,
0.006591796875,
0.0166015625,
0.03173828125,
0.01953125,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.045654296875,
-0.07275390625,
0.0133056640625,
0.03125,
-0.01416015625,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.0537109375,
-0.01177978515625,
0.0026092529296875,
0.01104736328125,
0.08642578125,
-0.035888671875,
0.006500244140625,
-0.02685546875,
0.03076171875,
0.01123046875,
-0.0286865234375,
0.0025787353515625,
0.0185546875,
-0.01348876953125,
0.01904296875,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.013916015625,
-0.0012054443359375,
0.0211181640625,
0.005157470703125,
0.00007009506225585938,
-0.02392578125,
-0.0419921875,
-0.056640625,
-0.0228271484375,
0.0703125,
-0.00469970703125,
0.027099609375,
0.051025390625,
-0.038818359375,
-0.02294921875,
0.01312255859375,
0.030029296875,
-0.038330078125,
-0.03662109375,
0.044677734375,
0.01177978515625,
-0.007049560546875,
0.0059814453125,
0.033447265625,
-0.045654296875,
-0.01043701171875,
0.000698089599609375,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.042236328125,
0.0308837890625,
0.035400390625,
0.01556396484375,
-0.0247802734375,
0.0380859375,
0.034912109375,
-0.003692626953125,
0.01336669921875,
0.0225830078125,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.01458740234375,
0.00921630859375,
0.003204345703125,
0.0269775390625,
-0.0157470703125,
0.00738525390625,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.00634765625,
0.05029296875,
-0.038330078125,
-0.005340576171875,
-0.00897216796875,
0.01470947265625,
0.06298828125,
-0.04052734375,
-0.01483154296875,
0.05078125,
0.00104522705078125,
-0.024169921875,
-0.021728515625,
-0.0439453125,
0.0038299560546875,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.00653076171875,
0.017333984375,
0.01495361328125,
0.0023956298828125,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.0162353515625,
0.000049591064453125,
-0.064453125,
0.0169677734375,
0.01190185546875,
0.025146484375,
-0.07958984375,
-0.05126953125,
-0.0211181640625,
0.0439453125,
-0.012939453125,
0.045654296875,
-0.01416015625,
-0.048583984375,
-0.0048828125,
-0.035888671875,
-0.056884765625,
-0.04345703125,
-0.013671875,
0.0244140625,
0.0177001953125,
-0.00457763671875,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.05078125,
-0.012939453125,
-0.06591796875,
0.032470703125,
-0.02294921875,
0.0216064453125,
0.005889892578125,
-0.02587890625,
-0.00112152099609375,
0.00787353515625,
0.034912109375,
0.05517578125,
-0.049072265625,
-0.0036468505859375,
-0.0238037109375,
0.034423828125,
-0.010498046875,
0.0302734375,
0.00457763671875,
-0.044189453125,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.005096435546875,
-0.0185546875,
0.01019287109375,
0.0078125,
0.0032958984375,
-0.04541015625,
0.00113677978515625,
0.0390625,
-0.052734375,
0.0245361328125,
0.01409912109375,
0.01953125,
0.025390625,
-0.005950927734375,
-0.06640625,
-0.050537109375,
0.052490234375,
0.0147705078125,
0.013427734375,
0.031982421875,
-0.026611328125,
0.025634765625,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.021240234375,
-0.06689453125,
-0.040771484375,
-0.0147705078125,
0.045654296875,
0.03076171875,
-0.01312255859375,
0.01953125,
-0.04345703125,
-0.05712890625,
0.02099609375,
-0.04541015625,
-0.04443359375,
0.0341796875,
-0.0029296875,
0.0220947265625,
0.0111083984375,
0.01385498046875,
-0.0068359375,
0.02734375,
-0.03173828125,
0.027587890625,
0.0084228515625,
-0.0291748046875,
0.029541015625,
-0.016845703125,
0.01141357421875,
0.0184326171875,
0.0179443359375,
-0.037109375,
-0.06298828125,
0.00494384765625,
0.034423828125,
-0.00830078125,
-0.06591796875,
-0.023193359375,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.028564453125,
0.0225830078125,
-0.004241943359375,
-0.016845703125,
0.00738525390625,
0.01348876953125,
-0.06640625,
0.000286102294921875,
0.01361083984375,
-0.001983642578125,
0.01495361328125,
-0.05517578125,
-0.06005859375,
-0.00811767578125,
0.0390625,
0.0177001953125,
0.042724609375,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.0040283203125,
-0.02587890625,
-0.00689697265625,
-0.033203125,
0.04052734375,
0.037109375,
0.01611328125,
0.01361083984375,
0.0113525390625,
0.0294189453125,
0.055419921875,
0.0010986328125,
0.018798828125,
-0.0087890625,
0.018798828125,
0.000736236572265625,
-0.027099609375,
0.051513671875,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.039306640625,
-0.0004749298095703125,
-0.04150390625,
0.0036773681640625,
0.0244140625,
-0.04296875,
-0.011474609375,
-0.0322265625,
0.029052734375,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.0380859375,
0.0311279296875,
0.00762939453125,
0.006927490234375,
0.0224609375,
0.033447265625,
0.0113525390625,
0.08349609375,
0.018798828125,
0.037841796875,
0.024658203125,
-0.020751953125,
-0.028076171875,
0.0303955078125,
0.0201416015625,
0.012939453125,
0.0245361328125,
0.013916015625,
0.011962890625,
-0.046630859375,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.07470703125,
-0.004913330078125,
-0.01055908203125,
0.04931640625,
-0.05615234375,
0.002838134765625,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.02734375,
-0.0673828125,
0.06298828125,
-0.0213623046875,
0.007720947265625,
0.0286865234375,
0.04248046875,
0.0218505859375,
0.01104736328125,
0.037109375,
-0.029541015625,
0.0269775390625,
0.0218505859375,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.0003108978271484375,
-0.0011749267578125,
-0.035400390625,
-0.05517578125,
-0.0556640625,
-0.023681640625,
-0.014892578125,
0.0096435546875,
0.0625,
-0.0390625,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.04345703125,
-0.0157470703125,
0.026611328125,
0.0286865234375,
0.042236328125,
0.003692626953125,
-0.028076171875,
-0.00012111663818359375,
0.0167236328125,
0.01129150390625,
-0.039306640625,
0.0078125,
0.02685546875,
-0.0390625,
-0.015380859375,
0.0013427734375,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.0009918212890625,
-0.048095703125,
-0.08837890625,
0.03564453125,
-0.0045166015625,
-0.02099609375,
-0.005035400390625,
0.0311279296875,
0.0091552734375,
0.009521484375,
-0.00058746337890625,
-0.00567626953125,
0.028564453125,
0.0020751953125,
0.0260009765625,
0.0162353515625,
0.01446533203125,
0.004852294921875,
0.029296875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.05615234375,
-0.0224609375,
-0.0283203125,
-0.0478515625,
-0.0057373046875,
0.01141357421875,
0.02490234375,
-0.000026941299438476562,
0.0030670166015625,
0.0220947265625,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.041259765625,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.054443359375,
-0.01544189453125,
0.01043701171875,
0.0269775390625,
-0.02587890625,
0.275390625,
0.007293701171875,
-0.0028839111328125,
-0.0125732421875,
0.006591796875,
0.045654296875,
0.0157470703125,
-0.01513671875,
-0.052734375,
0.0067138671875,
-0.028076171875,
0.01544189453125,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.0218505859375,
0.03466796875,
0.04541015625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.00634765625,
0.04150390625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0294189453125,
0.0091552734375,
-0.07275390625,
0.05126953125,
0.05322265625,
0.024658203125,
0.00848388671875,
-0.08251953125,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.0296630859375,
0.0262451171875,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.00970458984375,
0.0113525390625,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.047119140625,
0.036865234375,
0.03662109375,
-0.00119781494140625,
0.009765625,
-0.01123046875,
-0.00653076171875,
0.018798828125,
-0.0198974609375,
0.046630859375,
0.007476806640625,
-0.0194091796875,
0.00016689300537109375,
0.06640625,
0.056884765625,
0.01507568359375,
0.006103515625,
0.0302734375,
-0.025146484375,
-0.0029754638671875,
0.0284423828125,
-0.022216796875,
0.0274658203125,
-0.0087890625,
0.023193359375,
0.00732421875,
-0.0164794921875,
0.033935546875,
0.042724609375,
0.043212890625,
-0.01519775390625,
0.017822265625,
-0.0006103515625,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.0272216796875,
0.05029296875,
0.008056640625,
-0.0159912109375,
0.0234375,
0.033447265625,
-0.029296875,
-0.00188446044921875,
-0.01611328125,
-0.005157470703125,
-0.0242919921875,
0.07958984375,
0.0201416015625,
0.0054931640625,
-0.0166015625,
0.019775390625,
-0.02587890625,
-0.0223388671875,
0.0301513671875,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.033447265625,
0.007232666015625
] |
Fead, J.
This is a bill to reform an automobile insurance policy on the ground of mutual mistake. Plaintiff is engaged in the truck delivery business, and in 1928 and 1929 carried fleet insurance on its vehicles in defendant company. As vehicles were purchased, additions to policies were made from time to time, and defendant always made the proper indorsements. On May 15, 1929, plaintiff purchased two trailers on contract, and the seller took a policy with defendant company for fire, theft, and $100 deductible collision insurance, for the benefit of both itself and plaintiff.. In 1930, others were soliciting plaintiff’s business, and, on January 13th, it addressed a letter to several insurers, including defendant, listing 20 cars, trucks, tractors, and trailers, among them the two trailers purchased in May, and asking rates on the whole fleet for public liability, property damage, fire, theft, and $50 deductible collision insurance.
Agents of defendant called on plaintiff in response to the letter, told it defendant had ceased writing fire, theft, and collision insurance, but that they could place it through an agency, and that defendant would write the public liability and property damage risk. Plaintiff had estimates from other companies, and discussion was had as to rates. Defendant’s agents finally said it would insure the vehicles listed in the letter for about $660, with a credit as dividend on the old policy. The offer was accepted, and the order for insurance of the 20 vehicles was given. About February 1st, a policy was delivered to plaintiff, effective January 26th, with premium of $668.81. Plaintiff did not check the vehicles listed in the policy. The policy included all those mentioned in the letter except the two trailers purchased in 1929. When the policy was delivered, plaintiff signed an application for insurance which referred to a schedule attached. Plaintiff did not see the schedule, did not know whether it was attached when he signed, and there was no proof that it was part of the application at the time of its execution,
March. 22d, one of plaintiff’s trains, including one of the omitted trailers, was involved in a collision. Plaintiff immediately notified defendant, and received no reply. Suit against plaintiff for damage was commenced June 2d, of which it gave defendant notice. The latter’s representative interviewed the driver involved in the accident; hut also told plaintiff that they could not find that the trailer was covered hy the policy. Plaintiff had supposed it was, but on examination the omission was discovered. On June 11th, defendant formally denied liability.
On June 19th, defendant ■ sent plaintiff a bill for $10.44, together with indorsement of additional coverage on the policy of May 15th, effective as of that date, and covering public liability and property damage in the same amounts as in the January policy. The record does not show that plaintiff gave defendant any/order for this insurance nor how it came to be billed and indorsement prepared. August 8th, plaintiff tendered the premium but on condition that the effective date be January 26th, which was refused by defendant.
At the conclusion of plaintiff’s case, defendant moved for and had decree dismissing the bill, on the ground that there was no evidence of mistake on the part of defendant. The testimony is undisputed and leaves no doubt that plaintiff and defendant’s agents agreed that the policy should cover the 20 vehicles and provide all the kinds of insurance listed in the letter. Through defendant’s fault the policy did not cover the property intended. • The fault was due to mistake or fraud. Either is a ground for reformation. Fraud will not be presumed, and, in the absence of explanation by defendant, the reason for the omission cannot be known and must be attributable to mistake.
"Where through fault of the insurer an insurance policy does not cover the person or property intended, it may be reformed. North American Fire Ins. Co. v. Throop, 22 Mich. 146 (7 Am. Rep. 638); First State Savings Bank v. National Fire Ins. Co., 244 Mich. 668; Ovavez v. Patrons’ Mutual Fire Ins. Co., 233 Mich. 305; Raymond v. Auto-Owners’ Ins. Co., 236 Mich. 393.
Defendant further urges that plaintiff is not entitled to a decree because he was negligent in not reading the policy and checking the vehicles. It has been held that it is the duty of an insured to read the printed conditions of a policy, and that he cannot rely on the implied or assumed powers of an agent or his representation of the terms. Cleaver v. Traders’ Ins. Co., 65 Mich. 527 (8 Am. St. Rep. 908); Drogula v. Federal Life Ins. Co., 248 Mich. 645. Failure to read does not always prevent reformation. 23 R. C. L. p. 351; 14 R. C. L. p. 904; 53 C. J. p. 975; 20 Ann. Cas. 365, note. No decisions were cited that a mere failure to check the property in the policy prevents reformation. If it did, there would be few, if any, cases where a" policy is reformed. The rule requiring a party to read a contract is not a rule of thumb, but one of equity and sense. It cannot apply where the undisputed testimony shows the agreement of the parties, that the executed contract does not express that agreement, and that the defendant received compensation for the true contract.
Decree will be reversed, and one entered for .reformation, with costs. (
Clark, C. J., and McDonald, Potter, Sharpe, North, Wiest, and" Butzel, JJ., concurred. | [
-0.0185546875,
0.002166748046875,
0.039794921875,
0.047607421875,
-0.040771484375,
-0.0302734375,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.02880859375,
0.0084228515625,
0.04345703125,
0.035400390625,
0.0255126953125,
0.06005859375,
0.016845703125,
-0.03759765625,
0.00653076171875,
0.0194091796875,
0.00860595703125,
-0.014892578125,
0.0322265625,
0.0123291015625,
-0.0185546875,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.03125,
-0.033203125,
-0.03173828125,
0.01483154296875,
-0.05859375,
0.040283203125,
0.042724609375,
0.018798828125,
0.0111083984375,
0.004425048828125,
-0.010986328125,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.0230712890625,
0.0235595703125,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.013916015625,
0.0111083984375,
0.0380859375,
-0.005950927734375,
0.0257568359375,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.044921875,
0.005340576171875,
-0.03759765625,
0.0341796875,
-0.00848388671875,
0.01708984375,
-0.045654296875,
-0.02490234375,
-0.038330078125,
0.01239013671875,
-0.04345703125,
0.007537841796875,
-0.00482177734375,
-0.0284423828125,
0.01171875,
0.05078125,
-0.04833984375,
0.016845703125,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0218505859375,
0.00482177734375,
0.04150390625,
-0.002899169921875,
0.011962890625,
-0.0023345947265625,
0.0235595703125,
-0.004486083984375,
-0.0034027099609375,
0.0186767578125,
-0.042724609375,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.060791015625,
-0.0234375,
0.004180908203125,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.032958984375,
0.0478515625,
-0.00830078125,
-0.007354736328125,
0.06298828125,
0.01092529296875,
0.0208740234375,
-0.005950927734375,
0.0035858154296875,
-0.07177734375,
0.013671875,
-0.017578125,
-0.002593994140625,
0.0390625,
0.0184326171875,
-0.04150390625,
-0.0030059814453125,
0.038818359375,
-0.0059814453125,
0.035888671875,
0.013427734375,
-0.01031494140625,
0.04931640625,
0.0166015625,
0.0498046875,
-0.02392578125,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.00775146484375,
0.00927734375,
0.0130615234375,
-0.00848388671875,
0.01806640625,
-0.012939453125,
0.006317138671875,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.0186767578125,
0.041748046875,
0.0017852783203125,
0.00506591796875,
0.06787109375,
0.00567626953125,
0.017578125,
-0.0185546875,
-0.0179443359375,
0.004180908203125,
-0.0106201171875,
0.047119140625,
-0.017578125,
0.0115966796875,
0.0224609375,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.005340576171875,
0.06396484375,
0.02001953125,
0.020751953125,
0.0274658203125,
-0.01300048828125,
0.022705078125,
0.005157470703125,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.01287841796875,
0.04833984375,
-0.005767822265625,
0.059814453125,
-0.0150146484375,
0.01287841796875,
-0.049072265625,
-0.00616455078125,
-0.040283203125,
0.0218505859375,
0.038330078125,
-0.012451171875,
-0.002685546875,
-0.019775390625,
0.0283203125,
-0.0167236328125,
0.03955078125,
-0.004302978515625,
-0.038818359375,
-0.0283203125,
0.0213623046875,
0.03955078125,
-0.03955078125,
0.040283203125,
-0.000850677490234375,
-0.009521484375,
-0.053955078125,
-0.017822265625,
0.02783203125,
-0.030029296875,
-0.06201171875,
-0.020751953125,
0.04638671875,
0.0177001953125,
0.06494140625,
-0.011474609375,
-0.025634765625,
-0.0000858306884765625,
-0.017578125,
0.01806640625,
0.016845703125,
0.0203857421875,
0.007415771484375,
-0.017822265625,
-0.003509521484375,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.0272216796875,
0.054931640625,
-0.0263671875,
-0.053466796875,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.00408935546875,
0.00921630859375,
-0.011962890625,
-0.0133056640625,
0.0458984375,
-0.002105712890625,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.019775390625,
-0.00189971923828125,
0.032470703125,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.0198974609375,
0.023193359375,
0.037109375,
-0.03369140625,
0.011962890625,
0.00555419921875,
0.005645751953125,
-0.01904296875,
-0.036865234375,
0.006561279296875,
0.04736328125,
0.0016326904296875,
0.0031890869140625,
-0.036865234375,
-0.027099609375,
-0.03076171875,
0.0272216796875,
0.01025390625,
0.0218505859375,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.03857421875,
0.02392578125,
0.01373291015625,
0.017822265625,
-0.0045166015625,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.0015716552734375,
-0.0164794921875,
0.05859375,
-0.034912109375,
-0.0208740234375,
0.0205078125,
-0.0021820068359375,
0.0223388671875,
0.0556640625,
0.0220947265625,
0.059814453125,
0.04345703125,
-0.0255126953125,
0.02099609375,
0.046142578125,
0.00119781494140625,
0.01141357421875,
0.0191650390625,
0.028076171875,
0.00201416015625,
0.01300048828125,
0.00714111328125,
0.0238037109375,
-0.0010986328125,
0.003143310546875,
0.059326171875,
0.03173828125,
-0.064453125,
-0.0108642578125,
0.010498046875,
0.0172119140625,
0.01287841796875,
-0.0164794921875,
0.0419921875,
-0.0228271484375,
0.030029296875,
0.011962890625,
-0.01025390625,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.025634765625,
-0.058837890625,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.00445556640625,
-0.023193359375,
-0.06103515625,
0.0130615234375,
-0.03564453125,
0.03662109375,
-0.0400390625,
0.0084228515625,
0.004608154296875,
-0.02294921875,
0.02099609375,
0.0019989013671875,
-0.007080078125,
-0.0078125,
0.013916015625,
0.005706787109375,
-0.0191650390625,
0.007415771484375,
-0.06005859375,
-0.01165771484375,
0.01361083984375,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.01007080078125,
0.0036468505859375,
-0.0172119140625,
0.002410888671875,
-0.01708984375,
-0.02978515625,
0.00946044921875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.03369140625,
-0.04345703125,
-0.0267333984375,
0.031005859375,
-0.06689453125,
0.0361328125,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.00408935546875,
0.0274658203125,
0.029296875,
0.03955078125,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.056884765625,
-0.010986328125,
0.0169677734375,
-0.02587890625,
-0.003662109375,
-0.003631591796875,
-0.01190185546875,
0.0194091796875,
-0.041259765625,
-0.02685546875,
-0.038330078125,
-0.041748046875,
-0.0263671875,
0.021240234375,
0.016845703125,
-0.01806640625,
-0.048828125,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.0196533203125,
0.0341796875,
0.01275634765625,
0.04345703125,
-0.01336669921875,
0.00701904296875,
-0.00738525390625,
-0.00811767578125,
0.064453125,
0.064453125,
-0.027587890625,
0.01397705078125,
-0.021240234375,
-0.048095703125,
-0.005340576171875,
-0.0218505859375,
0.0106201171875,
-0.034912109375,
0.03076171875,
0.04833984375,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.02392578125,
0.05126953125,
0.021484375,
0.0240478515625,
-0.020263671875,
-0.00897216796875,
0.015869140625,
-0.019287109375,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.00921630859375,
0.01416015625,
0.0162353515625,
-0.02490234375,
0.012451171875,
-0.023681640625,
-0.099609375,
0.0147705078125,
0.032470703125,
-0.003936767578125,
-0.000911712646484375,
0.0419921875,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.01495361328125,
0.01904296875,
0.025146484375,
-0.0007781982421875,
-0.00579833984375,
0.020751953125,
-0.059814453125,
0.0155029296875,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.00787353515625,
0.032958984375,
-0.005859375,
-0.0283203125,
-0.060546875,
0.001861572265625,
0.0263671875,
-0.0303955078125,
0.0322265625,
0.0849609375,
0.028076171875,
0.004974365234375,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.0260009765625,
0.0322265625,
-0.021240234375,
-0.04345703125,
-0.015625,
-0.02294921875,
0.0240478515625,
0.0234375,
0.0177001953125,
0.015869140625,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.021240234375,
0.0037841796875,
-0.028564453125,
-0.0028839111328125,
0.0047607421875,
0.004791259765625,
0.0240478515625,
0.052978515625,
-0.05859375,
0.047607421875,
-0.04248046875,
0.01806640625,
0.008056640625,
0.01055908203125,
-0.0223388671875,
0.01397705078125,
-0.039306640625,
-0.0189208984375,
0.049560546875,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.0004730224609375,
-0.01483154296875,
0.0186767578125,
0.07080078125,
-0.023193359375,
0.02490234375,
-0.0079345703125,
0.0027313232421875,
-0.005401611328125,
0.01611328125,
0.034423828125,
-0.000873565673828125,
0.040283203125,
-0.036865234375,
0.058349609375,
0.009521484375,
-0.029296875,
0.020263671875,
0.07080078125,
-0.000522613525390625,
0.04541015625,
-0.06201171875,
0.01806640625,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.0023651123046875,
-0.03662109375,
-0.037109375,
0.00421142578125,
0.0306396484375,
-0.01153564453125,
0.04296875,
-0.027099609375,
0.00921630859375,
0.01202392578125,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.050048828125,
0.039306640625,
-0.01220703125,
0.0169677734375,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.053466796875,
0.015625,
-0.0849609375,
0.052978515625,
-0.0050048828125,
0.004974365234375,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.05810546875,
-0.01708984375,
0.029052734375,
-0.0269775390625,
0.009033203125,
0.0390625,
-0.00001633167266845703,
-0.02734375,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.058837890625,
0.0439453125,
-0.04150390625,
-0.018310546875,
0.007080078125,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.003204345703125,
0.009033203125,
0.0274658203125,
0.00787353515625,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0027923583984375,
0.05810546875,
-0.00823974609375,
0.02734375,
0.032470703125,
0.023681640625,
0.0205078125,
0.03369140625,
-0.006011962890625,
-0.005584716796875,
0.015380859375,
0.0125732421875,
0.0194091796875,
-0.033935546875,
-0.04443359375,
0.0032958984375,
-0.03369140625,
-0.011962890625,
0.0380859375,
-0.0185546875,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.06494140625,
0.0126953125,
0.00750732421875,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0634765625,
-0.022216796875,
0.019287109375,
0.0260009765625,
0.01324462890625,
-0.005035400390625,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.04638671875,
0.03515625,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.058349609375,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.05224609375,
-0.0164794921875,
0.03173828125,
0.049072265625,
-0.03466796875,
0.000728607177734375,
-0.0031585693359375,
0.03564453125,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.00555419921875,
0.0054931640625,
0.0126953125,
-0.007415771484375,
-0.0146484375,
0.0947265625,
-0.023193359375,
0.0419921875,
-0.0159912109375,
0.0035400390625,
0.01177978515625,
-0.01312255859375,
0.0198974609375,
-0.07568359375,
0.0322265625,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.0308837890625,
0.04931640625,
0.00072479248046875,
0.004364013671875,
-0.00506591796875,
-0.044677734375,
-0.04052734375,
-0.057373046875,
0.019287109375,
-0.0299072265625,
0.0196533203125,
-0.03369140625,
-0.031982421875,
-0.00579833984375,
-0.031494140625,
-0.004669189453125,
0.07958984375,
-0.048583984375,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.04248046875,
0.044189453125,
0.007598876953125,
-0.0133056640625,
0.007049560546875,
0.005340576171875,
0.02783203125,
-0.048828125,
-0.022705078125,
-0.041259765625,
-0.0279541015625,
0.0096435546875,
0.0205078125,
0.0230712890625,
0.0311279296875,
-0.01318359375,
-0.0380859375,
-0.004547119140625,
0.0224609375,
0.020751953125,
0.0084228515625,
0.039306640625,
-0.009765625,
-0.0084228515625,
0.03662109375,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.036376953125,
-0.056884765625,
0.057373046875,
0.020263671875,
-0.01165771484375,
0.0146484375,
0.0654296875,
0.0003509521484375,
0.004241943359375,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.01513671875,
0.00531005859375,
-0.0283203125,
0.011962890625,
0.031982421875,
-0.04541015625,
0.03369140625,
0.01507568359375,
0.01397705078125,
-0.00433349609375,
-0.013916015625,
0.0986328125,
-0.009521484375,
-0.02392578125,
0.0306396484375,
-0.01214599609375,
0.0240478515625,
-0.045166015625,
-0.01416015625,
0.0216064453125,
-0.0260009765625,
0.052734375,
-0.037841796875,
-0.06689453125,
-0.01470947265625,
0.01385498046875,
0.064453125,
-0.037353515625,
-0.04443359375,
0.034423828125,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.053466796875,
0.017333984375,
0.00830078125,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.040771484375,
-0.0140380859375,
0.0194091796875,
0.01397705078125,
0.056884765625,
-0.0537109375,
-0.05224609375,
-0.000682830810546875,
0.01806640625,
-0.0634765625,
0.07421875,
0.0244140625,
0.06689453125,
-0.01806640625,
-0.041748046875,
0.0172119140625,
0.044921875,
-0.00012063980102539062,
0.01007080078125,
-0.0107421875,
-0.0169677734375,
0.01373291015625,
-0.048828125,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.04345703125,
0.00750732421875,
0.0537109375,
-0.007659912109375,
0.0079345703125,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.04736328125,
0.005859375,
-0.01141357421875,
0.02880859375,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.002197265625,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.0166015625,
0.0128173828125,
0.016357421875,
-0.028076171875,
0.0218505859375,
-0.050048828125,
0.0220947265625,
0.0115966796875,
0.001129150390625,
0.025634765625,
0.0234375,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.037109375,
0.01092529296875,
-0.056640625,
0.007720947265625,
0.010009765625,
0.059326171875,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.0732421875,
-0.06005859375,
0.040283203125,
-0.0654296875,
0.026123046875,
0.008056640625,
-0.027099609375,
0.0419921875,
0.0419921875,
-0.013916015625,
-0.007080078125,
0.035888671875,
0.0177001953125,
0.0045166015625,
0.0157470703125,
-0.0211181640625,
0.0050048828125,
-0.04248046875,
0.0120849609375,
-0.04052734375,
0.035888671875,
-0.030517578125,
0.04931640625,
0.03125,
0.0308837890625,
0.0732421875,
-0.038330078125,
-0.042236328125,
-0.04150390625,
-0.030029296875,
0.00628662109375,
0.0498046875,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.009765625,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.00653076171875,
-0.0303955078125,
0.0390625,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.0126953125,
0.0186767578125,
-0.0186767578125,
0.041015625,
0.004119873046875,
0.000015020370483398438,
0.0201416015625,
0.00860595703125,
-0.026611328125,
-0.0296630859375,
0.00439453125,
0.046630859375,
-0.03466796875,
-0.00628662109375,
-0.0118408203125,
0.015869140625,
-0.08056640625,
0.01324462890625,
0.01129150390625,
0.026123046875,
-0.03076171875,
-0.0390625,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0021820068359375,
0.00927734375,
-0.005584716796875,
-0.0028076171875,
-0.050048828125,
-0.037353515625,
0.0196533203125,
0.0238037109375,
0.01953125,
0.0184326171875,
0.0093994140625,
0.0191650390625,
-0.0040283203125,
-0.023193359375,
-0.044189453125,
0.07470703125,
0.00897216796875,
0.018798828125,
-0.0004024505615234375,
0.03759765625,
0.00750732421875,
0.0262451171875,
-0.0087890625,
0.040771484375,
0.007110595703125,
-0.016357421875,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.005889892578125,
0.04638671875,
-0.03662109375,
-0.0546875,
0.01116943359375,
-0.046630859375,
-0.003265380859375,
0.026123046875,
-0.0174560546875,
0.041259765625,
-0.036865234375,
-0.028076171875,
-0.025390625,
-0.0230712890625,
0.0390625,
0.0556640625,
0.00634765625,
0.0177001953125,
-0.0025177001953125,
0.0191650390625,
0.002166748046875,
0.041015625,
0.0019378662109375,
-0.00103759765625,
-0.07568359375,
-0.002685546875,
0.03125,
0.0146484375,
0.01385498046875,
0.033203125,
-0.007171630859375,
-0.0107421875,
-0.0252685546875,
0.00970458984375,
0.0177001953125,
-0.060546875,
0.03173828125,
-0.004302978515625,
0.005767822265625,
-0.061767578125,
-0.004547119140625,
0.04736328125,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.04443359375,
0.01708984375,
0.0164794921875,
0.0225830078125,
-0.0068359375,
0.04345703125,
0.021728515625,
0.003997802734375,
0.02197265625,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0032196044921875,
-0.0263671875,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0255126953125,
0.0252685546875,
-0.052490234375,
-0.023681640625,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.04833984375,
0.00787353515625,
-0.00836181640625,
0.033935546875,
-0.02392578125,
-0.01708984375,
-0.0030059814453125,
-0.0191650390625,
0.0135498046875,
-0.0135498046875,
0.07177734375,
0.0020294189453125,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.01165771484375,
0.00311279296875,
0.06494140625,
-0.06884765625,
0.00726318359375,
0.0023651123046875,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.060302734375,
-0.01373291015625,
0.036376953125,
0.002410888671875,
-0.03759765625,
-0.05908203125,
0.0147705078125,
-0.0185546875,
-0.01708984375,
0.0225830078125,
0.01708984375,
-0.00106048583984375,
0.043701171875,
0.038818359375,
0.0003643035888671875,
0.0263671875,
-0.004730224609375,
0.047119140625,
0.03173828125,
-0.003265380859375,
-0.039794921875,
-0.0135498046875,
0.0208740234375,
-0.029296875,
0.011474609375,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.039794921875,
0.029296875,
0.034423828125,
0.04052734375,
-0.049560546875,
-0.02392578125,
0.0146484375,
-0.0390625,
0.01507568359375,
-0.02734375,
-0.00020122528076171875,
-0.0299072265625,
0.027099609375,
0.036376953125,
-0.0120849609375,
0.279296875,
0.0289306640625,
-0.0008544921875,
0.025390625,
0.0303955078125,
0.046630859375,
0.005615234375,
-0.017578125,
-0.0067138671875,
0.01287841796875,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.041015625,
-0.001007080078125,
0.0272216796875,
0.01483154296875,
0.0260009765625,
-0.060302734375,
0.03466796875,
0.0118408203125,
-0.03564453125,
0.000232696533203125,
0.0400390625,
-0.003387451171875,
0.0341796875,
0.05859375,
0.0062255859375,
0.03369140625,
-0.05908203125,
-0.0022735595703125,
-0.0098876953125,
0.0184326171875,
-0.0225830078125,
0.02978515625,
-0.04443359375,
-0.029052734375,
0.008544921875,
-0.0145263671875,
0.00628662109375,
0.034423828125,
-0.0279541015625,
0.016357421875,
0.0546875,
-0.0013275146484375,
-0.029541015625,
0.01251220703125,
0.013671875,
-0.0478515625,
0.052978515625,
0.0201416015625,
-0.051025390625,
0.032470703125,
0.01177978515625,
0.050048828125,
0.005767822265625,
0.0146484375,
0.018798828125,
0.0185546875,
-0.020751953125,
-0.015625,
-0.02001953125,
0.05126953125,
-0.01806640625,
0.041748046875,
0.052734375,
0.0302734375,
0.00848388671875,
0.006072998046875,
0.014404296875,
0.017578125,
0.0260009765625,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.00066375732421875,
-0.004638671875,
0.0026092529296875,
0.0306396484375,
-0.0126953125,
0.000050067901611328125,
0.016845703125,
0.027099609375,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.0037689208984375,
-0.043212890625,
0.007049560546875,
-0.031005859375,
0.045654296875,
0.032958984375,
0.021240234375,
-0.037353515625,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.027587890625,
0.01806640625,
0.0011444091796875,
0.0245361328125,
-0.016357421875
] |
McDonald, J.
This is an appeal by the defendant from an adverse decree in a suit to enforce a vend- or’s lien.
In August, 1924, the plaintiff and Mesrob Q. Kurkjian, since deceased, purchased on land contract certain property in the city of Detroit. They made a down payment of $3,000, leaving an unpaid balance of $10,000. By agreement, the plaintiff was named as vendee in the contract. In January, 1927, the deceased purchased the plaintiff’s undivided half interest for $3,000, and assumed the unpaid balance which at the time was $8,062.76. The plaintiff and his wife gave deceased an absolute 'assignment of the contract. The payment of the consideration to the plaintiff was partly in cash and partly by a note for $2,000 dated January 6, 1927, payable six months after date with interest at six per cent, per annum. The purchaser, Kurkjian, died in February, 1927, and in May the plaintiff presented the note as a claim against his estate. It was allowed, including interest at the sum of $2,010.30, but was not paid. On March 7, 1930, plaintiff filed this bill to establish and enforce an equitable lien on the one-half of the property which he had conveyed to the deceased. The defense was waiver and laches. The court decided the issue in favor of the plaintiff, and entered a decree accordingly. The defendant has appealed.
The right to a vendor’s lien is well settled in this State.
“The vendor’s lien upon sale of real estate has always been recognized in this State ,• the earliest reported case being that of Carroll v. VanRensselaer, Harr. Ch. 225. The doctrine, generally stated, is that the vendor of land who has taken no security, although he has made an absolute deed and acknowledged the receipt of the purchase price, yet retains an equitable lien for the purchase money, unless there be an express or implied waiver and discharge of it, which will be enforced in equity against the vendee, volunteers, and all others claiming under him with notice.” Dunton v. Outhouse, 64 Mich. 419.
It is the contention of the defendant that the plaintiff waived his lien by accepting a note in part payment of the purchase price, without any intention of asserting a lien if it were not paid; that the purchaser was reputed to be a man of substantial means and that the plaintiff relied on his personal responsibility and did not intend to look to the property for payment.
This contention is without merit. The vendor’s intention not to assert the lien is not evidence of waiver. In Dunton v. Outhouse, supra, the court said: ,
“The equity arises independent of contract, and it is therefore immaterial that the seller had no intention to reserve such a lien. 2 Sugden, Vendors and Purchasers, 675.”
Nor was the lien waived by the acceptance of the purchaser’s note and reliance on his financial ability to pay. In 27 R. O. L. p. 576, § 319, it is said:
“The lien is not waived or repelled by the taking of the purchaser’s independent obligation or promise to pay the purchase money, such as his note, or even his personal bond, as these are regarded as mere evidence of the indebtedness. And though the vendor may rely in taking such an individual obligation on the solvency and financial ability of the grantee, and may' not know that he has any lien upon the land, or actually rely ou any lien, and may not have in contemplation the enforcement of the lien at any time, yet, unless he expressly and consciously waives the lien, he retains it.”
Ijt is further contended that there was a waiver when the plaintiff secured an allowance of the note against the estate of the deceased.
In Zeigler v. Valley Coal Co., 150 Mich. 82 (13 Ann. Cas. 90), it was held that the bringing of a suit at law and obtaining judgment thereon are not of themselves a waiver of the lien.
And in 27 R. C. L. p. 593, § 341, it is said:
“It is not waived by the presentation of the claim for the purchase money to the personal representative of a deceased purchaser as a general claim against the estate.” '
Finally, it is urged by the defendant that it would be inequitable to enforce the lien at this time because of the plaintiff’s laches.
It was about three years after the commissioners on claims had allowed the note as a claim against the estate that the plaintiff filed this bill. His excuse for not proceeding earlier is that he was promised the note would be paid out of the estate; that he waited in reliance on that promise, but when he learned it would not be paid he proceeded promptly to enforce his lien. In the meantime the administrator had been making payments on the contract and disbursing’ money for taxes and insurance on the property. The defendant says it was prejudiced by the delay because—
“Had plaintiff asserted his lien within a reasonable time after the death of Kurkjian, the administrator might well have decided not to increase the equity in the property and to disburse out of the estate’s assets moneys for taxes, repairs and upkeep.”
This claim hardly requires comment. In continuing to make payments on the contract and paying the taxes on the property, the defendant was merely paying what it owed. If that was the only effect of the delay, it cannot he held to have affected its interests adversely. The record shows no intervening interests and no change in the conditions that would render it inequitable to enforce the lien. The defense of laches is without merit.
The circuit judge correctly disposed of the case. His decree is affirmed, with costs to the plaintiff.
Clark, C. J., and Potter, Sharpe, North, Fead, Wiest, and Butzel, JJ., concurred. | [
-0.05419921875,
0.0191650390625,
-0.00714111328125,
0.0264892578125,
-0.052001953125,
-0.01104736328125,
0.0098876953125,
-0.00726318359375,
-0.01092529296875,
0.0625,
0.029052734375,
0.005706787109375,
0.01953125,
0.03125,
-0.02734375,
0.005401611328125,
-0.041015625,
0.009033203125,
-0.04443359375,
0.035888671875,
0.019287109375,
0.01495361328125,
-0.045166015625,
-0.01318359375,
0.005126953125,
-0.0137939453125,
0.0126953125,
-0.03564453125,
0.0712890625,
0.0306396484375,
-0.01080322265625,
0.000263214111328125,
-0.018798828125,
0.0031280517578125,
0.0308837890625,
-0.0157470703125,
0.000659942626953125,
-0.0830078125,
0.01507568359375,
-0.0184326171875,
0.01068115234375,
0.013427734375,
0.006988525390625,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.04150390625,
-0.03955078125,
-0.036865234375,
-0.052734375,
0.048583984375,
-0.0025482177734375,
0.0028533935546875,
-0.0166015625,
0.0181884765625,
-0.051025390625,
-0.02392578125,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.03955078125,
-0.029541015625,
0.00823974609375,
0.025390625,
0.01007080078125,
-0.04345703125,
0.0029296875,
-0.0419921875,
0.0002422332763671875,
0.005157470703125,
-0.0035247802734375,
0.02880859375,
0.0191650390625,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0057373046875,
-0.023681640625,
0.0079345703125,
-0.018310546875,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.0478515625,
-0.05126953125,
-0.00183868408203125,
0.01104736328125,
0.0186767578125,
-0.0155029296875,
0.03759765625,
0.00136566162109375,
-0.044189453125,
0.03173828125,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.00089263916015625,
0.021484375,
0.0478515625,
-0.0167236328125,
0.027587890625,
0.0184326171875,
0.00127410888671875,
0.017822265625,
0.01214599609375,
0.033447265625,
0.0301513671875,
0.015625,
-0.0206298828125,
0.030517578125,
0.029052734375,
0.004852294921875,
0.0771484375,
0.00433349609375,
0.038818359375,
-0.016357421875,
0.0184326171875,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.0201416015625,
0.01531982421875,
-0.031982421875,
0.03857421875,
-0.02490234375,
-0.04736328125,
0.01043701171875,
-0.0115966796875,
0.00823974609375,
-0.025390625,
-0.0238037109375,
0.056884765625,
-0.031982421875,
0.01544189453125,
-0.060791015625,
0.0146484375,
0.001953125,
0.01806640625,
0.04638671875,
-0.022705078125,
0.03955078125,
0.052734375,
-0.000934600830078125,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0050048828125,
0.008544921875,
0.03173828125,
0.01446533203125,
0.044189453125,
-0.00116729736328125,
0.00750732421875,
0.0201416015625,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.00567626953125,
0.024658203125,
0.034912109375,
0.05029296875,
-0.003936767578125,
-0.0002651214599609375,
-0.023681640625,
-0.02001953125,
-0.052001953125,
0.010986328125,
0.0191650390625,
0.043701171875,
0.0341796875,
-0.05859375,
0.032470703125,
-0.0260009765625,
0.0022735595703125,
0.00848388671875,
0.00848388671875,
0.0038299560546875,
0.0159912109375,
0.0025787353515625,
-0.0244140625,
0.0213623046875,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.0036163330078125,
-0.05224609375,
-0.037109375,
0.033203125,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.049072265625,
-0.038818359375,
0.051513671875,
0.0135498046875,
0.08154296875,
-0.0000400543212890625,
-0.0225830078125,
0.0155029296875,
0.0035247802734375,
0.052490234375,
0.0260009765625,
-0.02880859375,
0.04296875,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.041748046875,
-0.00653076171875,
0.005523681640625,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0296630859375,
0.055419921875,
-0.03564453125,
0.0218505859375,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.0057373046875,
0.0211181640625,
0.0213623046875,
-0.04443359375,
-0.004302978515625,
-0.0021514892578125,
0.035888671875,
0.0030517578125,
-0.07080078125,
0.05126953125,
0.044677734375,
-0.033447265625,
0.0194091796875,
0.00323486328125,
0.00927734375,
0.00054168701171875,
-0.02978515625,
0.00323486328125,
0.0301513671875,
0.0162353515625,
0.046875,
-0.06494140625,
0.0076904296875,
-0.025146484375,
0.037353515625,
-0.030029296875,
0.030029296875,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.046630859375,
0.052490234375,
0.036865234375,
-0.015625,
0.004425048828125,
-0.006591796875,
0.02734375,
-0.015380859375,
0.07373046875,
-0.003448486328125,
-0.0084228515625,
0.050537109375,
0.038818359375,
-0.051025390625,
0.02490234375,
0.0164794921875,
0.033447265625,
0.005706787109375,
-0.020751953125,
-0.018798828125,
0.03955078125,
-0.00013256072998046875,
-0.00927734375,
-0.020751953125,
0.03466796875,
-0.022705078125,
0.039306640625,
-0.0203857421875,
0.002960205078125,
0.0021514892578125,
0.0264892578125,
0.023681640625,
0.01123046875,
-0.031005859375,
-0.0595703125,
0.044921875,
0.011962890625,
-0.02880859375,
-0.017333984375,
0.0306396484375,
-0.03076171875,
0.03125,
-0.020751953125,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.03515625,
-0.047119140625,
-0.01611328125,
0.01080322265625,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.05517578125,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.01214599609375,
0.037841796875,
-0.0244140625,
-0.0004482269287109375,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.064453125,
0.03662109375,
-0.012451171875,
0.030517578125,
-0.0301513671875,
0.080078125,
-0.0084228515625,
0.03271484375,
0.0125732421875,
-0.04541015625,
-0.055419921875,
0.000060558319091796875,
0.0264892578125,
-0.01806640625,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.005828857421875,
0.010986328125,
0.0108642578125,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.041259765625,
0.0291748046875,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0038299560546875,
0.0050048828125,
-0.005767822265625,
-0.0135498046875,
0.02685546875,
-0.022216796875,
0.033203125,
-0.0084228515625,
0.025634765625,
-0.0439453125,
0.072265625,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.021484375,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.02880859375,
0.01519775390625,
-0.024658203125,
-0.0458984375,
-0.0191650390625,
0.0191650390625,
0.02685546875,
0.0308837890625,
-0.0517578125,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0390625,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.02392578125,
-0.0027923583984375,
-0.031494140625,
-0.006591796875,
-0.01953125,
0.024169921875,
0.002532958984375,
-0.01202392578125,
0.0234375,
0.0230712890625,
0.0322265625,
0.000408172607421875,
-0.0380859375,
-0.00677490234375,
0.0205078125,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.01806640625,
-0.0147705078125,
0.03271484375,
-0.02001953125,
0.0247802734375,
0.01953125,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.027587890625,
0.031982421875,
0.04150390625,
0.0458984375,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0084228515625,
0.0030364990234375,
-0.015625,
-0.042236328125,
0.0084228515625,
0.01904296875,
-0.006988525390625,
0.0286865234375,
0.06201171875,
-0.03076171875,
-0.00244140625,
-0.042236328125,
-0.0556640625,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.0179443359375,
0.00372314453125,
0.004852294921875,
0.0087890625,
-0.00634765625,
0.0213623046875,
0.0390625,
0.0240478515625,
-0.00147247314453125,
-0.0213623046875,
0.0157470703125,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.024169921875,
-0.029052734375,
0.01470947265625,
0.025390625,
-0.018798828125,
-0.01806640625,
-0.06201171875,
0.041259765625,
-0.00390625,
-0.00092315673828125,
-0.005096435546875,
0.0277099609375,
0.0267333984375,
0.00946044921875,
0.0020751953125,
-0.06201171875,
-0.031005859375,
-0.044677734375,
0.058837890625,
-0.00714111328125,
-0.007659912109375,
-0.00115203857421875,
0.0181884765625,
0.007598876953125,
0.01385498046875,
0.052490234375,
0.001129150390625,
-0.015380859375,
0.0167236328125,
0.039306640625,
-0.00107574462890625,
0.00750732421875,
-0.041748046875,
0.0252685546875,
0.0238037109375,
0.0341796875,
-0.044189453125,
0.059814453125,
-0.031982421875,
0.04931640625,
0.0152587890625,
0.012451171875,
-0.00185394287109375,
0.04541015625,
-0.050537109375,
0.00145721435546875,
0.0419921875,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.0283203125,
-0.0211181640625,
0.019775390625,
0.00518798828125,
0.055908203125,
-0.019287109375,
-0.06689453125,
0.03857421875,
0.01385498046875,
0.01531982421875,
-0.0078125,
0.006988525390625,
0.00860595703125,
0.03955078125,
-0.0172119140625,
0.049072265625,
-0.00506591796875,
-0.02392578125,
0.0022125244140625,
0.0625,
-0.044189453125,
0.02099609375,
-0.0274658203125,
0.041015625,
-0.027099609375,
-0.02978515625,
-0.0107421875,
-0.00848388671875,
0.033203125,
0.0228271484375,
0.0289306640625,
0.0615234375,
0.013671875,
0.0078125,
0.051513671875,
0.0225830078125,
-0.039794921875,
0.005157470703125,
-0.0233154296875,
0.0130615234375,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.021484375,
0.034912109375,
-0.01544189453125,
0.04052734375,
-0.00167083740234375,
0.016845703125,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0439453125,
-0.02099609375,
0.0098876953125,
-0.050048828125,
-0.00775146484375,
0.021484375,
-0.01300048828125,
0.00445556640625,
-0.00732421875,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.026611328125,
-0.03759765625,
-0.0191650390625,
0.0458984375,
0.01336669921875,
0.04931640625,
0.00482177734375,
0.0301513671875,
0.037109375,
0.005828857421875,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.03369140625,
-0.04443359375,
0.0191650390625,
0.06103515625,
-0.020751953125,
0.0189208984375,
-0.00732421875,
0.045166015625,
0.002166748046875,
0.033447265625,
0.04638671875,
0.006134033203125,
0.06982421875,
0.05224609375,
0.047607421875,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.02880859375,
-0.01220703125,
-0.0050048828125,
0.012451171875,
0.004302978515625,
0.0220947265625,
-0.019775390625,
-0.022705078125,
-0.01416015625,
0.0012664794921875,
-0.05126953125,
-0.05322265625,
-0.008056640625,
0.00006341934204101562,
0.0191650390625,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.0057373046875,
0.01458740234375,
-0.0654296875,
0.0220947265625,
-0.003448486328125,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.0140380859375,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.0201416015625,
0.04541015625,
0.0196533203125,
0.01397705078125,
-0.0556640625,
-0.033935546875,
0.01007080078125,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.0234375,
-0.03515625,
0.01165771484375,
-0.0126953125,
0.0242919921875,
0.02099609375,
-0.01251220703125,
0.0206298828125,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.002105712890625,
0.026123046875,
-0.0517578125,
0.0177001953125,
-0.08984375,
0.021728515625,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.040283203125,
0.01495361328125,
0.037109375,
0.00110626220703125,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.06494140625,
-0.0283203125,
-0.05419921875,
-0.0458984375,
0.0255126953125,
0.01513671875,
-0.012451171875,
0.01116943359375,
-0.0556640625,
0.041259765625,
-0.017333984375,
-0.00628662109375,
0.0859375,
-0.019287109375,
0.0004062652587890625,
-0.0498046875,
0.015869140625,
0.0218505859375,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.003814697265625,
0.009765625,
-0.0303955078125,
0.058837890625,
0.02001953125,
-0.024169921875,
0.01422119140625,
-0.078125,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0284423828125,
0.0625,
0.0216064453125,
0.004425048828125,
0.0693359375,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.0033111572265625,
0.044677734375,
0.0133056640625,
0.004119873046875,
-0.07568359375,
0.01544189453125,
0.0206298828125,
-0.0047607421875,
0.029541015625,
0.00909423828125,
-0.032958984375,
-0.016845703125,
-0.00286865234375,
-0.021728515625,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.05126953125,
0.04052734375,
0.040771484375,
-0.02587890625,
0.040283203125,
0.0277099609375,
0.00897216796875,
0.04296875,
-0.0205078125,
0.031982421875,
-0.028076171875,
-0.01220703125,
0.018798828125,
0.01275634765625,
-0.0224609375,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.02587890625,
0.002044677734375,
0.04443359375,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.0172119140625,
0.0341796875,
0.0634765625,
-0.006988525390625,
0.00469970703125,
0.0096435546875,
0.01409912109375,
-0.059326171875,
0.0220947265625,
-0.01177978515625,
0.049072265625,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.07763671875,
-0.007598876953125,
0.02294921875,
0.00640869140625,
0.0185546875,
-0.029541015625,
-0.043701171875,
0.0174560546875,
0.036865234375,
-0.0238037109375,
0.0169677734375,
0.002105712890625,
0.0281982421875,
-0.031494140625,
-0.043212890625,
0.003631591796875,
0.059326171875,
0.00146484375,
0.0240478515625,
-0.0281982421875,
0.0120849609375,
0.00634765625,
-0.0390625,
-0.05126953125,
-0.005523681640625,
0.01495361328125,
0.0224609375,
0.02294921875,
-0.0208740234375,
0.0028228759765625,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.007049560546875,
-0.038818359375,
0.0264892578125,
-0.0308837890625,
0.06396484375,
0.032470703125,
-0.0198974609375,
0.016357421875,
0.045654296875,
-0.01544189453125,
0.034912109375,
-0.0419921875,
-0.0042724609375,
-0.00640869140625,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.0118408203125,
0.0023956298828125,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.041748046875,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.0283203125,
0.00604248046875,
0.055908203125,
0.068359375,
-0.020751953125,
-0.048095703125,
-0.0303955078125,
0.007171630859375,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.0084228515625,
0.026611328125,
0.019287109375,
0.028564453125,
-0.006134033203125,
-0.033935546875,
0.027587890625,
0.0123291015625,
0.03125,
0.041748046875,
-0.00390625,
0.0277099609375,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.054443359375,
-0.03125,
-0.0296630859375,
0.014404296875,
0.02490234375,
-0.0103759765625,
0.025634765625,
-0.02685546875,
-0.0625,
0.012451171875,
-0.021728515625,
-0.035400390625,
0.00970458984375,
-0.0174560546875,
0.00396728515625,
0.00482177734375,
0.020751953125,
-0.006591796875,
0.019287109375,
-0.0458984375,
-0.01171875,
-0.013916015625,
0.007354736328125,
0.03515625,
0.0235595703125,
0.03564453125,
0.01153564453125,
0.005126953125,
-0.044677734375,
-0.02880859375,
-0.0196533203125,
0.0400390625,
0.002197265625,
-0.03173828125,
-0.031982421875,
-0.02392578125,
-0.080078125,
0.0115966796875,
-0.005462646484375,
0.0263671875,
0.02783203125,
0.017578125,
-0.046630859375,
0.01220703125,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.005462646484375,
-0.029052734375,
-0.03662109375,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.0015716552734375,
0.04833984375,
-0.004058837890625,
0.048095703125,
0.0137939453125,
-0.004669189453125,
-0.02490234375,
-0.012451171875,
-0.02734375,
0.042724609375,
0.04833984375,
0.007537841796875,
0.0205078125,
0.0018768310546875,
0.0016632080078125,
0.00982666015625,
0.041748046875,
0.0303955078125,
0.016845703125,
0.003662109375,
0.00982666015625,
-0.000804901123046875,
0.0439453125,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.0012664794921875,
-0.028564453125,
0.0211181640625,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.007659912109375,
-0.0185546875,
-0.0130615234375,
0.0164794921875,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.02197265625,
0.041259765625,
-0.000629425048828125,
0.01190185546875,
-0.033935546875,
0.01226806640625,
0.018798828125,
0.01141357421875,
-0.03173828125,
0.033935546875,
-0.0007781982421875,
-0.07666015625,
0.00095367431640625,
0.0380859375,
0.019287109375,
-0.0181884765625,
0.0400390625,
0.008056640625,
-0.0072021484375,
-0.0771484375,
0.013427734375,
-0.018798828125,
-0.0732421875,
0.055908203125,
0.003173828125,
0.01904296875,
-0.017578125,
0.016357421875,
0.002471923828125,
0.01025390625,
-0.04833984375,
0.015625,
0.01409912109375,
0.00823974609375,
-0.0181884765625,
0.0146484375,
0.006988525390625,
0.0078125,
0.0439453125,
0.00543212890625,
0.05517578125,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.04150390625,
-0.023193359375,
0.049560546875,
-0.026611328125,
-0.0556640625,
-0.006317138671875,
0.0047607421875,
-0.002593994140625,
0.027099609375,
0.0294189453125,
-0.0634765625,
0.00091552734375,
0.008056640625,
-0.017578125,
0.043212890625,
0.01171875,
0.05859375,
-0.005523681640625,
-0.03955078125,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.048095703125,
0.0240478515625,
-0.06884765625,
0.0546875,
0.0206298828125,
-0.029052734375,
-0.06689453125,
-0.0244140625,
0.025146484375,
0.03369140625,
-0.05322265625,
-0.00171661376953125,
0.00101470947265625,
0.00933837890625,
-0.008544921875,
-0.0198974609375,
0.016845703125,
0.0031280517578125,
0.0189208984375,
-0.01153564453125,
0.0206298828125,
-0.01708984375,
-0.005523681640625,
0.031982421875,
0.01190185546875,
0.05224609375,
0.000736236572265625,
0.01019287109375,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.02880859375,
-0.0302734375,
0.01007080078125,
0.00115966796875,
0.010498046875,
-0.01953125,
-0.01068115234375,
0.00012969970703125,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0634765625,
-0.051513671875,
-0.007171630859375,
-0.050048828125,
0.010009765625,
0.036865234375,
-0.05029296875,
0.2734375,
0.008544921875,
-0.004058837890625,
0.0059814453125,
0.0118408203125,
0.042724609375,
-0.01214599609375,
0.00958251953125,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.03662109375,
-0.0302734375,
0.001983642578125,
0.0233154296875,
0.0036163330078125,
0.030029296875,
-0.025634765625,
0.046630859375,
0.00909423828125,
-0.0299072265625,
0.00188446044921875,
-0.02685546875,
-0.0216064453125,
0.06396484375,
0.0380859375,
0.0068359375,
0.032470703125,
-0.0625,
-0.002166748046875,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0026702880859375,
-0.0218505859375,
0.01214599609375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.04541015625,
0.043701171875,
0.0250244140625,
0.016357421875,
0.0037689208984375,
0.03125,
0.002105712890625,
0.0235595703125,
0.0205078125,
-0.006072998046875,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.003936767578125,
-0.03515625,
0.07080078125,
0.0361328125,
-0.033447265625,
0.020263671875,
0.029541015625,
0.0269775390625,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0361328125,
0.0191650390625,
0.027587890625,
0.031005859375,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.052978515625,
-0.0157470703125,
0.0247802734375,
0.000850677490234375,
0.012939453125,
0.038330078125,
0.019287109375,
0.0625,
0.0093994140625,
0.01263427734375,
0.01129150390625,
0.0098876953125,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.03515625,
-0.023193359375,
0.0174560546875,
0.00154876708984375,
-0.02783203125,
0.050537109375,
-0.0026092529296875,
-0.037109375,
0.01019287109375,
-0.057373046875,
-0.0037384033203125,
0.00011301040649414062,
0.036376953125,
0.01068115234375,
0.0036773681640625,
-0.021240234375,
0.00060272216796875,
-0.0162353515625,
0.0098876953125,
0.0213623046875,
-0.00179290771484375,
-0.00848388671875,
0.040771484375
] |
North, J.
A superintendent of the poor for Kent county petitioned the probate court of said county to require Gustav Mayer, herein called the defendant, to contribute to the support of his mother, Marie Shassberger, as a dependent person within the meaning of Act No. 146, Pub. Acts 1925, being 2 Comp. Laws 1929, § 8208 et seq. Prom the order of the probate court requiring him to make weekly contributions towards the support of his mother, the defendant appealed to the circuit court. Upon hearing in the circuit, it was ordered that the defendant pay $10 per week. Defendant has appealed.
The defense mainly urged is that the defendant was abandoned by his mother before he arrived at the age of 16 years, and therefore he is not liable under the statute to contribute towards her support. The defendant also urges that the amount ordered to be paid is excessive. The statute under which this proceeding is brought in part provides:
“No person shall be required to furnish a parent with shelter, food, care, and clothing if it .is proven that such parent abandoned, deserted or wilfully refused or neglected to support and maintain him while an infant under sixteen years of age. This act shall he deemed to create a liability as follows:
“(a) Sons or daughters shall be liable for the support of their dependent parent or parents to the extent hereinafter mentioned;
“(b) A parent shall be deemed to be dependent where, by reason of age, disease, or infirmity, he is unable to maintain himself.” 2 Comp. Laws 1929, § 8226.
Mrs. Shassberger is 84 years of age, practically blind, and feeble physically and mentally. She has a life estate in a residence property which rents for $25 per month. Her condition is such that she needs personal care and attention which defendant has not and for obvious reasons cannot give to her in his own home. Prior to these proceedings she was taken to a public institution for care, but subsequently placed in a private home, where, at the time of the hearing in the circuit court, she was being cared for at an expense of $10 per week. There is no question but that she is a dependent person within the meaning of the statute.
Touching defendant’s claim of having been abandoned by his mother, the following facts are pertinent: Mrs. Shassberger is a native of Germany. While residing there she lived with a man by the name of Wolf without the formality of a marriage ceremony. Gustav Mayer was born to these parties while so living together. It is the claim of Mrs. Shassberger, and her testimony is not disputed, that because Wolf was a drunkard she was compelled to leave his home. This she did when Gustav was about three years of age. She told Wolf she was leaving for America and he must look after Gustav. Mrs. Shassberger came to this country and shortly after her arrival married Mr. Shassberger. Evi dently they were people of limited means. Notwithstanding this, from time to time Mrs. Shassberger sent money to Germany either to Gnstav or his brother. The amounts were small, but the record does not disclose that Mrs. Shassberger was able to send more. Mr. Shassberger died about 15 or 16 years after his marriage to Mrs. Shassberger. Shortly after his death Mrs. Shassberger sent for Gustav to come to America, and furnished him with the money with which to pay his passage and entrance into this country. He arrived' in Grand Rapids in February, 1909'. He was then nearly 19 years of age. From that time he and his mother lived together in the same household for substantially 20 years, when she was taken in charge by the public authorities. Aside from his mother’s contribution, Gustav, while in Germany, was maintained, as he testified, by means derived from his “father’s estate.” He and a brother were reared on a farm, and when Gustav was 15 or 16 years of age he began to learn the shoe trade. He was working at his trade when his mother sent for him. Without reciting further details which appear in the record, it is sufficient to note we are of the opinion that defendant has not established his claim of having been abandoned by his mother. Mrs. Shassberger’s testimony disclosed that she was justified in severing her relations with the man Wolf. She evidently kept in touch with her children, and, so far as her means permitted, contributed to their maintenance. It is fair to infer as soon-as she was able to do so she provided the means of bringing Gustav to her home in America; and they have continued to live together for years. Abandonment or desertion within the meaning of the statute has not been established.
Touching the claim of defendant that the amount ordered by the circuit judge to be paid is excessive, it may be noted that defendant’s conduct, when testifying in the circuit court, was not to his credit. His ability to pay, as well as the extent of his mother’s needs, were material questions. The lack of frankness and fairness on the part of the defendant is indicated by the following from his testimony:
“Q. Haven’t you some money put away, money in the bank?
“A. Who wants to know? '
“Q. Have you Consumers Power stock?
“A. Yes, but I don’t know how much.
“Q. You don’t know whether you have 1,000 or 500?
“A. I had so much trouble my mind is all mixed up.
“Q. Haven’t you any other securities ?
“A. I am paying insurance; that is all I know.
‘ ‘ Q. How much insurance have you ?
“A. I don’t know.
“Q. Who receives the benefit of this insurance, who is the beneficiary?
“A. I am myself. * * *
“Q. You haven’t told us what the value of your securities, your stock is, whatever stocks you own?
“A. I don’t know. I have got to figure that up myself. * * * It would not hurt me to work for somebody else, but I could not find a-job.”
Defendant owns the remainder interest in the property in which his mother has a life estate. He also owns other residence property from which .he receives; a monthly, rental of $25 or $30. He is a man in middle age, has a trade, and is able to work, though presently not employed. For months preceding the hearing in the probate court, he had appropriated for his own use the rental income from the property in which his mother has a life estate. He testified the money was used in making improvements on this property in which he has the remainderman’s interest.
It is urged in appellant’s brief that the amount he has been ordered to pay is in excess of the actual needs of his mother, in view of' the fact that she is now receiving the rentals from the property of which she is the life tenant; and also that the contributions in the amounts ordered will eventually pauperize defendant. "We are not favorably impressed with either of these claims. It is fair to assume that the court making the order had all the facts and circumstances fully in mind, including the statutory provision which empowers the court to subsequently alter the order if found to be overburdensome to the one' required to make the contributions. 2 Comp. Laws 1929, § 8214.
It is urged in behalf of appellant that the circuit judge unduly restricted the cross-examination of Mrs. Shassberger touching the circumstances under which she left defendant in Germany, this bearing upon the question of abandonment and desertion. This cross-examination related to a material question in the case; and while it appears to have been somewhat unduly restricted, we are satisfied from defendant’s own testimony that it did not result in prejudicial error.
The judgment of the circuit court is affirmed, with costs to appellee.
Clark, C. J., and McDonald, Potter, Sharpe, Fead, Wiest, and Butzel, JJ., concurred. | [
-0.01043701171875,
0.00970458984375,
0.0045166015625,
0.038330078125,
-0.05078125,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.017578125,
0.0341796875,
0.0230712890625,
-0.017333984375,
0.033935546875,
0.002349853515625,
-0.0028533935546875,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.038330078125,
-0.00439453125,
-0.013916015625,
0.0020904541015625,
0.03173828125,
0.0181884765625,
-0.041015625,
-0.0030670166015625,
-0.00112152099609375,
0.00124359130859375,
0.0162353515625,
0.010009765625,
0.051513671875,
0.011962890625,
0.0213623046875,
-0.01336669921875,
0.005706787109375,
-0.0240478515625,
0.0022735595703125,
-0.01708984375,
0.050048828125,
-0.087890625,
0.030517578125,
-0.0291748046875,
0.0291748046875,
-0.01953125,
0.05517578125,
-0.031982421875,
-0.031494140625,
-0.028564453125,
-0.031494140625,
-0.01708984375,
0.011962890625,
-0.045166015625,
-0.0032501220703125,
-0.017822265625,
0.0120849609375,
-0.007568359375,
0.0361328125,
-0.0213623046875,
0.005340576171875,
-0.025146484375,
-0.0087890625,
0.0234375,
0.01373291015625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.00055694580078125,
-0.03564453125,
0.0220947265625,
0.041259765625,
-0.00799560546875,
0.01129150390625,
-0.01806640625,
-0.01422119140625,
0.028076171875,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.023193359375,
-0.00106048583984375,
0.025634765625,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.03369140625,
-0.03173828125,
0.015869140625,
0.0615234375,
-0.0006256103515625,
-0.0242919921875,
0.033447265625,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.04296875,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.0087890625,
0.028076171875,
-0.02294921875,
0.01275634765625,
-0.006103515625,
0.0498046875,
-0.0458984375,
0.0233154296875,
0.0556640625,
0.064453125,
-0.00136566162109375,
0.054443359375,
0.041015625,
-0.046875,
0.03857421875,
-0.00701904296875,
0.021240234375,
0.083984375,
0.0002193450927734375,
0.055908203125,
-0.020751953125,
-0.004364013671875,
-0.01385498046875,
0.001861572265625,
0.0179443359375,
-0.026611328125,
0.033447265625,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.047607421875,
0.02099609375,
-0.043212890625,
0.0084228515625,
-0.0537109375,
-0.003997802734375,
0.053466796875,
0.0042724609375,
0.04296875,
-0.014892578125,
0.015869140625,
0.0242919921875,
0.000008344650268554688,
0.042236328125,
0.006744384765625,
-0.00982666015625,
0.038818359375,
-0.00799560546875,
0.004547119140625,
-0.010009765625,
-0.01470947265625,
0.0146484375,
0.01092529296875,
-0.00994873046875,
0.0274658203125,
0.0341796875,
0.026123046875,
-0.0133056640625,
0.030029296875,
0.0267333984375,
0.004241943359375,
0.0137939453125,
-0.00872802734375,
0.0050048828125,
-0.030029296875,
0.0034637451171875,
-0.036865234375,
0.00506591796875,
0.0615234375,
0.0286865234375,
0.03857421875,
-0.01226806640625,
0.04296875,
-0.03466796875,
-0.00067138671875,
0.0145263671875,
-0.01611328125,
0.0159912109375,
-0.03369140625,
0.031494140625,
-0.036376953125,
-0.004974365234375,
0.01513671875,
0.03662109375,
-0.02197265625,
-0.040283203125,
0.028564453125,
0.0068359375,
-0.053955078125,
-0.025634765625,
0.02978515625,
0.0093994140625,
0.05810546875,
-0.044921875,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.007293701171875,
-0.0218505859375,
0.030517578125,
0.06591796875,
0.031005859375,
0.028564453125,
0.00665283203125,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.0400390625,
0.01434326171875,
-0.04931640625,
0.01226806640625,
0.0037078857421875,
0.0262451171875,
0.0299072265625,
-0.00201416015625,
0.06494140625,
-0.018798828125,
-0.024169921875,
0.0274658203125,
-0.006317138671875,
-0.053955078125,
0.03515625,
0.04345703125,
0.0576171875,
-0.03076171875,
-0.017578125,
0.05615234375,
0.0184326171875,
-0.03564453125,
-0.0537109375,
0.04150390625,
0.0206298828125,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.032958984375,
-0.011474609375,
0.0152587890625,
-0.064453125,
0.046875,
-0.09521484375,
0.01104736328125,
-0.030517578125,
0.028564453125,
-0.01336669921875,
0.0286865234375,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.023193359375,
0.0242919921875,
0.0238037109375,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.0208740234375,
0.015869140625,
0.00811767578125,
0.011474609375,
0.06396484375,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.004425048828125,
0.045166015625,
0.0026702880859375,
-0.01397705078125,
0.0361328125,
-0.038818359375,
0.00848388671875,
0.064453125,
-0.017578125,
-0.01904296875,
0.05078125,
-0.01251220703125,
0.0205078125,
-0.029296875,
0.0093994140625,
-0.0150146484375,
0.0302734375,
-0.01031494140625,
0.0478515625,
-0.00830078125,
-0.0174560546875,
0.03564453125,
0.01312255859375,
-0.03515625,
-0.0216064453125,
0.01373291015625,
0.0174560546875,
0.000843048095703125,
0.021484375,
0.048095703125,
-0.005035400390625,
0.04248046875,
0.0037078857421875,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.021240234375,
-0.00173187255859375,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0126953125,
-0.0004425048828125,
-0.026611328125,
-0.0225830078125,
0.03125,
-0.031005859375,
0.03857421875,
-0.034912109375,
-0.03076171875,
0.025390625,
-0.03173828125,
0.037841796875,
0.004913330078125,
0.034423828125,
-0.055908203125,
0.0213623046875,
0.0322265625,
0.0286865234375,
0.0286865234375,
-0.047607421875,
0.0068359375,
0.033935546875,
0.046142578125,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.04443359375,
0.00689697265625,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.0225830078125,
0.00026702880859375,
-0.013916015625,
0.03515625,
0.0026397705078125,
-0.0155029296875,
0.00238037109375,
-0.01904296875,
-0.007476806640625,
0.0033416748046875,
0.006256103515625,
-0.038330078125,
0.057373046875,
-0.01324462890625,
0.019775390625,
-0.0155029296875,
0.05810546875,
0.01080322265625,
-0.047119140625,
-0.006683349609375,
-0.0120849609375,
0.015380859375,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.0693359375,
-0.010986328125,
0.00933837890625,
0.0093994140625,
0.0174560546875,
-0.0947265625,
0.00616455078125,
-0.048828125,
-0.04296875,
-0.032470703125,
0.01361083984375,
-0.0028533935546875,
0.009521484375,
0.01422119140625,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0234375,
-0.0047607421875,
-0.033203125,
0.051025390625,
-0.01513671875,
0.02099609375,
0.029296875,
-0.0115966796875,
0.02099609375,
0.033203125,
0.00055694580078125,
-0.02001953125,
0.00009059906005859375,
-0.017578125,
0.046875,
0.00860595703125,
0.0196533203125,
-0.002685546875,
0.044189453125,
0.00506591796875,
-0.053955078125,
-0.003936767578125,
0.0296630859375,
-0.0078125,
0.04296875,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.06396484375,
-0.033447265625,
0.0089111328125,
-0.024658203125,
0.04736328125,
-0.04931640625,
0.048583984375,
0.00555419921875,
-0.0244140625,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.042236328125,
-0.048095703125,
0.0040283203125,
0.00439453125,
0.018798828125,
0.00799560546875,
-0.005615234375,
-0.0069580078125,
-0.0140380859375,
0.05322265625,
0.00921630859375,
0.01251220703125,
-0.0216064453125,
0.02001953125,
-0.021728515625,
-0.00958251953125,
0.006439208984375,
-0.0595703125,
0.031005859375,
-0.003662109375,
-0.044189453125,
-0.01409912109375,
0.03369140625,
0.000537872314453125,
0.00811767578125,
-0.00494384765625,
0.0458984375,
0.01171875,
0.0517578125,
0.05224609375,
-0.01513671875,
-0.0033416748046875,
-0.0279541015625,
0.05810546875,
-0.00994873046875,
0.01043701171875,
-0.028076171875,
0.0115966796875,
0.031494140625,
0.03515625,
0.01953125,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.029296875,
0.0076904296875,
-0.00017261505126953125,
0.006866455078125,
0.0157470703125,
0.05078125,
0.012451171875,
0.050048828125,
-0.0537109375,
0.0034942626953125,
-0.052490234375,
0.03955078125,
0.007232666015625,
0.01239013671875,
-0.021240234375,
0.01068115234375,
-0.007568359375,
0.0181884765625,
0.0274658203125,
-0.0010986328125,
0.02978515625,
-0.010498046875,
-0.0164794921875,
0.0057373046875,
0.06787109375,
0.0302734375,
0.017822265625,
0.0181884765625,
0.0240478515625,
0.004364013671875,
-0.004058837890625,
0.033935546875,
-0.04931640625,
0.0033416748046875,
-0.0186767578125,
0.050048828125,
0.0003757476806640625,
0.0172119140625,
-0.020751953125,
0.0194091796875,
-0.0023193359375,
0.00946044921875,
-0.011962890625,
0.0208740234375,
0.0245361328125,
0.0184326171875,
-0.0286865234375,
0.00555419921875,
0.02978515625,
-0.03173828125,
0.0478515625,
0.056396484375,
0.017578125,
-0.0537109375,
0.0235595703125,
0.0004177093505859375,
-0.029052734375,
0.0250244140625,
0.015625,
0.00482177734375,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.00079345703125,
0.044189453125,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.007476806640625,
-0.0106201171875,
0.000278472900390625,
-0.005584716796875,
-0.057861328125,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.05126953125,
-0.0166015625,
-0.00946044921875,
0.03759765625,
0.000396728515625,
-0.0250244140625,
0.00970458984375,
0.005340576171875,
-0.01806640625,
-0.06103515625,
-0.00140380859375,
-0.0213623046875,
0.011962890625,
0.0537109375,
0.02099609375,
0.0634765625,
0.01031494140625,
0.02197265625,
-0.050048828125,
-0.0054931640625,
-0.0380859375,
-0.0177001953125,
0.0079345703125,
0.00531005859375,
-0.0013275146484375,
0.020751953125,
0.03857421875,
0.0224609375,
0.004058837890625,
0.06884765625,
-0.01708984375,
0.04296875,
0.00762939453125,
0.034912109375,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.02880859375,
0.00131988525390625,
-0.0263671875,
-0.00250244140625,
-0.0035247802734375,
0.003173828125,
-0.043212890625,
-0.0439453125,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.033935546875,
-0.06298828125,
-0.021240234375,
-0.01708984375,
-0.01416015625,
0.05517578125,
0.0096435546875,
-0.002288818359375,
0.0216064453125,
-0.053955078125,
0.02880859375,
-0.020751953125,
-0.0615234375,
-0.006866455078125,
-0.0361328125,
0.001617431640625,
0.04296875,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.02880859375,
0.00189208984375,
-0.021484375,
0.00112152099609375,
0.00970458984375,
0.0184326171875,
-0.054931640625,
-0.009521484375,
0.0086669921875,
0.0225830078125,
0.0234375,
0.000904083251953125,
0.06005859375,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.0196533203125,
0.0211181640625,
-0.07568359375,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.0283203125,
0.0135498046875,
-0.0101318359375,
0.029052734375,
0.00811767578125,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0048828125,
-0.005035400390625,
0.0020294189453125,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.033935546875,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.00787353515625,
0.048828125,
-0.00347900390625,
-0.002349853515625,
-0.055419921875,
0.016845703125,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.00225830078125,
0.068359375,
0.00341796875,
-0.005889892578125,
-0.017578125,
0.028564453125,
0.01190185546875,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.045654296875,
-0.068359375,
-0.003326416015625,
-0.031005859375,
-0.019287109375,
-0.04736328125,
-0.052001953125,
0.03759765625,
0.04931640625,
-0.01416015625,
0.00537109375,
-0.0400390625,
-0.027099609375,
-0.0106201171875,
0.05517578125,
-0.0118408203125,
0.0439453125,
0.044921875,
-0.023681640625,
-0.05859375,
0.034423828125,
0.01239013671875,
-0.031494140625,
-0.044189453125,
0.0260009765625,
0.0189208984375,
-0.031982421875,
0.017822265625,
0.035400390625,
-0.037109375,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.041259765625,
-0.058837890625,
-0.021240234375,
-0.05615234375,
0.00836181640625,
0.0458984375,
-0.052734375,
0.03076171875,
0.003387451171875,
0.00118255615234375,
0.04345703125,
-0.020751953125,
0.01483154296875,
-0.02392578125,
-0.004425048828125,
0.01708984375,
0.0233154296875,
-0.0255126953125,
0.01373291015625,
-0.00927734375,
-0.0267333984375,
0.04833984375,
0.01507568359375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.03515625,
0.00421142578125,
0.05224609375,
0.0634765625,
-0.027587890625,
-0.01434326171875,
0.01416015625,
0.01043701171875,
-0.05712890625,
-0.0185546875,
-0.0277099609375,
0.01226806640625,
-0.0023651123046875,
-0.0810546875,
0.00927734375,
0.08837890625,
0.0279541015625,
0.053955078125,
-0.016357421875,
-0.040771484375,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.045654296875,
0.003875732421875,
0.036865234375,
-0.0037841796875,
-0.05615234375,
-0.0595703125,
-0.01507568359375,
0.0498046875,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0010986328125,
-0.0140380859375,
-0.0069580078125,
0.0111083984375,
-0.060546875,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.0185546875,
-0.001739501953125,
0.01080322265625,
-0.044189453125,
0.0150146484375,
-0.01409912109375,
0.006561279296875,
0.02392578125,
-0.0213623046875,
0.0218505859375,
-0.03369140625,
0.055908203125,
0.031494140625,
0.005279541015625,
-0.017333984375,
0.014892578125,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.0023193359375,
-0.06396484375,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.019287109375,
-0.025146484375,
0.0010528564453125,
-0.0263671875,
-0.053466796875,
-0.030029296875,
-0.012939453125,
-0.03955078125,
-0.04931640625,
0.0096435546875,
0.0019073486328125,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.010498046875,
-0.003753662109375,
-0.01953125,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.01068115234375,
0.04541015625,
-0.0052490234375,
0.05419921875,
-0.025634765625,
0.0032958984375,
0.0184326171875,
0.0155029296875,
0.02197265625,
-0.01104736328125,
0.01025390625,
0.01190185546875,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.0205078125,
-0.034912109375,
-0.0181884765625,
0.0286865234375,
0.0849609375,
0.0186767578125,
-0.0257568359375,
0.0301513671875,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.08251953125,
-0.052490234375,
0.03466796875,
-0.002960205078125,
0.0026397705078125,
0.00946044921875,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.001983642578125,
0.0272216796875,
0.020751953125,
-0.0050048828125,
-0.0213623046875,
0.012451171875,
0.0184326171875,
0.0302734375,
0.007080078125,
0.022705078125,
0.019287109375,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.07666015625,
0.017333984375,
0.032470703125,
-0.040771484375,
-0.040771484375,
0.0034332275390625,
0.00262451171875,
-0.07763671875,
0.03173828125,
-0.00604248046875,
0.034912109375,
-0.0400390625,
0.00009822845458984375,
-0.049072265625,
0.041748046875,
0.0142822265625,
0.01397705078125,
-0.006072998046875,
-0.0419921875,
-0.044677734375,
0.03466796875,
0.02587890625,
0.0194091796875,
0.053466796875,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.00115203857421875,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.01361083984375,
0.0791015625,
-0.003631591796875,
0.025390625,
0.033447265625,
0.027587890625,
0.060302734375,
0.033203125,
0.0074462890625,
0.0174560546875,
0.00885009765625,
0.02099609375,
-0.0234375,
-0.00017833709716796875,
-0.00946044921875,
0.0191650390625,
-0.030029296875,
0.0595703125,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.00445556640625,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0255126953125,
0.047607421875,
-0.0146484375,
-0.0034942626953125,
0.00933837890625,
0.006378173828125,
0.03515625,
0.049560546875,
-0.004058837890625,
0.0012969970703125,
0.06689453125,
0.0159912109375,
0.056640625,
0.00000521540641784668,
0.006011962890625,
0.0172119140625,
-0.05908203125,
-0.032958984375,
-0.00537109375,
0.0172119140625,
-0.003021240234375,
-0.002593994140625,
0.0294189453125,
0.000015497207641601562,
-0.0205078125,
-0.00537109375,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.045654296875,
0.006805419921875,
-0.00775146484375,
0.048583984375,
0.001434326171875,
-0.0054931640625,
0.0242919921875,
0.00799560546875,
-0.005035400390625,
0.03173828125,
-0.01116943359375,
0.00653076171875,
0.004974365234375,
0.00738525390625,
-0.01177978515625,
0.017822265625,
0.0240478515625,
-0.0233154296875,
0.001922607421875,
0.0172119140625,
-0.018310546875,
-0.03662109375,
0.0361328125,
-0.016845703125,
-0.044677734375,
-0.034912109375,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.037841796875,
0.0098876953125,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.0654296875,
-0.031494140625,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.03125,
0.0223388671875,
0.01043701171875,
0.041748046875,
0.006622314453125,
-0.01513671875,
0.01434326171875,
0.009765625,
0.04541015625,
-0.0274658203125,
0.03515625,
0.01513671875,
-0.04541015625,
-0.0634765625,
0.000644683837890625,
0.0181884765625,
0.0262451171875,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.038330078125,
-0.006317138671875,
0.0020904541015625,
-0.029296875,
0.002960205078125,
-0.05078125,
-0.0189208984375,
0.040283203125,
0.0247802734375,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.009033203125,
0.0087890625,
0.0263671875,
0.045166015625,
0.00933837890625,
-0.00787353515625,
0.01226806640625,
-0.046875,
-0.02685546875,
-0.0030670166015625,
-0.000438690185546875,
-0.0206298828125,
0.01141357421875,
0.02099609375,
0.0140380859375,
-0.004364013671875,
-0.0634765625,
-0.03515625,
-0.037353515625,
-0.025390625,
-0.013916015625,
0.0030975341796875,
-0.0186767578125,
0.017578125,
-0.007110595703125,
-0.057861328125,
0.2578125,
0.01129150390625,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0279541015625,
0.024169921875,
0.078125,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.0283203125,
0.004547119140625,
-0.017333984375,
-0.0400390625,
-0.004425048828125,
-0.01708984375,
0.0184326171875,
0.0191650390625,
0.002227783203125,
0.05126953125,
-0.003753662109375,
-0.04150390625,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.029296875,
-0.0126953125,
0.05859375,
0.04248046875,
0.0322265625,
0.01336669921875,
-0.043212890625,
-0.02294921875,
-0.03564453125,
0.033203125,
-0.046875,
0.01904296875,
-0.02783203125,
-0.006195068359375,
0.0257568359375,
-0.029296875,
-0.009765625,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.0089111328125,
0.0023345947265625,
0.01300048828125,
0.01116943359375,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.029541015625,
0.0263671875,
-0.01239013671875,
0.049560546875,
0.05029296875,
-0.031982421875,
0.0272216796875,
0.0274658203125,
0.0142822265625,
-0.031005859375,
-0.006561279296875,
-0.001434326171875,
0.01446533203125,
-0.02294921875,
0.0040283203125,
-0.08837890625,
-0.00811767578125,
0.04638671875,
-0.0064697265625,
0.05029296875,
-0.002593994140625,
0.048583984375,
0.04638671875,
0.002777099609375,
-0.03515625,
0.01708984375,
-0.000614166259765625,
-0.0234375,
-0.033447265625,
-0.01025390625,
0.05126953125,
0.042236328125,
-0.0255126953125,
0.00762939453125,
0.06982421875,
-0.046142578125,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0030059814453125,
0.0034637451171875,
-0.00127410888671875,
0.039794921875,
0.0074462890625,
-0.030517578125,
-0.04052734375,
0.00372314453125,
-0.0087890625,
0.0087890625,
0.0087890625,
-0.0225830078125,
0.0289306640625,
-0.016845703125
] |
Butzel, J.
Plaintiff, Lincoln Investment Company, of Springfield, Illinois, an Illinois corporation, claimed to be the holder in due course of five notes of $75 each given by Sam Metros, defendant, to the Red Arrow Service Company, as payee. Metros was proprietor of the Aviation Cafe, of Dearborn, Michigan. An individual residing in Springfield, Illinois, did business under the assumed name of the Red Arrow Company, and sold a service for stimulating trade to its subscribers. The latter purchased coupons, called “Red Arrow Money,” which they gave to their patrons, to use in payment of purchases made at public auctions held at intervals by the subscribers. Metros claimed that it was represented to him by the payee’s solicitor that 11 other merchants of Dearborn had subscribed to the system, and that it required at least that number to make the system a success.
A written contract defining the rights and obligations of the parties was executed by Metros and the Red Arrow Service Company, who were respectively designated therein as the “subscriber” and the “company.” In accordance with the contract, Metros made a down payment of $113.80, gave notes including the five being sued upon, and obligated himself in other respects, both as to the use of the system and the equipment furnished by the company. Five of the notes were indorsed without recourse to plaintiff before maturity, and a check was given by it to the payee for the full face of the notes discounted. One of the principal obligations of the company in the contract and in consideration of which the notes were given, is as follows:
“Upon acceptance of this service agreement, the company will cause a bond to be issued forthwith in subscriber’s favor and affix to same a copy of this agreement which covers the scope of the liability of the bond and becomes a part of it and the company will send bond at once to subscriber’s local bank which is First National.”
In accordance with, this provision, the company furnished a bond as follows:
“Know all men by these presents, that the Red Arrow Service Company, of Springfield, Illinois, as principal, and the Lincoln Investment Company, Inc., of Springfield, Illinois, as surety, are held and firmly bound unto Aviation Cafe, of Dearborn, State of Michigan, as subscriber, in the penal sum of such amount or part thereof as is herein stated, to be paid to the said subscriber, or his successors, or assigns, for which payment to be well and truly made we bind ourselves, each of us, and each of our successors or assigns, by these presents.
“The liability of the Red Arrow Service Company, as principal, and the Lincoln Investment Company, Inc., as surety, is based on a guarantee agreement, copy of which is hereunto attached, given by the Red Arrow Service Company of the subscriber, which is: That if the subscriber installs the selling campaign of the Red Arrow Service Company as set forth in the service agreement signed with the subscriber, copy of which is hereunto attached, the subscriber’s business is guaranteed to be increased a certain definite per cent., and if it is found' that there is not such an increase, then there will be made a refund to the subscriber by the Red Arrow Service Company on the cost of the selling campaign in the manner and as defined in the guarantee agreement attached, otherwise this obligation to be null and void.
“Dated, at Springfield, Illinois, this 8th day of August, A. D. 1930.
“In witness whereof, the parties hereto have set their hands and seals the day and date above written.
“This bond expires March 5, 1932.
“(Corp. Seal)
“Red Arrow Service Company, (Seal)
“By C. R. DePew.
“Lincoln Investment Company, Inc.,
“By Noah G-ttllett, Treas. (Seal) ”
The bond was attached to a copy of the contract and sent to the First National Bank of Dearborn, Michigan. Defendant claimed he had been defrauded, refused to pay the notes, or have anything further to do with the scheme. Plaintiff thereupon brought this suit, and from a judgment in favor of defendant has appealed to this court.
Plaintiff asserted that it was a bona fide purchaser for value before the maturity of the notes, and that there is no showing that it had any knowledge of any infirmity in the notes or fraud or misrepresentation on the part of the payee, or of any defects in his title.
Defendant claims that the Red Arrow Service Company consisted of ah'individual who was doing business in this State under an assumed or fictitious name, and who had failed to file a certificate and could not bring suit under 2 Comp. Laws 1929, §§ 9825-9829. The failure of a payee to conform with the act to regulate the carrying on of business under an assumed or fictitious name does not prevent a bona fide purchaser of such note in due course from recovering thereon. Pontiac Savings Bank v. Reinforced Concrete Pipe Co., 178 Mich. 261, 262; Peoples State Bank v. Trombly, 241 Mich. 199.
Defendant further claims that plaintiff, an Illinois corporation, had not been authorized to do business in the State of Michigan, and, therefore, could not bring suit in this State. The bond appears to have been signed in Springfield, Illinois. There is no showing that plaintiff entered into any other contract in this State. National Adjusting Ass’n v. Dallavo, 253 Mich. 239.
Defendant further claims that the very fact that the notes were indorsed “without recourse” indicates that plaintiff as transferee must have known of the infirmities. The fact that plaintiff knew the contents of the Red Arrow Service Company contract does not of itself injure plaintiff’s position. Under 2 Comp. Laws 1929, § 9305, in order to constitute a notice of an infirmity in the instrument or defect in the title of the person negotiating the same, the person to whom it is negotiated must have had actual knowledge of the infirmity or defect, or knowledge of such facts as amounted to bad faith. Hakes v. Thayer, 165 Mich. 476, 487; Whitehead v. Purdy, 172 Mich. 31; Poss v. Meader, 189 Mich. 323; East Lansing State Bank v. Keil, 213 Mich. 17. Neither does the fact that the indorsement of the notes was without recourse impair the negotiable character of the instruments. 2 Comp. Laws 1929, § 9287.
Defendant further claims that plaintiff had no right to act as surety on the bond attached to a copy of the contract between Red Arrow Service Company and defendant. The giving of a valid and enforceable bond was one of the main considerations entering into the transaction for which the notes were given, and if plaintiff had no right to become surety, then the contract was breached by its own act prior to the time it purchased the notes. A corporation has not the right to become surety for another except where such right is given either expressly or impliedly by its charter. Stone-Ordean-Wells Co. v. New England Pie Co., 201 Mich. 407; Best Brewing Co. v. Klassen, 185 Ill. 37 (57 N. E. 20, 50 L. R. A. 765, 76 Am. St. Rep. 26); Central Lumber Co. v. Kelter, 201 Ill. 503 (66 N. E. 543).
In order to prove plaintiff’s lack of authority to become surety, the defendant introduced a letter from the secretary of State of Illinois, in which he stated that plaintiff is an Illinois corporation and that this “company has no authority to act as surety for others.” The letter simply shows a legal con elusion by the secretary of State of Illinois and was not proper evidence of plaintiff’s corporate purposes, or its liability to become a surety on bonds of others. For this reason the judgment of the lower court in favor of defendant is reversed, and the case remanded for a new trial, the costs to abide the final outcome of the case.
Clark, C. J., and McDonald, Potter, Sharpe, North, Fead, and Wiest, JJ., concurred. | [
0.037109375,
0.0162353515625,
0.012939453125,
0.0283203125,
-0.02392578125,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.0166015625,
0.0203857421875,
0.048095703125,
0.0296630859375,
0.046875,
0.0390625,
0.004302978515625,
-0.048828125,
0.000324249267578125,
-0.00433349609375,
0.0093994140625,
0.01129150390625,
-0.00142669677734375,
-0.023193359375,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.050048828125,
0.02099609375,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.0242919921875,
0.0712890625,
0.0380859375,
-0.006317138671875,
-0.0235595703125,
0.0245361328125,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.0233154296875,
0.006866455078125,
0.06005859375,
-0.055908203125,
-0.0026092529296875,
-0.043701171875,
0.01007080078125,
-0.013671875,
0.047607421875,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.041259765625,
0.04736328125,
-0.032470703125,
0.0303955078125,
0.020751953125,
0.020263671875,
-0.045654296875,
-0.013427734375,
-0.0634765625,
-0.015869140625,
-0.02734375,
-0.0172119140625,
0.01318359375,
0.0361328125,
-0.060302734375,
0.031005859375,
-0.044677734375,
0.01422119140625,
0.00909423828125,
0.000690460205078125,
0.0264892578125,
0.018310546875,
-0.0081787109375,
0.00897216796875,
0.0198974609375,
-0.017333984375,
0.040283203125,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.02734375,
-0.01904296875,
-0.0250244140625,
0.0093994140625,
-0.0167236328125,
0.016845703125,
-0.03857421875,
0.0308837890625,
-0.035400390625,
-0.037109375,
0.057861328125,
0.0302734375,
0.03515625,
0.00616455078125,
0.018310546875,
-0.00860595703125,
0.055419921875,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.017333984375,
0.04296875,
0.031005859375,
-0.051513671875,
0.00017070770263671875,
-0.00927734375,
-0.0186767578125,
0.034912109375,
-0.023193359375,
0.01348876953125,
0.072265625,
-0.030517578125,
0.0272216796875,
0.02587890625,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.011474609375,
0.00144195556640625,
0.007080078125,
0.03759765625,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.0380859375,
0.0179443359375,
-0.015869140625,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.010986328125,
0.0029449462890625,
0.021484375,
-0.0245361328125,
0.0308837890625,
0.006195068359375,
0.0021514892578125,
-0.0250244140625,
0.00396728515625,
0.0390625,
-0.03466796875,
0.01287841796875,
0.0634765625,
-0.0031280517578125,
-0.03125,
0.044189453125,
-0.004852294921875,
-0.005950927734375,
0.03515625,
0.00872802734375,
0.02978515625,
0.041259765625,
0.01141357421875,
0.01416015625,
0.0035400390625,
0.0771484375,
0.0172119140625,
0.026611328125,
-0.00836181640625,
0.021484375,
-0.056640625,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.0693359375,
0.01019287109375,
0.05419921875,
0.0654296875,
0.0028839111328125,
-0.0306396484375,
0.00579833984375,
-0.0035247802734375,
0.000255584716796875,
-0.023193359375,
0.04052734375,
0.009033203125,
-0.0299072265625,
0.0086669921875,
-0.0220947265625,
0.017578125,
-0.0076904296875,
0.00775146484375,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.0252685546875,
0.0308837890625,
0.0030975341796875,
-0.0390625,
-0.038330078125,
0.0185546875,
0.0140380859375,
0.037109375,
-0.024169921875,
-0.003204345703125,
-0.0302734375,
-0.037353515625,
0.0196533203125,
0.04150390625,
0.01324462890625,
0.038330078125,
-0.00518798828125,
0.04150390625,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0035858154296875,
-0.04150390625,
0.052978515625,
0.006927490234375,
-0.040771484375,
0.07373046875,
-0.01025390625,
0.0361328125,
-0.04736328125,
0.0034942626953125,
0.046142578125,
-0.0024566650390625,
-0.00018405914306640625,
-0.044677734375,
0.041259765625,
0.032470703125,
-0.027587890625,
-0.035888671875,
0.0673828125,
0.04345703125,
-0.049072265625,
-0.00909423828125,
0.01080322265625,
0.0035552978515625,
0.0167236328125,
-0.056396484375,
-0.0252685546875,
0.030517578125,
-0.0030059814453125,
0.010009765625,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.026611328125,
0.00180816650390625,
-0.037841796875,
0.04931640625,
-0.016845703125,
-0.05419921875,
0.0162353515625,
0.0146484375,
-0.04150390625,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.0213623046875,
0.004180908203125,
0.08251953125,
-0.032958984375,
0.00628662109375,
0.0556640625,
0.0130615234375,
0.03759765625,
-0.0068359375,
-0.0234375,
0.00579833984375,
0.01104736328125,
0.007080078125,
0.003173828125,
0.040283203125,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.03271484375,
0.02197265625,
0.037841796875,
-0.04443359375,
0.042724609375,
-0.03662109375,
0.033935546875,
-0.0126953125,
-0.0006866455078125,
0.0224609375,
0.0177001953125,
-0.025390625,
-0.0291748046875,
0.03369140625,
0.0263671875,
-0.059814453125,
-0.005828857421875,
0.0172119140625,
-0.0014190673828125,
0.030029296875,
-0.004852294921875,
-0.037353515625,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.003753662109375,
-0.07421875,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.017822265625,
-0.022705078125,
-0.060546875,
0.037353515625,
-0.06591796875,
0.03759765625,
-0.03857421875,
0.03759765625,
-0.0003662109375,
-0.017822265625,
0.033203125,
-0.006072998046875,
0.041015625,
-0.0257568359375,
0.030029296875,
-0.026611328125,
0.004150390625,
-0.00628662109375,
-0.01611328125,
-0.031982421875,
0.00946044921875,
0.0306396484375,
-0.007049560546875,
0.005218505859375,
0.037841796875,
0.0048828125,
0.0238037109375,
0.005615234375,
-0.00970458984375,
0.0034637451171875,
-0.0018310546875,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.00665283203125,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.006683349609375,
-0.01544189453125,
0.007476806640625,
-0.02587890625,
0.02490234375,
0.017578125,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.01513671875,
0.018310546875,
0.0286865234375,
0.0111083984375,
0.019775390625,
-0.0322265625,
0.00299072265625,
0.0033721923828125,
-0.0419921875,
-0.0169677734375,
0.042236328125,
0.0098876953125,
-0.011962890625,
-0.04638671875,
0.018798828125,
-0.07080078125,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.04052734375,
0.000759124755859375,
0.0218505859375,
-0.04345703125,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.004638671875,
-0.03466796875,
0.01470947265625,
-0.02490234375,
0.035400390625,
-0.036865234375,
-0.00102996826171875,
0.0147705078125,
0.040283203125,
0.053955078125,
0.0400390625,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0008087158203125,
-0.031494140625,
-0.01220703125,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.0162353515625,
0.0196533203125,
0.034912109375,
0.04833984375,
0.0279541015625,
-0.00787353515625,
0.0030517578125,
0.0184326171875,
0.00457763671875,
-0.0023040771484375,
-0.048828125,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.02587890625,
-0.03662109375,
-0.00007390975952148438,
0.003387451171875,
0.039794921875,
-0.010986328125,
0.058837890625,
0.07568359375,
-0.0546875,
-0.00714111328125,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.017822265625,
-0.03955078125,
0.0296630859375,
0.0135498046875,
0.010009765625,
-0.00811767578125,
0.01361083984375,
-0.00830078125,
0.0164794921875,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.00176239013671875,
-0.034423828125,
0.00439453125,
-0.033935546875,
-0.01129150390625,
0.003265380859375,
0.031494140625,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.058837890625,
0.003204345703125,
0.0027923583984375,
0.046875,
0.00299072265625,
0.08642578125,
0.0030059814453125,
0.01708984375,
0.0017242431640625,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.027099609375,
0.06689453125,
0.0027313232421875,
-0.0107421875,
-0.044189453125,
-0.005401611328125,
0.012939453125,
0.0230712890625,
-0.00640869140625,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.05810546875,
0.01190185546875,
-0.0057373046875,
0.01177978515625,
0.00897216796875,
-0.000827789306640625,
0.007354736328125,
0.041259765625,
0.07177734375,
-0.060791015625,
0.0198974609375,
-0.00469970703125,
-0.0252685546875,
0.008544921875,
0.007171630859375,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.00136566162109375,
-0.01953125,
-0.01806640625,
-0.006103515625,
0.0072021484375,
0.01324462890625,
0.0093994140625,
-0.01318359375,
0.027099609375,
0.08056640625,
0.005706787109375,
-0.049560546875,
-0.001434326171875,
-0.0208740234375,
0.024169921875,
0.0206298828125,
0.0306396484375,
0.000408172607421875,
0.00193023681640625,
-0.04833984375,
0.0615234375,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0155029296875,
0.0228271484375,
0.03955078125,
-0.0003376007080078125,
0.02880859375,
-0.0242919921875,
0.045654296875,
-0.0224609375,
0.018310546875,
-0.0079345703125,
0.00830078125,
0.03271484375,
0.040771484375,
-0.01043701171875,
0.0164794921875,
0.00860595703125,
-0.005523681640625,
0.0233154296875,
-0.036865234375,
-0.01116943359375,
0.005645751953125,
-0.0096435546875,
0.0198974609375,
-0.01513671875,
-0.013427734375,
0.0556640625,
-0.03857421875,
0.042724609375,
-0.007476806640625,
-0.013916015625,
-0.040771484375,
-0.0458984375,
-0.0091552734375,
0.01416015625,
-0.0211181640625,
0.06005859375,
0.01324462890625,
0.03564453125,
0.004730224609375,
-0.02783203125,
-0.0146484375,
-0.011474609375,
-0.024658203125,
0.0206298828125,
0.011474609375,
0.0069580078125,
0.0030364990234375,
-0.0296630859375,
0.034423828125,
0.045166015625,
-0.0133056640625,
0.005950927734375,
-0.04150390625,
-0.033203125,
-0.00543212890625,
0.0341796875,
-0.00006389617919921875,
0.021240234375,
0.0162353515625,
0.02978515625,
-0.0014495849609375,
0.037841796875,
0.00823974609375,
0.050048828125,
0.02197265625,
0.049560546875,
0.0458984375,
-0.027587890625,
-0.05029296875,
0.0025634765625,
-0.044677734375,
0.01171875,
0.006134033203125,
0.0013580322265625,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.04296875,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.036865234375,
-0.046630859375,
-0.0517578125,
0.0003814697265625,
-0.037841796875,
0.05078125,
-0.0205078125,
-0.0361328125,
-0.013916015625,
-0.042236328125,
0.01348876953125,
0.005950927734375,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0556640625,
-0.025634765625,
-0.0115966796875,
0.0211181640625,
0.00970458984375,
-0.0054931640625,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.0419921875,
0.020751953125,
-0.007049560546875,
-0.016845703125,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.0103759765625,
0.0118408203125,
-0.005828857421875,
0.031005859375,
-0.024658203125,
0.06396484375,
-0.03515625,
0.007354736328125,
0.0234375,
-0.03515625,
-0.048095703125,
-0.039794921875,
0.02783203125,
-0.07568359375,
-0.040771484375,
0.0118408203125,
0.0380859375,
0.0140380859375,
0.033447265625,
-0.053466796875,
0.007171630859375,
-0.0703125,
-0.07080078125,
-0.0019073486328125,
0.002685546875,
-0.014404296875,
-0.0244140625,
-0.050048828125,
0.008056640625,
-0.0064697265625,
0.05078125,
0.09375,
-0.01470947265625,
0.01300048828125,
-0.035888671875,
0.00927734375,
0.01904296875,
-0.040771484375,
-0.004425048828125,
0.01153564453125,
0.011474609375,
0.00000527501106262207,
0.005035400390625,
-0.00726318359375,
-0.022216796875,
0.0036468505859375,
0.00189971923828125,
-0.046875,
0.00860595703125,
-0.06787109375,
-0.06884765625,
-0.017822265625,
0.046875,
0.015869140625,
-0.0098876953125,
0.0234375,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.02734375,
0.0026092529296875,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.0252685546875,
0.04541015625,
0.02685546875,
-0.0133056640625,
0.046630859375,
0.07177734375,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.01904296875,
0.0155029296875,
-0.03076171875,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.033447265625,
0.0113525390625,
0.025146484375,
-0.078125,
-0.01214599609375,
0.0133056640625,
0.00372314453125,
0.007720947265625,
-0.0230712890625,
0.050537109375,
-0.022216796875,
-0.029541015625,
0.03662109375,
-0.00579833984375,
0.013916015625,
-0.041748046875,
-0.015380859375,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0216064453125,
0.064453125,
-0.0262451171875,
0.01495361328125,
-0.006866455078125,
-0.00384521484375,
0.12158203125,
0.0022125244140625,
0.0150146484375,
0.020263671875,
-0.03173828125,
-0.048828125,
-0.023681640625,
-0.060302734375,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.080078125,
-0.0016632080078125,
0.049560546875,
-0.0086669921875,
0.049560546875,
-0.061767578125,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.006378173828125,
0.01324462890625,
-0.05419921875,
0.0123291015625,
0.0013427734375,
0.048583984375,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.045166015625,
0.00360107421875,
0.0255126953125,
-0.031494140625,
-0.020263671875,
-0.00494384765625,
-0.0263671875,
-0.0030670166015625,
-0.021484375,
-0.048583984375,
-0.0040283203125,
-0.0322265625,
0.029541015625,
-0.0244140625,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.032470703125,
-0.00007152557373046875,
-0.0634765625,
-0.00173187255859375,
-0.0255126953125,
0.002593994140625,
-0.005584716796875,
-0.0380859375,
0.005584716796875,
0.017822265625,
-0.0174560546875,
0.050048828125,
-0.04443359375,
0.016845703125,
-0.0245361328125,
0.02734375,
-0.0089111328125,
0.00058746337890625,
0.002716064453125,
-0.0556640625,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.020751953125,
-0.0230712890625,
0.01507568359375,
0.04296875,
0.0240478515625,
-0.03466796875,
-0.000537872314453125,
0.000354766845703125,
-0.0185546875,
0.0247802734375,
-0.0185546875,
0.0294189453125,
0.0302734375,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.01513671875,
-0.025390625,
0.0264892578125,
-0.004058837890625,
-0.0250244140625,
0.0291748046875,
0.0281982421875,
0.0299072265625,
0.00433349609375,
-0.002166748046875,
-0.0751953125,
-0.0084228515625,
0.0013275146484375,
0.029541015625,
0.04052734375,
-0.001312255859375,
0.04248046875,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.029541015625,
0.0130615234375,
-0.004486083984375,
-0.045654296875,
0.021240234375,
0.01806640625,
0.0281982421875,
-0.0240478515625,
0.012451171875,
-0.0181884765625,
0.0289306640625,
-0.02783203125,
-0.0107421875,
0.006591796875,
-0.00994873046875,
0.01708984375,
0.03369140625,
-0.01495361328125,
0.001129150390625,
0.034423828125,
-0.034912109375,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0201416015625,
0.0250244140625,
-0.036865234375,
-0.001251220703125,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.022705078125,
0.0015716552734375,
0.0123291015625,
0.02490234375,
-0.02099609375,
0.00055694580078125,
-0.0262451171875,
0.0322265625,
0.01043701171875,
-0.005035400390625,
0.01080322265625,
-0.055419921875,
-0.0289306640625,
0.0111083984375,
0.068359375,
0.0341796875,
0.0186767578125,
-0.002655029296875,
0.013671875,
-0.00592041015625,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.0556640625,
0.03662109375,
0.03515625,
0.06640625,
-0.0025787353515625,
-0.000091552734375,
0.01171875,
0.0113525390625,
-0.01531982421875,
0.0283203125,
-0.004119873046875,
-0.0279541015625,
0.0250244140625,
-0.0191650390625,
0.05126953125,
-0.02685546875,
-0.035888671875,
0.049560546875,
0.0050048828125,
0.02587890625,
0.0185546875,
0.01031494140625,
0.006805419921875,
-0.03662109375,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.044921875,
-0.03466796875,
0.0260009765625,
0.015625,
-0.00469970703125,
-0.0189208984375,
0.052734375,
0.01165771484375,
0.0308837890625,
-0.0174560546875,
0.03759765625,
0.0230712890625,
-0.04638671875,
-0.0024566650390625,
0.00860595703125,
0.040283203125,
0.01275634765625,
0.0186767578125,
-0.00142669677734375,
-0.02490234375,
-0.007293701171875,
0.017578125,
-0.0004596710205078125,
-0.06201171875,
0.000591278076171875,
-0.01361083984375,
0.036865234375,
-0.04443359375,
0.0216064453125,
0.041015625,
-0.046875,
-0.042724609375,
0.04443359375,
0.01544189453125,
-0.0225830078125,
0.0050048828125,
0.0206298828125,
0.013671875,
0.037841796875,
0.025390625,
-0.04931640625,
0.0250244140625,
0.0145263671875,
-0.06689453125,
-0.0361328125,
0.040771484375,
-0.046142578125,
-0.0458984375,
-0.005645751953125,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.015869140625,
0.019287109375,
0.03759765625,
-0.03515625,
0.0244140625,
0.01287841796875,
0.00872802734375,
0.004058837890625,
0.000644683837890625,
0.05908203125,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.0361328125,
0.0155029296875,
0.008056640625,
0.0072021484375,
-0.0120849609375,
0.044189453125,
0.0186767578125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.064453125,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.026611328125,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.06640625,
-0.0291748046875,
0.021728515625,
0.0223388671875,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0118408203125,
0.04345703125,
0.01953125,
0.050537109375,
0.044189453125,
-0.029541015625,
-0.010498046875,
-0.007080078125,
0.05908203125,
0.01025390625,
0.022216796875,
-0.03564453125,
0.0118408203125,
-0.008544921875,
-0.03271484375,
0.005401611328125,
-0.0107421875,
-0.05078125,
0.037353515625,
0.00830078125,
0.041748046875,
0.0245361328125,
-0.046875,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.025390625,
-0.030517578125,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.0198974609375,
0.01043701171875,
0.029296875,
0.04345703125,
-0.045654296875,
0.271484375,
0.03271484375,
-0.0211181640625,
0.047607421875,
0.0155029296875,
0.04052734375,
0.03857421875,
-0.00701904296875,
-0.02734375,
-0.0089111328125,
0.000476837158203125,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.004058837890625,
0.019775390625,
0.01239013671875,
-0.0299072265625,
0.00933837890625,
0.01165771484375,
-0.032470703125,
-0.004425048828125,
-0.02001953125,
-0.00010776519775390625,
0.061767578125,
0.0302734375,
-0.04443359375,
0.038330078125,
-0.048095703125,
0.0010223388671875,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.0233154296875,
0.005767822265625,
-0.060791015625,
-0.035888671875,
0.040283203125,
0.019287109375,
-0.007415771484375,
-0.006622314453125,
-0.002899169921875,
0.00732421875,
-0.00799560546875,
0.0126953125,
-0.0234375,
0.01251220703125,
-0.0140380859375,
-0.0120849609375,
0.01226806640625,
0.05078125,
-0.042724609375,
0.0167236328125,
0.02490234375,
0.059326171875,
0.0078125,
0.0020294189453125,
0.0296630859375,
0.05712890625,
-0.002288818359375,
0.00872802734375,
-0.024169921875,
0.0235595703125,
0.016357421875,
0.0120849609375,
0.007080078125,
-0.032470703125,
0.04296875,
0.01611328125,
0.052490234375,
0.0108642578125,
0.0185546875,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.00080108642578125,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0196533203125,
0.036865234375,
-0.0279541015625,
0.01141357421875,
0.0213623046875,
0.059326171875,
-0.0081787109375,
0.031982421875,
0.0177001953125,
-0.033203125,
0.021240234375,
0.0390625,
0.0172119140625,
-0.000640869140625,
-0.041015625,
-0.0157470703125,
0.01019287109375,
0.0093994140625,
-0.0322265625,
0.00830078125,
-0.017578125,
0.0081787109375
] |
Bushnell, J.
Plaintiff claims he was employed to solicit jobs for defendant, a foreign corporation, engaged in the business of contracting for the fabrication and erection of stone work in buildings under construction, for which defendant agreed to pay him certain commissions on each job so secured. He claims commissions and expenses due him amounting to about $18,000, consisting of 31 separate items. After receiving proofs, the court, on motion of defendant, eliminated 16 of these items because of insufficient testimony, and the jury returned an itemized verdict, finding nothing for plaintiff as to eight of them, and a total of $2,827.52 on the remainder, including interest from the date fixed in plaintiff’s bill of particulars. Motions non obstante veredicto and for a new trial were denied. Defendant alone appeals.
Plaintiff claims the only question in the case is whether or not defendant employed plaintiff, and if so, did he produce the business and did defendant breach its agreement? Appellant claims plaintiff failed to prove his case and that the judgment should be set aside because of some 29 errors on, the part of the trial court, which are discussed under seven headings in the respective briefs.
It is claimed that the various officers of defendant corporation who dealt with the plaintiff had no authority to bind the defendant. Mr. Justice Fead held in Mead v. Detroit-Traverse Realty Co., 251 Mich. 478, that an officer in full charge of a corporation has, by reason thereof, apparent authority to execute contracts on its behalf and hence any contract executed by him on behalf of the corporation is binding on it, provided that no showing is made of an express limitation of those apparent powers. See, also, Ceeder v. H. M. Loud & Sons Lumber Co., 86 Mich. 541 (24 Am. St. Rep. 134), and quotations from some of our authorities in Long v. City of Monroe, 265 Mich. 425, at pages 437 to 440. The testimony is sufficient to show that the apparent authority of the various corporate officers dealing with the plaintiff, was broad enough to bind the defendant to the contract plaintiff claims was thus created. "We refrain from burdening this opinion with quotations from testimony and exhibits that permit no other conclusion.
Appellant claims that the quantum memit testimony as to the rate of commission on the job designated as that of the Little Sisters of the Poor was improperly admitted. Error, to be reversible, must be prejudicial. Detroit Free Press v. Miller, 223 Mich. 333. The jury allowed nothing on this item. The error, therefore, if any, is not reversible and need not be considered.
Appellant says that there was noncompliance with special verdict rule (Court Rule-No. 37, § 7 [1933]), and contends it was error for the court to submit a list of the separate claims to the jury and to charge them that each was to be treated as a separate and distinct case. Defendant waived all claim of error as to this when during a discussion as to the renewal of certain motions at the close of the proofs the following conversation took place:
“Mr. Jennings: I wish to make that motion. I wish to urge that doesn’t give us the protection due us on the various matters that have come in. Of course, the jury in its verdict can return nothing or any amount it may see fit under the proofs.
“The Court: But they must return for each particular item the amount they find.
“Mr. Jennings: If they are instructed to do that, that would protect us.
“The Court: Yes, I will charge that in each case, it is practically a separate case and they must make a finding on each particular case.”
Was it error to instruct the jury that, if they found for plaintiff, they should include interest at five per cent, from the date plaintiff claimed his commission became due, as set out in the bill of particulars 1
“It is a general rule here that a failure to pay money promised when by law it ought to be paid authorizes the allowance of interest in the nature of damages for the improper detention of the su,m so promised.” McCreery v. Green, 38 Mich. 172, 185.
When the jury found certain commissions earned on certain jobs, it followed as a matter of law that interest should be added from the due date of the commissions.
The calendar entries show that five days were consumed in submitting proofs to the jury and the record contains some of the many exhibits. The court denied the jury’s request to be permitted to take the exhibits into the jury room. Appellant admits that this is a matter of discretion but argues that the denial of the request is an abuse of discretion. We have held that it is not an abuse of discretion to refuse to permit the jury to take into its room a map, Edgerton v. Lynch, 255 Mich. 456; inventories, in.voices and letters, Silverstone v. London Assurance Corp., 187 Mich. 333; and a receipt, Canning v. Harlan, 50 Mich. 320. In the last-mentioned case Mr. Justice Cooley said:
“As to this we have only to say that there is no law requiring it. It was discretionary with the court to grant the request or refuse it.”
The court did not abuse its discretion when it said:
“It would seem to this court absolute folly to pass over to you 200 exhibits that have been here before the court and read to you and ask you to sort them out in the solution of this case.”
We are aided in this conclusion by the fact that the parties themselves indicate a similar view by submitting to us only 52 of the 200 exhibits. Further, no objection was made in the court below.
Plaintiff indorsed and received the cash upon a check marked, “Bal. in full com. St. Pauls Church Salem $250.” Plaintiff testified there were two Salem jobs, exterior and interior, and that this was payment of his commission on the exterior job only. Defendant’s witnesses testified that there was but one commission on the entire job and that the pay ment was intended as an accord and satisfaction of the whole. The trial court ruled, as a matter of law, that there were two separate transactions as to the Salem job, and that the only question of fact was whether or not the parties contracted with reference to the interior job. The situation thus presented falls within the rule that where there are two claims dependent upon different facts, one of which is undisputed and the other disputed, the payment of the undisputed claim does not bar the right to sue for and recover on the disputed claim. Keene v. Gauen (C. C.A.), 22 Fed. (2d) 723. See, also, Brent v. Whittington, 214 Ala. 613 (108 South. 567); Shumaker v. Lucerne-In-Maine Community Ass’n, 275 Mass. 201 (175 N. E. 469), and annotations in 34 A. L. R. 1035-1059, 75 A. L. R. 905-927. The pleadings and the proofs raised a question of fact which was properly submitted to the jury. The language of the charge as to this item may be criticized but it does not justify the argument that the court “instructed the jury that there was not even a question of fact involved.”
Appellant says the verdict is contrary to the weight of the evidence and points out claimed discrepancies between the oral testimony and the written exhibits. It might perhaps be a source of some satisfaction to the parties if we were to discuss at length the testimony as to each particular item included in the verdict, but we would reach the same conclusion as that found by the jury.
The testimony supports the findings. Where there is sufficient testimony to carry the case to the jury, its verdict is conclusive unless there was error in its submission. Barnes v. First National Bank of St. Ignace, 256 Mich. 600. We find no reversible error. Plaintiff claimed in excess of $18,000; the trial court eliminated much of the claim and the jury reduced the remainder to a little over $2,000.
The judgment is affirmed, with costs to appellee.
Nelson Sharpe, O. J., and Potter, North, Fead, Wiest, Butzel, and Edward M. Sharpe, JJ., concurred. | [
-0.031982421875,
-0.0002651214599609375,
-0.001861572265625,
0.0225830078125,
-0.04345703125,
-0.02783203125,
-0.036865234375,
-0.040771484375,
-0.01556396484375,
0.04443359375,
0.0771484375,
0.02099609375,
0.014404296875,
-0.0252685546875,
0.01055908203125,
-0.027587890625,
-0.00994873046875,
0.01336669921875,
0.015625,
0.0001220703125,
-0.0016937255859375,
0.000598907470703125,
-0.044677734375,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.047607421875,
-0.005157470703125,
0.0311279296875,
-0.0208740234375,
0.06005859375,
0.01025390625,
-0.023681640625,
0.005126953125,
0.0108642578125,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.0240478515625,
0.006378173828125,
0.04736328125,
-0.04248046875,
-0.002471923828125,
-0.0019683837890625,
0.0272216796875,
0.043701171875,
0.0279541015625,
-0.053466796875,
-0.011962890625,
-0.058837890625,
-0.010498046875,
-0.052978515625,
0.0595703125,
-0.0301513671875,
0.01953125,
0.0189208984375,
-0.003326416015625,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.08447265625,
0.0028839111328125,
-0.036376953125,
0.01434326171875,
0.0235595703125,
0.0286865234375,
-0.0303955078125,
0.035888671875,
-0.035888671875,
0.005096435546875,
0.0177001953125,
0.01019287109375,
-0.0014190673828125,
0.0072021484375,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.01123046875,
-0.000335693359375,
-0.01141357421875,
0.010498046875,
0.00909423828125,
-0.04296875,
-0.019775390625,
-0.038330078125,
0.0211181640625,
-0.0023193359375,
0.0086669921875,
-0.02001953125,
0.041015625,
-0.0224609375,
-0.043701171875,
0.037109375,
0.0264892578125,
0.01446533203125,
0.0301513671875,
0.015380859375,
-0.031494140625,
0.04052734375,
-0.01116943359375,
0.01904296875,
0.030029296875,
0.031494140625,
-0.00830078125,
0.0274658203125,
0.0233154296875,
-0.0050048828125,
0.02587890625,
0.031494140625,
-0.0145263671875,
0.04150390625,
-0.0220947265625,
0.030517578125,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.0145263671875,
0.01055908203125,
0.0322265625,
-0.0211181640625,
0.0341796875,
-0.0067138671875,
-0.056640625,
0.01025390625,
0.005645751953125,
0.0098876953125,
-0.040283203125,
-0.00445556640625,
0.04150390625,
-0.007232666015625,
0.0228271484375,
-0.00110626220703125,
0.00341796875,
-0.0234375,
-0.0050048828125,
0.03466796875,
-0.0322265625,
0.020263671875,
0.0283203125,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.0225830078125,
0.024169921875,
0.01434326171875,
-0.0050048828125,
0.0169677734375,
0.003875732421875,
0.0257568359375,
0.0302734375,
0.030517578125,
-0.0012664794921875,
-0.0146484375,
0.0654296875,
-0.000782012939453125,
0.051513671875,
-0.04443359375,
0.050048828125,
-0.06005859375,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.04248046875,
-0.0244140625,
0.05419921875,
0.027587890625,
0.035400390625,
-0.01507568359375,
0.0174560546875,
-0.035400390625,
0.041259765625,
-0.01806640625,
0.032958984375,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0291748046875,
0.00189208984375,
-0.0108642578125,
0.021484375,
0.0015869140625,
0.027587890625,
-0.0546875,
-0.0205078125,
0.041259765625,
-0.00634765625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.05908203125,
0.0283203125,
-0.0106201171875,
0.0654296875,
0.0029144287109375,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.0308837890625,
-0.0093994140625,
0.031982421875,
0.014892578125,
0.03955078125,
0.00897216796875,
0.021240234375,
-0.01361083984375,
0.01190185546875,
-0.05126953125,
0.04345703125,
0.010498046875,
-0.036376953125,
0.0400390625,
-0.01287841796875,
0.046875,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.000560760498046875,
0.012939453125,
0.000591278076171875,
-0.016357421875,
-0.0263671875,
0.00119781494140625,
0.04638671875,
-0.0224609375,
-0.039306640625,
0.07080078125,
0.020751953125,
0.001129150390625,
0.0458984375,
-0.00555419921875,
0.0024566650390625,
0.0238037109375,
-0.064453125,
0.007049560546875,
0.046630859375,
-0.03369140625,
0.035888671875,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.032958984375,
0.004486083984375,
0.01055908203125,
-0.04248046875,
0.024169921875,
-0.022216796875,
-0.045654296875,
0.046142578125,
0.023193359375,
0.007720947265625,
0.0230712890625,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.002288818359375,
0.03466796875,
0.049072265625,
-0.001068115234375,
-0.04052734375,
0.045654296875,
-0.0147705078125,
0.0162353515625,
0.0137939453125,
-0.04052734375,
0.0218505859375,
0.0252685546875,
-0.0013580322265625,
-0.025146484375,
0.027587890625,
-0.0361328125,
-0.01953125,
0.002685546875,
0.0279541015625,
-0.0257568359375,
0.035400390625,
0.007659912109375,
0.034423828125,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.01043701171875,
0.0189208984375,
0.0189208984375,
-0.04296875,
-0.026611328125,
0.033447265625,
0.02783203125,
-0.0576171875,
-0.00098419189453125,
0.0247802734375,
-0.0361328125,
0.0191650390625,
0.004180908203125,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.0103759765625,
0.004913330078125,
-0.031982421875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.013427734375,
0.034912109375,
-0.044921875,
-0.033935546875,
0.004364013671875,
-0.0439453125,
0.02490234375,
-0.036865234375,
0.0201416015625,
-0.01434326171875,
0.054443359375,
-0.040283203125,
0.01251220703125,
0.0181884765625,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.046875,
0.0123291015625,
0.06396484375,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.0064697265625,
-0.012451171875,
-0.0017547607421875,
-0.02587890625,
-0.0390625,
-0.035400390625,
0.013671875,
0.0242919921875,
-0.01171875,
0.02783203125,
-0.029541015625,
-0.0150146484375,
0.00183868408203125,
0.01513671875,
-0.03759765625,
0.0035400390625,
0.031494140625,
-0.0012664794921875,
-0.0283203125,
0.0693359375,
-0.00762939453125,
-0.0224609375,
-0.021484375,
-0.0419921875,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.006439208984375,
-0.038330078125,
-0.036865234375,
0.00238037109375,
-0.0017547607421875,
0.037841796875,
-0.0693359375,
0.011474609375,
-0.06201171875,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.0205078125,
-0.006134033203125,
0.032470703125,
-0.038818359375,
0.00170135498046875,
-0.005157470703125,
-0.030029296875,
0.00921630859375,
-0.005218505859375,
0.06103515625,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.0167236328125,
0.00640869140625,
-0.00057220458984375,
0.06640625,
0.0098876953125,
-0.0341796875,
0.0257568359375,
-0.0011444091796875,
0.00799560546875,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.00010061264038085938,
0.024658203125,
0.0303955078125,
0.023681640625,
-0.037841796875,
-0.050537109375,
0.0128173828125,
0.00469970703125,
0.01446533203125,
-0.0185546875,
-0.02490234375,
-0.052490234375,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0390625,
-0.0162353515625,
0.04931640625,
-0.0106201171875,
0.031494140625,
0.06298828125,
-0.029541015625,
0.003021240234375,
-0.0185546875,
-0.060791015625,
0.00909423828125,
-0.0234375,
-0.01025390625,
0.0517578125,
0.031982421875,
-0.006317138671875,
0.006134033203125,
-0.000919342041015625,
0.01708984375,
-0.001983642578125,
0.00457763671875,
0.01708984375,
-0.03369140625,
0.00799560546875,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.0361328125,
0.0196533203125,
0.0093994140625,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.033447265625,
0.0040283203125,
-0.01214599609375,
0.0250244140625,
0.044921875,
0.05712890625,
-0.002655029296875,
-0.01336669921875,
0.0380859375,
-0.0888671875,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.04296875,
0.0673828125,
-0.0419921875,
-0.002593994140625,
-0.02099609375,
0.016357421875,
0.038818359375,
0.029296875,
-0.001312255859375,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.0301513671875,
0.0191650390625,
0.025634765625,
0.041259765625,
-0.0024871826171875,
-0.012451171875,
0.0263671875,
0.05419921875,
0.056640625,
-0.046630859375,
0.048095703125,
-0.03662109375,
0.0159912109375,
-0.015869140625,
0.00439453125,
-0.020263671875,
0.0458984375,
-0.04638671875,
-0.00274658203125,
0.036865234375,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.044921875,
0.018310546875,
-0.00201416015625,
0.048095703125,
-0.025634765625,
-0.047607421875,
0.031494140625,
-0.0064697265625,
0.042236328125,
0.0208740234375,
0.0142822265625,
-0.00433349609375,
0.0198974609375,
-0.0272216796875,
0.046142578125,
0.0162353515625,
-0.0025177001953125,
0.00982666015625,
0.0498046875,
-0.054931640625,
0.0576171875,
0.004974365234375,
0.04638671875,
-0.00885009765625,
0.010986328125,
-0.041259765625,
0.01483154296875,
0.0255126953125,
0.044189453125,
0.007415771484375,
0.014404296875,
0.00823974609375,
0.0220947265625,
0.00836181640625,
0.0021209716796875,
-0.036376953125,
0.016845703125,
-0.0015411376953125,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0012664794921875,
-0.0224609375,
0.0419921875,
-0.005126953125,
0.0184326171875,
-0.00092315673828125,
0.0003719329833984375,
-0.026611328125,
-0.051513671875,
-0.043701171875,
-0.0023193359375,
-0.0238037109375,
0.0286865234375,
0.0224609375,
0.0177001953125,
0.0120849609375,
-0.039794921875,
-0.05322265625,
0.014404296875,
-0.04296875,
-0.003021240234375,
0.017822265625,
0.0036468505859375,
0.018798828125,
-0.036376953125,
0.0283203125,
-0.01953125,
-0.01171875,
-0.03515625,
-0.00592041015625,
-0.05126953125,
-0.0205078125,
0.07568359375,
-0.04296875,
0.039794921875,
0.00762939453125,
0.039794921875,
0.0024566650390625,
0.0286865234375,
0.03369140625,
0.03076171875,
0.011474609375,
0.04052734375,
0.0247802734375,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.0615234375,
0.006927490234375,
-0.0184326171875,
0.01226806640625,
0.0013580322265625,
0.004180908203125,
-0.02490234375,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.0054931640625,
0.03857421875,
-0.05078125,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.001678466796875,
-0.00014781951904296875,
0.05322265625,
-0.0164794921875,
0.0155029296875,
-0.007568359375,
-0.04150390625,
0.0262451171875,
-0.0047607421875,
0.002960205078125,
-0.0036773681640625,
-0.02490234375,
-0.05224609375,
0.0400390625,
0.064453125,
-0.007415771484375,
-0.00482177734375,
-0.048095703125,
0.0166015625,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.007293701171875,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.004180908203125,
-0.01177978515625,
0.031494140625,
0.043701171875,
-0.02001953125,
0.037109375,
-0.01190185546875,
0.01348876953125,
0.038330078125,
-0.040283203125,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.052734375,
0.043212890625,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.0126953125,
0.0206298828125,
0.0242919921875,
0.00023174285888671875,
0.00341796875,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.053955078125,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.028564453125,
0.0003814697265625,
0.00787353515625,
-0.0242919921875,
0.0034637451171875,
-0.0400390625,
0.0081787109375,
-0.0712890625,
0.04931640625,
0.05615234375,
-0.0023651123046875,
0.01953125,
-0.0361328125,
0.0020904541015625,
0.000789642333984375,
-0.0703125,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.007720947265625,
-0.03466796875,
0.023681640625,
0.000926971435546875,
0.00396728515625,
-0.010009765625,
-0.038330078125,
-0.03955078125,
0.0030059814453125,
0.0634765625,
0.034912109375,
0.029541015625,
0.052490234375,
0.007110595703125,
-0.045654296875,
0.04443359375,
0.041259765625,
-0.04150390625,
-0.0556640625,
0.0169677734375,
0.04150390625,
-0.003936767578125,
0.04638671875,
0.0225830078125,
-0.059326171875,
-0.010498046875,
0.01318359375,
-0.052490234375,
-0.046875,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.00616455078125,
0.022705078125,
-0.036376953125,
0.005035400390625,
0.037353515625,
0.02001953125,
0.02294921875,
-0.00653076171875,
0.0191650390625,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.047119140625,
0.04833984375,
-0.007232666015625,
-0.020751953125,
-0.0223388671875,
0.0020294189453125,
-0.038330078125,
0.00390625,
0.057373046875,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.0185546875,
-0.01177978515625,
0.0037841796875,
0.10693359375,
-0.0257568359375,
0.0042724609375,
0.02587890625,
-0.0025634765625,
-0.03515625,
-0.01806640625,
-0.022705078125,
0.03466796875,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.07177734375,
-0.019775390625,
0.0654296875,
-0.01287841796875,
0.044921875,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.002410888671875,
-0.01336669921875,
0.0263671875,
-0.0277099609375,
0.03173828125,
0.0146484375,
0.00860595703125,
-0.06591796875,
-0.051025390625,
-0.023681640625,
0.037353515625,
0.01123046875,
0.0439453125,
-0.0247802734375,
0.0002803802490234375,
0.004364013671875,
-0.0322265625,
-0.028564453125,
0.0033416748046875,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.006866455078125,
-0.00927734375,
-0.010498046875,
-0.025390625,
-0.0361328125,
0.0036773681640625,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.003814697265625,
0.0040283203125,
-0.059326171875,
-0.020263671875,
0.0223388671875,
-0.005218505859375,
0.0274658203125,
-0.015869140625,
0.0341796875,
0.0191650390625,
-0.004608154296875,
0.015625,
-0.003265380859375,
-0.0025634765625,
-0.04736328125,
-0.0322265625,
0.0198974609375,
-0.0223388671875,
0.06298828125,
0.0035858154296875,
-0.00665283203125,
-0.06298828125,
0.006683349609375,
0.024658203125,
-0.060791015625,
0.0164794921875,
0.00146484375,
0.012451171875,
0.029296875,
0.0284423828125,
-0.00537109375,
-0.037353515625,
0.03125,
0.02392578125,
0.0223388671875,
0.048583984375,
0.01507568359375,
0.0185546875,
-0.00653076171875,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.080078125,
-0.051025390625,
-0.00064849853515625,
0.058349609375,
0.0128173828125,
-0.00347900390625,
0.01373291015625,
-0.027099609375,
-0.019775390625,
0.040283203125,
-0.07958984375,
-0.055908203125,
0.007537841796875,
0.0142822265625,
0.036865234375,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.0162353515625,
0.050537109375,
-0.03369140625,
0.0045166015625,
-0.01025390625,
0.007049560546875,
0.0042724609375,
0.0023956298828125,
-0.00121307373046875,
0.0012054443359375,
0.014404296875,
-0.050537109375,
-0.06591796875,
-0.021728515625,
0.03759765625,
-0.014404296875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.06884765625,
0.032958984375,
-0.00848388671875,
0.0517578125,
0.0150146484375,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.05810546875,
0.032958984375,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.0308837890625,
0.03564453125,
-0.04833984375,
-0.02880859375,
0.005615234375,
0.038330078125,
-0.002655029296875,
0.0546875,
0.02001953125,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.043212890625,
0.017578125,
0.027587890625,
0.06591796875,
0.0101318359375,
0.01129150390625,
0.0201416015625,
0.039306640625,
0.0240478515625,
0.021484375,
0.00927734375,
-0.00154876708984375,
-0.00714111328125,
-0.03369140625,
0.052490234375,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.039794921875,
0.0224609375,
-0.038818359375,
-0.00567626953125,
0.0191650390625,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.00555419921875,
-0.048583984375,
0.00848388671875,
-0.020751953125,
-0.04296875,
0.0230712890625,
0.01202392578125,
-0.01025390625,
-0.00958251953125,
0.032470703125,
0.0206298828125,
0.0262451171875,
-0.0130615234375,
0.031005859375,
0.007476806640625,
-0.033447265625,
-0.034912109375,
0.040283203125,
0.043212890625,
-0.00439453125,
0.006591796875,
0.01214599609375,
0.022705078125,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.006439208984375,
-0.000059604644775390625,
-0.07568359375,
0.0012359619140625,
-0.0013427734375,
0.021240234375,
-0.04541015625,
0.001617431640625,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.038818359375,
0.03857421875,
0.0272216796875,
0.004730224609375,
-0.0022430419921875,
0.020263671875,
0.0291748046875,
0.054931640625,
0.048828125,
-0.00555419921875,
0.01214599609375,
0.0262451171875,
-0.049072265625,
-0.011962890625,
0.016357421875,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.03125,
-0.0537109375,
0.0035858154296875,
-0.02490234375,
0.048828125,
0.0390625,
-0.038818359375,
0.0027008056640625,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.034423828125,
0.024169921875,
0.0174560546875,
0.05224609375,
0.0211181640625,
-0.0205078125,
0.035400390625,
0.006439208984375,
0.014404296875,
-0.0478515625,
0.0213623046875,
0.035888671875,
-0.049560546875,
-0.050537109375,
0.005157470703125,
0.0179443359375,
-0.0087890625,
-0.044189453125,
-0.041259765625,
-0.007171630859375,
0.01287841796875,
-0.0283203125,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.0263671875,
-0.019287109375,
0.044921875,
0.045654296875,
0.009765625,
0.031494140625,
0.005462646484375,
0.048583984375,
0.0179443359375,
0.02099609375,
-0.016357421875,
0.017333984375,
0.005157470703125,
-0.043212890625,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.03125,
0.037353515625,
0.00341796875,
0.0299072265625,
0.0128173828125,
-0.02099609375,
0.00118255615234375,
-0.03515625,
-0.041748046875,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.02978515625,
0.03173828125,
0.013916015625,
-0.049560546875,
0.283203125,
-0.0035552978515625,
-0.041748046875,
0.0223388671875,
0.0252685546875,
0.059814453125,
0.013671875,
0.006561279296875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.032958984375,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.0155029296875,
0.0076904296875,
0.00244140625,
0.01129150390625,
-0.0390625,
-0.03076171875,
0.033935546875,
-0.02783203125,
0.011474609375,
-0.0252685546875,
0.0003414154052734375,
0.0712890625,
0.045654296875,
0.00811767578125,
0.0031890869140625,
-0.0712890625,
-0.027099609375,
-0.02978515625,
0.005035400390625,
-0.0164794921875,
0.043212890625,
-0.0400390625,
-0.01556396484375,
0.03564453125,
0.0252685546875,
0.0274658203125,
-0.00830078125,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.007354736328125,
0.0390625,
0.004364013671875,
-0.0146484375,
-0.031494140625,
-0.009033203125,
-0.018798828125,
0.03173828125,
0.07763671875,
-0.0302734375,
0.022705078125,
0.019775390625,
0.044189453125,
-0.0115966796875,
0.01336669921875,
0.034423828125,
0.00872802734375,
0.00994873046875,
-0.032958984375,
-0.031982421875,
0.00738525390625,
0.00836181640625,
0.0242919921875,
0.041748046875,
0.02294921875,
0.013671875,
0.026123046875,
0.0111083984375,
-0.0296630859375,
0.0089111328125,
-0.005584716796875,
-0.0052490234375,
-0.014892578125,
-0.04296875,
0.05078125,
0.0164794921875,
-0.01953125,
0.0216064453125,
0.03759765625,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.017822265625,
-0.01904296875,
0.00003314018249511719,
0.0196533203125,
0.012939453125,
0.0225830078125,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.0302734375,
-0.026123046875,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.03564453125,
0.004547119140625,
-0.001373291015625,
0.003692626953125,
0.000759124755859375
] |
Nelson Sharpe, O. J.
This case was tried by the court without a jury. In the opinion filed by him the facts (and they do not seem to be in dispute) are stated as follows:
“Plaintiff was a patron of the defendant’s health system, and on the 14th of June, 1933, found himself in one of the massaging booths in the defendant’s establishment, ready to be treated by a masseur. He was lying upon his back and had his hands partially raised, with the elbows flexed and with the palms extended in such a manner that his right hand, with the thumb turned toward his body, was near his face. While in this position (and whether it was stationary or in the process of motion is immaterial), the defendant’s servant entered for the purpose of administering treatment. He grasped the plaintiff’s right hand for the purpose of beginning a massage treatment upon his right arm. Plaintiff testified that at this time his right hand was forced by the defendant’s servant violently toward his face, and in such a manner that his right thumb entered his right eye, denuded a certain portion of the cornea surface and caused painful and permanent injury.”
He found that the injury plaintiff sustained was caused by the negligent act of the defendant’s servant, and that plaintiff was entitled to recover therefor. He fixed his damages at the sum of $2,750, and entered a judgment in his favor for that amount, from which the defendant has taken this appeal. The plaintiff has taken a cross-appeal, claiming therein that the damages awarded him are inadequate.
Defendant’s counsel moved for a judgment in its favor when plaintiff’s proofs were submitted, and also at the close of all of the proofs, and allege error on the denial of such motions. Their claim in this respect is based upon the well-settled rule that—
“No presumption of negligence is raised by the mere happening of an accident, or proof of injury resulting therefrom.” Massachusetts Bonding & Ins. Co. v. Park (syllabus), 197 Mich. 142,
and that—
“One is not bound to foresee every possible injury which might occur, and negligence cannot be predicated on an act or omission from which there was no reason to anticipate that injury of any kind might result.” 45 C. J. p. 658.
Defendant’s employee testified that he took hold of plaintiff’s arm for the purpose of massaging it, and that lie bad bold of it when tbe thumb went into bis eye. Of course, be did not intend to thus injure bim, but it is apparent from tbe testimony that bis movement of tbe arm caused plaintiff’s thumb nail to come in contact with bis eyeball.
“It is not what one does, considered of itself and apart from all other considerations, which is to be judged in determining whether there has been an exercise of ordinary care. It is to what be does as related to tbe circumstances under which be acts that tbe test is to be applied.” Stedman v. O’Neil, 82 Conn. 199, 206 (72 Atl. 923, 22 L. R. A. [N. S.] 1229).
Tbe trial court also found:
“Under these .conditions a voluntary intentional moving of tbe plaintiff’s hand with tbe fingers extended toward bis eye was, the court finds, an act of negligence. And this being true, tbe defendant is accountable for all of tbe consequences which naturally flowed from such an act. Tbe court finds that-the injury actually sustained here was one which did naturally and within tbe realm of reasonable expectancy flow from tbe negligent act of defendant’s servant. ’ ’
■ We are in accord with this finding. Tbe motions were properly denied.
The plaintiff insists that the damages awarded bim were inadequate in view of tbe injury be received. His medical and hospital expenses amounted to $753.50. He was at tbe time of his injury district sales manager for tbe Scovel Manufacturing Company. No claim is made for loss of earnings. The trial court found that tbe injury to bis right eye was permanent. Tbe extent to which bis vision was affected was in dispute. Dr. Scarney, a witness for plaintiff, estimated bis loss in this respect at 60 per cent., while Dr. Heath, a witness for tbe defendant, placed it at 20 per cent. The trial court saw these witnesses, and heard them testify. He also heard the plaintiff testify as to the effect of the injury upon the vision in both of his eyes. While the plaintiff is entitled to the allowance of such a sum as will compensate him for the injury he sustained, in a case such as this it cannot be determined to a nicety.
“If reasonably within the range of the testimony, the determination of the trial judge as to the amount of damages to be awarded will not be disturbed, on appeal.” Kinsler v. Simpson, 257 Mich. 7, 10.
We feel constrained to apply this rule to the facts here presented. The judgment is affirmed. As both parties have appealed, no costs will be allowed.
Potter, North, Fead, Wiest, Butzel, Btjshnell, and Edward M. Sharpe, JJ., concurred. | [
-0.0281982421875,
-0.00106048583984375,
0.01263427734375,
0.03466796875,
-0.05712890625,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0230712890625,
0.050048828125,
0.038330078125,
-0.0208740234375,
0.031982421875,
0.0289306640625,
0.003204345703125,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.038818359375,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.0003032684326171875,
0.0169677734375,
0.0224609375,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.03466796875,
0.00787353515625,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.0101318359375,
0.0498046875,
0.0361328125,
0.0006256103515625,
0.0238037109375,
0.01470947265625,
0.01519775390625,
-0.0296630859375,
0.01495361328125,
0.033935546875,
-0.03173828125,
-0.02197265625,
-0.046142578125,
0.01806640625,
0.037841796875,
0.02880859375,
-0.034912109375,
-0.0201416015625,
0.0028228759765625,
-0.003448486328125,
-0.0118408203125,
0.0067138671875,
-0.03369140625,
0.031982421875,
0.00116729736328125,
0.007293701171875,
-0.04736328125,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.052978515625,
0.010498046875,
0.005584716796875,
-0.0047607421875,
0.035888671875,
0.02099609375,
-0.0194091796875,
0.01092529296875,
-0.029052734375,
0.01300048828125,
0.024658203125,
-0.0181884765625,
0.000675201416015625,
-0.029541015625,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.0234375,
-0.005340576171875,
-0.0038299560546875,
-0.0020599365234375,
-0.007049560546875,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.0233154296875,
0.0595703125,
-0.0096435546875,
0.005523681640625,
-0.0262451171875,
0.03271484375,
0.0263671875,
-0.051025390625,
0.039306640625,
0.0250244140625,
0.005859375,
0.011962890625,
-0.006011962890625,
0.0111083984375,
0.040771484375,
-0.041259765625,
-0.033935546875,
0.031982421875,
0.0400390625,
-0.04931640625,
0.026123046875,
0.033935546875,
0.00165557861328125,
0.048095703125,
0.053955078125,
-0.000972747802734375,
0.046630859375,
0.00188446044921875,
0.0045166015625,
-0.0322265625,
0.000782012939453125,
0.00469970703125,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.02978515625,
0.00128173828125,
0.01458740234375,
0.0166015625,
-0.043212890625,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0120849609375,
0.01513671875,
-0.03759765625,
0.004180908203125,
0.0269775390625,
0.01165771484375,
0.050537109375,
-0.025146484375,
0.05419921875,
0.02587890625,
-0.0103759765625,
0.033203125,
0.002593994140625,
0.031494140625,
0.043212890625,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.0264892578125,
0.004852294921875,
-0.015380859375,
-0.0004596710205078125,
-0.0038604736328125,
-0.01300048828125,
0.031982421875,
-0.01025390625,
-0.00113677978515625,
0.036865234375,
0.00433349609375,
0.044677734375,
0.033447265625,
0.03466796875,
-0.041748046875,
0.01904296875,
-0.0439453125,
-0.0026397705078125,
-0.030517578125,
0.015869140625,
0.016845703125,
0.035400390625,
0.026611328125,
0.006011962890625,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.00946044921875,
0.04345703125,
0.00958251953125,
0.0263671875,
-0.00154876708984375,
0.02685546875,
0.03759765625,
0.01416015625,
0.0002956390380859375,
0.0072021484375,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.0123291015625,
0.02001953125,
0.0135498046875,
-0.035400390625,
-0.04833984375,
0.0322265625,
0.01263427734375,
0.03955078125,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.06591796875,
0.00115966796875,
-0.033935546875,
0.023681640625,
0.05908203125,
0.0152587890625,
0.0196533203125,
0.000926971435546875,
-0.007171630859375,
-0.0458984375,
-0.00640869140625,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.007049560546875,
0.00102996826171875,
-0.049560546875,
0.037841796875,
0.004791259765625,
0.005401611328125,
-0.034912109375,
-0.052978515625,
0.07177734375,
-0.041259765625,
-0.0186767578125,
0.004791259765625,
-0.01422119140625,
0.0458984375,
-0.015625,
-0.00750732421875,
0.06201171875,
0.0169677734375,
0.00823974609375,
0.0225830078125,
-0.00592041015625,
0.00701904296875,
-0.003753662109375,
-0.07470703125,
-0.0028228759765625,
0.00238037109375,
-0.00457763671875,
0.016357421875,
-0.06982421875,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.00518798828125,
0.031982421875,
-0.008056640625,
0.02734375,
-0.0244140625,
-0.0272216796875,
0.022216796875,
0.02197265625,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.026123046875,
-0.0400390625,
0.038818359375,
-0.004730224609375,
0.05517578125,
0.0123291015625,
-0.03173828125,
0.0057373046875,
-0.007598876953125,
0.0283203125,
0.0155029296875,
-0.03759765625,
0.0206298828125,
0.06005859375,
0.00616455078125,
-0.048583984375,
0.030517578125,
0.0211181640625,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.06494140625,
0.0162353515625,
0.01373291015625,
0.05517578125,
0.0050048828125,
0.0281982421875,
-0.009765625,
0.0311279296875,
0.058349609375,
0.0189208984375,
-0.03125,
-0.04052734375,
-0.00836181640625,
0.015625,
-0.049560546875,
0.00156402587890625,
0.0306396484375,
-0.00180816650390625,
0.03564453125,
0.0185546875,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.028076171875,
-0.0576171875,
-0.0224609375,
0.01202392578125,
0.01177978515625,
-0.0166015625,
-0.07958984375,
-0.00165557861328125,
-0.0274658203125,
0.08642578125,
-0.0380859375,
-0.02001953125,
-0.017822265625,
-0.027099609375,
0.01953125,
-0.00799560546875,
0.032958984375,
-0.051513671875,
-0.010498046875,
-0.02587890625,
0.0458984375,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.055419921875,
-0.04931640625,
0.0303955078125,
0.054443359375,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.0380859375,
-0.05419921875,
0.0038604736328125,
-0.0203857421875,
0.03076171875,
0.00830078125,
-0.0260009765625,
0.060546875,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.0263671875,
-0.041259765625,
-0.010498046875,
0.041259765625,
-0.006256103515625,
0.01129150390625,
-0.01068115234375,
0.0283203125,
-0.0038909912109375,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.0185546875,
-0.05419921875,
-0.04541015625,
-0.0020751953125,
-0.055419921875,
-0.05712890625,
-0.00909423828125,
0.00823974609375,
0.0086669921875,
-0.080078125,
0.005340576171875,
-0.032958984375,
-0.037353515625,
-0.03759765625,
-0.00982666015625,
0.00958251953125,
-0.015869140625,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.00007295608520507812,
0.005950927734375,
0.011962890625,
-0.0296630859375,
0.033935546875,
-0.034912109375,
0.0189208984375,
-0.0233154296875,
0.00555419921875,
0.05810546875,
0.0400390625,
-0.0361328125,
0.0147705078125,
-0.00058746337890625,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0074462890625,
-0.01556396484375,
0.01080322265625,
-0.0281982421875,
0.033447265625,
0.01446533203125,
-0.048095703125,
-0.0206298828125,
0.015380859375,
0.022705078125,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.0059814453125,
-0.023193359375,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.012451171875,
-0.006134033203125,
-0.0048828125,
0.0103759765625,
0.0084228515625,
0.0252685546875,
0.04345703125,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.0576171875,
-0.053955078125,
-0.054931640625,
0.025146484375,
0.00262451171875,
0.0174560546875,
0.03271484375,
-0.007476806640625,
-0.00008487701416015625,
0.0673828125,
-0.000118255615234375,
-0.00872802734375,
0.00140380859375,
-0.0263671875,
0.0068359375,
-0.0037994384765625,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.005401611328125,
-0.01300048828125,
0.050048828125,
0.019775390625,
-0.055419921875,
0.017333984375,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.0123291015625,
0.045654296875,
0.002532958984375,
0.042724609375,
-0.0228271484375,
0.03857421875,
0.039306640625,
-0.048095703125,
-0.05419921875,
-0.0419921875,
0.046630859375,
0.038330078125,
-0.041748046875,
0.0016326904296875,
0.03466796875,
0.052490234375,
0.000514984130859375,
0.01031494140625,
-0.01361083984375,
0.007781982421875,
0.004150390625,
0.003204345703125,
0.0086669921875,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.0186767578125,
0.00689697265625,
0.034912109375,
0.060302734375,
-0.0361328125,
0.00921630859375,
-0.043701171875,
0.013671875,
-0.026123046875,
0.0157470703125,
0.0010528564453125,
0.03125,
-0.0517578125,
0.00087738037109375,
0.04736328125,
0.0008392333984375,
0.0277099609375,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.0030364990234375,
0.01031494140625,
-0.0205078125,
-0.0019378662109375,
0.00994873046875,
0.00069427490234375,
0.043212890625,
0.0322265625,
0.0194091796875,
0.01153564453125,
0.0179443359375,
-0.036376953125,
0.10595703125,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.0380859375,
-0.020751953125,
0.06005859375,
-0.035888671875,
0.06591796875,
-0.005126953125,
0.0301513671875,
0.00927734375,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.016357421875,
0.0142822265625,
0.0341796875,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.00885009765625,
0.037109375,
-0.028076171875,
0.0294189453125,
0.03857421875,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.039306640625,
0.046630859375,
0.01300048828125,
0.006439208984375,
0.02978515625,
-0.0157470703125,
0.0120849609375,
-0.036376953125,
0.00139617919921875,
0.0068359375,
0.0050048828125,
-0.0032806396484375,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.038330078125,
0.0031890869140625,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.0029296875,
0.04052734375,
0.0086669921875,
0.016845703125,
-0.041748046875,
-0.034423828125,
0.006317138671875,
-0.060791015625,
-0.00002968311309814453,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.0150146484375,
0.0194091796875,
-0.030029296875,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.004974365234375,
0.00933837890625,
-0.0224609375,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0115966796875,
0.0419921875,
-0.06494140625,
0.034423828125,
0.01611328125,
0.035400390625,
0.031982421875,
-0.02099609375,
0.03125,
0.0218505859375,
-0.003997802734375,
0.020263671875,
0.03173828125,
-0.028076171875,
-0.00543212890625,
0.03271484375,
-0.043701171875,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.021240234375,
-0.01953125,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.09716796875,
-0.000186920166015625,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.07373046875,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.012939453125,
0.00127410888671875,
0.040283203125,
-0.083984375,
0.0189208984375,
-0.0004825592041015625,
-0.076171875,
0.0006561279296875,
-0.0011138916015625,
-0.00469970703125,
0.023193359375,
-0.06689453125,
-0.03857421875,
0.0283203125,
0.07177734375,
0.022705078125,
0.01031494140625,
-0.0096435546875,
0.031005859375,
-0.01507568359375,
0.00628662109375,
-0.06298828125,
0.00151824951171875,
-0.01416015625,
0.03759765625,
0.03955078125,
-0.01092529296875,
0.04541015625,
0.013916015625,
0.0390625,
0.042236328125,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.022705078125,
-0.048583984375,
0.00811767578125,
-0.052490234375,
0.01129150390625,
0.01214599609375,
0.0303955078125,
0.0201416015625,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.037109375,
-0.043212890625,
-0.027099609375,
-0.0595703125,
0.0025177001953125,
0.0225830078125,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.01416015625,
-0.0458984375,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.0556640625,
0.0167236328125,
0.053955078125,
-0.033935546875,
-0.029052734375,
-0.01953125,
0.0478515625,
0.021240234375,
0.0206298828125,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.003753662109375,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.000492095947265625,
-0.03271484375,
-0.03857421875,
0.0206298828125,
0.01007080078125,
-0.0274658203125,
0.025146484375,
-0.014892578125,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.02783203125,
0.06982421875,
-0.0068359375,
0.0108642578125,
0.064453125,
-0.0034027099609375,
-0.06982421875,
-0.008056640625,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.031005859375,
0.00170135498046875,
0.047119140625,
0.034423828125,
-0.02001953125,
0.038330078125,
0.03125,
-0.034423828125,
0.000347137451171875,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.057861328125,
-0.02197265625,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0712890625,
0.050048828125,
-0.0263671875,
0.0198974609375,
0.045654296875,
0.00142669677734375,
0.0419921875,
-0.02783203125,
0.0361328125,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.033203125,
0.01129150390625,
0.00616455078125,
0.00518798828125,
-0.0361328125,
-0.01202392578125,
0.004180908203125,
-0.026611328125,
0.0263671875,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.032470703125,
0.028076171875,
0.00396728515625,
0.057861328125,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0003604888916015625,
0.016357421875,
0.041015625,
0.008056640625,
-0.031982421875,
0.00213623046875,
-0.0028533935546875,
-0.00060272216796875,
-0.0751953125,
-0.0299072265625,
0.041259765625,
0.044921875,
0.038330078125,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.056884765625,
-0.003753662109375,
0.0167236328125,
-0.00543212890625,
0.04443359375,
0.014404296875,
0.044677734375,
-0.0908203125,
-0.0244140625,
-0.01385498046875,
0.0242919921875,
-0.01318359375,
0.0341796875,
-0.03271484375,
0.03759765625,
0.0019989013671875,
-0.034912109375,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.0020294189453125,
0.034912109375,
0.0008697509765625,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.00179290771484375,
-0.00640869140625,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.0174560546875,
0.046630859375,
-0.0069580078125,
0.01458740234375,
0.0257568359375,
0.008544921875,
0.01336669921875,
0.0191650390625,
0.007781982421875,
0.05029296875,
0.0019378662109375,
-0.010009765625,
-0.007232666015625,
0.01556396484375,
0.00811767578125,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.037109375,
-0.033203125,
-0.0791015625,
-0.015380859375,
0.006683349609375,
0.0184326171875,
0.0228271484375,
-0.0208740234375,
0.003692626953125,
0.004791259765625,
0.014404296875,
-0.04150390625,
0.008544921875,
-0.01361083984375,
0.0281982421875,
0.052734375,
0.0191650390625,
0.032958984375,
-0.00762939453125,
-0.0018157958984375,
-0.01287841796875,
0.01019287109375,
0.0211181640625,
0.037109375,
-0.000667572021484375,
-0.022216796875,
-0.003936767578125,
-0.039306640625,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0042724609375,
0.05029296875,
0.060302734375,
-0.0196533203125,
0.046630859375,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0693359375,
-0.0029449462890625,
-0.05029296875,
-0.0198974609375,
0.060302734375,
0.0108642578125,
0.028564453125,
-0.0283203125,
-0.03076171875,
0.00177764892578125,
0.00885009765625,
0.003204345703125,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0225830078125,
-0.015869140625,
0.041748046875,
0.028564453125,
-0.006103515625,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.00157928466796875,
-0.011474609375,
-0.05322265625,
-0.0244140625,
-0.0224609375,
0.031494140625,
0.0019378662109375,
0.0034942626953125,
0.01953125,
-0.050537109375,
-0.00043487548828125,
0.000576019287109375,
0.01226806640625,
-0.049560546875,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.0301513671875,
0.01165771484375,
-0.00311279296875,
0.02197265625,
0.00848388671875,
-0.07666015625,
-0.051025390625,
0.0022735595703125,
0.0291748046875,
-0.005584716796875,
0.05029296875,
0.038818359375,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.054931640625,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.013916015625,
0.0037994384765625,
0.0269775390625,
0.01019287109375,
-0.00946044921875,
0.0230712890625,
0.04443359375,
0.034912109375,
0.0211181640625,
0.00167083740234375,
-0.0089111328125,
0.006317138671875,
0.017822265625,
-0.0142822265625,
0.0673828125,
-0.00518798828125,
-0.003021240234375,
0.021240234375,
0.005157470703125,
0.0247802734375,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0390625,
0.0147705078125,
-0.059814453125,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.031005859375,
0.02685546875,
0.0145263671875,
0.007598876953125,
-0.0040283203125,
0.03173828125,
0.04833984375,
0.004913330078125,
-0.0030670166015625,
0.009033203125,
-0.006500244140625,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.05615234375,
-0.00836181640625,
0.03759765625,
0.033447265625,
0.0308837890625,
0.0078125,
0.004852294921875,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0118408203125,
0.0010528564453125,
0.0074462890625,
-0.049072265625,
0.03125,
0.04541015625,
0.0076904296875,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.0150146484375,
0.02880859375,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.029541015625,
0.0311279296875,
-0.004791259765625,
0.00518798828125,
0.005645751953125,
-0.00433349609375,
0.056396484375,
-0.0272216796875,
0.0306396484375,
-0.02294921875,
0.002105712890625,
-0.00011157989501953125,
-0.00750732421875,
-0.029541015625,
0.0186767578125,
0.00152587890625,
-0.005767822265625,
-0.021240234375,
0.0093994140625,
-0.02197265625,
0.0166015625,
0.01080322265625,
-0.046630859375,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.040771484375,
0.008056640625,
0.0230712890625,
0.0062255859375,
0.09423828125,
0.02197265625,
-0.04345703125,
-0.022216796875,
-0.03271484375,
0.00762939453125,
-0.048583984375,
0.0174560546875,
0.007720947265625,
-0.058837890625,
-0.0673828125,
-0.038330078125,
0.0211181640625,
0.0019073486328125,
-0.006439208984375,
-0.038330078125,
0.01544189453125,
0.027099609375,
-0.032958984375,
0.026611328125,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.021240234375,
0.01904296875,
0.037109375,
0.02978515625,
0.034423828125,
0.041748046875,
0.003448486328125,
0.04443359375,
0.0162353515625,
0.0036468505859375,
0.004058837890625,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.048828125,
-0.009033203125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0181884765625,
0.045654296875,
0.0390625,
0.01806640625,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.0263671875,
0.00531005859375,
-0.015869140625,
0.0098876953125,
-0.015869140625,
-0.0103759765625,
0.01068115234375,
0.0238037109375,
-0.007171630859375,
-0.03564453125,
0.29296875,
0.01019287109375,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.0010223388671875,
-0.0172119140625,
0.05908203125,
0.04052734375,
0.02001953125,
-0.039794921875,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.00677490234375,
0.0179443359375,
0.0257568359375,
0.031494140625,
0.027099609375,
0.0164794921875,
-0.0615234375,
-0.026611328125,
0.026611328125,
-0.027099609375,
0.014892578125,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.0260009765625,
0.0380859375,
0.017822265625,
-0.00188446044921875,
0.0172119140625,
-0.060302734375,
-0.017333984375,
-0.0263671875,
0.02099609375,
-0.02099609375,
0.020263671875,
-0.0869140625,
0.004486083984375,
-0.002899169921875,
0.03369140625,
0.02978515625,
-0.0034637451171875,
-0.007568359375,
-0.0004119873046875,
0.042236328125,
0.0031890869140625,
0.0030517578125,
-0.009521484375,
0.02880859375,
-0.0035400390625,
0.0257568359375,
0.00823974609375,
0.000637054443359375,
0.0281982421875,
-0.00141143798828125,
0.00958251953125,
0.00421142578125,
0.0007781982421875,
0.03076171875,
0.035400390625,
-0.019287109375,
0.007415771484375,
-0.052734375,
0.01470947265625,
0.004241943359375,
0.01446533203125,
-0.01434326171875,
0.0120849609375,
0.0115966796875,
0.0673828125,
0.005889892578125,
-0.048828125,
0.0194091796875,
-0.01171875,
-0.01263427734375,
0.00023174285888671875,
-0.0240478515625,
0.0693359375,
0.01373291015625,
0.0081787109375,
0.0380859375,
0.02490234375,
-0.0244140625,
-0.0022125244140625,
0.002349853515625,
0.0152587890625,
0.03173828125,
0.0203857421875,
0.023193359375,
0.017822265625,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.031494140625,
0.013427734375,
-0.00567626953125,
0.0174560546875,
0.02001953125,
-0.0101318359375
] |
Bushnell, J.
The people appeal from an order quashing an information which charged respondents with managing a lottery, and aiding and assisting in disposing of merchandise by way of lottery for money in a game of chance, to-wit: a beano game. The appeal presents the single question: Is “beano” a lottery?
The substance of the testimony is that two officers entered a building in the city of Grand Rapids where they obtained a “membership card” and three “beano cards” in exchange for their signed applications for membership in the so-called “club” and the payment of 25 cents each. They, and a number of other persons, seated themselves at tables with their beano cards before them, containing 15 numbers arranged in rows and columns. Before play started it was announced that the prize for the first drawing would be 20 pounds of sugar. Other merchandise, largely food stuffs, wras also on display. It was also announced that to win the prize the player must have a full card bearing the same numbers as those drawn from a box containing cubes bearing various numbers. The drawing proceeded and continued until one of the players had all the numbers on his card covered with beans, indicating that they corresponded with the numbers drawn from the box. Sometimes a prize would be announced for one complete line rather than a full card drawing.
Respondent Welch is president and one of the incorporators and trustees of the club in question, “Select Society, Incorporated,” and it is stipulated that the determination of his case shall also apply to the remaining respondents.
There seems to be little difference between the games of “beano,” “keno” and “lotto.”
Act No. 328, § 372, Pub. Acts 1931 (penal code), reads:
“Any person who shall set up or promote within this State, any lottery or gift enterprise for money, or shall dispose of any property, real or personal, goods, chattels or merchandise or valuable thing, by way of lottery or gift enterprise, and any person who shall aid, either by printing or writing, or shall in any way be concerned in the setting up, managing or drawing of any such lottery or gift enterprise, or who shall in any house, shop or building owned or occupied by him or under his control, knowingly permit the setting up, managing or drawing of any such lottery or gift enterprise, or the sale of any lottery ticket or share of a ticket, or any other writing, certificate, bill, goods, chattels or merchandise, token or other device purporting or intended to entitle the holder or bearer or other person to any prize or gift, or to any share of or interest in any prize or gift to be drawn in any such lottery or gift enterprise, or who shall knowingly suffer money or other property to be raffled for in such house, shop or building, or to be there won by throwing or using dice, or by any other game or course of chance, shall for every such offense be guilty of a misdemeanor, punishable by imprisonment in the State prison not more than two years or by a fine of not more than one thousand dollars.”
Article 5, § 33, of the Constitution of 1908, provides :
“The legislature shall not authorize any lottery nor permit the sale of lottery tickets. ’ ’
Similar provisions appeared in the Constitution of 1850 (article 4, § 28) and in the Constitution of 1835 (article 12, § 6).
Appellee says “beano” is a game of chance and not a lottery, and that under authority of People v. Reilly, 50 Mich. 384 (45 Am. Rep. 47), the information is bad because it is laid under section 372 of the penal code, rather than section 302, the gaming statute, and cites numerous authorities from other jurisdictions.
Appellant stands on the information and the statute under which it is laid. Appellant says that the Reilly Case in 1883 held that “pool selling” was not a lottery within the meaning of a city ordinance on the broad theory that the lotteries prohibited by the Constitution were those involving large sums, etc., and which circulated their tickets in large numbers to all parts of the country; that sis years later we departed from the theory of the Reilly Case and held “policy” to be within the statute in People v. Elliott, 74 Mich. 264 (3 L. R. A. 403, 16 Am. St. Rep. 640), and have since been consistent in subsequent opinions, which are People v. McPhee, 139 Mich. 687 (69 L. R. A. 505, 5 Ann. Cas. 835), a tailor suit club scheme; People v. Wassmus, 214 Mich. 42, another suit club case; and Glover v. Malloska, 238 Mich. 216 (52 A. L. R. 77), an automobile drawing, and the people, in addition to other authorities, cite People v. Babdaty, 139 Cal. App. (Supp.) 791 (30 Pac. [2d] 634), recently decided, involving a Tango Parlor which, they say, is a game “having a marked resemblance to beano.”
Our last opinion, Glover v. Malloska, supra, is sufficient and controlling. We quote from the language used by Mr. Justice Wiest:
“The scheme was clearly a lottery. People v. McPhee, 139 Mich. 687 (69 L. R. A. 505, 5 Ann. Cas. 835); People v. Wassmus, 214 Mich. 42. The often asserted essentials of a lottery, viz., consideration, prize and chance, were all present.”
The witnesses paid 25 cents each, one of them won the prize, 20 pounds of sugar, and chance determined the winner at the drawing.
The order quashing the information and dismissing the cause is set aside. The cause is remanded to the superior court of Grand Rapids for further proceedings.
Nelson Sharpe, C. J., and Potter, North, Fead, Wiest, Buteel, and Edward M. Sharpe, JJ., concurred, | [
-0.0023193359375,
-0.01129150390625,
0.032470703125,
0.01275634765625,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.060302734375,
-0.0308837890625,
0.006134033203125,
-0.025634765625,
0.05419921875,
0.0478515625,
0.0177001953125,
0.002227783203125,
0.0228271484375,
-0.02587890625,
-0.028076171875,
-0.045166015625,
0.023193359375,
0.004486083984375,
-0.007476806640625,
0.004913330078125,
0.0184326171875,
-0.0498046875,
-0.02734375,
-0.01513671875,
0.007568359375,
0.00799560546875,
0.003692626953125,
0.044189453125,
0.00860595703125,
-0.0020751953125,
-0.033447265625,
0.04052734375,
-0.017822265625,
0.009033203125,
-0.007537841796875,
0.0419921875,
-0.05126953125,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0205078125,
-0.006805419921875,
-0.00653076171875,
0.06396484375,
-0.006561279296875,
-0.037109375,
-0.014404296875,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.06005859375,
0.0255126953125,
-0.056396484375,
0.01409912109375,
-0.027099609375,
0.0096435546875,
0.00177764892578125,
-0.003631591796875,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.056396484375,
0.0003604888916015625,
0.01165771484375,
0.038330078125,
-0.025146484375,
0.03564453125,
-0.051513671875,
0.02880859375,
-0.003936767578125,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.01116943359375,
0.0250244140625,
-0.00138092041015625,
-0.0419921875,
-0.022216796875,
0.0240478515625,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.048095703125,
0.0341796875,
0.0125732421875,
-0.0277099609375,
0.0341796875,
-0.033447265625,
-0.058837890625,
0.0208740234375,
0.09228515625,
0.0576171875,
0.040283203125,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.0172119140625,
0.0269775390625,
-0.002166748046875,
0.01611328125,
0.06396484375,
0.036376953125,
0.004364013671875,
0.01177978515625,
0.036865234375,
0.00482177734375,
0.04345703125,
0.004364013671875,
-0.0030059814453125,
0.060302734375,
-0.00714111328125,
0.0145263671875,
0.0380859375,
0.00457763671875,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.0162353515625,
0.00115203857421875,
-0.0306396484375,
0.020263671875,
-0.0390625,
-0.058349609375,
0.031494140625,
-0.010009765625,
0.0196533203125,
-0.034912109375,
0.003448486328125,
0.0279541015625,
0.0033416748046875,
0.011962890625,
0.00665283203125,
0.025634765625,
0.0166015625,
0.0032501220703125,
0.033447265625,
-0.02880859375,
0.007171630859375,
0.0289306640625,
0.0152587890625,
-0.03564453125,
0.050537109375,
-0.00154876708984375,
0.035888671875,
0.0380859375,
0.020263671875,
0.024658203125,
-0.006591796875,
0.0224609375,
0.0478515625,
0.005462646484375,
0.047119140625,
-0.026123046875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.038330078125,
0.06982421875,
-0.039306640625,
0.0081787109375,
-0.0478515625,
-0.0203857421875,
0.039794921875,
0.056396484375,
0.0164794921875,
0.00518798828125,
-0.004364013671875,
-0.02294921875,
0.0277099609375,
-0.032958984375,
-0.05810546875,
0.009033203125,
-0.0263671875,
0.0279541015625,
0.0068359375,
-0.00592041015625,
0.0164794921875,
0.0128173828125,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.012451171875,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.00946044921875,
0.0257568359375,
0.037841796875,
0.08251953125,
-0.0322265625,
0.004119873046875,
0.00946044921875,
-0.0634765625,
0.0255126953125,
0.0267333984375,
0.046630859375,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0021209716796875,
-0.032958984375,
-0.055419921875,
-0.00147247314453125,
-0.05517578125,
0.042724609375,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.01416015625,
0.0230712890625,
0.01806640625,
0.02978515625,
0.0045166015625,
-0.00762939453125,
0.029541015625,
-0.06591796875,
-0.03759765625,
-0.0022430419921875,
0.016357421875,
0.04833984375,
0.031494140625,
-0.052978515625,
0.0322265625,
0.00677490234375,
-0.06298828125,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.031005859375,
0.025146484375,
0.044921875,
-0.035400390625,
0.025146484375,
0.00860595703125,
-0.05029296875,
0.00543212890625,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.0078125,
-0.01611328125,
0.044921875,
-0.00052642822265625,
0.05517578125,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0498046875,
0.033447265625,
0.0264892578125,
-0.018798828125,
0.0322265625,
-0.023681640625,
0.039306640625,
0.037109375,
0.049072265625,
0.032470703125,
-0.047119140625,
0.031005859375,
-0.0140380859375,
-0.01092529296875,
0.0225830078125,
-0.03271484375,
0.01116943359375,
0.030517578125,
0.01416015625,
-0.0164794921875,
0.033203125,
0.00311279296875,
0.00579833984375,
0.0147705078125,
0.0390625,
-0.00010776519775390625,
0.04931640625,
-0.0166015625,
0.0169677734375,
-0.002410888671875,
-0.017822265625,
0.015380859375,
0.0157470703125,
-0.041748046875,
-0.02392578125,
0.041259765625,
-0.00262451171875,
-0.02001953125,
-0.006500244140625,
0.0242919921875,
-0.048095703125,
0.018310546875,
-0.0031585693359375,
-0.054931640625,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.0498046875,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.028564453125,
-0.051025390625,
-0.009765625,
-0.0291748046875,
0.057373046875,
-0.0537109375,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.0020599365234375,
-0.000499725341796875,
0.0439453125,
-0.01806640625,
0.03466796875,
-0.06298828125,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.004913330078125,
0.037841796875,
-0.020263671875,
0.0164794921875,
-0.026611328125,
0.00970458984375,
0.0556640625,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.016357421875,
0.0225830078125,
0.0189208984375,
-0.0498046875,
-0.0284423828125,
0.0081787109375,
0.03173828125,
0.005462646484375,
-0.00335693359375,
0.000293731689453125,
0.0133056640625,
-0.03759765625,
-0.01446533203125,
0.01397705078125,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.01373291015625,
0.0177001953125,
0.00714111328125,
-0.006134033203125,
0.0185546875,
-0.0218505859375,
0.0206298828125,
-0.00726318359375,
0.017822265625,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.036865234375,
-0.002960205078125,
0.011962890625,
0.020751953125,
0.01312255859375,
-0.06201171875,
0.018798828125,
-0.015869140625,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.0361328125,
0.0027313232421875,
-0.0186767578125,
0.03173828125,
0.02197265625,
-0.044677734375,
0.048828125,
-0.041259765625,
0.052001953125,
-0.049560546875,
0.01141357421875,
-0.0169677734375,
0.0291748046875,
-0.00066375732421875,
0.01531982421875,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.004852294921875,
-0.0615234375,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.004425048828125,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.0361328125,
0.0235595703125,
0.0245361328125,
0.01611328125,
-0.010498046875,
-0.048095703125,
0.06396484375,
0.032470703125,
0.03173828125,
0.0022430419921875,
-0.017333984375,
0.0091552734375,
-0.045166015625,
-0.0021820068359375,
-0.0235595703125,
0.060546875,
-0.057373046875,
0.0137939453125,
0.01300048828125,
0.02001953125,
0.0216064453125,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.0257568359375,
0.00433349609375,
-0.068359375,
0.03076171875,
-0.0291748046875,
0.037109375,
-0.00897216796875,
0.029541015625,
0.0025482177734375,
0.050537109375,
-0.007659912109375,
0.044189453125,
0.02294921875,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.017822265625,
0.0228271484375,
-0.03076171875,
-0.00457763671875,
0.006195068359375,
-0.02392578125,
0.0179443359375,
-0.0084228515625,
0.0157470703125,
0.04931640625,
0.0252685546875,
0.048095703125,
0.0093994140625,
-0.004974365234375,
0.053466796875,
-0.041748046875,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.020751953125,
0.036376953125,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0216064453125,
0.03173828125,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.005859375,
0.055908203125,
0.0081787109375,
-0.0289306640625,
0.01470947265625,
0.0033416748046875,
0.015380859375,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.017822265625,
0.0150146484375,
0.029541015625,
0.047119140625,
-0.07080078125,
0.03173828125,
-0.0181884765625,
0.023681640625,
0.0162353515625,
0.027587890625,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.005340576171875,
-0.056884765625,
-0.0286865234375,
0.064453125,
0.00070953369140625,
0.00799560546875,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0218505859375,
0.024658203125,
0.031982421875,
-0.01348876953125,
0.01953125,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.0150146484375,
0.0223388671875,
0.001739501953125,
-0.01031494140625,
0.0059814453125,
0.01611328125,
0.006622314453125,
0.00787353515625,
-0.0047607421875,
-0.00994873046875,
0.01904296875,
0.039794921875,
-0.00616455078125,
0.01953125,
-0.0235595703125,
0.032470703125,
0.0096435546875,
0.0211181640625,
-0.02392578125,
-0.0142822265625,
0.033203125,
0.01226806640625,
0.01123046875,
0.045654296875,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.01708984375,
0.0264892578125,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.038330078125,
0.0223388671875,
0.04833984375,
0.0341796875,
-0.031982421875,
0.02001953125,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.004119873046875,
0.03564453125,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0022125244140625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.054443359375,
-0.02734375,
0.0281982421875,
-0.048583984375,
0.019775390625,
-0.038818359375,
-0.00144195556640625,
0.01806640625,
-0.017822265625,
-0.0201416015625,
0.043212890625,
-0.044921875,
0.005340576171875,
-0.00171661376953125,
0.0027618408203125,
0.007080078125,
-0.007110595703125,
-0.0064697265625,
0.0013275146484375,
0.00830078125,
0.0010833740234375,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.019287109375,
0.005828857421875,
0.033447265625,
-0.04248046875,
0.05224609375,
0.0128173828125,
0.007568359375,
0.053466796875,
0.0211181640625,
0.052734375,
0.0026397705078125,
-0.053466796875,
0.0264892578125,
-0.005401611328125,
-0.0625,
-0.0791015625,
0.00665283203125,
-0.0113525390625,
0.050048828125,
0.0208740234375,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.00057220458984375,
-0.07373046875,
0.004364013671875,
-0.00640869140625,
-0.02734375,
-0.0732421875,
0.027099609375,
-0.013427734375,
0.048095703125,
-0.0322265625,
0.01409912109375,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.04833984375,
0.0140380859375,
0.0169677734375,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.03173828125,
-0.0201416015625,
0.01348876953125,
0.076171875,
0.0067138671875,
-0.00028228759765625,
0.0027923583984375,
-0.027587890625,
-0.01904296875,
-0.0027618408203125,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.056640625,
-0.005828857421875,
0.0177001953125,
0.064453125,
-0.064453125,
0.0546875,
-0.0198974609375,
0.0260009765625,
0.01904296875,
-0.0654296875,
-0.017333984375,
-0.0242919921875,
0.0289306640625,
-0.0264892578125,
0.021240234375,
-0.027099609375,
0.0211181640625,
0.03857421875,
0.0198974609375,
-0.03759765625,
0.01141357421875,
-0.050048828125,
-0.05322265625,
0.0086669921875,
-0.007476806640625,
-0.0205078125,
-0.03369140625,
-0.02685546875,
0.05224609375,
-0.025146484375,
0.033447265625,
0.054443359375,
-0.030029296875,
-0.0106201171875,
0.007659912109375,
0.0152587890625,
0.0002040863037109375,
0.007049560546875,
0.00174713134765625,
-0.02197265625,
-0.01806640625,
-0.04150390625,
-0.02392578125,
-0.046630859375,
-0.0296630859375,
0.03466796875,
0.015869140625,
-0.0157470703125,
0.0024566650390625,
-0.08837890625,
-0.050048828125,
-0.052490234375,
0.005523681640625,
-0.003509521484375,
-0.00921630859375,
0.0830078125,
0.01153564453125,
-0.03955078125,
0.0177001953125,
0.03369140625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.04541015625,
0.04736328125,
-0.00830078125,
-0.0162353515625,
0.034423828125,
0.0150146484375,
-0.06591796875,
-0.029052734375,
-0.03662109375,
-0.056396484375,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.01025390625,
-0.00653076171875,
0.0361328125,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0400390625,
0.0194091796875,
-0.01025390625,
0.039794921875,
-0.0322265625,
0.06982421875,
-0.06298828125,
-0.01031494140625,
0.03369140625,
0.033935546875,
0.005279541015625,
-0.0133056640625,
0.011962890625,
0.0002689361572265625,
0.0130615234375,
0.05908203125,
0.006591796875,
0.006256103515625,
0.01123046875,
0.0203857421875,
0.04345703125,
-0.02978515625,
-0.0191650390625,
0.0179443359375,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0074462890625,
-0.02734375,
-0.036865234375,
0.0128173828125,
0.00830078125,
-0.064453125,
-0.037841796875,
0.019775390625,
0.035888671875,
0.051025390625,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.0091552734375,
0.0181884765625,
-0.046142578125,
0.0361328125,
0.0262451171875,
0.0244140625,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.07275390625,
-0.0022125244140625,
0.0245361328125,
-0.01458740234375,
0.00787353515625,
-0.017333984375,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.016357421875,
0.004486083984375,
-0.002532958984375,
-0.012451171875,
-0.00616455078125,
0.00823974609375,
-0.0537109375,
0.01153564453125,
-0.039306640625,
0.0002346038818359375,
-0.0164794921875,
0.005889892578125,
0.01226806640625,
-0.041748046875,
-0.0228271484375,
0.031005859375,
-0.08203125,
0.007354736328125,
0.0021514892578125,
0.0032501220703125,
0.029052734375,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.015380859375,
0.02099609375,
0.01953125,
0.0074462890625,
0.00653076171875,
-0.032470703125,
0.0167236328125,
0.006317138671875,
-0.044677734375,
-0.006134033203125,
-0.018310546875,
0.01177978515625,
-0.02685546875,
-0.0301513671875,
0.0020751953125,
0.0194091796875,
-0.03466796875,
0.022216796875,
0.041748046875,
-0.00677490234375,
0.0216064453125,
0.0157470703125,
0.00970458984375,
0.00775146484375,
0.01336669921875,
-0.01953125,
-0.018798828125,
0.01336669921875,
-0.005889892578125,
0.01202392578125,
0.0291748046875,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.037109375,
-0.0157470703125,
0.01544189453125,
0.01312255859375,
0.041748046875,
-0.01129150390625,
0.0537109375,
-0.037109375,
-0.0123291015625,
0.007659912109375,
-0.07568359375,
-0.04150390625,
0.0255126953125,
0.0196533203125,
-0.007568359375,
-0.0458984375,
-0.0091552734375,
0.0208740234375,
0.030517578125,
-0.03564453125,
0.00982666015625,
0.01422119140625,
-0.054931640625,
0.0123291015625,
-0.006378173828125,
-0.01318359375,
-0.003936767578125,
0.0155029296875,
0.01324462890625,
-0.03759765625,
0.036376953125,
0.030517578125,
0.005218505859375,
0.00946044921875,
-0.025634765625,
-0.00139617919921875,
-0.025146484375,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.0106201171875,
0.03857421875,
-0.032470703125,
0.040771484375,
-0.054931640625,
0.00933837890625,
-0.01129150390625,
0.01116943359375,
0.0311279296875,
-0.01025390625,
-0.03076171875,
-0.000392913818359375,
0.050048828125,
0.001312255859375,
0.041748046875,
-0.045654296875,
0.001800537109375,
-0.03564453125,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.018798828125,
0.020751953125,
0.0302734375,
0.051513671875,
0.04052734375,
0.0274658203125,
0.0262451171875,
0.00384521484375,
0.046630859375,
0.0157470703125,
-0.02099609375,
0.0194091796875,
-0.007415771484375,
0.00665283203125,
0.04638671875,
-0.054443359375,
-0.051025390625,
0.0184326171875,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.00927734375,
0.004974365234375,
-0.0252685546875,
0.01031494140625,
-0.041748046875,
0.0177001953125,
-0.0498046875,
0.004425048828125,
0.00830078125,
0.01336669921875,
-0.024169921875,
-0.019287109375,
0.05908203125,
0.01226806640625,
0.0206298828125,
0.0223388671875,
0.030029296875,
-0.007171630859375,
-0.00982666015625,
0.0247802734375,
0.0269775390625,
0.0130615234375,
0.01129150390625,
0.0159912109375,
0.004608154296875,
0.0233154296875,
0.031005859375,
-0.0034637451171875,
0.001129150390625,
-0.072265625,
0.0225830078125,
-0.02587890625,
0.006561279296875,
-0.056640625,
0.01708984375,
0.006561279296875,
-0.0390625,
-0.0299072265625,
0.006378173828125,
0.03466796875,
0.01324462890625,
0.017333984375,
0.01116943359375,
0.0201416015625,
0.01263427734375,
0.055419921875,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.01470947265625,
0.022216796875,
-0.01123046875,
0.001861572265625,
0.0081787109375,
-0.057861328125,
-0.03564453125,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.02587890625,
-0.040283203125,
-0.0016632080078125,
0.0172119140625,
-0.046875,
-0.0263671875,
-0.02734375,
-0.01904296875,
-0.0027618408203125,
0.047119140625,
0.030517578125,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.0185546875,
-0.031982421875,
0.0177001953125,
0.0262451171875,
-0.005401611328125,
-0.003875732421875,
-0.016845703125,
-0.02197265625,
-0.04248046875,
-0.050537109375,
0.00726318359375,
0.0128173828125,
-0.04248046875,
-0.0283203125,
0.0228271484375,
0.0033721923828125,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.0155029296875,
0.00482177734375,
-0.022216796875,
0.044677734375,
0.0047607421875,
-0.0361328125,
0.00139617919921875,
0.01092529296875,
0.0311279296875,
0.01123046875,
0.006927490234375,
0.002838134765625,
0.03173828125,
0.0123291015625,
-0.04443359375,
-0.006134033203125,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.00653076171875,
-0.01544189453125,
0.0361328125,
0.026123046875,
-0.0023345947265625,
-0.07958984375,
-0.004669189453125,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.0255126953125,
0.0037689208984375,
0.0281982421875,
-0.0269775390625,
0.04150390625,
-0.0034942626953125,
-0.052490234375,
0.294921875,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.007110595703125,
0.016845703125,
0.02197265625,
0.0277099609375,
0.022705078125,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.00982666015625,
0.039794921875,
0.0198974609375,
-0.0283203125,
0.013671875,
0.0125732421875,
0.0157470703125,
0.01300048828125,
-0.045166015625,
-0.010498046875,
0.025634765625,
-0.044921875,
0.004241943359375,
-0.028564453125,
-0.0211181640625,
0.034912109375,
0.0361328125,
-0.00010251998901367188,
0.006866455078125,
-0.07080078125,
-0.03857421875,
-0.036865234375,
0.034912109375,
-0.03369140625,
0.019775390625,
-0.00154876708984375,
-0.0081787109375,
0.03759765625,
0.004119873046875,
-0.030517578125,
-0.00084686279296875,
-0.0048828125,
0.0019683837890625,
0.042236328125,
0.000675201416015625,
0.0025634765625,
0.00811767578125,
0.01263427734375,
-0.06787109375,
0.08447265625,
0.0238037109375,
-0.019775390625,
0.0164794921875,
0.035400390625,
0.059814453125,
-0.0034027099609375,
-0.0057373046875,
0.010986328125,
0.0111083984375,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.018310546875,
0.031005859375,
-0.0059814453125,
0.0283203125,
0.037109375,
-0.0284423828125,
0.037109375,
0.045654296875,
-0.0152587890625,
0.0299072265625,
0.0177001953125,
-0.0277099609375,
0.052490234375,
-0.02783203125,
-0.03369140625,
0.0230712890625,
0.0140380859375,
-0.0174560546875,
0.01495361328125,
0.06640625,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.023193359375,
-0.029541015625,
0.01397705078125,
0.05517578125,
0.04150390625,
-0.039306640625,
0.00075531005859375,
0.0001544952392578125,
-0.007293701171875,
0.007537841796875,
0.00157928466796875,
0.018798828125,
-0.00396728515625,
-0.003936767578125
] |
Nelson Sharpe, C. J.
Defendants seek review of an award made by the department of labor and industry allowing plaintiff compensation for an injury sustained by her about the middle of February, 1932, while in the employ of the defendant J. L. Hudson Company as a waitress in its restaurant in the city of Detroit.
The defendants insist that no evidence was submitted to the deputy commissioner to justify the finding of the commission that plaintiff sustained an accidental injury at the time and place above stated. The plaintiff testified that on or about the 16th of February, 1932, “I was taking a lot of soiled dishes out into the serving room, and I got the water glasses first, which we have to do, and there was water on the floor between the water station and the dessert station and I slipped, and I felt a pain in my back like something was pulling my spine right out,” that she tried to straighten up, but couldn’t; that she “started to cry, it hurt me so badly;” that the woman in charge of the dining room saw her and, when told what had happened, ordered her to go up to the hospital on the 14th floor of the building, and she went and the surgeon in charge “put a wide adhesive tape” across her back and told her to return the next day; that she was confined to her bed for about 10 days thereafter; that a nurse from the store came to see her several times; that she went back to work after she got out of bed, but her back continued to trouble her; that she worked until the 9th of September, 1932, when she slipped on some wet boards and would have fallen but for the assistance of some other waitresses; that the woman in charge again sent her to the hospital, where the doctor ordered treatments for her every day, which were continued for about two months; that the manager put her to work in the check room, where she worked until March 27th, when she was put back to work on the floor; that she was in such misery she could not work; that she was asked to resign, but declined to do so; that she was given a leave of absence and kept on the pay roll for some time, and has been unable to do any work since that time.
In view of this testimony, corroborated in part by that of other witnesses, it cannot be said that there was no evidence to support the finding of the commission that the plaintiff sustained an accidental injury arising out of and in the course of her employment about the middle of February, 1932, and that her employer had notice thereof.
The hearing before the deputy commissioner was first had on December 26, 1933. An adjournment was then taken to January 29, 1934, when a number of1 other witnesses were examined. A further adjournment was then taken to February 8, 1934. On the day following, the deputy made his award, allowing compensation to plaintiff. Defendants filed a claim for review with the department on February 21, 1934, and plaintiff a few days later. On April 19th, they (defendants) filed a petition to take further testimony, and supported it by affidavits of the witnesses they desired to examine. These witnesses were at that time employees of the defendant J. L. Hudson Company, and had been in February, 1932, when plaintiff claimed she first sustained an injury. In denying this petition, the department, after referring to the dates on which testimony had been taken, said:
“There is no showing in this case that this testimony could not have been secured at that time. There must be an end to these matters some time. Consequently, the defendants’ petition for leave to take further testimony is denied.”
We find no error in the action thus taken. The award is affirmed.
Potter, North, Fead, Wiest, Butzel, Bushnell, and Edward M. Sharpe, JJ., concurred. | [
-0.03515625,
-0.008056640625,
0.01055908203125,
0.03076171875,
-0.050537109375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.040283203125,
0.005096435546875,
-0.016845703125,
0.03271484375,
0.0022735595703125,
-0.029052734375,
0.040771484375,
-0.0096435546875,
0.02294921875,
0.01904296875,
-0.0177001953125,
0.017822265625,
0.018310546875,
0.006866455078125,
0.0194091796875,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.00225830078125,
-0.00830078125,
-0.03125,
0.048583984375,
0.027099609375,
-0.0234375,
0.0034942626953125,
0.0128173828125,
0.017578125,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.01446533203125,
0.072265625,
-0.035888671875,
-0.007080078125,
-0.037841796875,
0.0028076171875,
0.02001953125,
0.0230712890625,
-0.021240234375,
0.00127410888671875,
-0.021484375,
0.0296630859375,
0.0252685546875,
0.025390625,
-0.056884765625,
0.033203125,
0.02490234375,
0.0201416015625,
-0.05322265625,
-0.013427734375,
-0.044677734375,
-0.007232666015625,
0.00921630859375,
0.029296875,
0.01904296875,
0.01708984375,
-0.0201416015625,
0.025146484375,
-0.03955078125,
0.02197265625,
0.0013427734375,
0.005828857421875,
0.00836181640625,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.00433349609375,
0.003326416015625,
0.0267333984375,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.002044677734375,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.00421142578125,
-0.018310546875,
-0.00286865234375,
0.018310546875,
0.00970458984375,
-0.02197265625,
-0.01275634765625,
0.02734375,
0.0137939453125,
-0.0634765625,
0.053466796875,
0.00072479248046875,
0.032958984375,
0.029296875,
0.016357421875,
-0.01397705078125,
0.042724609375,
-0.0322265625,
0.0011138916015625,
0.038818359375,
0.02294921875,
-0.0380859375,
-0.002197265625,
0.03173828125,
-0.021484375,
0.0146484375,
0.042724609375,
-0.005645751953125,
0.068359375,
0.01129150390625,
0.0281982421875,
-0.00012874603271484375,
0.0025634765625,
-0.0281982421875,
0.013916015625,
-0.015625,
-0.00616455078125,
0.03857421875,
0.0093994140625,
-0.03125,
-0.0164794921875,
0.0233154296875,
0.01165771484375,
-0.054443359375,
0.0011444091796875,
0.0771484375,
-0.00445556640625,
0.00799560546875,
-0.0162353515625,
0.049072265625,
0.0238037109375,
0.0003814697265625,
0.026123046875,
0.0157470703125,
0.046630859375,
0.0291748046875,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.0087890625,
0.019775390625,
0.01397705078125,
0.0224609375,
0.0003070831298828125,
-0.00640869140625,
0.0240478515625,
0.0257568359375,
0.02392578125,
0.052734375,
-0.0076904296875,
0.055419921875,
0.004669189453125,
0.04638671875,
-0.049560546875,
0.037353515625,
-0.0186767578125,
0.00023365020751953125,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0093994140625,
0.055419921875,
0.03759765625,
0.048828125,
-0.02001953125,
0.0208740234375,
-0.01458740234375,
0.0164794921875,
0.03125,
-0.0233154296875,
0.0033416748046875,
-0.01202392578125,
0.024658203125,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.00164794921875,
0.027099609375,
0.0296630859375,
-0.00469970703125,
-0.035400390625,
0.04052734375,
0.0177001953125,
-0.04052734375,
-0.042236328125,
0.019287109375,
0.01300048828125,
0.044677734375,
0.00115203857421875,
-0.034912109375,
0.0177001953125,
-0.039306640625,
0.01373291015625,
0.0228271484375,
-0.00390625,
0.01336669921875,
-0.0238037109375,
0.01123046875,
-0.05517578125,
0.0078125,
-0.0208740234375,
0.028564453125,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.035888671875,
0.0260009765625,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0281982421875,
-0.006988525390625,
-0.00634765625,
0.06982421875,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.000919342041015625,
0.01422119140625,
0.0208740234375,
-0.0196533203125,
0.015380859375,
0.048095703125,
0.031982421875,
0.000698089599609375,
0.0172119140625,
0.0166015625,
0.004638671875,
0.020751953125,
-0.056884765625,
0.0021209716796875,
0.0306396484375,
-0.00543212890625,
0.0096435546875,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0091552734375,
0.02587890625,
-0.000766754150390625,
0.036376953125,
-0.0281982421875,
0.0081787109375,
0.0250244140625,
0.0390625,
-0.012451171875,
-0.0419921875,
-0.01031494140625,
0.0179443359375,
0.0233154296875,
0.046875,
-0.00154876708984375,
-0.01434326171875,
0.032958984375,
0.00335693359375,
0.033203125,
0.0206298828125,
-0.04345703125,
0.003570556640625,
0.05859375,
0.03857421875,
-0.0615234375,
0.0244140625,
-0.03759765625,
-0.0517578125,
-0.037353515625,
0.038818359375,
0.0216064453125,
0.057861328125,
-0.0245361328125,
0.01446533203125,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0174560546875,
0.05078125,
0.02294921875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0205078125,
-0.0033721923828125,
0.0279541015625,
-0.0260009765625,
0.01080322265625,
0.03515625,
-0.01251220703125,
0.0238037109375,
0.0213623046875,
-0.018310546875,
-0.046142578125,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.03125,
-0.017822265625,
0.00531005859375,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.08544921875,
0.024169921875,
-0.03076171875,
0.07666015625,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.01025390625,
-0.061767578125,
0.0213623046875,
-0.00799560546875,
0.005035400390625,
-0.0439453125,
-0.0067138671875,
-0.013916015625,
0.039306640625,
-0.021484375,
-0.046875,
-0.0498046875,
0.0164794921875,
0.04638671875,
-0.06298828125,
-0.010009765625,
0.01214599609375,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.03173828125,
-0.010009765625,
-0.0272216796875,
0.02294921875,
-0.0263671875,
-0.033935546875,
0.035888671875,
-0.0498046875,
-0.008544921875,
-0.016357421875,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.010498046875,
0.0247802734375,
0.0245361328125,
0.01055908203125,
0.00004100799560546875,
0.037353515625,
0.020263671875,
-0.00164031982421875,
-0.00201416015625,
-0.03515625,
-0.034912109375,
0.017333984375,
-0.050537109375,
-0.031982421875,
0.0028839111328125,
-0.007171630859375,
-0.006744384765625,
-0.05517578125,
0.0159912109375,
-0.080078125,
-0.007293701171875,
0.0194091796875,
0.00006198883056640625,
0.017822265625,
-0.01495361328125,
0.0120849609375,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.00299072265625,
0.023681640625,
-0.013671875,
0.03955078125,
-0.0093994140625,
0.010498046875,
-0.009033203125,
-0.044677734375,
0.05224609375,
0.034423828125,
-0.04541015625,
0.0252685546875,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.011962890625,
0.01611328125,
0.0224609375,
-0.0115966796875,
0.0576171875,
0.049072265625,
-0.03515625,
-0.03173828125,
0.041748046875,
0.0106201171875,
-0.022705078125,
-0.00201416015625,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.054443359375,
-0.044921875,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.045166015625,
0.0228271484375,
-0.0086669921875,
0.0419921875,
0.02880859375,
-0.00008678436279296875,
-0.033447265625,
-0.068359375,
-0.055419921875,
0.041015625,
-0.01190185546875,
0.046142578125,
0.0201416015625,
0.0238037109375,
0.0028533935546875,
0.051025390625,
0.016357421875,
-0.048095703125,
0.00897216796875,
0.032470703125,
0.00921630859375,
0.0186767578125,
-0.00225830078125,
-0.005950927734375,
-0.0279541015625,
0.046630859375,
0.0024261474609375,
-0.05517578125,
0.01116943359375,
0.00787353515625,
0.0166015625,
0.03759765625,
0.0235595703125,
0.028564453125,
-0.0089111328125,
0.044677734375,
0.06494140625,
-0.049072265625,
-0.031005859375,
-0.0269775390625,
0.0152587890625,
0.00183868408203125,
0.00897216796875,
0.0181884765625,
0.0147705078125,
0.0257568359375,
0.01611328125,
0.019775390625,
-0.02294921875,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0294189453125,
0.005645751953125,
-0.02490234375,
-0.006072998046875,
-0.006011962890625,
0.0308837890625,
0.0189208984375,
0.053955078125,
-0.034423828125,
0.05810546875,
-0.0361328125,
0.042724609375,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.012939453125,
0.014892578125,
-0.0517578125,
-0.032470703125,
0.0712890625,
-0.0142822265625,
0.0115966796875,
-0.03076171875,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.00799560546875,
0.03466796875,
-0.0184326171875,
0.0028839111328125,
-0.0015106201171875,
-0.01171875,
0.0277099609375,
0.035888671875,
0.0008392333984375,
0.01397705078125,
0.0106201171875,
-0.00933837890625,
0.087890625,
0.01202392578125,
-0.0498046875,
-0.0284423828125,
0.046142578125,
-0.0106201171875,
0.0478515625,
-0.0279541015625,
0.01397705078125,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.036376953125,
0.004852294921875,
0.021240234375,
0.0458984375,
0.01129150390625,
-0.00433349609375,
0.041015625,
-0.000560760498046875,
0.01544189453125,
0.024658203125,
-0.000888824462890625,
-0.05859375,
0.0654296875,
0.0146484375,
0.00823974609375,
-0.00311279296875,
0.01300048828125,
0.0234375,
-0.0155029296875,
0.017578125,
-0.006866455078125,
0.028564453125,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.039794921875,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.005523681640625,
0.007476806640625,
0.0458984375,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.01904296875,
-0.02294921875,
-0.055419921875,
0.032470703125,
-0.048583984375,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.0037078857421875,
-0.03515625,
-0.0159912109375,
0.01177978515625,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0205078125,
-0.047119140625,
0.0142822265625,
0.049072265625,
-0.0556640625,
0.025390625,
-0.0012969970703125,
0.025390625,
0.03564453125,
0.0106201171875,
0.0284423828125,
0.0125732421875,
0.005767822265625,
0.002166748046875,
0.041015625,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.01055908203125,
0.0283203125,
-0.060791015625,
-0.024169921875,
-0.01123046875,
-0.05224609375,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.0615234375,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.00518798828125,
-0.047607421875,
-0.02734375,
-0.00732421875,
-0.008544921875,
0.037353515625,
-0.035888671875,
-0.01531982421875,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.06591796875,
-0.0035247802734375,
-0.0050048828125,
-0.02734375,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.0615234375,
-0.041015625,
0.041259765625,
0.052978515625,
0.033447265625,
0.041259765625,
-0.015869140625,
0.02099609375,
-0.03955078125,
-0.00714111328125,
-0.06298828125,
0.0086669921875,
-0.004119873046875,
0.0162353515625,
0.036376953125,
-0.0439453125,
0.03857421875,
-0.0341796875,
0.04443359375,
0.02734375,
-0.014892578125,
-0.01123046875,
-0.046142578125,
0.061279296875,
-0.055419921875,
-0.00885009765625,
0.03759765625,
0.033935546875,
0.01202392578125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.033447265625,
-0.031005859375,
-0.07666015625,
0.0191650390625,
0.0302734375,
-0.022216796875,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.043212890625,
-0.005584716796875,
-0.07763671875,
0.046630859375,
0.07763671875,
-0.05322265625,
0.006011962890625,
-0.04052734375,
-0.009521484375,
0.0242919921875,
-0.01519775390625,
0.0003032684326171875,
0.0087890625,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.012451171875,
0.01263427734375,
0.006317138671875,
-0.031005859375,
0.002105712890625,
-0.031005859375,
-0.050048828125,
-0.037109375,
0.11083984375,
-0.0205078125,
0.0216064453125,
0.029052734375,
-0.0478515625,
-0.07861328125,
-0.000743865966796875,
-0.006103515625,
-0.0439453125,
-0.004913330078125,
0.02001953125,
0.015380859375,
-0.025390625,
0.0439453125,
0.01507568359375,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0252685546875,
0.0011749267578125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.016357421875,
-0.033203125,
-0.05419921875,
0.055908203125,
0.01031494140625,
0.052978515625,
0.021484375,
-0.0089111328125,
0.0299072265625,
-0.006805419921875,
0.03515625,
-0.021728515625,
-0.03857421875,
0.0306396484375,
0.0189208984375,
0.03857421875,
0.01025390625,
-0.029052734375,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.019287109375,
0.016357421875,
-0.052001953125,
-0.03369140625,
0.01434326171875,
-0.0164794921875,
0.06640625,
-0.04248046875,
-0.01434326171875,
0.0341796875,
0.0286865234375,
-0.010009765625,
-0.06689453125,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.00457763671875,
0.0220947265625,
-0.07763671875,
-0.01025390625,
0.04345703125,
0.015869140625,
0.041748046875,
-0.0380859375,
-0.022216796875,
-0.0076904296875,
0.01202392578125,
-0.004638671875,
0.04296875,
0.01611328125,
0.020751953125,
-0.061279296875,
-0.052001953125,
-0.025634765625,
0.017333984375,
-0.0228271484375,
0.04443359375,
-0.020751953125,
0.0185546875,
0.01409912109375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.00482177734375,
0.0024566650390625,
0.0022125244140625,
-0.03173828125,
-0.024658203125,
0.0172119140625,
-0.01055908203125,
0.0174560546875,
-0.03857421875,
0.0361328125,
-0.00555419921875,
0.0034332275390625,
0.025146484375,
-0.041259765625,
0.004608154296875,
0.01287841796875,
-0.01397705078125,
0.044189453125,
0.0125732421875,
0.0185546875,
0.0133056640625,
-0.00433349609375,
0.0019989013671875,
-0.00110626220703125,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.053466796875,
0.0072021484375,
-0.00127410888671875,
0.0128173828125,
0.01708984375,
0.008056640625,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.01373291015625,
0.0194091796875,
-0.037841796875,
0.016845703125,
0.01519775390625,
-0.005523681640625,
0.05908203125,
0.037353515625,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.004119873046875,
0.0020904541015625,
0.0311279296875,
0.00823974609375,
0.002655029296875,
0.022216796875,
0.01214599609375,
-0.021240234375,
-0.0311279296875,
-0.048095703125,
-0.047607421875,
-0.00677490234375,
0.07958984375,
0.054443359375,
-0.0263671875,
0.02685546875,
-0.046142578125,
-0.0712890625,
0.0308837890625,
-0.05029296875,
-0.0245361328125,
0.048095703125,
-0.008544921875,
0.042236328125,
-0.027099609375,
-0.0181884765625,
0.010986328125,
0.00848388671875,
0.01141357421875,
-0.045654296875,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.00958251953125,
0.042724609375,
-0.009033203125,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.013916015625,
-0.0126953125,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.050537109375,
-0.001983642578125,
-0.0028076171875,
0.0091552734375,
-0.02783203125,
0.00421142578125,
-0.001922607421875,
-0.0673828125,
0.0247802734375,
0.00775146484375,
0.0169677734375,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.0146484375,
-0.06005859375,
-0.002471923828125,
-0.02734375,
0.006927490234375,
0.0028076171875,
-0.06640625,
-0.04296875,
-0.0284423828125,
0.0498046875,
0.021484375,
0.026123046875,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.0166015625,
-0.07421875,
-0.04541015625,
-0.01129150390625,
0.0380859375,
0.0196533203125,
0.01556396484375,
-0.0208740234375,
0.034912109375,
0.027099609375,
0.0167236328125,
0.02294921875,
0.00958251953125,
0.01318359375,
-0.007049560546875,
0.0184326171875,
-0.0289306640625,
0.0361328125,
0.00982666015625,
-0.0179443359375,
0.00885009765625,
-0.039306640625,
0.01153564453125,
-0.0283203125,
-0.033447265625,
0.005828857421875,
-0.0308837890625,
-0.00689697265625,
-0.04345703125,
0.0294189453125,
0.00738525390625,
0.00238037109375,
-0.00787353515625,
0.01214599609375,
0.0146484375,
-0.00038909912109375,
0.016845703125,
0.003265380859375,
0.01275634765625,
-0.01611328125,
-0.047607421875,
0.000213623046875,
0.042724609375,
0.03662109375,
0.040771484375,
0.014892578125,
0.007659912109375,
-0.009765625,
0.005340576171875,
0.03369140625,
0.028564453125,
-0.050537109375,
0.00653076171875,
-0.00433349609375,
0.007293701171875,
-0.038818359375,
0.017333984375,
0.0206298828125,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0322265625,
0.0238037109375,
0.018310546875,
0.004913330078125,
-0.00152587890625,
0.008056640625,
0.04296875,
-0.0263671875,
0.028564453125,
-0.046142578125,
-0.00555419921875,
0.00909423828125,
-0.04296875,
-0.049072265625,
0.000873565673828125,
0.022216796875,
-0.06787109375,
-0.061279296875,
0.0004749298095703125,
0.0107421875,
0.01300048828125,
0.03515625,
-0.059814453125,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.044677734375,
0.0032806396484375,
0.008544921875,
0.005035400390625,
0.0908203125,
0.0302734375,
-0.02197265625,
-0.029541015625,
0.01068115234375,
0.019775390625,
-0.033203125,
0.038818359375,
0.005615234375,
-0.035888671875,
-0.03662109375,
0.0029754638671875,
0.00640869140625,
0.01544189453125,
-0.027587890625,
-0.05908203125,
0.0263671875,
0.00439453125,
-0.018798828125,
-0.00083160400390625,
-0.00750732421875,
-0.02490234375,
0.02490234375,
0.025634765625,
0.03515625,
0.042236328125,
0.013427734375,
-0.00045013427734375,
0.033203125,
-0.0020294189453125,
-0.01116943359375,
0.0255126953125,
-0.0400390625,
-0.025390625,
-0.010498046875,
-0.03857421875,
-0.01336669921875,
0.0308837890625,
0.0279541015625,
0.0419921875,
0.006927490234375,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0283203125,
-0.0177001953125,
0.00543212890625,
-0.0240478515625,
0.0047607421875,
-0.00592041015625,
0.04052734375,
0.0146484375,
-0.042236328125,
0.287109375,
0.011474609375,
-0.01806640625,
-0.000194549560546875,
-0.007659912109375,
0.035400390625,
0.040771484375,
0.0011444091796875,
-0.06591796875,
-0.0048828125,
-0.014892578125,
0.00897216796875,
0.0079345703125,
0.0185546875,
0.0198974609375,
0.006591796875,
-0.0615234375,
-0.007720947265625,
0.0234375,
-0.03515625,
0.0128173828125,
0.019287109375,
-0.0322265625,
0.048095703125,
0.0299072265625,
0.00775146484375,
0.01544189453125,
-0.05078125,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.01007080078125,
0.0341796875,
-0.02099609375,
0.03369140625,
-0.044677734375,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.0027008056640625,
0.02587890625,
-0.004486083984375,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.00093841552734375,
-0.00836181640625,
0.046630859375,
-0.00518798828125,
0.004486083984375,
-0.034912109375,
0.015869140625,
-0.0220947265625,
0.052490234375,
0.0225830078125,
-0.005767822265625,
0.01556396484375,
0.035888671875,
0.025634765625,
-0.0084228515625,
0.0186767578125,
0.021484375,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.004119873046875,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.049072265625,
0.03515625,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.006744384765625,
0.033447265625,
0.006439208984375,
0.0294189453125,
0.0478515625,
-0.004638671875,
-0.0380859375,
0.02587890625,
0.004364013671875,
0.01007080078125,
-0.007476806640625,
-0.0264892578125,
0.06884765625,
0.015625,
-0.01409912109375,
0.02392578125,
0.0308837890625,
-0.031005859375,
0.030029296875,
0.00017452239990234375,
-0.002166748046875,
-0.00005078315734863281,
0.0279541015625,
0.0302734375,
0.0022430419921875,
-0.034423828125,
-0.048828125,
-0.0263671875,
-0.0035858154296875,
0.01446533203125,
0.00390625,
0.001953125,
-0.0157470703125
] |
Carr, J.
Plaintiff Alexander was employed by defendant Detroit Steel Casting Company in its found ry from February 27,1927, to and including October 20,1948. During said period his work was that of a chipper, grinder, and finisher of metal, in which he was exposed to dust resulting from the foundry operations. In 1947, a physical examination disclosed that he had silicosis. However, he continued in his employment until for economic reasons the plant closed down the following year.
On October 28, 1948, plaintiff applied for employment at one of the plants of the defendant Ford Motor Company. He was given a physical examination and X-rays were taken. Without waiting for the results of such examination plaintiff was put to work at common labor, being advised that he was on probation until the X-rays had been studied. After working 41 days he was notified that it had been determined that he was .afflicted with silicosis and that, in consequence, he could not be further employed by the Ford Motor Company. He then sought employment elsewhere, but was unable to obtain it because of his physical condition. Thereupon he made application for hearing and adjustment of claim under the provisions of the workmen’s compensation law, alleging disablement from an occupational disease while in the employ of the Detroit Steel Casting Company. A similar application was made designating the Ford Motor Company as the employer. The Detroit Steel Casting Company and its insurer at the time of the alleged disability, State Accident Fund, filed an answer denying liability, and the Ford Motor Company did likewise.
The applications were heard together before a deputy commissioner of the workmen’s compensation commission, who came to the conclusion after listening to the proofs of the parties that plaintiff had suffered total disability from silicosis while in the employ of the Ford Motor Company, that the date of disability was November 5, 1948, that plaintiff at the time was engaged in common labor, and that he was entitled to compensation at the rate of $21 per week until the further order of the commission, but not exceeding $5,300. The deputy commissioner concluded that the Detroit Steel Casting Company was not the last employer and that, in consequence, it and its insurer were not liable for compensation under the provisions of part 7, § 9 (CL 1948, § 417.9 [Stat Ann 1949 Cum Supp § 17.228]), and entered an award accordingly.
The Ford Motor Company Appealed to the workmen’s compensation commission from the award made against it by the deputy commissioner, and the plaintiff likewise appealed from the award relieving the Detroit Steel Casting Company, and its insurer, from liability. Thereafter, on petition of the latter defendants, the Michigan Mutual Liability Company was, by order of the commission, added as a party defendant in the cause, it being asserted in the petition for such order that plaintiff’s disability, as claimed by him, was occasioned while the Michigan Mutual Liability Company was the insurer of the Detroit Steel Casting Company. The added defendant filed an answer denying liability. No further testimony was taken, and the commission, on the basis of the proofs taken before the deputy, determined that plaintiff had sustained a total disability under the statute as a result of an occupational disease contracted in the employment of the Detroit Steel Casting Company, fixed the date of disability as October 20, 1948, and entered its awards accordingly, reversing both awards made by the deputy commissioner. The Detroit Steel Casting Company and State Accident Fund have appealed from the action of the commission, and plaintiff has also appealed from the order relieving the Ford Motor Company from liability. Said appeals have been consolidated for submission here.
On’ behalf of defendant appellants it is contended that the proofs in the case do not support the finding of the commission that plaintiff suffered total disability. It appears from the record that plaintiff was. examined by 3 different physicians and the report of each was received in evidence by agreement of counsel. One of these reports, offered in evidence by the plaintiff, set forth the following conclusions:
“I believe that this man has the following conditions : (1) Silicosis, mild, (2) Chronic hypertrophic emphysema, and that these conditions reduce his vital capacity to the point that he cannot carry on heavy physical work. It would be dangerous for him to work with silica dust again. I feel that the emphysema is largely due to the long-continued exposure to silica or at lease was aggravated by the exposure. The silicosis is due, I feel, to the same exposure, and further work in a dusty atmosphere would accelerate the process.”
The other reports also indicated that the physicians making them concluded that plaintiff was afflicted with silicosis and that he should not return to his former work, or engage in any employment where he would come in contact with silica.
Under part 7, § 1 (CL 1948, § 417.1 [Stat Ann 1949 Cum Supp § 17.220]), of the workmen’s compensation act, the word “disability” is defined as meaning “the state of being disabled from earning-full wages at the work in which the employee was last subjected to the conditions resulting in disability.” There was testimony before the commission indicating that plaintiff had an occupational disease resulting in disability within the meaning of the term as defined in the statute. His testimony that he was unable to obtain employment because of his condition is not disputed. The finding of the commission that plaintiffs condition was such as to prevent his being employed as a chipper, grinder, and finisher of metal, being supported by testimony, is conclusive under the provisions of CL 1948, § 413.12 (Stat Ann 1949 Cum Supp § 17.186). Wolanin v. Chrysler Corp., 304 Mich 164; Stewart v. Lakey Foundry & Machine Co., 311 Mich 463; Banks v. Packard Motor Car Co., 328 Mich 513. The claim that the commission’s finding as to disability was not supported by the record is without merit. Finch v. Ford Motor Co., 321 Mich 469.
On behalf of appellants it is insisted that the commission should have held the Ford Motor Company, as the last employer, liable for payment of compensation to which the plaintiff may be entitled, with the statutory right to seek apportionment of such compensation between itself and the Detroit Steel Casting Company. Reliance is placed on part 7, § 9, of the workmen’s compensation law, above cited, which reads as follows:
“The total compensation due shall be recoverable from the employer who last employed the employee in the employment to the nature of which the disease was due and in which it was contracted. If, however, such disease was contracted while such employee was in the employment of a prior employer, the employer who is made liable for the total compensation as provided by this section may appeal to said board for an apportionment of such compensation among the several employers who since the contraction of such disease shall have employed such employee in the employment to the nature of which the disease was due. Such apportionment shall be proportioned to the time such employee was employed in the service of such employers, and shall be determined only after a hearing, notice of the time and place of which shall have been given to every employer alleged to be liable for any portion of such compensation. If the board finds that any portion of such compensa tion is payable by an employer prior to tbe employer who is made liable for the total compensation as provided by this section, it shall make an award accordingly in favor of the last employer, and snch award may be enforced in the same manner as an award for compensation.”
The first sentence of the section is significant. It clearly expresses the intention of the legislature that liability for the payment of compensation, in the event of disability resulting from an occupational disease, shall rest on the employer for whom the disabled employee was engaged in work in which the disease was contracted and to the nature of which it was due. The section quoted must be construed in its entirety and in connection with other pertinent provisions of the statute. Part 7, § 2 (CL 194§, § 417.2 [Stat Ann 1949 Cum Supp § 17.221]), provides that disablement of an employee from an occupational disease or disability shall be treated as a happening of a “personal injury,” which term is declared by the immediately preceding section (CL 1948, § 417.1 [Stat Ann 1949 Cum Supp § 17.220]) as including “disease or' disability which is due to causes and conditions which are characteristic of and peculiar to the business of the employer and which arises out of and in the course of the employment.” Other provisions of the statute are of similar import. The inquiry as to liability for the payment of compensation has reference to employment that, because of attendant conditions, resulted in the disability.
The commission found that the date of plaintiff’s disablement was October 20th, the last day that he was employed by the Detroit Steel Casting Company. It will be noted that this was prior to the brief period that plaintiff was employed by the Ford Motor Company pending determination of the results of his physical examination. The statute, part 7, § 7 (CL 1948, § 417.7 [Stat Ann 1949 Cum Supp § 17.226]), provides as follows:
“For the purposes of this part the date of disablement shall be such date as the board may determine on the hearing of the claim.”
Finch v. Ford Motor Co., supra; Baughman v. Vicker’s, Inc., 323 Mich 710. There is testimony in the record to support the finding of the commission that plaintiff became disabled while in the employ of the Detroit Steel Casting Company, and that on the last day of such employment he was suffering from disability as a result of silicosis that totally disabled him from further pursuing such employment, to the nature of which the disability was due and in which it was contracted. During the 4i days that plaintiff worked for the Ford Motor Company he was not employed as a chipper, grinder, and finisher of metal. His testimony indicated that he worked at such tasks as were assigned to him, and that he understood at the time that whether he was employed as a foundry worker depended on the results of the examination made on October 28, 1948. The X-rays taken disclosed that he was on that date suffering from the disability. The condition found to exist on October 20, 1948, resulted from his prior employment.
In Finch v. Ford Motor Co., supra, the plaintiff was discharged by the defendant on August 1, 1945, following an altercation with his foreman. He remained unemployed for approximately a year, when he applied for and obtained work in another automobile factory as a common laborer. He was given a physical examination at the time he entered this employment, and an X-ray taken of his chest disclosed that he was afflicted with pneumoconiosis. His employment was therefore terminated after he had been engaged therein for approximately 5 weeks. Subsequently be served notice' of injury and claim for compensation upon defendant, and filed application for hearing and adjustment of claim. On appeal this Court found that there was testimony to support the findings of the commission as to the fact of total disability resulting from the nature of the work in the foundry department of the defendant, and the award of compensation was affirmed. See, also, Mercatante v. Michigan Steel Casting Co., 320 Mich 542; Allen v. National Twist Drill & Tool Co., 324 Mich 660.
The factual findings made by the commission, being supported by testimony, are not subject to question on this appeal, and justify the award of compensation. Under the record it is unnecessary to consider other questions discussed by counsel in their briefs. The awards of the workmen’s compensation commission are affirmed. Plaintiff and the Michigan Mutual Liability Company may have costs against defendants Detroit Steel Casting Company and State Accident Fund, and defendant Ford Motor Company may have costs against the plaintiff.
Reid, C. J., and Boyles, North, Dethmers, Butzel, Bushnell, and .Sharpe, JJ., concurred.
PA 1912 (1st Ex Sess), No TO, as amended (CL 1948, § 411.1 et seq. [Stat Ann § 17.141 ei «0#.]$. | [
-0.0179443359375,
0.0267333984375,
0.005340576171875,
0.036865234375,
-0.0059814453125,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.058349609375,
-0.0098876953125,
0.025146484375,
0.03369140625,
0.0078125,
0.0517578125,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.0002231597900390625,
0.01422119140625,
0.0174560546875,
-0.0233154296875,
0.0191650390625,
0.0172119140625,
0.00860595703125,
-0.041748046875,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.04833984375,
0.00109100341796875,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.01373291015625,
0.025146484375,
0.0208740234375,
-0.052490234375,
-0.01348876953125,
0.01446533203125,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.0181884765625,
0.0216064453125,
0.06494140625,
-0.06982421875,
0.0019683837890625,
-0.0244140625,
0.006103515625,
0.01092529296875,
0.004547119140625,
-0.0146484375,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.034912109375,
-0.01513671875,
-0.0177001953125,
0.0208740234375,
-0.01031494140625,
0.02392578125,
0.006744384765625,
0.0101318359375,
-0.0380859375,
0.015869140625,
-0.0517578125,
-0.006622314453125,
0.0026702880859375,
-0.016845703125,
0.0303955078125,
0.0223388671875,
-0.0198974609375,
0.022705078125,
-0.04638671875,
0.045654296875,
0.0167236328125,
0.021484375,
-0.0026397705078125,
0.0067138671875,
0.045166015625,
-0.01519775390625,
0.005462646484375,
0.00860595703125,
-0.004119873046875,
-0.001373291015625,
-0.041748046875,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.023681640625,
0.026611328125,
-0.01470947265625,
0.0084228515625,
-0.010498046875,
0.06591796875,
-0.019287109375,
-0.0458984375,
0.06396484375,
-0.0035858154296875,
0.08251953125,
0.004364013671875,
0.00732421875,
-0.0186767578125,
0.0400390625,
-0.023681640625,
-0.00921630859375,
0.0224609375,
0.04638671875,
-0.057373046875,
0.031982421875,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.0142822265625,
0.0223388671875,
0.043212890625,
0.00150299072265625,
0.053466796875,
0.005584716796875,
0.0341796875,
-0.001556396484375,
0.0022735595703125,
0.006591796875,
0.0185546875,
0.0390625,
-0.0198974609375,
0.030029296875,
-0.010986328125,
-0.007171630859375,
0.0223388671875,
0.0299072265625,
0.0242919921875,
-0.01611328125,
0.01177978515625,
0.04931640625,
-0.015380859375,
0.007049560546875,
0.0027313232421875,
0.00131988525390625,
-0.005126953125,
-0.0093994140625,
0.01708984375,
0.00811767578125,
0.0341796875,
0.040771484375,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.003082275390625,
0.0257568359375,
-0.01251220703125,
0.01806640625,
0.03515625,
0.0299072265625,
0.0164794921875,
0.046142578125,
0.004180908203125,
0.035888671875,
-0.01953125,
0.0546875,
0.00112152099609375,
0.0673828125,
-0.0036468505859375,
0.03369140625,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.076171875,
-0.002197265625,
0.0537109375,
0.006134033203125,
0.00142669677734375,
0.005340576171875,
0.0228271484375,
0.002105712890625,
0.0252685546875,
0.030517578125,
-0.0233154296875,
0.0035552978515625,
0.0380859375,
0.03564453125,
-0.00074005126953125,
0.00299072265625,
-0.017578125,
0.0284423828125,
-0.01708984375,
-0.044677734375,
0.021240234375,
-0.0017242431640625,
-0.02880859375,
-0.0439453125,
0.03271484375,
0.034423828125,
0.0615234375,
-0.01416015625,
-0.039794921875,
0.03759765625,
-0.042724609375,
-0.004241943359375,
0.033203125,
0.0234375,
0.037353515625,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.00092315673828125,
-0.02294921875,
0.00970458984375,
-0.0283203125,
0.04638671875,
0.0042724609375,
-0.02392578125,
0.0157470703125,
-0.0003833770751953125,
0.0242919921875,
-0.021484375,
-0.026611328125,
0.033935546875,
-0.006805419921875,
-0.018310546875,
-0.0211181640625,
0.0002689361572265625,
0.021728515625,
-0.026611328125,
0.008056640625,
0.049072265625,
0.0286865234375,
-0.0020294189453125,
0.01953125,
0.0169677734375,
0.018798828125,
0.0208740234375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0130615234375,
0.030517578125,
-0.035888671875,
0.01220703125,
-0.0242919921875,
0.001983642578125,
-0.0177001953125,
0.00064849853515625,
0.004058837890625,
0.053466796875,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.0184326171875,
0.0223388671875,
0.046875,
0.0181884765625,
-0.03466796875,
0.0010223388671875,
0.0004177093505859375,
0.0380859375,
0.06689453125,
-0.0054931640625,
-0.034912109375,
0.060302734375,
-0.021484375,
-0.00335693359375,
0.0185546875,
-0.034912109375,
0.0228271484375,
0.056396484375,
0.01165771484375,
-0.031005859375,
0.048583984375,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.01214599609375,
0.03271484375,
0.0059814453125,
0.020263671875,
0.0400390625,
-0.015869140625,
-0.009033203125,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.0211181640625,
0.0260009765625,
0.01007080078125,
-0.024658203125,
-0.03955078125,
0.0115966796875,
0.037841796875,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.007415771484375,
0.04638671875,
-0.01361083984375,
0.0260009765625,
0.00140380859375,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.038818359375,
-0.05322265625,
-0.046142578125,
-0.004791259765625,
0.00011682510375976562,
-0.054443359375,
-0.058837890625,
0.0203857421875,
-0.01312255859375,
0.0673828125,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.044189453125,
-0.00189971923828125,
-0.053955078125,
0.00537109375,
-0.0035858154296875,
0.033447265625,
-0.05126953125,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.05517578125,
-0.0255126953125,
0.005706787109375,
-0.07421875,
-0.01336669921875,
0.00173187255859375,
0.01434326171875,
-0.0419921875,
0.0147705078125,
-0.03125,
-0.032470703125,
0.00823974609375,
0.00145721435546875,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.0556640625,
-0.044677734375,
-0.0228271484375,
0.033935546875,
-0.056884765625,
-0.0224609375,
-0.0098876953125,
0.01025390625,
-0.018798828125,
0.01226806640625,
0.04296875,
0.00537109375,
-0.015869140625,
0.03564453125,
0.04150390625,
0.00830078125,
0.0028228759765625,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0289306640625,
0.036865234375,
-0.0322265625,
-0.037353515625,
0.014404296875,
0.023193359375,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.06689453125,
-0.00421142578125,
-0.0556640625,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.00022602081298828125,
0.03857421875,
-0.02978515625,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.007598876953125,
-0.0004673004150390625,
0.029296875,
0.0220947265625,
0.051513671875,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0020751953125,
-0.017333984375,
-0.02197265625,
0.025390625,
0.02978515625,
-0.04150390625,
0.048095703125,
-0.006134033203125,
-0.001800537109375,
-0.0108642578125,
0.00994873046875,
-0.01336669921875,
0.014404296875,
0.06103515625,
0.048095703125,
-0.045166015625,
-0.05126953125,
0.037841796875,
0.015380859375,
-0.0234375,
-0.017333984375,
0.0107421875,
-0.04443359375,
-0.052734375,
-0.024658203125,
-0.00145721435546875,
0.051025390625,
-0.0230712890625,
0.04248046875,
0.021728515625,
-0.024169921875,
0.00396728515625,
-0.01171875,
-0.057373046875,
0.036376953125,
-0.0216064453125,
0.0274658203125,
0.010986328125,
0.048095703125,
0.029541015625,
0.0380859375,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.02587890625,
0.0128173828125,
0.0213623046875,
0.0120849609375,
-0.026123046875,
-0.01904296875,
-0.011474609375,
-0.023193359375,
0.022705078125,
0.0128173828125,
-0.052978515625,
-0.036865234375,
0.038330078125,
0.01470947265625,
0.020751953125,
0.060791015625,
0.052490234375,
-0.00701904296875,
0.004638671875,
0.031005859375,
-0.0234375,
-0.044921875,
-0.02880859375,
0.055419921875,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.030029296875,
-0.036376953125,
0.01141357421875,
0.013671875,
0.029541015625,
0.02294921875,
-0.034423828125,
0.008544921875,
0.003753662109375,
-0.010498046875,
0.00015354156494140625,
0.003326416015625,
-0.00439453125,
0.054931640625,
0.013427734375,
0.060546875,
-0.04296875,
0.04052734375,
-0.0224609375,
0.0133056640625,
0.037353515625,
0.031005859375,
-0.0294189453125,
0.025390625,
-0.02001953125,
-0.01055908203125,
0.05126953125,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.0019073486328125,
-0.003997802734375,
-0.005126953125,
0.03662109375,
-0.013671875,
-0.0299072265625,
0.0301513671875,
0.01055908203125,
0.01434326171875,
0.03515625,
0.056396484375,
-0.0230712890625,
0.02490234375,
-0.03857421875,
0.06591796875,
-0.003173828125,
-0.01458740234375,
0.00014209747314453125,
0.034423828125,
-0.015625,
0.054931640625,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.0028839111328125,
-0.0244140625,
-0.00151824951171875,
-0.046142578125,
0.00689697265625,
0.045166015625,
0.012451171875,
0.004241943359375,
0.029052734375,
-0.005157470703125,
0.019287109375,
0.02490234375,
0.004547119140625,
-0.04443359375,
0.028564453125,
-0.0400390625,
0.02587890625,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.007171630859375,
0.01123046875,
-0.0086669921875,
0.05322265625,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.0042724609375,
-0.04052734375,
-0.0498046875,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.0185546875,
-0.024658203125,
0.0302734375,
0.032470703125,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.029296875,
0.00872802734375,
-0.057373046875,
0.00860595703125,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.0233154296875,
0.00115966796875,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.003265380859375,
0.00628662109375,
0.01043701171875,
-0.03662109375,
-0.007232666015625,
-0.049560546875,
-0.01513671875,
0.036865234375,
-0.04736328125,
0.0107421875,
-0.02001953125,
0.03466796875,
0.0155029296875,
-0.005523681640625,
0.03125,
0.0458984375,
0.034912109375,
0.01513671875,
0.046875,
-0.006072998046875,
-0.004180908203125,
0.048828125,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.0032196044921875,
-0.012939453125,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.0634765625,
0.052490234375,
0.0087890625,
-0.023681640625,
-0.003387451171875,
0.016357421875,
-0.0196533203125,
0.0286865234375,
-0.005126953125,
-0.044921875,
-0.057861328125,
-0.046875,
0.008544921875,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.072265625,
-0.04052734375,
0.048095703125,
0.059326171875,
0.025390625,
0.00311279296875,
-0.054931640625,
0.0057373046875,
-0.0155029296875,
0.0164794921875,
-0.03369140625,
0.0098876953125,
0.026123046875,
0.013671875,
0.032958984375,
-0.00323486328125,
0.03125,
-0.00457763671875,
0.019775390625,
0.0269775390625,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.0234375,
-0.054931640625,
0.0634765625,
-0.04052734375,
-0.026611328125,
0.01385498046875,
0.056884765625,
-0.014892578125,
0.018798828125,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.008544921875,
-0.04248046875,
-0.064453125,
0.0179443359375,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.023193359375,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.031005859375,
-0.0234375,
-0.032958984375,
0.0267333984375,
0.0771484375,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.0264892578125,
0.0023651123046875,
0.02978515625,
-0.01385498046875,
0.0125732421875,
0.00494384765625,
0.0024871826171875,
-0.0031585693359375,
-0.004730224609375,
-0.033447265625,
-0.01141357421875,
0.0091552734375,
0.037109375,
-0.01019287109375,
0.0164794921875,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.0478515625,
-0.0211181640625,
0.057373046875,
-0.0076904296875,
0.02001953125,
0.0546875,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.07421875,
0.01287841796875,
-0.0050048828125,
-0.04150390625,
-0.0284423828125,
0.06884765625,
0.0478515625,
-0.0184326171875,
0.056396484375,
0.033203125,
-0.03076171875,
-0.01031494140625,
0.025634765625,
-0.0400390625,
-0.043212890625,
-0.0517578125,
-0.00299072265625,
-0.00148773193359375,
-0.02587890625,
-0.04345703125,
0.018310546875,
0.04052734375,
0.020263671875,
0.002593994140625,
0.0546875,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.036376953125,
0.031494140625,
-0.01513671875,
0.050048828125,
-0.023681640625,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.03857421875,
0.0164794921875,
0.03515625,
-0.06884765625,
-0.0234375,
0.01220703125,
-0.0218505859375,
0.06396484375,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.03759765625,
0.043212890625,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.05517578125,
-0.040283203125,
-0.01220703125,
0.00750732421875,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.060546875,
-0.02783203125,
0.0191650390625,
0.002685546875,
0.0206298828125,
-0.045166015625,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.0230712890625,
0.00872802734375,
-0.01806640625,
0.044189453125,
0.03076171875,
0.0400390625,
-0.0478515625,
-0.07373046875,
0.000461578369140625,
0.032470703125,
0.0078125,
0.01348876953125,
-0.0076904296875,
0.01092529296875,
-0.0015869140625,
-0.0537109375,
-0.02880859375,
-0.01275634765625,
0.020751953125,
0.025390625,
-0.04736328125,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0196533203125,
-0.01953125,
0.004180908203125,
-0.08837890625,
0.035400390625,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.004547119140625,
0.00860595703125,
-0.023681640625,
-0.048828125,
0.046142578125,
-0.0242919921875,
0.038330078125,
-0.019775390625,
0.041015625,
0.0086669921875,
0.00665283203125,
0.01446533203125,
-0.0062255859375,
-0.02685546875,
-0.036865234375,
-0.000362396240234375,
-0.016845703125,
-0.0040283203125,
0.05126953125,
0.0279541015625,
-0.033935546875,
-0.052734375,
-0.031494140625,
0.01611328125,
-0.019775390625,
-0.00469970703125,
-0.0020904541015625,
-0.002227783203125,
0.025146484375,
-0.0037994384765625,
-0.007080078125,
-0.03173828125,
0.00958251953125,
0.0001735687255859375,
0.00994873046875,
0.0274658203125,
-0.002166748046875,
0.0174560546875,
-0.04052734375,
-0.00445556640625,
-0.049560546875,
-0.0634765625,
-0.003387451171875,
0.07568359375,
0.03466796875,
0.011474609375,
0.035400390625,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0625,
0.0225830078125,
-0.06103515625,
-0.03759765625,
0.01092529296875,
-0.0263671875,
0.01031494140625,
-0.01953125,
-0.001678466796875,
0.0025177001953125,
0.038330078125,
0.00311279296875,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.021728515625,
0.0172119140625,
0.038330078125,
-0.012451171875,
0.017333984375,
0.01141357421875,
0.0045166015625,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0341796875,
0.017333984375,
0.03076171875,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.02880859375,
0.0181884765625,
0.019287109375,
-0.033935546875,
0.004180908203125,
0.003021240234375,
0.01422119140625,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.0205078125,
-0.0284423828125,
0.000759124755859375,
-0.014892578125,
0.015380859375,
0.01190185546875,
-0.0849609375,
-0.05615234375,
0.004638671875,
0.0498046875,
-0.01287841796875,
0.031005859375,
-0.005859375,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.004302978515625,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0133056640625,
0.0267333984375,
0.027099609375,
0.0341796875,
0.0001239776611328125,
0.01953125,
0.0155029296875,
0.05126953125,
0.01068115234375,
0.0184326171875,
0.0201416015625,
-0.0186767578125,
0.0118408203125,
-0.0216064453125,
0.03662109375,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.0262451171875,
0.0198974609375,
-0.020263671875,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.0059814453125,
-0.03076171875,
0.01611328125,
-0.040283203125,
0.00390625,
0.01300048828125,
-0.00830078125,
0.0283203125,
0.005523681640625,
-0.01446533203125,
0.011474609375,
-0.005859375,
0.00110626220703125,
0.035400390625,
0.051025390625,
-0.0146484375,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.0177001953125,
0.083984375,
0.017333984375,
0.01953125,
0.0291748046875,
0.00188446044921875,
0.0169677734375,
-0.0380859375,
0.0014801025390625,
0.0130615234375,
-0.052490234375,
0.01611328125,
0.007598876953125,
0.05712890625,
-0.03857421875,
0.03466796875,
0.035400390625,
-0.001373291015625,
-0.05078125,
0.030029296875,
0.0078125,
0.0279541015625,
-0.0079345703125,
0.00933837890625,
0.054931640625,
-0.00927734375,
0.0177001953125,
-0.026611328125,
0.0036773681640625,
-0.01171875,
-0.0830078125,
-0.02001953125,
0.003265380859375,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.06201171875,
-0.051513671875,
0.007476806640625,
-0.031494140625,
0.015869140625,
0.004608154296875,
-0.041015625,
-0.01708984375,
-0.03076171875,
-0.0181884765625,
0.00013065338134765625,
-0.00140380859375,
0.06982421875,
0.037353515625,
0.003936767578125,
-0.032958984375,
0.0074462890625,
0.0162353515625,
-0.0390625,
0.02099609375,
0.0263671875,
-0.06298828125,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0162353515625,
0.005584716796875,
0.01318359375,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.06689453125,
-0.01165771484375,
0.009033203125,
0.000850677490234375,
0.04638671875,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.04248046875,
0.050048828125,
0.04931640625,
0.0035858154296875,
0.0247802734375,
0.00885009765625,
0.00946044921875,
0.00921630859375,
-0.005157470703125,
-0.010498046875,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.047119140625,
-0.01043701171875,
0.0034332275390625,
0.0130615234375,
-0.04296875,
0.023193359375,
0.01007080078125,
0.03759765625,
0.01434326171875,
-0.0224609375,
-0.0010986328125,
-0.0458984375,
0.000835418701171875,
-0.0014801025390625,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.034423828125,
0.015380859375,
0.032958984375,
-0.0556640625,
0.265625,
0.040771484375,
0.0152587890625,
0.0198974609375,
-0.01519775390625,
0.040283203125,
0.0024566650390625,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.07080078125,
-0.00726318359375,
-0.021484375,
0.00421142578125,
-0.002044677734375,
-0.0162353515625,
0.0076904296875,
0.00982666015625,
-0.07861328125,
0.00927734375,
0.0011749267578125,
-0.03759765625,
0.005096435546875,
0.006561279296875,
-0.02392578125,
0.057861328125,
0.0279541015625,
0.0174560546875,
0.01312255859375,
-0.059814453125,
-0.037109375,
-0.0036468505859375,
0.01104736328125,
-0.025390625,
0.0262451171875,
-0.0654296875,
0.022705078125,
0.007476806640625,
0.01239013671875,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.01171875,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.01495361328125,
0.042236328125,
0.042236328125,
-0.018798828125,
0.01153564453125,
0.0289306640625,
-0.0206298828125,
0.02392578125,
0.041259765625,
-0.0361328125,
0.0322265625,
0.0201416015625,
0.0291748046875,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.0026397705078125,
0.0439453125,
-0.030029296875,
-0.023681640625,
-0.0419921875,
-0.0211181640625,
0.01708984375,
-0.01409912109375,
0.0439453125,
0.041748046875,
0.039306640625,
0.04150390625,
0.01190185546875,
0.0078125,
-0.044921875,
0.0169677734375,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.0146484375,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.005767822265625,
0.0556640625,
0.0189208984375,
-0.00133514404296875,
0.0140380859375,
0.01171875,
0.002166748046875,
0.01409912109375,
-0.029052734375,
0.00165557861328125,
-0.0260009765625,
0.01324462890625,
0.0213623046875,
0.015380859375,
-0.0576171875,
0.002899169921875,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.0027008056640625,
0.0111083984375,
0.022216796875,
0.0169677734375,
-0.0302734375
] |
Butzel, J.
On March 24, 1932, shortly after our opinion was rendered in Engel v. State Mutual Rodded Fire Insurance Co., 257 Mich. 245, Mary Engel began a suit at law against the same insurance company in the circuit court of Ontonagon county. The following month she began another suit at law in the same court against the insurance company and certain of its officers. Summonses were duly issued in both suits, but the declarations have not yet been filed. Plaintiffs in the instant case, who were the defendants in these two suits at law, filed motions to dismiss, but the motions have not yet been heard. On May 26, 1933, the insurance company and its officers brought suit in the circuit court for the county of Genesee in chancery against Mary Engel, Viola Engel, Elsie Engel Summers, Myrtle Engel Sain and Charles Engel (who were plaintiffs in the equity suit in 257 Mich. 245), to restrain them from prosecuting the suits pending in Ontonagon county. The bill of complaint, styled a bill of peace, sets forth at some length the previous litigation between the insurance company and the defendants. It alleges that in 1924 one Bobert C. Engel, husband and father of the defendants herein, secured from plaintiff company an insurance policy for $1,200 on his home in Ontonagon county, and $1,100 on the household goods contained therein; that Bobert C. Engel died on April 22, 1925, and his estate was duly probated and an order of assignment was made; that thereafter the policy was permitted to remain in the name of the deceased, to whom annual notices of assessment were sent and to whom such assessments were credited on the books of the company, until July 22, 1929, when a large fire loss occurred; that after efforts to reach a settlement of the insurance claim had failed, Mary Engel brought suit against the insurance company in the circuit court for Ontonagon county, on the policy running to Bobert C. Engel (a reference to the opinion handed down by this court in 257 Mich. 245, shows that this suit was not brought by Mary Engel individually, but as administratrix of the estate of her husband, Bobert C. Engel); that although the court granted a motion made by Mrs. Engel’s attorney to transfer the case to the equity side of the court, the case was subsequently dismissed, and the costs, assessed at $135, were never paid, plaintiff being unnecessarily put to a great expense in defending the suit; that thereafter Mary Engel and her children, defendants in the instant case, in order to further vex and harass plaintiff insurance company, began suit in equity to reform the policy and to collect the amount claimed to be due thereon; that a decree in their favor, rendered by the trial court, was reversed by this court on appeal, in a decision dismissing the bill of complaint; that defendants then instituted the law suits now pending in Ontonagon county for the purpose of further harassing the plaintiffs; and that all of said successive suits involve the same questions and the same right of action which has been determined by this court and has become res judicata by our opinion in 257 Mich. 245. The bill asks that the defendants and each of them be restrained from further prosecuting the suits $t law now pending in the Ontonagon county circuit court, or from bringing any further suits arising out of the subject matter.
A temporary injunction was issued by the Genesee county circuit court in compliance with the prayer of the bill. On July 2, 1932, the defendants appeared specially in the instant suit and moved that the summons and the injunction be quashed and the bill of complaint dismissed on the ground that the summons was dated May 26, 1932, and returnable the same day, and on the further ground that the bill did not contáin a direct prayer for process of injunction, although injunctional relief was prayed for. The trial judge denied the motion to dismiss and set aside the injunction, but ordered that the service upon defendants be quashed and alias summonses be issued as though no service had been made. After being served with an alias summons, defendants filed another motion to dismiss, in which they contended that upon the face of the bill the purpose of the injunction prayed for was to prevent the trial of a personal action at law, and that plaintiffs had failed to comply with the requirements of 3 Comp. Laws 1929, § 14350, requiring the execution of a bond as a condition precedent to the issuance of an injunction in such cases; that the actions at law in Ontonagon county having been commenced prior to the filing of the bill of complaint, the Gene-see court had no jurisdiction, and that plaintiffs had an adequate remedy at law in the proceedings pending in the circuit court of Ontonagon county. The court entered an order dismissing the bill, but continuing the injunction during the pendency of an appeal, upon plaintiffs filing a proper bond in compliance with 3 Comp. Laws 1929, § 14350.
Plaintiffs claim that the objections raised in the second motion to dismiss were waived by defendants’ failure to include them in the first motion, under Court Rule No. 27, § 6 (1933), which provides that all motions attacking a pleading must be filed and served within 15 days after its receipt and shall include all objections to the pleading attacked and to proceedings up to date in the case, and that all objections not stated in the motion shall be deemed waived. In denying defendants ’ first motion to dismiss, the trial court held that a proper summons had not been issued in the case and, therefore, quashed the service, granting plaintiffs the right to issue an alias summons. Since defendants appeared only specially for the sole purpose of quashing the service of an improper summons, they were not obliged to attack the bill of complaint on account of any inherent defects. When they did appear specially after having been served with a proper summons, they were not precluded from making an attack going to the merits of plaintiffs’ claim. The defects apparent on the face of the bill were such that they could not be waived, being of the nature that are fatal at any stage of the proceeding. L. J. Mueller Furnace Co. v. Wayne Circuit Judge, 226 Mich. 672. While such objections should be raised within the time provided by the rule, nevertheless the court will not refuse to consider them even if subsequently raised. The objections were not curable by amendment of the pleadings.
Plaintiffs further claim that as all of the allegations of the bill must be taken as true, on a motion to dismiss, it has therefore stated a complete case for a bill of peace. However, plaintiffs themselves allege that, prior to the filing of the bill, they made motions to dismiss the law cases pending in the Ontonagon circuit court, which motions have not yet been heard, and further, that declarations have not yet been filed in either of the pending law cases, so that neither the nature of those cases nor the grounds upon which they are based can be determined. In the brief filed by defendants in the instant case, it is claimed that the suits now pending in Ontonagon county are based upon the fraud and negligence of the plaintiffs, and that the declarations will set up causes of action in tort. The only question adjudicated by the former case was defendants’ right to reform the insurance policy and to recover thereon. In Detroit Trust Co. v. Hunrath, 168 Mich. 180, 192, this court adopted the following definition of a bill of peace, as found in Adams, Equity (8th Ed.), p. 199:
“A bill of peace is a bill filed for securing an established legal title against the vexatious recurrence of litigation, whether by a numerous class insisting on the same right or by an individual reiterating an unsuccessful claim. The equity is, that if the right be established at law, it is entitled to adequate protection.”
Plaintiffs’ bill of complaint does not show that the law suits now pending in Ontonagon county constitute a vexatious recurrence of litigation in reiteration of an unsuccessful claim, inasmuch as the nature of such suits is not indicated.
Plaintiffs further claim that Mary Engel’s failure to file declarations in the Ontonagon county suits within 15 days after the issuance of the summonses constitutes a violation of Court Rule No. 27, § 1 (1933). The delay, since May 26, 1932, is attributable to the injunction secured by plaintiffs. The failure to file a declaration within 15 days is an irregularity which may be corrected on proper showing. Goodspeed v. Smith, 161 Mich. 688; Sczesny v. Wayne Circuit Judge, 245 Mich. 438. Plaintiffs, having filed motions to dismiss in the Ontonagon county proceedings, have an adequate remedy at law.
The decree of the trial court dismissing the bill is affirmed, with costs to defendants.
Nelson Sharpe, C. J., and Potter, North, Pead, Wiest, Bushnell, and Edward M. Sharpe, JJ., concurred. | [
-0.027099609375,
0.010986328125,
0.023193359375,
0.040771484375,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.0302734375,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.027099609375,
0.037841796875,
0.0245361328125,
0.04833984375,
0.004364013671875,
0.041259765625,
-0.042236328125,
-0.017333984375,
-0.006103515625,
-0.0150146484375,
0.0177001953125,
-0.0028076171875,
0.0167236328125,
0.01251220703125,
0.0198974609375,
-0.044189453125,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.0673828125,
0.000021576881408691406,
0.00469970703125,
-0.03955078125,
0.052734375,
0.015380859375,
-0.01507568359375,
0.00244140625,
0.01043701171875,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.0284423828125,
0.0439453125,
-0.07470703125,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.0216064453125,
0.005584716796875,
-0.021240234375,
0.09912109375,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.019775390625,
-0.0250244140625,
0.003387451171875,
0.003448486328125,
0.0291748046875,
-0.0277099609375,
0.0220947265625,
-0.01409912109375,
0.00006341934204101562,
-0.03564453125,
-0.00384521484375,
-0.06494140625,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.034912109375,
-0.0045166015625,
-0.0009307861328125,
0.0115966796875,
-0.06298828125,
0.04931640625,
-0.0185546875,
0.0208740234375,
0.022216796875,
0.01177978515625,
0.026611328125,
0.00122833251953125,
-0.00933837890625,
0.039794921875,
0.030029296875,
-0.026123046875,
0.0140380859375,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.0224609375,
-0.01708984375,
-0.033935546875,
-0.022216796875,
0.00162506103515625,
0.004608154296875,
-0.05029296875,
0.052734375,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.021728515625,
0.0294189453125,
-0.0157470703125,
0.041015625,
-0.00885009765625,
0.022216796875,
-0.046142578125,
0.060791015625,
-0.053466796875,
-0.004486083984375,
0.057861328125,
0.02197265625,
-0.06005859375,
-0.0118408203125,
0.0002269744873046875,
0.00121307373046875,
0.0255126953125,
0.02587890625,
0.017333984375,
0.06689453125,
-0.03271484375,
0.0267333984375,
0.0021209716796875,
0.022705078125,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.03466796875,
0.0186767578125,
-0.00494384765625,
0.002197265625,
-0.00640869140625,
0.021728515625,
-0.0027008056640625,
-0.00836181640625,
0.00567626953125,
-0.0341796875,
0.039306640625,
0.056640625,
0.00445556640625,
0.03173828125,
0.0040283203125,
0.01129150390625,
0.07373046875,
0.00518798828125,
0.05859375,
-0.003387451171875,
0.009033203125,
0.0003948211669921875,
-0.00311279296875,
0.005462646484375,
0.0294189453125,
0.007110595703125,
-0.002471923828125,
0.04150390625,
0.004730224609375,
0.0218505859375,
0.01409912109375,
-0.0064697265625,
0.00897216796875,
-0.04052734375,
0.044189453125,
0.0235595703125,
0.03857421875,
-0.0028839111328125,
-0.0016937255859375,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.062255859375,
0.036865234375,
0.033935546875,
0.03955078125,
-0.00921630859375,
0.0081787109375,
0.01953125,
-0.052978515625,
0.0306396484375,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.000759124755859375,
0.00860595703125,
0.030517578125,
-0.0361328125,
-0.00250244140625,
0.0235595703125,
0.04150390625,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.0264892578125,
0.0230712890625,
-0.021240234375,
-0.036865234375,
-0.005767822265625,
0.03173828125,
0.0302734375,
0.053955078125,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.005767822265625,
0.020263671875,
0.01031494140625,
0.0174560546875,
0.053466796875,
0.0015411376953125,
0.0093994140625,
-0.034912109375,
0.006103515625,
-0.0308837890625,
-0.000308990478515625,
-0.029052734375,
0.0439453125,
-0.021240234375,
-0.036865234375,
0.0250244140625,
-0.023193359375,
0.056884765625,
-0.012451171875,
0.049560546875,
0.01031494140625,
-0.03759765625,
-0.01904296875,
-0.0341796875,
0.0185546875,
0.044189453125,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.03369140625,
0.0654296875,
0.0027008056640625,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.008056640625,
0.0198974609375,
0.033203125,
-0.00016307830810546875,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.011474609375,
0.052734375,
-0.01531982421875,
0.005828857421875,
-0.05908203125,
-0.0419921875,
-0.0111083984375,
0.0218505859375,
-0.01007080078125,
0.05224609375,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.040283203125,
0.025146484375,
-0.00124359130859375,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.038330078125,
-0.02001953125,
-0.017333984375,
-0.01092529296875,
0.0703125,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.01129150390625,
0.046630859375,
0.03759765625,
0.0274658203125,
0.0059814453125,
-0.0035552978515625,
0.037109375,
0.0537109375,
0.0177001953125,
-0.00787353515625,
0.0361328125,
0.0018463134765625,
-0.0081787109375,
0.02197265625,
0.044189453125,
-0.00543212890625,
0.033203125,
0.004119873046875,
0.025390625,
0.006591796875,
0.0263671875,
0.03271484375,
-0.0011138916015625,
-0.041748046875,
0.00982666015625,
0.026611328125,
0.00101470947265625,
-0.04443359375,
-0.02880859375,
0.023681640625,
0.01611328125,
0.03564453125,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.037841796875,
-0.055419921875,
0.0003070831298828125,
-0.025390625,
-0.0023651123046875,
-0.00750732421875,
-0.0308837890625,
-0.08154296875,
0.0302734375,
-0.030517578125,
0.052001953125,
-0.02490234375,
-0.006317138671875,
0.005706787109375,
-0.06591796875,
0.0068359375,
-0.00787353515625,
0.02001953125,
-0.026123046875,
0.0130615234375,
-0.0361328125,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.022705078125,
-0.03759765625,
-0.059326171875,
-0.006927490234375,
0.028564453125,
-0.007720947265625,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.023681640625,
0.002777099609375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0031585693359375,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.06005859375,
-0.0279541015625,
0.01300048828125,
-0.04638671875,
-0.049072265625,
-0.01055908203125,
0.0120849609375,
-0.05078125,
0.03369140625,
0.0281982421875,
-0.017578125,
-0.00135040283203125,
0.042236328125,
0.0174560546875,
0.0155029296875,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.0517578125,
0.01544189453125,
0.00665283203125,
-0.059326171875,
-0.024658203125,
-0.025634765625,
0.024169921875,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.0250244140625,
0.006317138671875,
-0.02783203125,
-0.0703125,
-0.0242919921875,
0.018798828125,
0.0164794921875,
-0.046630859375,
0.005401611328125,
-0.006744384765625,
-0.0034332275390625,
0.0380859375,
-0.01214599609375,
0.041015625,
-0.021484375,
0.01300048828125,
0.02734375,
-0.0211181640625,
0.0595703125,
0.048095703125,
-0.033447265625,
0.0240478515625,
-0.006103515625,
-0.0224609375,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.01708984375,
0.01806640625,
-0.006072998046875,
0.041748046875,
0.03515625,
-0.02099609375,
-0.021728515625,
0.033203125,
-0.00531005859375,
0.037353515625,
-0.0205078125,
0.0133056640625,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.0030517578125,
-0.039794921875,
0.034423828125,
-0.03271484375,
0.055908203125,
0.055419921875,
-0.0625,
-0.0107421875,
-0.04248046875,
-0.030517578125,
-0.015869140625,
0.004638671875,
0.0272216796875,
0.013916015625,
0.048828125,
-0.005035400390625,
-0.00689697265625,
0.044677734375,
0.038818359375,
-0.0020294189453125,
0.005889892578125,
0.047607421875,
-0.0380859375,
0.00168609619140625,
-0.0057373046875,
-0.034423828125,
0.027099609375,
0.021484375,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.0308837890625,
0.01202392578125,
-0.006927490234375,
-0.000904083251953125,
0.038818359375,
0.0703125,
0.0152587890625,
-0.00885009765625,
0.02392578125,
-0.041015625,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.021484375,
0.05029296875,
0.00225830078125,
0.00787353515625,
-0.002593994140625,
-0.0012359619140625,
0.0191650390625,
0.00830078125,
0.064453125,
0.0021514892578125,
-0.02978515625,
-0.002655029296875,
0.0166015625,
0.004486083984375,
-0.018310546875,
-0.044189453125,
0.012451171875,
0.0322265625,
0.0361328125,
-0.049072265625,
0.060546875,
-0.031494140625,
0.0250244140625,
-0.0196533203125,
0.012939453125,
0.023681640625,
0.0159912109375,
-0.00897216796875,
0.0303955078125,
0.0308837890625,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.006988525390625,
-0.0205078125,
0.019287109375,
0.0135498046875,
0.0849609375,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.0068359375,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.01165771484375,
0.00799560546875,
0.03466796875,
0.0213623046875,
0.005462646484375,
0.0301513671875,
-0.0198974609375,
0.06884765625,
-0.023681640625,
-0.029296875,
0.034912109375,
0.049560546875,
0.00750732421875,
0.019775390625,
-0.03662109375,
0.003509521484375,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.01806640625,
-0.02294921875,
-0.001312255859375,
0.035400390625,
0.00823974609375,
0.0091552734375,
0.05908203125,
-0.00104522705078125,
0.0341796875,
0.006561279296875,
-0.047119140625,
-0.0284423828125,
0.0498046875,
0.01202392578125,
0.0257568359375,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.035400390625,
0.055419921875,
-0.046630859375,
0.03369140625,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.00274658203125,
-0.0390625,
-0.0419921875,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.0078125,
0.034423828125,
-0.01708984375,
0.06298828125,
0.0035400390625,
-0.00567626953125,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.0693359375,
-0.04150390625,
0.0274658203125,
-0.01123046875,
-0.001220703125,
-0.0081787109375,
0.01416015625,
0.014892578125,
0.0052490234375,
-0.00518798828125,
-0.0380859375,
-0.0054931640625,
-0.01397705078125,
0.04150390625,
-0.007598876953125,
-0.00360107421875,
0.0267333984375,
0.019775390625,
0.01904296875,
0.01513671875,
0.037353515625,
0.0419921875,
0.0228271484375,
0.0302734375,
0.0262451171875,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.0206298828125,
0.0185546875,
-0.015380859375,
-0.009765625,
0.018310546875,
-0.0546875,
0.00028228759765625,
-0.0242919921875,
0.00799560546875,
-0.020263671875,
-0.055908203125,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0263671875,
0.03515625,
0.01025390625,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.016845703125,
-0.02294921875,
0.0201416015625,
-0.004180908203125,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.038818359375,
-0.06298828125,
-0.0159912109375,
0.0223388671875,
0.0634765625,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.0517578125,
-0.021728515625,
-0.0164794921875,
0.0009918212890625,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.039794921875,
-0.0025482177734375,
-0.001312255859375,
0.03369140625,
-0.0233154296875,
0.034912109375,
-0.0205078125,
-0.00177764892578125,
0.0194091796875,
-0.027587890625,
-0.032470703125,
-0.07080078125,
0.028564453125,
-0.031982421875,
-0.021240234375,
-0.0023651123046875,
0.05029296875,
-0.01312255859375,
0.037353515625,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.048828125,
-0.04833984375,
0.01556396484375,
0.0040283203125,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.053955078125,
-0.050048828125,
0.02392578125,
-0.0067138671875,
0.0098876953125,
0.055908203125,
-0.06298828125,
0.01031494140625,
-0.021728515625,
0.017822265625,
-0.005767822265625,
-0.0478515625,
0.0001277923583984375,
0.0257568359375,
0.008056640625,
-0.0191650390625,
0.00897216796875,
-0.027587890625,
-0.0263671875,
0.021728515625,
0.0250244140625,
0.00390625,
0.013671875,
0.01239013671875,
-0.044677734375,
-0.0245361328125,
0.060546875,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.00131988525390625,
0.0230712890625,
-0.018798828125,
-0.019287109375,
0.003082275390625,
0.0260009765625,
-0.024169921875,
-0.030517578125,
0.0390625,
-0.007354736328125,
-0.0191650390625,
0.027099609375,
0.060791015625,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.0096435546875,
0.0120849609375,
-0.0169677734375,
0.01080322265625,
-0.0306396484375,
0.02734375,
0.05517578125,
-0.0303955078125,
0.025634765625,
0.00107574462890625,
0.00927734375,
0.04052734375,
-0.03125,
0.0654296875,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.01611328125,
-0.002410888671875,
-0.0164794921875,
0.01123046875,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.0380859375,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.0198974609375,
0.038818359375,
-0.01544189453125,
-0.019775390625,
-0.005645751953125,
-0.007537841796875,
0.0230712890625,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.04443359375,
0.027587890625,
0.0019683837890625,
-0.05126953125,
-0.023193359375,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0087890625,
-0.02978515625,
-0.08349609375,
-0.02099609375,
0.0308837890625,
0.0087890625,
0.06591796875,
-0.021240234375,
-0.02783203125,
0.022216796875,
0.01806640625,
-0.051025390625,
0.00677490234375,
0.01385498046875,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.044677734375,
-0.041748046875,
0.005950927734375,
0.0458984375,
0.0159912109375,
0.0264892578125,
-0.00136566162109375,
0.0028839111328125,
0.00052642822265625,
-0.03271484375,
-0.014404296875,
0.0057373046875,
0.041015625,
-0.006561279296875,
-0.045654296875,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.048583984375,
-0.046630859375,
0.016357421875,
-0.0654296875,
-0.0036468505859375,
-0.0390625,
0.029052734375,
0.0228271484375,
-0.061767578125,
0.0196533203125,
0.051025390625,
0.01275634765625,
0.0179443359375,
-0.062255859375,
0.043701171875,
0.00028228759765625,
-0.006988525390625,
0.0303955078125,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.046142578125,
-0.038330078125,
0.0172119140625,
-0.041015625,
-0.0250244140625,
0.027099609375,
0.04052734375,
-0.04833984375,
-0.009033203125,
-0.0223388671875,
0.0216064453125,
-0.048095703125,
0.01385498046875,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.0040283203125,
0.006561279296875,
0.020751953125,
-0.00083160400390625,
0.005615234375,
0.0167236328125,
0.004364013671875,
0.005615234375,
0.050048828125,
0.0155029296875,
0.0296630859375,
0.0027313232421875,
-0.00567626953125,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.003631591796875,
0.051025390625,
0.044189453125,
-0.001312255859375,
0.044921875,
-0.03515625,
-0.04833984375,
0.0147705078125,
-0.0498046875,
-0.013671875,
0.006011962890625,
0.0115966796875,
0.0019989013671875,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.01226806640625,
0.0179443359375,
0.04248046875,
-0.017333984375,
-0.0019378662109375,
0.016845703125,
-0.0220947265625,
0.0517578125,
0.0159912109375,
0.00439453125,
0.0068359375,
0.020751953125,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.04345703125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.00136566162109375,
-0.00799560546875,
0.020263671875,
0.0220947265625,
-0.02783203125,
-0.061767578125,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0228271484375,
0.0283203125,
-0.0458984375,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.019287109375,
0.042724609375,
-0.039794921875,
-0.009033203125,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.00921630859375,
0.052978515625,
0.03662109375,
-0.004852294921875,
-0.00408935546875,
0.00262451171875,
0.004608154296875,
-0.00738525390625,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0020751953125,
0.0712890625,
0.0162353515625,
-0.0010528564453125,
-0.00054931640625,
0.05322265625,
0.031005859375,
0.030517578125,
0.01007080078125,
0.03271484375,
-0.02685546875,
0.0308837890625,
-0.059326171875,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0537109375,
0.000629425048828125,
-0.0191650390625,
0.00433349609375,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.0205078125,
0.00048065185546875,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.031005859375,
-0.04248046875,
-0.0034637451171875,
-0.04248046875,
-0.05126953125,
0.01287841796875,
0.0439453125,
0.034423828125,
0.0087890625,
0.00946044921875,
0.025146484375,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.00848388671875,
0.0111083984375,
0.01116943359375,
-0.04638671875,
-0.0267333984375,
0.0093994140625,
0.0303955078125,
-0.01385498046875,
0.019775390625,
0.01092529296875,
0.004241943359375,
-0.00689697265625,
0.01263427734375,
-0.032958984375,
-0.06591796875,
0.0279541015625,
-0.041259765625,
0.033447265625,
-0.0172119140625,
0.00970458984375,
0.0419921875,
-0.0048828125,
-0.054931640625,
0.01806640625,
0.03125,
0.0186767578125,
0.019775390625,
0.0242919921875,
0.0128173828125,
0.0021820068359375,
0.038330078125,
-0.06787109375,
0.00144195556640625,
0.0086669921875,
-0.047607421875,
-0.0498046875,
0.0023651123046875,
-0.0419921875,
-0.0390625,
-0.038330078125,
-0.038330078125,
0.01129150390625,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.00396728515625,
-0.027099609375,
-0.046142578125,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.051513671875,
-0.0126953125,
-0.0220947265625,
0.061279296875,
0.0272216796875,
-0.04052734375,
-0.0048828125,
0.0198974609375,
-0.000583648681640625,
-0.07763671875,
0.052001953125,
0.0084228515625,
-0.019775390625,
-0.054443359375,
-0.0152587890625,
0.0111083984375,
0.019287109375,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.0009307861328125,
-0.003448486328125,
0.0108642578125,
-0.049560546875,
-0.0123291015625,
0.01080322265625,
-0.0118408203125,
0.039794921875,
0.027099609375,
0.0184326171875,
0.03173828125,
0.0162353515625,
0.034423828125,
0.005828857421875,
0.00506591796875,
0.0033416748046875,
0.0079345703125,
0.0030364990234375,
-0.0439453125,
0.006683349609375,
-0.018310546875,
-0.031494140625,
0.019775390625,
0.0247802734375,
0.0206298828125,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.0458984375,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.03662109375,
-0.027587890625,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.030517578125,
-0.017578125,
0.0306396484375,
0.0264892578125,
-0.04931640625,
0.2890625,
0.021728515625,
-0.0262451171875,
0.0108642578125,
0.0179443359375,
0.044189453125,
0.00994873046875,
0.0247802734375,
-0.03857421875,
0.0211181640625,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.02490234375,
-0.00830078125,
0.0341796875,
-0.01007080078125,
0.05712890625,
-0.02734375,
0.029541015625,
0.004364013671875,
-0.04443359375,
0.020751953125,
0.00787353515625,
-0.0091552734375,
0.0986328125,
0.040771484375,
-0.042724609375,
0.025634765625,
-0.051025390625,
-0.00738525390625,
-0.040283203125,
0.020751953125,
-0.04150390625,
0.00848388671875,
-0.05224609375,
-0.01153564453125,
0.018310546875,
-0.030517578125,
0.009521484375,
0.01263427734375,
0.025146484375,
0.00107574462890625,
-0.0034637451171875,
-0.005126953125,
0.0001087188720703125,
0.00604248046875,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.038818359375,
0.02197265625,
0.03662109375,
-0.0191650390625,
0.0164794921875,
0.007080078125,
0.06884765625,
-0.01953125,
-0.00897216796875,
0.037841796875,
0.0576171875,
-0.0302734375,
-0.03076171875,
-0.0220947265625,
0.028076171875,
0.018798828125,
0.0306396484375,
0.033203125,
-0.0155029296875,
0.03662109375,
0.0191650390625,
0.0240478515625,
-0.00830078125,
0.030029296875,
0.00115966796875,
0.035400390625,
-0.002288818359375,
0.0130615234375,
0.04833984375,
0.00823974609375,
0.0040283203125,
0.02392578125,
0.041259765625,
-0.00170135498046875,
0.020263671875,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.0038299560546875,
0.0128173828125,
0.0224609375,
0.031494140625,
-0.00007152557373046875,
-0.053955078125,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.004638671875,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.01165771484375,
0.00299072265625,
0.0036468505859375,
-0.0030059814453125
] |
Boyles, J.
This is a suit for damages resulting from injuries received by the plaintiff, a pedestrian crossing Main street at the intersection of Eighth street in the city of Benton Harbor, when struck by an automobile driven by the defendant. At the conclusion of the taking of testimony in a trial by jury, the court, on motion of the defendant, directed the jury to return a verdict of no cause for action on the ground that the plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence as a matter of law. From the judgment entered thereon, the plaintiff appeals.
The only question before this Court on the appeal is whether as a matter of law the plaintiff sustained the burden of proving freedom from contributory negligence as a proximate cause of the accident. Under such circumstances, we assume, and therefore need not determine, that the evidence established that the defendant was guilty of negligence.
The accident occurred about 9:30 p.m., August 1, 1946, while the plaintiff and 3 friends were taking a walk in the downtown district of Benton Harbor. The sidewalks and pavements were dry, the traffic lights of the city and the headlights of automobiles had been turned on. Plaintiff and his 3 friends finally reached the intersection of Main street and Eighth street in said city. Main street is a 4-lane main-traveled thoroughfare running easterly and westerly through said city. Eighth street intersects, running in a northerly-southerly direction. There were no traffic lights at said intersection. There were, however, the usual stop-and-go traffic lights on Main street both easterly and westerly from the Eighth street intersection at other nearby street intersections. Plaintiff and his companions, turning north at the intersection and on the east side of Eighth street, started to cross to the northerly side of Main street. Before they stepped off the curb •to cross to the north side of Main street they all looked at the traffic lights a block or 2 to the east and west on Main street. At those intersections the traffic lights were red and cars were waiting at the intersections for the lights to change. Two of plaintiff’s companions started ahead to cross Main street, followed by the third individual and then the plaintiff last. There were 4 lanes of traffic and no cars were at that time in sight moving from the traffic red lights toward the intersection. Automobiles in the lanes nearest the curb from which these men started north would be approaching from the west, and when they reached the center line of Main street they should look for automobiles approaching from the east in the lanes of traffic between the center line and the north curb of Main street. It appears from the record that on reaching the center line plaintiff did not again look toward the east for traffic approaching from the east in the north lanes of traffic on Main street. At one time plaintiff said he saw the “cars” when he was in the center of the street, 200 feet away (presumably at the stop light), and later plaintiff testified that he did not see defendant’s automobile at all, before it hit him. He testified:
“A. * * * I have been In Benton Harbor before this, coming here since 1944. I know Benton Harbor. * * *
“Q. Ton are familiar with that traffic light at Colfax and Main?
“A. Oh, yes, because we come from the place, we come from Detroit, we have traffic there, so every place I cross I check up before I cross. * * *
“A. First I think I have to do, Mr. G-ore, to turn my attention to the lights and I looked at Colfax light, is red, and my left is red, both lights red, so we start crossing.
“Q. Any cars coming at that point?
“A. Cars that distance, lots of cars but the cars standing on account traffic light closed so we start-crossing because we have time for crossing so we crossing the street and one to the other. * * *
The only thing I know is we crossing, the light, we had time to cross.
“Q. "When you left the curb the traffic light was red?
“A. Yes. * * *
“Q. Did you see the car start up, Mr. Jinkins’ car start up?
“A. I didn’t see his ear.
“Q. You didn’t see him start moving?
“A. No, this fellow coming, the car, I heard these guys ‘watch out’ and I pass out, this fellow coming so fast I don’t know; he knows himself.
“Q. This man started from the corner from the light ?
“A. He knows.
“Q.. The car standing there at the traffic light, the one that hit you?
“A. I don’t know, he knows.
“Q. Do you know whether the car that hit you was the same one standing at the traffic light? Is the answer no ?
“A. I don’t know.
“Q. You didn’t see that car start up? Did you?
“A. No.
“Q. Now' when this man ahead of yon yelled what did he say?
“A. Watch out.’ * * *
“Q. Had you seen the car coming before it hit you?
“A. I say no.
“Q. The last time you saw the car was before you got hit when it was standing still at the next corner ?
“A. I didn’t see him; I know cars were standing at the light and the street was clear to crossing from this direction; where this fellow came from I don’t know, he knows.
“Q. You didn’t see the car coming at all before it hit you?
“A. No.”
Plaintiff did not see the approaching automobile of the defendant. The light had changed, defendant started west from that intersection, and the plaintiff obviously did not look again in that direction. Had he looked, before starting to cross the north lanes of Main street, he could have seen defendant’s automobile approaching, close enough to cause the accident. It was there in plain sight to be seen. His 2 companions ahead had reached the curb. The third, when nearly to the curb, suddenly discovered defendant’s automobile approaching from the east, hurried or jumped to the curb and escaped accident. The plaintiff, following behind him, was struck by defendant’s automobile approaching from the east approximately in the lane nearest the center line of Main street. When struck, the plaintiff was about midway between the center line of Main street and the north curb.
Defendant was not driving at an excessive rate of speed, “20 or 25 miles an hour,” within the maximum allowed by the local city ordinance. There was nothing to obstruct plaintiff’s vision had he looked to his right for approaching motor-vehicle traffic. It was seen by plaintiff’s companions but not by the plaintiff. He was the fourth man crossing the intersection to the north in a somewhat leisurely manner behind the others, and walked into the path in front of defendant’s automobile without looking for approaching traffic. Decision herein must follow the rules many times announced in the opinions of the Court, recently repeated and reaffirmed in Malone v. Vining, 313 Mich 315, and Boyd v. Maruski, 321 Mich 71.
We are in agreement with the trial court that under the facts shown in the record the plaintiff has not, as a matter of law, sustained the burden of proof of showing freedom from contributory negligence as a proximate cause of the accident.
Affirmed.
Reid, C. J., and North, Dethmers, Butzel, Carr, Bushnell, and Sharpe, JJ., concurred. | [
-0.04638671875,
0.041015625,
0.00982666015625,
0.0302734375,
-0.04736328125,
-0.046630859375,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.017822265625,
0.0250244140625,
0.04833984375,
0.0235595703125,
-0.000751495361328125,
0.048828125,
-0.0101318359375,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.05126953125,
-0.04541015625,
0.0206298828125,
-0.006622314453125,
0.0111083984375,
-0.018798828125,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.026123046875,
-0.054443359375,
-0.008056640625,
-0.0064697265625,
0.047119140625,
-0.02294921875,
0.02294921875,
0.052978515625,
0.014404296875,
-0.01153564453125,
0.021728515625,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.0208740234375,
0.0238037109375,
0.064453125,
-0.044677734375,
0.008544921875,
-0.00531005859375,
0.0240478515625,
0.01416015625,
0.011474609375,
-0.040771484375,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.0198974609375,
0.0009918212890625,
-0.0211181640625,
0.02099609375,
-0.00665283203125,
-0.01165771484375,
0.00238037109375,
0.0108642578125,
-0.037109375,
0.01416015625,
-0.041015625,
-0.01123046875,
0.030029296875,
-0.00168609619140625,
0.01171875,
0.0308837890625,
-0.00506591796875,
-0.006439208984375,
-0.03271484375,
0.02099609375,
0.0283203125,
0.000637054443359375,
0.0225830078125,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.0166015625,
-0.052490234375,
0.002716064453125,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.0211181640625,
0.00592041015625,
-0.0093994140625,
0.0028839111328125,
-0.0118408203125,
0.00077056884765625,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.0057373046875,
-0.00927734375,
0.060546875,
0.014404296875,
-0.01220703125,
0.0186767578125,
-0.0206298828125,
0.0218505859375,
-0.0037994384765625,
0.006744384765625,
-0.0128173828125,
0.0208740234375,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.029296875,
0.03125,
0.050537109375,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.0196533203125,
0.040771484375,
-0.01239013671875,
0.026611328125,
0.033447265625,
0.014404296875,
0.07568359375,
-0.0169677734375,
0.056884765625,
-0.039306640625,
0.0004425048828125,
-0.018310546875,
-0.019287109375,
0.016845703125,
0.027587890625,
0.018310546875,
0.019287109375,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.00830078125,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.00537109375,
-0.033203125,
0.029296875,
0.051513671875,
0.0115966796875,
0.041259765625,
-0.005767822265625,
0.0086669921875,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.014404296875,
0.059326171875,
-0.0137939453125,
0.03125,
0.03759765625,
-0.001190185546875,
0.0037078857421875,
0.0169677734375,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.0033111572265625,
-0.01171875,
-0.006805419921875,
0.02978515625,
0.0218505859375,
0.0133056640625,
0.002685546875,
-0.03125,
0.05859375,
-0.00173187255859375,
0.0830078125,
-0.034912109375,
0.0250244140625,
-0.019287109375,
-0.022216796875,
-0.033447265625,
-0.005645751953125,
0.037841796875,
-0.0255126953125,
0.01031494140625,
-0.01806640625,
0.0264892578125,
-0.03125,
0.03515625,
0.044677734375,
-0.029296875,
0.0244140625,
0.01031494140625,
0.022216796875,
-0.01220703125,
0.037841796875,
-0.01348876953125,
0.0162353515625,
-0.046142578125,
-0.034423828125,
0.0272216796875,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.0146484375,
-0.0361328125,
0.060302734375,
0.02392578125,
0.0458984375,
-0.005828857421875,
-0.03271484375,
0.00787353515625,
0.006103515625,
0.004150390625,
0.059326171875,
0.059814453125,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.044189453125,
0.046142578125,
0.010009765625,
-0.04833984375,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.00836181640625,
0.036865234375,
-0.023193359375,
-0.03857421875,
0.0262451171875,
-0.039794921875,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.00171661376953125,
-0.017578125,
0.02490234375,
-0.061279296875,
0.004547119140625,
0.052490234375,
0.0458984375,
0.024658203125,
-0.007354736328125,
0.029296875,
0.00640869140625,
0.0048828125,
-0.02783203125,
0.0263671875,
0.045654296875,
0.004730224609375,
-0.014404296875,
-0.032958984375,
-0.031982421875,
-0.06640625,
0.0262451171875,
0.01300048828125,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.006439208984375,
-0.0194091796875,
0.0096435546875,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.019287109375,
0.0024871826171875,
0.0037689208984375,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.042724609375,
0.0380859375,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.0224609375,
0.0400390625,
-0.0157470703125,
0.0035552978515625,
0.0029754638671875,
-0.01397705078125,
0.02587890625,
0.08251953125,
-0.000579833984375,
-0.0283203125,
0.04833984375,
0.00970458984375,
-0.0074462890625,
-0.00168609619140625,
0.0306396484375,
0.0038909912109375,
0.0169677734375,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.0076904296875,
0.0125732421875,
0.000812530517578125,
0.06396484375,
0.0308837890625,
-0.049560546875,
-0.0004863739013671875,
0.04443359375,
0.053955078125,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.01556396484375,
0.032470703125,
-0.0026397705078125,
0.045166015625,
-0.006683349609375,
-0.042236328125,
-0.043212890625,
-0.0634765625,
-0.00738525390625,
-0.00836181640625,
0.01031494140625,
-0.0439453125,
-0.0546875,
0.018310546875,
-0.007110595703125,
0.059326171875,
0.00836181640625,
-0.007476806640625,
-0.023681640625,
0.000492095947265625,
0.0267333984375,
-0.0255126953125,
0.033447265625,
-0.0595703125,
0.030517578125,
0.0079345703125,
0.01953125,
-0.0007476806640625,
-0.053466796875,
-0.0341796875,
0.01434326171875,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.0079345703125,
0.005157470703125,
-0.00738525390625,
-0.0830078125,
-0.032958984375,
0.0478515625,
-0.031982421875,
0.00115203857421875,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.038818359375,
0.0274658203125,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.03369140625,
0.0162353515625,
0.03515625,
-0.0208740234375,
0.032470703125,
-0.0024871826171875,
-0.006011962890625,
-0.0126953125,
0.07861328125,
0.01116943359375,
-0.002166748046875,
0.000087738037109375,
-0.046142578125,
-0.004302978515625,
0.0172119140625,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.0029144287109375,
0.0279541015625,
0.03857421875,
-0.06689453125,
-0.006439208984375,
-0.045166015625,
-0.018798828125,
0.0159912109375,
-0.007537841796875,
0.026611328125,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.0137939453125,
0.020751953125,
0.003326416015625,
0.034423828125,
-0.03759765625,
0.015869140625,
-0.020751953125,
0.0017547607421875,
0.0439453125,
0.0264892578125,
-0.000652313232421875,
0.0218505859375,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.055908203125,
-0.00494384765625,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.01300048828125,
0.0211181640625,
0.029296875,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.036376953125,
0.0308837890625,
0.0089111328125,
-0.002227783203125,
0.006927490234375,
0.00640869140625,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.015625,
-0.001373291015625,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.0030517578125,
-0.0189208984375,
0.038818359375,
0.01031494140625,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.06103515625,
-0.08837890625,
0.0284423828125,
0.006561279296875,
-0.001251220703125,
0.0311279296875,
0.0228271484375,
-0.044189453125,
0.022216796875,
-0.0146484375,
0.0150146484375,
-0.030517578125,
0.0048828125,
0.01239013671875,
-0.050537109375,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.009033203125,
-0.05859375,
0.048095703125,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.0118408203125,
0.004119873046875,
-0.006988525390625,
0.015869140625,
0.0084228515625,
0.0152587890625,
0.0283203125,
0.0189208984375,
0.0296630859375,
0.0172119140625,
-0.06298828125,
-0.017822265625,
-0.0255126953125,
0.03369140625,
-0.008544921875,
-0.019775390625,
-0.04638671875,
0.0034027099609375,
0.059326171875,
0.047119140625,
0.0244140625,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.00640869140625,
0.0050048828125,
-0.00433349609375,
0.0115966796875,
0.0093994140625,
0.055908203125,
0.00958251953125,
0.043701171875,
-0.024169921875,
0.03564453125,
-0.037353515625,
0.006439208984375,
0.0211181640625,
0.030517578125,
-0.0194091796875,
0.036865234375,
-0.04296875,
0.0037841796875,
0.0400390625,
0.004058837890625,
-0.038818359375,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.00860595703125,
0.0537109375,
-0.01806640625,
-0.01348876953125,
0.00006866455078125,
-0.0140380859375,
0.03466796875,
0.00994873046875,
0.0013275146484375,
0.005218505859375,
0.020263671875,
-0.0311279296875,
0.07177734375,
0.024658203125,
-0.0302734375,
-0.0230712890625,
0.049560546875,
-0.006988525390625,
0.07421875,
-0.04052734375,
0.0458984375,
0.00909423828125,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.03662109375,
0.00677490234375,
0.03515625,
-0.0079345703125,
0.01055908203125,
0.046630859375,
-0.022705078125,
0.0157470703125,
0.00634765625,
-0.020263671875,
-0.0235595703125,
0.032470703125,
0.004302978515625,
0.0068359375,
0.018798828125,
-0.0242919921875,
0.00885009765625,
-0.039794921875,
-0.006988525390625,
-0.026611328125,
0.0015411376953125,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.037109375,
-0.0008697509765625,
0.004150390625,
-0.01953125,
0.00084686279296875,
0.054931640625,
0.060546875,
0.0034637451171875,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.00653076171875,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.07421875,
-0.004669189453125,
-0.041015625,
-0.01904296875,
0.0284423828125,
-0.0322265625,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0224609375,
0.0240478515625,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0029144287109375,
-0.013671875,
0.005889892578125,
0.0169677734375,
-0.04150390625,
0.00933837890625,
0.00848388671875,
0.005615234375,
0.02197265625,
-0.002655029296875,
0.027099609375,
0.021484375,
0.0038299560546875,
0.01348876953125,
0.05224609375,
-0.041259765625,
0.00762939453125,
-0.00162506103515625,
-0.0172119140625,
0.0032806396484375,
0.00775146484375,
-0.003173828125,
-0.05224609375,
-0.07958984375,
0.0263671875,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.059814453125,
-0.047607421875,
-0.00628662109375,
-0.00555419921875,
0.0196533203125,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.0002918243408203125,
0.00933837890625,
-0.03955078125,
0.0252685546875,
-0.0037384033203125,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.03564453125,
-0.0198974609375,
0.07373046875,
0.06201171875,
-0.0000705718994140625,
0.01385498046875,
0.0023956298828125,
0.0166015625,
-0.00994873046875,
0.000881195068359375,
-0.053466796875,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.01165771484375,
0.0186767578125,
0.045166015625,
0.0203857421875,
0.0400390625,
0.01422119140625,
0.032470703125,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.0091552734375,
0.0113525390625,
-0.051513671875,
0.0218505859375,
-0.0419921875,
-0.028076171875,
0.001129150390625,
0.0294189453125,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.03369140625,
0.006744384765625,
-0.05029296875,
0.0159912109375,
-0.06640625,
0.017333984375,
-0.004547119140625,
0.001495361328125,
-0.07177734375,
-0.051025390625,
0.01416015625,
-0.0234375,
0.0712890625,
0.07177734375,
-0.01806640625,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.0283203125,
0.0390625,
0.016357421875,
-0.026123046875,
0.0048828125,
-0.01434326171875,
0.013671875,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.02392578125,
-0.00799560546875,
0.01531982421875,
0.0240478515625,
0.019287109375,
0.041748046875,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.025390625,
-0.042236328125,
0.0634765625,
0.014892578125,
0.052734375,
0.03857421875,
-0.035888671875,
-0.004852294921875,
0.00750732421875,
-0.023681640625,
-0.0419921875,
-0.02734375,
0.0341796875,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.042724609375,
0.0218505859375,
0.041748046875,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.044677734375,
0.004669189453125,
-0.08203125,
-0.0277099609375,
0.04052734375,
-0.02734375,
-0.006866455078125,
0.00946044921875,
0.026611328125,
0.0135498046875,
-0.0264892578125,
0.044189453125,
-0.034423828125,
-0.01348876953125,
0.0390625,
0.032470703125,
0.0081787109375,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.011962890625,
-0.01348876953125,
0.0111083984375,
0.033203125,
-0.0419921875,
-0.0703125,
0.0013885498046875,
0.0294189453125,
0.058349609375,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.00738525390625,
0.056640625,
-0.00543212890625,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.0595703125,
-0.01318359375,
0.0225830078125,
-0.000885009765625,
-0.076171875,
-0.05859375,
0.01409912109375,
0.015869140625,
0.0244140625,
-0.046875,
-0.045654296875,
-0.017578125,
0.0037078857421875,
-0.050537109375,
0.04443359375,
0.048583984375,
0.046630859375,
-0.060302734375,
-0.0341796875,
0.0038604736328125,
0.035888671875,
0.0206298828125,
0.050537109375,
-0.05712890625,
-0.0029296875,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0439453125,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.0006866455078125,
0.050537109375,
-0.005523681640625,
-0.0322265625,
0.0028533935546875,
-0.031982421875,
0.00077056884765625,
-0.05126953125,
0.046875,
0.00494384765625,
0.0198974609375,
0.024658203125,
0.013427734375,
-0.017333984375,
-0.0010833740234375,
-0.0125732421875,
0.024169921875,
-0.02490234375,
-0.001617431640625,
0.0250244140625,
0.02099609375,
0.00167083740234375,
-0.0013275146484375,
-0.046142578125,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.031494140625,
0.01092529296875,
0.01123046875,
0.04638671875,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.031494140625,
-0.007476806640625,
0.03564453125,
-0.043701171875,
0.0167236328125,
-0.029541015625,
0.023681640625,
0.028076171875,
0.039794921875,
-0.016357421875,
-0.0011444091796875,
0.0289306640625,
0.01300048828125,
0.0218505859375,
0.003936767578125,
-0.0000400543212890625,
0.0260009765625,
-0.045654296875,
0.025634765625,
-0.0390625,
-0.01220703125,
-0.0277099609375,
0.0390625,
0.03125,
-0.0074462890625,
0.05126953125,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0244140625,
0.00106048583984375,
-0.06396484375,
-0.0185546875,
0.0308837890625,
-0.0223388671875,
0.026123046875,
0.0074462890625,
-0.0238037109375,
0.01239013671875,
0.001739501953125,
-0.00022792816162109375,
0.01336669921875,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.036865234375,
0.068359375,
-0.011962890625,
0.030029296875,
0.0289306640625,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.036376953125,
0.0181884765625,
0.0255126953125,
-0.000732421875,
-0.052734375,
0.0028228759765625,
0.0098876953125,
-0.0908203125,
-0.017578125,
0.0296630859375,
0.0291748046875,
-0.045654296875,
-0.003265380859375,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.015625,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.00099945068359375,
0.0157470703125,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.018310546875,
0.006011962890625,
0.050537109375,
0.005859375,
0.0380859375,
0.0029144287109375,
0.029541015625,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.0040283203125,
-0.02490234375,
0.035888671875,
-0.012939453125,
0.020263671875,
0.0157470703125,
0.0281982421875,
0.01495361328125,
0.025146484375,
0.0238037109375,
0.0205078125,
0.0228271484375,
0.005157470703125,
-0.00787353515625,
0.0211181640625,
0.061279296875,
-0.00537109375,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.0037384033203125,
-0.03857421875,
-0.003173828125,
-0.026123046875,
-0.0150146484375,
0.0234375,
-0.044677734375,
0.0152587890625,
-0.03173828125,
0.0147705078125,
0.017578125,
0.004058837890625,
0.00677490234375,
0.03955078125,
0.032470703125,
0.01458740234375,
0.02392578125,
0.03857421875,
-0.0299072265625,
0.001068115234375,
-0.056640625,
-0.032470703125,
0.052490234375,
0.0194091796875,
0.023193359375,
0.02490234375,
0.012939453125,
-0.005096435546875,
-0.0230712890625,
0.017333984375,
0.006256103515625,
-0.06005859375,
0.022705078125,
0.009765625,
0.056640625,
-0.0186767578125,
0.00244140625,
0.026611328125,
0.0113525390625,
-0.060546875,
0.06005859375,
0.018798828125,
0.01470947265625,
-0.00115203857421875,
0.017578125,
0.00433349609375,
0.02490234375,
0.0546875,
-0.034423828125,
0.01708984375,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.06103515625,
-0.00836181640625,
0.01348876953125,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.03857421875,
-0.048583984375,
-0.0001506805419921875,
-0.01611328125,
0.039306640625,
-0.0576171875,
-0.0146484375,
-0.003173828125,
0.00738525390625,
0.034423828125,
0.01068115234375,
0.062255859375,
0.0050048828125,
-0.04150390625,
-0.039794921875,
-0.000820159912109375,
0.047607421875,
-0.054443359375,
0.014404296875,
0.0048828125,
-0.035888671875,
-0.06494140625,
0.0059814453125,
0.0079345703125,
0.0093994140625,
-0.015869140625,
-0.02978515625,
-0.049560546875,
0.00787353515625,
-0.054443359375,
0.03271484375,
0.00811767578125,
-0.0260009765625,
0.046142578125,
0.029541015625,
0.028076171875,
0.035888671875,
0.010986328125,
-0.00677490234375,
0.01104736328125,
0.0155029296875,
0.012939453125,
0.01165771484375,
-0.031494140625,
-0.003936767578125,
0.0029144287109375,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.00994873046875,
0.00811767578125,
-0.0098876953125,
0.031005859375,
0.00897216796875,
-0.026611328125,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.00927734375,
-0.0252685546875,
0.003936767578125,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.0052490234375,
-0.016845703125,
0.0255126953125,
-0.040771484375,
0.291015625,
-0.0030975341796875,
0.00946044921875,
0.01422119140625,
-0.00860595703125,
0.059814453125,
0.01080322265625,
0.01177978515625,
-0.039306640625,
-0.0242919921875,
0.00170135498046875,
-0.004180908203125,
0.02734375,
-0.0050048828125,
0.03369140625,
0.01416015625,
-0.07958984375,
0.0230712890625,
0.048095703125,
-0.0712890625,
-0.00147247314453125,
-0.00604248046875,
-0.038330078125,
0.019287109375,
0.049560546875,
0.02734375,
-0.0074462890625,
-0.064453125,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.02978515625,
0.004425048828125,
-0.024658203125,
0.0108642578125,
-0.046630859375,
0.003997802734375,
0.00836181640625,
0.008544921875,
0.0089111328125,
-0.048095703125,
-0.01019287109375,
0.025146484375,
0.015380859375,
-0.017822265625,
0.005584716796875,
-0.0047607421875,
0.02880859375,
-0.04150390625,
0.0125732421875,
0.0390625,
-0.046142578125,
0.039306640625,
0.0167236328125,
0.0380859375,
-0.0093994140625,
0.003692626953125,
0.016357421875,
0.0130615234375,
-0.022216796875,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.05517578125,
-0.005462646484375,
-0.037353515625,
0.03955078125,
0.055419921875,
0.0026397705078125,
0.01434326171875,
0.022705078125,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.015625,
0.0123291015625,
-0.020751953125,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.00002777576446533203,
-0.0164794921875,
0.044189453125,
0.037841796875,
-0.0235595703125,
0.04736328125,
0.061767578125,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.0047607421875,
-0.056396484375,
0.01153564453125,
0.036865234375,
0.021728515625,
0.044921875,
0.01251220703125,
-0.039794921875,
-0.009521484375,
-0.00787353515625,
0.01361083984375,
0.01129150390625,
-0.0002727508544921875,
0.0279541015625,
-0.010498046875
] |
Ebward M. Sharpe, J.
Plaintiffs bring a bill in equity to rescind certain land transactions with defendants on the ground of fraud.
Burt H. Gower and his wife, Minnie B. Gower, have resided near the village of Oakley, Saginaw county, Michigan, for more than 20 years, Gower having been a rural school teacher for about 10 years and since then engaged in farming. Plaintiffs owned an 18-acre farm of the value of about $6,500. In 1927 Gower met one Jahnke, who represented himself as the agent of Prank Wieser & Company and showed Gower cards and advertising matter stating that Jahnke was one of the divisional managers of that firm. Jahnke represented Frank Wieser & Company to be the owner of extensive and valuable real estate' holdings in Detroit and suggested that Gower exchange his farm for two Detroit lots, the company to pay the difference in cash. About September 20, 1927, Gower accompanied Jahnke to Detroit, went to the office of Prank Wieser in the Lafayette Building, and then visited the subdivisions known as Foresight Park Subdivisions No. 1 and No. 2, Hubert Park Subdivision, and Allen Business Park Subdivision, in Ecorse and Taylor townships, Wayne county. Gower was shown a price list and picked out 13 lots priced from $1,300 to $1,500 each. On returning to Wieser’s office, he signed an application for the purchase of these lots on land contracts providing that the farm was to apply as a down payment and to cover the first two years of monthly payments. Gower was assured by Jahnke that he would never need to make any further payments on the lots as they would be resold at a large profit to him within that length of time.
The following day Gower returned to Oaldey where his wife signed the application. On September 23, 1927, Jahnke came to the Gower home with the 13 land contracts in duplicate and a deed to the farm running to Prank Wieser. However, none of the land contracts named Wieser as vendor-—-several named the Allard Land Company, some the F. & M. Land Company, others Wieser & Froelich, and still others the Hubert Land Company. The contracts were already signed on behalf of the various corporations by Frank Wieser, president, and August Froelich, secretary. Before signing- the land contracts, plaintiffs asked for some written assurance that the lots would be resold at a profit within two years. The parties then went to the office of Clarence Brainard, a notary public and justice of the peace, who drew up an agreement in the form of a guarantee of $7,500 payable in two years and a promise to resell the 13 lots for the interest of the Gowers. This agreement was signed by the Gowers and “Frank Wieser Company, by Edward Jahnke.” Jahnke told plaintiffs that he had a power of attorney from Wieser giving him authority to sign. Thereafter the deed and land contracts were completed and the documents delivered. The value of the farm, $6,500, was distributed pro rata on the contracts as down payments and advance payments of future instalments and interest.
Some time in December, 1927, Jahnke again came to the Gowers and sold them two more lots in Allen Park. Jahnke told the Gowers that Frank Wieser & Company would erect a filling station and barbecue stand on these lots and would employ Gower as manager at $50 a week. For contracts on these lots, priced at $3,000 and $2,800, the Gowers paid $2,298 in cash. , This was credited as down payments on the two lots of $600 and $560 respectively and the balance as advance payments and interest.
Tu June, 1928, the Gowers learned that the lots were worth not more than a third of the contract prices. Gower then called at Wieser’s office, showed him the resale agreement and demanded that he perform. Wieser denied any liability, saying that Jahnke alone was responsible, but assured Gower that Jahnke would perform and that plaintiffs would lose nothing on their lots. Thereafter the Gowers did nothing until time for performance of the agreement, September 23, 1929, when they again demanded performance. Upon refusal, the Gowers filed this suit for rescission of all the transactions and restitution to plaintiffs of their farm and cash payments.
In the meantime Wieser had mortgaged the Gower farm for $2,000 to one Jewell and then sold it on land contract to one Kendzierski, receiving payments thereon amounting to $2,461.68. When this land contract became in default, the Gowers bought out the vendee’s equity to protect themselves and continued making payments until the bringing of this suit.
On the trial it appeared that there is no partnership or corporation known as Frank Wieser & Company and that Frank Wieser has been doing business under that name without registering it as an assumed name; that Frank Wieser owns no real property in his own name or in the name of Frank Wieser & Company; but that Frank Wieser is the president and principal stockholder in each of the corporations Allard Land Company, Hubert Land Company, F. &i M. Land Company, Wieser & Froelich, and also of the Foresight Land Company, which is a merger of the two corporations last named.
Plaintiffs alleged as grounds of fraud the oral and express written representations of defendants that they would resell the 13 lots at a profit to plaintiffs, the oral representation of defendants that they would erect a filling station and barbecue on plain tiffs’ lots in Allen. Park and hire plaintiff Burt Gower as manager thereof; the exorbitant value placed on the lots; and the crediting of a large part of the exchange value of plaintiffs’ farm and the cash payment on the two Allen Park lots toward interest not yet due without the knowledge of plaintiffs and contrary to the understanding of the parties.
The lower court found for plaintiffs and set aside the deed of the farm to Wieser, set aside the land contracts, and ordered defendants (except defendant Jewell) to reimburse plaintiffs the sum of $2,298 paid on the Allen Park lots, the sum of $2,461.68 received on the Kenclzierski contract, and interest, also the sum of $2,000 and interest received by defendants on the Jewell mortgage. The court declared this mortgage a valid lien on the land.
Defendants (except defendant Jewell) appeal on the grounds that the contract price of the lots was not excessive, that Jahnke had no authority to bind any of the defendants on the resale agTeement, that there was no evidence of fraud, that evidence of similar resale promises in collateral transactions by defendants was incompetent and immaterial, and that the corporations could not be held liable for the fraud, there being no showing that Jahnke was authorized to represent them.
The trial judge found as a fact that plaintiffs were induced to enter into these transactions through fraud practiced upon them by defendants’ agent. We are satisfied from an examination of the record that the misrepresentations and promises of the agent were in large measure the moving cause in inducing plaintiffs to enter the transaction.. Promises made with no intention of performance are fraudulent. Van Dellen v. Van Dellen, 259 Mich. 275; Conger v. Thomas & Lane, 258 Mich. 702; City Investment Co. v. Zimni, 255 Mich. 388; Kefuss v. Whitley, 220 Mich. 67; Ward v. Cook, 158 Mich. 283; Merrill v. Allen, 38 Mich. 487; note in 51 A. L. R. 63.
In two of these cases the circumstances of fraud were very similar to those in the present case. In Kefuss v. Whitley, supra, the plaintiff was a rural banker and business man who was induced to buy from defendants a large subdivision in another county on the oral promise that defendants, experienced real estate operators, would undertake to manage the subdivision, sell the lots on commission, and make plaintiff a profit of $100,000 on his $25,000 investment with no necessity for further payments on his land contract. In a suit for rescission, it was found that defendants’ promises were made in the expectation that plaintiff would rely upon them and with no serious intention to perform. Relief was granted»
In Conger v. Thomas & Lane, supra, the plaintiff, a woman inexperienced in real estate, had been induced to buy a lot in Windsor just prior to the opening of the Ambassador bridge at a contract price of $12,725 on the promise that she would never have to pay more than the down payment and that defendants would resell the property before further payments became due. The circumstances were such as to show bad faith on the part of the defendants and the plaintiff’s bill to rescind was allowed.
That the fraudulent misrepresentations and promises in the instant case were made by Jahnke without the knowledge of his principal is immaterial. Jahnke was the agent of defendant Wieser, who in turn was the president and agent of the different corporations involved and the corporations have received the benefit of the transaction. Whenever a transaction has been carried out through the fraud of the agent, the principal becomes liable for that fraud by insisting upon retaining the benefits of the transaction after learning of the fraud, regardless of whether he knew of the fraud at the time. Such liability of the principal may be enforced either in an action for damages for fraud and deceit or by a bill to rescind.
In Bertha v. Regal Motor Car Co., 180 Mich. 51, 57, 58 (8 N. C. C. A. 460), this court said:
“It is a proposition of law too fundamental and too well established to require a citation of authorities that, if a party adopts even unauthorized acts of another, and has received and accepted benefits accruing therefrom, he thereby adopts and ratifies the instrumentalities by which the results were obtained, and is estopped from denying that the agent was authorized to act.”
In Upell v. Bergman, 246 Mich. 82, 87, it was said:
“If Brillinger (the agent) perpetrated a fraud on the plaintiffs in the manner alleged in their bill of complaint, the Bergmans, as principals, must be held responsible for the act of their agent even though they were not aware of his fraudulent conduct. They cannot profit by his fraud.”
Other cases to the same effect are: Busch v. Wilcox, 82 Mich. 315, rehearing denied 82 Mich. 336 (21 Am. St. Rep. 563); Krolik v. Curry, 148 Mich. 214; Moynes v. Applebaum, 218 Mich. 198; Plate v. Detroit Fidelity & Surety Co., 229 Mich. 482; Chaffee v. Raymond, 241 Mich. 392; Lane v. Wood, 259 Mich. 266.
The defendants also contend that the court was in error in admitting evidence of similar representa tions to third parties. We cannot agree with defendants upon this contention. In Baloyan v. Furniture Exhibition Building Co., 258 Mich. 244, a lessee’s action against a lessor for false representations inducing execution of the lease at an excessive rental, we held that evidence of similar representations to another was competent on the issue of the intent of the person making such representations. Accord, Bentley v. Shifflet, Cumber & Co., 238 Mich. 5; Jordan v. Miller, 232 Mich. 8.
The decree in the circuit court is affirmed. Inasmuch as plaintiffs have not filed a brief in this court, no costs will be allowed.
Nelson Sharpe, C. J., and Potter, North, Fead. Wiest, Biitzel, and Bijshnell, J J., concur. | [
-0.00787353515625,
0.0296630859375,
0.0245361328125,
0.006439208984375,
-0.06591796875,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.031494140625,
0.008056640625,
0.000013768672943115234,
0.0283203125,
0.0224609375,
-0.027099609375,
0.041259765625,
0.03271484375,
-0.002593994140625,
0.013671875,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.002716064453125,
0.0274658203125,
0.01458740234375,
0.0361328125,
-0.018310546875,
-0.02099609375,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.031005859375,
0.0732421875,
0.01129150390625,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.01318359375,
0.0076904296875,
-0.005218505859375,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.016357421875,
0.0615234375,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.02978515625,
-0.024169921875,
0.0016937255859375,
0.033447265625,
-0.02734375,
-0.010498046875,
-0.0172119140625,
0.004486083984375,
-0.040771484375,
0.037353515625,
-0.035400390625,
0.0191650390625,
0.017333984375,
0.03125,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.022705078125,
-0.07568359375,
-0.031005859375,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0028839111328125,
0.01361083984375,
0.004974365234375,
-0.0098876953125,
0.02197265625,
-0.030517578125,
0.01708984375,
0.04248046875,
0.00701904296875,
0.0107421875,
0.01220703125,
-0.0177001953125,
0.01953125,
0.01153564453125,
-0.020751953125,
-0.01263427734375,
0.0181884765625,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.01129150390625,
0.00482177734375,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.013916015625,
-0.02978515625,
0.0732421875,
-0.0008697509765625,
-0.057373046875,
0.040771484375,
0.02734375,
0.02587890625,
0.018310546875,
0.026611328125,
-0.0126953125,
0.059326171875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.00180816650390625,
0.0673828125,
0.0264892578125,
-0.001220703125,
0.0032196044921875,
0.00994873046875,
-0.002410888671875,
0.02685546875,
0.0286865234375,
-0.010986328125,
0.061279296875,
-0.0179443359375,
0.026611328125,
0.002349853515625,
0.0164794921875,
-0.01904296875,
-0.00136566162109375,
0.01806640625,
-0.01312255859375,
0.060791015625,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.015380859375,
-0.028564453125,
0.002227783203125,
-0.027099609375,
-0.000858306884765625,
0.049560546875,
-0.0166015625,
0.0264892578125,
0.02685546875,
0.0184326171875,
0.0341796875,
-0.0162353515625,
0.04296875,
-0.0244140625,
0.03564453125,
0.053466796875,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0390625,
0.0279541015625,
0.009033203125,
0.00933837890625,
-0.005706787109375,
-0.0223388671875,
0.00201416015625,
-0.0189208984375,
0.043701171875,
0.033203125,
-0.036865234375,
0.038330078125,
0.002960205078125,
0.038330078125,
-0.0223388671875,
0.00457763671875,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.0615234375,
-0.05322265625,
0.0262451171875,
0.0294189453125,
0.03759765625,
-0.0244140625,
0.049072265625,
-0.021240234375,
0.02490234375,
-0.0003490447998046875,
0.01043701171875,
0.01361083984375,
-0.03173828125,
0.00003814697265625,
-0.045166015625,
-0.006805419921875,
0.00872802734375,
0.012451171875,
-0.021240234375,
-0.022705078125,
0.03759765625,
0.0223388671875,
-0.06884765625,
-0.0262451171875,
0.040771484375,
0.003173828125,
0.0849609375,
0.0250244140625,
0.000056743621826171875,
0.0157470703125,
-0.02783203125,
0.033935546875,
0.03369140625,
-0.00592041015625,
-0.024169921875,
-0.016845703125,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0145263671875,
0.0019073486328125,
-0.00482177734375,
0.035400390625,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0068359375,
0.02685546875,
-0.01409912109375,
0.044677734375,
-0.046142578125,
-0.01153564453125,
0.00592041015625,
-0.016357421875,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.019775390625,
0.0283203125,
0.052734375,
-0.015625,
-0.04638671875,
0.06982421875,
0.0220947265625,
-0.0228271484375,
0.04931640625,
-0.0240478515625,
0.00982666015625,
0.019775390625,
-0.028076171875,
0.0091552734375,
0.035400390625,
-0.013427734375,
0.019775390625,
0.007080078125,
-0.0015869140625,
0.01806640625,
0.007171630859375,
-0.0213623046875,
0.058837890625,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.00872802734375,
0.06787109375,
0.02734375,
0.00390625,
-0.03125,
-0.031005859375,
-0.025634765625,
0.022216796875,
0.064453125,
-0.0390625,
-0.039306640625,
0.021240234375,
0.017822265625,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.000946044921875,
-0.0291748046875,
0.018310546875,
0.0517578125,
0.002532958984375,
-0.04296875,
0.045654296875,
0.002227783203125,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.01312255859375,
0.03125,
-0.04150390625,
0.0185546875,
-0.03076171875,
0.01031494140625,
0.0032958984375,
0.0216064453125,
0.0034332275390625,
0.0191650390625,
-0.025634765625,
-0.0155029296875,
0.037353515625,
0.01361083984375,
-0.03955078125,
0.00439453125,
0.0262451171875,
-0.03173828125,
0.01068115234375,
0.0218505859375,
-0.03857421875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.045654296875,
-0.02294921875,
0.0250244140625,
-0.052001953125,
-0.064453125,
0.0198974609375,
-0.039794921875,
0.036865234375,
-0.036865234375,
0.0093994140625,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.046630859375,
0.03857421875,
0.01165771484375,
0.0380859375,
-0.030517578125,
0.025390625,
-0.046875,
0.0211181640625,
-0.03076171875,
-0.006591796875,
-0.053466796875,
-0.006744384765625,
0.0322265625,
-0.029296875,
-0.0537109375,
-0.01007080078125,
0.00604248046875,
-0.03515625,
-0.0380859375,
-0.0220947265625,
0.0224609375,
-0.04443359375,
-0.0208740234375,
0.03125,
-0.00628662109375,
-0.05322265625,
0.00970458984375,
0.000316619873046875,
-0.01055908203125,
0.032470703125,
0.023681640625,
0.003082275390625,
-0.033935546875,
0.06689453125,
0.016845703125,
0.0169677734375,
-0.018310546875,
-0.06884765625,
0.0030059814453125,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.032958984375,
-0.00469970703125,
-0.0126953125,
0.038818359375,
0.02197265625,
-0.06396484375,
0.01104736328125,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.025390625,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.005279541015625,
0.01348876953125,
-0.00168609619140625,
-0.0252685546875,
0.012451171875,
-0.059326171875,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.045166015625,
0.0419921875,
-0.0032196044921875,
0.0030670166015625,
0.0242919921875,
0.0081787109375,
0.05615234375,
0.00372314453125,
0.01904296875,
0.009521484375,
0.0050048828125,
-0.007080078125,
-0.026611328125,
-0.0140380859375,
0.032958984375,
-0.0263671875,
0.00921630859375,
0.04150390625,
-0.00113677978515625,
-0.0177001953125,
0.0294189453125,
0.0035247802734375,
0.037353515625,
-0.008056640625,
0.01123046875,
-0.04736328125,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.064453125,
-0.029541015625,
0.011474609375,
-0.040283203125,
0.0155029296875,
0.0673828125,
-0.05126953125,
0.014892578125,
-0.024658203125,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.01953125,
0.01385498046875,
0.01220703125,
0.0086669921875,
-0.003997802734375,
0.026123046875,
0.08251953125,
0.03271484375,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.0022125244140625,
0.037353515625,
0.0059814453125,
0.0299072265625,
-0.032958984375,
-0.028076171875,
0.02392578125,
0.0205078125,
-0.060302734375,
-0.04296875,
0.0113525390625,
-0.02587890625,
-0.00135040283203125,
0.01904296875,
0.0419921875,
0.026611328125,
0.004669189453125,
0.0159912109375,
-0.07275390625,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.047119140625,
0.046630859375,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.046875,
-0.003082275390625,
-0.0224609375,
0.022216796875,
0.021728515625,
0.02099609375,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.03955078125,
0.0091552734375,
0.0223388671875,
0.001190185546875,
0.0135498046875,
-0.00994873046875,
0.004486083984375,
0.010009765625,
0.061279296875,
-0.01806640625,
0.053466796875,
-0.06005859375,
0.00750732421875,
0.00750732421875,
-0.00665283203125,
-0.01422119140625,
0.03564453125,
-0.048095703125,
0.04541015625,
0.05615234375,
-0.0169677734375,
0.02685546875,
-0.03271484375,
0.0390625,
0.0228271484375,
0.0693359375,
-0.0072021484375,
-0.0140380859375,
0.000408172607421875,
-0.0186767578125,
0.0157470703125,
0.004547119140625,
0.01318359375,
0.00341796875,
0.01080322265625,
-0.035400390625,
0.02783203125,
-0.0140380859375,
-0.060546875,
-0.0015716552734375,
0.0712890625,
-0.039794921875,
0.07421875,
-0.032958984375,
0.025146484375,
-0.01531982421875,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.0458984375,
-0.009765625,
0.04345703125,
0.014404296875,
0.00128173828125,
0.03662109375,
0.00167083740234375,
0.035400390625,
0.06884765625,
-0.00113677978515625,
-0.0194091796875,
0.041259765625,
-0.0164794921875,
0.038818359375,
-0.00127410888671875,
-0.010986328125,
0.05517578125,
-0.021728515625,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.0380859375,
-0.049072265625,
-0.0537109375,
0.00341796875,
-0.0269775390625,
0.0225830078125,
0.0279541015625,
0.0162353515625,
0.0133056640625,
-0.00136566162109375,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.03271484375,
-0.03271484375,
0.043701171875,
0.0240478515625,
0.046875,
-0.0172119140625,
0.01031494140625,
0.017578125,
-0.0013885498046875,
0.00051116943359375,
-0.039306640625,
-0.04150390625,
-0.016845703125,
0.0703125,
0.0091552734375,
0.01226806640625,
0.00299072265625,
0.04931640625,
0.002593994140625,
0.007476806640625,
0.0498046875,
-0.0322265625,
0.0223388671875,
0.0419921875,
0.046875,
-0.03662109375,
-0.00836181640625,
0.01904296875,
-0.0458984375,
0.02294921875,
0.046875,
0.01953125,
-0.02587890625,
-0.056396484375,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.032470703125,
-0.056396484375,
-0.0595703125,
0.006317138671875,
-0.02734375,
0.0250244140625,
-0.00958251953125,
0.0201416015625,
-0.00750732421875,
-0.05029296875,
0.007415771484375,
0.00799560546875,
-0.015625,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.006500244140625,
0.033203125,
-0.0390625,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.022705078125,
0.01190185546875,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.01708984375,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.023193359375,
0.0086669921875,
0.026123046875,
-0.0322265625,
0.017333984375,
-0.029052734375,
0.004150390625,
0.058349609375,
-0.0751953125,
0.00921630859375,
-0.05859375,
-0.003448486328125,
0.01904296875,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.018310546875,
0.058349609375,
-0.000843048095703125,
0.019287109375,
-0.046630859375,
-0.03564453125,
-0.06884765625,
-0.04833984375,
0.0478515625,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.013427734375,
-0.046630859375,
0.00002276897430419922,
0.024658203125,
0.00823974609375,
0.08251953125,
-0.042724609375,
0.01177978515625,
0.017822265625,
0.031494140625,
0.00518798828125,
-0.03564453125,
-0.013427734375,
-0.0029144287109375,
0.015380859375,
-0.0023651123046875,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.002593994140625,
-0.03759765625,
0.0235595703125,
0.00115203857421875,
-0.0030517578125,
0.000530242919921875,
-0.0546875,
-0.06884765625,
-0.015625,
0.033935546875,
0.0086669921875,
0.0079345703125,
0.060546875,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.0213623046875,
0.049560546875,
0.0296630859375,
-0.01904296875,
-0.0498046875,
0.015380859375,
0.0009613037109375,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0201416015625,
0.03271484375,
-0.037109375,
0.0255126953125,
0.0281982421875,
-0.04345703125,
0.00531005859375,
-0.050537109375,
0.0419921875,
0.055908203125,
-0.0303955078125,
0.0281982421875,
0.042724609375,
0.021728515625,
0.0238037109375,
-0.01165771484375,
0.032470703125,
-0.028076171875,
-0.036376953125,
0.03759765625,
-0.0074462890625,
-0.0400390625,
-0.02880859375,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.01025390625,
-0.0263671875,
0.012939453125,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.0179443359375,
0.01806640625,
0.06494140625,
-0.04345703125,
-0.01708984375,
0.0152587890625,
0.0240478515625,
-0.039306640625,
-0.0224609375,
-0.054443359375,
0.03466796875,
0.00701904296875,
-0.076171875,
-0.036376953125,
0.03955078125,
-0.00115966796875,
0.054443359375,
-0.035400390625,
-0.01300048828125,
0.020751953125,
0.01239013671875,
-0.033203125,
-0.00677490234375,
0.009765625,
0.005096435546875,
-0.035400390625,
0.004425048828125,
0.01214599609375,
0.032958984375,
-0.00445556640625,
0.0390625,
-0.01611328125,
-0.044677734375,
0.0150146484375,
-0.0302734375,
-0.023681640625,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.0235595703125,
0.01385498046875,
-0.007171630859375,
0.01263427734375,
-0.017822265625,
-0.052978515625,
-0.003143310546875,
-0.064453125,
0.005401611328125,
-0.0322265625,
-0.01275634765625,
0.03076171875,
-0.020263671875,
0.0172119140625,
0.033935546875,
0.00579833984375,
0.0294189453125,
-0.0390625,
0.03125,
0.028564453125,
0.00433349609375,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.00162506103515625,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.05908203125,
-0.027587890625,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.0115966796875,
0.00994873046875,
0.034912109375,
0.00518798828125,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.0025787353515625,
-0.030029296875,
-0.015625,
-0.01361083984375,
0.0390625,
0.0003108978271484375,
0.0185546875,
-0.0283203125,
0.0028076171875,
0.0234375,
0.0186767578125,
0.0284423828125,
0.03857421875,
-0.00933837890625,
0.013916015625,
0.00799560546875,
-0.002777099609375,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.054443359375,
-0.00390625,
0.046630859375,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0517578125,
0.043701171875,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.052978515625,
0.038330078125,
-0.0400390625,
-0.004486083984375,
0.0162353515625,
0.005462646484375,
0.049072265625,
-0.01055908203125,
0.0242919921875,
0.015625,
0.025146484375,
-0.03759765625,
0.0032501220703125,
0.00077056884765625,
-0.0035552978515625,
0.05419921875,
0.0233154296875,
-0.017578125,
-0.0032501220703125,
0.004150390625,
-0.029541015625,
-0.032470703125,
-0.049072265625,
0.0172119140625,
0.00897216796875,
-0.0260009765625,
0.006866455078125,
-0.043212890625,
-0.038330078125,
0.032958984375,
-0.005096435546875,
0.00933837890625,
-0.024169921875,
-0.000514984130859375,
-0.037353515625,
0.00146484375,
-0.00130462646484375,
0.00183868408203125,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0286865234375,
0.01904296875,
0.056884765625,
0.043701171875,
0.040283203125,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.05419921875,
-0.02294921875,
-0.0341796875,
0.058837890625,
0.033447265625,
0.028564453125,
0.007293701171875,
0.019775390625,
0.03564453125,
-0.021728515625,
0.025634765625,
0.03271484375,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0234375,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.03173828125,
0.0341796875,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.029541015625,
0.049560546875,
-0.02099609375,
-0.00701904296875,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.020263671875,
0.0035247802734375,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.0074462890625,
-0.0074462890625,
-0.0361328125,
0.023193359375,
0.01190185546875,
0.0086669921875,
-0.00927734375,
0.050048828125,
0.028076171875,
0.0186767578125,
-0.0242919921875,
0.039306640625,
0.01104736328125,
-0.0634765625,
-0.0196533203125,
0.03857421875,
0.0361328125,
-0.017822265625,
0.01953125,
0.025390625,
-0.003997802734375,
-0.0045166015625,
0.005615234375,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.0625,
-0.003326416015625,
-0.00787353515625,
0.031982421875,
-0.039794921875,
0.00750732421875,
0.0203857421875,
-0.021484375,
-0.0576171875,
0.033203125,
0.0211181640625,
0.0184326171875,
-0.00164031982421875,
0.029541015625,
0.022216796875,
0.0279541015625,
0.029541015625,
-0.0186767578125,
0.04833984375,
-0.000926971435546875,
-0.032958984375,
-0.01531982421875,
0.015869140625,
-0.050537109375,
-0.02099609375,
-0.0498046875,
-0.026123046875,
-0.0211181640625,
0.01141357421875,
0.017578125,
-0.058837890625,
-0.01287841796875,
0.0025634765625,
-0.026123046875,
0.037109375,
0.00482177734375,
0.0712890625,
0.02587890625,
-0.04833984375,
0.01373291015625,
-0.01202392578125,
0.014892578125,
-0.049560546875,
0.026611328125,
0.0164794921875,
-0.031005859375,
-0.04443359375,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.0004253387451171875,
0.01904296875,
-0.06201171875,
-0.02294921875,
0.0283203125,
0.02001953125,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.001708984375,
-0.0084228515625,
0.0458984375,
0.00274658203125,
0.006561279296875,
0.00390625,
0.0050048828125,
0.0203857421875,
0.0186767578125,
0.03857421875,
0.001953125,
0.007293701171875,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.064453125,
-0.0380859375,
-0.022216796875,
-0.060791015625,
-0.00909423828125,
0.03369140625,
0.006927490234375,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.03173828125,
0.005859375,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.0546875,
-0.021240234375,
-0.0045166015625,
-0.0267333984375,
0.01806640625,
0.0306396484375,
-0.03662109375,
0.267578125,
0.0048828125,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.001922607421875,
-0.01123046875,
0.039794921875,
0.037109375,
0.0245361328125,
-0.043212890625,
-0.006317138671875,
-0.029541015625,
0.001678466796875,
0.038818359375,
0.009033203125,
0.01385498046875,
0.0260009765625,
-0.05224609375,
0.0194091796875,
0.0228271484375,
-0.019775390625,
-0.0035400390625,
-0.00160980224609375,
0.002471923828125,
0.06591796875,
0.049560546875,
-0.003387451171875,
-0.00311279296875,
-0.052001953125,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.02880859375,
0.015380859375,
-0.018798828125,
0.039794921875,
-0.0537109375,
-0.043701171875,
0.02294921875,
-0.00124359130859375,
0.00872802734375,
0.044189453125,
0.0260009765625,
0.0118408203125,
0.0291748046875,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.0233154296875,
0.00341796875,
0.007049560546875,
-0.0130615234375,
0.068359375,
0.0791015625,
-0.041015625,
0.01300048828125,
0.013427734375,
0.041015625,
-0.01043701171875,
0.022216796875,
0.0517578125,
0.02099609375,
-0.010498046875,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.0260009765625,
0.024658203125,
-0.00958251953125,
0.01708984375,
0.03662109375,
0.01092529296875,
0.02880859375,
0.076171875,
0.0247802734375,
-0.033447265625,
0.00152587890625,
0.0036468505859375,
0.0096435546875,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.03125,
0.026123046875,
0.0198974609375,
0.027099609375,
0.04736328125,
0.03564453125,
0.00201416015625,
-0.0030059814453125,
-0.04833984375,
0.006317138671875,
0.0198974609375,
0.025390625,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.00927734375,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.023681640625,
-0.010498046875,
-0.0283203125,
-0.006378173828125,
-0.01531982421875,
0.0257568359375
] |
Bushnell, J.
Plaintiffs Charles Helin and Lempi Helin,-his wife, reside in the village of Grosse Pointe Park and are the owners of lots 23 and 24, Windmill' Pointe subdivision of private claim 696, and part of private claims 126 and 127, 379 and 570. The Helins purchased this property on land contract from the State land office board in 1945 for $40,000. It is adjacent to that involved in Moran v. Grosse Pointe Township, 317 Mich -248, and has a 200-foot frontage on Lake St. Clair and a depth of 400 feet. A 55 x 105-foot mansion-type stone dwelling and a 4-car garage with 5 rooms on its second floor are located on the property. The house has 7 rooms and 2 lavatories on the first floor; 8 bedrooms and 6 bathrooms on second floor; and 5 rooms and 2 bathrooms on third floor. It was built in 1924 at a cost of $250,000. The original owner paid about $50,000 for the land.
In 1943, when it was assessed at about $135,000 the then owner permitted his title to revert to the State for the nonpayment of approximately $15,000 accumulated taxes. There were no bids at the public auction, held under section 7 of the State land office board act (PA 1937, No 155, as amended [CL 1948, § 211.351 et seq. (Stat Ann 1950 Rev § 7.951 et seq.)]).
The property was appraised at $60,000 on November 6, 1944, under the authority of section 8 of the act (CL 1948, § 211.358 [Stat Ann 1950 Rev § 7.958]). No offers were received, although it was advertised and listed with brokers. On April 23, 1945, Helin made an offer of $35,000, which was not accepted. The property was thereafter reappraised at $40,000, and again offered for sale. On May 16th the State-accepted Helin’s offer in this amount.
The proceeds, less commissions, were distributed, 23.58 per cent, of which went to the treasurer of defendant township. Thereafter, defendant township placed the property on the tax rolls at a.n assessed valuation of $133,270. Helin made timely protest, was accorded a hearing before the board of review and, upon receiving no relief, appealed to the State tax commission. On November 4,1947, the commission reduced the assessed valuation to $123,-770. The adjusted tax of $2,894.98 was paid under protest and suit was brought to recover claimed excess taxes.
Trial by jury was waived. The trial judge held that the fair cash value of the property, as of the date of assessment, was not more than $50,000, and that plaintiff was entitled to recover payments on the assessed value in excess of $50,000.
Defendant township appealed from a judgment in the sum of $1,879.34. Plaintiffs took a cross appeal on the ground that the court erred in failing to render judgment for the entire amount of the 1947 taxes paid under protest.
Appellants’ statement of questions involved is directed to the trial court’s denial of their motion to dismiss, claimed improper admission of certain testimony, denial of a motion to strike such testimony, and the establishment by the trial court of its own valuation of the property in question and the rendering of a judgment based thereon.
Plaintiffs and cross-appellants claim discrimination because other property in the taxing district was assessed at less than 50 per cent, of its cash value. They argued that a valuation of their property, based entirely upon cost of reproduction less depreciation and obsolescence, resulted in this instance in an assessment so excessive and constructively fraudulent as to make it illegal. They also urge that they are entitled to judicial remedy after exhausting all administrative remedies, that there was no error in the admission of testimony, and that the judgment, if not proper, should be increased to include the full amount of the taxes paid. The county of Wayne and city of Detroit were granted leave to file a brief amici curiae.
The testimony indicates that the area in which the property is located is the most highly restricted in the community, and that homes of this type, although at one time quite desirable, are no longer being built and are generally considered to be presently unsalable. Helin testified that, because of the expense of upkeep, he is only able to use 8 or 10 rooms, and that these cost $250 per month to heat.
The former owner, Herbert V. Book, testified that he was unable to obtain any tax relief and made every effort to sell his property. He let it go to tax sale in 1943 because he could not obtain anything for his equity, although the property was free and clear of incumbrances, except the unpaid taxes.
The record contains exhibits in tabulated and chart form, prepared by a broker who sold 184 parcels in the area between July, 1944, and May, 1946. They show the relationship between sale.prices and assessed valuations of these parcels. These exhibits indicate that in the 4 municipalities in Grosse Pointe township, i.e., Grosse Pointe Park, Grosse Pointe Farms, Grosse Pointe Shores, and Grosse Pointe Woods, the assessed valuations of improved property averaged only 52 per cent, of their sales prices. The testimony of another broker, who sold 26 parcels in 1947, indicates that the assessed valuations of those parcels averaged 38.6 per cent, of sales prices.
An appraiser for the State land office board testified that on November 6, 1944, when he appraised the property at $60,000, he had in mind .the statute relating to tax scavenger sales, which required such appraisal to be at the highest price obtainable. When he learned that neither the board nor its agents were able to sell the property at this price, he subsequently appraised it at $40,000. believing that to be the highest price then obtainable.
In support of its assessed valuation, defendant township produced the testimony of Albert E. Champney, director of the Wayne county bureau of taxation. Champney testified that all of the townships in the county of Wayne employ the basic method of assessment that the bureau had established and recommended, with some variations in its application in various areas. These are adjusted through an equalization process by the county board of supervisors.
The system employed is based upon a land value map for each district. The assessing officer arrives at his judgment of the unit values of land for each area, with allowances for depth and variations in size. Champney stated that the assessment level in Crosse Pointe township is at present 20 per cent, below the equalization level applied in the county of Wayne.
The system provides for division of structures into various classes, with a separate class for mansion-type houses. Various factors are used for differences in area, number of stories, and type of construction. The schedule developed in the years 1936 to 1939, as applied to mansion-type homes, includes a substantial allowance for obsolescence. It reflects about 50 per cent, of the reproduction cost from 1936 to 1939. In addition, an obsolescence formula, devised by the Michigan State tax commission, is applied to residential luxury-type homes. This, he explained, is a formula which contemplates an increased rate of obsolescence, depending upon total value, and ranges from 10 to 50 per cent. Based upon the original construction cost of $250,000 in 1924 and 1925, this formula produced a total reproduction cost of $113,814 for the buildings before depreciation. Champney added that the assessment made by the township supervisor was exactly the amount that the bureau recommended in 1947.
James McMahon, an examiner for the State tax commission, testified that, in reassessing this property, he recommended a land value of $51,330 and a building value of $72,440, which totaled $9,500 less than the township valuation. This reduction in building value was the result of an increase in the obsolescence factor. He stated that the formula used for mansion-type buildings is uniformly applied by the commission to all appeals of this type from Wayne county. He admitted that the problem is difficult because “sales of so-called mansion-type property do not always reflect the true cash value of those properties.” McMahon estimated that construction costs in 1949 were double those of 1924 to 1925, and, if applied to the Helin property, this would result in a reproduction cost of $600,000 to $650,000.
As stated in Moran v. Grosse Points Township, 317 Mich 248, 254, the words “cash value” as defined by CL 1929, § 3415 (CL 1948, § 211.27 [Stat Ann 1950 Rev § 7.27]), is the usual selling price that conld be obtained at the time of assessment, but not the price that could be obtained at a forced or auction sale. See, also, Twenty-Two Charlotte, Inc., v. City of Detroit, 294 Mich 275, 283.
The Moran Case contains a discussion of some of the phases of the problem presented by the instant appeal. Decision there would control here were it hot for the fact that the Moran Case was not one where the protesting taxpayer purchased property from the State land office board after it had been appraised by that State agency. We also note the following at page 253 in the Moran Case:
“At the trial of the case, attorney for plaintiff in his opening address made similar charges as heretofore stated, but when pressed for an answer as to whether there was any fraud in the actions of the board of review or the State tax commission, his answer was in the negative, qualified, however, by the statement that it was fraud to the extent that the respective bodies followed the result arrived at by the supervisor and so vehemently denounced by plaintiff. The trial court after carefully considering the charges in the declaration as amplified by counsel’s opening statement entered an order of dismissal.”
Later in the opinion at page 256 appears this statement:
“The other action of the supervisor complained of is that other property in the township not having the advantage of fronting on the lake shore was underassessed. Plaintiff claims that this resulted in illegal discrimination. We have not the facts before us. Plaintiff conceded that neither the board of review nor the board of State tax commissioners acted fraudulently. In fact, she concedes that the latter body at some time had recommended a reduction and the recommendation was carried out by the supervisor. * * *
“In the absence of fraud, the determination of the State tax commission was final.”
However, in the matter now before us plaintiffs have never receded from their original position— that the action of the taxing authorities, based upon a wrong principle, resulted, in an “excessive and constructively fraudulent” assessment.
Appellees argue that the State land office board acts as the agent of the taxing units for the purpose of obtaining the highest price out of which such taxing units could recover the delinquent taxes in whole or in part. The conclusion is drawn that, since the township did not object to the price at which the board proposed to sell the property, the board’s determination that $40,000 was the true cash value of the property thus became binding upon the township.
No authority is cited in support of this proposition. It was foreshadowed in School District No. 8 of the Township of Ecorse v. State Land Office Board, 313 Mich 560, 566. There, the argument was made that in Baker v. State Land Office Board, 294 Mich 587, this Court held that the State became the absolute owner. The Court, however, said that the Baker Case “dealt solely with the rights of former owners and delinquent taxpayers. Those of taxing units, as here presented, have not as yet been adjudicated.” We held that the State land office board act did not change the rule in Alcona County Board of Supervisors v. Auditor General, 136 Mich 130, that “the whole theory of the taxing laws is to vest the title in the State, as between itself and the original owner, but for the State, county, and township, in proportion to the several taxes due to each.”
This accepted rule requires the conclusion that when the State land office board appraised and sold the property in question for $40,000, it was, as required by statute, sold “to the best advantage.” (Section 8, State land office board act.) The State land office board thus acted as an agent for the township to the extent of 23.58 per cent, of the purchase price. The township cannot be heárd to deny the fact that this was a fair cash value.
All of the circumstances leading up to this sale indicate that there was no demand for this type of property. It was a drug on the market, and more or less unsalable.
The testimony regarding sales of homes comparable to the Helin property in the vicinity can be briefly summarized as follows:
The Oscar Webber home, said to be larger and more valuable, was sold in 1949 for $45,000. Its reproduction cost was estimated at over $200,000. The Osins home, smaller, more desirable and better located, was listed with brokers for 10 or 15 years, and finally sold in September of 1946 for $24,500. Tbe Zimmer home, more modern, and in a better location, was sold in 1942 or 1944 for $40,000. The Hiram Walker home, said to be one of the finest along the lake shore, which could not be duplicated today for $300,000, was sold for $22,000. The Rankin Peck property, located on the lake shore east of the Grrosse Pointe Yacht Club, with a frontage of 420 feet on the lake (more than twice the frontage of the Helin property) was sold in 1942 for $38,000. The Ross Judson property, originally costing-$425,000, was sold for $75,000. The Fred Ford property was offered in 1941 and 1942 at $50,000, but attracted no buyers. The Alger home, which is said to be located on the finest lake frontage in the township, was offered in 1948 for $25,000, more than the value of the land. The Howard Palmer home originally cost $160,000, was offered for sale in 1942 for $20,000, and subsequently sold for $14,000. The E. L. Ford home, larger than the Helin house, with land 41 times deeper and 11 times more lake frontage, was demolished in 1942, though still serviceable, it having been previously sold for $30,000. The Doris McMillan-Pitman home was offered for sale for a long period and eventually was demolished. The Sheldon home, larger than the Helin’s, was offered .for $30,000, and finally demolished to avoid taxes on the building.
“A valuation is necessarily fraudulent where it is so unreasonable that the assessor must have known that it was wrong. If the valuation is purposely made too high through prejudice or a reckless disregard of duty in opposition to what must necessarily be the judgment of all competent persons, or through the adoption of a rule which is designed to operate unequally upon a class and to violate the constitutional rule of uniformity, the case is a plain one for the equitable remedy by injunction.” 4 Cooley oil Taxation (4th ed), § 1645.
Intentional- overassessment is fraud. Sloman-Polk Co. v. City of Detroit, 261 Mich 689 (87 ALR 1294). In the eyes of the law an assessment at variance with undisputed facts is a fraud upon the rights of the taxpayer. S. S. Kresge Co. v. City of Detroit, 276 Mich 565, 571 (107 ALR 1258).
The use of a method of valuation which does not determine true cash values is fraud in law. Newport Mining Co. v. City of Ironwood, 185 Mich 668.
An examination of the testimony and the exhibits in support thereof requires the conclusion that plaintiffs’ property. was not assessed at its true cash value.
An assessment against lands for taxation may be assailed in court if it can be shown that the supervisor or board of review acted fraudulently. City of Birmingham, v. Oakland County Supervisors, 276 Mich 1.
Courts have jurisdiction to relieve the burden of such oppression. Twenty-Two Charlotte, Inc., v. City of Detroit, 294 Mich 275, 282.
The property in question is restricted to use for a single residence. It may not be used for an apartment house, multiple residence,'or institutional purposes. Taxes, heating, repairs and upkeep, and the large amount of help required to properly maintain it, make the cost of living in such a home prohibitive, except possibly for a very limited number of people. As the record shows, some of the owners of similar homes in the subdivision have either torn down the houses or permitted them to be sold for taxes, or sold them for but a small fraction of their original cost. The restrictions mentioned are largely responsible for the destruction of the larger part of the value of the property and should result in a very material reduction in assessments if they are to be made in a legal manner. The present action, however, is based on what amounts in law to a fraudulent assessment.
The trial judge substituted his judgment for that of the taxing authorities in arriving at a valuation of $50,000.
“Courts cannot substitute their judgment as to the valuation of property for the judgment of the duly constituted tax authorities.” S. S. Kresge Co. v. City of Detroit, supra, 572.
In the light of the factual recitals in this opinion and the law applicable thereto, as herein stated, the trial judge did not err in denying defendants’ motions to dismiss. Nor did he err in overruling the objections to the admissibility of evidence relating to the purchase price of the property and its appraisal by the State land office board, the adoption of a claimed wrong principle of assessment, and that tending to show discrimination or fraud.
The judgment entered for the difference between the tax paid and the rate computed on a valuation of $50,000 must be vacated and one entered for the entire amount of the protested tax paid, without prejudice to a proper reassessment.
The judgment is vacated and the cause is remanded for the entry of a judgment in accordance with this opinion. Costs to appellees.
Reid, C. J., and Boyles, North, Dethmers, Butzel, Carr, and Sharpe, JJ., concurred. | [
-0.0113525390625,
0.046630859375,
0.00787353515625,
0.006439208984375,
-0.048583984375,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.037353515625,
0.018310546875,
0.007080078125,
0.005706787109375,
0.02734375,
-0.02587890625,
0.02685546875,
0.00396728515625,
-0.005615234375,
-0.002044677734375,
-0.0361328125,
-0.000888824462890625,
-0.0263671875,
0.025634765625,
0.0014801025390625,
-0.015869140625,
-0.0390625,
-0.01953125,
-0.01141357421875,
0.00836181640625,
0.0062255859375,
0.000293731689453125,
0.052001953125,
0.019287109375,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.0361328125,
0.000438690185546875,
-0.016845703125,
-0.009033203125,
0.005035400390625,
0.047607421875,
-0.072265625,
-0.0184326171875,
0.00506591796875,
-0.000667572021484375,
0.0225830078125,
0.032958984375,
-0.0380859375,
-0.01806640625,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.02197265625,
0.01287841796875,
-0.03173828125,
0.0034332275390625,
-0.0005340576171875,
0.04052734375,
-0.0225830078125,
0.00171661376953125,
-0.05224609375,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0169677734375,
0.0284423828125,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.0233154296875,
0.026611328125,
-0.0341796875,
0.0458984375,
0.040771484375,
0.0169677734375,
-0.006591796875,
0.00098419189453125,
-0.05908203125,
0.0054931640625,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.0211181640625,
0.0064697265625,
0.015869140625,
0.0211181640625,
-0.0166015625,
0.006805419921875,
-0.00087738037109375,
0.0013580322265625,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.020263671875,
0.06982421875,
-0.01904296875,
-0.045166015625,
0.0022430419921875,
0.022216796875,
0.0277099609375,
0.0299072265625,
0.032958984375,
-0.028564453125,
0.034423828125,
-0.0257568359375,
0.037109375,
0.045166015625,
0.034912109375,
-0.033935546875,
0.011474609375,
0.0279541015625,
-0.026611328125,
0.0157470703125,
0.0498046875,
-0.013671875,
0.0498046875,
-0.021728515625,
0.031982421875,
-0.031494140625,
0.0218505859375,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.000728607177734375,
0.000576019287109375,
-0.0341796875,
0.05078125,
-0.022216796875,
-0.010009765625,
0.01080322265625,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0019378662109375,
-0.01361083984375,
0.0086669921875,
0.039306640625,
-0.0230712890625,
0.0546875,
-0.009033203125,
0.0296630859375,
0.00177001953125,
-0.0048828125,
0.05419921875,
-0.036865234375,
0.01361083984375,
0.038818359375,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.007415771484375,
0.0028533935546875,
0.003387451171875,
0.022705078125,
0.000507354736328125,
-0.0001735687255859375,
0.06494140625,
-0.0052490234375,
0.0196533203125,
0.007293701171875,
-0.00250244140625,
0.041015625,
0.0264892578125,
0.0255126953125,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.02294921875,
-0.034423828125,
-0.07421875,
-0.028076171875,
0.045654296875,
0.025390625,
0.062255859375,
0.001617431640625,
0.0186767578125,
-0.02783203125,
0.025146484375,
0.0042724609375,
-0.043212890625,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.0220947265625,
0.01507568359375,
-0.036865234375,
0.00421142578125,
0.01324462890625,
0.042236328125,
-0.07421875,
0.00153350830078125,
0.051513671875,
0.006317138671875,
-0.0322265625,
-0.038330078125,
0.048583984375,
-0.01116943359375,
0.08544921875,
0.01458740234375,
0.006866455078125,
0.02685546875,
0.0015716552734375,
-0.02294921875,
0.054931640625,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.030517578125,
-0.026123046875,
0.03515625,
-0.04052734375,
-0.02685546875,
-0.04150390625,
0.03857421875,
-0.041015625,
-0.0400390625,
0.0172119140625,
-0.018798828125,
0.050048828125,
-0.031494140625,
-0.00238037109375,
-0.00090789794921875,
-0.020751953125,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.0272216796875,
0.00701904296875,
0.031982421875,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.06396484375,
0.058349609375,
0.0257568359375,
-0.0250244140625,
0.0120849609375,
-0.00335693359375,
-0.00628662109375,
-0.00408935546875,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.00933837890625,
0.05810546875,
-0.00860595703125,
0.037109375,
-0.00836181640625,
0.002838134765625,
0.034912109375,
0.00823974609375,
-0.017578125,
0.050048828125,
-0.011962890625,
-0.01190185546875,
0.052734375,
-0.006103515625,
0.0133056640625,
0.00154876708984375,
-0.01025390625,
0.000446319580078125,
0.024658203125,
0.07080078125,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.02392578125,
0.0283203125,
0.03271484375,
-0.0084228515625,
0.010009765625,
-0.0291748046875,
0.00148773193359375,
0.041259765625,
0.00360107421875,
-0.007354736328125,
0.035400390625,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.019775390625,
-0.0211181640625,
0.0380859375,
-0.0233154296875,
0.043212890625,
-0.03271484375,
0.0025634765625,
0.015625,
0.00860595703125,
0.0439453125,
-0.01318359375,
-0.0185546875,
-0.02197265625,
0.0400390625,
-0.00136566162109375,
-0.0419921875,
-0.013671875,
0.002960205078125,
0.0036773681640625,
0.05517578125,
-0.020263671875,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.0262451171875,
0.0059814453125,
-0.0284423828125,
0.007049560546875,
-0.05029296875,
-0.046142578125,
0.0269775390625,
-0.04541015625,
0.05810546875,
0.0093994140625,
0.0067138671875,
-0.0311279296875,
-0.0037841796875,
0.01123046875,
0.02490234375,
0.0279541015625,
-0.0380859375,
0.01177978515625,
-0.015869140625,
0.0174560546875,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.01025390625,
-0.01904296875,
0.00182342529296875,
0.0289306640625,
-0.038818359375,
0.00738525390625,
-0.060302734375,
0.00787353515625,
-0.005218505859375,
-0.046630859375,
0.006256103515625,
0.0277099609375,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.008544921875,
0.000888824462890625,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.0245361328125,
0.038818359375,
0.0322265625,
-0.004852294921875,
0.02197265625,
0.0213623046875,
0.037109375,
-0.037841796875,
0.0830078125,
-0.00262451171875,
0.014892578125,
-0.024169921875,
-0.0247802734375,
0.01226806640625,
-0.018310546875,
-0.050048828125,
0.007720947265625,
0.02783203125,
0.013427734375,
0.0186767578125,
-0.05615234375,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.03955078125,
-0.02294921875,
-0.039306640625,
0.01953125,
0.01806640625,
-0.032958984375,
0.01031494140625,
0.0062255859375,
-0.04296875,
0.005523681640625,
0.0211181640625,
0.0311279296875,
-0.00836181640625,
0.02099609375,
0.00811767578125,
0.00811767578125,
0.0556640625,
-0.006622314453125,
0.0018768310546875,
-0.00159454345703125,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.005218505859375,
0.01385498046875,
0.0032958984375,
0.01019287109375,
0.0244140625,
-0.002410888671875,
-0.00153350830078125,
0.028564453125,
0.0517578125,
0.055419921875,
-0.0264892578125,
0.0028533935546875,
-0.07080078125,
-0.054443359375,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.041748046875,
0.047119140625,
-0.003143310546875,
0.060546875,
0.07861328125,
-0.0174560546875,
0.049072265625,
-0.02490234375,
-0.04248046875,
0.032470703125,
-0.00133514404296875,
-0.01031494140625,
0.05078125,
0.043212890625,
-0.0087890625,
-0.002166748046875,
0.044921875,
0.001068115234375,
0.01806640625,
-0.01324462890625,
0.01544189453125,
-0.016357421875,
0.03369140625,
0.00604248046875,
-0.057861328125,
0.03662109375,
-0.00194549560546875,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.038330078125,
0.0203857421875,
0.01226806640625,
0.0096435546875,
-0.000492095947265625,
0.0693359375,
-0.0057373046875,
0.004180908203125,
0.046630859375,
-0.05859375,
-0.02880859375,
-0.033447265625,
0.04833984375,
-0.00531005859375,
0.0030364990234375,
-0.006072998046875,
-0.00872802734375,
0.022705078125,
0.00970458984375,
0.01556396484375,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.0228271484375,
0.040283203125,
0.02490234375,
0.005950927734375,
-0.0159912109375,
0.0184326171875,
0.04150390625,
0.037109375,
0.0380859375,
-0.02685546875,
0.02001953125,
-0.041748046875,
0.0019683837890625,
0.04443359375,
-0.005401611328125,
-0.0032958984375,
0.01416015625,
-0.025634765625,
0.00194549560546875,
0.045654296875,
0.017333984375,
-0.007293701171875,
-0.025390625,
-0.00970458984375,
0.005126953125,
0.06298828125,
-0.000591278076171875,
-0.0281982421875,
0.002197265625,
-0.017578125,
0.006744384765625,
0.029541015625,
-0.00482177734375,
0.0184326171875,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.01153564453125,
0.0361328125,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.046630859375,
-0.0224609375,
0.049560546875,
-0.08056640625,
0.054931640625,
-0.0322265625,
0.030517578125,
0.023681640625,
0.01300048828125,
-0.048583984375,
-0.034423828125,
0.0191650390625,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.0201416015625,
0.037109375,
-0.0028228759765625,
-0.0167236328125,
0.05126953125,
0.004119873046875,
-0.042724609375,
0.04833984375,
0.0128173828125,
0.0361328125,
0.014892578125,
-0.00787353515625,
0.0267333984375,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.0390625,
0.004241943359375,
-0.04541015625,
-0.04931640625,
-0.03271484375,
0.01092529296875,
-0.02783203125,
0.01025390625,
0.053466796875,
0.00787353515625,
0.034912109375,
-0.031982421875,
0.01416015625,
-0.0062255859375,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.0201416015625,
0.04345703125,
-0.0125732421875,
0.0037994384765625,
-0.0174560546875,
0.027587890625,
0.0255126953125,
-0.029296875,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.0308837890625,
0.001007080078125,
-0.023193359375,
0.0634765625,
0.0023956298828125,
0.00118255615234375,
-0.0223388671875,
0.019287109375,
0.0081787109375,
-0.00274658203125,
0.048583984375,
0.00141143798828125,
0.04541015625,
0.045654296875,
0.0126953125,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.0084228515625,
0.017333984375,
-0.01373291015625,
0.030029296875,
0.028076171875,
-0.02490234375,
-0.056884765625,
-0.056396484375,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.041015625,
-0.0498046875,
-0.01513671875,
-0.009033203125,
-0.038818359375,
0.0546875,
-0.0018463134765625,
-0.00787353515625,
0.023193359375,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0159912109375,
-0.006103515625,
-0.0107421875,
-0.032958984375,
0.00457763671875,
-0.03955078125,
0.020263671875,
0.062255859375,
-0.0023345947265625,
0.00933837890625,
-0.07080078125,
0.0030975341796875,
-0.00701904296875,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.03662109375,
-0.028564453125,
-0.0283203125,
0.00372314453125,
0.031982421875,
-0.022216796875,
0.0230712890625,
0.00103759765625,
0.01312255859375,
0.041748046875,
-0.05712890625,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.07861328125,
0.0189208984375,
-0.016845703125,
-0.028564453125,
-0.008544921875,
0.046630859375,
-0.045166015625,
0.0311279296875,
-0.0302734375,
-0.019775390625,
-0.049560546875,
-0.051513671875,
0.038818359375,
-0.00012493133544921875,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.006561279296875,
-0.05029296875,
0.0517578125,
-0.031982421875,
0.04638671875,
0.06298828125,
-0.002685546875,
0.01708984375,
-0.035400390625,
-0.006805419921875,
0.0264892578125,
-0.035888671875,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.00714111328125,
-0.04638671875,
-0.00762939453125,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.062255859375,
-0.0311279296875,
-0.01287841796875,
0.0194091796875,
-0.02001953125,
0.01544189453125,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.04541015625,
-0.0216064453125,
0.04052734375,
0.0186767578125,
0.0203857421875,
0.06640625,
-0.005889892578125,
-0.024169921875,
0.0322265625,
0.06298828125,
-0.00128936767578125,
-0.07373046875,
0.0419921875,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.0198974609375,
0.025634765625,
0.0191650390625,
-0.06884765625,
0.01141357421875,
0.0263671875,
-0.055419921875,
0.0034942626953125,
-0.0498046875,
0.00750732421875,
0.04052734375,
-0.01129150390625,
0.0380859375,
0.0128173828125,
0.0262451171875,
0.0264892578125,
-0.005950927734375,
0.0142822265625,
-0.029052734375,
-0.00958251953125,
0.0130615234375,
-0.026123046875,
-0.043701171875,
-0.0341796875,
-0.00013828277587890625,
-0.00927734375,
-0.0213623046875,
0.00118255615234375,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.03076171875,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.0211181640625,
0.068359375,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.019287109375,
0.0223388671875,
0.01025390625,
-0.062255859375,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.041015625,
0.03564453125,
-0.00640869140625,
-0.046630859375,
-0.0218505859375,
0.01556396484375,
-0.0120849609375,
0.05810546875,
-0.0478515625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.00101470947265625,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0072021484375,
-0.0042724609375,
0.0023651123046875,
0.000957489013671875,
-0.0400390625,
-0.06494140625,
0.001434326171875,
0.04931640625,
-0.00154876708984375,
0.072265625,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.0191650390625,
0.00054168701171875,
-0.043701171875,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.0220947265625,
0.014892578125,
0.00531005859375,
-0.013427734375,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.00592041015625,
0.00128173828125,
-0.04296875,
0.014404296875,
-0.0228271484375,
0.01129150390625,
0.0115966796875,
-0.0091552734375,
0.0017547607421875,
0.0218505859375,
0.01373291015625,
0.0244140625,
-0.0537109375,
0.0634765625,
0.039794921875,
-0.018310546875,
-0.0244140625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.049072265625,
-0.04248046875,
-0.009765625,
-0.0030517578125,
0.00135040283203125,
0.04638671875,
0.0296630859375,
-0.004486083984375,
-0.03466796875,
0.01220703125,
0.03076171875,
-0.03466796875,
0.01190185546875,
-0.0322265625,
-0.00189208984375,
0.01373291015625,
0.0289306640625,
0.003997802734375,
-0.013427734375,
0.03271484375,
-0.008056640625,
0.0225830078125,
0.0037841796875,
0.0079345703125,
0.0257568359375,
0.0135498046875,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.044189453125,
-0.043212890625,
-0.004150390625,
0.0269775390625,
0.031982421875,
-0.056884765625,
0.0274658203125,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.06591796875,
0.05712890625,
-0.032470703125,
-0.033935546875,
0.035888671875,
-0.017578125,
0.01470947265625,
-0.0123291015625,
0.00946044921875,
0.0302734375,
0.033935546875,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.000701904296875,
0.01556396484375,
0.01318359375,
0.033203125,
0.0260009765625,
-0.044921875,
0.01031494140625,
0.0341796875,
-0.0625,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.0257568359375,
0.0274658203125,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.0244140625,
-0.000438690185546875,
-0.06640625,
-0.076171875,
0.042236328125,
-0.01141357421875,
0.0011444091796875,
-0.005615234375,
-0.00579833984375,
-0.05419921875,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.00390625,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.015869140625,
-0.076171875,
0.00017452239990234375,
0.00714111328125,
0.0264892578125,
0.005767822265625,
0.0341796875,
0.00872802734375,
0.0048828125,
-0.0419921875,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.01708984375,
0.047607421875,
0.0732421875,
0.0091552734375,
0.0238037109375,
0.00408935546875,
0.0272216796875,
0.038330078125,
0.0107421875,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0174560546875,
0.0262451171875,
-0.06884765625,
-0.0223388671875,
0.035400390625,
0.0244140625,
0.005645751953125,
0.0252685546875,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.032958984375,
-0.00634765625,
-0.0164794921875,
0.0189208984375,
0.00604248046875,
0.0255126953125,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.0233154296875,
0.019287109375,
0.00830078125,
0.0208740234375,
0.0126953125,
0.022705078125,
0.033203125,
0.023193359375,
0.01409912109375,
0.00836181640625,
0.0101318359375,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.0050048828125,
-0.005706787109375,
0.0303955078125,
-0.03369140625,
-0.01116943359375,
0.0263671875,
0.005218505859375,
-0.00102996826171875,
0.011962890625,
-0.034912109375,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0283203125,
-0.017822265625,
0.05908203125,
-0.025390625,
-0.009521484375,
0.0322265625,
0.01226806640625,
-0.037353515625,
0.031982421875,
0.029541015625,
0.01904296875,
-0.0255126953125,
0.0233154296875,
0.004852294921875,
0.0093994140625,
0.06103515625,
-0.054931640625,
0.045654296875,
-0.017333984375,
-0.050048828125,
-0.00323486328125,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.04150390625,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.0027008056640625,
0.0322265625,
0.021728515625,
-0.037841796875,
-0.016845703125,
0.001556396484375,
-0.03515625,
0.0111083984375,
0.02880859375,
0.055908203125,
-0.034423828125,
-0.036865234375,
-0.006134033203125,
0.00958251953125,
-0.0030364990234375,
-0.0595703125,
0.04541015625,
0.020263671875,
-0.03857421875,
-0.02587890625,
-0.03857421875,
0.00153350830078125,
0.0208740234375,
-0.04833984375,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.01104736328125,
0.016845703125,
-0.016357421875,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.002838134765625,
-0.0177001953125,
0.02490234375,
0.0595703125,
0.038330078125,
0.00157928466796875,
-0.01263427734375,
0.003448486328125,
0.0126953125,
0.0306396484375,
0.020263671875,
0.00347900390625,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.043701171875,
-0.01708984375,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0732421875,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.01361083984375,
0.0045166015625,
0.0108642578125,
-0.029296875,
0.02197265625,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.0322265625,
0.00445556640625,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.0037994384765625,
0.0118408203125,
-0.068359375,
0.2890625,
0.033447265625,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.0233154296875,
0.007659912109375,
0.055908203125,
0.0245361328125,
0.04248046875,
-0.019775390625,
0.013427734375,
-0.0208740234375,
0.007568359375,
0.00103759765625,
-0.022216796875,
0.0159912109375,
0.040771484375,
-0.00064849853515625,
0.030517578125,
0.0223388671875,
-0.0235595703125,
0.0164794921875,
0.0208740234375,
-0.0003185272216796875,
0.07421875,
0.03466796875,
-0.0015869140625,
0.003082275390625,
-0.078125,
-0.06103515625,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.052734375,
0.0186767578125,
-0.05615234375,
-0.02734375,
0.042724609375,
-0.00634765625,
-0.01055908203125,
0.0216064453125,
0.041015625,
0.01007080078125,
0.01104736328125,
-0.01531982421875,
-0.005828857421875,
-0.0203857421875,
0.004180908203125,
-0.0439453125,
0.0390625,
0.08544921875,
-0.0054931640625,
0.01055908203125,
0.022216796875,
0.0322265625,
0.005889892578125,
0.001129150390625,
0.051513671875,
0.01214599609375,
0.00494384765625,
-0.02734375,
-0.02685546875,
0.009521484375,
-0.0103759765625,
0.0111083984375,
0.036865234375,
-0.0257568359375,
0.04345703125,
0.0185546875,
0.01495361328125,
-0.028564453125,
0.000286102294921875,
-0.00165557861328125,
0.02197265625,
0.0022125244140625,
-0.019287109375,
0.01373291015625,
0.017578125,
-0.0238037109375,
0.037109375,
0.006134033203125,
-0.0159912109375,
0.006500244140625,
-0.05078125,
0.016357421875,
0.0245361328125,
0.005950927734375,
0.00775146484375,
-0.044921875,
-0.01611328125,
0.004150390625,
-0.0033721923828125,
-0.007720947265625,
0.0118408203125,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.0086669921875,
0.0206298828125
] |
Dethmebs, C. J.
Plaintiff was granted a decree-of divorce in February of 1947 awarding her custody of the parties’ 12-year-old son. For his support and maintenance defendant was required to pay $100 per month until the further order of the court. Defendant made such payments until December 26, 1951, when the son became 17 years of age, since-which time defendant has paid nothing. In April of 1952 plaintiff filed a petition for modification of the decree to require defendant to continue the-$100 monthly payments until the son shall have-finished his education. The petition alleged that the son was 17 years of age, an honor student in-his second semester in the eleventh grade in high school, that he would be eligible to enter and that he planned to attend the University of Michigan after-high school graduation. Defendant answered, admitting those allegations and further alleging that he-had fostered and encouraged the son’s plans to attend college and that he was willing to assume the financial obligations therefor. When the petition and answer came on for hearing no proofs were offered, but counsel were heard and thereafter the court entered an order requiring defendant to continue-the monthly payments from the date of the son’s-17th birthday until he completes his high school education on June 1, 1953, or until the further order of the court. Defendant appeals.
Defendant contends that the court’s only authority for requiring him to continue payments for maintenance of the son after age 17 is to be found in CL 1948, § 552.17a (Stat Ann 1951 Cum Supp- § 25.97[1]), and that, no proofs having been offered by plaintiff, she has failed to establish the existence-of the “exceptional circumstances” required by that statute to be shown as a prerequisite to the court’s: exercise of that power. The statute reads as follows :
“The court shall have jurisdiction in making such order or decree relative to the minor children of such parties as authorized in this chapter to award custody thereof to one of the parties or a third person until such children attain the age of 17 years and may require' the husband to pay such allowance as may be deemed proper for their support until they respectively attain that age and may in its discretion in case of exceptional circumstances requiring the same, require payment of such allowance' for any such child after he attains that age.”
The effect of our holding in Titus v. Titus, 311 Mich 434, was that a showing that a 20-year-old daughter had finished high school and desired to receive a college education, and that her mother approved thereof, constituted a sufficient showing of “exceptional circumstances,” under the statute, to warrant an order of the court requiring the husband to make payments for the maintenance of the daughter after age 17, to finance her education. The facts in the instant case, as disclosed by the allegations of the petition admitted by the answer, fall well within the meaning of the decision in Titus. The admissions obviated the necessity for taking proofs in support of the allegations of plaintiff’s petition. Detroit Trust Co. v. Smith, 256 Mich 376.
Order amending decree affirmed, with costs to plaintiff.
Adams, Butzel, Carr, Bushnell, Sharpe, Boyles, and Reid, JJ., concurred. | [
-0.00946044921875,
-0.018798828125,
0.0272216796875,
0.05029296875,
-0.046875,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0198974609375,
0.00165557861328125,
0.035400390625,
0.01171875,
0.0223388671875,
0.034912109375,
0.003326416015625,
0.0196533203125,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.0208740234375,
0.0126953125,
-0.034912109375,
0.00054931640625,
-0.00640869140625,
0.033203125,
-0.01416015625,
-0.007568359375,
-0.00457763671875,
0.0054931640625,
0.0216064453125,
0.018310546875,
0.040771484375,
0.0380859375,
-0.04736328125,
0.0017852783203125,
-0.001708984375,
0.0096435546875,
-0.037841796875,
-0.00714111328125,
0.0615234375,
-0.0615234375,
0.0478515625,
-0.00909423828125,
0.023193359375,
-0.005584716796875,
0.044921875,
-0.017333984375,
-0.039794921875,
-0.06884765625,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0233154296875,
0.0135498046875,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.0208740234375,
0.0198974609375,
-0.0064697265625,
0.02978515625,
0.023681640625,
0.00787353515625,
-0.043212890625,
-0.006103515625,
0.0260009765625,
-0.0032501220703125,
0.004638671875,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.01239013671875,
0.00567626953125,
0.004486083984375,
0.0172119140625,
0.01373291015625,
-0.01080322265625,
0.00506591796875,
0.01214599609375,
0.005615234375,
-0.0181884765625,
0.0030364990234375,
-0.00183868408203125,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.010009765625,
0.030517578125,
0.04931640625,
0.038818359375,
-0.0003604888916015625,
0.04150390625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.0184326171875,
0.0252685546875,
0.00604248046875,
0.052490234375,
-0.020751953125,
0.03662109375,
-0.0264892578125,
0.046630859375,
-0.06396484375,
-0.0089111328125,
0.037841796875,
0.033447265625,
-0.0264892578125,
0.021728515625,
0.032958984375,
-0.042724609375,
0.00482177734375,
0.009521484375,
0.0216064453125,
0.057373046875,
-0.0068359375,
0.06787109375,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.0028228759765625,
-0.05859375,
0.0130615234375,
0.0419921875,
-0.0322265625,
0.0286865234375,
0.013671875,
-0.043701171875,
0.0260009765625,
-0.068359375,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.0517578125,
-0.03955078125,
0.0615234375,
0.002593994140625,
0.013671875,
-0.00958251953125,
0.0234375,
0.004241943359375,
-0.0274658203125,
0.010009765625,
-0.00848388671875,
0.000446319580078125,
0.003936767578125,
0.029052734375,
-0.00537109375,
0.0242919921875,
0.00396728515625,
-0.0103759765625,
0.05078125,
-0.015380859375,
0.00836181640625,
-0.021240234375,
0.0216064453125,
0.0087890625,
0.00848388671875,
0.059326171875,
0.04931640625,
0.0272216796875,
0.01019287109375,
0.00130462646484375,
-0.037841796875,
-0.03662109375,
-0.046875,
-0.00799560546875,
0.033203125,
0.040771484375,
0.03515625,
-0.0026702880859375,
0.00531005859375,
-0.046875,
0.0089111328125,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.006103515625,
0.0184326171875,
-0.0220947265625,
0.0234375,
-0.01025390625,
-0.00238037109375,
0.004913330078125,
0.038818359375,
-0.03466796875,
-0.036376953125,
0.02783203125,
0.01416015625,
-0.06982421875,
-0.042236328125,
0.036865234375,
0.0164794921875,
0.03955078125,
0.006988525390625,
-0.018798828125,
0.0029754638671875,
-0.0159912109375,
0.034423828125,
0.048583984375,
-0.015625,
0.003814697265625,
0.037109375,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.03466796875,
-0.00537109375,
-0.0059814453125,
0.003265380859375,
0.028076171875,
0.005279541015625,
0.031494140625,
-0.023681640625,
-0.00201416015625,
0.01092529296875,
0.013916015625,
-0.044921875,
0.009033203125,
0.04248046875,
0.0546875,
-0.024658203125,
-0.037109375,
0.055419921875,
0.03076171875,
-0.044677734375,
-0.00836181640625,
0.01007080078125,
0.01361083984375,
0.00640869140625,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.0186767578125,
0.00579833984375,
-0.043212890625,
0.035888671875,
-0.0286865234375,
0.0286865234375,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.00274658203125,
0.00154876708984375,
0.031005859375,
0.0035858154296875,
-0.01409912109375,
0.041259765625,
0.03759765625,
-0.03955078125,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.0091552734375,
0.01458740234375,
0.002044677734375,
0.05322265625,
0.0007476806640625,
-0.007476806640625,
0.011474609375,
0.028076171875,
-0.01129150390625,
0.02978515625,
-0.043212890625,
-0.0023651123046875,
0.026123046875,
0.00946044921875,
0.0045166015625,
0.0693359375,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.003875732421875,
0.01434326171875,
0.0194091796875,
-0.0159912109375,
0.056884765625,
-0.01495361328125,
0.0269775390625,
0.00482177734375,
0.0025177001953125,
0.0257568359375,
0.0189208984375,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.036376953125,
0.0203857421875,
0.005279541015625,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.0113525390625,
0.03662109375,
-0.0166015625,
0.060302734375,
0.02783203125,
-0.018310546875,
-0.052978515625,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.0400390625,
-0.032958984375,
-0.000064849853515625,
-0.009765625,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.0045166015625,
-0.0478515625,
0.04248046875,
-0.0244140625,
-0.040283203125,
0.048828125,
-0.033935546875,
0.048583984375,
-0.0203857421875,
0.041015625,
-0.0189208984375,
0.023681640625,
0.0206298828125,
0.040283203125,
-0.015380859375,
-0.07177734375,
-0.017578125,
-0.00872802734375,
0.0517578125,
-0.064453125,
-0.00087738037109375,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.030517578125,
-0.0130615234375,
0.004547119140625,
-0.031982421875,
0.0240478515625,
0.030517578125,
-0.0286865234375,
0.01123046875,
-0.0030059814453125,
-0.03125,
0.00946044921875,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.020751953125,
0.02978515625,
0.0086669921875,
0.0021209716796875,
-0.04541015625,
0.05859375,
-0.030517578125,
-0.030029296875,
-0.02685546875,
-0.039794921875,
0.01519775390625,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0093994140625,
0.014404296875,
0.021484375,
0.044677734375,
-0.08740234375,
0.00107574462890625,
-0.06201171875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0224609375,
-0.006500244140625,
0.027587890625,
0.003509521484375,
0.0084228515625,
-0.0205078125,
-0.036376953125,
0.01092529296875,
-0.0069580078125,
0.04931640625,
-0.015869140625,
0.00567626953125,
0.025146484375,
-0.00433349609375,
0.0400390625,
0.00096893310546875,
-0.0537109375,
-0.019775390625,
0.01434326171875,
-0.033935546875,
0.025390625,
0.018798828125,
0.039794921875,
-0.01483154296875,
0.03662109375,
0.003997802734375,
-0.0771484375,
-0.0234375,
0.038818359375,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.05224609375,
0.00787353515625,
0.007537841796875,
-0.0081787109375,
0.03955078125,
-0.020751953125,
0.033935546875,
0.0174560546875,
-0.056396484375,
0.037841796875,
-0.0390625,
-0.052978515625,
0.0220947265625,
0.030517578125,
0.0228271484375,
0.04443359375,
-0.005828857421875,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.011474609375,
0.021728515625,
0.026123046875,
0.0026397705078125,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.000537872314453125,
0.00579833984375,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.0002307891845703125,
-0.0556640625,
0.047119140625,
-0.00439453125,
-0.018310546875,
-0.037841796875,
0.0177001953125,
0.01123046875,
0.031005859375,
0.03271484375,
0.053466796875,
-0.0242919921875,
0.033447265625,
0.034912109375,
-0.00750732421875,
0.01239013671875,
-0.030029296875,
0.0279541015625,
-0.0023040771484375,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.03125,
-0.0155029296875,
0.01483154296875,
0.01806640625,
0.044677734375,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.00188446044921875,
-0.01312255859375,
0.01239013671875,
-0.0034332275390625,
-0.07373046875,
-0.0179443359375,
0.056396484375,
0.032470703125,
0.0341796875,
-0.043701171875,
0.0225830078125,
-0.06689453125,
0.0157470703125,
0.054931640625,
0.02880859375,
-0.00836181640625,
0.03173828125,
-0.0286865234375,
0.0174560546875,
0.033935546875,
0.00836181640625,
0.00119781494140625,
-0.03125,
0.00946044921875,
-0.0037384033203125,
0.10205078125,
0.016845703125,
-0.0216064453125,
0.020263671875,
0.000682830810546875,
0.0140380859375,
0.017333984375,
-0.0015106201171875,
-0.031982421875,
0.01055908203125,
-0.07568359375,
0.04541015625,
-0.0101318359375,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.0341796875,
0.022216796875,
-0.00299072265625,
0.034423828125,
-0.056640625,
0.0223388671875,
0.006927490234375,
-0.0012969970703125,
-0.0291748046875,
0.0045166015625,
0.04345703125,
-0.05029296875,
0.0186767578125,
0.035888671875,
-0.00119781494140625,
-0.0294189453125,
0.0257568359375,
-0.042236328125,
-0.00970458984375,
0.03515625,
0.02880859375,
0.00860595703125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.026611328125,
0.036376953125,
-0.0244140625,
0.052001953125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.01953125,
-0.03173828125,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.0303955078125,
0.018310546875,
-0.00994873046875,
0.001312255859375,
-0.0115966796875,
0.015625,
-0.0208740234375,
0.011474609375,
-0.04345703125,
-0.0036468505859375,
-0.02783203125,
0.02734375,
0.016845703125,
-0.006561279296875,
0.058349609375,
0.001007080078125,
-0.00390625,
-0.07275390625,
-0.0478515625,
-0.013916015625,
-0.04052734375,
0.0166015625,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.01116943359375,
0.0108642578125,
0.0206298828125,
0.007171630859375,
-0.00775146484375,
0.036865234375,
0.0184326171875,
0.04052734375,
0.0301513671875,
0.049072265625,
-0.001434326171875,
-0.01226806640625,
0.0078125,
-0.0185546875,
0.005767822265625,
0.0146484375,
-0.01611328125,
-0.03466796875,
-0.00567626953125,
0.03076171875,
0.0260009765625,
-0.02587890625,
-0.01446533203125,
0.02294921875,
0.02197265625,
0.046142578125,
-0.00005817413330078125,
0.01092529296875,
-0.00537109375,
-0.03759765625,
0.0166015625,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.004608154296875,
-0.0029296875,
-0.0498046875,
-0.0030517578125,
0.01519775390625,
0.0184326171875,
0.0023040771484375,
-0.00174713134765625,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.005859375,
0.00005602836608886719,
-0.0057373046875,
-0.046630859375,
-0.01080322265625,
0.006927490234375,
0.007232666015625,
-0.0289306640625,
0.0146484375,
0.045166015625,
-0.025390625,
-0.0177001953125,
0.0211181640625,
-0.05859375,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.02490234375,
0.0296630859375,
-0.0035858154296875,
0.02001953125,
-0.00848388671875,
0.0181884765625,
-0.01153564453125,
0.00885009765625,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.00131988525390625,
-0.006256103515625,
-0.03857421875,
0.00787353515625,
0.03662109375,
0.00909423828125,
-0.04833984375,
-0.0380859375,
-0.0009918212890625,
-0.0380859375,
0.0191650390625,
0.080078125,
0.01336669921875,
-0.041748046875,
-0.036865234375,
0.0281982421875,
0.022216796875,
-0.03076171875,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.02587890625,
0.003021240234375,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.013671875,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.0284423828125,
0.02294921875,
0.0189208984375,
-0.037841796875,
0.0262451171875,
-0.031982421875,
-0.052001953125,
0.00086212158203125,
0.045166015625,
-0.004486083984375,
0.03369140625,
0.036376953125,
-0.03125,
-0.049560546875,
0.04248046875,
-0.0026702880859375,
-0.0634765625,
-0.05615234375,
-0.002227783203125,
0.017333984375,
-0.036865234375,
0.022216796875,
0.0225830078125,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.01708984375,
-0.00567626953125,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.0185546875,
-0.03515625,
-0.00701904296875,
0.059814453125,
-0.0250244140625,
0.03857421875,
-0.006439208984375,
0.0238037109375,
0.0166015625,
-0.025390625,
0.03662109375,
0.0009307861328125,
-0.047607421875,
0.037353515625,
0.0172119140625,
0.0009918212890625,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.0166015625,
0.0030517578125,
0.019287109375,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0361328125,
-0.01422119140625,
0.0208740234375,
0.05615234375,
-0.025634765625,
-0.030029296875,
0.03515625,
0.0027618408203125,
-0.06396484375,
-0.019287109375,
-0.0274658203125,
0.010986328125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.087890625,
0.03955078125,
0.06884765625,
0.050537109375,
0.04150390625,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.033203125,
-0.02099609375,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.0291748046875,
0.0194091796875,
0.0255126953125,
0.0291748046875,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.04638671875,
-0.002838134765625,
0.0869140625,
-0.0140380859375,
-0.015380859375,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.044189453125,
0.01373291015625,
-0.060302734375,
-0.0283203125,
0.0035552978515625,
-0.0081787109375,
0.0189208984375,
-0.01470947265625,
0.0181884765625,
-0.0015106201171875,
-0.0115966796875,
0.005035400390625,
-0.038818359375,
0.028076171875,
0.006195068359375,
0.054443359375,
0.04150390625,
0.010009765625,
-0.020751953125,
0.0390625,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.007232666015625,
-0.08056640625,
0.0021514892578125,
-0.00830078125,
0.0615234375,
0.01434326171875,
-0.005157470703125,
-0.043701171875,
-0.02978515625,
-0.025390625,
-0.019287109375,
-0.03173828125,
0.01080322265625,
0.0286865234375,
-0.017822265625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.0024566650390625,
-0.0009765625,
0.010498046875,
-0.0155029296875,
0.00830078125,
0.039794921875,
0.055908203125,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.00157928466796875,
0.00531005859375,
0.0177001953125,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.00347900390625,
0.026611328125,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.002593994140625,
-0.05078125,
-0.03173828125,
0.018798828125,
0.068359375,
0.02880859375,
-0.0150146484375,
0.016357421875,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0142822265625,
0.032958984375,
-0.054931640625,
-0.06494140625,
0.05517578125,
0.0164794921875,
-0.03857421875,
-0.010498046875,
0.0034942626953125,
-0.02490234375,
0.048828125,
0.01055908203125,
-0.0050048828125,
0.0279541015625,
0.036376953125,
0.037109375,
0.040771484375,
0.0023956298828125,
0.0206298828125,
0.0186767578125,
-0.043212890625,
-0.053955078125,
0.0101318359375,
0.06640625,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.040771484375,
-0.038330078125,
-0.00099945068359375,
-0.0498046875,
0.04345703125,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.009765625,
-0.0096435546875,
0.005157470703125,
-0.0830078125,
0.0220947265625,
0.027099609375,
-0.0084228515625,
0.021240234375,
-0.0322265625,
-0.042236328125,
0.04248046875,
0.031982421875,
-0.00927734375,
0.06884765625,
0.0224609375,
-0.0164794921875,
0.0050048828125,
-0.033447265625,
0.00274658203125,
0.0849609375,
0.003326416015625,
0.035888671875,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0224609375,
0.058349609375,
0.049560546875,
0.049072265625,
0.018310546875,
-0.0302734375,
0.025634765625,
-0.027099609375,
-0.035888671875,
0.006805419921875,
-0.0018157958984375,
-0.043701171875,
0.04150390625,
-0.058349609375,
0.01025390625,
-0.035888671875,
-0.020751953125,
0.0047607421875,
0.0019073486328125,
0.02099609375,
-0.0164794921875,
0.0223388671875,
-0.0184326171875,
0.0286865234375,
0.004852294921875,
-0.017578125,
0.050537109375,
0.0322265625,
0.045166015625,
0.01226806640625,
-0.002288818359375,
0.0673828125,
-0.031982421875,
0.0013275146484375,
0.0286865234375,
-0.00347900390625,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.031005859375,
-0.0189208984375,
0.005126953125,
0.016845703125,
0.01312255859375,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.043212890625,
-0.036865234375,
0.01177978515625,
0.047607421875,
-0.033203125,
0.0177001953125,
0.0390625,
-0.018310546875,
-0.00689697265625,
0.03173828125,
-0.0130615234375,
0.010498046875,
0.02783203125,
-0.002166748046875,
0.01104736328125,
0.0361328125,
0.0294189453125,
-0.054443359375,
0.006561279296875,
0.0213623046875,
-0.0517578125,
-0.032958984375,
0.044921875,
-0.0302734375,
-0.04248046875,
-0.045166015625,
-0.006500244140625,
0.0019378662109375,
0.01434326171875,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.034423828125,
-0.03173828125,
0.052978515625,
0.0140380859375,
0.047119140625,
-0.00189971923828125,
0.00107574462890625,
0.0234375,
0.00189971923828125,
-0.0019989013671875,
-0.037353515625,
0.0283203125,
0.00537109375,
-0.064453125,
-0.041259765625,
0.00726318359375,
0.0093994140625,
0.00933837890625,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.046875,
-0.010498046875,
0.01373291015625,
-0.024658203125,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.050048828125,
-0.01226806640625,
0.04833984375,
0.029296875,
0.00811767578125,
-0.005523681640625,
-0.011962890625,
0.0028839111328125,
0.022216796875,
0.00118255615234375,
-0.00799560546875,
0.01361083984375,
-0.0302734375,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.0023345947265625,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.033935546875,
-0.01373291015625,
0.02294921875,
0.0203857421875,
-0.004241943359375,
-0.087890625,
0.0024261474609375,
-0.02490234375,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.0234375,
-0.025146484375,
-0.02099609375,
-0.007293701171875,
0.00531005859375,
-0.064453125,
0.26171875,
0.01953125,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.0238037109375,
0.015380859375,
0.07275390625,
0.0159912109375,
0.02197265625,
-0.009765625,
0.01123046875,
0.01141357421875,
-0.023193359375,
-0.017333984375,
-0.013671875,
-0.005126953125,
0.027099609375,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.00079345703125,
0.0026397705078125,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0458984375,
-0.0458984375,
-0.03564453125,
0.07373046875,
0.0230712890625,
0.00469970703125,
0.0091552734375,
-0.07080078125,
-0.0002803802490234375,
-0.0213623046875,
0.0115966796875,
-0.054931640625,
0.06103515625,
-0.02685546875,
-0.0003414154052734375,
0.0286865234375,
0.01318359375,
0.0380859375,
-0.01171875,
-0.031982421875,
0.004486083984375,
0.00494384765625,
0.0250244140625,
-0.032958984375,
-0.009765625,
0.0037994384765625,
-0.043212890625,
0.0537109375,
0.057373046875,
-0.03857421875,
0.0224609375,
0.013671875,
0.028076171875,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0052490234375,
-0.0019989013671875,
0.01123046875,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.056884765625,
0.002899169921875,
0.0196533203125,
0.01239013671875,
0.083984375,
-0.01055908203125,
0.024658203125,
0.03857421875,
0.010009765625,
-0.0145263671875,
0.01202392578125,
-0.0018310546875,
-0.026611328125,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.03564453125,
0.0791015625,
0.0113525390625,
-0.041259765625,
0.0096435546875,
0.050048828125,
-0.023681640625,
-0.006927490234375,
0.0128173828125,
0.01080322265625,
-0.0123291015625,
0.03466796875,
0.03857421875,
-0.023193359375,
-0.045654296875,
-0.0228271484375,
0.01318359375,
-0.01239013671875,
0.003143310546875,
0.002227783203125,
0.033203125,
-0.0050048828125
] |
Carr, J.
Plaintiffs brought this suit in equity to enjoin the enforcement of certain provisions of the zoning ordinance of the defendant township. Said ordinance was adopted in 1946 in accordánee with the provisions of PA 1943, No 184 (CL 1948, § 125.271 et seq. [Stat Ann 1949 Rev § 5.2963(1) et seq.]). The general purpose of the enabling act appears from its title, which reads as follows:
“An Act to provide for the establishment in the unincorporated portions of organized townships of zoning districts within which the proper use of land and natural resources may be encouraged or regulated by ordinance, and within which districts provisions may also be adopted designating the location of, the size of, the uses that may be made of, the minimum open spaces, sanitary, safety and protective measures that shall be required for, and the maximum number of families that .may be housed in dwellings, buildings and structures, including tents and trailer coaches, that may hereafter be erected or altered; to provide for a method for the adoption of ordinances and amendments thereto; to provide for emergency interim ordinances; to provide for the administering of ordinances adopted; to provide for conflicts with other acts, ordinances or regulations ; to provide penalties for violations; to provide for the assessment, levy and collection of taxes; to provide for the collection of fees for building permits; to provide for petitions, public hearings and referenda; to provide for appeals; and to provide for the repeal of acts in conflict herewith.”
The record discloses that in 1946 there were no incorporated cities or villages in the township. The ordinance created 5 zones, zone 1 comprising the entire area of the township with the exception of approximately 350 acres consisting of lands located in zones 2 to 5 inclusive. Prior to 1946 plaintiffs became the owners of 180 acres of lánd, located in zone 1. Plaintiffs claimed on the trial of the case that the property was acquired by them for the purpose of subdividing it and disposing of it in parcels suitable for residences. The ordinance provides that no dwelling having less than 800 square feet of floor area per family at the first floor level, or less than 10,000 cubic feet of content, shall be erected in said zone or moved upon a lot therein, and also forbids placing a dwelling upon a parcel of land containing less than 3 acres and having a frontage of' less than 264 feet on a highway.
In their bill of complaint plaintiffs alleged that the provisions referred to were arbitrary and unreasonable, that if enforced they would prevent the use of plaintiffs’ property for the purposes for which it is adapted, that enforcement would result in depreciating the value of plaintiffs’ property and depriving them thereof without due process of law, that said restrictions bore no reasonable relation to the protection of the public welfare, safety or morals, and that for the reasons stated they were unconstitutional and void. Defendants by their answer admitted the adoption of the ordinance but denied its invalidity, asserting it to be a proper exercise of police power under the township rural zoning act, above cited. Following a trial of the case in the circuit court a decree was entered dismissing the hill of complaint on the ground that the plaintiffs had not by their proofs established that the challenged provisions of the .ordinance were void for the reasons, or any of them, asserted in the bill of complaint. From such decree plaintiffs have appealed.
Plaintiffs contend that the act of the legislature under which the township proceeded in adopting the zoning ordinance may not be construed as authorizing the inclusion of provisions with reference to the size of lots on which residences may be erected. We think the argument is based on an interpretation of the language of the statute that is not consistent with the purpose sought to be accomplished by it. The legislature clearly intended to permit townships to adopt reasonable regulations designed to insure the proper use of land and natural resources and to encourage such use by suitable restrictions.
Under the act, arbitrary action or the unreasonable exercise of authority may not be justified. A zoning-ordinance must be reasonable in its operation. This is the test of its legality. City of North Muskegon v. Miller, 249 Mich 52, 57; Moreland v. Armstrong, 297 Mich 32, 36. Every case of this character must be determined on its own facts. Senefsky v. City of Huntington Woods, 307 Mich 728, 737 (149 ALR 1433). The presumption is in favor of validity. A statute or ordinance may not be held invalid unless the objections urged on constitutional grounds appear on the face of the measure in question, or are established by competent proof. Portage Township v. Full Salvation Union, 318 Mich 693; Northwood Properties Company v. Royal Oak City Inspector, 325 Mich 419.
This brings us to a consideration of the proofs submitted by the parties before the trial court. This being an equity case we hear it de novo. Bankers Trust Company v. Bradfield, 324 Mich 116. While we give dne consideration to the findings of the trial judge, nonetheless it is our duty to weigh the evidence and reach an independent conclusion. Hawthorne v. Dunn, 210 Mich 176, 179. The specific question before us in the case at bar is whether the evidence fairly substantiates the claims of the plaintiffs that the ordinance provisions, enforcement of which they seek to enjoin, are arbitrary and unreasonable as applied to their property.
In support of their claims plaintiffs produced witnesses who testified in substance that the proper protection of health and social welfare within defendant township does not require residences complying with the ordinance as to floor area or cubic content, that lots substantially less in size than 3 acres, and with a highway frontage much less than 264 feet, are suitable for dwelling houses and necessary appurtenances, and that the value of plaintiffs’ property would be reduced by more than 50 per cent, if such provisions were enforced. "Without quoting specific testimony it may be said that plaintiffs’ witnesses, who were experienced in the preparation and marketing of subdivisions, claimed that materially smaller residences and lots than as prescribed for zone 1 by the ordinance in question would be ample to satisfy proper requirements as to health, sanitation, and livability in general. References were made in the testimony to the fact that under Federal housing administration regulations the minimum lot recommended for home purposes is 60' x 120' and that a minimum of 360 square feet for a house is permitted, but that most of the so-called “G-.I.” homes that are being built in accordance with such regulations are approximately 24' x 28'.
The proofs also show that the other zones created by the ordinance comprise small isolated parcels, and that restrictions were imposed with reference to the conditions existing therein at the time the ordinance was adopted. In such zones the prescribed requirements differ materially from those applicable to zone 1. In zone 2 the minimum requirements as to size of lot are not less than 10,000 square feet in area and 75 feet in width. In zone 3 the minimum requirement of area at the first floor level is 600 square feet, with a minimum lot area of 7,500 square feet, and a width of not less than 60 feet. In zone 4 a residence having 400 square feet of floor area at the first floor level and not less than 8,000 cubic feet of content, on a lot not less than 7,500 square feet in area nor less than 60 feet in width, may be constructed. Zone 5 embraces commercial structures. The supervisor of the township gave testimony indicating that most of the houses in the township did not have 800 square feet of area on the ground floor. He further expressed the opinion that the main reason for the enactment of the ordinance was to preserve the rural nature of the neighborhood.
Defendants offered the testimony of 2 witnesses who were experienced as consultants in community planning and zoning. Each testified in substance that he would not consider the building and lot requirements imposed by the ordinance in zone 1 to be unreasonable under the circumstances existing in Oakland township. The proofs indicate that such township is at present sparsely settled and that its total population, according to the last official census, preceding the trial was slightly less than 1,200. Defendants’ witnesses thought it desirable to maintain the rural character of the community, to provide for comfortable and attractive homes, and to prevent the arising of problems incident to urban conditions. The opinion was further expressed that the greater the distance between buildings the less the hazard from fire, and likewise as to the danger of water pollution from improper sanitary installations.
It may be conceded that the putting into effect of the plan apparently contemplated by the framers of this ordinance would result in zone 1 of the township being desirable for the construction and maintenance of residences by people of the requisite financial ability. The desire to establish such a residential neighborhood for aesthetic reasons is not a sufficient answer to the claim of the plaintiffs •'bat it imposes arbitrary and unreasonable restrictions on the use of their property and that it tends to destroy, in part, the value thereof. Neither does the testimony of defendants’ witnesses, sincere as they are in their opinions, refute the proofs offered by plaintiffs tending to establish that residences of less size, constructed on smaller lots, than prescribed by the ordinance, are not a menace to the public health, safety or welfare, or to the well-being of the occupants. On the basis of the proofs in this record it must be said that the plaintiffs have sustained the burden resting on them, and have shown that residences and lots smaller than the ordinance minimums are consonant with health, safety, and well-being of the occupants and the public generally, and that in consequence the ordinance requirements are, as applied to plaintiffs and their property, unreasonable.
In Senefsky v. City of Huntington Woods, supra, the plaintiff sought to compel the superintendent of public works of the defendant municipality to issue a building permit which had been denied because plaintiff’s building did not comply with ordinance requirements. There a minimum of 1,300 square feet of usable floor area was prescribed. This Court sustained the claim of the plaintiff that the requirement, as applied to his property, was unreasonable, and granted the relief sought. In so holding the Court quoted with approval from the syllabi in Pere Marquette R. Co. v. Muskegon Township Board, 298 Mich 31, as follows:
“In determining validity of township zoning ordinance as applied to particular parcel of property, the court must consider whether the zoning of such parcel advances the public health, safety, and general welfare of the people.
“Each zoning ease, as a rule, stands by itself and its reasonableness must be judged by the circumstances in each particular case.”
Further discussing the situation, it was said:
“It is not necessary for decision herein and we do not hold that under proper circumstances a municipality may not exercise its delegated police power in the manner herein attempted by defendants. Instead the extent of our holding herein is that under the circumstances of the instant case the enforcement against the plaintiff of the provision in the amended ordinance fixing the minimum amount of floor area is unreasonable. In other words, under the circumstances disclosed by this record lot owners in the Bronx subdivision ought not to be deprived of utilizing their properties in the manner undertaken by plaintiff for the reason that property rights should not be divested under the authority of a municipality’s police power, unless by so doing the public health, safety or welfare would be subserved. That requisite is not met in the instant case.”
The Court also quoted from Wolverine Sign Works v. City of Bloomfield Hills, 279 Mich 205, 208, where it was said:
“Aesthetics may be an incident but cannot be the moving factor.”
The holding in the Senefsky Case, supra, was followed in Frischkorn Construction Co. v. Redford Township Building Inspector, 315 Mich 556, which was also a mandamus action to compel the issuance of building permits. The ordinance involved required a minimum content of 14,000 cubic feet, and the defendant refused the permits because plaintiff’s proposed residences indicated a content of 12,657 cubic feet each. Affirming the decision of the trial court it was held that the ordinance requirement, as applied to plaintiffs property, was unreasonable, and that he was entitled to the issuance of the writ. A like conclusion was reached in Elizabeth Lake Estates v. Township of Waterford, 317 Mich 359. There injunctive relief against the enforcement of certain portions of a zoning ordinance was sought. Affirming the decision of the trial court it was held that the ordinance requirements in question, as to the size of residential buildings, did not tend to promote “public sanitation, health, safety and general welfare.”
The decision of the United States supreme court in Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Company, 272 US 365 (47 S Ct 114, 71 L ed 303, 54 ALR 1016), is frequently cited on the point in issue here. It was there said:
“The ordinance now under review, and all similar laws and regulations, must find their justification in some aspect of the police power, asserted for the public welfare. The line which in this field separates the legitimate from the illegitimate assumption of power is not capable of precise delimitation. It varies with circumstances and conditions. A regulatory zoning ordinance, which would be clearly valid as applied to the great cities, might be clearly invalid as applied to rural communities.”
The court held that the ordinance before it was not void in its entirety, but did not pass on the legality of specific provisions. It was recognized that some of such provisions might have been open to the objection that they were clearly arbitrary and unreasonable, but the injunction sought against attempted enforcement of the ordinance as a whole was denied. The language quoted above suggests the view of the court with reference to the principles to "be applied in determining an issue of the character presented in the case at bar.
In the recent decision of the superior court of New Jersey in Lionshead Lake, Inc., v. Wayne Twp., 8 NJ Super 468 (73 A2d 287), it was held that a requirement in a zoning ordinance that a lrstory dwelling should have a floor area of not less than 758 square feet was invalid. In reaching such conclusion it was said, in part:
“Thus while our legislature has unquestionably given municipalities the right to pass ordinances To regulate and restrict the height, number of stories, and sizes of buildings,’ such ordinances to be valid must be designed to promote public health, safety, and general welfare. BS 40:55-30, NJSA. The mere power to enact an ordinance such as the one here involved does not carry with it the right arbitrarily or capriciously to deprive a person of the legitimate use of his property. Brookdale Homes, Inc., v. Johnson, 123 NJ Law 602 (10 A 2d 477), affirmed, 126 NJ Law 516 (19 A2d 868).”
Under the facts established by the proofs in the instant case, and the pertinent legal principles applicable thereto, as recognized in the prior decisions of this Court, above cited, we conclude that the plaintiffs. are entitled to the relief sought by them. A decree will enter in this Court in accordance herewith, reversing the decree from which the appeal has been taken. Plaintiffs may have costs of both courts.
Beid, .C. J., and Boyles, North, Dethmers, Btjtzel, Bushnell, and Sharpe, JJ., concurred. | [
-0.0211181640625,
0.043701171875,
0.0235595703125,
0.0235595703125,
-0.052490234375,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.037353515625,
0.00482177734375,
-0.006988525390625,
0.056396484375,
0.0211181640625,
0.0103759765625,
0.01153564453125,
0.01129150390625,
0.0150146484375,
-0.0024871826171875,
-0.0361328125,
0.0191650390625,
-0.021484375,
0.056640625,
-0.010498046875,
0.0250244140625,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.018310546875,
0.03271484375,
0.036865234375,
0.005706787109375,
0.0380859375,
0.019287109375,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.033447265625,
0.01300048828125,
-0.00115203857421875,
-0.034423828125,
0.0033416748046875,
0.072265625,
-0.053955078125,
0.01611328125,
-0.005096435546875,
0.00518798828125,
0.02392578125,
0.034912109375,
-0.049560546875,
-0.034423828125,
-0.023193359375,
0.014892578125,
0.0159912109375,
0.036865234375,
-0.0205078125,
-0.00152587890625,
0.01385498046875,
0.0615234375,
-0.031982421875,
-0.031982421875,
-0.052001953125,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.044921875,
0.02197265625,
0.0272216796875,
-0.01708984375,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.0079345703125,
0.041748046875,
0.01251220703125,
0.0157470703125,
-0.00154876708984375,
-0.00118255615234375,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.0008392333984375,
-0.0019989013671875,
-0.04736328125,
-0.039794921875,
0.017578125,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.046630859375,
0.006683349609375,
-0.00055694580078125,
-0.0047607421875,
0.005889892578125,
0.07666015625,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.07470703125,
0.031005859375,
-0.01116943359375,
0.026611328125,
0.017822265625,
0.0242919921875,
-0.023681640625,
0.047119140625,
-0.033447265625,
0.0034027099609375,
0.0216064453125,
0.057861328125,
-0.0166015625,
0.03759765625,
0.01373291015625,
-0.0264892578125,
0.0390625,
0.04052734375,
0.014892578125,
0.0595703125,
-0.0216064453125,
0.05712890625,
-0.029052734375,
0.0142822265625,
-0.0169677734375,
0.01068115234375,
0.0009918212890625,
-0.0185546875,
0.0074462890625,
-0.046630859375,
0.00653076171875,
0.0054931640625,
-0.0142822265625,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0250244140625,
0.012939453125,
0.07373046875,
-0.0162353515625,
0.01190185546875,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.0040283203125,
0.0146484375,
-0.018310546875,
0.0341796875,
-0.0186767578125,
0.00860595703125,
0.0191650390625,
0.003936767578125,
-0.00124359130859375,
0.0311279296875,
0.0150146484375,
0.006256103515625,
0.0281982421875,
-0.0025482177734375,
0.05419921875,
-0.0035552978515625,
0.02783203125,
0.00604248046875,
-0.0279541015625,
0.052001953125,
0.0196533203125,
-0.00153350830078125,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.001708984375,
-0.049560546875,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.0595703125,
-0.00836181640625,
0.0654296875,
0.038330078125,
-0.0108642578125,
0.0015716552734375,
0.01513671875,
-0.0250244140625,
0.0255126953125,
0.00311279296875,
0.017578125,
0.02099609375,
-0.0274658203125,
0.004913330078125,
-0.0419921875,
0.01025390625,
-0.036865234375,
0.0147705078125,
-0.041748046875,
-0.027099609375,
0.03515625,
0.019287109375,
-0.0703125,
-0.0245361328125,
0.04443359375,
0.00872802734375,
0.06396484375,
0.0157470703125,
-0.00823974609375,
0.00469970703125,
-0.0062255859375,
-0.004058837890625,
0.030029296875,
0.0086669921875,
-0.018310546875,
-0.00250244140625,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.04345703125,
-0.005584716796875,
-0.04931640625,
0.06884765625,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.0439453125,
0.00286865234375,
0.0311279296875,
0.015625,
-0.0174560546875,
0.0159912109375,
0.019775390625,
-0.012939453125,
-0.053466796875,
0.00141143798828125,
0.0159912109375,
0.01055908203125,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.03271484375,
0.0036468505859375,
0.0283203125,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.0011138916015625,
-0.0059814453125,
0.00182342529296875,
-0.01422119140625,
0.01513671875,
0.022705078125,
0.0225830078125,
-0.0166015625,
0.045166015625,
-0.01409912109375,
0.03271484375,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.0120849609375,
0.04052734375,
-0.035400390625,
-0.00897216796875,
0.0301513671875,
0.0205078125,
0.0223388671875,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.00653076171875,
-0.0003204345703125,
0.0303955078125,
0.07861328125,
-0.007568359375,
-0.007598876953125,
0.0106201171875,
0.05029296875,
0.01129150390625,
0.028076171875,
-0.0166015625,
0.058837890625,
0.033447265625,
0.006866455078125,
-0.03564453125,
0.043701171875,
0.0074462890625,
-0.0252685546875,
0.00567626953125,
0.0216064453125,
-0.00677490234375,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0107421875,
-0.0033111572265625,
0.0128173828125,
0.0213623046875,
0.0244140625,
0.010498046875,
-0.029296875,
-0.029296875,
0.05126953125,
0.005462646484375,
0.000583648681640625,
-0.02197265625,
0.013671875,
-0.000591278076171875,
0.04296875,
-0.034423828125,
-0.05419921875,
-0.016357421875,
-0.0244140625,
0.004608154296875,
0.0037841796875,
0.0242919921875,
-0.0537109375,
-0.025634765625,
-0.020751953125,
-0.053466796875,
0.0281982421875,
-0.043701171875,
-0.00836181640625,
0.006683349609375,
-0.01806640625,
0.021484375,
0.017333984375,
0.052734375,
-0.04443359375,
0.009765625,
-0.007293701171875,
0.0078125,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.045166015625,
-0.0634765625,
0.03173828125,
0.048095703125,
-0.0419921875,
0.026611328125,
-0.0205078125,
-0.001800537109375,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.01904296875,
-0.042724609375,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.000682830810546875,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.02783203125,
0.0213623046875,
0.0185546875,
-0.02001953125,
0.0400390625,
0.0115966796875,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.0289306640625,
0.049072265625,
0.021484375,
-0.013916015625,
-0.041259765625,
-0.059814453125,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.02685546875,
-0.01806640625,
-0.01116943359375,
0.007049560546875,
0.003448486328125,
0.04638671875,
-0.035888671875,
-0.005126953125,
-0.0196533203125,
0.0167236328125,
-0.038330078125,
0.01611328125,
0.05029296875,
-0.022705078125,
0.01904296875,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.080078125,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.004058837890625,
0.056396484375,
-0.02880859375,
0.0281982421875,
0.017822265625,
0.0101318359375,
0.051513671875,
-0.029052734375,
-0.01043701171875,
0.0035247802734375,
-0.007659912109375,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.0137939453125,
0.01116943359375,
-0.020751953125,
0.06494140625,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.038330078125,
0.03515625,
0.0294189453125,
0.043212890625,
-0.03955078125,
-0.024658203125,
-0.060302734375,
-0.0311279296875,
0.0032501220703125,
-0.0194091796875,
0.0262451171875,
-0.006561279296875,
0.048828125,
0.037841796875,
-0.0283203125,
0.03759765625,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.049072265625,
0.03173828125,
0.00701904296875,
0.01513671875,
0.0289306640625,
0.022216796875,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.0157470703125,
0.03955078125,
0.0220947265625,
0.002471923828125,
0.01220703125,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0027313232421875,
-0.0296630859375,
0.004791259765625,
-0.061767578125,
0.03564453125,
0.002716064453125,
-0.006744384765625,
-0.042724609375,
0.038330078125,
0.035888671875,
-0.0017242431640625,
0.035888671875,
0.039306640625,
0.0045166015625,
-0.013427734375,
0.020751953125,
-0.04443359375,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.02197265625,
0.05126953125,
-0.0016326904296875,
-0.00115966796875,
-0.048828125,
-0.0023193359375,
0.01123046875,
0.0010528564453125,
0.034912109375,
0.0272216796875,
-0.034912109375,
0.0002918243408203125,
0.03564453125,
0.0198974609375,
-0.0208740234375,
0.005340576171875,
0.076171875,
-0.0072021484375,
0.0242919921875,
-0.068359375,
0.0478515625,
-0.07421875,
0.00274658203125,
0.045654296875,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.0186767578125,
0.02734375,
0.012451171875,
0.0157470703125,
0.051513671875,
-0.00445556640625,
-0.006561279296875,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.0026397705078125,
-0.0196533203125,
0.037353515625,
0.00154876708984375,
0.0018310546875,
-0.01708984375,
-0.0191650390625,
0.0277099609375,
0.0400390625,
0.01025390625,
-0.03076171875,
0.0247802734375,
-0.007537841796875,
0.007568359375,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.0093994140625,
0.031494140625,
-0.00885009765625,
0.06689453125,
-0.048095703125,
0.0255126953125,
0.0272216796875,
-0.0537109375,
-0.0322265625,
-0.014404296875,
0.035888671875,
-0.03076171875,
-0.01275634765625,
0.0634765625,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0289306640625,
0.0169677734375,
-0.01531982421875,
-0.010498046875,
0.04541015625,
-0.01806640625,
0.0157470703125,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0302734375,
0.0128173828125,
0.0361328125,
0.0137939453125,
-0.04150390625,
-0.02490234375,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.049072265625,
-0.0086669921875,
0.02099609375,
-0.0120849609375,
0.041259765625,
0.0274658203125,
0.048583984375,
0.022216796875,
-0.031494140625,
0.01226806640625,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.03271484375,
-0.027099609375,
0.0076904296875,
0.01483154296875,
0.030517578125,
0.03662109375,
0.026611328125,
0.00482177734375,
-0.0206298828125,
0.00396728515625,
-0.043701171875,
-0.00072479248046875,
-0.0216064453125,
0.053466796875,
-0.04248046875,
0.007354736328125,
-0.0244140625,
0.031005859375,
-0.002655029296875,
0.01531982421875,
0.06640625,
0.005279541015625,
0.0179443359375,
0.01055908203125,
0.0274658203125,
-0.0205078125,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.01513671875,
-0.021240234375,
-0.00102996826171875,
0.033203125,
0.017578125,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.041259765625,
0.02587890625,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.052490234375,
-0.00145721435546875,
-0.00445556640625,
0.0177001953125,
0.0302734375,
-0.01531982421875,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0458984375,
0.00958251953125,
-0.0026702880859375,
-0.023681640625,
-0.023681640625,
-0.025634765625,
-0.03173828125,
0.020263671875,
0.0257568359375,
0.00054168701171875,
0.004302978515625,
-0.06396484375,
-0.0030059814453125,
-0.017578125,
0.007537841796875,
-0.041748046875,
-0.0537109375,
0.0048828125,
0.014404296875,
0.030517578125,
-0.01202392578125,
0.028564453125,
0.00372314453125,
0.0238037109375,
0.043212890625,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.05615234375,
0.01202392578125,
-0.007568359375,
-0.0390625,
-0.029052734375,
0.0291748046875,
-0.035888671875,
0.04345703125,
0.006317138671875,
0.01531982421875,
-0.06787109375,
-0.05615234375,
0.041259765625,
0.01251220703125,
-0.027099609375,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.048583984375,
0.037841796875,
-0.0186767578125,
0.019287109375,
0.06787109375,
0.003143310546875,
-0.005462646484375,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.0004444122314453125,
0.0012664794921875,
-0.017578125,
0.0306396484375,
-0.02978515625,
-0.044921875,
-0.005767822265625,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.0185546875,
-0.025634765625,
0.01129150390625,
0.0712890625,
-0.0361328125,
0.01507568359375,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.042724609375,
-0.0361328125,
0.015625,
0.006439208984375,
0.006622314453125,
0.0191650390625,
-0.026611328125,
-0.0250244140625,
0.03564453125,
0.031494140625,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.034423828125,
0.058837890625,
0.0011749267578125,
-0.025390625,
0.025390625,
0.0257568359375,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.03076171875,
-0.048828125,
0.020263671875,
-0.0267333984375,
0.0084228515625,
0.0390625,
-0.0213623046875,
0.020751953125,
0.015869140625,
0.06787109375,
0.03076171875,
-0.01165771484375,
0.030029296875,
0.0120849609375,
-0.0194091796875,
0.01806640625,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.035400390625,
-0.004302978515625,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.00408935546875,
0.015869140625,
0.031982421875,
-0.037841796875,
-0.020751953125,
-0.041259765625,
-0.00262451171875,
0.03125,
-0.053466796875,
-0.0054931640625,
0.035888671875,
0.0031280517578125,
-0.1005859375,
0.002777099609375,
-0.044189453125,
0.0216064453125,
-0.0308837890625,
-0.05078125,
-0.01177978515625,
0.00445556640625,
-0.04541015625,
0.048583984375,
-0.045166015625,
-0.0302734375,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.021484375,
-0.04248046875,
0.023193359375,
0.058837890625,
-0.009033203125,
-0.06396484375,
-0.04833984375,
0.006622314453125,
0.040283203125,
-0.0159912109375,
0.027099609375,
-0.02392578125,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.024658203125,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.017333984375,
0.034912109375,
0.01611328125,
0.003143310546875,
0.018310546875,
-0.024658203125,
-0.01708984375,
0.0169677734375,
-0.053955078125,
0.00408935546875,
-0.049560546875,
0.00799560546875,
0.01177978515625,
-0.0205078125,
-0.018310546875,
0.0166015625,
0.012451171875,
0.01055908203125,
-0.05029296875,
0.047119140625,
0.055419921875,
0.0242919921875,
0.007720947265625,
-0.027587890625,
-0.051513671875,
-0.07763671875,
0.00994873046875,
-0.0302734375,
-0.01275634765625,
0.0186767578125,
0.0634765625,
0.0084228515625,
-0.029541015625,
0.0267333984375,
0.0303955078125,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.009033203125,
0.01385498046875,
0.032470703125,
0.06494140625,
-0.048828125,
-0.007293701171875,
0.017578125,
0.019775390625,
0.0361328125,
-0.004425048828125,
-0.0296630859375,
0.0189208984375,
-0.006439208984375,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.0272216796875,
0.005279541015625,
-0.017333984375,
0.06298828125,
-0.002532958984375,
-0.01202392578125,
0.039306640625,
0.0289306640625,
-0.03759765625,
0.03662109375,
-0.0498046875,
-0.035888671875,
0.0311279296875,
-0.0034027099609375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.0068359375,
0.0033111572265625,
0.0140380859375,
0.00384521484375,
-0.0380859375,
-0.00396728515625,
0.017578125,
0.0283203125,
0.042724609375,
0.00119781494140625,
-0.0242919921875,
0.01611328125,
0.01806640625,
-0.06689453125,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.020751953125,
0.0225830078125,
-0.006561279296875,
-0.006744384765625,
0.0014190673828125,
-0.02978515625,
-0.06591796875,
0.0303955078125,
-0.023193359375,
0.0133056640625,
-0.045166015625,
-0.01904296875,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.010498046875,
-0.00616455078125,
-0.019287109375,
-0.06884765625,
-0.0023651123046875,
0.0311279296875,
0.0096435546875,
0.025146484375,
0.03759765625,
-0.004486083984375,
0.00653076171875,
-0.007232666015625,
-0.039794921875,
-0.032470703125,
0.061767578125,
0.032958984375,
0.0185546875,
0.00057220458984375,
-0.010009765625,
0.0263671875,
0.060546875,
-0.00762939453125,
0.01470947265625,
-0.0135498046875,
0.0233154296875,
-0.068359375,
-0.021728515625,
0.0267333984375,
-0.007080078125,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.00061798095703125,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0048828125,
-0.036865234375,
-0.017333984375,
0.0299072265625,
0.020751953125,
-0.04345703125,
-0.01129150390625,
0.020263671875,
0.04150390625,
0.01177978515625,
-0.006927490234375,
0.0205078125,
0.005096435546875,
0.05859375,
0.015625,
0.016357421875,
-0.01422119140625,
0.01104736328125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.023193359375,
0.040283203125,
0.02197265625,
-0.0087890625,
0.0146484375,
0.0252685546875,
-0.00823974609375,
0.01708984375,
0.003204345703125,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.058349609375,
-0.017578125,
-0.0107421875,
0.036865234375,
-0.040771484375,
0.0091552734375,
0.04931640625,
0.0103759765625,
-0.06591796875,
0.057861328125,
0.035888671875,
-0.00543212890625,
0.02099609375,
0.00830078125,
0.032958984375,
0.0125732421875,
0.05126953125,
-0.030029296875,
0.055419921875,
0.0106201171875,
-0.051513671875,
-0.04052734375,
0.0086669921875,
-0.017578125,
-0.049560546875,
-0.038330078125,
0.017578125,
0.015625,
0.01116943359375,
0.019287109375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.034912109375,
0.025146484375,
-0.04052734375,
0.007293701171875,
-0.01092529296875,
0.028076171875,
0.033935546875,
-0.017333984375,
-0.000583648681640625,
0.0128173828125,
0.0089111328125,
-0.05419921875,
0.04931640625,
-0.025390625,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.0262451171875,
0.04248046875,
0.040771484375,
-0.021728515625,
-0.00213623046875,
0.0174560546875,
0.032958984375,
-0.03564453125,
0.015869140625,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.038818359375,
0.044189453125,
0.040283203125,
0.0220947265625,
0.0230712890625,
-0.00274658203125,
0.0159912109375,
0.0230712890625,
0.005645751953125,
0.004608154296875,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.05126953125,
-0.03369140625,
-0.007598876953125,
-0.037109375,
-0.0322265625,
0.00019359588623046875,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.000011682510375976562,
0.01422119140625,
-0.00537109375,
0.004150390625,
-0.04248046875,
-0.04541015625,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.059326171875,
-0.0054931640625,
-0.003448486328125,
0.045166015625,
-0.00543212890625,
0.287109375,
0.0096435546875,
-0.0203857421875,
0.01177978515625,
0.006622314453125,
0.04833984375,
0.037841796875,
0.0040283203125,
-0.03955078125,
0.01055908203125,
-0.053955078125,
-0.042236328125,
-0.00701904296875,
0.0101318359375,
0.0201416015625,
0.0037384033203125,
-0.013427734375,
0.039794921875,
0.02197265625,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.03857421875,
-0.035400390625,
0.0142822265625,
0.09130859375,
0.0087890625,
0.0162353515625,
-0.00006151199340820312,
-0.051025390625,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.08740234375,
-0.027099609375,
-0.035888671875,
0.052734375,
-0.039794921875,
-0.01287841796875,
0.002838134765625,
-0.04296875,
0.0225830078125,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.01141357421875,
0.0223388671875,
-0.006866455078125,
-0.00714111328125,
-0.0026092529296875,
0.035888671875,
0.01177978515625,
-0.026611328125,
0.0224609375,
0.08056640625,
-0.0284423828125,
0.01361083984375,
0.018798828125,
0.02392578125,
0.030029296875,
0.001953125,
0.00274658203125,
0.0269775390625,
-0.0069580078125,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.0172119140625,
0.004364013671875,
0.0185546875,
0.0400390625,
0.05224609375,
-0.00592041015625,
0.0034637451171875,
0.0419921875,
-0.023681640625,
-0.0238037109375,
0.01263427734375,
-0.01446533203125,
0.00494384765625,
-0.00086212158203125,
-0.01177978515625,
0.042724609375,
0.022705078125,
-0.003265380859375,
0.0224609375,
0.00119781494140625,
-0.02587890625,
-0.005096435546875,
-0.047607421875,
0.0220947265625,
0.0269775390625,
0.046630859375,
0.0164794921875,
-0.034423828125,
-0.05810546875,
0.03564453125,
-0.0311279296875,
0.01019287109375,
0.0179443359375,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.023193359375,
-0.007049560546875
] |
North, J.
Plaintiff filed this bill in chancery to obtain a construction of the last will and testament, of her father, August P. Sater, deceased. She contends that by its terms she became the absolute owner of the property described in paragraph 2 of the will. On the other hand, as to that property, defendants, a son and grandson of testator, assert in their answer “that paragraph 2 of said last will and testament expressly gives to Esther M. S. Sater a life interest in the lands and * * * in the household furniture and effects as therein set out,” and that subject to her life interest this property “passes under the residuary clause of said last -will and testament.” The decree in the circuit court construed the will as claimed by plaintiff. Defendants have appealed. Paragraph 2 of the will reads:
“I give, devise and bequeath my home, located on Lot Number Seventy (70) of College Grove Addition to the City of East Lansing, Michigan, according to the recorded plat thereof, or the home owned by me at the time of my death, together with all of the household furniture and effects, to my daughter, Esther M. S. Sater, a life interest to belong to her and to her heirs forever.”
It is too plain for argument that the testator intended by his will to leave something to his daughter, Esther; and we find no merit in an alternative contention made by defendants “that the provisions of paragraph 2 of the will are totally and irreconcilably repugnant and the testator’s intent cannot be determined,” and therefore paragraph 2 of the will is void. Especially must it be so held in view of defendants’ admission quoted above from their answer that paragraph 2 “expressly gives to Esther M. S. Sater a life interest.” Hence the controverted issue narrows down to this: Does paragraph 2 give to Esther full and complete title to the property described therein, or only a life estate 1
In construing a testamentary provision expressed in obscure or uncertain language, rendering it ambiguous, courts look to “all four corners” of the will involved, and may also consider competent extrinsic testimony in the light of which the testamentary provision may be properly construed. In re Warmbier’s Estate, 262 Mich 160; Tonnelier v. Westin, 302 Mich 213.
This will was copied from an original draft in the handwriting of testator, who, at the time it was typed at his request, stated it “was just the way he would like to have the will read.” Obviously paragraph 2 is ambiguous. Hence it was proper to take extrinsic testimony to aid in determining the true intent of the testator. In re Warmbier’s Estate, supra. Rev. John E. Breck, pastor of the church which the testator attended, was the only witness on this phase of the case. He testified (over defendants’ objection) that on 2 occasions when he was visiting with testator the latter made statements concerning- his will. The will was executed January 31, 1944. The first of the 2 conversations with Rev. Breck occurred February 21, 1946, and the second about 6 months later. The material portions of his testimony are as follows:
“In Mr. Sater’s conversation, he was disturbed over the possibility that after his death Miss Sater might try to sell the house and Mr. Sater asked me to use all the influence I had to keep her from selling the house. Mr. Sater told me that in his will he had left everything to Esther. That is an exact quotation. He also said he wanted me to use my good offices to persuade her not to dispose of the property. He gave as his reasons for wanting her to keep it that he felt the property being an income property (double house) would protect her for the rest of her days. He told me specifically at that time that he came to see me to try to prevent Miss Sater from ever selling the house. * * *
“I tallied with Mr. Sater in his home at a later date probably within 6 months after the first conversation. At that time he said he was worried over the possibility that Esther would try to sell the house and asked me to use my influence to prevent her from trying to sell it. He said that he thought she might go to some old people’s home.
On cross-examination he also testified:
“This first conversation occurred in my study at the church premises. Mr. Sater told me he had left everything to Esther. I was not familiar with the will.
“1 did not learn from the conversation with him at that time that Rev. Sater had left a legacy to his grandson. I did not know or learn from my conversation with him at that time that he had a provision in his will relative to an indebtednes due to Huida Larson of Boston, Mass. * * * He did repeat that he had left everything to Esther, but said nothing about the other things in his will.”
The provisions in the will about which nothing was said to Rev. Breck by testator were: (1) A conditional provision for paying $900 to Huida Larson from whom, testator recited, he had borrowed that amount; (2) a $500 bequest in trust to Esther to be paid to testator’s grandson, Alden A. P. Sater, when he became 21 years of age; and (3)'the residuary clause in the will under which any residue was left to his “two children, Esther M. S. Sater and Petrus E. C. Sater, equally.”
If only the wording of parag’raph 2 of the will were to be considered, as between giving Esther absolute ownership or only a life estate in the property therein described, the inference at first blush might seem to support either claim substantially equally. But, while it is possible, it rarely happens that a testator in bequeathing to a child “household furniture and effects” in the home, gives to the child only a life estate in such personal effects. As embodied in this will it seems quite necessary to conclude that the testator intended to give his daughter, Esther, the same interest in the real property as in the household effects. The briefs of all parties to this litigation seem to proceed on that theory. Hence the more plausible inference is that by paragraph 2 testator intended to give to Esther absolute ownership rather than only a life interest. “A will must be construed as a whole.” Hay v. Hay (syllabus), 317 Mich 370.
If we look to the residuary clause of this will, the inference there appears rather clearly that testator did not intend that his son, Petrus E. C. Sater, should presently take any interest in the property described in paragraph 2, for in the residuary clause the father provided: “I am making no further provision (than hereinbefore stated) for my son because I have already helped him in a financial way.”
And again if we look to the residuary clause it is difficult to conclude that testator’s daughter would receive any substantial personal benefit under the residuary clause in the property désignated in paragraph 2, if under the will the absolute ownership thereto did not pass until termination of the daughter’s life estate—i.e., upon her decease; for as a re-suit of her demise she would take nothing under the residuary provision which would be of personal benefit to her. Such a holding would not harmonize' with the testator’s apparent primary concern, which seemed to be the welfare of Esther during her lifetime.
In arriving at our decision we have not overlooked defendants’ contention that in cases of ambiguity as to disposition of property a will should be construed as nearly as possible in conformity with the law of descent and distribution. Detroit Trust Co. v. Stoepel, 312 Mich 172. However this is merely one of several rules announced by this Court to aid in construction of an ambiguous testamentary document. It is not a fixed rule which is absolutely controlling.
"We have also considered, but are not in accord with, appellants’ contention that the Sater will should be construed as vesting only a life estate in Esther because such a construction would aid in accomplishing the testator’s desire that she should not dispose of the property during her lifetime. Had the testator intended to accomplish that result, it seems rather clear that one of his intelligence in very definite language would have given Esther only a life estate and would have specifically named the taker of the fee title subject to the life estate. That was not done in this will.
It may further be noted, we think our decision herein is in accord with the statute, insofar as it may he considered applicable, which provides:
“Every devise of land, in any will hereafter made, shall be construed to convey all the estate of the devisor therein which he could lawfully devise, unless it shall clearly appear by the will that the devisor intended to convey a less estate.” CL 1948, § 702.2 [Stat Ann 1943 Rev § 27.3178(72)].
See Weir v. Michigan Stove Co., 44 Mich 506.
On the record before us we conclude the trial judge reached the right conclusion. The decree entered in the circuit court, wherein it is provided that under the terms of the Sater will the entire title of the real estate and personal property described in paragraph 2 of the will vested in Esther M. S. Sater, is affirmed. Appellee may have costs of this Court.
Reid, C. J., and Boyles, Dethmers, Butzel, Carr, Bushnell, and Sharpe, JJ., concurred. | [
-0.0159912109375,
0.018798828125,
0.0081787109375,
0.020263671875,
-0.06494140625,
-0.00958251953125,
0.0064697265625,
0.00628662109375,
0.0255126953125,
0.037109375,
0.037353515625,
0.00118255615234375,
0.03564453125,
0.03662109375,
0.00885009765625,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.045654296875,
0.0106201171875,
-0.041015625,
0.026123046875,
0.00982666015625,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.039306640625,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.001312255859375,
0.005035400390625,
0.0031890869140625,
0.01806640625,
0.052978515625,
0.0252685546875,
0.00701904296875,
-0.003326416015625,
0.02197265625,
0.0004405975341796875,
0.01495361328125,
-0.0035858154296875,
0.05908203125,
-0.06494140625,
0.001495361328125,
-0.00171661376953125,
0.03076171875,
-0.010986328125,
0.058837890625,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.041259765625,
-0.0537109375,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.030029296875,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.034912109375,
0.019775390625,
-0.0264892578125,
0.0224609375,
-0.06689453125,
0.02294921875,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.004669189453125,
-0.03564453125,
-0.017333984375,
0.05029296875,
0.0196533203125,
-0.059326171875,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.005462646484375,
0.0208740234375,
0.052978515625,
0.037841796875,
0.013671875,
-0.0234375,
-0.045166015625,
0.0059814453125,
0.0220947265625,
-0.03173828125,
0.005523681640625,
-0.000751495361328125,
-0.026123046875,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.01019287109375,
0.0269775390625,
0.0137939453125,
0.004791259765625,
-0.023193359375,
0.02099609375,
-0.040283203125,
-0.054443359375,
-0.010498046875,
-0.00433349609375,
0.0172119140625,
0.004302978515625,
0.00762939453125,
-0.030517578125,
0.052490234375,
-0.033447265625,
-0.00836181640625,
0.0164794921875,
0.0615234375,
0.0262451171875,
0.0234375,
0.025146484375,
-0.019775390625,
0.0274658203125,
-0.005523681640625,
0.0113525390625,
0.08544921875,
-0.0233154296875,
0.0262451171875,
-0.05029296875,
0.00531005859375,
0.015869140625,
-0.0250244140625,
0.01141357421875,
0.001983642578125,
0.0260009765625,
-0.01123046875,
-0.059814453125,
0.019775390625,
-0.03759765625,
-0.00083160400390625,
-0.029541015625,
-0.0157470703125,
0.036376953125,
-0.0185546875,
0.0196533203125,
-0.0064697265625,
0.0257568359375,
0.00170135498046875,
-0.01287841796875,
0.03857421875,
-0.00116729736328125,
-0.0035247802734375,
0.046875,
0.0034942626953125,
-0.049072265625,
0.022705078125,
-0.007568359375,
0.03515625,
0.00634765625,
0.004302978515625,
0.01348876953125,
-0.0045166015625,
0.040283203125,
-0.00567626953125,
0.021240234375,
0.019775390625,
0.00726318359375,
0.041259765625,
-0.0087890625,
0.0302734375,
-0.0537109375,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.05517578125,
0.009765625,
0.0634765625,
0.0274658203125,
0.0283203125,
-0.02978515625,
0.042236328125,
-0.03564453125,
0.01092529296875,
-0.0062255859375,
0.01019287109375,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.010986328125,
0.023193359375,
-0.023681640625,
0.0279541015625,
0.0274658203125,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.037353515625,
-0.018310546875,
0.01116943359375,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.068359375,
-0.0191650390625,
0.01708984375,
-0.000659942626953125,
0.04541015625,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.0033111572265625,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0478515625,
0.059326171875,
0.006378173828125,
0.0196533203125,
0.01055908203125,
0.0023345947265625,
-0.0291748046875,
0.005889892578125,
-0.031494140625,
0.01397705078125,
0.017333984375,
-0.0162353515625,
0.030517578125,
-0.017333984375,
0.072265625,
-0.07080078125,
0.018798828125,
-0.00421142578125,
-0.01806640625,
-0.029541015625,
-0.03564453125,
0.032470703125,
0.04736328125,
-0.021484375,
-0.057861328125,
0.06591796875,
0.01068115234375,
-0.045654296875,
-0.01055908203125,
0.0211181640625,
0.01409912109375,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.0030364990234375,
-0.00125885009765625,
0.0054931640625,
-0.037109375,
0.028076171875,
-0.080078125,
0.01220703125,
-0.00946044921875,
0.0001201629638671875,
-0.018798828125,
0.03173828125,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.00469970703125,
0.046630859375,
0.018798828125,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.032470703125,
-0.000637054443359375,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.0177001953125,
0.05908203125,
-0.04248046875,
-0.0238037109375,
0.031005859375,
0.01385498046875,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.004119873046875,
0.0015411376953125,
0.041259765625,
0.07763671875,
-0.00052642822265625,
-0.0030517578125,
0.036376953125,
-0.008056640625,
0.0169677734375,
-0.0120849609375,
0.006103515625,
-0.004241943359375,
-0.00154876708984375,
-0.00732421875,
0.046875,
0.021240234375,
-0.004119873046875,
0.0284423828125,
0.00994873046875,
-0.025146484375,
-0.051025390625,
0.027587890625,
0.0230712890625,
-0.056640625,
0.0025634765625,
0.0272216796875,
-0.025390625,
0.0498046875,
-0.02197265625,
-0.0537109375,
-0.037109375,
-0.021728515625,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.0028839111328125,
-0.0322265625,
-0.025390625,
0.02001953125,
-0.056640625,
0.041015625,
0.0007781982421875,
-0.00150299072265625,
0.038330078125,
-0.0211181640625,
0.01116943359375,
-0.025390625,
0.033447265625,
-0.0458984375,
0.06103515625,
0.01214599609375,
0.031494140625,
0.005950927734375,
-0.0517578125,
-0.0294189453125,
0.004058837890625,
0.0201416015625,
-0.006866455078125,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.033935546875,
-0.047607421875,
-0.01171875,
0.00075531005859375,
-0.04296875,
0.00927734375,
0.0220947265625,
-0.037353515625,
0.00567626953125,
-0.0030059814453125,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.0074462890625,
0.0274658203125,
-0.008544921875,
0.041015625,
0.0157470703125,
-0.000812530517578125,
-0.0267333984375,
0.06884765625,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.003143310546875,
0.023681640625,
-0.030029296875,
0.0291748046875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0205078125,
-0.020263671875,
0.004638671875,
0.00921630859375,
0.015380859375,
-0.0673828125,
0.01263427734375,
0.00738525390625,
-0.058837890625,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.00946044921875,
0.0081787109375,
-0.034423828125,
0.01324462890625,
0.00531005859375,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0107421875,
-0.005859375,
0.044189453125,
-0.03369140625,
0.0123291015625,
-0.00592041015625,
0.022705078125,
0.032470703125,
0.0186767578125,
-0.015869140625,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.042236328125,
0.0255126953125,
-0.01165771484375,
0.03173828125,
-0.0179443359375,
0.02783203125,
0.0196533203125,
-0.044677734375,
0.0164794921875,
0.0262451171875,
-0.000102996826171875,
0.0537109375,
0.0150146484375,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.0361328125,
-0.005828857421875,
-0.02490234375,
-0.0283203125,
0.02978515625,
-0.043212890625,
0.033447265625,
0.04296875,
-0.057861328125,
0.00848388671875,
-0.0146484375,
-0.04052734375,
0.006927490234375,
-0.00009679794311523438,
0.01202392578125,
-0.000484466552734375,
-0.002349853515625,
-0.015869140625,
0.01153564453125,
0.05322265625,
0.0263671875,
0.03076171875,
-0.033935546875,
0.0198974609375,
0.0037078857421875,
0.0164794921875,
-0.004302978515625,
-0.06396484375,
0.04296875,
0.013427734375,
-0.021728515625,
-0.043212890625,
0.0179443359375,
0.0277099609375,
-0.01202392578125,
0.0224609375,
0.03125,
0.0224609375,
0.0255126953125,
0.00616455078125,
-0.06689453125,
-0.0016021728515625,
-0.037841796875,
0.080078125,
-0.0302734375,
0.037841796875,
-0.0177001953125,
0.0201416015625,
0.024658203125,
0.02197265625,
0.0128173828125,
-0.004119873046875,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0203857421875,
0.0361328125,
0.0133056640625,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.005615234375,
0.043212890625,
0.025390625,
0.01104736328125,
-0.0517578125,
0.040283203125,
-0.038330078125,
0.0201416015625,
-0.0019378662109375,
0.014892578125,
0.0020751953125,
0.0205078125,
-0.0291748046875,
0.00299072265625,
0.0380859375,
0.0089111328125,
0.00408935546875,
-0.0026702880859375,
0.037841796875,
0.02197265625,
0.07666015625,
-0.001861572265625,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.016845703125,
0.0130615234375,
-0.0390625,
-0.01202392578125,
0.015625,
-0.01409912109375,
0.0208740234375,
-0.028564453125,
0.0556640625,
-0.0224609375,
-0.0224609375,
-0.005767822265625,
0.06396484375,
-0.012451171875,
0.0255126953125,
-0.034423828125,
0.0191650390625,
0.004638671875,
0.0252685546875,
-0.03466796875,
0.003265380859375,
0.01446533203125,
-0.01171875,
0.00628662109375,
0.05029296875,
-0.01708984375,
0.006134033203125,
0.00043487548828125,
-0.033935546875,
-0.033935546875,
0.04931640625,
0.010498046875,
0.0233154296875,
0.004302978515625,
-0.0194091796875,
0.031494140625,
0.002471923828125,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0166015625,
-0.000006109476089477539,
-0.018310546875,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.0205078125,
-0.025634765625,
-0.020751953125,
0.0242919921875,
-0.00153350830078125,
0.0203857421875,
-0.022216796875,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.06103515625,
-0.044921875,
-0.04345703125,
0.010986328125,
-0.003509521484375,
0.058349609375,
0.0198974609375,
0.03271484375,
0.0118408203125,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.031494140625,
-0.031005859375,
-0.03076171875,
0.044189453125,
0.01171875,
0.026611328125,
-0.005889892578125,
0.006134033203125,
-0.0240478515625,
0.0172119140625,
0.0712890625,
-0.02587890625,
0.0361328125,
0.031982421875,
0.052978515625,
-0.050048828125,
-0.01904296875,
0.0079345703125,
-0.030517578125,
0.00186920166015625,
0.047119140625,
0.006134033203125,
-0.044921875,
-0.0302734375,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.012451171875,
-0.038818359375,
-0.059814453125,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.0034942626953125,
0.0302734375,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.0012359619140625,
0.003326416015625,
-0.076171875,
0.041015625,
0.0054931640625,
0.00186920166015625,
-0.053955078125,
-0.02490234375,
0.0032501220703125,
0.034912109375,
-0.002899169921875,
0.01513671875,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0576171875,
-0.0086669921875,
0.0147705078125,
0.01708984375,
-0.039306640625,
0.0089111328125,
0.0020751953125,
0.01422119140625,
0.00994873046875,
0.00124359130859375,
0.0341796875,
-0.02783203125,
-0.030029296875,
0.0673828125,
-0.05224609375,
0.01202392578125,
-0.06982421875,
0.02978515625,
-0.017333984375,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.03564453125,
0.03125,
-0.02294921875,
-0.009521484375,
-0.020263671875,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.022705078125,
-0.06298828125,
0.01177978515625,
0.020263671875,
0.006744384765625,
0.01263427734375,
-0.0234375,
0.021728515625,
0.00885009765625,
0.0296630859375,
0.068359375,
0.00848388671875,
0.0068359375,
-0.052734375,
0.03271484375,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.08056640625,
-0.045654296875,
-0.0167236328125,
0.00616455078125,
-0.025146484375,
-0.005462646484375,
-0.014892578125,
-0.06591796875,
0.03515625,
0.034912109375,
-0.0205078125,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.03466796875,
-0.00775146484375,
0.072265625,
-0.009765625,
0.0263671875,
0.04931640625,
-0.021728515625,
-0.01806640625,
0.020263671875,
0.05126953125,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.07373046875,
0.0279541015625,
0.01397705078125,
-0.0169677734375,
0.038330078125,
0.04248046875,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.06298828125,
-0.001922607421875,
-0.017822265625,
0.01141357421875,
0.0546875,
-0.04638671875,
0.01055908203125,
0.0048828125,
0.0035247802734375,
0.034912109375,
-0.029296875,
-0.01171875,
-0.02294921875,
-0.049560546875,
0.0242919921875,
0.0081787109375,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.031982421875,
-0.005889892578125,
-0.004730224609375,
0.01031494140625,
0.026123046875,
-0.00567626953125,
-0.0225830078125,
0.0033111572265625,
0.0004119873046875,
0.058349609375,
-0.00274658203125,
-0.0026092529296875,
0.00074005126953125,
-0.0029296875,
-0.03759765625,
0.01312255859375,
-0.03271484375,
0.052734375,
-0.029541015625,
-0.07568359375,
0.0260009765625,
0.056396484375,
0.03759765625,
0.0751953125,
-0.046875,
-0.02392578125,
0.006744384765625,
0.0279541015625,
-0.037353515625,
-0.016357421875,
0.03515625,
0.046142578125,
-0.041259765625,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0255126953125,
0.07373046875,
0.015380859375,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.01171875,
-0.014892578125,
0.02197265625,
0.01348876953125,
-0.04296875,
0.00098419189453125,
-0.02978515625,
0.0234375,
-0.003997802734375,
0.016845703125,
-0.033447265625,
0.002838134765625,
0.026611328125,
-0.0240478515625,
0.050048828125,
-0.0172119140625,
0.0478515625,
0.0234375,
0.0101318359375,
-0.00933837890625,
0.0228271484375,
0.0106201171875,
-0.0035552978515625,
-0.020263671875,
0.00128936767578125,
0.012939453125,
0.021240234375,
0.0096435546875,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.00518798828125,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.028076171875,
-0.052001953125,
0.0517578125,
0.06494140625,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.016845703125,
-0.021240234375,
0.0294189453125,
-0.01611328125,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0235595703125,
0.046630859375,
0.0224609375,
0.043212890625,
-0.01318359375,
0.0242919921875,
0.039306640625,
0.01312255859375,
0.01470947265625,
0.004638671875,
-0.009033203125,
0.052490234375,
0.01031494140625,
0.0157470703125,
-0.06103515625,
0.03125,
-0.005859375,
0.0174560546875,
0.07373046875,
-0.0419921875,
0.0260009765625,
-0.00244140625,
-0.01904296875,
0.0263671875,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.0322265625,
0.021728515625,
0.0072021484375,
0.0186767578125,
0.0189208984375,
-0.00421142578125,
-0.029541015625,
0.0252685546875,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.006195068359375,
-0.0062255859375,
0.0283203125,
0.0252685546875,
-0.02392578125,
0.0181884765625,
0.03125,
-0.04931640625,
-0.076171875,
-0.00982666015625,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.025390625,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.072265625,
0.0169677734375,
-0.0019378662109375,
0.0322265625,
0.0146484375,
0.01239013671875,
-0.04833984375,
0.0164794921875,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.00018310546875,
-0.052001953125,
-0.01104736328125,
0.03076171875,
0.0040283203125,
0.01275634765625,
0.06591796875,
-0.0184326171875,
0.020263671875,
-0.0263671875,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.04345703125,
0.035400390625,
0.03369140625,
0.041259765625,
0.0238037109375,
0.00004649162292480469,
0.0281982421875,
0.0206298828125,
0.015380859375,
0.0223388671875,
0.0019989013671875,
0.01312255859375,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0120849609375,
0.01336669921875,
-0.017822265625,
-0.004608154296875,
0.0252685546875,
-0.0203857421875,
0.00083160400390625,
-0.046630859375,
-0.0277099609375,
0.025390625,
-0.0023193359375,
0.0198974609375,
-0.0235595703125,
0.0155029296875,
-0.00567626953125,
0.046875,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.001068115234375,
0.0556640625,
0.033447265625,
0.035400390625,
-0.00112152099609375,
0.00537109375,
0.033935546875,
-0.058349609375,
-0.029052734375,
0.01324462890625,
0.056396484375,
-0.0234375,
-0.0201416015625,
0.03466796875,
0.0211181640625,
-0.031494140625,
0.0184326171875,
0.01422119140625,
-0.0673828125,
0.0198974609375,
-0.0059814453125,
0.0252685546875,
-0.0076904296875,
0.00445556640625,
0.044921875,
-0.04833984375,
-0.06884765625,
0.0234375,
0.0201416015625,
0.017333984375,
-0.02197265625,
0.014892578125,
0.01312255859375,
0.04443359375,
0.035888671875,
-0.00738525390625,
0.015625,
0.00579833984375,
-0.03515625,
-0.0291748046875,
0.06689453125,
-0.054443359375,
-0.058349609375,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.00921630859375,
0.0036773681640625,
0.005767822265625,
0.01348876953125,
-0.06982421875,
-0.019775390625,
0.006561279296875,
-0.03662109375,
0.0380859375,
-0.0234375,
0.022705078125,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.004486083984375,
0.03564453125,
-0.038818359375,
0.00634765625,
-0.0673828125,
0.045166015625,
0.0242919921875,
-0.04541015625,
-0.059326171875,
-0.042236328125,
-0.0152587890625,
0.0390625,
-0.03173828125,
-0.044677734375,
-0.0036163330078125,
0.042724609375,
0.01361083984375,
-0.033203125,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.0184326171875,
0.015869140625,
0.023681640625,
0.00732421875,
0.033935546875,
-0.0010528564453125,
0.015380859375,
0.03076171875,
0.005218505859375,
0.0322265625,
-0.0003604888916015625,
-0.00543212890625,
-0.028076171875,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.00244140625,
-0.0244140625,
0.00830078125,
0.007049560546875,
-0.006927490234375,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.03759765625,
-0.003082275390625,
-0.01904296875,
-0.04345703125,
-0.035400390625,
-0.023193359375,
-0.0140380859375,
0.0194091796875,
0.010986328125,
-0.08837890625,
0.25390625,
0.004730224609375,
-0.006744384765625,
-0.002166748046875,
-0.0123291015625,
0.060546875,
0.01104736328125,
-0.01318359375,
-0.007415771484375,
-0.010009765625,
-0.0078125,
-0.04052734375,
-0.015380859375,
-0.002166748046875,
0.044677734375,
0.0250244140625,
-0.0167236328125,
0.054443359375,
-0.035400390625,
-0.046630859375,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.018798828125,
-0.00994873046875,
0.04638671875,
0.0286865234375,
0.00994873046875,
0.037841796875,
-0.036865234375,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.0751953125,
0.00012969970703125,
-0.038330078125,
0.040771484375,
-0.011474609375,
-0.0007171630859375,
0.0277099609375,
-0.032958984375,
0.0054931640625,
0.009033203125,
0.04296875,
-0.00543212890625,
0.0016021728515625,
-0.00445556640625,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.00122833251953125,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0181884765625,
0.0703125,
0.0556640625,
-0.05322265625,
0.0145263671875,
0.0089111328125,
0.0201416015625,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.00185394287109375,
0.01116943359375,
0.026611328125,
0.0025177001953125,
-0.029296875,
-0.0634765625,
-0.011474609375,
0.04345703125,
0.003173828125,
-0.00142669677734375,
0.01434326171875,
0.035888671875,
0.06640625,
0.017822265625,
-0.0074462890625,
-0.0115966796875,
0.005401611328125,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.0390625,
-0.0155029296875,
0.0294189453125,
0.00055694580078125,
-0.0196533203125,
0.00469970703125,
0.0634765625,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.035400390625,
-0.027587890625,
0.0052490234375,
0.046630859375,
0.038330078125,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.056640625,
-0.0084228515625,
0.01611328125,
0.03564453125,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.031494140625,
0.02490234375,
-0.0023193359375
] |
Boyles, J.
In 1949, plaintiff obtained a judgment for $2,075.76, and costs, against the principal defendant, Industrial Research Corporation. Thereupon plaintiff started the instant proceeding against Mrs. Mabel H. Guy as g’arnishee defendant. She filed a disclosure denying liability to the principal defendant. Thereupon plaintiff filed a demand for an examination of the garnishee, whereupon an order of reference was made to a circuit court commissioner, testimony was taken and returned to the trial court. On motion, the trial court entered judgment for the plaintiff against the garnishee defendant for $750, and costs, from which she appeals. Plaintiff cross-appeals, claiming she should have judgment against the garnishee defend ant for the full amount of her judgment against the principal defendant.
Prior to suit, the principal defendant, hereinafter referred to as the corporation, had obtained a United States government contract, but was unable to perform for lack of operating capital. The garnishee defendant supplied it by paying $5,000 into the corporation account. The major controversy now involves a question of fact as to this payment. Was it a loan of $5,000 by Mrs. Guy to the corporation? If so, the corporation had a right to repay it. Was it an investment by Mrs. Guy in the capital stock of the corporation? If so, the corporation did not owe this $5,000 to Mrs. Guy. Admittedly, the corporation later paid Mrs. Guy $5,000. Was it repayment of a loan, or nothing more than $5,000 of corporate funds in the possession of Mrs. Guy as the return to her of an investment in corporate stock and, therefore, subject to garnishment by plaintiff, a judgment creditor of the corporation?
The testimony taken at the examination of the garnishee defendant shows that when the corporation obtained the government contract, being without operating capital, Mrs. Guy, together with one Thelma Morris, supplied the funds. Mrs. Guy supplied $5,000 and Thelma Morris $7,500. As a condition to supplying funds, Mrs. Guy insisted that the capital stock of the company ($1,000) be assigned to her, that her husband be made secretary-treasurer and a director of the company and allowed to administer its fiscal affairs. This was done. The attorney for the plaintiff, in the sworn petition filed by him in the instant proceeding to require Mrs. Guy to show cause why judgment should not be entered against her for the full amount of plaintiff’s principal judgment, stated:
“He (Mr. Guy) repaid to Ms wife and to Mrs. •Morris the sums that they had paid in and in addition paid them the following sums: Mrs. Guy—$750, Mrs. Morris—6 per cent, per annum on $7,500 plus $800.”
The examination before the circuit court commissioner showed that the capital stock of the corporation ($1,000) was owned by one William Hollister. The proofs show that “Mr. Hollister, he owned all the stock and he assigned it as security.” Mr. Guy testified that the money paid to the corporation was not in payment of capital stock, “absolutely nothing but loans and secured loans.” There is no substantial testimony to the contrary. We are in accord with the conclusion reached by the trial court that the $5,000 paid over to the corporation by Mrs. Guy was a loan, that she was legally entitled to the repayment which was made, and plaintiff cannot reach into that payment by garnishment proceedings on the theory that it was money belonging to or owing by her to the corporate defendant. It is quite improbable that Mrs. Guy would invest $5,000 in stock issued for $1,000.
The record plainly shows that the additional $750 paid to Mrs. Guy by her husband as secretary-treasurer of the corporation in charge of its fiscal affairs, was a “bonus” for the loan. It was not a payment of money owed by the corporation to Mrs. Guy.
While it is the law that the corporation itself is by statute prevented from interposing the defense of usury in its own behalf,' nothing in this record indicates that the corporation agreed to pay Mrs. Guy more than the legal rate of interest, nor is the corporation itself seeking to avoid its own contract by showing that it is usurious. The $750 in the pos session of Mrs. Guy was a corporate asset illegally paid to her out of the funds of the corporation and is “property, money, goods, chattels and effects under his (her) control, belonging to the principal defendant.” CL 1948, § 628.2 (Stat Ann 1949 Cum Supp § 27.1856). The trial court held:
“The court is of the opinion that in giving his wife’s claim preferential treatment over and above the payment of her full debt plus agreed interest, he (Mr. Guy) violated that trust and that in paying her from the corporate funds a bonus of $750 above that debt, he became a trustee ex maleficio for the benefit of those who had a superior right to that money. Were either Mr. or Mrs. Guy a simple creditor advancing money to the company upon any agreed terms without participation or control in the company management, the situation might be entirely different. But having assumed a fiduciary position, an intervening duty arose not to take advantage of that position for their own profit, at the expense of other creditors.”
The bonus received by Mrs. Guy was, in effect, a secret profit obtained by her through the fiscal control of the funds of the corporation by her husband as its secretary-treasurer. The $5,000 was paid to the corporation out of Mrs. Guy’s bank account and returned to it upon the repayment. She testified that Mr. Guy had a “power of attorney for my bank account. The money in our bank account belongs to both of us. It is in my own name.” It is obvious that Mrs. Guy and her husband acted in concert to provide the capital which enabled the corporation to carry out the government contract and that they collaborated together to consummate the transaction whereby she obtained the $750 “bonus.” See Clark v. Daniels, 250 Mich 22. They were, in effect, in “a fiduciary relation towards the corporation, * * * a quasi agent of the Corporation and subject to the disabilities of such.” Koppitz-Melchers, Inc., v. Koppitz (syllabus), 315 Mich 582.
The trial judge held that Mrs. Guy’s payment of $5,000 to the corporation was a loan, and that the repayment could not be reached by plaintiff’s garnishment proceeding; and that the $750 in the possession of Mrs. Guy was subject to garnishment.
Affirmed, without costs, both parties having prevailed only in part on this appeal.
Reid, C. J., and North, Dethmers, Butzel, Carr, Bushnell, and Sharpe, JJ., concurred.
CL 1948, § 628.3 (Stat Ana § 27.1857).
OL 1948, § 450.78 (Stat Ann § 21.78).
Cf. Wm. S. & John H. Thomas v. Union Trust Co., 251 Mich. 279. | [
-0.00872802734375,
0.00004506111145019531,
-0.00994873046875,
0.025634765625,
-0.04833984375,
-0.017822265625,
0.00860595703125,
-0.030517578125,
-0.003753662109375,
0.01251220703125,
0.0087890625,
-0.01312255859375,
0.0224609375,
-0.006500244140625,
0.01806640625,
-0.03515625,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.00933837890625,
0.021240234375,
0.001678466796875,
0.03515625,
-0.021240234375,
-0.0439453125,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.01324462890625,
0.038330078125,
0.0096435546875,
-0.03271484375,
0.08203125,
0.01422119140625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.00927734375,
0.004058837890625,
-0.01470947265625,
0.03759765625,
-0.0179443359375,
0.0020599365234375,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.005828857421875,
0.01312255859375,
0.035888671875,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.039794921875,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.035888671875,
0.0299072265625,
-0.048095703125,
0.0172119140625,
-0.01177978515625,
0.005218505859375,
-0.00543212890625,
0.00138092041015625,
-0.03759765625,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.012939453125,
-0.011962890625,
0.01483154296875,
0.039794921875,
-0.0478515625,
0.03173828125,
-0.047119140625,
0.02294921875,
0.0419921875,
-0.0059814453125,
0.00848388671875,
-0.0157470703125,
0.01092529296875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0089111328125,
0.00640869140625,
-0.004180908203125,
-0.00164794921875,
-0.046630859375,
0.00836181640625,
-0.004974365234375,
-0.012939453125,
0.0022430419921875,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.00701904296875,
0.037109375,
0.0120849609375,
-0.03515625,
0.0201416015625,
0.00007295608520507812,
0.0283203125,
0.00653076171875,
0.01177978515625,
-0.021484375,
0.0673828125,
-0.059814453125,
0.0016326904296875,
0.0255126953125,
0.028564453125,
-0.05029296875,
-0.0218505859375,
0.046875,
0.00677490234375,
0.028564453125,
0.0162353515625,
-0.007171630859375,
0.0830078125,
0.0166015625,
0.044677734375,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.01043701171875,
0.01080322265625,
0.01416015625,
-0.03369140625,
0.049072265625,
-0.021240234375,
-0.060791015625,
-0.001983642578125,
-0.02978515625,
-0.00433349609375,
-0.054443359375,
-0.01611328125,
0.051025390625,
0.0031890869140625,
0.051025390625,
-0.017333984375,
0.007049560546875,
0.002288818359375,
0.004241943359375,
0.00848388671875,
-0.01470947265625,
0.0262451171875,
0.016845703125,
-0.005645751953125,
-0.0279541015625,
0.004241943359375,
0.00860595703125,
0.0000037848949432373047,
0.0245361328125,
0.0240478515625,
0.0439453125,
0.0150146484375,
0.0255126953125,
0.00634765625,
-0.00848388671875,
0.04345703125,
0.0038299560546875,
0.06640625,
0.00445556640625,
0.0145263671875,
-0.046142578125,
0.002655029296875,
-0.0625,
-0.0103759765625,
0.020263671875,
0.02783203125,
0.038330078125,
-0.00142669677734375,
0.0223388671875,
-0.025634765625,
0.033447265625,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.01416015625,
0.03564453125,
0.001983642578125,
-0.001556396484375,
-0.04150390625,
0.004119873046875,
0.0019378662109375,
0.032470703125,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0308837890625,
0.01806640625,
0.0126953125,
-0.07080078125,
-0.041748046875,
0.04541015625,
0.03173828125,
0.038818359375,
-0.0419921875,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.00106048583984375,
-0.022705078125,
0.031494140625,
0.0262451171875,
0.015625,
0.0206298828125,
0.03662109375,
0.02978515625,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.01544189453125,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.011962890625,
0.01708984375,
-0.040283203125,
0.003875732421875,
-0.0299072265625,
0.050537109375,
-0.005828857421875,
0.00421142578125,
0.04248046875,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.003173828125,
-0.00191497802734375,
-0.0218505859375,
0.0361328125,
-0.019775390625,
-0.0225830078125,
0.04150390625,
0.0228271484375,
-0.046875,
0.000926971435546875,
0.017333984375,
0.02392578125,
0.007598876953125,
-0.041748046875,
-0.0218505859375,
0.01904296875,
-0.0361328125,
0.020751953125,
-0.0274658203125,
0.03515625,
-0.0113525390625,
0.01043701171875,
-0.0380859375,
0.052490234375,
0.01611328125,
-0.0177001953125,
0.0263671875,
0.027587890625,
0.001251220703125,
-0.002410888671875,
-0.0115966796875,
0.00787353515625,
-0.017578125,
0.060546875,
-0.01953125,
-0.03369140625,
0.060302734375,
0.03125,
0.01202392578125,
-0.0028839111328125,
-0.036376953125,
0.04052734375,
0.05908203125,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.0150146484375,
0.044921875,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0361328125,
0.048828125,
-0.017822265625,
0.040283203125,
-0.0228271484375,
0.03662109375,
-0.0224609375,
-0.012451171875,
0.01043701171875,
0.00885009765625,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.054931640625,
0.045166015625,
0.052978515625,
-0.0595703125,
0.000652313232421875,
-0.0022430419921875,
-0.053955078125,
0.0240478515625,
0.028076171875,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.010986328125,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.03515625,
-0.031005859375,
0.0047607421875,
-0.005279541015625,
-0.032958984375,
0.01116943359375,
-0.0419921875,
0.0279541015625,
-0.021484375,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.012939453125,
-0.046142578125,
0.0252685546875,
-0.03564453125,
0.01336669921875,
-0.04736328125,
0.036865234375,
0.000035762786865234375,
0.059326171875,
0.028564453125,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.034423828125,
-0.009521484375,
0.06787109375,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.0205078125,
-0.030029296875,
-0.00153350830078125,
-0.021484375,
-0.06689453125,
0.052734375,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.0234375,
0.0263671875,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.024658203125,
-0.023681640625,
-0.01202392578125,
0.006683349609375,
0.01080322265625,
0.00982666015625,
0.000728607177734375,
-0.0089111328125,
0.0537109375,
-0.006988525390625,
0.0157470703125,
0.0037841796875,
-0.03857421875,
0.00677490234375,
0.007110595703125,
-0.026123046875,
-0.0164794921875,
0.03369140625,
0.0299072265625,
0.02978515625,
-0.0654296875,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.01123046875,
0.021728515625,
-0.005218505859375,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.018798828125,
0.0211181640625,
-0.016357421875,
0.052734375,
-0.0133056640625,
0.0169677734375,
0.02197265625,
-0.003082275390625,
0.06591796875,
-0.0012664794921875,
-0.017578125,
0.0050048828125,
0.00021266937255859375,
-0.02294921875,
0.0118408203125,
-0.00933837890625,
0.0260009765625,
0.03515625,
0.021728515625,
0.0228271484375,
-0.004547119140625,
-0.05810546875,
0.03515625,
0.0004425048828125,
0.01806640625,
0.004608154296875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.032958984375,
-0.01708984375,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.0252685546875,
0.032470703125,
0.0003185272216796875,
0.045654296875,
0.036376953125,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.02880859375,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.050537109375,
0.00732421875,
-0.0186767578125,
0.006744384765625,
0.0272216796875,
0.00457763671875,
-0.0203857421875,
0.021240234375,
0.02490234375,
0.017578125,
-0.009765625,
0.01300048828125,
0.015380859375,
-0.034912109375,
-0.02294921875,
-0.01123046875,
-0.02392578125,
0.01171875,
0.0247802734375,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.06494140625,
0.01373291015625,
0.00131988525390625,
0.012939453125,
0.0267333984375,
0.037353515625,
0.026611328125,
0.0157470703125,
0.00927734375,
-0.050537109375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.041259765625,
0.029052734375,
-0.03759765625,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.021240234375,
-0.0125732421875,
0.0208740234375,
0.048828125,
0.003265380859375,
-0.05615234375,
-0.025146484375,
0.015380859375,
0.05615234375,
0.00165557861328125,
-0.015380859375,
-0.029296875,
0.0267333984375,
0.0164794921875,
0.049072265625,
-0.0390625,
0.06103515625,
-0.05908203125,
0.0234375,
0.01361083984375,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.026123046875,
0.036865234375,
-0.031005859375,
-0.01287841796875,
0.04345703125,
-0.0303955078125,
0.0030517578125,
0.00469970703125,
-0.0062255859375,
0.040283203125,
0.0791015625,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.016357421875,
0.0255126953125,
-0.022216796875,
0.053955078125,
-0.000843048095703125,
0.0205078125,
0.023681640625,
0.035400390625,
-0.0296630859375,
0.072265625,
-0.0016632080078125,
-0.02099609375,
0.00390625,
0.04296875,
-0.0262451171875,
0.04638671875,
-0.01092529296875,
0.03515625,
-0.01116943359375,
0.016845703125,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.025146484375,
0.05126953125,
0.05810546875,
0.00274658203125,
0.0341796875,
0.0234375,
0.01336669921875,
0.02978515625,
-0.0068359375,
-0.0245361328125,
0.033447265625,
-0.01263427734375,
0.0211181640625,
0.0030670166015625,
-0.01507568359375,
0.019287109375,
-0.0257568359375,
0.02392578125,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.0234375,
-0.047119140625,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0308837890625,
-0.027099609375,
-0.018798828125,
0.01300048828125,
0.026611328125,
0.0390625,
-0.003936767578125,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0302734375,
0.005218505859375,
-0.034912109375,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.00677490234375,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.004638671875,
-0.0225830078125,
0.044677734375,
0.00026702880859375,
0.00653076171875,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.029541015625,
-0.0213623046875,
0.046875,
-0.03564453125,
0.01300048828125,
0.03857421875,
0.030517578125,
0.0279541015625,
0.01165771484375,
0.03564453125,
0.03564453125,
0.02099609375,
0.050537109375,
0.0478515625,
-0.0040283203125,
-0.068359375,
0.0194091796875,
-0.035888671875,
0.00982666015625,
0.0322265625,
-0.0146484375,
0.01214599609375,
-0.0220947265625,
0.01312255859375,
0.00104522705078125,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.00506591796875,
0.0069580078125,
0.0233154296875,
0.0004367828369140625,
-0.0024261474609375,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.052978515625,
0.0546875,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.03076171875,
-0.04541015625,
-0.061279296875,
0.03564453125,
-0.0228271484375,
0.0238037109375,
-0.0234375,
-0.028076171875,
0.031005859375,
-0.000652313232421875,
0.0213623046875,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0177001953125,
0.036376953125,
0.01153564453125,
0.03857421875,
-0.048095703125,
0.0654296875,
-0.00933837890625,
0.00311279296875,
0.07958984375,
-0.05712890625,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.06396484375,
0.0234375,
-0.04541015625,
-0.001861572265625,
0.02001953125,
0.016845703125,
0.00909423828125,
-0.008056640625,
-0.044921875,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.021484375,
-0.0546875,
0.01043701171875,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.00634765625,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.0751953125,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.002044677734375,
0.0196533203125,
0.083984375,
-0.01068115234375,
0.00811767578125,
-0.047607421875,
0.037841796875,
0.03857421875,
-0.035888671875,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.0439453125,
-0.0045166015625,
-0.04638671875,
-0.013427734375,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.0400390625,
0.0185546875,
0.0028076171875,
-0.02734375,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0478515625,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.0233154296875,
0.05908203125,
-0.0052490234375,
0.03271484375,
0.036865234375,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.02880859375,
0.04248046875,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.0400390625,
-0.035400390625,
0.029296875,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.0264892578125,
0.023681640625,
0.03564453125,
-0.043212890625,
0.0027008056640625,
-0.0283203125,
-0.06591796875,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.055419921875,
0.0086669921875,
0.04345703125,
-0.046142578125,
0.01519775390625,
0.06396484375,
-0.00579833984375,
0.050048828125,
-0.033203125,
0.023681640625,
-0.053955078125,
-0.0181884765625,
0.044189453125,
-0.00439453125,
-0.00162506103515625,
-0.051513671875,
0.01904296875,
-0.04638671875,
-0.004669189453125,
0.045166015625,
-0.060791015625,
-0.03857421875,
0.004364013671875,
0.00994873046875,
0.06396484375,
-0.00142669677734375,
-0.01519775390625,
0.024169921875,
0.041015625,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.048828125,
0.0244140625,
0.00531005859375,
-0.052490234375,
-0.039306640625,
0.0262451171875,
0.006988525390625,
0.0306396484375,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.0137939453125,
0.00738525390625,
-0.0703125,
0.05419921875,
0.0205078125,
0.027587890625,
-0.02099609375,
-0.045654296875,
-0.01080322265625,
0.01116943359375,
-0.037841796875,
-0.00457763671875,
-0.01171875,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.053955078125,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.003753662109375,
-0.01458740234375,
0.0029296875,
-0.005645751953125,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.03125,
-0.0213623046875,
0.0186767578125,
-0.0167236328125,
0.01434326171875,
-0.016845703125,
-0.006561279296875,
0.0205078125,
-0.00119781494140625,
-0.0096435546875,
0.0113525390625,
-0.01458740234375,
0.08056640625,
0.0035247802734375,
0.00927734375,
-0.01611328125,
0.0439453125,
0.02587890625,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.005462646484375,
-0.047607421875,
-0.04296875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0162353515625,
0.0159912109375,
0.0478515625,
0.004364013671875,
-0.046875,
-0.0242919921875,
0.0166015625,
-0.0247802734375,
0.0126953125,
0.031982421875,
-0.0177001953125,
0.042236328125,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.007598876953125,
-0.0177001953125,
0.014404296875,
0.0361328125,
0.0167236328125,
0.0223388671875,
0.041259765625,
0.0211181640625,
0.00457763671875,
-0.00012874603271484375,
-0.08642578125,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0037994384765625,
0.07275390625,
0.035888671875,
-0.007415771484375,
0.0184326171875,
-0.029296875,
-0.031005859375,
0.031494140625,
-0.045654296875,
-0.0419921875,
0.043701171875,
-0.00537109375,
0.03173828125,
-0.00872802734375,
0.0272216796875,
-0.01141357421875,
0.03271484375,
-0.01806640625,
0.0034027099609375,
0.000148773193359375,
-0.00927734375,
0.04443359375,
0.0194091796875,
0.0068359375,
-0.03662109375,
-0.0045166015625,
-0.0021209716796875,
-0.041015625,
-0.027099609375,
0.02490234375,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.04296875,
-0.0234375,
0.015625,
-0.0400390625,
0.01214599609375,
0.021728515625,
0.0250244140625,
0.0177001953125,
0.005615234375,
-0.01904296875,
0.025634765625,
-0.024169921875,
-0.0074462890625,
0.036376953125,
-0.0498046875,
-0.072265625,
0.0264892578125,
0.05126953125,
0.00787353515625,
0.06689453125,
-0.00142669677734375,
-0.0040283203125,
-0.005889892578125,
-0.053466796875,
-0.0213623046875,
0.07421875,
0.00133514404296875,
0.03125,
-0.031982421875,
0.006011962890625,
0.0242919921875,
0.0157470703125,
0.0068359375,
-0.01116943359375,
0.0103759765625,
-0.01531982421875,
0.01190185546875,
-0.03369140625,
0.0322265625,
-0.0107421875,
-0.046875,
0.01251220703125,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.00982666015625,
0.00151824951171875,
-0.0244140625,
-0.03515625,
-0.0498046875,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.022216796875,
-0.031494140625,
0.01483154296875,
0.01165771484375,
0.037841796875,
0.0177001953125,
0.03076171875,
0.007354736328125,
0.048583984375,
-0.0050048828125,
0.015380859375,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.08203125,
-0.0208740234375,
0.01300048828125,
0.023193359375,
0.0167236328125,
0.032470703125,
0.0302734375,
0.0040283203125,
-0.031494140625,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.07080078125,
0.01043701171875,
-0.00909423828125,
0.080078125,
-0.0595703125,
0.000247955322265625,
0.0302734375,
0.0220947265625,
-0.0250244140625,
0.037109375,
0.00933837890625,
0.037353515625,
0.004974365234375,
0.03076171875,
0.01153564453125,
0.0233154296875,
0.03076171875,
-0.007080078125,
0.0205078125,
0.0072021484375,
-0.03662109375,
-0.0255126953125,
0.057861328125,
-0.003936767578125,
-0.0546875,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.046142578125,
0.022216796875,
0.052001953125,
-0.05078125,
-0.003875732421875,
-0.01806640625,
-0.019287109375,
0.0478515625,
0.010986328125,
0.078125,
0.0047607421875,
-0.01214599609375,
0.0201416015625,
-0.0037078857421875,
0.0205078125,
-0.040283203125,
0.034912109375,
0.01104736328125,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.04541015625,
-0.01611328125,
0.004058837890625,
0.020263671875,
-0.032958984375,
-0.044189453125,
0.0034942626953125,
-0.0042724609375,
0.00830078125,
-0.05517578125,
0.000732421875,
0.00150299072265625,
0.01904296875,
0.0159912109375,
0.0050048828125,
0.0615234375,
0.00034332275390625,
0.033447265625,
0.0361328125,
0.005706787109375,
-0.0162353515625,
0.02490234375,
0.01116943359375,
0.0093994140625,
-0.0185546875,
0.0115966796875,
-0.005615234375,
-0.00830078125,
0.06298828125,
-0.005859375,
0.004119873046875,
-0.0146484375,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.04931640625,
-0.0546875,
0.01275634765625,
-0.0084228515625,
0.0036163330078125,
0.024658203125,
0.0302734375,
-0.03759765625,
0.271484375,
0.01373291015625,
-0.021484375,
0.0177001953125,
0.039794921875,
0.03662109375,
0.032470703125,
-0.003997802734375,
-0.05224609375,
0.005035400390625,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.03662109375,
0.0042724609375,
-0.0023040771484375,
0.0277099609375,
0.008056640625,
-0.045166015625,
0.0191650390625,
0.0296630859375,
-0.03076171875,
-0.01220703125,
0.000701904296875,
-0.021240234375,
0.05810546875,
0.036865234375,
-0.01470947265625,
0.01190185546875,
-0.07958984375,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.043701171875,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.03759765625,
0.01141357421875,
-0.0595703125,
-0.0169677734375,
0.0225830078125,
0.03125,
-0.01348876953125,
0.000766754150390625,
0.006866455078125,
-0.034423828125,
0.04833984375,
-0.01611328125,
-0.004638671875,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.00003266334533691406,
-0.04541015625,
0.06298828125,
0.038330078125,
-0.038818359375,
0.027099609375,
0.058837890625,
0.0308837890625,
-0.037841796875,
0.00154876708984375,
0.0272216796875,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.0302734375,
-0.0380859375,
-0.00787353515625,
0.007720947265625,
0.015625,
0.00148773193359375,
0.04541015625,
0.01708984375,
0.03759765625,
0.0093994140625,
0.0301513671875,
-0.0201416015625,
0.020751953125,
0.007080078125,
-0.026611328125,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0301513671875,
0.0478515625,
-0.00109100341796875,
-0.06201171875,
0.0260009765625,
0.050537109375,
-0.0019683837890625,
-0.000270843505859375,
-0.009765625,
-0.034423828125,
0.032958984375,
0.028564453125,
0.0164794921875,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.0185546875,
-0.006805419921875,
-0.01220703125,
0.033935546875,
-0.00830078125,
-0.005767822265625,
0.033203125,
-0.00121307373046875
] |
North, J.
The relief sought in this statutory proceeding by Fred B. Hill and James Mathewson, intervening petitioners, was that a decree be entered “establishing and quieting title in petitioners” to 40 acres of land in Montmorency county, of which land they alleged they were the owners in common. The circuit judge, for reasons hereinafter noted, denied the relief sought. Petitioners have appealed.
A fire in 1943 completely destroyed the public records of Montmorency county, Michigan, particularly all of those relating to real estate. There was no independent abstract company functioning in the county. The only source of obtaining an abstract of title to real estate in Montmorency county was the office of the register of deeds. As a result of the 1943 fire the public, as well as private property owners, were left devoid of any acceptable public records of real estate titles. To provide a means of recreating public records of lands and quieting titles thereto, the legislature passed PA 1944 (1st Ex Sess), No 52 (CL 1948, § 561 et seq. [Stat Ann 1949 Cum Supp § 26.878(1) et seg.]). The act is entitled:
“An act to provide for the establishment of and quieting the title to and the recreating of the public records of lands in counties where records of title have been destroyed in whole or in any material part by fire, flood or other major disaster, and to establish the procedure therefor and to provide an appropriation to pay certain costs thereof.”
We quote from the act as follows:
“Sec. 2. When the public records in the office of the register of deeds of any county have been, or shall hereafter be, lost or destroyed, in whole or in any material part, by fire, flood or other disaster, the circuit court in chancery for any such county shall have-jurisdiction and authority to hear and determine any: suit instituted under the provisions of this act, and the rights of the several parties in said suit, and it shall be the duty of the prosecuting attorney of such county, when directed by the board of supervisors of such county, to file a bill in chancery on behalf of the people of the State of Michigan and of the county to determine and quiet title in and to the lands in such county, the defendants in which shall be described as ‘all persons having or claiming any interest in or lien upon the real property herein described, or any part thereof.’ * * * The court shall have jurisdiction of all real property affected by the loss or destruction of the records of the register of deeds. In case the entire records of the office of the register of deeds are not lost or destroyed, the circuit court shall take judicial notice thereof.
“Upon the filing of the bill of complaint the circuit court shall enter an order for appearance and fix a time and place for hearing. * * * Such order for appearance shall be published for 6 successive weeks at least once each week, in a newspaper * * * and, in every case within 30 days after the first publication of such order for appearance, a true copy shall be posted in a conspicuous place on the building in which the circuit court is sitting. The circuit judge may order such additional publications as the court shall deem necessary to give reasonable notice of the pendency of such suit. * * *
“After the expiration of 90 days from the date of said order and upon proof of the publication provided for in the foregoing paragraph, the court on the date set for hearing or on an adjourned date therefor and upon hearing and proof thereof, shall enter a decree which shall state that the records in the office of the register of deeds have been lost or destroyed, in whole or in any material part, by fire, flood or other disaster and shall authorize the filing of intervening petitions as provided in section 5 of this act, and the issuance of orders based on testimony introduced under sections 5 and 6 of this act determining the interest or title to particular par.cels of land. The decree shall further provide that all persons entering appearance before the issuance of such decree shall be served personally or by registered mail by any petitioner in any proceedings hereafter instituted under section 5 of this act wherein such petitioner shall claim an interest in or lien upon the lands described in their appearance. Said decree shall further provide that all such appearances entered shall be recorded by the register of deeds and a reference to the book and page entered'upon a map provided for in section 8 of this act. The court is authorized to issue such further orders as it shall deem necessary.” CL 1948, § 561.2 [Stat Ann 1949 Cum Supp § 26.878(2)].
From the foregoing, and other provisions of the statute hereinafter noted, it appears that the act in effect provides for a primary or principal proceeding in which jurisdiction of the trial court over the general subject matter is determined; and for supplemental or ancillary proceedings by intervening petitioners who seek adjudication of their individual rights to have title to specific parcels of real estate quieted and the record thereof recreated in the proper public records.
In the case before us no one entered an appearance as a defendant in the principal or primary proceeding. Had someone entered an appearance in the form provided by the statute, describing any land in which he claimed an interest, as required by section 2 of the act, he would have been entitled to service personally or by registered mail of notice of any subsequent intervening proceedings affecting the land described in his notice of appearance. And such appearance “recorded by the register of deeds,” as provided in section 2, would afford at least some protection to a landowner against a possible claim subsequently made by an alleged innocent purchaser. Further, one who appeared in the initial proceeding might challenge the allegation in the bill of complaint of any fact essential to the assumption of jurisdiction by the court. At this point, we note that we are not in accord with the assertion in the amici curiae brief that one who had entered an appearance “had no right to frame an issue and be heard.” The act by necessary implication, if not expressly, provided otherwise.
The circuit judge, for reasons hereinafter considered, held that the circuit court did not obtain jurisdiction in the primary or principal proceeding, and for that reason, among others, refused to grant the relief sought by these appealing intervenors. In the opinion filed by the circuit judge, to which reference is made in the decree, 3 reasons are stated in consequence of which he concluded “that the relief sought (by intervening petitioners, Hill and Mathewson) should be denied.” We quote and consider these reasons in the following order:
(1) “Because, assuming the act to be valid, this court never obtained jurisdiction in the original action in and under which this petition is filed, notice not having been published and posted as required by the act.”
The challenge to the jurisdiction of the court on the ground that notice of the original proceeding was not published and posted as required by the statute, arises from the following irregularity. In drafting the notice, i.e., the order for appearance, wherein reference to the statute under which the proceeding was had, the statute was designated as “Act No 34” (the enrolled act number) rather than No 52, which is the correct number of this act as embodied in PA 1944 (1st Ex Sess). Except for the noted inaccuracy, an order for appearance was published and posted in compliance with the act. Section 3 of the act provides: “The order for appearance shall be substantially in the folloiuing form or in such other form as may be prescribed by order of the court;” and sets forth in detail a form of the notice. Only in 2 places in the order for appearance proper is there provision for stating the number of the particular act, although there is also such provision in the statutory form provided for one desiring to appear in the proceeding. Wholly apart from this reference to the number of the act, the purpose of the proceeding, the subject matter involved, and the time and place of hearing are all clearly set forth in the notice for appearance. It is quite improbable that anyone who might have an interest in such a proceeding would be misled or otherwise prejudiced by an entire omission of the number of the act or an inaccurate statement of the number. Instead to a potentially interested party the number of the act would be quite universally inconsequential. He would be fully advised of the nature of the proceedings by the notice wholly apart from the recited act number. If perchance, in the instant case, one had checked Act No 34 (instead of Act No 52) he would have discovered that it was entirely foreign to any proceeding “to establish and quiet title to lands and recreating public records thereof,” and the error in stating the number of the act would have been obvious at once. While we deem it of no material consequence incident to our decision herein, it may be noted that after 4 publications of the notice the error in stating the number of the act was corrected, under order of the court, in the last 3 publications of the notice, but there was no posting of the corrected notice.
The inaccuracy as to the number of the act was inconsequential. It was not misleading and did not result in failure of the court to acquire jurisdiction. Our conclusion in this respect is in accord with our former holdings pertaining to publication of notices incident to statutory foreclosures of real estate mortgages, which, like the proceeding in the instant case, pertains to title to lands.
In Reading v. Waterman, 46 Mich 107, a controlling issue was the regularity or validity of a statutory foreclosure. Justice Campbell, in writing the opinion for the Court, said:
“The only things absolutely required in the notice of sale are—the names of the parties original or by assignment, the date of the mortgage and of its record, the amount claimed to be due, and a description substantially agreeing with that in the mortgage.”
The opinion discloses that in the body of the notice the name of the mortgagee appeared as “Dixon,” whereas the name was properly “Dickson;” that the notice was first published December 18, 1852, but it was dated 10 days later, December 28, 1852, however this error was corrected in the course of the publications; that in the notice the date of the mortgage was correctly given in one instance but incorrectly in another; and that there was some irregularity in the mortgagee’s name as it was signed to the notice of sale. Notwithstanding the noted inaccuracies, after reviewing the same, the Court held the foreclosure valid, and in its opinion said: “We are, therefore, of opinion that none of the mistakes were substantial, or operated in any way to the prejudice of Waterman (the mortgagor).” It is somewhat interesting to note that the holding in the Reading Case was reviewed by the United States supreme court in Bacon v. Northwestern Mutual Life Ins. Co., 131 US 258 (9 S Ct 787, 33 L ed 128), and that a headnote in the Bacon Case reads:
“This court concurs with the Supreme Court of the State of Michigan in holding that the misspelling-of the name of the mortgagee in an advertisement for the foreclosure of the mortgage by public sale under a power of sale in the mortgage in the manner required by the statutes of the State, and other errors in that advertisement which worked no prejudice to the mortgagor—as a reference in the advertisement to the record pointed out to all persons interested the means of obtaining true information and of correcting all mistakes—were not defects sufficient to defeat a title acquired at that sale.”
In Peterson v. Jacobs, 303 Mich 329, the notice of a mortgage sale by advertisement failed to mention 2 assignments of the mortgage. The statutory requirements applicable to such a sale provide: “If it (the mortgage) shall have been assigned that all the assignments thereof shall have been recorded.” See CL 1948, § 692.2 et seq. (Stat Ann § 27.1222 et seq.), particularly section 2. Notwithstanding this failure to comply with the statute, the Court, after referring to several other cases wherein irregularities of a somewhat similar character occurred, held in the Peterson Case that there “was not such a substantial irregularity so as to vitiate the sale.”
First State Bank of Decatur v. Day, 188 Mich 228, is another case involving the validity of a mortgage sale by advertisement. The notice of the sale stated it would be held Friday, August 9th. August 9th was Saturday, and the sale was held on Saturday, August 9th. The validity of the sale was upheld notwithstanding the obvious irregmlarity in the notice, and the Court in its opinion stated:
“A trifling mistake in the notice of sale, not of such a nature as to mislead or injure any one (which notice was corrected during the course of publications), may be corrected in the subsequent publications of the notice, without affecting the validity of the proceedings.”
In reaching our conclusion on this phase of the instant appeal, we have not overlooked the cases cited in the very fair and helpful amici curiae brief filed herein. The cases therein cited are to the general effect that there should be strict compliance with statutory provisions for substituted service, and “that there can be no jurisdiction without adequate notice.” Streeter v. McMillan, 74 Mich 123, 128. However, in this jurisdiction, whether in a given case there has been substantial or reasonable compliance with the statutory requirements for substituted service and adequate notice, has been and should be determined in the light of reason as applied to the facts, the subject matter, and the issues of the particular case. This appears from our decisions last above cited.
(2) “Because the act in question is invalid in that it fails to provide a means of quieting title, which is its main purpose, any adjudication of rights under it remaining open to question indefinitely and never becoming final and conclusive.”
We are not in accord with this conclusion of the circuit judge. He seems to have concluded that a decree granting relief to an intervening petitioner remains open to attack indefinitely, never becomes final, and therefore the provisions of the act pertaining to quieting title are ineffective. Section 7 of the act provides: “The circuit court in chancery shall have jurisdiction to determine interest or title to any parcel of land, whether the person entitled to such decree is in possession or not;” and section 8 provides: “The original or a certified copy of all decrees and orders determining interest or title to any parcel of land shall be filed with and shall be recorded without charge by the register of deeds.” We think by the above provisions the act must be considered in the same light as the ordinary chancery decree entered in a proceeding to quiet title. Nothing is contained in the act indicating a lack of ultimate finality of a decree granting relief to an intervening petitioner. For the obvious purpose of protecting any person against unjust impairment of an interest he may have in the lands involved,, the act in section 5 provides:
“Any person having any interest in or lien upon any parcel or parcels of land covered by said bill of complaint may, within 3 years after the entering of the decree provided for in section 2 of this act, or after said 3 year period by permission of the court on cause shown, intervene in said proceedings and petition the circuit court to establish his interest therein or lien thereon, and said circuit court shall have jurisdiction to hear and determine such interest or lien and determine the interest of all claims adverse thereto.” CL 1948, § 561.5 [Stat Ann 1949 Cum Supp § 26.878(5)].
Subject to the provision just above noted, and evidently for the purpose of affording ultimate finality to a decree granting relief to an intervening petitioner, section 5 of the act further provides:
“Service of the summons issued under said intervening petition shall be made personally or by registered mail on any person or persons known to have an interest in any of the parcels of land described in said intervening petition, and service as to persons unknown shall be deemed to have been made by the general publication provided for in sections 2 and 3 of this act. The intervening petition shall be sworn to by the moving party, his agent or attorney, and shall state that the affiant does not know and has been unable after diligent search and inquiry to as certain the names of the persons who are included as defendants therein without being named.
“All persons, other than the intervening petitioner, in actual possession of land included within the claim under any intervening petition shall be served with a copy of the summons required under this section and if personal service cannot be obtained upon such persons, then a copy of the summons shall be posted in a conspicuous place on a building used for residence purposes on such land, if any, or if there is no residence building, then on some other building thereon.”
In our opinion the provisions of the act herein-before quoted, in connection with other provisions therein, afford ample procedural provisions to render the statutory proceeding and relief properly granted thereunder effective; and we think the trial judge was in error in concluding that the act “fails to provide a means of quieting title,” or that “any adjudication of rights under it * * # [will remain] open to question indefinitely and never * * * [become] final and conclusive.”
(3) “Because the act under which the petition is filed is invalid in that the notice and method of service therein provided are entirely inadequate and do not meet the requirements of the State and Federal Constitutions for due process of law.”
In view of what we have already written in this opinion, and for additional reasons about to be noted, we cannot concur in the conclusion of the circuit judge that this Act No 52 “is invalid in that the notice and method of service therein provided are entirely inadequate and do not meet the requirements of the State and Federal Constitutions for due .process of law.”
In the instant cast it is important to note that by the decree in the primary or principal proceeding no one is deprived of property rights. Relative to what constitutes due process, the United States supreme court in Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co. (1950), 339 US 306, 314 (70 S Ct 652, 94 L ed 865), said:
“An elementary and fundamental requirement of due process in any proceeding which is to be accorded finality is notice reasonably calculated, under all the circumstances, to apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action and afford them an opportunity to present their objections. (Citing-cases.) The notice must be of such nature as reasonably to convey the required information, (citing case) and it must afford a reasonable time for those interested to make their appearance. (Citing-cases.) But if with due regard for the practicalities and peculiarities of the case these conditions are reasonably met, the constitutional requirements are satisfied. ‘The criterion is not the possibility of conceivable injury but the just and reasonable character of the requirements, having reference to the subject with which the statute deals.’ (Citing cases.)”
One of the headnotes in the Mullane Case reads:
“The statutory notice by publication is sufficient as to any beneficiaries (in a trust) whose interests or addresses are unknown to the trustee, since there are no other means of giving- them notice which are both practicable and more effective.”
In our judgment the procedural requisites in Act No 52 as to “the notice and method of service” comply with Federal and State constitutional provisions as to due process. As bearing upon this phase of ¡ the instant case, see 34 Am Jur, Lost Papers & Records—Statutory Provisions, § 28, and Judicial Proceedings and Relief, § 29, pages 603, 604; American Land Co. v. Zeiss, 219 US 47 (31 S Ct 200, 55 L ed 82); Bertrand v. Taylor, 87 Ill 235.
The remaining matter presented on this appeal is whether the intervening petitioners, Fred B. Hil] and James Mathewson, submitted to the trial court sufficient proof to entitle them to a decree granting the relief sought. Since the circuit judge decided the case on other grounds, he did not pass upon this issue. However we hear the case de novo, and, hence, may pass upon the sufficiency of the evidence as included in the record now before us. There was no objection incident to this phase of petitioners’ proceedings. We have considered the evidence submitted and find that it clearly entitles the intervening-petitioners to be decreed the owners in common of the lands described in their petition.
A decree may be taken in this Court in accord with the foregoing opinion in which decree it may be provided that as against the reasons presented on this appeal PA 1944 (1st Ex Sess), No 52, is constitutional, and that the proceedings taken under the act in the instant case were in substantial compliance with the statute and vested jurisdiction in the circuit court to hear and determine intervening pe.titioners’ rights; and further, that the intervening-petitioners are the owners in common of fee title to the lands described in their petition, and that a certified copy of the decree to be entered herein may be filed and recorded, as provided in section 8 of the act, in the office of the register of deeds in Montmorency county, thereby recreating record title to said lands. The case being one primarily of public concern, no costs are awarded.
Reid, C. J., and Boyles, Dethmers, Butzel, Care, Bushnell, and Sharpe, JJ., concurred.
Statutory Form:
“STATE OF MICHIGAN
“IN THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR THE COUNTY OF ............
“IN CHANCERY
“State of Michigan. In Re Petition to Establish and Quiet Title to Lands and Recreating Public Records Thereof Under Act...... of the Public Acts of 1944, First Extra Session.
“In the name of the people of the State of Michigan. To all persons claiming any interest in or lien upon the real property herein described or any part thereof including their unknown heirs, devisees, legatees and assigns, as the case may be, greetings:
“Take notice, that the record title to all of the lands in...........county is in question by reason of the loss or destruction of records in the office of the register of deeds therof, and in consequence thereof on the . ... day of.............A. D. 19....., a bill of complaint was filed in the circuit court for the county of..............in chancery, to establish and quiet title to the aforementioned lands, more particularly described as: (here insert a description of the real property in said county as contained in the bill of complaint and such additional descriptive language as may be ordered by the court). Now, unless you appear on or before the ......day of..................,19....., in said court, (naming a return day at least 90 days from the date of said order of appearance) and show your interest in any part of said aforedescribed real property, said bill of complaint shall be taken as confessed, and a decree entered pursuant to Act No ...... (here insert number of this act) of the Public Acts of 1944 Extra Session. Your appearance in this action shall be substantially in the following form or in such other form as may be prescribed by order of the court.
“STATE OP MICHIGAN
“IN THE CIRCUIT COURT POR THE COUNTY OF ............
“IN CHANCERY
“In Re Petition to Establish and Quiet Title to Lands and Recreating Public Records Thereof Under Act........ of the Public Acts of 1944, First Extra Session.
“APPEARANCE
“I..............residing at.................... (Name) (Street or R.F.D.) ......................County of........., State (Village, town or city) of ............. do hereby enter my appearance and claim an interest in or lien upon the following described property to wit: ......................
(Signature)
(Address)
(Here type or print name and address given above)
“Subscribed and sworn to before me this.....day of............, A.D. 19......
(Name, title and address of party administering oath including commission or term expiration)
“It is further ordered that within 10 days a copy of this order be published in the.................... (a newspaper published in the county of ........) such publication to be continued therein once in each week for 6 weeks in succession.
(Circuit Judge)
Countersigned:
Clerk of Circuit Court
“Any and all persons appearing hereunder shall state the address at which they can be served with process in any proceedings under this act, and shall file with the register of deeds of the county any change of address, which change shall be noted by the register of deeds on the margin of the recorded appearance.” CL 1948, § 561.3 [Stat Ann 1949 Cum Supp § 26.878(3)]. | [
-0.01129150390625,
0.0203857421875,
0.0400390625,
0.04150390625,
-0.02294921875,
-0.007293701171875,
-0.02099609375,
-0.033203125,
-0.010498046875,
0.0458984375,
0.045166015625,
-0.006561279296875,
-0.005889892578125,
0.0166015625,
-0.00640869140625,
-0.0035552978515625,
-0.035888671875,
0.01531982421875,
-0.00112152099609375,
0.003570556640625,
-0.000308990478515625,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.016357421875,
-0.0289306640625,
0.0311279296875,
0.00115966796875,
0.032958984375,
0.03564453125,
-0.048828125,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.02099609375,
0.003448486328125,
0.01300048828125,
-0.04541015625,
0.0341796875,
-0.06494140625,
0.0086669921875,
-0.0015716552734375,
-0.0181884765625,
0.0068359375,
0.06103515625,
-0.04052734375,
-0.06591796875,
-0.04833984375,
-0.0213623046875,
0.0189208984375,
0.019775390625,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.010986328125,
-0.009033203125,
0.0228271484375,
-0.038818359375,
0.0103759765625,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.004852294921875,
-0.034423828125,
0.015869140625,
-0.035400390625,
0.001495361328125,
0.01495361328125,
0.01361083984375,
-0.005584716796875,
-0.004791259765625,
0.0361328125,
-0.033935546875,
-0.04345703125,
-0.01123046875,
-0.050048828125,
0.0167236328125,
0.01434326171875,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0194091796875,
0.0233154296875,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.0042724609375,
-0.061279296875,
0.0194091796875,
0.03271484375,
0.006866455078125,
0.0034637451171875,
0.06982421875,
-0.013916015625,
-0.039794921875,
-0.0057373046875,
-0.0029144287109375,
0.012939453125,
0.00830078125,
0.0225830078125,
-0.04345703125,
0.02197265625,
-0.03515625,
0.0164794921875,
0.078125,
0.01300048828125,
-0.015380859375,
-0.0015411376953125,
0.0272216796875,
-0.031494140625,
0.024169921875,
0.06591796875,
0.030029296875,
0.041259765625,
-0.01708984375,
0.014892578125,
-0.01104736328125,
0.00049591064453125,
0.0230712890625,
-0.0286865234375,
0.016357421875,
-0.02392578125,
0.00457763671875,
-0.034912109375,
-0.03076171875,
-0.000804901123046875,
0.002685546875,
0.002197265625,
-0.0147705078125,
0.0299072265625,
0.029541015625,
-0.03564453125,
0.038330078125,
-0.00640869140625,
-0.01141357421875,
0.015869140625,
-0.01507568359375,
0.04638671875,
-0.0296630859375,
0.0224609375,
0.042724609375,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0196533203125,
0.00787353515625,
0.03076171875,
-0.01202392578125,
0.043212890625,
0.01336669921875,
0.030029296875,
0.002288818359375,
0.0185546875,
-0.031982421875,
0.00144195556640625,
0.042236328125,
-0.00860595703125,
0.0223388671875,
-0.00136566162109375,
0.0012664794921875,
-0.006072998046875,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.02685546875,
0.004302978515625,
0.0673828125,
0.024658203125,
0.0189208984375,
0.0076904296875,
0.035400390625,
-0.0269775390625,
0.01483154296875,
0.03173828125,
-0.0196533203125,
0.0235595703125,
-0.022216796875,
0.000774383544921875,
0.0032806396484375,
0.01068115234375,
0.013427734375,
-0.006439208984375,
-0.041259765625,
-0.0301513671875,
0.0072021484375,
0.006011962890625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0162353515625,
0.01104736328125,
-0.00927734375,
0.052978515625,
0.022705078125,
0.003082275390625,
0.031494140625,
0.0162353515625,
-0.0031585693359375,
0.06884765625,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.03271484375,
-0.024169921875,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.05078125,
-0.01556396484375,
-0.033935546875,
0.052001953125,
-0.0007171630859375,
-0.0294189453125,
0.007171630859375,
0.007232666015625,
0.033203125,
-0.0211181640625,
0.0155029296875,
0.026123046875,
-0.0021514892578125,
-0.042724609375,
-0.0228271484375,
0.00213623046875,
0.053466796875,
0.00799560546875,
-0.0169677734375,
0.0693359375,
0.0198974609375,
0.00142669677734375,
0.028076171875,
-0.021728515625,
-0.00180816650390625,
-0.02587890625,
0.00775146484375,
0.0228271484375,
0.025146484375,
0.0010528564453125,
0.03515625,
-0.034423828125,
-0.01287841796875,
0.0118408203125,
0.04638671875,
-0.00142669677734375,
0.0277099609375,
0.0216064453125,
0.0081787109375,
0.04052734375,
0.055908203125,
-0.0146484375,
0.014892578125,
0.00732421875,
0.000774383544921875,
0.0228271484375,
0.0216064453125,
-0.00005030632019042969,
-0.0250244140625,
0.054931640625,
0.034423828125,
0.01177978515625,
0.02001953125,
-0.025634765625,
0.013427734375,
0.050048828125,
0.030517578125,
-0.00830078125,
0.049560546875,
0.01025390625,
-0.046142578125,
0.00701904296875,
0.00051116943359375,
-0.0038299560546875,
0.004486083984375,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.024658203125,
-0.006744384765625,
0.0257568359375,
0.06005859375,
0.0211181640625,
-0.051513671875,
-0.0341796875,
0.034423828125,
-0.005706787109375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.01519775390625,
0.021728515625,
0.011962890625,
-0.03955078125,
-0.02197265625,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0126953125,
-0.004791259765625,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.054443359375,
-0.0220947265625,
0.03369140625,
-0.046142578125,
0.0224609375,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.0042724609375,
-0.009033203125,
-0.017578125,
0.026611328125,
-0.016845703125,
0.05712890625,
-0.037841796875,
-0.00116729736328125,
-0.006317138671875,
0.0267333984375,
-0.02099609375,
-0.051513671875,
-0.07177734375,
0.0169677734375,
-0.015380859375,
0.0021820068359375,
0.0038604736328125,
-0.040771484375,
0.002655029296875,
-0.00701904296875,
-0.022216796875,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.044921875,
-0.03173828125,
-0.029541015625,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.04150390625,
-0.037353515625,
0.0074462890625,
0.025634765625,
-0.00494384765625,
0.061767578125,
0.032470703125,
0.007568359375,
-0.025146484375,
0.03271484375,
0.0028839111328125,
0.00016117095947265625,
0.00799560546875,
-0.0177001953125,
0.01507568359375,
-0.0166015625,
-0.039794921875,
-0.014404296875,
-0.0013885498046875,
0.044189453125,
0.033203125,
-0.035400390625,
-0.00482177734375,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.04150390625,
0.005340576171875,
0.007720947265625,
-0.030517578125,
0.01519775390625,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.046142578125,
-0.00191497802734375,
0.006317138671875,
0.04052734375,
-0.03369140625,
0.00689697265625,
0.037353515625,
0.01068115234375,
0.046875,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.02392578125,
-0.020263671875,
0.0238037109375,
-0.0108642578125,
0.0242919921875,
-0.010498046875,
0.0302734375,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.0047607421875,
0.0203857421875,
-0.02685546875,
-0.042236328125,
0.047119140625,
0.022216796875,
0.03857421875,
-0.022705078125,
0.0247802734375,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.035888671875,
-0.044189453125,
0.0771484375,
-0.0390625,
0.016845703125,
0.06396484375,
-0.036376953125,
0.04443359375,
-0.028076171875,
-0.0498046875,
0.040771484375,
0.0016021728515625,
0.01239013671875,
-0.004852294921875,
0.029541015625,
0.007781982421875,
0.021484375,
0.030517578125,
0.0361328125,
0.0181884765625,
0.003204345703125,
0.0023040771484375,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0113525390625,
0.0284423828125,
-0.0595703125,
0.00689697265625,
-0.021240234375,
-0.037109375,
-0.04150390625,
0.058349609375,
0.01129150390625,
0.00616455078125,
0.051025390625,
0.0712890625,
0.0228271484375,
-0.0257568359375,
0.05126953125,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.04541015625,
0.05029296875,
0.019775390625,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.01446533203125,
0.0194091796875,
0.01708984375,
0.0167236328125,
0.0218505859375,
0.0224609375,
-0.0181884765625,
0.0002689361572265625,
0.037109375,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.056396484375,
-0.02294921875,
0.0233154296875,
0.00142669677734375,
0.013671875,
-0.06201171875,
0.060546875,
-0.00098419189453125,
0.03564453125,
0.052001953125,
0.012451171875,
-0.01806640625,
0.044921875,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.00848388671875,
0.052001953125,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0169677734375,
0.0019683837890625,
0.056884765625,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.0087890625,
-0.037109375,
-0.000431060791015625,
-0.00579833984375,
0.0274658203125,
0.0341796875,
0.01312255859375,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.01458740234375,
0.02880859375,
-0.0439453125,
-0.06494140625,
0.0654296875,
0.06298828125,
-0.047119140625,
0.03759765625,
-0.022705078125,
0.0107421875,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.023193359375,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.0228271484375,
0.05615234375,
0.006805419921875,
-0.006439208984375,
0.0308837890625,
-0.0230712890625,
0.00537109375,
0.020751953125,
-0.0419921875,
-0.04248046875,
0.005279541015625,
0.0001220703125,
0.046142578125,
-0.04931640625,
-0.01507568359375,
0.0250244140625,
-0.00970458984375,
0.044189453125,
-0.03955078125,
0.01251220703125,
-0.048828125,
-0.053466796875,
-0.036376953125,
0.0419921875,
-0.02587890625,
0.0036468505859375,
0.0419921875,
0.01422119140625,
0.00799560546875,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.0302734375,
-0.02294921875,
-0.041748046875,
-0.04345703125,
0.01708984375,
0.00958251953125,
0.07080078125,
0.0029296875,
0.0235595703125,
0.042724609375,
-0.0035858154296875,
0.0172119140625,
-0.05908203125,
-0.01904296875,
-0.018798828125,
0.08251953125,
-0.00732421875,
0.002227783203125,
0.006744384765625,
0.02880859375,
0.019775390625,
0.03564453125,
0.049560546875,
-0.01361083984375,
0.0196533203125,
0.0185546875,
0.0150146484375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.032958984375,
-0.017822265625,
0.00335693359375,
0.00099945068359375,
-0.010009765625,
-0.0006103515625,
-0.00567626953125,
-0.0264892578125,
0.00958251953125,
-0.04296875,
-0.0419921875,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.04248046875,
0.01220703125,
0.04443359375,
0.056640625,
0.000728607177734375,
0.0198974609375,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.01116943359375,
0.0179443359375,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.024169921875,
0.0224609375,
0.0079345703125,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.042724609375,
-0.04833984375,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.01129150390625,
0.007659912109375,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.02490234375,
-0.0019989013671875,
0.032470703125,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.00384521484375,
0.011474609375,
0.0032958984375,
0.0218505859375,
-0.01123046875,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.06982421875,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.0286865234375,
0.05029296875,
-0.03955078125,
0.043701171875,
0.01531982421875,
-0.0205078125,
-0.0615234375,
-0.028076171875,
0.021484375,
0.011962890625,
-0.0162353515625,
0.0091552734375,
-0.037353515625,
0.05126953125,
-0.053955078125,
0.00897216796875,
0.0458984375,
-0.002288818359375,
-0.00107574462890625,
-0.05224609375,
0.042724609375,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.062255859375,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.006103515625,
-0.035400390625,
-0.05419921875,
0.00885009765625,
0.06103515625,
0.009521484375,
0.0240478515625,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.036376953125,
-0.02734375,
0.06103515625,
-0.0027313232421875,
-0.0093994140625,
0.01165771484375,
-0.032958984375,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.00262451171875,
0.0361328125,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.0240478515625,
0.05712890625,
-0.00250244140625,
-0.0012969970703125,
0.033447265625,
0.0390625,
-0.045166015625,
-0.023193359375,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0478515625,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.04736328125,
0.0274658203125,
0.0294189453125,
0.0235595703125,
0.0203857421875,
0.0111083984375,
0.015869140625,
0.0286865234375,
-0.0234375,
0.0234375,
-0.0244140625,
-0.0019073486328125,
0.01336669921875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.044189453125,
-0.0208740234375,
0.00860595703125,
-0.0302734375,
-0.000804901123046875,
0.0086669921875,
-0.01953125,
-0.03369140625,
-0.006072998046875,
-0.018798828125,
0.056396484375,
-0.0185546875,
0.0003604888916015625,
0.0098876953125,
0.00811767578125,
-0.03662109375,
0.02880859375,
-0.0286865234375,
0.0196533203125,
-0.0205078125,
-0.0791015625,
0.0021820068359375,
0.015869140625,
0.004974365234375,
0.06494140625,
-0.033203125,
-0.00311279296875,
0.0184326171875,
0.0181884765625,
-0.04296875,
-0.042236328125,
-0.0062255859375,
-0.01611328125,
-0.037841796875,
-0.035888671875,
0.0024871826171875,
0.045654296875,
0.0125732421875,
0.032958984375,
0.000812530517578125,
-0.015625,
0.0203857421875,
0.006500244140625,
-0.034912109375,
-0.013916015625,
0.014404296875,
-0.0159912109375,
0.0286865234375,
0.01385498046875,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.02001953125,
0.031005859375,
-0.04443359375,
0.007476806640625,
-0.041748046875,
0.052001953125,
0.044189453125,
-0.04248046875,
0.01531982421875,
0.018798828125,
0.01544189453125,
0.03125,
-0.057861328125,
0.0240478515625,
0.01611328125,
-0.03662109375,
0.00543212890625,
-0.039306640625,
-0.05419921875,
-0.00081634521484375,
-0.013671875,
-0.041015625,
-0.001983642578125,
0.0272216796875,
0.06396484375,
-0.005279541015625,
0.0098876953125,
-0.0174560546875,
0.026611328125,
-0.06396484375,
-0.008544921875,
-0.02978515625,
-0.00112152099609375,
0.025634765625,
0.033935546875,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.000011205673217773438,
-0.0015106201171875,
-0.0031585693359375,
0.024658203125,
0.0279541015625,
-0.0291748046875,
0.0167236328125,
-0.01806640625,
0.0252685546875,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.02294921875,
-0.01025390625,
0.0203857421875,
-0.005096435546875,
-0.041015625,
0.004425048828125,
0.0050048828125,
-0.04931640625,
0.0167236328125,
-0.06494140625,
-0.0546875,
0.0257568359375,
0.0162353515625,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.0166015625,
0.02734375,
0.000972747802734375,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.025390625,
-0.0230712890625,
0.0001850128173828125,
0.0159912109375,
0.0654296875,
-0.008056640625,
-0.030517578125,
-0.015625,
0.0284423828125,
-0.0595703125,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.0189208984375,
0.050048828125,
-0.0205078125,
-0.02197265625,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.05908203125,
0.035400390625,
-0.0257568359375,
0.006378173828125,
0.012451171875,
0.02490234375,
-0.0211181640625,
0.00311279296875,
-0.04150390625,
-0.021240234375,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.05419921875,
-0.0172119140625,
0.008544921875,
0.037109375,
-0.0025787353515625,
-0.002655029296875,
0.019287109375,
-0.00151824951171875,
-0.039794921875,
-0.027099609375,
-0.039794921875,
0.0712890625,
0.035400390625,
0.0155029296875,
-0.0203857421875,
0.053955078125,
0.010986328125,
0.033447265625,
-0.007415771484375,
0.0247802734375,
0.019775390625,
0.007354736328125,
-0.0712890625,
0.01708984375,
0.0017852783203125,
0.004913330078125,
0.004180908203125,
0.03076171875,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.013427734375,
0.01251220703125,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.018798828125,
0.0052490234375,
0.01953125,
-0.005859375,
-0.000705718994140625,
0.022216796875,
0.0257568359375,
0.0576171875,
0.0203857421875,
0.0228271484375,
0.0198974609375,
-0.053466796875,
-0.0040283203125,
0.0230712890625,
0.054931640625,
-0.03955078125,
0.00897216796875,
0.01300048828125,
0.0164794921875,
0.00433349609375,
0.004364013671875,
-0.01025390625,
-0.076171875,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.0380859375,
0.00994873046875,
-0.07177734375,
0.01397705078125,
0.037109375,
0.00823974609375,
-0.076171875,
0.041015625,
0.0101318359375,
0.05078125,
-0.0106201171875,
0.01116943359375,
0.028076171875,
0.004638671875,
0.03466796875,
-0.053955078125,
0.04248046875,
0.012451171875,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.054931640625,
0.01531982421875,
-0.003662109375,
-0.038330078125,
-0.029541015625,
-0.019287109375,
0.045654296875,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.0000782012939453125,
-0.06591796875,
0.00872802734375,
0.00885009765625,
-0.033447265625,
0.0252685546875,
-0.00128936767578125,
0.0294189453125,
0.03515625,
-0.0034332275390625,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.0047607421875,
-0.0537109375,
0.045654296875,
0.02490234375,
-0.05322265625,
-0.02197265625,
-0.03564453125,
0.0177001953125,
0.005584716796875,
-0.042724609375,
0.0133056640625,
0.0257568359375,
0.0274658203125,
0.0111083984375,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.01519775390625,
0.0546875,
0.0038909912109375,
0.0147705078125,
0.040771484375,
0.004669189453125,
0.007232666015625,
0.031494140625,
0.000949859619140625,
0.052734375,
0.0103759765625,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.054931640625,
-0.076171875,
-0.016845703125,
0.0155029296875,
-0.006256103515625,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.0244140625,
0.0128173828125,
-0.0263671875,
-0.035400390625,
-0.032958984375,
-0.038330078125,
-0.020263671875,
0.0113525390625,
0.039794921875,
-0.032470703125,
0.291015625,
0.01263427734375,
-0.01019287109375,
0.006011962890625,
-0.0155029296875,
0.053955078125,
0.02734375,
0.041748046875,
-0.0361328125,
0.0198974609375,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.02734375,
-0.0027008056640625,
0.013671875,
-0.0128173828125,
0.028076171875,
-0.018798828125,
0.05615234375,
0.0234375,
-0.05078125,
0.010986328125,
0.00872802734375,
-0.044189453125,
0.083984375,
0.0196533203125,
0.0263671875,
0.0693359375,
-0.08251953125,
-0.005523681640625,
-0.005401611328125,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.06640625,
0.045654296875,
-0.06005859375,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.01953125,
0.000446319580078125,
-0.02197265625,
0.019287109375,
0.00335693359375,
0.042236328125,
-0.0021514892578125,
0.0174560546875,
0.0074462890625,
0.0181884765625,
0.0264892578125,
-0.00021648406982421875,
0.034912109375,
0.0751953125,
-0.009765625,
0.0302734375,
-0.00628662109375,
0.0125732421875,
0.01239013671875,
-0.011962890625,
0.03515625,
0.018798828125,
0.007415771484375,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.029296875,
-0.00124359130859375,
0.0269775390625,
0.0216064453125,
0.049560546875,
-0.02197265625,
-0.005615234375,
0.0634765625,
-0.0185546875,
0.005615234375,
-0.00921630859375,
0.01397705078125,
0.0081787109375,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.01409912109375,
0.03564453125,
0.04248046875,
-0.007354736328125,
0.026123046875,
0.0206298828125,
-0.00186920166015625,
0.0186767578125,
-0.059326171875,
-0.00946044921875,
0.0172119140625,
0.04736328125,
0.031005859375,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.0272216796875,
0.0162353515625,
0.0162353515625,
0.02783203125,
-0.000858306884765625,
-0.021240234375,
-0.031005859375,
0.0224609375
] |
Bushnell, J.
This action for “false arrest and false imprisonment” originated in the common pleas court of the city of Detroit. A summons in trespass on the case was issued on May 18, 1949. Issue was joined by answer and the cause set for trial on June 23d. On that date defendants were in court with their witnesses, and ready for trial, but neither plaintiff nor her attorney appeared. Defendants’ attorney moved the court to dismiss with prejudice. This motion was denied and the cause was dismissed without prejudice.
Defendants on June 29th obtained a writ of certiorari from the circuit court of Wayne county, seeking reversal of the action of the common pleas court. The supporting affidavit reads in part as follows:
“That said defendants, P. W. Woolworth Company and Wade Callicott, filed their answer in said cause on June 10, 1949 denying the material allegations in the plaintiff’s declaration; that on June 15, 1949 deponent received a notice that the cause had been set for trial June 23, 1949 at 10 a.m.; that on June 21, 1949 deponent received a telephone call from Richard G-. Eubank of the office of Maride & Markle, attorneys for said plaintiff, asking deponent to stipulate for a jury trial inasmuch as the attorney for the plaintiff: had neglected to file a demand for a jury trial within 5 days after return day as provided for in the rules. Upon deponents’ refusal to so stipulate, the said Richard Eubank requested deponent to stipulate for a discontinuance of the case so that a new case could be started for the plaintiff and a timely demand made for a jury. Deponent refused to so stipulate and called attention to the court rule which prohibits a discontinuance after answer has been filed by defendants except by court order on cause shown. Deponents further informed said Richard Eubank that defendant had, after considerable difficulties, secured witnesses for the trial on June 23, 1949 and that said witnesses might not thereafter be available as they were no' longer in the employ of defendant P. W. Woolworth Company.
“Deponent further says that on the morning of June 23, 1949 he appeared in common pleas court with defendants and their witnesses for trial of the-cause; that the attorneys for the plaintiff were not present and deponent telephoned • their office and talked with Mr. Richard Eubank and was informed that they intended to let the case be dismissed and start a new case. Thereupon this deponent notified Mr. Eubank that he would object to this dismissal.
“Deponent further says that shortly after 10 a.m. on said June 23, 1949 said cause was assigned to Judge L. Eugene Sharp. When deponent appeared in the courtroom of said L. Eugene Sharp with defendants and their witnesses ready for trial, the case was called and deponent stated that he was in court with his clients the defendants and their witnesses to put in their defense. Upon being informed by the court that the court would dismiss the cause by reason of the absence of the plaintiff, deponent objected to such dismissal and informed the court of deponent’s various conversations with the attorney for the plaintiff and called the court’s attention to Michigan Court Rule No 38 (1945) which provides that the plaintiff cannot discontinue after answer by the defendant except upon such motion supported by affidavit. Nevertheless, said Judge L. Eugene Sharp then and there dismissed said cause.”
These facts were not controverted by plaintiff. Defendants argue that such dismissal “circumvents and nullifies” Michigan Court Rule No 38 (1945) regarding discontinuances, and Common Pleas Court Rule No 30 (1946) regarding demands for a jury trial. They assert that such action makes it possible to take a judgment against an absent defendant, while denying a defendant the right to obtain a final order in the absence of plaintiff. They claim that the dismissal without prejudice, in this instance, worked an undue hardship and resulted in injustice because certain witnesses are no longer in their employ and might be impossible to procure for a subsequent trial.
The circuit judge determined that “the lower court •erred in dismissing the plaintiff’s action without prejudice.” The order of the common pleas court was reversed and an order entered in the circuit court dimissing the cause with prejudice.
Plaintiff argues here that the circuit court was in error in dismissing her action with prejudice, because on certiorari it cannot review matters of discretion, nor do more than affirm or reverse the order of the common pleas court.
We are also urged to apply the “justice of the peace” 1-hour rule discussed in Perry v. Link, 297 Mich 50, 53. This argument overlooks the fact that the common pleas court of the city of Detroit is a consolidated court of record consisting of 9 judges, with a civil jurisdiction not' exceeding $1,500. CL 1948, § 728.1 et seq. (Stat Ann § 27.3651 et seq.). It also ignores the fact that the volume of business in this court is considerable. We do not consider Perry v. Link applicable to the common pleas court of the city of Detroit.
The office of a writ of certiorari was discussed in Carroll v. City Commission of City of Grand Rapids, 266 Mich 123. In that case this Court quoted from Jackson v. People, 9 Mich 111 (77 Am Dec 491); Whitbeck v. Common Council, Village of Hudson, 50 Mich 86; Dubois v. Riley Township Board, 126 Mich 587; and Van Dyke v. Doughty, 174 Mich 351. See, also, other authorities cited therein. It was there held that certiorari is not a flexible remedy, but permits only affirmation, reversal or quashing of the proceedings reviewed.
Appeal, rather than certiorari, is “the more appropriate remedy to review errors committed in justices’ courts.” Computing Scale Co. v. Tripp, 138 Mich 602. See, also, Morrison v. Emsley, 53 Mich 564, and Foster v. Watson, 153 Mich 400, 403.
The instant appeal was filed prior to the adoption by this Court on September 22, 1949, of Michigan Court Rule No 77, effective September 23,1949. Appeals from the common pleas court to the circuit court now are appeals to a court of review instead of a trial de novo. CL 1948, § 728.4 (Stat Ann § 27.3654), as amended by PA 1949, No 149. Consequently, the matter here under consideration is controlled by the provisions of Michigan Court Rule No 76 (1945) as it read before its amendment, effec .tive November 3, 1949. See Honigman’s Michigan Court Rules 1950 Annotated Supplement.
The circuit court, on certiorari, may affirm or vacate an order of the common pleas court. In this instance the order was “reversed” and a new order was entered in the circuit court. Appellees argue that the order entered in the circuit court was a proper exercise of its power under CL 1948, § 678.34 (Stat Ann § 27.3514), which reads:
“The court shall proceed to give judgment in the cause as the right of the matter may appear, without regarding technical omissions, imperfections or defects in the proceedings before the justice, which did not affect the merits; and may affirm or reverse the judgment, in whole or in part, and execution shall issue thereon, as upon other judgments rendered in the circuit court.”
We said in Moore v. Frederick, 197 Mich 573:
“As there was no trial upon the merits, it is difficult to see how this statute can save the judgment.”-
However, the instant review in the circuit court is controlled by Michigan Court-Rule No 76 as it read prior to its amendment. Section 18(d) thereof reads:
“Give any judgment and make any order which should have been given or made, and make such other and further orders and grant such relief as the case may require.”
The better practice would have been for the circuit court to vacate the common pleas order and remand the cause with directions so that the final order could be entered in that court. It would necessarily follow that upon remand the common pleas court would resume jurisdiction of the cause for other proceedings if necessary, but not inconsistent with the order of the circuit court.
Tbe order of the circuit court is vacated. . The cause is remanded to the circuit court with direction to vacate the order of the common pleas court and to remand the cause to that court, with direction to enter a final order dismissing the cause with prejudice. Costs in both courts to appellees.
Held, C. J., and Boyles, North, Dethmers, Butzel, Carr, and Sharpe, JJ., concurred. | [
-0.025634765625,
0.026123046875,
0.0177001953125,
0.0439453125,
-0.052978515625,
-0.03466796875,
-0.05908203125,
-0.0703125,
-0.033447265625,
0.041015625,
0.04150390625,
-0.0079345703125,
0.01318359375,
-0.0185546875,
-0.01806640625,
0.01416015625,
0.00019168853759765625,
0.047607421875,
0.053466796875,
0.0260009765625,
0.0181884765625,
-0.000545501708984375,
-0.02734375,
-0.02001953125,
-0.0458984375,
-0.023193359375,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.0205078125,
0.0439453125,
0.0167236328125,
-0.006103515625,
0.01434326171875,
0.05224609375,
-0.01519775390625,
0.001373291015625,
-0.0245361328125,
0.061767578125,
-0.058837890625,
0.01324462890625,
-0.00135040283203125,
-0.02001953125,
0.0250244140625,
0.05517578125,
-0.037841796875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.04541015625,
-0.018798828125,
0.0033111572265625,
0.04931640625,
-0.044189453125,
0.007171630859375,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.0023956298828125,
0.01275634765625,
-0.017822265625,
-0.04931640625,
-0.03662109375,
-0.046875,
0.007781982421875,
0.0205078125,
0.054931640625,
0.00054168701171875,
0.038330078125,
-0.050537109375,
-0.005157470703125,
-0.0003757476806640625,
0.0014801025390625,
-0.007568359375,
-0.044677734375,
0.00885009765625,
0.04541015625,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.010498046875,
0.00262451171875,
0.0057373046875,
-0.037109375,
-0.041259765625,
-0.03662109375,
0.025634765625,
0.0050048828125,
0.0142822265625,
0.0024566650390625,
0.049560546875,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.064453125,
-0.001373291015625,
0.001129150390625,
0.0035858154296875,
0.01361083984375,
0.032470703125,
-0.0087890625,
0.058349609375,
-0.06103515625,
-0.007781982421875,
0.056884765625,
0.02099609375,
-0.016357421875,
0.0201416015625,
0.029296875,
-0.005340576171875,
0.0086669921875,
0.0277099609375,
0.002532958984375,
0.059326171875,
-0.0205078125,
0.057861328125,
-0.0048828125,
0.00162506103515625,
-0.04443359375,
0.0185546875,
0.00543212890625,
-0.007415771484375,
0.05322265625,
-0.02685546875,
0.0103759765625,
-0.002349853515625,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.007537841796875,
0.061767578125,
-0.01116943359375,
0.027099609375,
0.0185546875,
-0.007598876953125,
0.01226806640625,
0.0062255859375,
0.048828125,
0.027099609375,
0.01904296875,
0.03515625,
0.0133056640625,
-0.004608154296875,
0.0067138671875,
0.021484375,
0.01611328125,
0.0517578125,
0.024658203125,
0.0211181640625,
0.01397705078125,
0.0274658203125,
-0.005401611328125,
-0.020263671875,
0.0625,
0.037841796875,
0.0225830078125,
-0.0159912109375,
0.0791015625,
-0.042236328125,
0.032470703125,
-0.06103515625,
0.03076171875,
0.031494140625,
0.044677734375,
0.0208740234375,
0.0240478515625,
0.024169921875,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.0107421875,
0.0245361328125,
-0.04296875,
0.01708984375,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.019287109375,
-0.02392578125,
0.004486083984375,
-0.0196533203125,
0.0400390625,
-0.046630859375,
-0.04931640625,
-0.01116943359375,
0.0081787109375,
-0.05712890625,
-0.00689697265625,
0.006744384765625,
0.01385498046875,
0.03466796875,
0.01080322265625,
0.0145263671875,
0.014404296875,
-0.034423828125,
-0.004638671875,
0.0269775390625,
0.006439208984375,
0.006988525390625,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.021240234375,
-0.048828125,
0.0016937255859375,
-0.0087890625,
0.033203125,
0.00518798828125,
-0.026611328125,
0.0201416015625,
0.0267333984375,
0.035400390625,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.01458740234375,
0.02734375,
-0.0002593994140625,
-0.01275634765625,
0.003387451171875,
-0.019287109375,
0.0458984375,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.038330078125,
0.06494140625,
0.0108642578125,
0.00933837890625,
0.0267333984375,
-0.04443359375,
0.005279541015625,
0.022216796875,
-0.037353515625,
0.0177001953125,
0.0037078857421875,
-0.0380859375,
0.021240234375,
-0.041259765625,
0.00543212890625,
-0.0233154296875,
0.0198974609375,
-0.000911712646484375,
0.056396484375,
0.001556396484375,
-0.03076171875,
0.0771484375,
0.0240478515625,
-0.006256103515625,
-0.0001888275146484375,
0.027587890625,
0.00927734375,
0.0196533203125,
0.045654296875,
0.0093994140625,
-0.038330078125,
0.0296630859375,
0.0167236328125,
0.023193359375,
0.044189453125,
-0.041748046875,
0.0037078857421875,
0.05224609375,
0.0009613037109375,
-0.0308837890625,
0.04736328125,
0.00347900390625,
-0.01397705078125,
0.004669189453125,
0.033203125,
0.00311279296875,
0.0247802734375,
-0.0107421875,
0.00762939453125,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.0064697265625,
0.02001953125,
0.00189971923828125,
-0.03369140625,
-0.00445556640625,
0.05078125,
0.037109375,
-0.053955078125,
-0.000804901123046875,
0.021728515625,
-0.0213623046875,
0.040283203125,
0.0242919921875,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.057861328125,
0.007110595703125,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.0247802734375,
0.00081634521484375,
-0.029541015625,
-0.048583984375,
-0.01611328125,
-0.01141357421875,
0.058349609375,
-0.030029296875,
-0.050048828125,
0.01300048828125,
-0.035888671875,
0.0274658203125,
0.004791259765625,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.0263671875,
0.0091552734375,
-0.004150390625,
0.00921630859375,
-0.022216796875,
0.00439453125,
-0.07861328125,
0.03271484375,
0.050537109375,
-0.031005859375,
-0.016845703125,
0.000080108642578125,
-0.0257568359375,
0.0125732421875,
-0.01190185546875,
0.01312255859375,
-0.00311279296875,
-0.046142578125,
-0.0400390625,
0.0223388671875,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.0181884765625,
0.010498046875,
-0.01361083984375,
0.053955078125,
0.037841796875,
0.00823974609375,
-0.052001953125,
0.0634765625,
0.0458984375,
0.0238037109375,
-0.01611328125,
-0.061279296875,
-0.06298828125,
-0.005157470703125,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0166015625,
0.017822265625,
0.01318359375,
0.0203857421875,
-0.03662109375,
0.0179443359375,
-0.051025390625,
-0.00830078125,
-0.02978515625,
-0.0155029296875,
0.005401611328125,
-0.0302734375,
0.0223388671875,
0.005950927734375,
-0.0123291015625,
0.023193359375,
-0.006256103515625,
0.053466796875,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.03515625,
0.017822265625,
-0.04443359375,
0.039794921875,
0.03271484375,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.00592041015625,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.0010833740234375,
-0.045166015625,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.017822265625,
0.0390625,
0.0026397705078125,
-0.0302734375,
-0.0240478515625,
0.03271484375,
0.01409912109375,
-0.000484466552734375,
-0.0289306640625,
0.006317138671875,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.024169921875,
-0.03662109375,
-0.03662109375,
0.0380859375,
-0.016357421875,
0.0286865234375,
-0.0024261474609375,
-0.03564453125,
0.018798828125,
-0.02392578125,
-0.047607421875,
0.0252685546875,
-0.00628662109375,
0.0086669921875,
0.01953125,
0.02685546875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.01171875,
0.0303955078125,
0.014892578125,
0.000038623809814453125,
-0.00445556640625,
0.022216796875,
-0.0264892578125,
0.005126953125,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.03173828125,
0.04248046875,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.046142578125,
-0.047119140625,
0.0263671875,
0.0230712890625,
0.0294189453125,
0.052001953125,
0.026123046875,
0.03564453125,
0.012451171875,
0.039794921875,
-0.049560546875,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.0498046875,
0.05908203125,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.006561279296875,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.01141357421875,
0.0281982421875,
0.049072265625,
0.0167236328125,
-0.018798828125,
-0.045654296875,
0.0034027099609375,
-0.0037841796875,
-0.00010776519775390625,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.0213623046875,
0.054931640625,
0.0089111328125,
0.032470703125,
-0.02783203125,
0.046630859375,
-0.037353515625,
0.0201416015625,
-0.00830078125,
0.037109375,
-0.0166015625,
0.03125,
-0.00640869140625,
0.0181884765625,
0.11767578125,
-0.007049560546875,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.01806640625,
-0.0240478515625,
0.00872802734375,
0.04541015625,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.009765625,
0.01806640625,
-0.00946044921875,
0.0263671875,
0.002471923828125,
-0.005096435546875,
0.0174560546875,
0.0103759765625,
-0.021728515625,
0.056396484375,
-0.049560546875,
-0.04345703125,
0.023193359375,
0.058837890625,
0.005767822265625,
0.057861328125,
-0.000027060508728027344,
0.01519775390625,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.033935546875,
-0.019775390625,
0.040283203125,
-0.00732421875,
-0.029541015625,
0.036376953125,
0.011962890625,
0.037109375,
0.024658203125,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.041748046875,
-0.019775390625,
-0.01220703125,
0.0283203125,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.0054931640625,
0.01226806640625,
0.0020751953125,
0.035888671875,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.005645751953125,
-0.02197265625,
-0.041015625,
-0.00396728515625,
-0.03564453125,
0.004058837890625,
0.01416015625,
0.0172119140625,
0.021728515625,
0.0023956298828125,
0.027099609375,
-0.0478515625,
0.01214599609375,
-0.0849609375,
-0.033447265625,
0.01080322265625,
0.00201416015625,
0.0277099609375,
-0.00921630859375,
0.00860595703125,
0.0034027099609375,
0.000698089599609375,
0.0120849609375,
0.00170135498046875,
-0.0234375,
-0.0164794921875,
0.08642578125,
-0.006927490234375,
0.0294189453125,
-0.032958984375,
0.033447265625,
0.00885009765625,
-0.0184326171875,
0.046142578125,
0.037353515625,
0.0118408203125,
0.044921875,
0.0245361328125,
0.007293701171875,
-0.0255126953125,
0.0233154296875,
-0.017333984375,
0.0008087158203125,
0.052490234375,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.061767578125,
-0.0361328125,
0.005279541015625,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.072265625,
-0.0264892578125,
0.0235595703125,
-0.00787353515625,
0.05810546875,
-0.0299072265625,
0.01373291015625,
-0.00103759765625,
-0.0341796875,
0.01373291015625,
0.00286865234375,
-0.04248046875,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.056884765625,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.0242919921875,
0.018310546875,
-0.0205078125,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.023193359375,
0.00101470947265625,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0084228515625,
0.01904296875,
0.02392578125,
0.004730224609375,
0.0184326171875,
0.017333984375,
0.028564453125,
0.01007080078125,
-0.05078125,
-0.00537109375,
-0.05029296875,
0.051025390625,
-0.0235595703125,
0.00799560546875,
0.03369140625,
0.015869140625,
-0.0036773681640625,
0.0247802734375,
0.0262451171875,
-0.0234375,
-0.042236328125,
-0.034423828125,
0.0142822265625,
0.025146484375,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.006011962890625,
-0.02490234375,
0.01171875,
-0.048828125,
0.006195068359375,
0.05078125,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.00341796875,
-0.039306640625,
-0.00640869140625,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.05810546875,
0.0022125244140625,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.0146484375,
-0.054443359375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.000041484832763671875,
-0.0250244140625,
0.0018463134765625,
0.04052734375,
0.0019683837890625,
0.040771484375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.052734375,
-0.0228271484375,
0.0152587890625,
-0.00182342529296875,
0.0235595703125,
0.060791015625,
-0.0166015625,
-0.03271484375,
0.0225830078125,
0.037841796875,
-0.0751953125,
-0.050048828125,
0.0029296875,
0.0546875,
-0.0400390625,
0.01446533203125,
0.02783203125,
-0.0478515625,
-0.00738525390625,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0517578125,
-0.044677734375,
-0.03466796875,
0.00439453125,
0.033447265625,
-0.0281982421875,
0.0341796875,
0.0556640625,
0.029052734375,
0.0299072265625,
-0.017578125,
0.0712890625,
-0.03515625,
-0.0286865234375,
0.018798828125,
-0.00421142578125,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.034912109375,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.0128173828125,
0.01141357421875,
-0.016845703125,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.004241943359375,
0.068359375,
-0.018798828125,
0.0023956298828125,
0.0062255859375,
0.017578125,
-0.052734375,
0.0159912109375,
-0.05859375,
0.0018310546875,
0.02587890625,
-0.0869140625,
-0.0155029296875,
0.0361328125,
0.0004329681396484375,
0.01611328125,
-0.031494140625,
-0.00909423828125,
0.003204345703125,
0.034423828125,
-0.0400390625,
0.044189453125,
0.014892578125,
0.0203857421875,
-0.09033203125,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0196533203125,
0.02880859375,
-0.01251220703125,
0.0223388671875,
-0.01611328125,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.0023956298828125,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.0390625,
-0.01385498046875,
0.0189208984375,
-0.02392578125,
-0.0045166015625,
-0.0087890625,
-0.041259765625,
-0.0020599365234375,
0.0033721923828125,
-0.018310546875,
0.0115966796875,
-0.0302734375,
-0.0006866455078125,
0.0162353515625,
-0.046875,
-0.01123046875,
0.006561279296875,
0.0228271484375,
0.0166015625,
-0.03759765625,
0.00119781494140625,
0.035888671875,
-0.00750732421875,
0.0361328125,
-0.017822265625,
-0.057373046875,
-0.05322265625,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.032958984375,
-0.00013828277587890625,
0.0111083984375,
0.0021514892578125,
-0.000701904296875,
-0.002838134765625,
0.004547119140625,
0.006256103515625,
-0.036865234375,
-0.00494384765625,
0.0238037109375,
-0.006988525390625,
0.033447265625,
0.0390625,
-0.037109375,
-0.00015163421630859375,
0.004791259765625,
0.02294921875,
0.0235595703125,
0.0390625,
-0.0159912109375,
0.034912109375,
-0.004852294921875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.036376953125,
-0.044677734375,
0.0064697265625,
0.049560546875,
0.018798828125,
-0.0040283203125,
0.012939453125,
-0.005096435546875,
-0.03271484375,
0.007537841796875,
-0.0673828125,
-0.045166015625,
0.035888671875,
0.043212890625,
0.00897216796875,
-0.01336669921875,
0.00714111328125,
0.01324462890625,
0.043212890625,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.005706787109375,
0.01019287109375,
0.04052734375,
0.021484375,
-0.00009679794311523438,
-0.0380859375,
-0.01806640625,
-0.000823974609375,
-0.037841796875,
-0.00885009765625,
0.0537109375,
0.028564453125,
-0.03271484375,
-0.048095703125,
0.00494384765625,
-0.06298828125,
-0.00009107589721679688,
0.023193359375,
0.0361328125,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.0045166015625,
-0.01171875,
0.00946044921875,
0.025390625,
-0.024169921875,
0.000640869140625,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.013671875,
0.005889892578125,
0.0419921875,
0.003631591796875,
0.033447265625,
0.0306396484375,
-0.0302734375,
-0.039794921875,
-0.02099609375,
-0.02685546875,
0.059326171875,
0.0233154296875,
0.0240478515625,
-0.0050048828125,
0.0308837890625,
0.04736328125,
0.027587890625,
0.048095703125,
-0.001220703125,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.01171875,
0.0023956298828125,
-0.01336669921875,
0.016845703125,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.05029296875,
0.06494140625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.00927734375,
-0.02587890625,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.006561279296875,
-0.01708984375,
0.0021514892578125,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.018798828125,
0.0164794921875,
0.042236328125,
0.002349853515625,
-0.010009765625,
0.050048828125,
-0.00494384765625,
-0.010986328125,
0.0220947265625,
0.0147705078125,
-0.003936767578125,
-0.05078125,
-0.00946044921875,
0.03369140625,
0.00714111328125,
-0.002685546875,
0.0245361328125,
0.0084228515625,
0.0169677734375,
0.007049560546875,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.001953125,
-0.07080078125,
0.000274658203125,
-0.01275634765625,
0.052001953125,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.018798828125,
0.0166015625,
-0.0279541015625,
0.004608154296875,
0.04248046875,
0.01324462890625,
0.024169921875,
0.0014190673828125,
0.0234375,
0.0155029296875,
0.0087890625,
0.0341796875,
-0.050537109375,
0.0230712890625,
0.01171875,
-0.042724609375,
-0.06982421875,
0.006103515625,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0419921875,
-0.06298828125,
-0.0263671875,
-0.021728515625,
0.02197265625,
0.01031494140625,
-0.03173828125,
0.0074462890625,
-0.03125,
-0.027587890625,
0.02880859375,
0.034423828125,
0.060791015625,
0.02197265625,
-0.02587890625,
0.01025390625,
-0.0002803802490234375,
0.025146484375,
-0.04345703125,
0.0247802734375,
0.0072021484375,
-0.0537109375,
-0.055908203125,
-0.04345703125,
0.01239013671875,
0.0380859375,
-0.029052734375,
-0.043212890625,
0.004608154296875,
0.033203125,
-0.003936767578125,
-0.0087890625,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.01141357421875,
0.046142578125,
0.0286865234375,
-0.006378173828125,
0.017333984375,
0.00469970703125,
0.013427734375,
0.037109375,
0.01422119140625,
0.0167236328125,
-0.000736236572265625,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.02880859375,
-0.00537109375,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.0029144287109375,
0.00860595703125,
0.038818359375,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.062255859375,
0.0196533203125,
-0.0517578125,
-0.0289306640625,
0.03955078125,
-0.0011749267578125,
-0.026123046875,
0.0272216796875,
0.03173828125,
-0.02783203125,
0.28515625,
0.0111083984375,
-0.0341796875,
0.0034942626953125,
-0.0322265625,
0.037841796875,
0.030517578125,
0.039306640625,
-0.04736328125,
0.04541015625,
-0.04638671875,
-0.0262451171875,
0.01373291015625,
0.00885009765625,
0.00927734375,
0.0277099609375,
-0.0361328125,
0.0067138671875,
0.0322265625,
-0.0234375,
-0.0025787353515625,
-0.016357421875,
-0.049560546875,
0.0615234375,
0.02685546875,
0.009521484375,
-0.006103515625,
-0.038818359375,
-0.032470703125,
-0.00689697265625,
0.005126953125,
-0.022705078125,
0.0142822265625,
-0.04736328125,
-0.0311279296875,
-0.00445556640625,
0.0048828125,
-0.0015869140625,
0.01385498046875,
-0.007537841796875,
0.021484375,
0.026611328125,
-0.011962890625,
-0.0004138946533203125,
-0.004974365234375,
-0.006622314453125,
-0.0284423828125,
0.033935546875,
0.0791015625,
-0.0576171875,
0.0283203125,
0.0181884765625,
0.032470703125,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0157470703125,
0.00787353515625,
-0.0033721923828125,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0166015625,
-0.04345703125,
0.0286865234375,
0.01708984375,
0.005096435546875,
0.039794921875,
0.02685546875,
0.00146484375,
0.076171875,
0.0135498046875,
-0.040771484375,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.00090789794921875,
0.003387451171875,
0.000152587890625,
0.01165771484375,
0.04736328125,
0.024169921875,
-0.020263671875,
0.02099609375,
0.037841796875,
-0.034423828125,
0.042724609375,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0025787353515625,
0.00665283203125,
0.0693359375,
0.03515625,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.047607421875,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.00194549560546875,
0.01373291015625,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.00183868408203125,
0.013671875,
0.00469970703125
] |
North, J.
This is an appeal by plaintiff from an amendment to the decree of divorce which she obtained from defendant whereby permanent alimony decreed to her was reduced from $25 per week to $17.50 per week.
After these parties had married and lived together 20 years they separated; and plaintiff in May, 1947,. obtained a decree of divorce on the grounds of adultery and extreme cruelty. There were no children. The decree provided defendant should not remarry for 2 years after the date of the decree. Aside from the permanent alimony no other property provision in plaintiff’s favor was decreed.
April 5, 1949, defendant was summoned into court to show cause why he should not be adjudged in contempt for default in payment of alimony. On the return day, April 15, 1949, defendant was granted an adjournment to enable him to file a petition for modification of the decree. While the matter was thus pending, defendant remarried on May 27, 1949, 8 days after the expiration of. the 2 years. provided in the decree. He filed his petition under oath for modification in January, 1950. Plaintiff promptly answered, denying under oath defendant’s right to modification. On reference to the friend of the court each of the parties appeared and made disclosure of relevant facts claimed by them respectively. The friend of the court found and reported that plaintiff’s need of the alimony in aid of her support presently existed; that defendant was financially able to comply with the alimony provision in the original decree; that there had been no material change in circumstances justifying modification, and that defendant should be placed on probation with provision for paying arrearages in alimony at the rate of $5 per week. On the record thus made the circuit judge heard the parties and reduced the decreed alimony from $25 per week to $17.50 per week.
In seeking reduction of alimony payments defendant relied on the following alleged changes in conditions: (1) That plaintiff had an income from renting rooms which was sufficient to enable her to support herself; (2) that defendant had remarried and was obligated to support the second wife who had been ill and under a doctor’s care; (3) increased cost of living without a comparable increase in defendant’s salary; and (4) in consequence of the above noted changes in conditions “the alimony awarded by said decree * * * has become unduly unfair and burdensome.”
We are of the opinion that the order and decree of the circuit judge reducing the alimony cannot be sustained. Defendant’s assertion in general terms that plaintiff has income from the rental of rooms sufficient to enable her to support herself is not sustained by any affirmative showing. Further, in Christensen v. Christensen, 295 Mich 203, we said: “Plaintiff’s self-efforts do not in any degree afford release of defendant,” under all circumstances from Ms decreed obligation to pay alimony. See, also, Foltz v. Foltz, 281 Mich 179; Harter v. Harter, 307 Mich 258.
Defendant’s remarriage, especially under the circumstances of this case, is Rot a justification for modification of the alimony provision. It has been repeatedly held that remarriage of a divorced man is not such a change of circumstances as justifies modification of a decree for alimony. See above cited cases; also Kelly v. Kelly, 194 Mich 94.
As to the increased cost of living urged in his behalf by defendant, it is obvious that this circumstance affects plaintiff adversely in the same way it affects defendant. Renn v. Renn, 318 Mich 230. Under the record in the instant case the increased cost of living would not justify reducing the amount of alimony decreed to plaintiff. Defendant’s financial statement submitted to the friend of the court discloses the following. Defendant is employed by the city of Detroit, department of street railways, as an assistant emergency dispatcher, and has a gross weekly earning of $84.61, with net weekly income of $70.54, which inferentially appears to be somewhat in excess of his earnings at the time the decree was entered. Defendant also owns property totalling $2,900, consisting of household furniture, a Mercury automobile, and money deposited in bank. His indebtedness consists of 2 doctors’ bills totalling only $35. We think the friend of the court was correct in reporting that plaintiff has the capacity to. comply with the provision for payment of alimony embodied in the decree. In Smith v. Smith, 139 Mich 133, we quoted with approval from State, ex rel. Brown, v. Brown, 31 Wash 397, 405 (72 P 86, 62 LRA 974), the following:
“ ‘If his monthly income after divorce was sufficient to support himself alone and to pay his divorced wife the alimony allowed, he could not by his subsequent marriage set aside the decree, or be heard to say that the additional burdens which he himself thereby assumed made him unable to comply with the decree. The divorced wife and minor child have a fixed and prior claim upon the earnings of appellant (husband), which appellant for his own comfort may not talce away.’ ”
The modification of the original provision for payment of alimony at the rate of $25 per week decreed by the circuit judge on the ground that it had “become unjustly burdensome upon the defendant” is vacated; and the case is remanded to the circuit court with jurisdiction to hear and adjudicate any future proceedings therein, and particularly for the hearing and disposition of plaintiff’s pending petition, and any amendment thereto, seeking to have defendant punished for contempt because of his failure to pay plaintiff alimony in accordance with the terms of the decree. A decree may be entered in this Court accordingly, with costs to appellant.
Reid, C. J., and Boyles, Dethmers, Butzel, Carr, Bushnell, and Sharpe, JJ., concurred. | [
-0.01239013671875,
0.018310546875,
0.01226806640625,
0.044189453125,
-0.07958984375,
-0.02392578125,
-0.041259765625,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.0279541015625,
0.033203125,
0.03515625,
-0.0155029296875,
0.006927490234375,
0.00994873046875,
-0.01611328125,
-0.023193359375,
-0.018798828125,
-0.032470703125,
0.020751953125,
0.038330078125,
-0.0206298828125,
0.0218505859375,
-0.03857421875,
-0.00555419921875,
0.01129150390625,
0.019775390625,
-0.01416015625,
-0.00433349609375,
0.053466796875,
0.0242919921875,
-0.00238037109375,
-0.0146484375,
-0.004547119140625,
-0.0002460479736328125,
-0.008056640625,
-0.0022125244140625,
0.028564453125,
-0.058837890625,
0.0164794921875,
-0.0027618408203125,
0.0115966796875,
-0.03515625,
0.0177001953125,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.0478515625,
-0.053466796875,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.04296875,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.027099609375,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.0130615234375,
0.0269775390625,
-0.0400390625,
0.044921875,
0.0068359375,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.03759765625,
0.005096435546875,
0.0098876953125,
-0.00115203857421875,
0.0157470703125,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.00927734375,
0.016845703125,
0.04296875,
0.003173828125,
-0.0030364990234375,
0.004119873046875,
-0.02392578125,
0.00823974609375,
-0.0189208984375,
0.00677490234375,
-0.038818359375,
0.0164794921875,
-0.037353515625,
0.0213623046875,
-0.03662109375,
-0.000652313232421875,
0.0091552734375,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.0262451171875,
0.0263671875,
-0.01904296875,
-0.024169921875,
0.018798828125,
0.020263671875,
0.034912109375,
0.0159912109375,
0.0439453125,
-0.04052734375,
0.07470703125,
-0.044677734375,
-0.011474609375,
0.01202392578125,
0.03271484375,
-0.0079345703125,
0.0086669921875,
0.0556640625,
-0.01165771484375,
0.0184326171875,
-0.004547119140625,
-0.003875732421875,
0.05126953125,
0.010498046875,
0.047607421875,
-0.00836181640625,
0.007293701171875,
-0.0186767578125,
0.000701904296875,
0.0380859375,
-0.00830078125,
0.0595703125,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.060302734375,
0.010498046875,
-0.06103515625,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.05859375,
0.06494140625,
0.0142822265625,
0.0284423828125,
-0.01220703125,
0.025634765625,
0.0020751953125,
-0.01409912109375,
0.0390625,
-0.00927734375,
-0.0177001953125,
0.02001953125,
0.01519775390625,
-0.01171875,
0.01031494140625,
0.011962890625,
-0.00213623046875,
0.0211181640625,
0.01324462890625,
0.021728515625,
-0.0162353515625,
0.045166015625,
-0.00885009765625,
0.0074462890625,
0.05810546875,
0.029052734375,
0.0380859375,
0.0036773681640625,
0.0201416015625,
-0.059814453125,
-0.0022125244140625,
-0.0537109375,
0.006805419921875,
0.049072265625,
0.0303955078125,
0.04296875,
-0.021240234375,
0.019775390625,
-0.029541015625,
0.027099609375,
0.00142669677734375,
-0.00116729736328125,
0.0174560546875,
-0.0235595703125,
0.025146484375,
0.00518798828125,
0.0113525390625,
-0.012451171875,
0.0211181640625,
-0.00092315673828125,
-0.037109375,
0.0242919921875,
-0.004058837890625,
-0.0712890625,
-0.025146484375,
0.0244140625,
0.01519775390625,
0.0390625,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.023681640625,
0.03076171875,
-0.0274658203125,
0.06396484375,
0.0286865234375,
-0.033203125,
0.034912109375,
0.0216064453125,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.04931640625,
-0.03466796875,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0028228759765625,
0.032958984375,
-0.0120849609375,
0.0081787109375,
0.0208740234375,
0.0023040771484375,
-0.005157470703125,
0.020263671875,
0.07373046875,
0.0218505859375,
-0.04541015625,
0.01513671875,
0.00994873046875,
0.0673828125,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.01446533203125,
0.0537109375,
0.037109375,
-0.0322265625,
0.0341796875,
0.00531005859375,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.0107421875,
-0.01953125,
-0.01397705078125,
0.0245361328125,
-0.033203125,
0.040771484375,
-0.06396484375,
0.021484375,
-0.006622314453125,
0.01312255859375,
0.00077056884765625,
0.0186767578125,
-0.034423828125,
-0.04150390625,
0.020751953125,
0.0303955078125,
-0.0059814453125,
0.0076904296875,
-0.0224609375,
-0.00173187255859375,
-0.006988525390625,
0.0341796875,
-0.004180908203125,
0.01019287109375,
0.0303955078125,
0.046875,
-0.00109100341796875,
0.01336669921875,
-0.0439453125,
0.032470703125,
0.03564453125,
0.005828857421875,
-0.018798828125,
0.057373046875,
0.005767822265625,
-0.0069580078125,
-0.01611328125,
0.0164794921875,
0.000732421875,
0.060791015625,
-0.032470703125,
0.03466796875,
0.025390625,
0.013671875,
0.036865234375,
0.01324462890625,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.02001953125,
0.048095703125,
0.0003337860107421875,
-0.021728515625,
0.0081787109375,
0.00823974609375,
-0.019287109375,
0.048828125,
0.025634765625,
0.00970458984375,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.023681640625,
-0.01806640625,
-0.02392578125,
-0.034912109375,
0.00543212890625,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.034912109375,
-0.042724609375,
0.037841796875,
0.003875732421875,
-0.031494140625,
0.0196533203125,
-0.043701171875,
0.0147705078125,
-0.0147705078125,
0.01324462890625,
-0.041748046875,
0.0174560546875,
0.0286865234375,
0.053955078125,
0.0118408203125,
-0.052490234375,
-0.0625,
0.00445556640625,
0.029296875,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.005035400390625,
-0.04443359375,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.0013580322265625,
-0.060791015625,
0.0108642578125,
0.00176239013671875,
-0.0281982421875,
0.004425048828125,
-0.04296875,
-0.0216064453125,
0.00160980224609375,
0.0031280517578125,
-0.0035858154296875,
0.040771484375,
0.019775390625,
0.01519775390625,
-0.035888671875,
0.05859375,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.039794921875,
-0.0179443359375,
0.008544921875,
-0.04052734375,
-0.02001953125,
0.0255126953125,
0.04345703125,
0.05126953125,
-0.038818359375,
-0.00445556640625,
-0.034912109375,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.020751953125,
-0.0150146484375,
0.006500244140625,
0.0322265625,
0.01953125,
-0.039794921875,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.0166015625,
0.0137939453125,
0.03857421875,
-0.0595703125,
-0.00072479248046875,
0.025634765625,
-0.0016326904296875,
0.0400390625,
0.020263671875,
-0.02685546875,
-0.005279541015625,
0.0240478515625,
-0.02587890625,
0.0247802734375,
-0.01434326171875,
0.04736328125,
-0.0096435546875,
0.033447265625,
0.0174560546875,
-0.06982421875,
-0.0250244140625,
0.03125,
0.020263671875,
0.005584716796875,
-0.03173828125,
-0.053955078125,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.0013275146484375,
0.0234375,
-0.025390625,
0.04296875,
-0.00634765625,
0.052001953125,
0.032470703125,
-0.0146484375,
-0.000038623809814453125,
-0.0185546875,
-0.0211181640625,
0.03515625,
0.026611328125,
0.0322265625,
-0.006195068359375,
0.000766754150390625,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.006195068359375,
0.057373046875,
0.0076904296875,
0.0184326171875,
-0.0269775390625,
0.00640869140625,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.0255126953125,
0.00133514404296875,
0.001556396484375,
0.0184326171875,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.00439453125,
0.0296630859375,
0.005859375,
0.00982666015625,
0.049560546875,
0.037109375,
-0.03369140625,
0.00439453125,
0.0201416015625,
-0.031494140625,
-0.01171875,
-0.0537109375,
0.032958984375,
-0.031005859375,
0.0012969970703125,
-0.0013427734375,
-0.005859375,
0.05029296875,
0.05908203125,
0.034912109375,
0.00066375732421875,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.0152587890625,
0.00136566162109375,
-0.013916015625,
-0.03271484375,
-0.014404296875,
0.0556640625,
0.047607421875,
0.0274658203125,
-0.04150390625,
0.051025390625,
-0.06689453125,
0.029052734375,
0.048583984375,
0.00069427490234375,
-0.00634765625,
0.0242919921875,
-0.010498046875,
0.0118408203125,
0.07958984375,
-0.0019989013671875,
0.0004558563232421875,
-0.032470703125,
0.022216796875,
0.0033721923828125,
0.076171875,
0.01141357421875,
-0.00421142578125,
0.008056640625,
-0.00494384765625,
0.006500244140625,
-0.03369140625,
0.033935546875,
0.019775390625,
0.0390625,
-0.044677734375,
0.0595703125,
-0.03271484375,
-0.04638671875,
-0.0390625,
0.046630859375,
0.006591796875,
0.048828125,
-0.030517578125,
0.02783203125,
0.0272216796875,
-0.0234375,
-0.0152587890625,
0.000858306884765625,
0.0216064453125,
-0.049072265625,
0.0213623046875,
0.00726318359375,
0.0030364990234375,
-0.000476837158203125,
0.01055908203125,
0.0257568359375,
-0.0024261474609375,
0.034423828125,
-0.00004887580871582031,
0.016845703125,
-0.03173828125,
-0.0040283203125,
0.00799560546875,
-0.0302734375,
0.006011962890625,
-0.0277099609375,
0.01007080078125,
-0.004547119140625,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0283203125,
-0.034912109375,
0.0296630859375,
0.0125732421875,
0.0155029296875,
-0.00634765625,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.036376953125,
-0.03662109375,
-0.032958984375,
-0.048583984375,
-0.0291748046875,
0.00762939453125,
0.04052734375,
-0.010009765625,
0.021484375,
-0.03759765625,
0.0262451171875,
-0.044921875,
-0.033935546875,
-0.0269775390625,
0.0283203125,
0.047607421875,
-0.04150390625,
0.003814697265625,
0.04931640625,
0.01397705078125,
0.0234375,
-0.005096435546875,
0.033935546875,
0.0201416015625,
0.028564453125,
0.0400390625,
0.010009765625,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.0019073486328125,
-0.004241943359375,
-0.019775390625,
0.00836181640625,
0.013671875,
0.0023193359375,
-0.03759765625,
-0.032958984375,
-0.00118255615234375,
0.036376953125,
-0.0615234375,
-0.026123046875,
0.00811767578125,
0.006805419921875,
0.0186767578125,
-0.0283203125,
0.006439208984375,
-0.004974365234375,
-0.04736328125,
0.04443359375,
-0.00274658203125,
0.00689697265625,
-0.004150390625,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.0025634765625,
0.01513671875,
-0.01373291015625,
0.0021209716796875,
0.005645751953125,
-0.048828125,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.007476806640625,
-0.011962890625,
-0.030517578125,
-0.010498046875,
0.035888671875,
-0.0164794921875,
0.0096435546875,
0.027099609375,
0.04150390625,
-0.021484375,
0.039794921875,
0.04248046875,
-0.0191650390625,
0.0076904296875,
-0.07373046875,
0.0057373046875,
0.005584716796875,
0.0286865234375,
-0.004669189453125,
0.0169677734375,
-0.000896453857421875,
0.02099609375,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.0634765625,
-0.036865234375,
0.033447265625,
0.0213623046875,
0.00506591796875,
-0.02001953125,
-0.0286865234375,
0.0159912109375,
-0.05517578125,
0.006072998046875,
0.0908203125,
-0.000858306884765625,
-0.007354736328125,
-0.0634765625,
0.041259765625,
0.0272216796875,
-0.056884765625,
-0.035400390625,
-0.04541015625,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.00787353515625,
0.000598907470703125,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.032958984375,
0.037353515625,
0.033935546875,
0.0034637451171875,
-0.008056640625,
-0.0032196044921875,
-0.041748046875,
0.003814697265625,
0.04345703125,
-0.0033111572265625,
0.043701171875,
0.04248046875,
-0.018798828125,
-0.033203125,
0.036865234375,
0.018798828125,
-0.041748046875,
-0.059814453125,
0.016845703125,
0.020751953125,
-0.0283203125,
0.0194091796875,
0.050048828125,
-0.06396484375,
-0.003875732421875,
-0.037109375,
-0.038818359375,
0.004364013671875,
-0.040771484375,
0.000843048095703125,
0.04296875,
-0.03076171875,
0.08642578125,
-0.00958251953125,
0.007598876953125,
0.05078125,
-0.0419921875,
0.044921875,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.010986328125,
0.03857421875,
0.01129150390625,
0.0031890869140625,
-0.0380859375,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.0157470703125,
0.00201416015625,
0.0299072265625,
-0.032958984375,
-0.019775390625,
0.036865234375,
0.037353515625,
0.080078125,
-0.039794921875,
0.0244140625,
-0.00933837890625,
0.037841796875,
-0.0498046875,
-0.02734375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.080078125,
0.0067138671875,
0.09130859375,
0.01025390625,
0.039306640625,
0.0181884765625,
-0.034423828125,
0.006866455078125,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.06982421875,
0.0361328125,
0.03564453125,
0.05224609375,
-0.04443359375,
-0.052001953125,
-0.036376953125,
0.05810546875,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.031982421875,
0.01373291015625,
-0.0576171875,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.0159912109375,
0.0206298828125,
0.007171630859375,
0.004302978515625,
-0.009521484375,
-0.00665283203125,
0.0286865234375,
-0.041259765625,
0.046630859375,
0.00225830078125,
0.0269775390625,
0.00408935546875,
0.021728515625,
0.0220947265625,
0.0284423828125,
0.01446533203125,
0.00762939453125,
-0.038818359375,
-0.0130615234375,
0.022705078125,
0.00616455078125,
0.01953125,
-0.02392578125,
-0.06591796875,
-0.055908203125,
-0.028564453125,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.01043701171875,
0.00118255615234375,
0.051025390625,
0.000919342041015625,
-0.05712890625,
-0.028076171875,
0.031005859375,
-0.00225830078125,
-0.03466796875,
0.0125732421875,
0.001739501953125,
0.035400390625,
0.0255126953125,
-0.014892578125,
0.0155029296875,
-0.00131988525390625,
-0.00083160400390625,
0.0458984375,
0.01446533203125,
-0.0079345703125,
0.0211181640625,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.007171630859375,
-0.06396484375,
-0.0012359619140625,
-0.00714111328125,
0.046875,
0.017578125,
-0.0281982421875,
0.0247802734375,
-0.0059814453125,
-0.03662109375,
0.00469970703125,
-0.053955078125,
-0.048095703125,
0.0458984375,
-0.000415802001953125,
0.01226806640625,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.00250244140625,
-0.024169921875,
0.049072265625,
0.017822265625,
-0.0322265625,
0.00040435791015625,
0.01483154296875,
0.049072265625,
0.015869140625,
-0.0184326171875,
0.0286865234375,
-0.0002288818359375,
-0.0390625,
-0.04541015625,
-0.0142822265625,
0.042236328125,
-0.0068359375,
-0.030517578125,
-0.059814453125,
0.0181884765625,
-0.07080078125,
0.0201416015625,
-0.0267333984375,
0.028076171875,
0.029541015625,
0.000476837158203125,
-0.056884765625,
-0.011474609375,
0.0019378662109375,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.00634765625,
-0.045654296875,
-0.05224609375,
0.04345703125,
0.0050048828125,
0.0093994140625,
0.034912109375,
-0.005767822265625,
-0.05224609375,
-0.0244140625,
-0.046875,
-0.0169677734375,
0.0634765625,
-0.0087890625,
0.0208740234375,
0.0012359619140625,
-0.00311279296875,
0.0272216796875,
0.050048828125,
0.036376953125,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.0093994140625,
0.0390625,
-0.046630859375,
-0.009521484375,
0.00921630859375,
-0.045654296875,
-0.01226806640625,
0.03271484375,
-0.0252685546875,
0.01611328125,
-0.041259765625,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.017578125,
-0.043701171875,
0.005279541015625,
-0.005767822265625,
0.0157470703125,
0.020263671875,
0.026123046875,
0.01275634765625,
0.00250244140625,
0.031982421875,
0.0185546875,
0.0400390625,
0.0181884765625,
0.03955078125,
0.0419921875,
-0.0791015625,
0.039794921875,
0.0198974609375,
0.025146484375,
0.01708984375,
0.0103759765625,
0.02294921875,
0.02099609375,
-0.0213623046875,
0.01324462890625,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.07275390625,
0.0027008056640625,
-0.006134033203125,
0.036376953125,
-0.0234375,
0.0126953125,
0.044921875,
-0.00543212890625,
-0.04541015625,
0.0439453125,
0.00909423828125,
0.01397705078125,
-0.0234375,
0.00018596649169921875,
0.028076171875,
0.00726318359375,
0.0267333984375,
-0.06689453125,
-0.0023956298828125,
-0.0048828125,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.0576171875,
0.0250244140625,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.03369140625,
-0.004180908203125,
-0.0025634765625,
-0.02001953125,
0.00750732421875,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.040771484375,
0.01202392578125,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.004119873046875,
0.06787109375,
-0.026611328125,
0.052001953125,
-0.029052734375,
-0.02490234375,
-0.006011962890625,
-0.032958984375,
0.03173828125,
-0.04296875,
0.020263671875,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0673828125,
-0.0113525390625,
0.02490234375,
0.041015625,
-0.018798828125,
-0.050537109375,
-0.006591796875,
0.0262451171875,
-0.00616455078125,
0.00494384765625,
-0.047607421875,
-0.0380859375,
0.00885009765625,
0.007568359375,
0.0019989013671875,
0.0022430419921875,
0.036865234375,
0.019287109375,
0.0011138916015625,
0.0211181640625,
-0.00384521484375,
-0.01385498046875,
0.0084228515625,
-0.010009765625,
-0.0302734375,
-0.000820159912109375,
-0.0019989013671875,
-0.006988525390625,
0.01708984375,
0.0230712890625,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.02490234375,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0498046875,
0.00958251953125,
-0.000804901123046875,
-0.014892578125,
0.00689697265625,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.038818359375,
0.263671875,
0.040283203125,
-0.04052734375,
0.004180908203125,
-0.01806640625,
0.051025390625,
-0.005218505859375,
-0.01123046875,
-0.010498046875,
0.0361328125,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.06396484375,
0.005218505859375,
0.00994873046875,
0.0235595703125,
0.01708984375,
-0.0177001953125,
0.007171630859375,
0.02392578125,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.031494140625,
-0.030029296875,
0.01141357421875,
0.042236328125,
0.0267333984375,
0.043701171875,
0.0272216796875,
-0.060546875,
0.000179290771484375,
-0.03515625,
0.0067138671875,
-0.06494140625,
0.0341796875,
0.003082275390625,
-0.03125,
0.0186767578125,
0.0198974609375,
-0.00634765625,
0.0235595703125,
-0.023681640625,
0.006683349609375,
0.0458984375,
-0.05078125,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.019775390625,
0.00238037109375,
-0.02392578125,
0.06396484375,
0.06396484375,
-0.03369140625,
0.01239013671875,
0.03076171875,
0.025146484375,
-0.02685546875,
-0.02734375,
0.00628662109375,
0.0031280517578125,
-0.02294921875,
-0.0126953125,
-0.0238037109375,
0.010498046875,
0.045166015625,
-0.025390625,
0.05126953125,
0.013671875,
0.0274658203125,
0.0400390625,
0.015625,
-0.06884765625,
0.00970458984375,
0.017578125,
-0.055419921875,
-0.0272216796875,
0.0030670166015625,
0.028076171875,
0.017822265625,
-0.041748046875,
0.0162353515625,
0.0458984375,
-0.03564453125,
0.0218505859375,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.0057373046875,
0.042724609375,
0.0157470703125,
-0.009033203125,
-0.06591796875,
-0.02978515625,
-0.0155029296875,
0.008544921875,
-0.01953125,
0.002532958984375,
0.00946044921875,
-0.026611328125
] |
Butzel, J.
Zetta Taylor, who also was appointed receiver of Taylor’s Restaurant and Bakery, seeks a mandamus to order the Honorable John Y. Brennan, Wayne county circuit judge, to settle the bill of exceptions on an appeal to this Court in a suit brought by her against the administratrix de bonis non of the estate of her son Paul E. Taylor, deceased. Mrs. Taylor and her son Paul had been in the restau rant and bakery business in Detroit under the name as hereinbefore stated. She claims that she furnished the entire capital of about $25,000, that Paul contributed nothing, but that it was agreed that the profits be divided equally. Upon Paul’s death in June of 1950 Mrs. Taylor brought suit against the administratrix de bonis non of Paul’s estate for the purpose of settling the affairs of what appears to have been a copartnership. She was appointed receiver of the business and, as such, brings this mandamus proceeding.
Paul left 2 minor children of the respective ages of 10 and 4, and their guardians contested the receiver’s amended final account. Mrs. Taylor contends that they are not proper parties defendant, that neither the expenses of Paul’s last sickness, funeral expenses, nor “Federal estate taxes” have been paid. In the main suit the court signed a decree awarding $1,200 respectively to each of the guardians of the minor children and the balance to Mrs. Taylor. Plaintiff’s attorney, upon leaving the courtroom on the day the decree was signed, asked the court clerk to enter a stay so that plaintiff could appeal. Plaintiff has made futile efforts since then to have-the bill of exceptions settled. The trial judge has not settled it. This Court, on June 2,1952, extended the time for settlement. The decree was rendered on'February 1, 1952. The judge persists in his refusal to take any further action and plaintiff has filed this petition for mandamus. The grounds for appeal in the main case are not set forth in the record but in the petition for mandamus it is claimed that the court erred in allowing any sums of money to the guardians of the minor children.
The court, on the other hand, claims that the decree was entered with the consent of all parties and he only carried out what they agreed to. Petition for mandamus was sworn to on August 1, 1952, and filed in this Court on August 2, 1952. In his answer to the petition for writ of mandamus and order to show cause, the circuit judge includes a statement theretofore made by him to the effect that the appeal was an anomalous one and the court seeks guidance “in this anomalous situation.” Plaintiff, at the time the decree was signed, was represented in court by her attorney. There had been a previous adjournment of the case for the purpose of enabling the parties to arrive at a settlement. At the adjourned ■date, according to trial judge, the decree was drafted by plaintiff’s attorney who filled in the blanks that appeared in the proposed decree as drafted. The record does not show what was said at the time. There appears at the end of the original decree the written approval of the respective counsel in the case but it is significant that approval of plaintiff’s attorney distinctly stated “approved as to form only.” Immediately after the decree was signed, attorney for plaintiff asked the court clerk for a stay so as to enable plaintiff to appeal. It appears that another attorney was later substituted for the attorney who represented plaintiff at the time of the decree. There was another change of attorneys when the attorney who appears in the present proceedings was substituted. The record before us does not show whether the attorney who represented plaintiff at the time of the decree ever gave any testimony as to what occurred at that time. It would appear that he did not approve of the decree even though he helped to prepare it. It would further seem that the trial judge believed that all parties consented to the decree when he signed it without taking any further testimony.
We order that the court settle the bill of exceptions not later than July 1,1953. We further hold that the judge or interested parties may file a supplemental record prior to July 31, 1953, setting forth all such matters as the judge may deem proper and, if the judge deems it necessary, he may at any time prior to July- 31, 1953, order and take any further testimony in regard to the signing of the decree and incorporate it also into the supplemental record if one is filed. No costs will be allowed on this motion.
Dethmers, C. J., and Adams, Carr, Bushnbll, Sharpe, Boyles, and B»eid, JJ., concurred.
See CL 1948, § 650.20 (Stat Ann § 27.2610) .—Reporter. | [
-0.034423828125,
0.01068115234375,
0.03564453125,
0.0703125,
-0.061767578125,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.018310546875,
-0.0230712890625,
0.0201416015625,
0.000591278076171875,
-0.0140380859375,
0.0283203125,
0.002166748046875,
-0.04345703125,
-0.0087890625,
-0.01397705078125,
0.000598907470703125,
-0.024658203125,
0.0147705078125,
0.020263671875,
0.016845703125,
-0.04248046875,
-0.018798828125,
0.003326416015625,
0.03466796875,
0.00006580352783203125,
-0.017333984375,
0.03564453125,
0.01385498046875,
-0.0283203125,
-0.0174560546875,
0.036376953125,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.0155029296875,
0.033935546875,
0.06884765625,
-0.054443359375,
0.0263671875,
-0.048095703125,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.0279541015625,
0.02783203125,
-0.014404296875,
-0.029296875,
-0.02001953125,
-0.007720947265625,
0.00469970703125,
0.05224609375,
-0.03759765625,
-0.027099609375,
0.0018463134765625,
0.0303955078125,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.0069580078125,
-0.046142578125,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0220947265625,
0.015625,
-0.00506591796875,
0.01220703125,
-0.021240234375,
0.01611328125,
-0.0211181640625,
0.03173828125,
0.0185546875,
0.00750732421875,
0.0034637451171875,
-0.004547119140625,
-0.03173828125,
0.008056640625,
0.038818359375,
-0.01141357421875,
0.0030364990234375,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.006256103515625,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.039794921875,
0.0267333984375,
0.006317138671875,
-0.000713348388671875,
-0.025146484375,
0.03271484375,
0.0002727508544921875,
-0.0517578125,
0.00640869140625,
0.0150146484375,
0.060546875,
0.00653076171875,
0.04443359375,
-0.0020904541015625,
0.02978515625,
-0.06298828125,
-0.017822265625,
0.06982421875,
0.052490234375,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.00006628036499023438,
0.0262451171875,
-0.044677734375,
0.001739501953125,
-0.0113525390625,
0.019287109375,
0.091796875,
-0.011962890625,
0.024169921875,
0.00347900390625,
0.051025390625,
-0.027099609375,
0.0245361328125,
0.01123046875,
-0.01129150390625,
0.0284423828125,
-0.017578125,
-0.0228271484375,
0.006805419921875,
-0.026611328125,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.019287109375,
0.041748046875,
-0.0137939453125,
0.0400390625,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.006378173828125,
0.017822265625,
0.00341796875,
0.05029296875,
0.0089111328125,
0.039306640625,
0.0086669921875,
-0.004364013671875,
-0.00433349609375,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.01007080078125,
0.0032958984375,
0.01263427734375,
0.0201416015625,
0.042724609375,
0.021728515625,
0.0419921875,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.00738525390625,
0.0654296875,
0.037109375,
0.0223388671875,
-0.0322265625,
0.00506591796875,
-0.02294921875,
-0.01953125,
-0.0546875,
0.0235595703125,
0.04345703125,
0.028564453125,
0.033447265625,
-0.011962890625,
0.048095703125,
-0.0145263671875,
0.02197265625,
0.02880859375,
-0.03369140625,
0.03369140625,
-0.017578125,
0.0047607421875,
-0.031982421875,
-0.005767822265625,
0.0103759765625,
0.027587890625,
-0.032470703125,
-0.03173828125,
0.01446533203125,
0.0252685546875,
-0.0517578125,
-0.004364013671875,
0.034423828125,
0.02001953125,
0.031005859375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.032958984375,
-0.004425048828125,
-0.038330078125,
0.0048828125,
0.03662109375,
-0.0103759765625,
0.00830078125,
-0.0230712890625,
0.023193359375,
-0.035400390625,
-0.025634765625,
-0.027587890625,
0.012451171875,
-0.033447265625,
-0.00958251953125,
0.04541015625,
0.0087890625,
0.0281982421875,
-0.01708984375,
-0.017333984375,
0.01470947265625,
-0.006805419921875,
-0.053955078125,
0.0185546875,
0.033447265625,
0.043212890625,
-0.004547119140625,
-0.04638671875,
0.07275390625,
0.04248046875,
-0.0732421875,
-0.001953125,
-0.0224609375,
-0.0113525390625,
0.022216796875,
0.000820159912109375,
-0.0177001953125,
0.035400390625,
-0.005401611328125,
0.01483154296875,
-0.05859375,
0.033935546875,
-0.0111083984375,
0.0189208984375,
-0.020263671875,
0.0240478515625,
-0.0205078125,
-0.0281982421875,
0.01806640625,
-0.000583648681640625,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.048095703125,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.003021240234375,
0.0037384033203125,
0.052734375,
0.00628662109375,
-0.01116943359375,
0.0634765625,
-0.00018596649169921875,
-0.01025390625,
0.000835418701171875,
-0.058349609375,
0.0361328125,
0.041259765625,
0.025390625,
-0.009765625,
0.064453125,
-0.00286865234375,
0.0021514892578125,
0.0106201171875,
0.042236328125,
0.01153564453125,
0.042236328125,
-0.00299072265625,
0.01495361328125,
0.014404296875,
0.0162353515625,
0.00457763671875,
0.034912109375,
-0.02294921875,
-0.01324462890625,
0.044921875,
0.0062255859375,
-0.042236328125,
0.000514984130859375,
0.0269775390625,
-0.003448486328125,
0.051513671875,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.0235595703125,
0.0086669921875,
-0.032958984375,
0.0096435546875,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.0218505859375,
0.014892578125,
-0.01446533203125,
0.05126953125,
-0.03662109375,
-0.025390625,
0.00775146484375,
-0.046142578125,
0.0078125,
0.003662109375,
0.037841796875,
-0.01141357421875,
0.0174560546875,
-0.0098876953125,
0.027587890625,
-0.031494140625,
-0.03076171875,
-0.048095703125,
0.01251220703125,
0.00897216796875,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.01416015625,
-0.02490234375,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.032470703125,
-0.00860595703125,
0.0015411376953125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.056640625,
0.0021514892578125,
-0.01220703125,
-0.048095703125,
0.031982421875,
-0.003326416015625,
-0.0233154296875,
0.03515625,
0.01141357421875,
0.005126953125,
-0.0286865234375,
0.031494140625,
-0.00848388671875,
0.035400390625,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.0400390625,
0.009765625,
0.0045166015625,
-0.035400390625,
0.0020904541015625,
-0.01202392578125,
0.034423828125,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.00113677978515625,
-0.047119140625,
0.01434326171875,
-0.01416015625,
0.007720947265625,
-0.0025482177734375,
-0.01416015625,
-0.010009765625,
0.00909423828125,
0.0067138671875,
-0.018798828125,
-0.006439208984375,
0.042724609375,
-0.017578125,
0.0311279296875,
0.04296875,
-0.0296630859375,
0.03662109375,
0.0263671875,
-0.00830078125,
0.006317138671875,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.04541015625,
0.00738525390625,
0.0086669921875,
0.0458984375,
0.01470947265625,
0.046630859375,
0.016845703125,
-0.0361328125,
-0.042236328125,
0.051025390625,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.00089263916015625,
-0.01708984375,
0.00897216796875,
-0.053955078125,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.000823974609375,
0.0035400390625,
0.04931640625,
-0.07275390625,
0.049560546875,
0.037109375,
-0.038818359375,
0.000457763671875,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0208740234375,
0.03271484375,
-0.0279541015625,
0.03759765625,
0.03466796875,
0.03466796875,
-0.04150390625,
-0.0223388671875,
0.01153564453125,
0.019287109375,
-0.010009765625,
-0.0299072265625,
0.0400390625,
-0.01470947265625,
0.0289306640625,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0390625,
0.00543212890625,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.04638671875,
0.00787353515625,
0.02490234375,
0.0042724609375,
0.038818359375,
0.03466796875,
0.017578125,
0.003936767578125,
0.051025390625,
-0.022705078125,
0.0185546875,
-0.03466796875,
0.04541015625,
-0.00457763671875,
0.0029144287109375,
0.0087890625,
-0.0289306640625,
0.0234375,
0.044677734375,
0.02197265625,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.0255126953125,
0.00013446807861328125,
-0.00408935546875,
0.00006818771362304688,
-0.058837890625,
0.00015926361083984375,
0.044921875,
0.0091552734375,
0.0299072265625,
-0.04736328125,
0.06982421875,
-0.031982421875,
0.033935546875,
0.00885009765625,
-0.0022735595703125,
0.0014190673828125,
0.0205078125,
-0.010986328125,
0.0157470703125,
0.0517578125,
0.034912109375,
-0.030517578125,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.00579833984375,
0.0234375,
0.07470703125,
0.004791259765625,
-0.045654296875,
0.0166015625,
0.0252685546875,
0.01220703125,
0.030029296875,
0.00445556640625,
0.051025390625,
-0.0028533935546875,
-0.03515625,
0.04150390625,
-0.02880859375,
-0.0159912109375,
0.018310546875,
0.03662109375,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.000274658203125,
-0.057373046875,
0.0291748046875,
-0.0020751953125,
-0.003753662109375,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.00157928466796875,
0.0205078125,
0.0194091796875,
0.00927734375,
0.04736328125,
0.005340576171875,
-0.0194091796875,
0.02490234375,
0.0069580078125,
-0.044189453125,
0.0179443359375,
0.0079345703125,
0.046142578125,
-0.033447265625,
0.0252685546875,
0.033447265625,
0.00323486328125,
0.031005859375,
-0.021728515625,
0.0203857421875,
0.00164031982421875,
-0.039306640625,
-0.047607421875,
-0.015380859375,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0069580078125,
0.03857421875,
-0.0198974609375,
0.012939453125,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.04150390625,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.046630859375,
-0.0108642578125,
0.0017852783203125,
-0.00135040283203125,
0.04833984375,
0.01806640625,
0.038818359375,
0.037353515625,
0.0037841796875,
-0.020263671875,
-0.053955078125,
-0.01708984375,
-0.038818359375,
0.043212890625,
-0.0185546875,
-0.0126953125,
0.03515625,
0.0172119140625,
0.015869140625,
0.0439453125,
0.051025390625,
0.044677734375,
0.02880859375,
0.024658203125,
0.04248046875,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.030029296875,
0.0281982421875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.006103515625,
0.005828857421875,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.04296875,
-0.07666015625,
-0.0023345947265625,
0.00164031982421875,
-0.054443359375,
-0.037353515625,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0185546875,
0.010498046875,
0.0194091796875,
0.0048828125,
0.011962890625,
-0.038818359375,
0.00860595703125,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.049072265625,
-0.032958984375,
-0.03466796875,
0.037353515625,
0.0546875,
-0.0069580078125,
0.0076904296875,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.03271484375,
-0.02783203125,
0.0177001953125,
0.0220947265625,
0.030517578125,
-0.0040283203125,
0.03125,
-0.0257568359375,
0.01446533203125,
0.02197265625,
-0.041259765625,
-0.0224609375,
-0.046142578125,
0.039306640625,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.0234375,
0.0137939453125,
0.03564453125,
0.013427734375,
0.00970458984375,
-0.026611328125,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.06982421875,
-0.043212890625,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.000705718994140625,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0101318359375,
-0.037841796875,
0.015380859375,
-0.023193359375,
0.0361328125,
0.07177734375,
-0.0021820068359375,
0.00311279296875,
-0.04345703125,
-0.0005035400390625,
0.02001953125,
-0.062255859375,
0.001708984375,
0.007354736328125,
0.01275634765625,
-0.051513671875,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.017822265625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.013427734375,
0.033935546875,
-0.05908203125,
0.02197265625,
-0.036376953125,
-0.07275390625,
-0.0223388671875,
0.04052734375,
0.0135498046875,
0.0284423828125,
0.01324462890625,
-0.061279296875,
-0.04345703125,
0.0111083984375,
0.0137939453125,
-0.04052734375,
-0.0634765625,
0.0089111328125,
0.037353515625,
-0.04443359375,
0.0322265625,
0.04296875,
-0.05712890625,
0.00193023681640625,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.050537109375,
-0.02392578125,
-0.026611328125,
0.0008544921875,
0.0257568359375,
-0.048583984375,
0.048095703125,
0.017578125,
0.00872802734375,
0.029541015625,
-0.0439453125,
0.04931640625,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.00909423828125,
0.0029144287109375,
-0.0021209716796875,
0.0283203125,
-0.02197265625,
0.004241943359375,
-0.04931640625,
-0.002105712890625,
0.0419921875,
-0.009765625,
0.005279541015625,
0.0115966796875,
-0.01556396484375,
0.0625,
0.01531982421875,
-0.03173828125,
0.0244140625,
0.03759765625,
-0.049560546875,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.07421875,
0.025146484375,
-0.006195068359375,
-0.07568359375,
0.00138092041015625,
0.050537109375,
0.0135498046875,
0.044921875,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.042236328125,
0.0005340576171875,
0.020751953125,
-0.0419921875,
0.01239013671875,
0.010986328125,
0.034912109375,
-0.040771484375,
-0.056884765625,
-0.0032958984375,
0.03369140625,
-0.008544921875,
0.00090789794921875,
-0.031982421875,
-0.037353515625,
0.0181884765625,
-0.05859375,
-0.052734375,
0.01226806640625,
-0.004638671875,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.019287109375,
-0.007080078125,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.038818359375,
0.056396484375,
-0.03173828125,
0.023193359375,
0.0277099609375,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.007659912109375,
0.0322265625,
0.01104736328125,
0.0216064453125,
-0.06787109375,
0.006011962890625,
0.00872802734375,
0.039794921875,
0.005126953125,
-0.0537109375,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.039794921875,
-0.037109375,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.005126953125,
0.0010223388671875,
0.051025390625,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.005462646484375,
-0.0087890625,
0.0027923583984375,
-0.044189453125,
0.003143310546875,
-0.01953125,
0.00823974609375,
0.03759765625,
0.048095703125,
-0.041259765625,
0.00885009765625,
0.0400390625,
0.021240234375,
-0.015869140625,
0.052490234375,
0.006195068359375,
0.0084228515625,
0.01177978515625,
-0.00009298324584960938,
-0.076171875,
-0.03515625,
0.018798828125,
0.0361328125,
0.01416015625,
-0.03173828125,
0.0111083984375,
-0.02490234375,
-0.033203125,
0.0107421875,
-0.0498046875,
-0.0615234375,
0.04541015625,
0.03662109375,
0.0172119140625,
-0.0247802734375,
0.0303955078125,
-0.03564453125,
0.01953125,
0.024169921875,
-0.007598876953125,
0.0035858154296875,
0.00579833984375,
0.0269775390625,
0.0234375,
-0.013427734375,
-0.004608154296875,
0.026123046875,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.07421875,
0.0081787109375,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.034423828125,
-0.054931640625,
0.00732421875,
-0.0125732421875,
0.0003452301025390625,
0.0179443359375,
0.003082275390625,
-0.07421875,
0.01409912109375,
0.00909423828125,
-0.01055908203125,
0.001953125,
-0.00506591796875,
-0.040771484375,
0.033203125,
0.06494140625,
0.0223388671875,
0.05224609375,
0.0026702880859375,
-0.006072998046875,
-0.003692626953125,
-0.048095703125,
0.005950927734375,
0.08740234375,
0.028564453125,
0.0283203125,
-0.0247802734375,
0.021484375,
0.056884765625,
0.056396484375,
0.03466796875,
0.03271484375,
-0.0034637451171875,
0.0015716552734375,
-0.035888671875,
-0.00009679794311523438,
0.0283203125,
0.01202392578125,
-0.037109375,
0.0224609375,
-0.014892578125,
0.00860595703125,
-0.039306640625,
-0.04248046875,
0.0001659393310546875,
-0.016845703125,
-0.0003070831298828125,
-0.01171875,
-0.0087890625,
0.01031494140625,
0.03662109375,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.000762939453125,
0.031494140625,
0.00004410743713378906,
0.0712890625,
-0.002197265625,
0.0111083984375,
0.00140380859375,
-0.046142578125,
-0.025146484375,
0.01202392578125,
0.03955078125,
0.00482177734375,
0.0177001953125,
0.015869140625,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.0361328125,
0.0274658203125,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.044189453125,
0.0162353515625,
-0.026123046875,
0.051513671875,
-0.0072021484375,
0.03271484375,
0.0157470703125,
0.0177001953125,
-0.043701171875,
0.030517578125,
0.0091552734375,
0.01446533203125,
0.00811767578125,
0.00982666015625,
0.0205078125,
-0.037353515625,
0.0130615234375,
-0.044189453125,
0.007110595703125,
0.019775390625,
-0.05322265625,
-0.0556640625,
0.01904296875,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.041015625,
-0.025390625,
0.0038604736328125,
0.01434326171875,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0186767578125,
-0.047119140625,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.0037384033203125,
-0.039306640625,
0.0137939453125,
0.0174560546875,
0.04541015625,
-0.036865234375,
-0.018798828125,
-0.014404296875,
-0.002655029296875,
0.022705078125,
-0.038330078125,
0.053955078125,
0.00836181640625,
-0.041015625,
-0.035400390625,
-0.044189453125,
-0.0113525390625,
0.0005340576171875,
-0.0830078125,
-0.0235595703125,
0.00098419189453125,
0.038330078125,
-0.046875,
-0.050537109375,
0.000347137451171875,
-0.00921630859375,
0.031494140625,
0.01904296875,
-0.0169677734375,
0.0059814453125,
-0.026611328125,
0.01544189453125,
0.03125,
0.029052734375,
0.0186767578125,
0.0086669921875,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.028564453125,
-0.015625,
-0.0035400390625,
-0.05615234375,
0.002777099609375,
0.0228271484375,
0.05029296875,
0.002716064453125,
-0.048095703125,
0.001708984375,
-0.027099609375,
-0.059326171875,
0.01556396484375,
-0.017822265625,
-0.01416015625,
0.002105712890625,
-0.0027313232421875,
-0.046875,
0.283203125,
0.040771484375,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.005706787109375,
-0.037109375,
0.0186767578125,
-0.002716064453125,
0.00897216796875,
-0.046875,
0.000324249267578125,
-0.002349853515625,
0.006195068359375,
0.01214599609375,
0.035888671875,
0.005035400390625,
0.037841796875,
-0.00634765625,
0.026123046875,
0.009521484375,
-0.02197265625,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.035888671875,
0.048095703125,
0.0230712890625,
-0.017578125,
0.0255126953125,
-0.06640625,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.01519775390625,
0.049072265625,
-0.054443359375,
0.00921630859375,
-0.051513671875,
-0.0220947265625,
0.0279541015625,
0.007598876953125,
-0.02197265625,
-0.031005859375,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.003997802734375,
0.0240478515625,
0.0235595703125,
-0.0205078125,
0.00958251953125,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.04931640625,
0.048095703125,
0.0517578125,
0.00537109375,
0.0101318359375,
0.025390625,
0.0546875,
-0.00421142578125,
-0.004669189453125,
0.02490234375,
0.037841796875,
0.0133056640625,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.04345703125,
0.00005125999450683594,
0.047119140625,
0.035400390625,
0.011474609375,
-0.0198974609375,
0.041015625,
0.068359375,
0.042236328125,
0.01446533203125,
0.020751953125,
0.02392578125,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.021240234375,
0.0078125,
0.0537109375,
0.01373291015625,
0.002655029296875,
0.0068359375,
0.04638671875,
-0.0211181640625,
0.01904296875,
-0.00634765625,
-0.0052490234375,
0.00592041015625,
0.034423828125,
-0.0052490234375,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.0242919921875,
0.000286102294921875,
0.026123046875,
0.025146484375,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.00238037109375,
0.0179443359375
] |
North, J.
The plaintiffs herein are individual owners of lots in Shoppenagon Lodge plat, primarily a resort property, in Lyon township, Roscommon county, Michigan, and Shoppenagon Lodge Lake Shore Corporation, organized in 1941 pursuant to PA 1929, No 137, as amended. See CL 1948, § 455.201 et seq. (Stat Ann and Stat Ann 1949 Cum Supp § 21.751 et seq.). The individual plaintiffs are members of the corporation, which claims to be possessed of certain rights in a portion of the Shoppenagon Lodge plat. This Shoppenagon Lodge plat, recorded in 1901, is composed of a large number of lots. It is bounded on the north by Sam-o-set boulevard, which extends for a considerable distance along and in a general way adjacent to the south shore of a portion of Higgins lake. As laid out on the plat this boulevard is 66 feet wide. On the east side and on the west side of the plat, as dedicated, there is a north and south street extending the full length of the plat, and 3 other north and south streets in the interior of the plat, as laid out, extend south from Sam-o-set boulevard on the north of the plat completely across the plat to its south boundary. Intersecting east and west streets divide the plat into 45 blocks. Lone Pine street, extending east and west, at the locations where it intersects 2 of the north and south streets, Bismark boulevard and Earl avenue, is approximately 600 feet south of Sam-o-set boulevard. This litigation concerns only Sam-o-set boulevard on the north of the plat and that portion of Bismark boulevard and Earl avenue, respectively, 'which is between Sam-o-set boulevard and Lone Pine street. The noted portions of Bismark boulevard and Earl avenue had not been opened or improved for vehicular traffic prior to this litigation. There had been no work done or public moneys expended incident to improving these portions of Bismark boulevard or Earl avenue. The contour of the land rendered highway construction difficult, and possibly somewhat impracticable.
Briefly stated the primary issue in this case is: Who, as between plaintiffs and the Roscommon county road commission, has the right of control over the portions just above noted of Sam-o-set boulevard, Bismark boulevard, and Earl avenue? By their bill of complaint plaintiffs sought an injunction to restrain the Roscommon county road commission and the township of Lyon from further road improvement and repair work on Sam-o-set boulevard and from opening the designated portions of Bismark boulevard and Earl avenue and from taking jurisdiction over or control of these portions of the highways as laid out on the Shoppenagon Lodge plat.
Defendant Roscommon county road commission contends that these portions of the highways as shown on the Shoppenagon Lodge plat are public highways and under the jurisdiction of the county road commission by reason of their original dedication and their acceptance by the public, by user under the statute, and by their having been taken over by the county road commission and their certification as county roads. See CL 1948, § 247.1 et seq. (Stat Ann § 9.141 et seq.).
In the circuit court it was decreed that Sam-o-set boulevard was and is a public street both by virtue of acceptance of its dedication and by continuous public user over a long period of years; that the other streets designated in the Shoppenagon Lodge plat were, with certain stated exceptions, also public streets or highways within the jurisdiction of the Roscommon county road commission; and, notwithstanding the claim to the contrary of plaintiff corporation, it did not have control over Sam-o-set boulevard to the exclusion of public authorities; but as to the portion of Bismark boulevard and Earl avenue above noted, it was decreed that because of nonuser and nondevelopment of these portions of those platted highways, they were no longer public streets, having been abandoned as such.
Defendant Roscommon county road commission appealed, but none of the other defendants appealed. Plaintiffs took a cross appeal. We first consider the holding of the circuit judge which in effect was that as to Sam-o-set boulevard plaintiffs were not entitled to injunctive relief against the county road commission or the township of Lyon whereby they would be enjoined from improving or. repairing the designated portion of this highway. Respecting this phase of their cross appeal, plaintiffs make the following claims:
(1) As above noted, plaintiff Shoppenagon Lodge Lake Shore Corporation was organized under PA 1929, No 137; and it claims that by virtue of that act it has control of the streets in the plat to the exclusion of both township and county authorities. The answer to this untenable contention is found in section 11 of the act, from which we quote:
“The corporation shall have jurisdiction over the streets and highways passing through or over such lands: Provided always, That the right of the public to control, repair and use all such highways and streets as are necessary for the public travel through or across said lands, shall not be affected hereby.” CL 1948, § 455.211 (Stat Ann § 21.761).
(2) As applied to Sam-o-set boulevard plaintiffs’ contention that since there was no formal acceptance of the dedication of the plat, which was recorded in 1901, within a reasonable time, the public acquired no rights in this platted highway, is without merit.
“While an acceptance of a dedication of streets in a plat must be made within a reasonable time, what shall be considered such a time must be largely governed by the surrounding circumstances and so long as the original proprietor or those claiming through him take no steps to withdraw the offer, it is considered as continuing.” In re Petition of Bryant (syllabus), 323 Mich 424.
Plaintiffs, at least in part, rely upon PA 1881, No 243, § 22, as re-enacted by PA 1909, No 283, § 22, which provides:
“Every public highway already laid out, or hereafter to be laid out, no part of which shall have been opened and worked within 4 years after the time of its being so laid out, shall cease to be a road for any purpose whatever.” CL 1948, § 221.22 (Stat Ann § 9.23).
As applied to Sam-o-set boulevard it is not at all controlling as to whether there was a formal and timely acceptance of the Shoppenagon Lodge plat. There is an abundance of convincing testimony in support of the circuit judge’s finding that the portion of Sam-o-set boulevard within this plat is but a perpetuation of an old trail road, known as the lake shore road, which for at least 25 years before this suit was started, and many years before any of the plaintiffs acquired an interest in the platted property, had extended along this portion of the lake shore in practically the same location now occupied by Sam-o-set boulevard; that this road had been used continuously by the public up to the time this suit was started; that from time to time it had been repaired and improved at public expense; and that in April, 1940, and prior to the instant suit, this highway, along with others in Lyon township, was taken over for care and control by the Roscommon county road commission. Clearly there has been acceptance by user. See Neal v. Gilmore, 141 Mich 519.
“All highways regularly established in pursuance of existing laws, all roads that shall have been used as such for 10 years or more, whether any record or other proof exists that they were ever established as highways or not, and all roads which have been or which may hereafter be laid out and not recorded, and which shall have been used 8 years or more, shall be deemed public highways.” CL 1948, § 221.20 (Stat Ann § 9.21).
(3) A further claim of plaintiffs is that Sam-o-set boulevard in Shoppenagon Lodge plat had become an abandoned highway, because the county in 1926 constructed through the plat a black-top road about 130 feet south of Sam-o-set boulevard at the point where the county road intersects Bismark boulevard, and approximately 250 feet south of Sam-o-set boulevard at the point where the county road intersects Earl avenue. Between Bismark boulevard and Earl avenue this more recent county highway practically coincides with Baker street as laid out on the Shoppenagon Lodge plat. We think that the circuit judge properly refused to accept this contention urged by plaintiffs as stated in his decree, from which we quote:
“The said county road laid out about the year 1926 through said plat did not work a substitution for and an abandonment of Sam-o-set Boulevard, and although the existence of Sam-o-set as a public street between the lake and the property of certain owners of resort lots might create a hazard, the desirability or necessity of such a road is not for :tMs court’s consideration and all purchasers of lots had due notice of the existence of such a platted street (Sam-o-set boulevard), since their lots were purchased by reference to the plat showing such a street.”
¥e conclude that in respect to Sam-o-set boulevard the circuit judge properly refused in effect to grant the injunctive relief sought by plaintiffs and that he rightfully decreed Sam-o-set boulevard as laid out on the Shoppenagon Lodge plat was and is a public highway which is “within the jurisdiction and control of the Roscommon county road commission.”
The remaining issue in this case as tried in the circuit court is the status of those portions of Bismark boulevard and Earl avenue extending north from Lone Pine street to Sam-o-set boulevard. The circuit judge decreed that these portions of these 2 highways “are no longer public streets.” It is from this part of the decree that the Roscommon county road commission has appealed.
The following, which in its factual aspect is supported by testimony, is embodied in the circuit court’s decree:
“The court further finds as to those portions of Bismark and Earl avenues lying between the paved county road and Lone Pine street, that there exists a steep hill which crosses both Bismark and Earl, making the improvement of that portion of said streets impractical and expensive and it does not appear that there has been any user by the public nor any public funds expended on those portions of Bismark and Earl extending north of Lone Pine street; that there has been use made by adjoining-lot owners inconsistent with the existence of a highway on such portions of Bismark and Earl, such as the construction of fences, buildings and other structures in the highway area, and the court fur ther finds that the offer to dedicate those portions of Bismark and Earl north of Lone Pine street was not accepted by the public authorities within a reasonable time, that the use and occupation by adjoining lot owners shows a purpose to revoke the offer to dedicate, and hence the aforesaid portions of Bismark and Earl, as platted, are no longer public streets.”
Notwithstanding the foregoing, we think the trial judge was in error in decreeing that the designated portions of these 2 highways “are no longer public streets.” It is obvious that if the portion of the decree now under consideration were to be affirmed, plaintiffs would have in effect accomplished the vacating of the respective portions of Bismark boulevard and Earl avenue. At least they would have foreclosed any right of the Roscommon county road commission to open, improve or maintain these portions of the 2 highways as laid out on the plat. The statute (CL 1948, § 224.18, as amended by PA 1949, No 206 [Stat Ann 1949 Cum Supp § 9.118]) provides in express terms the method by which a highway may be vacated; and the provided procedure should not be circumvented by resort to injunctive proceedings, as attempted by plaintiffs in the instant case. It clearly appears from the record that on the portions of Bismark boulevard and Earl avenue south of Lone Pine street, which are .much more extensive than the portions of these streets north of Lone Pine street, there has been work and improvements at public expense, and travel by the public. And there Is credible testimony that at least the portion of Bismark boulevard under consideration has been used during summer months by pedestrians as a route available to reaching the lake from the area south of Lone Pine street. The legal aspect, and to some extent the factual aspect, of the instant case is so similar to those in Olsen v. Village of Grand Beach, 282 Mich 364, that in the main we might rely solely thereon for decision herein. For the purpose of brevity we make reference to our opinion as a whole in the Olsen Case, rather than pointing out its controlling applicability. Among others of our decisions which we deem pertinent to and quite controlling of the aspect of the instant case now under consideration, we note and quote from the following:
“As to what will constitute a sufficient acceptance of an offer to dedicate, it is settled in this State that it is not necessary that any formal action be taken by a municipality in order to constitute an acceptance of the highway or street, but making improvements and repairs and user thereof, or -any portion thereof, are amply sufficient to constitute acceptance.” Crosby v. City of Greenville, 183 Mich 452, 461.
“The law is clear in Michigan that the offer to dedicate contained in a plat may be accepted informally by the public through user or expenditures of public money for the repair, improvement and control of the highway.” Hooker v. City of Grosse Pointe, 328 Mich 621, 630.
See, also, Adams v. Iron Cliffs Co., 78 Mich 271 (18 Am St Rep 441); Ann Arbor Lodge No. 325, Benevolent & Protective Order of Elks, v. City of Ann Arbor, 242 Mich 340; Village of Riverview v. A. G. Liggett & Sons Co., 253 Mich 23.
No attempt was made at any time by those who dedicated Shoppenagon Lodge plat, or anyone holding title under them, to withdraw the tender of dedication made incident to recording the same; and from maps in evidence in this case it appears that there are a very large number of owners of lots located further south on the plat than Lone Pine street whose direct means of approach to the lake shore would be either over the portion of Bismark boulevard or Earl avenue now under consideration. It may also be noted that notwithstanding some of the adjacent property owners may have encroached upon one or the other of these 2 highways, there is no claim of title by adverse possession, and under the facts disclosed in the instant case title by adverse possession could not be acquired. Under the record before us it must be held that the portions of Bismark boulevard and Earl avenue north of Lone Pine Street are public highways as laid out on the Shoppenagon Lodge plat, and the county road commission has a right to open, repair and maintain them as such.
As an additional ground of appellants’ cross appeal, the following is stressed. The recital in the circuit judge’s decree that “the other platted streets (excepting the controverted parts of Bismark boulevard and Earl avenue) within that portion of the plat of Shoppenagon Lodge included in the boundaries of plaintiff Shoppenagon Lodge Lake Shore Corporation are public streets or highways within the jurisdiction and control of the Roscommon county road commission” is too broad and should not be embodied in the final decree in this case. Except as to the noted portions of Sam-o-set boulevard, Bismark boulevard and Earl avenue, the control or authority of the highways in this plat was not within the scope of the pleadings or proofs and was not submitted to the trial court as a controverted issue. The provision in the decree just above quoted should not have been included therein.
The decree of the trial court, insofar as it is applicable to Sam-o-set boulevard, is affirmed, but otherwise it is reversed. A decree may be entered in "this Court in accordance herewith. Since each of the appealing parties has prevailed in part, no costs will be awarded.
Reid, C. J., and Boyles, Dethmers, Btjtzel, Carr, Bttshnell, and Sharpe, JJ., concurred. | [
-0.004302978515625,
0.059326171875,
0.041259765625,
0.0242919921875,
-0.05224609375,
-0.02197265625,
0.00921630859375,
-0.010009765625,
0.015380859375,
0.0595703125,
0.045166015625,
0.0240478515625,
0.0216064453125,
0.007568359375,
0.00897216796875,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.037109375,
0.011962890625,
-0.023681640625,
0.05712890625,
-0.008056640625,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.03173828125,
-0.0302734375,
-0.052490234375,
-0.02294921875,
0.0006103515625,
0.0004253387451171875,
0.04052734375,
0.03173828125,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.021728515625,
0.02978515625,
0.00421142578125,
-0.0028533935546875,
0.016845703125,
0.05615234375,
-0.0556640625,
-0.005096435546875,
-0.003387451171875,
-0.00537109375,
0.006683349609375,
0.050048828125,
-0.035400390625,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.041259765625,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.056396484375,
0.0167236328125,
-0.026611328125,
-0.0036468505859375,
0.0361328125,
0.00469970703125,
-0.031494140625,
0.006072998046875,
-0.03076171875,
-0.017578125,
-0.048583984375,
0.0189208984375,
0.02880859375,
-0.0126953125,
-0.0201416015625,
0.01165771484375,
0.00738525390625,
0.033935546875,
0.0299072265625,
0.0038299560546875,
-0.0019683837890625,
0.0189208984375,
-0.04052734375,
-0.0035247802734375,
-0.0054931640625,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.00182342529296875,
0.00567626953125,
-0.0033111572265625,
-0.01904296875,
-0.0205078125,
-0.00531005859375,
-0.0021514892578125,
-0.00567626953125,
0.006103515625,
0.061767578125,
-0.0026397705078125,
-0.041259765625,
0.00958251953125,
-0.017822265625,
0.0284423828125,
0.038330078125,
0.00384521484375,
-0.0263671875,
0.047607421875,
0.0023193359375,
0.004150390625,
0.0615234375,
0.052734375,
-0.044677734375,
-0.0206298828125,
0.00775146484375,
-0.045654296875,
0.044189453125,
0.0235595703125,
0.0250244140625,
0.050048828125,
-0.0203857421875,
0.02197265625,
-0.03369140625,
0.003936767578125,
-0.002166748046875,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.02099609375,
0.00885009765625,
-0.0458984375,
-0.0439453125,
-0.0140380859375,
0.00064849853515625,
-0.013916015625,
0.01904296875,
-0.0216064453125,
0.046142578125,
-0.0152587890625,
0.0303955078125,
0.012939453125,
-0.00970458984375,
0.01214599609375,
-0.01263427734375,
0.05322265625,
-0.058837890625,
0.01141357421875,
0.0308837890625,
-0.00482177734375,
0.0272216796875,
0.023193359375,
0.019775390625,
0.037109375,
0.0216064453125,
-0.00994873046875,
0.046630859375,
0.011962890625,
0.045654296875,
0.052734375,
0.0059814453125,
0.047119140625,
-0.01483154296875,
0.0380859375,
-0.0142822265625,
0.032958984375,
-0.052001953125,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.052978515625,
-0.004730224609375,
0.04541015625,
0.0130615234375,
0.0242919921875,
0.0096435546875,
0.038818359375,
0.00543212890625,
0.017578125,
0.0125732421875,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.004364013671875,
-0.002044677734375,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.040771484375,
0.0128173828125,
-0.0084228515625,
0.01904296875,
-0.04931640625,
-0.00933837890625,
0.0556640625,
0.006134033203125,
-0.041748046875,
-0.0751953125,
0.01446533203125,
0.016357421875,
0.06640625,
0.0250244140625,
-0.01275634765625,
0.02392578125,
-0.010009765625,
0.0179443359375,
0.068359375,
0.01214599609375,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.0196533203125,
0.0076904296875,
-0.056396484375,
-0.034912109375,
-0.029296875,
0.055908203125,
-0.048828125,
-0.01904296875,
-0.0007171630859375,
0.009765625,
0.0260009765625,
-0.047119140625,
-0.011962890625,
0.0223388671875,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.041748046875,
-0.0172119140625,
0.04052734375,
0.03515625,
-0.022705078125,
-0.054443359375,
0.053466796875,
0.034912109375,
-0.04150390625,
0.031494140625,
0.002227783203125,
0.000720977783203125,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.00958251953125,
0.023193359375,
0.0458984375,
-0.025146484375,
0.02783203125,
-0.007080078125,
-0.016845703125,
-0.00732421875,
0.05029296875,
-0.0205078125,
0.05908203125,
-0.0038909912109375,
-0.0142822265625,
0.0198974609375,
0.005126953125,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.019287109375,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.007476806640625,
0.002105712890625,
0.053955078125,
-0.033447265625,
-0.022216796875,
0.05419921875,
0.0302734375,
-0.038330078125,
0.0223388671875,
-0.0198974609375,
0.0296630859375,
0.01483154296875,
0.0079345703125,
-0.0194091796875,
0.06298828125,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.0341796875,
0.00433349609375,
0.03955078125,
-0.0025482177734375,
0.031982421875,
-0.046142578125,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.006622314453125,
0.0238037109375,
0.04931640625,
0.0137939453125,
-0.05419921875,
-0.01519775390625,
0.055419921875,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.034912109375,
0.0002727508544921875,
0.0074462890625,
-0.0174560546875,
0.0595703125,
-0.01953125,
-0.0537109375,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.048583984375,
0.0220947265625,
-0.0067138671875,
-0.019287109375,
-0.06201171875,
-0.044677734375,
0.05615234375,
-0.043212890625,
0.06494140625,
-0.0228271484375,
0.0133056640625,
-0.0057373046875,
-0.000051975250244140625,
0.042236328125,
-0.01123046875,
0.023681640625,
-0.0279541015625,
0.0087890625,
0.0125732421875,
0.042236328125,
-0.04443359375,
0.005157470703125,
-0.036865234375,
0.00799560546875,
0.01025390625,
-0.02783203125,
0.0184326171875,
-0.03857421875,
0.01123046875,
-0.005889892578125,
-0.0283203125,
-0.002349853515625,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.02392578125,
-0.022705078125,
0.0169677734375,
-0.007568359375,
-0.00750732421875,
0.03515625,
0.053466796875,
0.009521484375,
0.03759765625,
0.00003647804260253906,
-0.007354736328125,
-0.047607421875,
0.083984375,
-0.0014190673828125,
-0.0004253387451171875,
0.006805419921875,
-0.055419921875,
0.000804901123046875,
0.0135498046875,
-0.037841796875,
-0.013427734375,
-0.00506591796875,
0.048095703125,
0.0164794921875,
-0.048095703125,
0.000965118408203125,
-0.055419921875,
-0.02734375,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.0118408203125,
0.0126953125,
-0.0218505859375,
0.01397705078125,
-0.0023956298828125,
-0.060791015625,
-0.0089111328125,
0.0166015625,
0.03173828125,
-0.037353515625,
0.017822265625,
0.00138092041015625,
-0.00099945068359375,
0.029541015625,
0.00897216796875,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.008056640625,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.006072998046875,
-0.032470703125,
0.002105712890625,
0.0037078857421875,
0.0303955078125,
0.0186767578125,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.0498046875,
0.06396484375,
0.0145263671875,
-0.0030975341796875,
-0.021240234375,
-0.02587890625,
-0.035888671875,
-0.02294921875,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.0050048828125,
0.038330078125,
-0.0206298828125,
0.027099609375,
0.061767578125,
-0.029052734375,
0.0380859375,
-0.01318359375,
-0.0751953125,
0.01239013671875,
-0.0184326171875,
0.00982666015625,
0.02490234375,
0.03076171875,
-0.015625,
0.040283203125,
0.035888671875,
0.043212890625,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.0361328125,
-0.018798828125,
-0.0101318359375,
-0.024169921875,
0.00970458984375,
-0.0498046875,
-0.00074005126953125,
0.00133514404296875,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0301513671875,
0.0159912109375,
0.00384521484375,
0.037353515625,
0.021240234375,
0.0458984375,
0.005126953125,
0.021728515625,
0.034423828125,
-0.07666015625,
0.0024566650390625,
-0.030517578125,
0.05029296875,
0.007049560546875,
0.017578125,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0205078125,
0.018798828125,
0.0272216796875,
0.026611328125,
-0.0002498626708984375,
-0.0279541015625,
0.01318359375,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.0015716552734375,
-0.024169921875,
-0.03271484375,
0.041015625,
0.0167236328125,
0.034912109375,
-0.05419921875,
0.038330078125,
-0.01031494140625,
0.007232666015625,
0.06103515625,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.00640869140625,
0.0225830078125,
-0.00640869140625,
0.00738525390625,
0.0289306640625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.029296875,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.011474609375,
0.07470703125,
0.005462646484375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.03564453125,
-0.01287841796875,
0.03466796875,
0.037841796875,
-0.012451171875,
0.0186767578125,
0.01129150390625,
0.0164794921875,
-0.012939453125,
-0.09228515625,
-0.0078125,
0.047119140625,
0.0159912109375,
0.06201171875,
-0.043701171875,
0.04248046875,
0.00323486328125,
-0.018798828125,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.01611328125,
0.045166015625,
-0.0216064453125,
0.0230712890625,
0.00860595703125,
-0.0009918212890625,
-0.029541015625,
0.060791015625,
-0.0037841796875,
-0.01318359375,
0.0277099609375,
0.0008392333984375,
0.055419921875,
-0.006591796875,
0.00160980224609375,
0.0079345703125,
-0.01806640625,
0.017578125,
-0.0230712890625,
0.00026702880859375,
-0.043212890625,
-0.0634765625,
-0.02392578125,
0.023681640625,
-0.005828857421875,
0.027587890625,
0.036865234375,
0.01385498046875,
0.017578125,
-0.03173828125,
0.01116943359375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.040771484375,
-0.0014190673828125,
0.0294189453125,
0.0201416015625,
0.0233154296875,
-0.0026702880859375,
-0.00189208984375,
-0.0014190673828125,
0.0169677734375,
-0.009765625,
-0.0308837890625,
0.007049560546875,
-0.010009765625,
0.047119140625,
-0.0498046875,
-0.0027618408203125,
0.0289306640625,
0.044921875,
0.01806640625,
-0.009033203125,
0.045654296875,
0.00616455078125,
0.0198974609375,
0.0284423828125,
0.052490234375,
-0.0390625,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0030975341796875,
-0.0272216796875,
0.0245361328125,
0.009765625,
0.00439453125,
0.0013275146484375,
-0.05810546875,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.020751953125,
-0.042724609375,
-0.003692626953125,
-0.02783203125,
-0.009765625,
0.03662109375,
0.00079345703125,
0.001922607421875,
-0.00148773193359375,
-0.0311279296875,
0.0283203125,
0.01190185546875,
0.000354766845703125,
-0.0166015625,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0223388671875,
0.0157470703125,
0.04833984375,
-0.025634765625,
0.0036468505859375,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.03173828125,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.03662109375,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.00445556640625,
0.029296875,
-0.01409912109375,
0.0556640625,
-0.005340576171875,
-0.006011962890625,
0.051513671875,
-0.0224609375,
-0.01611328125,
-0.068359375,
0.0244140625,
-0.0263671875,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.024169921875,
0.03466796875,
-0.0264892578125,
0.00921630859375,
-0.012451171875,
-0.04541015625,
-0.043701171875,
-0.05810546875,
0.045166015625,
0.00390625,
-0.037109375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.01214599609375,
0.01092529296875,
-0.0159912109375,
0.04150390625,
0.06689453125,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.0047607421875,
-0.04150390625,
0.0018463134765625,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.020751953125,
-0.01544189453125,
0.0206298828125,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.0024566650390625,
0.01165771484375,
-0.048583984375,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.009765625,
0.0113525390625,
-0.003692626953125,
0.00958251953125,
-0.04931640625,
-0.04541015625,
-0.006439208984375,
0.0859375,
0.00537109375,
0.002960205078125,
0.014892578125,
-0.022216796875,
-0.015380859375,
0.028564453125,
0.044189453125,
-0.016357421875,
-0.0498046875,
0.04736328125,
0.029052734375,
-0.01507568359375,
0.0162353515625,
0.052734375,
-0.019775390625,
-0.025634765625,
0.004852294921875,
-0.058837890625,
-0.024169921875,
-0.04248046875,
0.006591796875,
0.05029296875,
-0.005096435546875,
0.0108642578125,
0.000827789306640625,
0.0556640625,
0.0133056640625,
-0.034912109375,
0.05224609375,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.024169921875,
0.03271484375,
0.000812530517578125,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.01806640625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.00408935546875,
0.003936767578125,
-0.0390625,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.01422119140625,
0.04541015625,
0.09326171875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0024566650390625,
0.024658203125,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.01397705078125,
0.0301513671875,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.083984375,
-0.03076171875,
0.00066375732421875,
-0.0185546875,
0.03857421875,
-0.0498046875,
0.011474609375,
-0.0101318359375,
0.0145263671875,
-0.043701171875,
0.002716064453125,
0.0294189453125,
0.01483154296875,
-0.08740234375,
-0.04541015625,
-0.0166015625,
0.0177001953125,
0.0224609375,
0.03173828125,
-0.020263671875,
-0.018310546875,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.002349853515625,
-0.024658203125,
-0.01513671875,
-0.000006735324859619141,
0.0257568359375,
0.01043701171875,
-0.0299072265625,
0.01165771484375,
-0.00182342529296875,
0.00970458984375,
-0.058837890625,
0.02099609375,
-0.050048828125,
0.0106201171875,
0.0017547607421875,
-0.035888671875,
-0.003448486328125,
0.038330078125,
0.040283203125,
0.04736328125,
-0.05126953125,
0.0019073486328125,
0.0107421875,
-0.040283203125,
0.0167236328125,
0.00518798828125,
-0.04345703125,
-0.034423828125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.00299072265625,
0.003936767578125,
0.04052734375,
0.0120849609375,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0228271484375,
0.023681640625,
0.02392578125,
-0.0478515625,
-0.04345703125,
0.0002593994140625,
0.031494140625,
0.018310546875,
0.043212890625,
-0.017578125,
0.01055908203125,
0.03857421875,
0.0177001953125,
0.040283203125,
0.031982421875,
0.00127410888671875,
0.03173828125,
-0.01104736328125,
0.015869140625,
-0.037353515625,
0.001922607421875,
-0.0198974609375,
0.0272216796875,
-0.00653076171875,
-0.0478515625,
0.0194091796875,
-0.006683349609375,
-0.0361328125,
0.026611328125,
-0.047119140625,
-0.04931640625,
0.0303955078125,
-0.0157470703125,
0.0272216796875,
-0.029296875,
-0.017578125,
-0.0045166015625,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.0191650390625,
0.000823974609375,
0.002166748046875,
-0.01007080078125,
0.038818359375,
-0.019287109375,
-0.0128173828125,
0.02978515625,
0.032470703125,
-0.054443359375,
-0.0400390625,
-0.001617431640625,
-0.002166748046875,
0.004852294921875,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.00750732421875,
-0.006256103515625,
-0.039794921875,
0.00775146484375,
-0.012451171875,
0.0308837890625,
0.00750732421875,
-0.007476806640625,
-0.052001953125,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.007080078125,
-0.016357421875,
-0.055419921875,
-0.0224609375,
0.00098419189453125,
0.0269775390625,
-0.0179443359375,
0.04150390625,
0.00080108642578125,
-0.0021820068359375,
-0.041748046875,
-0.01544189453125,
-0.052978515625,
0.028076171875,
0.0595703125,
0.034912109375,
0.005828857421875,
0.029296875,
0.00433349609375,
0.0556640625,
-0.0026702880859375,
0.048583984375,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.02685546875,
-0.0634765625,
-0.019287109375,
0.036865234375,
0.00274658203125,
-0.0174560546875,
0.041748046875,
-0.003631591796875,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.03955078125,
-0.028076171875,
0.0186767578125,
0.0303955078125,
-0.038818359375,
-0.0146484375,
0.0030975341796875,
0.0257568359375,
0.0233154296875,
0.0238037109375,
0.033203125,
0.046142578125,
0.005584716796875,
0.0126953125,
0.01373291015625,
0.040771484375,
-0.0311279296875,
-0.021240234375,
0.0284423828125,
0.0281982421875,
-0.0211181640625,
0.012939453125,
0.032470703125,
0.0220947265625,
-0.00872802734375,
0.00677490234375,
0.00628662109375,
-0.0751953125,
0.003326416015625,
-0.0220947265625,
0.040771484375,
-0.0361328125,
0.01055908203125,
0.024169921875,
-0.033935546875,
-0.07470703125,
0.03857421875,
-0.0028533935546875,
-0.00592041015625,
-0.007293701171875,
0.03271484375,
0.01611328125,
0.0263671875,
0.038330078125,
-0.033447265625,
0.052001953125,
-0.019287109375,
-0.049560546875,
-0.029296875,
-0.00653076171875,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.054931640625,
-0.049072265625,
0.0087890625,
0.00653076171875,
0.029541015625,
-0.0113525390625,
0.0089111328125,
0.0068359375,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.0146484375,
-0.002838134765625,
0.03955078125,
-0.0025482177734375,
-0.01953125,
-0.03369140625,
0.0017852783203125,
-0.000926971435546875,
-0.03662109375,
0.01385498046875,
0.048828125,
0.0040283203125,
-0.027587890625,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.0050048828125,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.033203125,
-0.03271484375,
0.0031280517578125,
0.043701171875,
-0.0244140625,
0.00592041015625,
-0.038818359375,
-0.01019287109375,
0.03173828125,
0.048095703125,
0.01318359375,
-0.00433349609375,
-0.0029144287109375,
0.01416015625,
0.0279541015625,
0.0172119140625,
0.00372314453125,
0.023193359375,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.056396484375,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0634765625,
-0.032470703125,
-0.01483154296875,
0.033203125,
-0.034912109375,
-0.00933837890625,
0.0137939453125,
-0.0322265625,
-0.03466796875,
-0.016845703125,
-0.0654296875,
0.00579833984375,
-0.003204345703125,
0.0172119140625,
-0.0279541015625,
0.287109375,
-0.0035400390625,
-0.01025390625,
0.01019287109375,
0.01300048828125,
0.038818359375,
0.0140380859375,
0.013427734375,
-0.0634765625,
-0.043701171875,
0.014892578125,
0.0267333984375,
0.020263671875,
-0.01104736328125,
0.02587890625,
0.0123291015625,
-0.03564453125,
0.045166015625,
0.0419921875,
-0.042236328125,
-0.017822265625,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.048583984375,
0.035400390625,
0.039306640625,
-0.002960205078125,
-0.0035552978515625,
-0.08984375,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.027099609375,
-0.010986328125,
-0.0419921875,
0.04248046875,
-0.005615234375,
-0.004974365234375,
0.0296630859375,
0.0240478515625,
0.0289306640625,
0.007598876953125,
0.003326416015625,
0.03173828125,
-0.00189208984375,
0.0072021484375,
-0.00927734375,
0.00732421875,
0.00421142578125,
-0.0283203125,
0.0211181640625,
0.087890625,
0.000087738037109375,
0.048828125,
0.0120849609375,
0.038330078125,
-0.004730224609375,
-0.00933837890625,
0.011962890625,
0.06298828125,
0.004638671875,
-0.015380859375,
-0.031005859375,
0.0380859375,
0.0196533203125,
-0.01556396484375,
0.03515625,
-0.004852294921875,
0.042236328125,
0.03662109375,
0.0034637451171875,
-0.01025390625,
-0.0030670166015625,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.0035247802734375,
0.01373291015625,
-0.00384521484375,
0.045654296875,
0.013916015625,
-0.0076904296875,
0.004852294921875,
0.0419921875,
0.017333984375,
0.006439208984375,
-0.047607421875,
-0.00213623046875,
0.04736328125,
0.029541015625,
0.037353515625,
0.014404296875,
-0.004638671875,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.000942230224609375,
-0.006591796875,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.0028076171875
] |
Sharpe, J.
In October, 1946, plaintiff, Vernabelle Cooley, filed a bill of complaint against defendant, William Cooley, for the purpose of securing a divorce. Defendant entered his appearance in November, 1946. The parties entered into an agreement relating to the future custody of their son, born June 21, 1943, in the event that a divorce was granted to plaintiff. The decree of divorce was granted December, 1946. The decree, incorporating the agreement, reads, in part, as follows:
“It Is Further Ordered, Adjudged and Decreed that the care, custody and control of the minor child of the parties, namely Alvin, born June 21, 1943, shall be placed in Mrs. Edward G-eier, and that said child shall be kept at her home located at 1880 Elwood street, Muskegon, Michigan, until the defendant, who is now in the armed forces on overseas duty, returns to the United States, at which time either party to this suit may petition the court fot the custody of said minor child.
“Provided, However, that the plaintiff, Vernabelle Cooley, shall be privileged to see and enjoy the company of said minor child at all reasonable times, and shall be further privileged to take the said child and have him in her possession twice each month on weep ends from Friday at 4:30 p.m. to Sunday at 6:30 p.m., or at any other time that the said plaintiff and Mrs. Edward G-eier may agree upon.”
On June 10, 1949, plaintiff filed her petition to amend the decree for the purpose of obtaining custody of the minor child. In the petition she alleges that she has remarried and she and her present husband are purchasing a home; that petitioner’s husband is employed and earning approximately $65 per week; and that she and her husband áre anxious to have custody of said child.
Defendant filed an answer to the petition in which he alleges'that Mr. and Mrs. G-eier have had custody of the child since he was 10 weeks old, that plaintiff is not a fit person to have the care, custody and control of said child for the reason that she is the mother of an illegitimate child which was placed for adoption; and that she is guilty of frequenting taverns and drinking intoxicating liquors to excess.
During the trial of the cause, defendant sought to introduce in evidence the files of the probate court, claiming that by the introduction of such records in evidence there would be proof that plaintiff gave birth to a child by another man on August 28, 1944, prior to divorce from defendant; and that said child was later adopted. Plaintiff objected to admitting the records of the probate court in evidence on the ground that an admission by plaintiff that she had committed adultery is inadmissible in evidence under CL 1948, § 617.67 (Stat Ann 1949 Cum Supp § 27.916); and that assuming the adoption file does show plaintiff committed adultery, it is no more than an admission and as such subject to the statute. The trial court denied the admission of this file in evidence and later granted plaintiff custody of the child.
In an opinion filed, the court stated:
“It appears without question that Mrs. Geier has given the child a good home and has displayed unusual interest in its welfare. When it is considered that there is no evidence of any misconduct on the part of plaintiff during the last 5 years and that she is probably able to give the child good care and attention, it appears to me that she should have custody of the child until it is 17 years of age or until further order of the court, and therefore deem it unnecessary to determine whether or not she was guilty of infidelity resulting in her giving birth of a child of another man in the summer of 1944. Defendant has re-enlisted in the army for a period of 6 years 'and is presently in Germany. The mother is entitled to the child against a stranger, even though the latter has given the child a good home and excellent care. We are concerned with the present fitness of the mother to take proper care of the child. There is absolutely no proof of the mother’s unfitness or misconduct in the last 5 years, and she should be given custody of the child until, or unless it appears that she is then unfit to properly care for the child and give it a suitable home.”
A decree was entered accordingly. Defendant appeals and urges that the trial court was in error in excluding from consideration the alleged adulterous conduct of' plaintiff. Assuming that a record of adoption proceedings on file in the probate court contains a petition for adoption signed by plaintiff showing that a child was born to her by a man other than her husband during the summer of 1944, the requirements of CL 1948, § 710.11 (Stat Ann 1949 Cum Supp § 27.3178 [551]) were not complied with in order to have the file admitted in evidence. The above statute provides that the record of proceedings in adoption cases shall not be open to public inspection except upon order of a court of record. In the case at bar the record is silent of a request for such an order or that such an order was made. In the absence of such an order there was no authority to admit the file in evidence.
Defendant also urges that the welfare of the child, under the circumstances of this case, requires that plaintiff be denied an aAvard of custody. The trial court found as a fact that there was a failure of any proof of plaintiff’s misconduct during the last 5 years. In. chancery cases we examine the record de novo and have done so in this case and are in complete accord with the finding of facts by the trial court. In awarding the custody of minor children, a court of chancery - has discretionary powers to make such disposition as the best interests of the child appear to demand. See Sargent v. Sargent, 320 Mich 33. In the absence of an abuse of discretion, we will uphold the decree. See Austin v. Austin, 308 Mich 139. Assuming that an indiscretion was committed 6 years prior to the hearing on the petition for amendment of the decree, in our opinion such indiscretion should not outAveigh 6 years of subsequent good conduct. In our opinion there was no abuse of discretion on the part of the trial court in aAvarding custody of the minor child to plaintiff.
The decree is affirmed, Avith costs to plaintiff.
Boyles, C. J., and Reid, North,' Dethmers, Butzel, Carr, and Bushnell, JJ., concurred. | [
-0.024658203125,
0.017578125,
0.00836181640625,
0.0537109375,
-0.08251953125,
-0.0478515625,
-0.03515625,
0.000579833984375,
-0.010009765625,
0.035400390625,
0.03466796875,
-0.0072021484375,
0.00030517578125,
0.019775390625,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.02197265625,
0.005157470703125,
0.0155029296875,
-0.00421142578125,
-0.013671875,
0.0208740234375,
-0.02734375,
-0.014892578125,
0.0390625,
0.041015625,
-0.0036468505859375,
-0.029052734375,
0.052001953125,
0.01953125,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.0017852783203125,
-0.008056640625,
-0.0015411376953125,
0.000476837158203125,
-0.02783203125,
0.08544921875,
-0.060791015625,
-0.005340576171875,
0.005889892578125,
0.019287109375,
0.005401611328125,
0.072265625,
-0.0048828125,
-0.05126953125,
-0.0390625,
-0.0130615234375,
0.0286865234375,
0.03515625,
-0.044677734375,
0.005126953125,
-0.00640869140625,
0.0189208984375,
-0.055419921875,
-0.009765625,
-0.029052734375,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.0145263671875,
0.03173828125,
0.051513671875,
0.0137939453125,
0.005279541015625,
-0.006744384765625,
-0.021728515625,
0.00689697265625,
0.018310546875,
0.0169677734375,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.0279541015625,
0.054931640625,
-0.00008153915405273438,
-0.033203125,
-0.0263671875,
-0.006103515625,
0.01348876953125,
0.0024871826171875,
-0.0113525390625,
0.015380859375,
0.04736328125,
0.0272216796875,
0.0002460479736328125,
0.043212890625,
-0.04150390625,
-0.041015625,
0.025634765625,
0.00848388671875,
0.05419921875,
-0.01434326171875,
0.0517578125,
-0.004608154296875,
0.0732421875,
-0.0625,
-0.00616455078125,
0.037109375,
0.01953125,
-0.0400390625,
0.01708984375,
0.047119140625,
-0.019775390625,
0.01055908203125,
-0.0023040771484375,
0.015380859375,
0.0693359375,
0.01190185546875,
0.030517578125,
0.0037994384765625,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.050048828125,
0.01251220703125,
0.004150390625,
-0.01708984375,
0.047607421875,
-0.016357421875,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.0078125,
-0.01611328125,
0.0028839111328125,
-0.05615234375,
-0.031982421875,
0.060302734375,
0.00994873046875,
0.052734375,
0.00537109375,
0.034423828125,
-0.018798828125,
-0.02490234375,
0.004791259765625,
0.0322265625,
0.0264892578125,
0.0081787109375,
-0.01068115234375,
0.015380859375,
-0.000774383544921875,
0.0400390625,
0.00150299072265625,
0.02978515625,
0.00787353515625,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0390625,
0.0185546875,
0.0067138671875,
0.0322265625,
0.041015625,
0.033447265625,
0.05517578125,
-0.0286865234375,
0.0137939453125,
-0.039794921875,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.026123046875,
-0.0152587890625,
0.049072265625,
0.03857421875,
0.049560546875,
-0.001983642578125,
0.0198974609375,
-0.0296630859375,
0.0224609375,
-0.0014190673828125,
-0.00299072265625,
0.01129150390625,
-0.00286865234375,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.037109375,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.002471923828125,
0.036376953125,
-0.047119140625,
-0.00885009765625,
0.005615234375,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.07666015625,
-0.031982421875,
0.01416015625,
-0.01287841796875,
0.0478515625,
0.0361328125,
-0.015380859375,
0.0218505859375,
-0.003936767578125,
0.031494140625,
0.044677734375,
-0.017822265625,
0.023681640625,
0.03125,
0.0002651214599609375,
-0.042724609375,
-0.033935546875,
-0.060791015625,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.041015625,
-0.01531982421875,
0.0242919921875,
-0.0027313232421875,
0.039794921875,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.019287109375,
0.03759765625,
0.019287109375,
-0.05224609375,
-0.01068115234375,
0.028564453125,
0.046630859375,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.043212890625,
0.050537109375,
0.033447265625,
-0.04541015625,
0.0322265625,
0.01385498046875,
0.0181884765625,
-0.020263671875,
-0.034423828125,
-0.020751953125,
0.036865234375,
-0.013916015625,
0.00946044921875,
-0.068359375,
0.04638671875,
0.006103515625,
-0.0027618408203125,
-0.00433349609375,
0.0301513671875,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.007537841796875,
0.0537109375,
0.038818359375,
-0.030517578125,
-0.007110595703125,
0.023681640625,
-0.00009489059448242188,
0.00775146484375,
0.056884765625,
-0.004669189453125,
-0.0024871826171875,
0.0103759765625,
0.0255126953125,
-0.0137939453125,
0.030517578125,
-0.044921875,
-0.005218505859375,
0.04931640625,
0.01324462890625,
-0.0003204345703125,
0.052490234375,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.0146484375,
-0.01416015625,
0.051513671875,
0.0118408203125,
0.0673828125,
-0.035400390625,
0.0255126953125,
0.013916015625,
-0.01953125,
0.02880859375,
0.0015411376953125,
-0.004425048828125,
-0.013671875,
0.00848388671875,
0.00005340576171875,
-0.035400390625,
0.0093994140625,
0.0022125244140625,
0.0050048828125,
0.04931640625,
0.0036468505859375,
0.00107574462890625,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.0025634765625,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.007171630859375,
0.0198974609375,
-0.0126953125,
-0.041259765625,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.013916015625,
0.03466796875,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.0152587890625,
0.0076904296875,
-0.029541015625,
0.0272216796875,
0.01416015625,
0.006195068359375,
-0.03271484375,
0.025146484375,
0.0250244140625,
0.0595703125,
-0.00299072265625,
-0.03759765625,
-0.07275390625,
-0.0146484375,
0.03759765625,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.03515625,
-0.000926971435546875,
-0.017333984375,
-0.04541015625,
0.0125732421875,
-0.001220703125,
-0.08349609375,
0.00592041015625,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0250244140625,
0.0050048828125,
0.00003838539123535156,
0.06396484375,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.000022530555725097656,
-0.0400390625,
0.0478515625,
-0.022216796875,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.0034027099609375,
-0.044189453125,
0.0027618408203125,
-0.004638671875,
-0.041748046875,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.017578125,
0.01904296875,
0.0400390625,
-0.06640625,
-0.018310546875,
-0.030029296875,
-0.006134033203125,
-0.006134033203125,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.038330078125,
0.000896453857421875,
-0.011474609375,
-0.041015625,
-0.01171875,
-0.01806640625,
0.06103515625,
0.0016937255859375,
0.0157470703125,
0.0260009765625,
-0.01336669921875,
0.0546875,
0.006195068359375,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.006256103515625,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.055419921875,
-0.01318359375,
0.01220703125,
0.01123046875,
-0.045166015625,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.08544921875,
-0.013427734375,
-0.006439208984375,
-0.0220947265625,
0.0218505859375,
-0.052734375,
-0.02587890625,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.0084228515625,
0.0286865234375,
-0.0341796875,
0.018798828125,
-0.04248046875,
0.0400390625,
0.04443359375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0032501220703125,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.06591796875,
0.015380859375,
-0.004241943359375,
0.042236328125,
0.048095703125,
0.01220703125,
0.0081787109375,
0.00072479248046875,
0.0361328125,
0.007049560546875,
-0.0024261474609375,
-0.003753662109375,
0.04296875,
0.0177001953125,
-0.043212890625,
0.0032196044921875,
-0.0203857421875,
0.039306640625,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.027099609375,
-0.06591796875,
0.058349609375,
0.01513671875,
0.00106048583984375,
0.0111083984375,
0.04345703125,
0.0010528564453125,
-0.0019683837890625,
0.031982421875,
-0.037109375,
-0.0078125,
-0.04150390625,
0.0595703125,
-0.025390625,
-0.0164794921875,
0.003387451171875,
-0.0079345703125,
0.0238037109375,
0.05078125,
0.04443359375,
0.00131988525390625,
-0.0419921875,
-0.00148773193359375,
0.010986328125,
-0.014404296875,
-0.033203125,
0.020263671875,
0.007598876953125,
0.015625,
0.00885009765625,
-0.027099609375,
0.057373046875,
-0.05126953125,
0.0233154296875,
0.017822265625,
0.00738525390625,
-0.00396728515625,
0.036376953125,
-0.022216796875,
0.0225830078125,
0.048583984375,
-0.006195068359375,
-0.010498046875,
0.005706787109375,
0.0029296875,
-0.0018310546875,
0.052001953125,
0.00372314453125,
-0.005645751953125,
0.0028076171875,
0.004180908203125,
-0.013916015625,
0.00775146484375,
-0.003692626953125,
-0.0035858154296875,
0.036376953125,
-0.06396484375,
0.0537109375,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.022705078125,
0.036865234375,
-0.028564453125,
0.0250244140625,
-0.03955078125,
0.01251220703125,
0.006439208984375,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.044677734375,
-0.034423828125,
0.0341796875,
0.006866455078125,
0.0218505859375,
0.034423828125,
0.01708984375,
-0.01171875,
0.01116943359375,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.052978515625,
0.0208740234375,
-0.00457763671875,
0.007415771484375,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.007659912109375,
0.0196533203125,
-0.0267333984375,
0.02392578125,
-0.0242919921875,
0.01348876953125,
-0.01123046875,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.02099609375,
-0.01031494140625,
0.0174560546875,
0.021240234375,
-0.01348876953125,
0.024169921875,
0.001983642578125,
-0.035888671875,
-0.031982421875,
-0.032958984375,
-0.01019287109375,
0.006683349609375,
-0.0032806396484375,
0.006622314453125,
0.01092529296875,
0.044189453125,
0.01806640625,
0.037841796875,
-0.02685546875,
-0.01531982421875,
-0.03466796875,
-0.005645751953125,
0.078125,
-0.0162353515625,
0.0233154296875,
-0.0257568359375,
0.0135498046875,
-0.01953125,
0.0048828125,
0.08056640625,
-0.00185394287109375,
0.021240234375,
0.042236328125,
0.046142578125,
-0.034423828125,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.0101318359375,
-0.04150390625,
0.005218505859375,
0.0400390625,
-0.006103515625,
-0.06591796875,
-0.0390625,
0.002410888671875,
0.031494140625,
-0.03759765625,
-0.01519775390625,
0.008056640625,
0.0283203125,
0.0291748046875,
-0.033203125,
-0.0128173828125,
0.00341796875,
-0.039794921875,
0.0174560546875,
0.021484375,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.0244140625,
-0.0196533203125,
0.000667572021484375,
0.0155029296875,
-0.0035400390625,
0.00250244140625,
-0.013671875,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.00531005859375,
-0.019775390625,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.0322265625,
0.00009250640869140625,
0.033447265625,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.00064849853515625,
0.003997802734375,
0.0010986328125,
-0.015380859375,
-0.0093994140625,
0.0177001953125,
-0.05419921875,
-0.00506591796875,
-0.06787109375,
0.022705078125,
-0.04736328125,
-0.0074462890625,
0.0159912109375,
0.049072265625,
0.02001953125,
0.00040435791015625,
0.00640869140625,
-0.04736328125,
-0.034912109375,
-0.05615234375,
0.017578125,
0.01611328125,
0.018310546875,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.023681640625,
0.0106201171875,
-0.046630859375,
0.003448486328125,
0.0849609375,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.02099609375,
-0.06640625,
-0.006683349609375,
0.01324462890625,
-0.050537109375,
0.00186920166015625,
-0.025634765625,
-0.024658203125,
-0.04150390625,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.04638671875,
0.035888671875,
0.05078125,
-0.044189453125,
0.0107421875,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0556640625,
-0.003082275390625,
0.0198974609375,
-0.0078125,
0.031494140625,
0.038818359375,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.037109375,
0.0203857421875,
0.023681640625,
-0.02099609375,
-0.0625,
-0.0091552734375,
0.0189208984375,
-0.02587890625,
0.031494140625,
0.031494140625,
-0.046875,
-0.001617431640625,
-0.029296875,
-0.050537109375,
0.0007476806640625,
-0.01953125,
0.00445556640625,
0.022216796875,
-0.01153564453125,
0.06103515625,
0.0027313232421875,
0.0301513671875,
0.03857421875,
-0.0262451171875,
0.02197265625,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.043212890625,
0.02197265625,
0.0264892578125,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.01806640625,
0.01251220703125,
0.006927490234375,
0.002532958984375,
0.01055908203125,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.0390625,
0.0023040771484375,
-0.00390625,
0.0419921875,
-0.001861572265625,
-0.012451171875,
0.000667572021484375,
0.03125,
-0.076171875,
-0.02490234375,
-0.021484375,
0.004913330078125,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.054443359375,
-0.00124359130859375,
0.031982421875,
0.0172119140625,
0.06201171875,
-0.0028533935546875,
-0.0546875,
0.02490234375,
0.004669189453125,
-0.004852294921875,
0.031982421875,
0.017578125,
0.00051116943359375,
-0.06103515625,
-0.0225830078125,
0.00994873046875,
0.04931640625,
0.006134033203125,
-0.0025177001953125,
-0.0263671875,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.037841796875,
-0.048095703125,
-0.009765625,
0.020263671875,
0.00390625,
0.0159912109375,
0.006988525390625,
0.00592041015625,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.0208740234375,
0.016845703125,
-0.0576171875,
0.0167236328125,
-0.034912109375,
0.0498046875,
0.032958984375,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.0034942626953125,
-0.007293701171875,
0.0264892578125,
0.004364013671875,
-0.04052734375,
0.013671875,
0.020751953125,
-0.0029296875,
0.01458740234375,
-0.005401611328125,
-0.046875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.00738525390625,
-0.01171875,
-0.0281982421875,
0.0279541015625,
0.059814453125,
0.0106201171875,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.00110626220703125,
0.0115966796875,
-0.0123291015625,
0.01129150390625,
0.041259765625,
0.048583984375,
-0.03369140625,
0.026611328125,
-0.0157470703125,
0.00921630859375,
0.00372314453125,
0.045654296875,
0.000614166259765625,
0.033203125,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.03369140625,
-0.06201171875,
-0.0390625,
0.00872802734375,
0.04541015625,
0.02392578125,
-0.0185546875,
-0.00274658203125,
-0.011474609375,
-0.033203125,
0.03759765625,
-0.035888671875,
-0.04638671875,
0.0267333984375,
0.043212890625,
0.032470703125,
0.00182342529296875,
0.01031494140625,
0.012451171875,
0.058837890625,
0.0194091796875,
-0.02587890625,
0.013916015625,
0.036376953125,
0.04931640625,
0.003082275390625,
0.0084228515625,
-0.001922607421875,
0.00860595703125,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.07177734375,
-0.01031494140625,
0.06591796875,
0.004669189453125,
-0.02490234375,
-0.00115203857421875,
-0.020263671875,
-0.054443359375,
0.01416015625,
-0.01214599609375,
0.0126953125,
0.01031494140625,
-0.004608154296875,
-0.09130859375,
0.0032806396484375,
0.00567626953125,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.055908203125,
-0.018798828125,
0.0390625,
0.0247802734375,
0.010986328125,
0.0556640625,
0.002593994140625,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.02734375,
-0.035888671875,
-0.00151824951171875,
0.0517578125,
0.01458740234375,
0.00408935546875,
-0.017822265625,
-0.0184326171875,
0.0498046875,
0.01416015625,
0.042236328125,
0.0250244140625,
0.00775146484375,
0.022705078125,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.0022125244140625,
0.015869140625,
0.0233154296875,
-0.024169921875,
0.047119140625,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.043212890625,
-0.03515625,
0.01123046875,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.000881195068359375,
0.000873565673828125,
0.01806640625,
-0.002105712890625,
0.0230712890625,
0.00714111328125,
0.01495361328125,
0.0235595703125,
0.00506591796875,
0.051513671875,
0.000621795654296875,
0.00084686279296875,
0.009521484375,
-0.024169921875,
0.0037384033203125,
0.017578125,
0.0037994384765625,
-0.00872802734375,
0.0380859375,
0.00433349609375,
0.0016632080078125,
0.023193359375,
0.0262451171875,
-0.009765625,
-0.057373046875,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0042724609375,
0.05712890625,
-0.01348876953125,
0.0228271484375,
0.0693359375,
-0.029052734375,
-0.0281982421875,
0.030517578125,
-0.00133514404296875,
0.0291748046875,
0.035400390625,
0.0008544921875,
0.0130615234375,
0.0283203125,
0.0306396484375,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0103759765625,
0.0157470703125,
-0.0390625,
-0.05224609375,
0.0439453125,
-0.0002803802490234375,
-0.02685546875,
-0.051025390625,
0.00970458984375,
-0.009765625,
0.0029144287109375,
-0.031494140625,
-0.06689453125,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.0185546875,
-0.047607421875,
0.054931640625,
0.006011962890625,
0.0291748046875,
0.020263671875,
0.00537109375,
0.0181884765625,
-0.01361083984375,
0.0162353515625,
-0.037109375,
0.060302734375,
0.03662109375,
-0.040283203125,
-0.05078125,
-0.037353515625,
0.00171661376953125,
0.035400390625,
-0.018310546875,
-0.0498046875,
-0.00750732421875,
0.0595703125,
0.001739501953125,
-0.021240234375,
-0.051025390625,
0.001922607421875,
0.023681640625,
0.01806640625,
-0.004486083984375,
-0.00531005859375,
-0.00738525390625,
0.00086212158203125,
0.002166748046875,
0.035888671875,
0.017822265625,
-0.02734375,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.057373046875,
-0.016357421875,
-0.01025390625,
-0.039306640625,
0.0208740234375,
-0.0003566741943359375,
0.0291748046875,
0.00799560546875,
-0.049560546875,
0.041259765625,
-0.046875,
-0.013671875,
-0.022216796875,
-0.00897216796875,
-0.0296630859375,
0.0208740234375,
0.04052734375,
-0.05859375,
0.265625,
0.019775390625,
-0.055419921875,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.0211181640625,
0.07177734375,
0.02392578125,
0.025390625,
-0.00921630859375,
0.038818359375,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.06689453125,
0.01080322265625,
-0.00750732421875,
0.0029296875,
0.052734375,
-0.026123046875,
0.01422119140625,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.021728515625,
0.0035858154296875,
-0.01318359375,
0.0013427734375,
0.04345703125,
0.02392578125,
0.03125,
0.01953125,
-0.03125,
-0.009521484375,
-0.05712890625,
0.001708984375,
-0.0478515625,
0.045166015625,
-0.029541015625,
0.0096435546875,
0.003936767578125,
-0.0078125,
0.036376953125,
0.0250244140625,
0.03173828125,
-0.0283203125,
0.03662109375,
0.01275634765625,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.002655029296875,
-0.023681640625,
-0.0400390625,
0.07470703125,
0.0732421875,
-0.005157470703125,
0.0191650390625,
0.00445556640625,
0.06884765625,
-0.03271484375,
0.02001953125,
0.02001953125,
0.000021219253540039062,
-0.0185546875,
-0.037353515625,
-0.06298828125,
0.00714111328125,
0.010498046875,
0.0198974609375,
0.048583984375,
-0.00823974609375,
0.038330078125,
0.05712890625,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.03125,
-0.000507354736328125,
0.0250244140625,
-0.02099609375,
-0.038330078125,
-0.052734375,
0.04931640625,
0.00096893310546875,
-0.053466796875,
0.003082275390625,
0.04638671875,
-0.0286865234375,
0.021484375,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.00830078125,
0.07373046875,
-0.0050048828125,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.06201171875,
-0.004547119140625,
-0.020751953125,
0.017333984375,
0.0296630859375,
-0.00994873046875,
0.0152587890625,
0.0126953125
] |
Boyles, J.
This suit wás brought by plaintiff to recover damages from the Caloy Corporation for breach of an oral contract, claiming that the defendant had broken an agreement for plaintiff to become the exclusive distributor for the defendant’s products (metal tile). The case was heard by the circuit judge without a jury and judgment entered for plaintiff for $5,642.35, and costs. Defendant appeals.
Under the circumstances, this Court does not reverse unless the testimony clearly preponderates in the opposite direction. The facts, as we have gleaned them from the exhibits and the testimony of the 2 witnesses sworn for the plaintiff (the defendant offered no testimony), are as follows:
For several years prior to 1945, the plaintiff had been engaged in the business of selling metal tile. In the fall of 1945, while plaintiff was selling DuraTile, as exclusive distributor for that make of tile in the State of Michigan, he was contacted by Mr. Boy, claiming to be the sales manager of the defendant Caloy Corporation, for the purpose of getting plaintiff to sell Caloy metal tile. The Caloy tile was new in the business, and plaintiff was an experienced salesman, distributor and installer of met al tile. At that time plaintiff was receiving 5 cents per square foot commission on all metal tile sold by Sears-Boebuck, and was also buying metal tile to sell to other customers. He was handling Dura-Tile, and Mr. Loy offered plaintiff, if plaintiff would give up Dura-Tile, the exclusive distributorship of Caloy metal tile for the State of Michigan for as long as plaintiff wanted the distributorship. Plaintiff was to buy Caloy tile from Caloy Corporation for 23 cents a square foot for resale, except for sale to Sears-Boebuck. The agreement as to Sears-Boebuck evidently is the focal point involved in this litigation and has the lack of completeness usually found in oral contracts based on conversations between the parties. Plaintiff apparently had the inside track in selling metal tile to Sears-Boebuck. It was agreed that the Caloy Corporation was to bill Caloy tile direct to Sears-Boebuck and plaintiff was to receive 5 cents a square foot commission on all Caloy tile sold to Sears-Boebuck. Incidentally, Mr. Loy told plaintiff that he had been sent by Mr. Schwartz, the merchandise manager for the plumbing department of Sears-Boebuck, and Schwartz was present during some of the negotiations. One Bill Neely, an experienced installer of metal tile who handled all the work and had supervision of metal tile installation for Sears-Boebuck, was also in on the conversations between Mr. Loy and the plaintiff.
Plaintiff accepted the Caloy offer.to become exclusive distributor of Caloy tile, after further discussing the matter with the representative of SearsBoebuck and an understanding that Sears-Boebuck would change to Caloy tile. Plaintiff obtained samples and started training Sears-Boebuck salesmen and demonstrators in selling Caloy tile. Thereafter Caloy tile was shipped to Sears-Boebuck, checked and sent out by plaintiff to the jobs with installers. While plaintiff had the exclusive distributorship of Caloy tile for the entire State, he concentrated on Detroit and the metropolitan area, including Ann Arbor, Pontiac, Mt. Clemens and intervening areas. Plaintiff testified:
“Q. Will you describe what you did as to obtaining orders from outside dealers during this period?
“A. Nothing too much except on inquiry. We didn’t force it because we concentrated, I concentrated all my efforts on the Sears-Roebuck account. Caloy started shipping promptly, but we started selling so much tile, they had to backlog a terrific amount, and their production couldn’t keep up with the sale. * * * I talked over the matter of the backlog with Caloy as I was afraid we were taking orders faster than they would be able to deliver them, and I told them so.”
In August, 1946, • plaintiff was notified that he would not receive any further commissions from Caloy on account of sales to Sears-Roebuck, although the defendant continued to sell Caloy tile to Sears-Roebuck, but at a lower price. Plaintiff continued to build up other dealer business for Caloy. Defendant claims there was an accord and a full satisfaction of plaintiff’s claims as to commission on future Sears-Roebuck sales by defendant agreeing to sell tile to plaintiff at a reduced price. The testimony does not support the claim. While Caloy continued to sell direct to Sears-Roebuck as well as to other customers, it ignored plaintiff’s contract for exclusive distributorship or right to commissions. Defendant continued to make sales thereafter direct to Sears-Roebuck, without paying commissions to plaintiff. After Caloy had thus terminated the agreement plaintiff attempted to resume his distributor contract with Dura-Tile or to get a former manufacturer (Sani-Metal) account, but without success. The record supports plaintiff’s claim that the defendant breached the contract.
Defendant claims that the proof of damages was entirely speculative and does not support the judgment. The testimony affords a reasonable basis for computing the damages. The determination of damages to the extent of the judgment is fully supported by the proofs and is reasonably within the range of the testimony, and will not be disturbed. Appellant claims that plaintiff’s contract is not enforceable because it was not necessarily to be performed within a year. In Plastray Corporation v. Cole, 324 Mich 433, 443 (8 ALR2d 1199), where the benefit to the plaintiff was to come in the future, and the plaintiff had given up something for which it could not receive a contemporary corresponding benefit, as consideration for the agreement, the Court said:
“In consequence, termination at any time by defendant might not leave the parties in status quo ante and refusal to grant specific performance would, accordingly, work a hardship and result in an injustice. Hobbs v. Brush Electric Light Co., 75 Mich 550; Stearns v. Railway Co., 112 Mich 651; Raymond v. White, 119 Mich 438, and Western Newspaper Union v. Kitchel, 201 Mich 121, are cases in which agreements calling for a continuing performance terminable on plaintiff’s part but not on defendants’ were held enforceable at law by plaintiffs because they had paid substantial considerations.”
The circuit judge properly concluded that plaintiff had a contract for exclusive distribution of Caloy metal tile, and that plaintiff had paid a substantial consideration for it by giving up his distributorship of Dura-Tile and his commissions on the sale of Dura-Tile to Sears-Roebuck. The defendant breached the contract. The judgment is within the range of plaintiff’s damages as shown by the testimony and is affirmed.
Reid, C. J., and North, Dethmers, Butzel, Carr, Btjshnell, and Sharpe, JJ., concurred.
CL 1948, § 566.132 (Stat Ann 1949 Cum Supp § 26.922). | [
-0.014404296875,
0.016845703125,
-0.013671875,
0.052734375,
-0.06298828125,
-0.046630859375,
-0.04150390625,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0390625,
0.0306396484375,
0.033935546875,
0.0250244140625,
0.0255126953125,
-0.005615234375,
0.00135040283203125,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.00970458984375,
0.0233154296875,
0.012451171875,
0.021484375,
0.0296630859375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.023193359375,
-0.03173828125,
0.006103515625,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.0067138671875,
-0.0291748046875,
0.037109375,
0.0263671875,
-0.029296875,
0.0164794921875,
0.032958984375,
-0.03515625,
-0.01409912109375,
0.006744384765625,
0.0595703125,
-0.048095703125,
0.018798828125,
-0.0147705078125,
0.004791259765625,
0.01531982421875,
0.05517578125,
-0.0439453125,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.05078125,
0.06298828125,
-0.03662109375,
0.020263671875,
-0.002471923828125,
0.01495361328125,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.00052642822265625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.01544189453125,
-0.004669189453125,
0.04638671875,
-0.0186767578125,
0.029541015625,
-0.04541015625,
0.042724609375,
0.01104736328125,
0.0155029296875,
-0.0029296875,
0.001190185546875,
0.0250244140625,
-0.008544921875,
-0.001312255859375,
0.0137939453125,
-0.031494140625,
0.007659912109375,
-0.044189453125,
-0.031005859375,
-0.01513671875,
-0.03662109375,
-0.001190185546875,
0.0228271484375,
-0.025390625,
0.06396484375,
-0.010009765625,
-0.0303955078125,
0.049560546875,
0.0179443359375,
0.037353515625,
0.00494384765625,
0.005340576171875,
-0.0260009765625,
0.0517578125,
-0.0091552734375,
0.02197265625,
0.04248046875,
0.0244140625,
-0.03076171875,
0.0291748046875,
0.04541015625,
-0.00060272216796875,
0.01513671875,
0.021484375,
-0.013916015625,
0.07177734375,
-0.006683349609375,
0.023681640625,
-0.017822265625,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.0361328125,
0.015625,
0.0208740234375,
-0.01239013671875,
0.0228271484375,
-0.0166015625,
-0.02001953125,
-0.003082275390625,
-0.005828857421875,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.08642578125,
-0.01324462890625,
0.039306640625,
-0.0038299560546875,
0.016845703125,
-0.002197265625,
0.0203857421875,
0.002044677734375,
0.01611328125,
0.008056640625,
-0.027099609375,
-0.0157470703125,
0.01470947265625,
0.033203125,
-0.0201416015625,
0.0196533203125,
0.0230712890625,
-0.006927490234375,
0.045654296875,
0.006866455078125,
0.0189208984375,
0.0260009765625,
0.01263427734375,
0.025634765625,
-0.0322265625,
0.038330078125,
0.031005859375,
0.038818359375,
-0.017333984375,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.0615234375,
0.0050048828125,
0.052978515625,
0.0002422332763671875,
0.048095703125,
0.005401611328125,
0.04541015625,
0.0057373046875,
0.0018157958984375,
-0.00188446044921875,
0.004791259765625,
0.0126953125,
0.01129150390625,
0.0205078125,
-0.0537109375,
0.0220947265625,
-0.002655029296875,
0.04150390625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0308837890625,
0.006805419921875,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.04833984375,
-0.050537109375,
0.01397705078125,
0.0277099609375,
0.06591796875,
0.00077056884765625,
-0.014892578125,
0.02392578125,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.02392578125,
0.05517578125,
-0.0028839111328125,
-0.01239013671875,
0.0026092529296875,
-0.0140380859375,
-0.05322265625,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.00139617919921875,
0.0245361328125,
0.009033203125,
-0.030029296875,
0.001312255859375,
-0.016357421875,
0.024169921875,
-0.0118408203125,
0.01544189453125,
0.04052734375,
-0.0263671875,
-0.03955078125,
-0.00335693359375,
0.0029449462890625,
0.01080322265625,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.0159912109375,
0.047119140625,
0.029052734375,
-0.0284423828125,
0.026123046875,
0.00225830078125,
-0.0004329681396484375,
0.0233154296875,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0133056640625,
0.0225830078125,
-0.009033203125,
0.0057373046875,
-0.032958984375,
0.006866455078125,
-0.00579833984375,
0.0299072265625,
-0.020263671875,
0.0341796875,
0.0101318359375,
0.006134033203125,
0.05517578125,
0.0191650390625,
0.0240478515625,
-0.020263671875,
-0.029296875,
0.01531982421875,
0.024169921875,
0.021484375,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.0106201171875,
0.0595703125,
0.018310546875,
0.0284423828125,
0.0164794921875,
-0.035888671875,
0.00002491474151611328,
0.048095703125,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.01336669921875,
0.001495361328125,
-0.017578125,
0.0133056640625,
0.0213623046875,
0.03369140625,
-0.0177001953125,
0.039306640625,
-0.0235595703125,
0.01092529296875,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.004791259765625,
0.0189208984375,
0.021728515625,
-0.061767578125,
-0.03662109375,
0.029541015625,
0.015625,
-0.04931640625,
-0.010009765625,
0.0244140625,
-0.018310546875,
0.0146484375,
0.0032806396484375,
-0.060302734375,
0.000698089599609375,
-0.054443359375,
-0.04296875,
0.004974365234375,
-0.00083160400390625,
-0.0478515625,
-0.0419921875,
-0.0001354217529296875,
-0.025390625,
0.0299072265625,
-0.039794921875,
-0.0159912109375,
0.0098876953125,
-0.0194091796875,
0.0038604736328125,
-0.018798828125,
0.037841796875,
-0.0264892578125,
0.05517578125,
-0.0059814453125,
0.0198974609375,
0.0096435546875,
-0.01708984375,
-0.0380859375,
-0.052734375,
0.053955078125,
-0.02001953125,
-0.0050048828125,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.049072265625,
0.00628662109375,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.052490234375,
0.015869140625,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.0166015625,
0.027099609375,
-0.031005859375,
-0.0033721923828125,
0.0093994140625,
0.029541015625,
-0.011474609375,
-0.006134033203125,
0.038330078125,
0.02734375,
-0.0291748046875,
0.061767578125,
0.01275634765625,
0.03369140625,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.047119140625,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.003021240234375,
-0.02880859375,
0.006561279296875,
0.00799560546875,
0.0228271484375,
0.02294921875,
-0.0673828125,
0.0147705078125,
-0.08154296875,
-0.0283203125,
-0.00170135498046875,
-0.01123046875,
0.01251220703125,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.013671875,
0.00054168701171875,
-0.03076171875,
0.0234375,
0.01904296875,
0.061279296875,
0.0166015625,
0.021240234375,
-0.00122833251953125,
-0.0230712890625,
0.04150390625,
0.0135498046875,
-0.03125,
0.00787353515625,
-0.004608154296875,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.028564453125,
-0.00738525390625,
0.00677490234375,
0.0308837890625,
0.0400390625,
-0.01312255859375,
0.006866455078125,
-0.02880859375,
0.037109375,
0.0233154296875,
0.00127410888671875,
0.010986328125,
-0.019287109375,
-0.062255859375,
0.00762939453125,
-0.026611328125,
-0.00885009765625,
0.03125,
0.0037994384765625,
0.0203857421875,
0.05078125,
-0.032470703125,
0.00860595703125,
-0.052734375,
-0.11572265625,
-0.005523681640625,
-0.0224609375,
-0.001220703125,
0.0301513671875,
0.038330078125,
-0.0211181640625,
0.0203857421875,
-0.000209808349609375,
0.029541015625,
-0.007171630859375,
0.0185546875,
0.03662109375,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.022216796875,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.055908203125,
0.037109375,
0.0091552734375,
-0.048583984375,
-0.018798828125,
0.003448486328125,
0.009033203125,
0.0186767578125,
0.010498046875,
0.0150146484375,
0.0322265625,
0.0107421875,
-0.0224609375,
-0.0390625,
-0.03759765625,
-0.0191650390625,
0.042236328125,
-0.020263671875,
-0.021484375,
-0.009033203125,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.0142822265625,
0.03662109375,
-0.007293701171875,
-0.026123046875,
0.00799560546875,
0.01226806640625,
-0.0002155303955078125,
0.046875,
-0.029296875,
-0.0198974609375,
0.0234375,
0.041259765625,
0.0908203125,
-0.060302734375,
0.0400390625,
-0.01080322265625,
0.0062255859375,
0.036865234375,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0189208984375,
0.044921875,
-0.052490234375,
-0.03125,
0.0732421875,
0.00125885009765625,
0.00872802734375,
-0.033935546875,
0.0263671875,
-0.0198974609375,
0.080078125,
-0.04248046875,
-0.0517578125,
0.03515625,
-0.003387451171875,
0.0014801025390625,
0.034423828125,
0.0341796875,
0.02490234375,
-0.00518798828125,
-0.031494140625,
0.062255859375,
0.006103515625,
-0.0439453125,
0.003387451171875,
0.05224609375,
-0.0079345703125,
0.08642578125,
-0.0458984375,
0.01190185546875,
0.0123291015625,
0.007781982421875,
-0.0274658203125,
0.0025634765625,
0.00168609619140625,
0.0302734375,
-0.016357421875,
0.00860595703125,
-0.00165557861328125,
0.0244140625,
0.03759765625,
0.00958251953125,
-0.037353515625,
0.0205078125,
0.0145263671875,
0.03759765625,
-0.01123046875,
-0.01287841796875,
0.035888671875,
-0.01416015625,
0.039306640625,
-0.0135498046875,
0.006011962890625,
-0.028564453125,
-0.030517578125,
-0.045654296875,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.0068359375,
0.0220947265625,
0.0194091796875,
0.0027923583984375,
0.0177001953125,
-0.037841796875,
-0.053466796875,
0.0189208984375,
-0.04736328125,
-0.01519775390625,
0.05810546875,
0.02685546875,
0.005615234375,
0.0038909912109375,
0.0084228515625,
-0.021240234375,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.00213623046875,
-0.0380859375,
-0.0186767578125,
0.0576171875,
-0.041748046875,
-0.00130462646484375,
0.041748046875,
0.0272216796875,
0.0252685546875,
0.00131988525390625,
0.0308837890625,
0.059814453125,
-0.045654296875,
0.053466796875,
0.0291748046875,
-0.0390625,
-0.057373046875,
0.023681640625,
-0.0194091796875,
0.0306396484375,
0.0233154296875,
0.00927734375,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.0517578125,
-0.004974365234375,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.047119140625,
-0.0556640625,
-0.01129150390625,
0.03271484375,
0.047607421875,
-0.0218505859375,
0.003753662109375,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.0673828125,
0.002044677734375,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0673828125,
-0.05224609375,
0.04736328125,
0.040771484375,
0.002838134765625,
0.0211181640625,
-0.0262451171875,
0.01116943359375,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.000736236572265625,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.006500244140625,
0.0291748046875,
0.022216796875,
0.0269775390625,
-0.0218505859375,
0.05126953125,
-0.0146484375,
0.02685546875,
0.01458740234375,
-0.001922607421875,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.032470703125,
0.0277099609375,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.047607421875,
-0.01434326171875,
0.04296875,
0.0179443359375,
0.014404296875,
-0.008544921875,
-0.049560546875,
-0.03759765625,
-0.058837890625,
0.0230712890625,
-0.004425048828125,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.06396484375,
-0.00098419189453125,
-0.00122833251953125,
0.05908203125,
0.09814453125,
0.002044677734375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.053955078125,
0.0235595703125,
-0.0014801025390625,
-0.054931640625,
-0.000614166259765625,
-0.020263671875,
-0.018798828125,
-0.053466796875,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.0233154296875,
0.00167083740234375,
0.001312255859375,
0.0010528564453125,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.01953125,
-0.04443359375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.02099609375,
0.042724609375,
0.007659912109375,
0.040771484375,
0.00148773193359375,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0751953125,
0.035400390625,
0.01422119140625,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.041748046875,
0.04833984375,
0.0255126953125,
-0.02734375,
0.0400390625,
0.0218505859375,
-0.020751953125,
0.001556396484375,
0.010986328125,
-0.041748046875,
-0.023681640625,
-0.048828125,
0.0225830078125,
0.049072265625,
-0.0206298828125,
0.036865234375,
0.02880859375,
0.00634765625,
0.006622314453125,
-0.0108642578125,
0.032958984375,
-0.047607421875,
-0.03125,
0.047607421875,
-0.017822265625,
-0.01806640625,
-0.036376953125,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0279541015625,
0.0191650390625,
-0.00045013427734375,
-0.02392578125,
-0.0205078125,
0.00238037109375,
-0.0013427734375,
0.10498046875,
0.0023345947265625,
-0.0159912109375,
0.006591796875,
0.006195068359375,
-0.060302734375,
-0.0322265625,
-0.07373046875,
0.01226806640625,
0.0164794921875,
-0.06982421875,
-0.0281982421875,
0.0208740234375,
0.015869140625,
0.038818359375,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.009033203125,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.0034027099609375,
0.0306396484375,
0.015869140625,
0.02294921875,
-0.026611328125,
-0.038818359375,
-0.00408935546875,
0.040283203125,
0.0185546875,
0.041015625,
-0.0311279296875,
0.01336669921875,
-0.028564453125,
-0.037109375,
-0.034912109375,
-0.0022735595703125,
-0.00518798828125,
-0.0050048828125,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.00074005126953125,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.0439453125,
0.0257568359375,
-0.01263427734375,
0.02880859375,
0.01324462890625,
-0.018310546875,
-0.0380859375,
0.007232666015625,
0.002197265625,
0.054443359375,
-0.0155029296875,
0.043701171875,
0.0302734375,
-0.004058837890625,
0.0419921875,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.022705078125,
-0.05712890625,
-0.02001953125,
0.0031280517578125,
0.005462646484375,
0.0291748046875,
0.017822265625,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.03466796875,
0.01458740234375,
-0.06396484375,
0.0478515625,
-0.02392578125,
0.0400390625,
0.020751953125,
0.040283203125,
0.0038299560546875,
-0.0079345703125,
0.01324462890625,
0.028076171875,
0.0096435546875,
0.04150390625,
0.004913330078125,
0.025390625,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.004974365234375,
-0.0537109375,
-0.019775390625,
0.01177978515625,
0.041748046875,
0.0303955078125,
-0.0130615234375,
0.00927734375,
0.0133056640625,
-0.0250244140625,
0.0302734375,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.028076171875,
0.0203857421875,
0.000583648681640625,
0.0152587890625,
-0.0022430419921875,
-0.002105712890625,
0.0123291015625,
0.01708984375,
-0.01953125,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.01611328125,
0.00531005859375,
0.024169921875,
0.0177001953125,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.026123046875,
0.015380859375,
-0.04296875,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.0380859375,
0.039794921875,
-0.0019073486328125,
-0.042724609375,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.005950927734375,
-0.04443359375,
0.0157470703125,
-0.01190185546875,
0.031494140625,
0.0234375,
0.0081787109375,
-0.04833984375,
0.01177978515625,
0.00139617919921875,
-0.0152587890625,
0.0086669921875,
-0.0361328125,
-0.036376953125,
0.051025390625,
0.03173828125,
0.0164794921875,
0.043212890625,
-0.005645751953125,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.041015625,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.04150390625,
0.025146484375,
0.03857421875,
0.0216064453125,
-0.0294189453125,
0.00078582763671875,
0.025390625,
0.0009613037109375,
0.0498046875,
0.0303955078125,
-0.00360107421875,
-0.021484375,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.060302734375,
0.052001953125,
-0.004669189453125,
-0.048095703125,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.01556396484375,
-0.039794921875,
0.000019311904907226562,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.0498046875,
-0.0003643035888671875,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.007049560546875,
-0.00179290771484375,
-0.01251220703125,
0.0157470703125,
0.0115966796875,
0.01531982421875,
0.018310546875,
0.044921875,
0.022705078125,
-0.00096893310546875,
0.02294921875,
-0.07177734375,
-0.0216064453125,
0.05224609375,
0.000583648681640625,
0.0111083984375,
0.011474609375,
-0.00823974609375,
0.022705078125,
-0.00860595703125,
0.00982666015625,
-0.013671875,
-0.0478515625,
0.00927734375,
0.00732421875,
0.0264892578125,
-0.042724609375,
-0.00885009765625,
0.01171875,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.04150390625,
0.044189453125,
0.013427734375,
0.0267333984375,
0.011962890625,
0.01129150390625,
-0.0020751953125,
0.0263671875,
0.0400390625,
-0.062255859375,
0.0390625,
0.03125,
-0.08740234375,
0.0008697509765625,
-0.0040283203125,
-0.01953125,
-0.05615234375,
-0.0020599365234375,
-0.02880859375,
-0.024169921875,
0.00872802734375,
0.0205078125,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.03662109375,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.01348876953125,
0.01446533203125,
0.0240478515625,
0.07861328125,
0.0135498046875,
-0.03955078125,
-0.02685546875,
-0.0196533203125,
0.02099609375,
-0.03759765625,
0.046630859375,
-0.0001277923583984375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.044677734375,
0.0211181640625,
-0.001983642578125,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.03662109375,
-0.0322265625,
-0.00110626220703125,
-0.00823974609375,
0.0152587890625,
0.004638671875,
-0.00604248046875,
-0.03076171875,
0.0546875,
0.0308837890625,
0.0228271484375,
0.015625,
0.047119140625,
0.05810546875,
0.023193359375,
0.01141357421875,
-0.0029754638671875,
0.034912109375,
0.00180816650390625,
-0.02978515625,
-0.04638671875,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.0247802734375,
0.015380859375,
0.02880859375,
0.047119140625,
0.002716064453125,
-0.05615234375,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.056396484375,
-0.031494140625,
-0.02294921875,
-0.010009765625,
-0.0078125,
0.0196533203125,
-0.03369140625,
0.275390625,
0.03759765625,
-0.00775146484375,
0.033447265625,
0.0220947265625,
0.03466796875,
0.01458740234375,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.047119140625,
-0.025634765625,
0.00927734375,
-0.041015625,
0.0184326171875,
0.0296630859375,
-0.0233154296875,
0.01446533203125,
-0.056640625,
0.003204345703125,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0179443359375,
0.0203857421875,
-0.0234375,
0.03857421875,
0.045654296875,
0.048095703125,
-0.0030975341796875,
0.0103759765625,
-0.0517578125,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0537109375,
-0.017578125,
-0.021240234375,
0.0242919921875,
-0.05810546875,
-0.0240478515625,
0.0281982421875,
0.0262451171875,
-0.0169677734375,
0.0201416015625,
0.007568359375,
-0.0174560546875,
0.06298828125,
0.0024871826171875,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.000732421875,
0.007598876953125,
-0.042236328125,
0.0458984375,
0.0810546875,
-0.0186767578125,
0.046630859375,
0.024169921875,
0.041015625,
-0.0439453125,
0.0115966796875,
0.01708984375,
0.01806640625,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.02392578125,
0.00872802734375,
0.0302734375,
0.0252685546875,
0.042236328125,
-0.00008678436279296875,
0.0169677734375,
-0.0040283203125,
0.00872802734375,
-0.0247802734375,
0.00970458984375,
0.01165771484375,
-0.031005859375,
-0.046875,
-0.01513671875,
0.055908203125,
0.01226806640625,
0.0002460479736328125,
0.035400390625,
0.029052734375,
0.016845703125,
0.018310546875,
-0.038330078125,
-0.005157470703125,
0.019775390625,
0.029296875,
0.0198974609375,
0.00360107421875,
-0.060546875,
-0.00213623046875,
0.0184326171875,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.0002002716064453125,
0.000732421875,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.0152587890625
] |
Carr, J.
The parties to this case are the children and heirs at law of Charles P. Knight who died intestate October 2, 1949. At the time of his death Mr. Knight was 87 years of age. In the month of June preceding his death he entered into a land contract with defendant by the terms of which, for an expressed consideration of $5,000, he agreed to sell to her his home in the city of Ann Arbor. The instrument provided that the parties were to occupy the property in common, that Mrs. Behringer was to pay the “running expenses,” and that in consideration thereof the sum of $75 per month was to be credited on the contract as the vendor’s share of such expenses.
In addition to the usual provisions ordinarily found in a land contract, the parties stipulated that in the event that it became necessary for the vendee to furnish wearing apparel or medical, hospital or nursing service to the vendor, the cost of such item should be indorsed on the contract at the end of the month in which the expenditures were made. It was further provided that if the vendor died before the completion of the land contract the balance due at that time should be cancelled and the vendee should be entitled to a deed of the premises. In the event of her death before complete performance, the contract was to be cancelled, with the right on the part of her heirs to a return of contributions made by her, as of the date of the death of the vendor or of the sale of the property by him. The contract was dated April 1,1949. Defendant claims that this was done because the payment by her of expenses, as provided for in the contract, began at that time. Her testimony in this respect is not contradicted.
Following the execution of the contract Mr. Knight and the defendant occupied the property in common. No claim is made that Mrs. Behringer did not perform her undertaking to the satisfaction of her father. Following his death, however, the plaintiffs instituted the present suit to set aside the contract, claiming that Charles P. Knight was mentally incapable of entering into the agreement, and further that he had done so as the result of fraud, duress and undue influence exerted against him by defendant. On the trial of the case in circuit court counsel for plaintiffs withdrew the claim of mental incompetency, conceding that at the time the contract was executed the mental faculties of Mr. Knight were not-impaired.
After listening to the proofs of the parties, the trial court came to the conclusion that the charges of fraud, duress, and undue influence had not been sustained. A decree was accordingly entered denying the relief sought and dismissing the bill of complaint. Plaintiffs have appealed, claiming that the trial court was in error in sustaining the land contract.
On behalf of appellants it is insisted that there was a fiduciary relation existing between defendant and her father at the time the land contract was executed, of such character as to place the burden of proof on her to negative fraud, undue influence, duress or over-reaching on her part. Emphasis is placed on her testimony that her father trusted her implicitly. The relations between the parties were evidently harmonious and satisfactory to both. In 1941, defendant, during the lifetime of her mother, became an inmate of the home for the purpose of assisting in the care of both parents and relieving them, in part at least, from the duties incident to the operation of the household. After the mother’s death in 1943, defendant continued in the home with her father. During a portion of the time, defendant, who had 3 children, worked outside the home. •
At different times the father sought to obtain old-age assistance but was not successful. In March, 1949, he invited his children to his home for the purpose of discussing with them his future support. It does not appear that any of the plaintiffs were willing to assume obligations for his care, apparently believing that his property should be used for that purpose. In any event no agreement was reached other than an understanding that some arrangement would be worked out between defendant and the father. After negotiations covering a pe riod of several weeks, the land contract involved in the instant suit was executed.
Notwithstanding the close association between defendant and the father extending over a period of several years, it does not appear that she acted in the capacity of a confidential adviser, or that she counselled with him in business matters, or even discussed such matters with him other than in the course of the negotiations leading up to the making of the various arrangements between them, including the contract in issue here. The evidence in the case indicates clearly that Charles P. Knight was capable of managing his own affairs. Notwithstanding his advanced age he was not incapacitated either physically or mentally. .He acted as treasurer of a local grange and kept its books. The testimony of a physician who attended him from time to time preceding his death, including the day prior thereto, is uncontradicted and indicates that Mr. Knight was a man fully competent to manage his business matters and inclined to follow his own ideas. There is nothing in this record to suggest that he was dominated or controlled by the defendant. The fact that he had implicit confidence in her was not sufficient to create a fiduciary relation. Under the facts of this case the legal principles recognized and applied in Beattie v. Bower, 290 Mich 517, and prior decisions cited there in the majority opinion, are not applicable. Likewise, Smith v. Cuddy, 96 Mich 562, and Low v. Low, 314 Mich 370, cited by counsel for the plaintiffs, are clearly distinguishable from the instant controversy on the basis of the facts involved.
In Re Cottrell’s Estate, 235 Mich 627, the question at issue was the validity of a will. Contestants claimed that the burden of proof rested on proponent to establish a want of undue influence, on the theory that a fiduciary relation existed between herself and the testator, her father. A motion for a directed verdict based on such claim was made and overruled. In sustaining such action it was said:
“Before the burden can be cast on proponent, it must be shown that the fiduciary relations exist (In re Conner’s Estate, 230 Mich 399); and the fact that she was living with testator when the will was made did not establish such relations (In re Carlson’s Estate, 218 Mich 262); nor does the fact that she assisted him in his business affairs establish such relation (Blackman v. Andrews, 150 Mich 322). There is nothing upon this record which would justify adopting the rule applicable to fiduciary relations.”
The language quoted may well be applied to the facts in the present controversy. There is nothing-in this record on which to predicate a finding that a fiduciary relation existed between defendant and her father. On the contrary, the evidence clearly tends to establish that there was no such relation. The trial court was correct in his conclusion in this respect.
This Court has repeatedly declared that mere opportunity to exert undue influence is insufficient to justify a conclusion that it existed. In re Livingston’s Estate, 295 Mich 637, 643; Maahs v. Maahs, 307 Mich 549, 563; In re Vreeland’s Estate, 323 Mich 316, 321. The mere fact that the parties lived together over a period of years does not give rise to any inference that Charles P. Knight was a victim of fraud, duress, or undue influence exerted by defendant. In re Hannan’s Estate, 315 Mich 102.
It is the claim of the plaintiffs that following the death of their father a conversation occurred between them, or some of them, and the defendant, wherein the latter indicated that she had threatened to leave the father’s home if he did not make arrangements satisfactory to her. Defendant denied making the specific statements claimed, testifying in substance that the conversation between herself and her father with reference to her obtaining an apartment came up at a time when he was considering entering a certain home for aged people, and that he asked her to find out how much an apartment would cost her and what her expenses would be therein. She undertook to obtain the desired information, testifying further that the plan was not carried out because her father learned that he would have to turn over his property to the home and he did not wish to do that. She further stated in this connection that her father then suggested that she buy his home, paying on the contract the equivalent of what an apartment would cost her, and making-required payments by taking care of the expenses. However, we do not think that the precise details of the conversation between defendant and her father, with reference to the matter in question, are of controlling significance. Obviously defendant was under no compulsion to remain in the father’s home or to assume his care. She had, as the trial judge pointed out in his opinion, the right to insist that she should be adequately protected if she agreed to assume the burden. The query here is not whether she insisted on proper protection for herself but rather whether Charles P. Knight was induced to enter into the land contract in question because of fraud, duress, or undue influence exerted against him to such an extent as to overcome his mind and will.
Under the undisputed facts the trial court was correct in holding that plaintiffs had not sustained the charges made by them in their bill of complaint and were in consequence not entitled to the relief sought. The fact that plaintiffs were not advised of the existence of the contract until after the father’s death does not affect the situation. No obligation rested on either the defendant or Charles P. Knight to advise them as to the arrangement that had been made. In re Johnson’s Estate, 326 Mich 310, 315. The record not only fails to show the existence of fraud, duress or undue influence, as alleged by plaintiffs, but on the contrary indicates affirmatively that in executing the land contract Mr. Knight acted of his own volition, and that the instrument was prepared by his attorney in accordance with his instructions. If the burden of proof with reference to the issue were deemed to rest on the defendant because of the existence of a fiduciary relation between herself and her father, as claimed by appellants, the conclusion would be fully justified on this record that she had sustained such burden.
The decree of the trial court is affirmed, with costs to defendant.
Boyles, C. J., and Reid, North, Dethmers, But.zel, Bushnell, and Sharpe, JJ., concurred. | [
-0.0218505859375,
0.02783203125,
0.0272216796875,
0.0162353515625,
-0.0478515625,
-0.0439453125,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.0108642578125,
0.0108642578125,
0.0263671875,
0.054931640625,
0.01177978515625,
0.046875,
-0.00090789794921875,
-0.019287109375,
-0.001953125,
-0.026611328125,
0.017333984375,
-0.04638671875,
0.0478515625,
0.0198974609375,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.08935546875,
-0.034423828125,
-0.02880859375,
0.005218505859375,
0.0191650390625,
-0.024658203125,
0.060302734375,
0.0130615234375,
0.00421142578125,
-0.007415771484375,
-0.00008344650268554688,
-0.031494140625,
0.0093994140625,
0.01458740234375,
0.04931640625,
-0.07177734375,
0.00970458984375,
-0.00069427490234375,
0.0130615234375,
-0.01708984375,
0.0267333984375,
-0.029541015625,
0.002349853515625,
-0.0419921875,
-0.019775390625,
-0.054443359375,
0.0234375,
-0.01953125,
0.003753662109375,
0.00067138671875,
0.031982421875,
-0.03466796875,
-0.00677490234375,
-0.0537109375,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.045166015625,
-0.003753662109375,
0.00634765625,
0.0263671875,
-0.053955078125,
0.004791259765625,
-0.03955078125,
0.0260009765625,
0.0269775390625,
0.01239013671875,
0.01300048828125,
0.01129150390625,
-0.0024566650390625,
0.00173187255859375,
-0.020751953125,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.00799560546875,
0.016845703125,
-0.04638671875,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.0284423828125,
0.0189208984375,
-0.0074462890625,
0.03515625,
-0.0146484375,
0.068359375,
-0.006439208984375,
-0.041748046875,
0.010498046875,
0.0081787109375,
0.01806640625,
0.0087890625,
0.0031585693359375,
-0.02978515625,
0.05712890625,
0.0098876953125,
0.0067138671875,
0.0262451171875,
0.0234375,
-0.036376953125,
0.030517578125,
0.0123291015625,
-0.0296630859375,
0.0234375,
-0.004150390625,
-0.0238037109375,
0.07373046875,
0.01177978515625,
0.0240478515625,
-0.0157470703125,
0.001068115234375,
-0.04736328125,
-0.0145263671875,
0.0257568359375,
-0.0020904541015625,
0.0245361328125,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.014892578125,
0.0267333984375,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.00299072265625,
-0.05126953125,
0.003509521484375,
0.0517578125,
-0.01806640625,
0.0234375,
-0.017822265625,
0.00567626953125,
-0.0036163330078125,
-0.0107421875,
0.04638671875,
0.00726318359375,
0.022705078125,
0.051513671875,
0.004058837890625,
-0.031005859375,
0.0016326904296875,
-0.01318359375,
0.025390625,
0.0123291015625,
0.01226806640625,
0.0123291015625,
0.0042724609375,
0.01422119140625,
0.048583984375,
-0.036376953125,
0.0224609375,
0.040771484375,
0.041259765625,
-0.013916015625,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.056396484375,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0732421875,
-0.001800537109375,
0.054443359375,
0.0235595703125,
0.04052734375,
-0.02783203125,
0.02685546875,
-0.032958984375,
0.03369140625,
-0.0013885498046875,
0.007659912109375,
0.0045166015625,
-0.019287109375,
0.00128936767578125,
-0.0322265625,
0.0247802734375,
-0.00482177734375,
0.006561279296875,
-0.020263671875,
-0.042236328125,
0.01806640625,
-0.0032958984375,
-0.06396484375,
-0.064453125,
0.064453125,
0.0062255859375,
0.10107421875,
0.0103759765625,
-0.01544189453125,
0.0089111328125,
-0.0225830078125,
0.0220947265625,
0.046875,
-0.005706787109375,
-0.01220703125,
-0.025634765625,
0.00927734375,
-0.057861328125,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.0167236328125,
0.019775390625,
-0.017578125,
-0.033447265625,
0.0189208984375,
0.00665283203125,
0.0498046875,
-0.05517578125,
-0.00469970703125,
0.0211181640625,
-0.0069580078125,
-0.03759765625,
-0.00439453125,
-0.00701904296875,
0.0458984375,
-0.0166015625,
-0.017578125,
0.052734375,
0.016845703125,
-0.00750732421875,
0.01116943359375,
0.0189208984375,
-0.0010986328125,
0.010498046875,
-0.05078125,
-0.0118408203125,
0.0203857421875,
-0.0218505859375,
0.0306396484375,
-0.07275390625,
0.018798828125,
0.0303955078125,
0.014404296875,
-0.04638671875,
0.03759765625,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.03564453125,
0.037841796875,
0.0174560546875,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.013671875,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.00518798828125,
0.01104736328125,
0.060791015625,
-0.04638671875,
-0.0240478515625,
0.03955078125,
0.0311279296875,
-0.0012664794921875,
0.0185546875,
-0.023193359375,
-0.0035552978515625,
0.050048828125,
0.000125885009765625,
-0.00848388671875,
0.039794921875,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.01324462890625,
0.00823974609375,
0.017822265625,
-0.01507568359375,
0.00701904296875,
-0.020751953125,
0.020263671875,
0.0205078125,
0.0166015625,
0.0263671875,
0.027099609375,
-0.030517578125,
-0.03759765625,
0.01953125,
0.0238037109375,
-0.039306640625,
-0.005584716796875,
0.043212890625,
-0.0108642578125,
0.034423828125,
-0.02001953125,
-0.00634765625,
-0.0166015625,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.028076171875,
-0.00439453125,
0.018310546875,
-0.052978515625,
-0.029541015625,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.0301513671875,
0.0260009765625,
-0.0306396484375,
0.001190185546875,
-0.00750732421875,
-0.0252685546875,
0.0130615234375,
0.0026397705078125,
0.033203125,
-0.0439453125,
0.03564453125,
-0.0250244140625,
0.0123291015625,
0.0086669921875,
-0.04638671875,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.0174560546875,
0.05078125,
-0.05078125,
0.012939453125,
-0.010986328125,
-0.0308837890625,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.012939453125,
0.02001953125,
-0.006927490234375,
-0.011962890625,
0.0269775390625,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.022705078125,
0.0169677734375,
-0.007080078125,
-0.037353515625,
0.021240234375,
0.01556396484375,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.0546875,
0.06640625,
0.0169677734375,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.0035858154296875,
-0.0262451171875,
0.003509521484375,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.06591796875,
0.024169921875,
0.0036773681640625,
0.03125,
0.016357421875,
-0.06640625,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.03857421875,
-0.007293701171875,
0.034423828125,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0380859375,
0.00115203857421875,
-0.04052734375,
-0.02294921875,
-0.01129150390625,
0.054931640625,
-0.01165771484375,
0.0189208984375,
-0.0029449462890625,
-0.00604248046875,
0.02783203125,
0.0157470703125,
-0.041015625,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.0052490234375,
-0.03564453125,
-0.01708984375,
-0.00701904296875,
0.014892578125,
0.01422119140625,
0.033203125,
0.01031494140625,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.0322265625,
0.039794921875,
0.0137939453125,
0.038818359375,
-0.01953125,
0.0281982421875,
-0.041748046875,
-0.03271484375,
-0.00762939453125,
-0.0260009765625,
0.042724609375,
-0.02685546875,
0.057861328125,
0.07470703125,
-0.045166015625,
0.004608154296875,
-0.02734375,
-0.03466796875,
0.015869140625,
-0.024658203125,
0.0135498046875,
0.03759765625,
0.032958984375,
-0.0108642578125,
0.00244140625,
0.0224609375,
0.0033111572265625,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.0078125,
0.036865234375,
-0.0037078857421875,
-0.005126953125,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.021240234375,
0.05419921875,
0.01611328125,
-0.020751953125,
-0.03466796875,
0.02001953125,
0.0047607421875,
-0.01318359375,
0.0205078125,
0.068359375,
0.036376953125,
0.01348876953125,
0.0035858154296875,
-0.03076171875,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.027099609375,
0.051513671875,
-0.006744384765625,
0.0103759765625,
-0.04541015625,
-0.001983642578125,
0.044677734375,
0.04736328125,
0.050048828125,
0.004730224609375,
-0.018798828125,
0.0128173828125,
0.019775390625,
0.027587890625,
0.0020751953125,
-0.0238037109375,
0.07080078125,
0.042236328125,
0.018310546875,
-0.05078125,
0.030029296875,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0177001953125,
0.0242919921875,
0.026611328125,
-0.01446533203125,
0.06884765625,
-0.00167083740234375,
0.007476806640625,
0.0361328125,
-0.0380859375,
0.005126953125,
-0.03857421875,
0.05029296875,
0.01165771484375,
0.0517578125,
0.01361083984375,
-0.0274658203125,
0.004058837890625,
0.031982421875,
0.03515625,
0.03369140625,
0.0311279296875,
-0.015869140625,
0.03369140625,
-0.03857421875,
0.03125,
0.026611328125,
-0.0166015625,
0.01251220703125,
0.056396484375,
-0.00299072265625,
0.03076171875,
-0.037353515625,
0.029296875,
-0.00946044921875,
0.004058837890625,
-0.037353515625,
0.01007080078125,
0.0322265625,
-0.00201416015625,
0.02197265625,
0.058837890625,
0.0022430419921875,
-0.01104736328125,
0.0220947265625,
0.0194091796875,
-0.03564453125,
0.01611328125,
-0.033935546875,
0.0185546875,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.03857421875,
0.056640625,
-0.007659912109375,
0.023193359375,
-0.031005859375,
0.01153564453125,
-0.030517578125,
-0.035888671875,
-0.03662109375,
-0.04345703125,
-0.0291748046875,
0.02978515625,
0.03955078125,
-0.00714111328125,
-0.0025177001953125,
0.0029144287109375,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.053955078125,
-0.01513671875,
0.0016937255859375,
-0.0027618408203125,
0.05322265625,
-0.00004267692565917969,
0.0361328125,
0.01348876953125,
-0.0011444091796875,
-0.07666015625,
-0.02197265625,
-0.059814453125,
-0.03173828125,
0.0174560546875,
-0.00927734375,
0.020263671875,
0.010986328125,
0.0517578125,
0.0091552734375,
0.0228271484375,
0.072265625,
0.00567626953125,
0.04931640625,
0.050048828125,
0.031982421875,
-0.00927734375,
-0.03271484375,
0.00543212890625,
-0.0054931640625,
0.0206298828125,
0.061279296875,
0.01513671875,
-0.01904296875,
-0.031494140625,
0.00189971923828125,
0.0166015625,
-0.057373046875,
-0.04541015625,
0.00013256072998046875,
-0.0400390625,
0.046142578125,
-0.0072021484375,
0.002838134765625,
-0.01544189453125,
-0.03369140625,
0.0048828125,
0.00113677978515625,
-0.001495361328125,
-0.0478515625,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.0147705078125,
0.0289306640625,
0.032470703125,
0.005767822265625,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.0849609375,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.006317138671875,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.0390625,
-0.01007080078125,
0.012451171875,
0.0205078125,
0.042236328125,
-0.0233154296875,
0.054443359375,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.0032806396484375,
0.06640625,
-0.03515625,
-0.03173828125,
-0.08447265625,
0.009765625,
-0.01220703125,
-0.0198974609375,
0.006103515625,
0.0390625,
0.00160980224609375,
0.0208740234375,
-0.045166015625,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.06201171875,
-0.037353515625,
0.01953125,
0.0238037109375,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.018310546875,
-0.01385498046875,
0.034423828125,
-0.02001953125,
0.027099609375,
0.0732421875,
-0.027587890625,
-0.0045166015625,
-0.046630859375,
0.031982421875,
0.0164794921875,
-0.053955078125,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.04248046875,
0.0037078857421875,
-0.02099609375,
-0.02099609375,
-0.046142578125,
-0.037841796875,
0.024658203125,
0.029296875,
0.00250244140625,
-0.0002498626708984375,
-0.0458984375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.017578125,
0.052978515625,
0.0011749267578125,
0.015625,
0.060546875,
-0.017822265625,
-0.037841796875,
0.038818359375,
0.034912109375,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0771484375,
0.034423828125,
0.0111083984375,
-0.028076171875,
0.05224609375,
0.038818359375,
-0.04345703125,
0.003631591796875,
0.00023937225341796875,
-0.037109375,
-0.027099609375,
-0.029296875,
0.0361328125,
0.0205078125,
-0.033935546875,
0.04150390625,
0.01080322265625,
0.011962890625,
0.02783203125,
0.00897216796875,
0.021240234375,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.0693359375,
0.02099609375,
-0.00101470947265625,
-0.00738525390625,
-0.020751953125,
0.0037841796875,
-0.01104736328125,
0.01220703125,
0.00830078125,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.072265625,
-0.025390625,
-0.0137939453125,
0.052734375,
-0.029296875,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.01275634765625,
0.0074462890625,
-0.053466796875,
-0.003448486328125,
-0.0179443359375,
0.043701171875,
0.000021219253540039062,
-0.07421875,
-0.0240478515625,
0.0191650390625,
0.005157470703125,
0.03466796875,
-0.0244140625,
-0.03125,
-0.000255584716796875,
0.02587890625,
-0.01507568359375,
0.034912109375,
0.0087890625,
0.02880859375,
-0.04345703125,
-0.0181884765625,
0.0225830078125,
0.07958984375,
-0.02099609375,
0.03271484375,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.02392578125,
-0.0311279296875,
-0.048828125,
-0.02490234375,
-0.0162353515625,
0.0113525390625,
0.005279541015625,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.03466796875,
0.00927734375,
-0.0498046875,
0.016845703125,
-0.049560546875,
0.0291748046875,
-0.004150390625,
0.007781982421875,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0218505859375,
0.0072021484375,
0.04541015625,
-0.031494140625,
0.033447265625,
-0.01202392578125,
0.00653076171875,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.03955078125,
-0.055419921875,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.02880859375,
-0.025390625,
0.037353515625,
0.0264892578125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0322265625,
0.00848388671875,
0.0030517578125,
-0.03857421875,
0.0025787353515625,
-0.044921875,
-0.00262451171875,
0.002166748046875,
0.053466796875,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.0247802734375,
0.0146484375,
0.0162353515625,
0.00616455078125,
0.02001953125,
0.00982666015625,
0.0194091796875,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.00194549560546875,
-0.078125,
-0.0206298828125,
0.01190185546875,
0.018798828125,
0.0155029296875,
-0.005523681640625,
0.018310546875,
-0.007781982421875,
-0.05419921875,
0.0230712890625,
-0.0361328125,
-0.04541015625,
0.0135498046875,
0.008544921875,
0.017333984375,
-0.0021209716796875,
0.0179443359375,
-0.009033203125,
0.0125732421875,
-0.017822265625,
0.0302734375,
0.031982421875,
0.000514984130859375,
0.03466796875,
0.037109375,
-0.006072998046875,
0.006317138671875,
0.0322265625,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.035400390625,
-0.005462646484375,
0.038818359375,
-0.002685546875,
-0.0244140625,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.03369140625,
-0.055419921875,
0.03759765625,
-0.0034637451171875,
0.0303955078125,
0.00799560546875,
-0.0062255859375,
-0.050048828125,
0.0223388671875,
-0.0185546875,
-0.0179443359375,
0.031005859375,
-0.06494140625,
-0.034423828125,
0.021484375,
0.018310546875,
0.00506591796875,
0.046875,
0.0089111328125,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.046630859375,
0.0230712890625,
0.031005859375,
0.046142578125,
0.023193359375,
-0.00360107421875,
0.03759765625,
0.05224609375,
0.0419921875,
0.0184326171875,
0.004913330078125,
0.0035247802734375,
-0.02197265625,
-0.016357421875,
0.0255126953125,
-0.014892578125,
-0.009521484375,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.0242919921875,
0.00127410888671875,
-0.040771484375,
-0.04052734375,
0.01141357421875,
-0.0142822265625,
0.01165771484375,
0.0020599365234375,
-0.0169677734375,
0.0198974609375,
0.026123046875,
0.0035400390625,
-0.01318359375,
0.02001953125,
0.0230712890625,
0.03515625,
0.0108642578125,
0.0126953125,
-0.014404296875,
-0.056396484375,
-0.0181884765625,
0.04833984375,
0.03759765625,
0.0238037109375,
0.00089263916015625,
0.0257568359375,
0.006195068359375,
0.00927734375,
-0.007110595703125,
-0.016845703125,
-0.06005859375,
0.03515625,
0.0203857421875,
0.046875,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.0017242431640625,
0.026123046875,
0.002044677734375,
-0.04736328125,
0.0240478515625,
0.02734375,
0.00885009765625,
-0.015625,
0.00433349609375,
-0.0048828125,
0.0250244140625,
0.051025390625,
-0.033447265625,
0.039306640625,
0.0289306640625,
-0.06005859375,
-0.030029296875,
0.0208740234375,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.029541015625,
-0.029052734375,
0.018310546875,
-0.018310546875,
0.0235595703125,
0.007598876953125,
-0.04052734375,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.000560760498046875,
-0.034912109375,
0.00099945068359375,
0.0040283203125,
0.06640625,
0.0247802734375,
-0.0245361328125,
0.043212890625,
-0.012451171875,
0.02001953125,
-0.041015625,
0.0439453125,
0.00616455078125,
-0.056396484375,
-0.06103515625,
-0.042236328125,
0.021728515625,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.060546875,
-0.03662109375,
0.0150146484375,
0.006500244140625,
0.004730224609375,
0.0113525390625,
-0.0205078125,
-0.00836181640625,
0.041015625,
0.00933837890625,
0.021728515625,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.0028228759765625,
0.03369140625,
0.01141357421875,
0.0185546875,
0.002777099609375,
-0.002593994140625,
-0.004913330078125,
-0.0439453125,
-0.05810546875,
0.01055908203125,
-0.041259765625,
0.0234375,
0.00384521484375,
0.0211181640625,
-0.006622314453125,
-0.0201416015625,
0.00130462646484375,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.03076171875,
-0.02197265625,
-0.02294921875,
-0.0245361328125,
0.01263427734375,
0.0184326171875,
-0.039794921875,
0.275390625,
0.03173828125,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.0267333984375,
0.005828857421875,
0.041015625,
-0.006561279296875,
0.00335693359375,
-0.036376953125,
0.023193359375,
-0.0439453125,
0.0113525390625,
0.0018310546875,
0.00982666015625,
0.0186767578125,
0.040283203125,
-0.0098876953125,
0.03173828125,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.0120849609375,
0.001495361328125,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.001190185546875,
0.0859375,
0.05322265625,
0.003936767578125,
0.0135498046875,
-0.039794921875,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.06787109375,
0.006866455078125,
-0.027587890625,
0.0216064453125,
-0.06494140625,
-0.0145263671875,
0.050048828125,
-0.00921630859375,
0.0021514892578125,
0.008544921875,
0.0091552734375,
0.01470947265625,
0.0252685546875,
-0.014892578125,
-0.021728515625,
0.0062255859375,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.032470703125,
0.048828125,
0.08154296875,
-0.046630859375,
0.0252685546875,
0.0205078125,
0.0166015625,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.0098876953125,
0.0203857421875,
0.0228271484375,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.01708984375,
-0.04052734375,
-0.004547119140625,
0.01708984375,
0.041259765625,
0.03955078125,
-0.006195068359375,
0.0291748046875,
0.035400390625,
0.0062255859375,
-0.034423828125,
0.01507568359375,
-0.01025390625,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.026123046875,
-0.00653076171875,
0.07958984375,
0.0322265625,
-0.0286865234375,
0.030517578125,
0.051513671875,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.004180908203125,
-0.03173828125,
0.006561279296875,
0.032470703125,
0.0341796875,
-0.005035400390625,
-0.00421142578125,
-0.04150390625,
0.01336669921875,
0.0172119140625,
0.00469970703125,
0.00994873046875,
0.006439208984375,
0.01708984375,
-0.01080322265625
] |
Boyles, J.
Plaintiff sued the defendant city of Ecorse for damages resulting from an explosion of gas, alleged to have been caused by the negligence of the defendant in failing to maintain a sewer in a condition of reasonable repair, and in failing to investigate a continuous depression in a street intersection to discover a broken sewer and gas main under the street. Escaping gas had accumulated through the broken sewer and exploded in plaintiff’s building destroying the building and contents, burning and seriously injuring the plaintiff.
On jury trial plaintiff had verdict for $35,000 damages and judgment was entered accordingly, with costs. Thereupon the defendant filed a motion for an order setting aside the verdict and judgment and for a new trial. One of the grounds alleged in the motion was that the verdict and judgment were excessive. The court did not abuse its discretion in denying the motion for new trial unless we find otherwise on the question of an excessive verdict, hereinafter discussed. The granting or denying of a new trial rests in the sound discretion of the court and will not be overruled in the absence of an abuse of discretion. Rubenstein v. Purcell, 276 Mich 433; Marion v. Savin, 315 Mich 448.
The motion did not ask for a reduction in the' amount of the verdict and judgment. However, at the hearing in open court on the motion, counsel for the defendant asked the court to “reduce the verdict and judgment'to one that would be equitable.” Without any further showing, the court entered an order which denied the motion for a new trial, but at the same time ordered that the verdict and judgment be reduced to $10,000, withoqt costs, and without attorney fees. Plaintiff was not given the opportunity of deciding whether to consent to a remittitur of $25,000 from the amount of the verdict and judgment as an alternative to the granting of a new trial. The order entered by the court did not grant a new trial unless plaintiff should consent to a remittitur of $25,000, on the ground that the verdict was excessive. A new trial was denied.
At the time of said hearing, the defendant tendered to plaintiff’s counsel, in court, a check of the defendant city for $10,000, payable to the plaintiff and his 3 attorneys, naming them. The plaintiff, in open court, refused to accept the payment, saying: “It is not satisfactory to me.” Shortly afterward plaintiff’s then-attorney, Joseph A. Craigen, filed a petition in the court, on behalf of himself and the 2 other former attorneys for the plaintiff, asking for authority “to indorse the name of Joseph Kellom on a check in the amount of $10,000 so that same may be cashed and the attorneys be paid.” Thereupon the circuit judge entered an order authorizing attorney Joseph A. Craigen to sign plaintiff’s name on the check and cash it, and ordering that the balance of the check after deducting attorney fees be paid to the county clerk, to be paid over to plaintiff on demand.
Subsequently plaintiff, refusing to accept tbe tender, procured an order for substitution of another attorney to represent him on appeal, and perfected the instant appeal to this Court. The substantial question here is whether the trial court, under these circumstances, had authority to reduce the verdict and judgment to $10,000 and compel the plaintiff to accept the reduced amount by authorizing his then-attorney to indorse the check and deposit in court the money remaining after payment of attorney fees.
Notwithstanding the fact that the court had denied defendant’s motion for a new trial on the ground, among others, that the verdict (and judgment) were excessive, the court in effect attempted to reduce the same to $10,000 and compel the plaintiff to accept a portion of that sum after the attorneys had taken out their claims for fees. We conclude that the orders reducing the verdict and judgment, and authorizing the attorney to sign plaintiff’s name to the check, were not binding on the plaintiff and must be set aside as between the plaintiff and the defendant. However, we conclude that in one respect the verdict was excessive.
There was proof of pain and suffering as a result of the injuries, probable shortening of plaintiff’s life expectancy, loss of earning power for 3 years, and inability to return to his former work as a plasterer’s helper. The actual losses for destruction of building, merchandise and other personal property was shown to be approximately $10,000. Plaintiff’s total claim of damages exceeded $43,000. However, plaintiff’s bill of particulars included in that amount a claim for $30,000 for total and permanent disability and total loss of future earning power. While there was evidence of present disabling conditions as a result of plaintiff’s injuries, there is an absence of proof to amount to a reasonable certainty that as a result of the injuries plaintiff has suffered a loss of all future earning power. There was some proof to the contrary.
“It is the generally accepted rule that to entitle a plaintiff to recover damages presently for apprehended future consequences of an injury, there must be such a degree of probability of such consequences as to amount to reasonable certainty that they will result from the original injury.” Brininstool v. Michigan United Railways Co., 157 Mich 172, 180.
The above case was cited with approval in Re Boyer’s Estate, 282 Mich 552, in which case the Court said:
“The testimony did not tend to show such probability of future injury as. to amount to a reasonable certainty that the consequences suggested will result from the original injury.”
We conclude that a judgment for $25,000 would amply compensate plaintiff for all of plaintiff’s damages supported by the proofs. (See Corfeld v. Douglas Houghton Hotel Co., 324 Mich 459, 470.)
If plaintiff consents to a remittitur of $10,000 and files such remittitur in the circuit court within 30 days from the remand of this case, the judgment will be affirmed as thus modified. A new trial, limited solely to the question of damages, is granted unless such remittitur is filed. Brady v. Central Excavators, Inc., 316 Mich 594, 614.
“The only remaining question involves the assessment of damages. This Court may remand for that purpose alone. Court Rule No 72, § 1(g), (1945); Rich v. Daily Creamery Co., 303 Mich 344.” Sullivan v. Ulrich, 326 Mich 218.
See, also, Jackson County Road Commissioners v. O’Leary, 326 Mich 570, 579; Lijewski v. Wrzesinski, 328 Mich 129, 136; Boloven v. Nicholson, 328 Mich 496, 501.
Cross Appeal
The defendant cross-appeals, claiming that the court should have directed a verdict for the defendant on the ground that the defendant was not guilty of any negligence, as a matter of law, and that the defendant had no notice or knowledge of a defective condition of the sewer. The proofs are to the contrary. The sewer was broken at an intersection on Visger street at 17th. The foreman in the municipal public works department testified that while there were other holes in the street along Visger road, “this spot at 17th and Visger was the toughest spot I had in my whole territory. As time went on I would have to fix it about every month, and every time I would fix it, it was going deeper. It was sagging in identically the same spot. * * * I have used as much as a load of crown rock to level the dip at Visger and 17th. This was the toughest spot in my whole territory to keep repaired. Lately I would have to fix it every month. I told Mr. Gare the city engineer about it being low and that I had to work continually on the corner of Visger and 17th.” This raised a question of fact for the jury as to notice or knowledge of the defective condition of the underlying sewer. The negligence of the defendant was a question of fact for the jury.
The 2 other questions urged by cross-appellant are equally without merit. Counsel belatedly raises the issue, for the first time by a supplemental brief, that the defendant was in the exercise of a governmental function for which it was not liable in damages. The question was not raised in the trial court and will not be considered here. The defendant claims the court erred in admitting certain photographic evidence of the defective street condition. The record, indicates that the admission of these exhibits was not objected to. Cross-appellant asks that in the event judgment for plaintiff is sustained in any amount, defendant should be credited with the payment of $10,000.
The order reducing the verdict and judgment is set aside and the case remanded for entry and enforcement of a judgment for $25,000, or in the alternative for a new trial depending on whether the remittitur is filed but limited to the question of damages only. If a retrial is had, each party may present testimony limited to such question of damages. Hudson v. Enichen, 308 Mich 79, 86.
If plaintiff files said remittitur, and cross-appellant has paid $10,000, the trial court will credit the defendant with such payment in entering judgment for $25,000 for the plaintiff. Any question as to their respective rights as between the plaintiff and his present or former attorneys is not here before this Court for decision.
Reversed and remanded in accordance with this opinion, with costs of the trial court to plaintiff, but without costs in this Court, each party having prevailed only in part on this appeal.
Reid, C. J., and North, Dethmers, Carr, and Sharpe, JJ., concurred with Boyles, J. Butzel and Bushnbll, JJ., concurred in the result. | [
-0.0361328125,
0.025390625,
0.0069580078125,
0.041015625,
-0.0615234375,
-0.03564453125,
-0.023681640625,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.021240234375,
0.05908203125,
0.048095703125,
-0.0201416015625,
0.032470703125,
-0.013671875,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.03857421875,
-0.031005859375,
0.00982666015625,
0.021240234375,
-0.00408935546875,
-0.011474609375,
-0.00408935546875,
-0.031494140625,
-0.01123046875,
-0.0198974609375,
0.008544921875,
0.051025390625,
-0.0196533203125,
0.0673828125,
0.0218505859375,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.0234375,
0.0029296875,
0.00107574462890625,
-0.023193359375,
-0.007354736328125,
0.031982421875,
-0.005828857421875,
0.0036468505859375,
-0.004913330078125,
0.0064697265625,
0.0016937255859375,
0.030029296875,
-0.044189453125,
-0.03662109375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.031005859375,
0.00738525390625,
0.041015625,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.003143310546875,
0.00262451171875,
0.0135498046875,
-0.0286865234375,
0.01507568359375,
-0.037109375,
-0.0164794921875,
0.00101470947265625,
-0.0203857421875,
0.0224609375,
0.02685546875,
-0.007293701171875,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.0164794921875,
0.0478515625,
0.033935546875,
-0.02294921875,
-0.00384521484375,
-0.021484375,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0035858154296875,
-0.0031890869140625,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.00506591796875,
-0.015380859375,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.000728607177734375,
0.012451171875,
-0.019287109375,
0.0576171875,
0.0057373046875,
-0.047607421875,
0.033935546875,
0.01031494140625,
-0.02001953125,
0.002227783203125,
0.0250244140625,
-0.0220947265625,
0.04345703125,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.00011873245239257812,
0.03369140625,
0.057373046875,
-0.02587890625,
-0.00150299072265625,
0.047119140625,
-0.02587890625,
0.0162353515625,
0.04736328125,
0.0201416015625,
0.07568359375,
-0.03955078125,
0.04248046875,
-0.031982421875,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0244140625,
0.0034637451171875,
-0.00286865234375,
0.00750732421875,
0.032470703125,
-0.029296875,
-0.039794921875,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.04736328125,
0.0030975341796875,
-0.04248046875,
-0.00701904296875,
0.033447265625,
-0.00750732421875,
0.0224609375,
-0.023681640625,
0.011962890625,
-0.00051116943359375,
0.001922607421875,
0.053466796875,
-0.010986328125,
0.0201416015625,
0.0023345947265625,
-0.00176239013671875,
-0.00775146484375,
0.01007080078125,
0.0262451171875,
0.000244140625,
0.0289306640625,
0.04638671875,
0.023681640625,
0.04296875,
0.033447265625,
-0.01312255859375,
0.00067901611328125,
0.06298828125,
0.01397705078125,
0.07421875,
0.01507568359375,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.01287841796875,
0.02685546875,
-0.055908203125,
-0.0034942626953125,
0.045166015625,
0.0498046875,
0.0201416015625,
-0.002960205078125,
-0.004119873046875,
-0.044677734375,
0.01708984375,
0.032958984375,
0.0181884765625,
0.0703125,
-0.021484375,
0.00762939453125,
-0.01953125,
0.0277099609375,
-0.004547119140625,
0.0194091796875,
-0.0478515625,
-0.05810546875,
0.01953125,
-0.005767822265625,
-0.04833984375,
-0.03515625,
0.0712890625,
-0.004547119140625,
0.037353515625,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.006072998046875,
-0.00750732421875,
0.0322265625,
0.060302734375,
0.0087890625,
0.012451171875,
0.0322265625,
-0.010498046875,
-0.023681640625,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.0291748046875,
0.027099609375,
0.002166748046875,
-0.05126953125,
0.00140380859375,
-0.0208740234375,
0.037353515625,
0.0172119140625,
0.0019378662109375,
0.054443359375,
-0.03125,
-0.030029296875,
0.00069427490234375,
-0.0185546875,
0.0380859375,
-0.004486083984375,
-0.00360107421875,
0.04296875,
0.035400390625,
0.001953125,
0.00830078125,
0.011962890625,
0.0211181640625,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.0079345703125,
0.0198974609375,
0.0279541015625,
-0.001495361328125,
0.0184326171875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.060791015625,
0.0162353515625,
0.0022430419921875,
0.0250244140625,
-0.0191650390625,
0.032470703125,
0.0294189453125,
0.039794921875,
0.01226806640625,
0.012451171875,
-0.00128173828125,
0.00482177734375,
-0.0037689208984375,
0.051025390625,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.030517578125,
0.06640625,
0.0191650390625,
0.0196533203125,
0.000751495361328125,
-0.05029296875,
0.06494140625,
0.07373046875,
0.00518798828125,
-0.04150390625,
0.032958984375,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.021240234375,
-0.016357421875,
0.032470703125,
0.0002346038818359375,
0.0123291015625,
-0.004302978515625,
0.025146484375,
-0.0223388671875,
0.0034332275390625,
0.014892578125,
-0.00090789794921875,
-0.031494140625,
0.003143310546875,
0.059814453125,
0.03662109375,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0181884765625,
0.0220947265625,
0.01434326171875,
0.0361328125,
0.0048828125,
-0.049072265625,
-0.036865234375,
-0.025634765625,
-0.0264892578125,
0.005615234375,
0.00665283203125,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.023681640625,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.04931640625,
0.0267333984375,
0.0191650390625,
-0.02490234375,
-0.00732421875,
-0.040771484375,
0.02685546875,
-0.004913330078125,
0.06689453125,
-0.06396484375,
0.05810546875,
-0.00982666015625,
0.043701171875,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0634765625,
0.005767822265625,
0.040283203125,
-0.03466796875,
-0.00531005859375,
0.00092315673828125,
-0.030517578125,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.040771484375,
-0.000934600830078125,
-0.00830078125,
-0.005157470703125,
0.014404296875,
-0.01513671875,
-0.001953125,
-0.015625,
0.0157470703125,
-0.0201416015625,
0.053955078125,
0.0159912109375,
0.035888671875,
-0.004302978515625,
0.0247802734375,
-0.0181884765625,
0.01171875,
-0.026123046875,
-0.0625,
0.001251220703125,
-0.0341796875,
-0.047119140625,
-0.0390625,
0.0235595703125,
0.03125,
0.052490234375,
-0.0771484375,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.028564453125,
-0.01031494140625,
0.003021240234375,
0.0089111328125,
0.0263671875,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.0478515625,
-0.040283203125,
0.01495361328125,
-0.031005859375,
0.046875,
-0.0576171875,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.0030059814453125,
-0.022705078125,
0.0458984375,
0.0267333984375,
-0.03369140625,
-0.016845703125,
-0.010009765625,
-0.026611328125,
-0.0179443359375,
0.01141357421875,
0.041259765625,
-0.00885009765625,
0.006683349609375,
0.0146484375,
-0.015625,
-0.022705078125,
0.007110595703125,
0.04052734375,
0.0040283203125,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.0140380859375,
0.0017547607421875,
-0.0203857421875,
0.0225830078125,
-0.03173828125,
0.0045166015625,
-0.002044677734375,
0.0257568359375,
0.0228271484375,
-0.052001953125,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0751953125,
0.038818359375,
-0.0181884765625,
0.01611328125,
0.00494384765625,
0.0126953125,
-0.046875,
0.00836181640625,
-0.009521484375,
0.043701171875,
-0.00262451171875,
0.01171875,
0.023681640625,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.0040283203125,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.033935546875,
0.04052734375,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.004791259765625,
0.0218505859375,
0.011474609375,
0.005462646484375,
0.0181884765625,
0.05517578125,
0.01397705078125,
0.0242919921875,
0.0093994140625,
-0.04931640625,
-0.014892578125,
-0.048583984375,
0.041259765625,
0.00860595703125,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.0035400390625,
0.0380859375,
0.050537109375,
-0.0033416748046875,
-0.028076171875,
-0.01123046875,
0.0181884765625,
0.035400390625,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.03271484375,
0.05029296875,
0.0361328125,
0.042236328125,
-0.0299072265625,
0.0152587890625,
-0.054931640625,
0.032470703125,
0.0283203125,
0.0203857421875,
0.0029449462890625,
0.006561279296875,
-0.0625,
0.00872802734375,
0.059326171875,
-0.034912109375,
-0.029052734375,
-0.032958984375,
0.01251220703125,
0.0047607421875,
0.07373046875,
-0.026123046875,
-0.0186767578125,
0.01080322265625,
-0.002044677734375,
0.054443359375,
0.020751953125,
-0.0016632080078125,
0.0157470703125,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.041748046875,
0.07763671875,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.01513671875,
-0.0111083984375,
0.0361328125,
-0.043701171875,
0.056396484375,
-0.036376953125,
0.0250244140625,
-0.014892578125,
-0.043701171875,
-0.044677734375,
0.0032501220703125,
0.04296875,
-0.00106048583984375,
0.0235595703125,
0.059326171875,
-0.01458740234375,
0.01251220703125,
0.037841796875,
-0.006195068359375,
-0.00860595703125,
0.037353515625,
-0.004150390625,
0.0191650390625,
0.0267333984375,
-0.0230712890625,
0.057373046875,
0.00014019012451171875,
0.014892578125,
-0.04150390625,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.020263671875,
-0.0005340576171875,
-0.0322265625,
0.0026702880859375,
0.025390625,
0.0208740234375,
0.0301513671875,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.0216064453125,
0.0167236328125,
-0.02880859375,
0.01336669921875,
0.00628662109375,
0.0242919921875,
0.01171875,
-0.019775390625,
-0.00144195556640625,
-0.029052734375,
0.009033203125,
-0.041259765625,
-0.035888671875,
-0.040283203125,
-0.0031280517578125,
0.056884765625,
-0.036376953125,
0.034423828125,
0.03955078125,
0.02490234375,
-0.000911712646484375,
-0.005706787109375,
0.0208740234375,
0.01153564453125,
0.033935546875,
0.03369140625,
0.00482177734375,
-0.040771484375,
-0.01171875,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.0390625,
-0.06298828125,
0.0255126953125,
-0.00640869140625,
-0.05078125,
-0.056884765625,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.0291748046875,
0.01104736328125,
-0.01495361328125,
0.022705078125,
0.015380859375,
-0.048583984375,
0.053955078125,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.005889892578125,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.032958984375,
-0.041259765625,
0.03564453125,
0.005157470703125,
0.036865234375,
0.0079345703125,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0036163330078125,
0.00592041015625,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.04541015625,
-0.03369140625,
-0.02099609375,
0.054931640625,
0.0034942626953125,
0.00005507469177246094,
0.04052734375,
-0.031005859375,
0.0185546875,
0.04443359375,
-0.021484375,
0.0264892578125,
-0.0771484375,
0.045166015625,
-0.02001953125,
0.0059814453125,
0.0230712890625,
0.029541015625,
-0.000179290771484375,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.044189453125,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.06201171875,
0.0181884765625,
0.0028076171875,
-0.016845703125,
-0.0234375,
-0.05712890625,
0.0303955078125,
-0.031982421875,
0.0172119140625,
0.0712890625,
-0.01202392578125,
0.00848388671875,
-0.033447265625,
0.046875,
0.0120849609375,
-0.038818359375,
-0.03125,
-0.003814697265625,
-0.034423828125,
-0.033935546875,
-0.016357421875,
-0.00299072265625,
-0.0179443359375,
0.00994873046875,
0.01397705078125,
-0.03076171875,
0.036376953125,
-0.047119140625,
-0.028076171875,
-0.050048828125,
0.057373046875,
0.032958984375,
0.057373046875,
0.06591796875,
-0.05615234375,
-0.040771484375,
0.046630859375,
0.00909423828125,
-0.038818359375,
-0.05615234375,
0.03271484375,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.0194091796875,
0.00127410888671875,
0.038330078125,
-0.04833984375,
-0.024658203125,
-0.039794921875,
-0.06494140625,
-0.024658203125,
-0.078125,
0.01483154296875,
0.036865234375,
-0.01385498046875,
0.01507568359375,
0.029541015625,
0.0098876953125,
0.05078125,
-0.0166015625,
0.048095703125,
0.015625,
-0.014892578125,
0.03271484375,
0.007598876953125,
0.00439453125,
-0.0859375,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.023681640625,
0.003509521484375,
0.025390625,
-0.029541015625,
-0.05712890625,
-0.002716064453125,
0.021484375,
0.0625,
-0.045654296875,
0.02978515625,
0.0284423828125,
-0.00384521484375,
-0.051513671875,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.0595703125,
0.0341796875,
0.0147705078125,
-0.06982421875,
-0.03369140625,
0.0213623046875,
0.0205078125,
0.0390625,
-0.02880859375,
-0.031005859375,
-0.0135498046875,
0.01422119140625,
-0.03076171875,
0.057373046875,
0.03125,
0.0108642578125,
-0.06640625,
-0.05224609375,
-0.0184326171875,
0.00970458984375,
-0.01190185546875,
0.0224609375,
-0.04248046875,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.0028076171875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.027587890625,
-0.0234375,
0.01123046875,
0.033203125,
0.01043701171875,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.028564453125,
-0.0274658203125,
0.033447265625,
-0.0166015625,
0.0257568359375,
0.004119873046875,
0.0238037109375,
0.004547119140625,
-0.0118408203125,
0.005584716796875,
0.0086669921875,
-0.0032958984375,
0.0164794921875,
-0.022216796875,
0.00799560546875,
0.032958984375,
-0.0034332275390625,
0.0361328125,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.06591796875,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.0225830078125,
0.00726318359375,
0.01287841796875,
-0.031005859375,
0.033203125,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0181884765625,
0.045654296875,
-0.080078125,
0.00518798828125,
-0.007049560546875,
-0.01202392578125,
0.0142822265625,
0.0184326171875,
0.012451171875,
-0.0218505859375,
0.0106201171875,
-0.0181884765625,
0.0027008056640625,
0.02978515625,
0.043212890625,
0.04345703125,
0.00125885009765625,
-0.020751953125,
-0.052978515625,
-0.040283203125,
-0.020751953125,
0.0380859375,
0.03369140625,
0.009521484375,
0.03515625,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.0439453125,
0.03076171875,
-0.052978515625,
-0.04150390625,
0.0167236328125,
0.02099609375,
0.036376953125,
-0.005615234375,
-0.00439453125,
-0.0269775390625,
0.03369140625,
0.004913330078125,
-0.007415771484375,
-0.01007080078125,
0.0302734375,
0.08203125,
0.00628662109375,
-0.0118408203125,
0.00028228759765625,
0.0234375,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.004730224609375,
-0.00616455078125,
0.02587890625,
0.0152587890625,
-0.0146484375,
0.01153564453125,
0.029052734375,
-0.07421875,
0.000492095947265625,
0.029541015625,
-0.0034027099609375,
-0.0244140625,
0.00897216796875,
-0.0615234375,
0.00933837890625,
0.0167236328125,
0.0035552978515625,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.030517578125,
-0.064453125,
0.0120849609375,
0.040283203125,
-0.003509521484375,
0.0478515625,
0.0263671875,
-0.004547119140625,
-0.04150390625,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.01519775390625,
0.029052734375,
-0.007568359375,
0.0223388671875,
0.007049560546875,
0.0216064453125,
0.041015625,
0.033935546875,
0.036376953125,
0.01409912109375,
-0.033203125,
-0.004974365234375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.01397705078125,
0.0693359375,
-0.01513671875,
-0.029541015625,
0.021728515625,
-0.036376953125,
0.0223388671875,
0.0279541015625,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.04638671875,
0.003875732421875,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.00167083740234375,
0.04931640625,
0.01446533203125,
0.0084228515625,
0.0234375,
0.035888671875,
0.0169677734375,
0.00921630859375,
0.02490234375,
0.0244140625,
0.02734375,
-0.0712890625,
0.0022735595703125,
0.01708984375,
0.03857421875,
-0.005767822265625,
0.0235595703125,
0.0201416015625,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.01116943359375,
0.0208740234375,
-0.023193359375,
-0.046630859375,
0.0216064453125,
-0.028564453125,
0.0224609375,
-0.043701171875,
0.01275634765625,
0.0262451171875,
0.0303955078125,
-0.0277099609375,
0.05126953125,
0.03271484375,
0.037353515625,
0.003448486328125,
0.0238037109375,
0.00070953369140625,
0.0203857421875,
0.049560546875,
-0.0186767578125,
0.041015625,
0.045654296875,
-0.06640625,
-0.01416015625,
0.0294189453125,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0546875,
-0.01483154296875,
0.0023193359375,
-0.00146484375,
0.0206298828125,
0.01434326171875,
-0.047119140625,
0.0030059814453125,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.004608154296875,
-0.0118408203125,
0.0283203125,
0.057373046875,
-0.03271484375,
-0.033935546875,
-0.00180816650390625,
-0.017333984375,
-0.006805419921875,
-0.06298828125,
0.01220703125,
0.0029296875,
-0.0458984375,
-0.07080078125,
0.000530242919921875,
0.0245361328125,
0.018798828125,
-0.037841796875,
-0.033935546875,
0.006256103515625,
0.0172119140625,
-0.035400390625,
0.00138092041015625,
-0.025634765625,
-0.046142578125,
0.046630859375,
0.00286865234375,
0.047119140625,
0.0264892578125,
0.01513671875,
0.00121307373046875,
-0.00665283203125,
-0.00482177734375,
-0.00006532669067382812,
0.03076171875,
-0.038818359375,
-0.0057373046875,
-0.00103759765625,
-0.04345703125,
-0.005767822265625,
0.0098876953125,
0.000614166259765625,
0.013671875,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.04833984375,
-0.00225830078125,
-0.0054931640625,
-0.023193359375,
-0.007476806640625,
-0.031982421875,
-0.032470703125,
0.001678466796875,
0.007568359375,
-0.0556640625,
0.263671875,
0.020751953125,
-0.0205078125,
0.02001953125,
-0.028564453125,
0.054931640625,
0.004425048828125,
0.0096435546875,
-0.032958984375,
0.004150390625,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.0281982421875,
0.00445556640625,
0.01300048828125,
0.033203125,
0.016357421875,
-0.0228271484375,
0.009033203125,
-0.00173187255859375,
-0.03076171875,
0.028564453125,
-0.02734375,
-0.02734375,
0.059326171875,
0.0284423828125,
0.012939453125,
-0.0020751953125,
-0.0537109375,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.06689453125,
-0.00421142578125,
-0.03662109375,
0.000148773193359375,
-0.046875,
-0.0235595703125,
0.04150390625,
0.0087890625,
-0.00689697265625,
-0.005859375,
-0.0262451171875,
0.000507354736328125,
0.0322265625,
0.01019287109375,
-0.00994873046875,
0.0024871826171875,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.041748046875,
0.050537109375,
0.040771484375,
-0.0155029296875,
0.018310546875,
0.0294189453125,
-0.004730224609375,
-0.006011962890625,
-0.02685546875,
0.01171875,
0.00439453125,
-0.000385284423828125,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.004302978515625,
0.013427734375,
-0.0113525390625,
0.007049560546875,
0.048095703125,
-0.01336669921875,
0.008544921875,
0.04345703125,
0.01263427734375,
-0.0211181640625,
0.0167236328125,
0.003936767578125,
-0.01806640625,
0.029296875,
-0.04443359375,
0.0233154296875,
0.035400390625,
-0.0159912109375,
0.0191650390625,
0.0400390625,
0.00885009765625,
0.006927490234375,
-0.00433349609375,
0.017333984375,
0.03662109375,
0.0020294189453125,
0.0380859375,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.038330078125,
0.00006103515625,
0.005889892578125,
0.004180908203125,
0.00714111328125,
0.005126953125,
0.0079345703125,
0.01116943359375
] |
Potter, J.
Plaintiffs filed a bill against the Kalamazoo Citizens Loan & Investment Company, a corporation, its officers and directors, claiming to be the owners of 221 shares of 8 per cent, cumulative preferred stock of defendant corporation, organized with $390,000 capital ($130,000 in common stock and $260,000 in preferred stock), the par value of each share of stock being $25. This stock was sold by the corporation on the basis of $35 a share, thus creating a paid up but unearned surplus amounting to $10 a share. The corporation for a time made money, but when the bubble of credit inflation burst, this corporation, with commendable foresight, sought shelter by seeking to keep expenses in line with diminished earnings. Its common stockholders control the officers of the corporation. They voted to issue the corporation debentures and to exchange them with the holders of the preferred stock on the basis of $25, plus $10, plus $1 a share to cover the dividends on the preferred stock up to July 1, 1930, or $36 in debentures for each share of preferred stock, which preferred stock when so acquired was canceled and destroyed. The holders of all but 396 shares of the preferred stock accepted the offer and of this 396 shares which did not accept, plaintiffs represent 221 shares which they still own. Plaintiffs, by their bill of complaint, ask the issuance of the company’s debentures in exchange for its preferred stock be declared ultra, vires, illegal, contrary to the company’s charter, null and void, in violation of plaintiffs’ rights and confiscatory of their property, and the debenture holders be declared to have no prior rights over the holders of plaintiffs’ preferred stock and the corporation pay the amount of interest upon the preferred stock and the principal amount thereof; that the corporation be restrained from paying any more interest on its debentures until plaintiffs are paid back the principal amount of their preferred stock and the interest thereon, the corporation come to an accounting and for other relief.
The trial judge filed a written opinion in which he stated:
"In my opinion this record will not support the conclusion that the action of defendant company in providing for the issuance of debentures for pre-, ferred stock under the particular circumstances shown was -ultra vires or unwarranted or taken in bad faith.
"We must look at the situation as it then appeared to the stockholders and to those in charge of the affairs of defendant company and not as it may since, in the light of later events, have proved to be. It is highly probable that it is very different than they anticipated.
"Plaintiffs are not entitled to the specific relief prayed but they have at all times had, and still have, the right to exchange their preferred stock for debentures. They are not barred therefrom by laches. They are entitled to cash or debentures for accrued interest equal to that paid the other holders of debentures. If they had exercised their right to exchange earlier they would have received interest in cash with the others. For reasons satisfactory to themselves they elected to delay their acceptance of defendant’s, proposal.
“It may or may not be that defendant company should have created a reserve fund for the payment of interest on all debentures that might be issued at any time no matter how remote. Apparently that was not done and apparently defendant company had no reason to expect there would ever be any demand by the plaintiffs for debentures or interest thereon.
“Under all the particular circumstances shown I do not think plaintiffs are now entitled in a court of equity to insist that defendant company pay accrued interest on the debentures to be issued to them in cash from the capital assets of the com-pany.
“Upon the surrender of their preferred stock they should receive debentures therefor and for accrued interest thereon.”
The decree of the trial court followed this opinion. From the decree entered plaintiffs appeal and defendants take a cross-appeal.
Plaintiffs contend the decree of the trial court, in addition to providing plaintiffs may exchange their preferred stock upon the basis of $36 a share, should provide:
“In addition thereto that said defendant corporation shall pay to each one of the plaintiffs in cash the same pro rata amount of interest as has been heretofore paid by defendant to the preferred stockholders who surrendered their preferred stock and took debentures therefor and that plaintiffs be placed upon the same footing and in the same position that the holders of debentures are in who sur rendered preferred stock and took debentures therefor.”
Defendants and cross-appellants ask the decree of the trial court be modified by striking therefrom the following language:
“In addition thereto said defendant corporation shall issue to each of the said plaintiffs the like debentures of said defendant corporation for the same amount of interest per dollar of each of plaintiffs’ said preferred stock as the said defendant corporation has heretofore paid as interest per dollar on the debentures issued by said corporation to other holders of preferred stock who surrendered their preferred stock and took debentures therefor.”
Plaintiffs had a chance to surrender their preferred stock and become holders of debentures. They did not choose to do so. In case the corporation should succeed after the payment of 8 per cent, upon the preferred stock and 8 per cent, upon the common stock, the holders of the preferred stock would be entitled to a distribution of one-half of the amount earned in excess of such 8 per cent, on all stock and under the circumstances with the greater amount of the preferred stock surrendered and debentures taken therefor, this amount distributed among the 396 shares might amount to a substantial sum.
Plaintiffs did not elect to exchange their preferred stock for debentures but held it and still continue to hold it. Plaintiffs cannot be stockholders in defendant corporation and at the same time, based on the same transaction, claim the rights of debenture holders. They cannot hold the preferred stock of the defendant corporation with a prospect, however remote, of big dividends and at the same time, on the same transaction, have the benefit of interest on debentures as a creditor of the corporation. They cannot be part owners of the corporation as preferred stockholders and creditors of the corporation at the same time based upon debentures which might have been but never were issued in exchange for the preferred stock. As stockholders they cannot be entitled to interest on the debentures they did not own, or hold, and at the same time be entitled to dividends on the preferred stock in case the same were earned and declared. We cannot make a new contract for the parties nor may we change the position which they elected to take. After it was ascertained dividends on the preferred stock were not going to be declared, plaintiffs now seek to get debentures on the same basis as other persons who exchanged their preferred stock for debentures, and also to have the benefit of interest upon the debentures which they did not hold, and for which they had not exchanged their preferred stock, the same as if they had exchanged their preferred stock for debentures at the time the proposition was first offered. We think plaintiffs are not entitled to this relief.
The decree of the trial court will be modified so as to permit plaintiffs if they so elect, to exchange their preferred stock for debentures upon the same basis exchange was made by the other holders of preferred stock in defendant corporation, and, as so modified, the decree will be affirmed, with costs to defendant corporation.
North, Fead, Wiest, Btjtzel, Bushnell, and Edward M. Sharpe, JJ., concurred. Nelson Sharpe, C. J., did not sit. | [
0.00616455078125,
0.0185546875,
0.0595703125,
0.035400390625,
-0.020751953125,
0.005950927734375,
-0.00579833984375,
-0.0211181640625,
0.01129150390625,
0.049072265625,
0.04150390625,
-0.004241943359375,
0.031982421875,
0.0016021728515625,
-0.01446533203125,
0.0036773681640625,
-0.0036163330078125,
0.0213623046875,
-0.0166015625,
0.04248046875,
0.0111083984375,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.048828125,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.01385498046875,
0.0130615234375,
0.01177978515625,
-0.0162353515625,
0.07763671875,
0.0198974609375,
0.001007080078125,
-0.022216796875,
0.01300048828125,
-0.020751953125,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.0263671875,
-0.002044677734375,
-0.057373046875,
0.006683349609375,
-0.0159912109375,
0.028076171875,
0.0164794921875,
0.039306640625,
-0.021728515625,
-0.038330078125,
-0.023193359375,
-0.023681640625,
-0.0380859375,
0.0269775390625,
-0.03369140625,
0.042724609375,
-0.0147705078125,
0.019287109375,
-0.0380859375,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.0576171875,
-0.00567626953125,
-0.029052734375,
-0.015380859375,
0.01422119140625,
0.01080322265625,
-0.0220947265625,
0.045166015625,
-0.028564453125,
0.0228271484375,
0.02392578125,
-0.007415771484375,
0.0262451171875,
-0.0107421875,
-0.004547119140625,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.000858306884765625,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.002838134765625,
0.00958251953125,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.0478515625,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.033447265625,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.013916015625,
0.068359375,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.0732421875,
0.033203125,
0.009033203125,
0.022216796875,
-0.005645751953125,
0.044921875,
-0.0166015625,
0.052978515625,
-0.03515625,
-0.0169677734375,
0.08203125,
0.03125,
-0.000774383544921875,
0.0205078125,
0.02783203125,
-0.0081787109375,
0.0194091796875,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.0303955078125,
0.0634765625,
-0.00067138671875,
0.06103515625,
0.00897216796875,
-0.024658203125,
-0.017822265625,
-0.0019378662109375,
-0.00775146484375,
0.00179290771484375,
0.00885009765625,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.0419921875,
-0.000385284423828125,
-0.059814453125,
0.0205078125,
-0.029052734375,
-0.01324462890625,
0.042724609375,
0.024169921875,
0.00616455078125,
-0.00274658203125,
0.013916015625,
0.01171875,
-0.032470703125,
0.025634765625,
-0.025146484375,
0.030029296875,
0.0101318359375,
0.002960205078125,
-0.03564453125,
0.03173828125,
0.01165771484375,
0.01953125,
0.03369140625,
-0.0012054443359375,
0.00689697265625,
0.026611328125,
0.0159912109375,
-0.00005507469177246094,
-0.037109375,
0.041748046875,
-0.0076904296875,
0.042724609375,
-0.01513671875,
0.04248046875,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.0400390625,
-0.01544189453125,
0.054443359375,
0.05419921875,
0.0223388671875,
-0.0020904541015625,
-0.004364013671875,
0.01129150390625,
0.030029296875,
-0.033203125,
-0.03125,
-0.0191650390625,
0.0036773681640625,
0.01275634765625,
-0.01171875,
0.045166015625,
0.006439208984375,
-0.00579833984375,
-0.03369140625,
-0.040283203125,
-0.0019683837890625,
-0.00118255615234375,
-0.07470703125,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.0037078857421875,
0.0301513671875,
0.044921875,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.008544921875,
-0.0023040771484375,
-0.00994873046875,
0.04296875,
0.046142578125,
0.0196533203125,
0.006591796875,
0.0162353515625,
-0.00469970703125,
-0.051513671875,
0.013671875,
-0.019287109375,
0.0380859375,
0.025634765625,
-0.0654296875,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.033203125,
0.01507568359375,
-0.01123046875,
0.000759124755859375,
0.037353515625,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.01708984375,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.0155029296875,
0.031005859375,
-0.0028076171875,
-0.0595703125,
0.0634765625,
0.0162353515625,
-0.01165771484375,
0.009765625,
0.00885009765625,
0.03076171875,
0.016845703125,
-0.0224609375,
-0.00885009765625,
0.0419921875,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.006866455078125,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.00110626220703125,
0.025390625,
0.0155029296875,
-0.047607421875,
0.0732421875,
0.000827789306640625,
-0.0361328125,
0.07666015625,
0.01068115234375,
-0.04541015625,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.0062255859375,
-0.0029754638671875,
0.0244140625,
0.0458984375,
-0.01220703125,
-0.0162353515625,
0.05908203125,
0.028564453125,
0.018310546875,
0.020751953125,
-0.043212890625,
0.047119140625,
0.0654296875,
-0.00927734375,
-0.027587890625,
0.05029296875,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.01092529296875,
0.052978515625,
-0.00714111328125,
0.021484375,
-0.0361328125,
0.03564453125,
-0.00130462646484375,
0.00457763671875,
-0.005645751953125,
0.0133056640625,
-0.03662109375,
-0.038330078125,
0.0311279296875,
0.0098876953125,
-0.06884765625,
-0.006256103515625,
0.0166015625,
-0.062255859375,
0.0242919921875,
0.00909423828125,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.029541015625,
-0.007720947265625,
-0.041259765625,
-0.01458740234375,
0.00970458984375,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.04248046875,
0.01275634765625,
-0.028076171875,
0.0203857421875,
-0.05810546875,
-0.00109100341796875,
-0.01953125,
-0.018310546875,
0.03125,
-0.007568359375,
0.031005859375,
-0.0439453125,
0.03369140625,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0037384033203125,
-0.01318359375,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.0211181640625,
0.01318359375,
0.07763671875,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.020263671875,
0.013916015625,
-0.00250244140625,
-0.03125,
-0.025634765625,
-0.005096435546875,
-0.01904296875,
-0.024169921875,
0.0244140625,
-0.031005859375,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.000522613525390625,
0.007171630859375,
0.006744384765625,
0.0235595703125,
0.0230712890625,
-0.004150390625,
-0.00274658203125,
0.034912109375,
0.0277099609375,
0.06201171875,
0.000911712646484375,
-0.041015625,
-0.005523681640625,
0.00872802734375,
-0.03125,
-0.01129150390625,
0.0196533203125,
0.0289306640625,
0.03173828125,
-0.07861328125,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.03662109375,
-0.025146484375,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0032806396484375,
-0.0026092529296875,
-0.016357421875,
0.00286865234375,
0.016845703125,
-0.046630859375,
0.0242919921875,
-0.01226806640625,
0.04541015625,
-0.0174560546875,
0.015869140625,
0.007049560546875,
0.005035400390625,
0.032958984375,
-0.00665283203125,
-0.04248046875,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.04931640625,
-0.007354736328125,
-0.0184326171875,
0.032470703125,
0.01177978515625,
0.0255126953125,
0.024169921875,
-0.0017852783203125,
-0.04345703125,
0.03857421875,
0.01416015625,
0.0133056640625,
-0.0030364990234375,
-0.03466796875,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.01531982421875,
-0.03857421875,
-0.02734375,
0.033203125,
-0.02783203125,
0.041748046875,
0.0654296875,
-0.02734375,
0.0301513671875,
-0.019287109375,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.005218505859375,
0.0025177001953125,
0.000972747802734375,
-0.00872802734375,
0.0205078125,
-0.010986328125,
0.0279541015625,
0.02587890625,
0.037841796875,
0.00665283203125,
0.0133056640625,
0.0301513671875,
-0.034912109375,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.02294921875,
0.02294921875,
0.01092529296875,
-0.041748046875,
-0.048828125,
0.011962890625,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.01531982421875,
0.02197265625,
0.03173828125,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0118408203125,
0.0162353515625,
-0.04931640625,
-0.042724609375,
-0.012451171875,
0.05126953125,
-0.018310546875,
0.000705718994140625,
-0.0087890625,
-0.002471923828125,
0.02685546875,
0.037841796875,
0.000469207763671875,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.0322265625,
0.027099609375,
0.0615234375,
-0.007171630859375,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.0341796875,
0.0179443359375,
-0.00689697265625,
0.059326171875,
-0.04833984375,
0.064453125,
-0.0126953125,
0.003692626953125,
-0.015869140625,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.00830078125,
-0.03173828125,
-0.002349853515625,
0.06201171875,
0.003753662109375,
0.004119873046875,
-0.020263671875,
0.005645751953125,
0.0478515625,
0.06591796875,
-0.024169921875,
-0.01190185546875,
0.042236328125,
-0.0128173828125,
0.006622314453125,
0.00555419921875,
0.0198974609375,
0.00177764892578125,
0.01806640625,
-0.0235595703125,
0.037109375,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.00054931640625,
0.04443359375,
-0.033447265625,
0.033447265625,
-0.039794921875,
0.01544189453125,
-0.006439208984375,
-0.0033721923828125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.016845703125,
0.032470703125,
0.00494384765625,
0.000911712646484375,
0.068359375,
-0.0050048828125,
0.033447265625,
0.01202392578125,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.0264892578125,
0.015625,
0.0225830078125,
0.02099609375,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.0250244140625,
0.033935546875,
-0.0400390625,
0.051025390625,
-0.01708984375,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.068359375,
-0.041015625,
-0.04345703125,
-0.003448486328125,
-0.033447265625,
0.00701904296875,
0.040283203125,
0.00335693359375,
0.017333984375,
-0.00165557861328125,
-0.038330078125,
0.00396728515625,
-0.048583984375,
-0.062255859375,
0.0166015625,
0.00604248046875,
0.029541015625,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.00830078125,
-0.006927490234375,
-0.0218505859375,
0.0035247802734375,
-0.0419921875,
-0.05126953125,
-0.018798828125,
0.0712890625,
-0.04541015625,
0.00830078125,
0.0294189453125,
0.052978515625,
-0.0181884765625,
0.030517578125,
0.02490234375,
0.01806640625,
0.042236328125,
0.05859375,
0.036865234375,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.049560546875,
0.021728515625,
-0.033935546875,
0.007568359375,
0.05810546875,
-0.0062255859375,
0.00157928466796875,
-0.05126953125,
-0.000728607177734375,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.0224609375,
0.006744384765625,
0.023681640625,
-0.00677490234375,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.068359375,
0.022216796875,
-0.0030975341796875,
-0.016845703125,
-0.02587890625,
-0.046142578125,
-0.0419921875,
0.0299072265625,
0.042236328125,
0.006561279296875,
-0.029541015625,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.00150299072265625,
0.02490234375,
0.01708984375,
-0.02099609375,
-0.006622314453125,
0.0235595703125,
0.021240234375,
0.034912109375,
-0.0478515625,
0.0400390625,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.00836181640625,
0.002288818359375,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0283203125,
-0.0546875,
-0.005157470703125,
-0.0289306640625,
0.0155029296875,
-0.0166015625,
0.054931640625,
0.01806640625,
0.0186767578125,
-0.0162353515625,
0.003387451171875,
-0.030517578125,
-0.05078125,
0.036865234375,
0.01409912109375,
-0.0181884765625,
0.00836181640625,
-0.05615234375,
0.0034332275390625,
-0.05859375,
0.017333984375,
0.056640625,
-0.03271484375,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.0262451171875,
0.001495361328125,
0.01177978515625,
-0.0311279296875,
-0.007049560546875,
0.0184326171875,
0.015380859375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.029052734375,
0.0111083984375,
-0.056640625,
0.033935546875,
0.025634765625,
-0.03125,
-0.00311279296875,
-0.04443359375,
-0.0546875,
0.00104522705078125,
0.029296875,
0.01025390625,
0.034423828125,
0.05224609375,
0.00885009765625,
0.000453948974609375,
0.049072265625,
-0.0205078125,
-0.02783203125,
-0.0146484375,
0.04150390625,
-0.021484375,
-0.0181884765625,
0.04052734375,
0.037109375,
-0.03759765625,
0.00494384765625,
-0.033203125,
-0.0693359375,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.032958984375,
0.041015625,
0.041748046875,
-0.0751953125,
-0.000232696533203125,
0.0191650390625,
0.022216796875,
0.03466796875,
-0.0303955078125,
0.04345703125,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.0107421875,
0.00885009765625,
-0.006683349609375,
0.021728515625,
-0.019775390625,
0.0069580078125,
0.00010251998901367188,
-0.004669189453125,
0.056396484375,
-0.0296630859375,
0.0020751953125,
-0.03173828125,
0.00616455078125,
0.0771484375,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.022705078125,
0.0252685546875,
0.0208740234375,
-0.0184326171875,
0.00286865234375,
-0.0576171875,
0.0263671875,
0.004486083984375,
-0.05419921875,
0.004425048828125,
0.0201416015625,
0.006256103515625,
0.052490234375,
-0.0322265625,
0.0031585693359375,
-0.0230712890625,
0.00994873046875,
-0.04052734375,
0.04443359375,
-0.00732421875,
0.0712890625,
-0.037353515625,
-0.054443359375,
-0.00119781494140625,
0.03564453125,
-0.002685546875,
-0.00506591796875,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0308837890625,
0.004119873046875,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.06298828125,
0.00762939453125,
0.03271484375,
0.0203857421875,
-0.02490234375,
0.0185546875,
-0.03466796875,
-0.054443359375,
0.0032806396484375,
-0.034423828125,
0.00762939453125,
-0.034912109375,
-0.000400543212890625,
0.0277099609375,
-0.048095703125,
0.00689697265625,
0.01953125,
-0.01422119140625,
0.0250244140625,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.00885009765625,
0.0001316070556640625,
0.04248046875,
0.0125732421875,
0.011474609375,
-0.0018768310546875,
-0.058837890625,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.0286865234375,
0.006561279296875,
-0.005615234375,
0.04296875,
0.005462646484375,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.025146484375,
0.0164794921875,
-0.0255126953125,
0.02685546875,
-0.00445556640625,
0.02197265625,
0.032958984375,
0.0262451171875,
-0.042236328125,
-0.01434326171875,
0.03515625,
-0.020263671875,
0.010009765625,
0.01904296875,
0.01507568359375,
0.0059814453125,
0.004974365234375,
-0.01171875,
-0.08544921875,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0179443359375,
0.0498046875,
0.026123046875,
-0.01104736328125,
0.0400390625,
-0.04296875,
-0.007720947265625,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.01116943359375,
0.0244140625,
0.02099609375,
-0.01220703125,
-0.0201416015625,
0.0020904541015625,
-0.0006866455078125,
0.033447265625,
-0.08642578125,
0.00543212890625,
0.00360107421875,
-0.0025787353515625,
0.0025634765625,
0.016357421875,
0.00010776519775390625,
0.00933837890625,
0.00299072265625,
-0.009765625,
-0.0478515625,
-0.01287841796875,
0.01556396484375,
-0.028076171875,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.016845703125,
-0.03662109375,
0.0260009765625,
-0.01556396484375,
0.0296630859375,
0.004547119140625,
0.01153564453125,
-0.018798828125,
0.03173828125,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.0054931640625,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.0478515625,
0.036865234375,
0.06982421875,
0.00799560546875,
0.056396484375,
-0.00150299072265625,
0.007232666015625,
-0.00701904296875,
-0.034423828125,
-0.011474609375,
0.07470703125,
0.0498046875,
0.0238037109375,
-0.0004787445068359375,
0.01483154296875,
0.028564453125,
0.021484375,
-0.00030517578125,
-0.005340576171875,
0.001617431640625,
0.007080078125,
-0.00726318359375,
-0.037109375,
0.044921875,
-0.00168609619140625,
-0.061767578125,
0.0081787109375,
-0.0308837890625,
0.0164794921875,
0.0028076171875,
-0.006439208984375,
0.006439208984375,
-0.032470703125,
-0.03857421875,
-0.048828125,
-0.0286865234375,
0.01806640625,
0.0240478515625,
0.0024261474609375,
0.01531982421875,
0.03369140625,
0.00860595703125,
0.0615234375,
-0.002777099609375,
0.0283203125,
-0.00165557861328125,
-0.0498046875,
-0.033203125,
0.023193359375,
0.0205078125,
-0.031982421875,
0.024169921875,
0.00958251953125,
0.040283203125,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0830078125,
0.027099609375,
0.00001233816146850586,
0.052490234375,
-0.046142578125,
-0.004791259765625,
-0.0064697265625,
0.0208740234375,
-0.044921875,
0.04052734375,
0.02099609375,
0.0194091796875,
-0.0107421875,
0.0078125,
0.0146484375,
0.0301513671875,
0.0390625,
-0.01513671875,
0.05029296875,
0.058837890625,
-0.045654296875,
-0.0047607421875,
0.018798828125,
-0.02880859375,
-0.07177734375,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.02001953125,
-0.01104736328125,
0.00994873046875,
0.052490234375,
-0.037109375,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.0478515625,
-0.0069580078125,
0.046630859375,
0.0014801025390625,
0.046630859375,
0.00439453125,
-0.0390625,
0.0107421875,
0.0238037109375,
-0.00002872943878173828,
-0.0198974609375,
0.0517578125,
0.016357421875,
-0.036376953125,
-0.054443359375,
0.008056640625,
-0.02099609375,
0.011962890625,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.07373046875,
0.036376953125,
0.0216064453125,
0.01287841796875,
-0.0244140625,
0.00885009765625,
-0.00408935546875,
0.035888671875,
0.039794921875,
-0.0269775390625,
0.011962890625,
0.01483154296875,
0.0400390625,
0.04345703125,
0.012451171875,
-0.009033203125,
0.041748046875,
0.0026397705078125,
-0.006439208984375,
-0.030029296875,
-0.01806640625,
-0.064453125,
0.0142822265625,
0.06884765625,
0.01708984375,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.02734375,
-0.00311279296875,
-0.025634765625,
-0.03515625,
-0.030517578125,
-0.01171875,
-0.0159912109375,
0.0079345703125,
0.041748046875,
-0.053955078125,
0.275390625,
0.034912109375,
0.0166015625,
-0.031005859375,
0.005401611328125,
0.05224609375,
0.0166015625,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.035400390625,
0.0238037109375,
0.0031890869140625,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.0147705078125,
0.025390625,
0.01055908203125,
0.01708984375,
-0.04541015625,
0.00848388671875,
0.021240234375,
-0.02099609375,
-0.025634765625,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.0458984375,
0.062255859375,
0.035888671875,
0.0284423828125,
0.021728515625,
-0.095703125,
-0.029052734375,
-0.046142578125,
-0.000453948974609375,
-0.052001953125,
0.0281982421875,
-0.040283203125,
-0.052490234375,
0.031494140625,
-0.03369140625,
0.0081787109375,
-0.033203125,
0.0224609375,
-0.0103759765625,
0.035400390625,
-0.00090789794921875,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.043701171875,
-0.018798828125,
-0.020751953125,
0.04052734375,
0.0274658203125,
-0.031982421875,
0.01068115234375,
0.047607421875,
0.042236328125,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.021240234375,
0.00830078125,
0.01177978515625,
-0.010986328125,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.0166015625,
0.0272216796875,
0.03955078125,
0.059814453125,
0.05224609375,
0.00445556640625,
0.0169677734375,
0.0294189453125,
0.0296630859375,
-0.0238037109375,
0.006439208984375,
-0.01373291015625,
0.00823974609375,
-0.03369140625,
-0.00125885009765625,
0.03515625,
-0.0069580078125,
-0.03173828125,
0.02392578125,
0.041259765625,
-0.046142578125,
0.022216796875,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.017333984375,
0.01153564453125,
0.055908203125,
0.0186767578125,
0.0238037109375,
-0.0296630859375,
0.0244140625,
-0.000759124755859375,
0.0174560546875,
0.00872802734375,
-0.0038604736328125,
-0.0240478515625,
0.01953125
] |
Carr, J.
These cases arise from an accident occurring February 27,1948, on a public street in the city of Detroit. It is conceded that defendant Haak was the owner of a taxicab which was being used by the other defendant, with the knowledge and consent of the owner and in his business. Claiming that she had sustained personal injuries because of negligence on the part of the driver of the vehicle, plaintiff Edith Hall instituted an action in the circuit Court of Wayne county to recover damages. Her husband, William Hall, also sued to recover for medical expenses and for loss of his wife’s services. The cases were tried together before the court without a jury, and judgments entered in favor of defendants. ' Motions for new trials were made and denied. Plaintiffs have appealed, claiming that the factual findings of the trial judge were not supported by the proofs. For convenience and brevity we refer herein to Mrs. Hall as the plaintiff and to the driver of the taxicab as the defendant.
Plaintiff testified on the trial that she was 64 years of age. It was her claim that in the afternoon of the day in question she rode in defendant’s taxicab from the Belcrest Hotel in the city of Detroit to a point on the west side of Washington boulevard approximately 70 feet north of the Michigan avenue crosswalk, that she left the cab and proceeded to a certain store, that thereafter she returned to the cab and inquired of defendant as to the time, that she then proceeded to the rear of the cab, and started to cross the street immediately behind the vehicle. At the moment the cab was standing still. Plaintiff testified in substance that she “stepped down off the curb 2 or 3 feet” to a point approximately at the middle of the'rear bumper of the car when she was struck by it and knocked down. She claimed further that she did not hear or observe any warning indicating that the driver of the taxicab intended to back the vehicle. She testified that, although momentarily stunned, she recalled being picked up from the pavement at the center of the rear bumper and taken to a hospital.
A physician who treated plaintiff testified in her behalf as to the nature of the injuries sustained, which he described as a “plateau fracture of the upper end of the right tibia.” The testimony of the witness further indicated that there was a depression of a portion of the upper part of the bone, and that an operation was performed to remedy the condition. Based on the testimony of plaintiff and her medical witness, it is argued in her behalf that the injury was of such nature and location as to require the conclusion that she was struck violently on the right side of the knee by the rear bumper of defendant’s cab, and that at the time of the impact the defendant must have been backing up with his vehicle in reverse gear.
Defendant was called by plaintiff for cross-examination under the statute (CL 1948, § 617.66 [Stat Ann § 27.915]). He testified that after plaintiff alighted from his cab he proceeded to make out a trip sheet, and that as he did so his foot was on the brake pedal and the car in neutral, standing about 4 inches from the curb. He claimed further that after completing the entries on the trip sheet he removed his foot from the brake pedal and started to shift into low gear with the intention of driving forward to Michigan avenue, that at that instant he heard a thump at the back of his cab, set the emergency brake, and went back to investigate. According to his testimony plaintiff was 5 or 6 inches behind the cab and was lying with half her body on the sidewalk and half on the pavement. He denied that he put the cab in reverse gear, testifying that it was not necessary to back up because there was nothing to prevent his proceeding forward. He' stated further that he did not at the time know whether the street sloped in either direction, but that he kept his foot on the brake pedal as a matter of precaution and habit, and that when he released it the cab might have moved back slightly, not more than 2 or 3 inches. Defendant' claimed that, prior to releasing the brake preparatory to shifting to low gear, he looked in his rearview mirrors to ascertain if there was any vehicle approaching from the rear or anyone behind his cab, and that he did not see the plaintiff.
After listening to the testimony, the trial judge concluded that plaintiff had failed to establish that defendant was negligent as claimed by her. He also suggested in his opinion that, assuming negligence on the part of defendant, plaintiff was barred from recovery because she had failed to establish her freedom from contributory negligence. In view of the conclusion reached on the primary issue no specific finding was made with reference to plaintiff’s alleged want of due care for her own safety.
It has been repeatedly declared by this Court that in a case tried before the judge without a jury and determined on the basis of findings of facts the judgment entered will not be reversed unless the evidence preponderates against such findings. Shaver v. Associated Truck Lines, 322 Mich 323. In Re Karch’s Estate, 311 Mich 158, 162, it was said:
“At the outset plaintiff is confronted with the repeated declaration of this Court that where issues of fact have been decided by the circuit judge in a law case tried without a jury we do not reverse unless the evidence clearly preponderates in the opposite direction. The circuit judge is the trier of the facts and may give such weight to the testimony as in his opinion it is entitled to. Vannett v. Michigan Public Service Co., 289 Mich 212. It is the province of the trial judge in a nonjury case to draw legitimate inferences and weigh the probabilities from the established facts. Hazen v. Rockefeller, 303 Mich 536. The trial judge who heard the witnesses as trier of the facts is better able to judge of their credibility and the weight to be accorded their testimony, and we do not reverse unless the evidence clearly preponderates in the opposite direction. Besh v. Mutual Benefit Health & Accident Association, 304 Mich 343.”
In the case at bar the trial judge came to the conclusion that defendant’s testimony as to the operation of the taxicab was substantially correct, that there was no violation by defendant of any pertinent provision of either the motor vehicle law of the State or the traffic ordinance of the city of Detroit, and that he was not negligent in any other respect, as claimed by plaintiff. We think that such conclusion finds adequate support in the record.
As before noted, defendant was called by plaintiff for cross-examination under the statute. Insofar as his testimony was not contradicted by other proofs in the case plaintiff was bound thereby. It may not be said that such testimony was inherently improbable or incredible. See Schaupeter v. Schaupeter, 317 Mich 84; Dahlerup v. Grand Trunk Western Railroad Company, 319 Mich 96. In Re Estate of Taylor, 271 Mich 404, it was said:
“When plaintiffs called defendant for cross-examination under the statute, defendant thereby became plaintiffs’ witness. Plaintiffs are bound by his testimony except so far as it was disputed. In the consideration of defendant Taylor’s testimony, plaintiffs may not select- isolated portions thereof and claim a force and effect for such portions of his testimony which the whole of his testimony does not warrant. The testimony of the opposite party as a witness must be treated as a whole; and, when so treated, defendant’s testimony negatives plaintiffs’ 'claim. Jones v. Railroad Co., 168 Mich 1; Cook v. Railroad Co., 189 Mich 456; Steele v. City of Ionia, 209 Mich 595; O’Dell v. Day, 214 Mich 566; Waller v. Sloan, 225 Mich 600; Swank v. Croff, 245 Mich 657; Fleegar v. Consumers Power Co., 262 Mich 537; Snyder v. Johnson, 264 Mich 286.
“As said in Fleegar v. Consumers Power Co., supra:
“ His testimony, being in the case, must be weighed and considered the same as that of any other witness (City of Kalamazoo v. Standard Paper Co., 182 Mich 476); and though plaintiff was at liberty to contradict his testimony (Cook v. Railroad Co., 189 Mich 456), she was bound thereby (Aphores menos v. McIntosh, 189 Mich 680), except so far as; such testimony was contradicted (Swank v. Croff, 245 Mich 657).’”
On behalf of plaintiff it is argued that defendant’s testimony was not consistent with alleged admissions in the answer to her declaration. Attention is called to a statement in said answer indicating-that the cab was “moving slowly backward” at the-time plaintiff undertook to pass behind it. Such statement is not inconsistent with defendant’s testimony that the vehicle may have rolled back a matter of inches, and the statement may not be construed as an admission that the cab was in reverse gear, or that it struck plaintiff with such force as to inflict the injury sustained by her. It is further insisted that counsel for defendant in his opening statement to the court admitted that the cab struck the plaintiff, but an examination of the entire statement as set forth in the record discloses that counsel further indicated that it would be the contention of the defendant that the cab did not hit the plaintiff at all. Counsel in effect made the same statement that was in the answer, above mentioned. We are not in accord with the claim that such statements amounted to an admission that defendant was negligent in any of the respects charged by plaintiff.
It is also urged that the injury was of such character that it could not have been inflicted except by the bumper striking her while the cab was being operated in reverse. It is a fair inference that had plaintiff been struck in the manner and at the place claimed by her she would'have been thrown back of the car upon the pavement. As before noted, she claimed that she was picked up back of the car, while defendant testified that she was lying partly on the sidewalk and partly on the pavement. If defendant’s testimony in this respect is correct, the physical facts are not inconsistent with the possibility that plaintiff, when she “stepped down” from the curb to the pavement may have slipped or stumbled in such manner as to strike the side of .her knee against the bumper of the cab. The nature of plaintiff’s injury and the attendant circumstances as indicated by the proofs do not require the conclusion that such injury was sustained in the manner claimed by her, and through defendant’s fault. The question at issue is whether plaintiff established negligence, on the part of defendant, constituting the proximate cause of her injury. It cannot be said that the evidence in the case preponderates against the finding of the trial judge in this respect. See In re Estate of Miller, 300 Mich 703.
The judgments appealed from are affirmed, with costs to defendants.
Boyles, C. J., and Beid, North, Dethmers, Btjtzel, Btjshnell, and Sharpe, JJ., concurred. | [
-0.0208740234375,
0.03271484375,
0.004302978515625,
0.046142578125,
-0.052490234375,
-0.048583984375,
-0.0380859375,
-0.0147705078125,
0.010009765625,
0.0262451171875,
0.0230712890625,
0.01214599609375,
0.037353515625,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.0025177001953125,
0.01556396484375,
-0.0015106201171875,
0.0289306640625,
-0.0166015625,
0.00531005859375,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.014892578125,
-0.061279296875,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.044189453125,
0.026123046875,
0.04248046875,
-0.0235595703125,
0.041748046875,
0.0191650390625,
0.0019073486328125,
-0.00872802734375,
0.0341796875,
-0.018310546875,
-0.00897216796875,
0.0054931640625,
0.06396484375,
-0.036376953125,
0.0026092529296875,
0.0006103515625,
-0.00341796875,
0.0069580078125,
0.0203857421875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0234375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0050048828125,
-0.0194091796875,
0.022705078125,
-0.041015625,
-0.007232666015625,
0.005767822265625,
0.0196533203125,
-0.033203125,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.0595703125,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.00830078125,
-0.016845703125,
0.005279541015625,
0.050537109375,
-0.017333984375,
0.020263671875,
-0.0419921875,
0.0263671875,
0.01953125,
0.018310546875,
-0.0014190673828125,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.002593994140625,
-0.01055908203125,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0341796875,
-0.029052734375,
-0.00119781494140625,
-0.01251220703125,
0.0196533203125,
0.01153564453125,
0.002960205078125,
-0.01385498046875,
0.07421875,
0.01544189453125,
-0.036865234375,
0.020263671875,
-0.014404296875,
0.0247802734375,
-0.016845703125,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.01318359375,
0.04248046875,
-0.021240234375,
0.00830078125,
0.051025390625,
0.04248046875,
-0.04833984375,
-0.0167236328125,
0.031494140625,
-0.017578125,
-0.00067138671875,
0.020263671875,
0.0013885498046875,
0.06494140625,
0.0033111572265625,
0.029541015625,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0017547607421875,
-0.01025390625,
-0.0012359619140625,
0.01446533203125,
0.03466796875,
-0.01495361328125,
0.00469970703125,
0.0004291534423828125,
-0.00201416015625,
0.0108642578125,
-0.02783203125,
0.012939453125,
0.042724609375,
-0.01708984375,
0.032958984375,
-0.01239013671875,
0.024169921875,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.0024566650390625,
0.039306640625,
0.0145263671875,
0.004669189453125,
0.0174560546875,
0.000659942626953125,
0.007568359375,
0.03662109375,
0.00958251953125,
0.00119781494140625,
0.01904296875,
0.0189208984375,
0.022216796875,
0.042724609375,
0.027099609375,
0.0264892578125,
-0.0078125,
0.05908203125,
0.012451171875,
0.060302734375,
-0.035400390625,
0.0179443359375,
-0.036865234375,
-0.031494140625,
-0.058349609375,
0.00848388671875,
0.040771484375,
0.0174560546875,
0.01055908203125,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.00811767578125,
0.0034027099609375,
0.02880859375,
0.036865234375,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.0263671875,
0.004364013671875,
0.031982421875,
-0.008544921875,
0.0216064453125,
-0.00714111328125,
0.0478515625,
0.0068359375,
-0.04345703125,
0.022216796875,
-0.0030975341796875,
-0.01556396484375,
-0.035400390625,
0.05859375,
0.038818359375,
0.028076171875,
0.018798828125,
-0.0380859375,
0.01416015625,
-0.0166015625,
0.0272216796875,
0.0263671875,
-0.00173187255859375,
0.01055908203125,
-0.05224609375,
0.016845703125,
-0.056640625,
-0.005950927734375,
-0.03173828125,
0.02099609375,
0.00372314453125,
-0.052978515625,
0.0185546875,
0.0079345703125,
0.04052734375,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.0015411376953125,
0.050048828125,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.01544189453125,
-0.0203857421875,
0.024658203125,
-0.0091552734375,
0.0103759765625,
0.038818359375,
0.0224609375,
0.007598876953125,
-0.006072998046875,
0.017333984375,
-0.00421142578125,
0.0267333984375,
-0.031494140625,
0.031494140625,
0.00634765625,
0.0030517578125,
-0.00457763671875,
-0.058837890625,
-0.016845703125,
-0.003692626953125,
0.00885009765625,
-0.00015354156494140625,
0.032470703125,
-0.028564453125,
0.0093994140625,
0.01104736328125,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.00677490234375,
-0.03759765625,
0.0225830078125,
0.00897216796875,
-0.005126953125,
0.046875,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.02392578125,
0.0252685546875,
0.007293701171875,
0.032470703125,
0.006561279296875,
0.0152587890625,
0.034912109375,
0.054443359375,
-0.00579833984375,
-0.0299072265625,
0.049072265625,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.00848388671875,
0.031982421875,
0.0247802734375,
0.0267333984375,
-0.032470703125,
0.000896453857421875,
-0.01544189453125,
0.007415771484375,
0.0576171875,
0.01239013671875,
-0.0194091796875,
0.001495361328125,
0.035400390625,
0.0458984375,
-0.02099609375,
-0.0002536773681640625,
0.037353515625,
-0.003570556640625,
0.058837890625,
0.00390625,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.060791015625,
-0.04150390625,
-0.03466796875,
-0.030029296875,
0.01031494140625,
-0.05126953125,
-0.07421875,
0.00634765625,
-0.0252685546875,
0.0703125,
-0.005615234375,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.055419921875,
0.00897216796875,
0.005035400390625,
0.042236328125,
-0.050048828125,
0.0208740234375,
0.004425048828125,
0.011962890625,
-0.0002002716064453125,
-0.036865234375,
-0.06005859375,
0.0218505859375,
0.0150146484375,
-0.04248046875,
0.02197265625,
0.000881195068359375,
-0.057373046875,
-0.006683349609375,
0.0211181640625,
-0.0145263671875,
0.0111083984375,
0.000762939453125,
-0.0181884765625,
0.03076171875,
-0.03466796875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0023193359375,
0.015625,
-0.010498046875,
0.01458740234375,
0.0419921875,
0.00872802734375,
-0.0174560546875,
0.06494140625,
0.03271484375,
-0.01239013671875,
0.003326416015625,
-0.022705078125,
-0.023681640625,
0.01214599609375,
-0.05615234375,
0.00506591796875,
0.006622314453125,
0.023193359375,
0.0201416015625,
-0.060546875,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.06787109375,
-0.0242919921875,
0.0159912109375,
-0.0084228515625,
0.031494140625,
-0.016845703125,
-0.026611328125,
-0.026611328125,
0.000942230224609375,
-0.006927490234375,
-0.0194091796875,
0.042724609375,
-0.039794921875,
0.006744384765625,
0.014892578125,
-0.00848388671875,
0.049072265625,
0.01287841796875,
-0.014892578125,
0.01123046875,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.04931640625,
-0.0262451171875,
0.01373291015625,
-0.037109375,
-0.01507568359375,
0.03857421875,
0.038330078125,
-0.053466796875,
-0.036865234375,
0.043701171875,
0.01239013671875,
-0.00457763671875,
-0.00787353515625,
0.0223388671875,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.05126953125,
-0.013916015625,
0.0011749267578125,
0.029052734375,
0.02685546875,
0.055908203125,
0.0167236328125,
-0.03369140625,
0.00927734375,
-0.04443359375,
-0.06396484375,
0.039306640625,
0.003997802734375,
0.045166015625,
0.04638671875,
0.041748046875,
-0.015869140625,
0.0107421875,
-0.014404296875,
-0.0191650390625,
0.0068359375,
0.004608154296875,
-0.018798828125,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.001220703125,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.01068115234375,
0.06396484375,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0439453125,
-0.005401611328125,
0.032958984375,
-0.01226806640625,
0.0208740234375,
0.02587890625,
0.035400390625,
0.03857421875,
0.026611328125,
-0.047607421875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.016357421875,
0.059814453125,
-0.0023040771484375,
-0.00531005859375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.01129150390625,
0.056884765625,
0.0255126953125,
0.0306396484375,
0.0206298828125,
-0.026611328125,
0.01019287109375,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.007354736328125,
-0.010498046875,
0.04052734375,
-0.0106201171875,
0.0537109375,
-0.029296875,
0.0546875,
-0.039794921875,
0.021240234375,
0.0208740234375,
0.0255126953125,
-0.032470703125,
0.04443359375,
-0.026611328125,
0.0108642578125,
0.023193359375,
-0.006195068359375,
-0.010009765625,
0.006439208984375,
-0.0166015625,
0.016357421875,
0.046630859375,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.0196533203125,
0.01556396484375,
0.02294921875,
0.0439453125,
0.020751953125,
0.00823974609375,
-0.0003871917724609375,
0.06982421875,
-0.0458984375,
0.0771484375,
-0.01416015625,
-0.03955078125,
0.00095367431640625,
0.044189453125,
0.006103515625,
0.025634765625,
-0.02685546875,
0.0322265625,
-0.04296875,
-0.0478515625,
-0.024169921875,
0.0089111328125,
0.03369140625,
0.006439208984375,
-0.015869140625,
0.0230712890625,
-0.024658203125,
0.035400390625,
0.0087890625,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.0263671875,
0.047119140625,
-0.00927734375,
0.0220947265625,
-0.009033203125,
-0.022216796875,
0.0234375,
-0.05322265625,
0.0294189453125,
-0.0162353515625,
0.001556396484375,
-0.03076171875,
-0.037109375,
-0.015869140625,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.0380859375,
0.0179443359375,
0.047119140625,
0.0084228515625,
-0.037841796875,
-0.002349853515625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.008544921875,
-0.0498046875,
0.01141357421875,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.048828125,
-0.0028839111328125,
0.005126953125,
-0.0277099609375,
0.005584716796875,
0.005340576171875,
-0.037109375,
0.0003414154052734375,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.03759765625,
0.0283203125,
-0.0242919921875,
0.0269775390625,
0.00142669677734375,
0.0211181640625,
0.01373291015625,
-0.0024261474609375,
0.048828125,
0.0218505859375,
0.0308837890625,
0.02490234375,
0.0277099609375,
-0.007171630859375,
-0.017333984375,
0.0166015625,
-0.03466796875,
-0.00799560546875,
0.05712890625,
-0.028076171875,
-0.0311279296875,
-0.0654296875,
0.0294189453125,
-0.036376953125,
-0.056396484375,
-0.034912109375,
0.0106201171875,
-0.00104522705078125,
0.03369140625,
0.004058837890625,
-0.00091552734375,
-0.042236328125,
-0.05517578125,
0.051513671875,
0.001129150390625,
-0.0927734375,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.056640625,
-0.01611328125,
0.04638671875,
0.043212890625,
0.035888671875,
0.01251220703125,
-0.0478515625,
-0.020751953125,
-0.035400390625,
0.0162353515625,
-0.0439453125,
0.00634765625,
-0.003570556640625,
-0.0021209716796875,
0.037353515625,
-0.002288818359375,
0.045166015625,
-0.00201416015625,
0.041748046875,
0.034912109375,
-0.00689697265625,
0.00439453125,
-0.0859375,
0.0625,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.05224609375,
0.0224609375,
0.0341796875,
-0.035888671875,
-0.01953125,
-0.02294921875,
-0.02392578125,
-0.031982421875,
-0.09228515625,
0.0240478515625,
0.00014591217041015625,
-0.0001964569091796875,
-0.027099609375,
-0.004638671875,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.040771484375,
0.037841796875,
0.0654296875,
-0.021484375,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.018798828125,
0.0146484375,
0.037109375,
-0.034423828125,
0.0135498046875,
0.01116943359375,
0.0101318359375,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.03564453125,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.0189208984375,
0.026611328125,
0.0185546875,
0.030029296875,
-0.01513671875,
-0.05810546875,
-0.052978515625,
0.06103515625,
-0.03271484375,
0.032470703125,
0.03955078125,
-0.05322265625,
-0.044921875,
0.00185394287109375,
-0.0033111572265625,
-0.06591796875,
-0.00958251953125,
0.044921875,
0.0238037109375,
-0.0142822265625,
0.0162353515625,
0.05908203125,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.000278472900390625,
-0.0390625,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.0478515625,
-0.010498046875,
0.00112152099609375,
-0.0137939453125,
0.01080322265625,
0.03857421875,
0.006744384765625,
0.03564453125,
0.0194091796875,
0.053466796875,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.0299072265625,
0.0220947265625,
0.01495361328125,
0.0279541015625,
-0.022216796875,
0.00982666015625,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.00811767578125,
0.0303955078125,
-0.0966796875,
-0.04833984375,
-0.019287109375,
0.01080322265625,
0.0228271484375,
-0.022216796875,
-0.0103759765625,
0.03125,
0.00933837890625,
-0.06298828125,
-0.05029296875,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.0194091796875,
0.04541015625,
-0.07861328125,
-0.01409912109375,
0.00982666015625,
-0.004547119140625,
0.040283203125,
-0.042724609375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.021728515625,
0.00677490234375,
-0.030517578125,
0.07421875,
0.027099609375,
0.060302734375,
-0.03955078125,
-0.060791015625,
0.0223388671875,
0.046875,
-0.02734375,
0.00799560546875,
-0.0126953125,
0.01904296875,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.055908203125,
-0.0419921875,
-0.037353515625,
0.013427734375,
0.05078125,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.036865234375,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.008544921875,
0.0205078125,
-0.03955078125,
0.031982421875,
-0.0137939453125,
0.00994873046875,
-0.0014801025390625,
-0.00567626953125,
-0.0130615234375,
0.01416015625,
-0.0179443359375,
0.041259765625,
-0.0216064453125,
0.0255126953125,
0.026611328125,
0.01080322265625,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.054443359375,
-0.017822265625,
-0.02783203125,
-0.0546875,
-0.0107421875,
0.026123046875,
0.05859375,
-0.0029296875,
-0.02978515625,
-0.0196533203125,
0.023681640625,
-0.0308837890625,
0.0004329681396484375,
-0.01422119140625,
0.0078125,
0.00982666015625,
0.021484375,
0.00096893310546875,
-0.00023651123046875,
0.0216064453125,
0.03515625,
-0.0093994140625,
0.03173828125,
-0.0220947265625,
0.00640869140625,
-0.04248046875,
-0.007476806640625,
-0.060791015625,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.034423828125,
0.035400390625,
0.043212890625,
0.026123046875,
0.0224609375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.06494140625,
-0.006988525390625,
-0.060791015625,
-0.0257568359375,
0.032470703125,
0.01470947265625,
0.0211181640625,
0.00714111328125,
-0.0013275146484375,
0.0021209716796875,
-0.00396728515625,
0.0021514892578125,
-0.0093994140625,
0.006591796875,
-0.0262451171875,
0.03564453125,
-0.005615234375,
0.0302734375,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.03515625,
-0.031982421875,
0.021240234375,
0.0311279296875,
-0.004974365234375,
-0.036376953125,
0.0089111328125,
0.00592041015625,
-0.078125,
-0.0185546875,
0.00445556640625,
0.015869140625,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.002044677734375,
-0.0167236328125,
0.006866455078125,
-0.0311279296875,
0.0118408203125,
0.02392578125,
-0.038818359375,
-0.01348876953125,
0.01483154296875,
0.0498046875,
-0.00286865234375,
0.056884765625,
0.0155029296875,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.01416015625,
-0.041259765625,
-0.024169921875,
0.044921875,
0.03759765625,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.007476806640625,
0.0224609375,
0.0361328125,
0.055908203125,
0.023681640625,
-0.0137939453125,
0.013671875,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.0020751953125,
-0.002349853515625,
0.05224609375,
0.01263427734375,
-0.00122833251953125,
0.0225830078125,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.005035400390625,
-0.018310546875,
-0.0179443359375,
0.0380859375,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.005889892578125,
-0.00064849853515625,
0.007415771484375,
-0.005035400390625,
0.00072479248046875,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.0023345947265625,
0.01177978515625,
0.0002231597900390625,
0.0264892578125,
0.037353515625,
0.00171661376953125,
-0.008544921875,
-0.056640625,
-0.01141357421875,
0.03857421875,
0.00860595703125,
0.033447265625,
0.046630859375,
0.026123046875,
-0.005157470703125,
0.000926971435546875,
0.02001953125,
0.037841796875,
-0.0703125,
0.0238037109375,
-0.004638671875,
0.014404296875,
-0.0166015625,
0.00732421875,
0.033935546875,
0.00555419921875,
-0.072265625,
0.02783203125,
0.01409912109375,
-0.006134033203125,
0.011962890625,
0.029296875,
0.02001953125,
-0.0037384033203125,
0.0240478515625,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.0048828125,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.07666015625,
-0.043701171875,
0.00457763671875,
-0.025634765625,
-0.033447265625,
-0.048095703125,
-0.00045013427734375,
0.0096435546875,
0.025146484375,
0.016845703125,
-0.06005859375,
0.00122833251953125,
-0.01556396484375,
-0.0130615234375,
0.031982421875,
0.00921630859375,
0.07373046875,
0.00537109375,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.000499725341796875,
0.05517578125,
-0.06591796875,
0.024169921875,
-0.0004520416259765625,
-0.0732421875,
-0.07568359375,
-0.038330078125,
0.00152587890625,
0.030517578125,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.06640625,
-0.055419921875,
0.028076171875,
-0.0269775390625,
0.037109375,
0.00592041015625,
-0.024658203125,
0.0205078125,
0.0303955078125,
0.018798828125,
0.021484375,
-0.00897216796875,
0.0081787109375,
0.012451171875,
-0.0050048828125,
-0.0242919921875,
0.0042724609375,
-0.0074462890625,
-0.01806640625,
-0.0034332275390625,
-0.00567626953125,
-0.004302978515625,
0.0206298828125,
0.0047607421875,
0.028076171875,
0.0025634765625,
-0.044677734375,
0.00885009765625,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.00182342529296875,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.0003337860107421875,
0.000774383544921875,
-0.0106201171875,
0.03369140625,
-0.052734375,
0.283203125,
0.033447265625,
-0.019287109375,
-0.0126953125,
-0.0159912109375,
0.04541015625,
0.033447265625,
0.0107421875,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.021240234375,
-0.0064697265625,
0.007781982421875,
0.02783203125,
-0.00142669677734375,
0.04150390625,
0.019287109375,
-0.044921875,
0.03173828125,
0.0296630859375,
-0.04296875,
0.0169677734375,
0.01556396484375,
-0.007568359375,
0.05322265625,
0.052734375,
0.01220703125,
0.025146484375,
-0.045654296875,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.035888671875,
0.042236328125,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.006683349609375,
-0.043701171875,
-0.03076171875,
0.04150390625,
-0.021728515625,
-0.041259765625,
-0.0274658203125,
0.029296875,
0.0380859375,
0.004364013671875,
0.034423828125,
-0.04052734375,
-0.004638671875,
0.00872802734375,
-0.04833984375,
0.032958984375,
0.0625,
-0.0478515625,
0.0031585693359375,
0.0235595703125,
0.0279541015625,
-0.0167236328125,
0.00052642822265625,
0.000713348388671875,
-0.003021240234375,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.0145263671875,
-0.052978515625,
0.0291748046875,
-0.0174560546875,
0.0074462890625,
0.02197265625,
0.01422119140625,
0.01214599609375,
0.037109375,
0.0012359619140625,
-0.0224609375,
0.033203125,
0.00244140625,
-0.021484375,
-0.0264892578125,
0.01806640625,
0.064453125,
0.0213623046875,
-0.0380859375,
0.03564453125,
0.03173828125,
0.00274658203125,
0.03857421875,
-0.01953125,
0.0130615234375,
0.0029754638671875,
0.0155029296875,
0.0228271484375,
-0.003936767578125,
-0.050537109375,
-0.019775390625,
0.00714111328125,
0.02099609375,
-0.01708984375,
0.009765625,
0.04638671875,
-0.0262451171875
] |
Reid, J.
Plaintiff, the record titleholder of the premises in question, brought suit against defendant for the recovery of possession of lands in a summary ouster proceedings before a circuit court commissioner of Wayne county. On October 23, 1946, the jury rendered a verdict of guilty and judgment of ouster was entered in favor of plaintiff. Defendant on October 28, 1946, filed with the clerk of the circuit court commissioners for Wayne county a claim of appeal to circuit court and demand for a jury trial. Thereafter defendant mailed a notice of appeal and copies of other appeal papers to the attorney for plaintiff; the actual date of mailing is in dispute, plaintiff claiming the date to be November 4, 1946, and defendant claiming the date to be November 2, 1946. On November 25, 1946, plaintiff filed a written motion to dismiss the appeal on the ground that in taking the appeal defendant did not comply with the provisions of Court Rule No. 76, § § 2, 4 and 5 (1945), in that no copy of the claim of appeal and affidavit of defendant was served on plaintiff or her attorney on or before October 28, 1946, and on the further ground that defendant did not comply with the provisions of Act No. 314, chap. 78, § 2a, Pub. Acts 1915, as added by Act No. 132, Pub. Acts 1939 (Comp. Laws Supp. 1940, § 16224-1, Stat. Ann. 1946 Cum. Supp. § 27.3482 [1]). The circuit court granted the motion to dismiss, evidently on the grounds alleged. Prom the order dismissing the appeal, defendant appeals.
The pertinent parts of Court Buie No. 76 axe as follows:
“Sec. 2. In case of appeals where leave to appeal need not first be obtained from such circuit court, the appeal shall be taken within 5 days after the entry of the order, determination, decision, sentence, action, judgment, or decree appealed from. * # *
“Sec. 4. In case of appeals where leave to appeal need not first be obtained from such circuit court, the appellant shall do the following acts within the time limited for taking an appeal:
“(a) A claim of appeal in the form hereinafter provided shall be filed with the lower court, and upon such filing the circuit court shall.be deemed vested with jurisdiction of said appeal' and no appeal shall thereafter be dismissed without notice to appellant.
“(b) A copy of such claim of appeal shall be served upon the opposite party or parties, or upon his or their attorney or attorneys of record, in the lower court, in any manner provided for service of papers upon attorneys.”
In the case at bar, the five-day period allowed for the service of a copy of the claim of appeal upon plaintiff or plaintiff’s attorney expired on October 28.1946, and the defendant by her own claim admits that the date that service was made was November 2.1946. Therefore, defendant failed to comply with Court Rule No. 76 and her appeal to the circuit court was rightly dismissed.
Defendant now claims an equitable title to an undivided interest in the premises. It does not appear in the. record that defendant claimed any interest in the premises, legal or equitable, in the proceedings before the circuit court commissioner. Defendant is still at liberty to assert her interest in the title in a court of competent jurisdiction.
Defendant further raises a question that defendant was deprived of the right to trial by jury in the circuit court. Defendant’s appeal was properly dismissed before trial in circuit court as a matter of law. It therefore cannot be said that defendant was deprived of her right to trial by jury.
The order of the circuit court dismissed the appeal of defendant from the judgment of ouster by the circuit court commissioner. The order of the circuit court appealed from is affirmed. Costs to plaintiff.
Bushnell, C. J., and Sharpe, Boyles, North, Dethmers, Butzel, and Caer, JJ,, concurred.
Amended by Act No. 191, Pub. Acts 1947 (Stat. Ann. 1947 Cum. Supp. § 27.3482 [1]). | [
-0.034423828125,
0.0252685546875,
0.03662109375,
0.02587890625,
-0.050537109375,
-0.014892578125,
-0.03125,
-0.017578125,
-0.0023956298828125,
0.054443359375,
0.0174560546875,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.005157470703125,
-0.0038604736328125,
-0.007293701171875,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.0299072265625,
0.0264892578125,
-0.00640869140625,
0.04833984375,
0.0260009765625,
0.046875,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.01171875,
0.0029449462890625,
-0.026611328125,
-0.0023040771484375,
-0.01214599609375,
0.052734375,
0.00982666015625,
-0.0380859375,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.0224609375,
-0.0157470703125,
0.021728515625,
-0.0198974609375,
0.04541015625,
-0.0390625,
-0.0185546875,
-0.037109375,
-0.036865234375,
0.0234375,
0.048095703125,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.050048828125,
-0.01611328125,
-0.00799560546875,
0.0234375,
-0.003448486328125,
0.016845703125,
0.00836181640625,
-0.003265380859375,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.005096435546875,
-0.043701171875,
-0.034912109375,
-0.0299072265625,
0.0206298828125,
0.0196533203125,
0.003265380859375,
0.011474609375,
0.00433349609375,
-0.015869140625,
0.042236328125,
0.040771484375,
-0.0224609375,
-0.046875,
-0.01123046875,
-0.03564453125,
0.0147705078125,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.021240234375,
-0.006439208984375,
-0.01904296875,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.018310546875,
-0.0260009765625,
0.0272216796875,
0.0093994140625,
0.01202392578125,
-0.023193359375,
0.057373046875,
-0.022705078125,
-0.037353515625,
0.0033416748046875,
0.042724609375,
0.0257568359375,
0.03125,
0.0296630859375,
-0.0166015625,
0.06298828125,
-0.07421875,
-0.023193359375,
0.0361328125,
0.0281982421875,
-0.013427734375,
-0.0185546875,
0.038330078125,
-0.031982421875,
0.005950927734375,
0.0240478515625,
0.013916015625,
0.06787109375,
-0.01409912109375,
0.0308837890625,
-0.004608154296875,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.041015625,
-0.019287109375,
0.035400390625,
-0.022216796875,
0.040771484375,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.0242919921875,
0.019287109375,
0.0108642578125,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.02587890625,
-0.006622314453125,
0.07470703125,
-0.0181884765625,
0.058837890625,
-0.00640869140625,
0.0284423828125,
0.007659912109375,
-0.0050048828125,
0.0546875,
-0.00543212890625,
0.0189208984375,
0.0126953125,
0.01055908203125,
0.0047607421875,
-0.00885009765625,
0.028076171875,
0.013427734375,
0.02734375,
-0.0101318359375,
0.0296630859375,
-0.01068115234375,
0.041259765625,
-0.004119873046875,
0.00885009765625,
0.03759765625,
0.01708984375,
0.03369140625,
0.01458740234375,
0.00897216796875,
-0.04443359375,
0.018798828125,
-0.0595703125,
0.0283203125,
0.0294189453125,
0.050537109375,
0.03125,
0.001983642578125,
0.06982421875,
-0.02587890625,
-0.0224609375,
0.0194091796875,
-0.006683349609375,
0.0294189453125,
-0.055419921875,
-0.023681640625,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.004425048828125,
-0.00750732421875,
-0.0054931640625,
-0.030517578125,
-0.0234375,
0.0390625,
-0.00107574462890625,
-0.039306640625,
-0.017333984375,
0.040283203125,
0.037353515625,
0.05126953125,
-0.0025482177734375,
-0.01177978515625,
0.0235595703125,
-0.03564453125,
0.0004825592041015625,
0.042724609375,
0.003204345703125,
0.01531982421875,
-0.023193359375,
0.00897216796875,
-0.04736328125,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.028076171875,
0.036865234375,
0.000568389892578125,
0.006317138671875,
0.01361083984375,
0.01513671875,
0.0341796875,
-0.01165771484375,
0.01495361328125,
0.007293701171875,
0.00579833984375,
-0.045166015625,
-0.00482177734375,
0.0279541015625,
0.042236328125,
-0.0107421875,
-0.032958984375,
0.0654296875,
0.0186767578125,
-0.000682830810546875,
0.00836181640625,
-0.0380859375,
-0.00701904296875,
0.034912109375,
-0.039306640625,
0.039306640625,
0.0169677734375,
-0.00457763671875,
0.0283203125,
-0.04150390625,
0.03857421875,
-0.01031494140625,
0.006561279296875,
-0.01165771484375,
0.0400390625,
0.0162353515625,
-0.0084228515625,
0.04541015625,
0.021240234375,
0.01904296875,
0.02978515625,
-0.00077056884765625,
0.0208740234375,
0.0128173828125,
0.05712890625,
-0.012451171875,
-0.027099609375,
0.017333984375,
0.00830078125,
-0.0074462890625,
0.00860595703125,
-0.045654296875,
0.03515625,
0.06494140625,
0.018310546875,
-0.031005859375,
0.043212890625,
-0.0101318359375,
-0.015380859375,
0.0030364990234375,
0.039794921875,
0.01092529296875,
0.03759765625,
-0.019775390625,
0.01287841796875,
0.03662109375,
0.015380859375,
0.047607421875,
-0.0040283203125,
-0.041748046875,
-0.021728515625,
0.0167236328125,
0.002410888671875,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.0245361328125,
0.02490234375,
0.0035552978515625,
0.0252685546875,
-0.00506591796875,
-0.029541015625,
-0.037109375,
-0.023193359375,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.01531982421875,
-0.00121307373046875,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.046875,
0.01953125,
-0.03662109375,
0.04052734375,
-0.06005859375,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.0233154296875,
0.02490234375,
-0.0234375,
0.0556640625,
-0.0128173828125,
0.0166015625,
-0.013916015625,
0.049072265625,
-0.028564453125,
-0.01416015625,
-0.0849609375,
0.04150390625,
-0.0107421875,
-0.03515625,
0.0032196044921875,
0.022216796875,
0.000270843505859375,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.015625,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.01544189453125,
-0.03173828125,
-0.0223388671875,
0.0081787109375,
-0.032958984375,
-0.051513671875,
-0.01165771484375,
0.0179443359375,
-0.00634765625,
0.0576171875,
0.0262451171875,
0.00494384765625,
-0.01226806640625,
0.06201171875,
0.01043701171875,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.03466796875,
-0.06201171875,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.04345703125,
-0.018798828125,
0.019287109375,
0.0250244140625,
0.02490234375,
-0.059814453125,
-0.016357421875,
-0.05322265625,
-0.03369140625,
-0.03466796875,
-0.01470947265625,
0.0159912109375,
-0.010498046875,
0.03271484375,
-0.03369140625,
-0.023681640625,
-0.0081787109375,
0.0167236328125,
0.046630859375,
-0.06689453125,
0.0155029296875,
0.033935546875,
0.00836181640625,
0.041259765625,
0.021728515625,
-0.030517578125,
0.01708984375,
0.0284423828125,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.01336669921875,
0.0019989013671875,
0.0003147125244140625,
-0.0238037109375,
0.0264892578125,
0.01214599609375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.052490234375,
0.031982421875,
0.0115966796875,
0.01397705078125,
-0.02197265625,
-0.0037384033203125,
-0.004486083984375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.025390625,
-0.01287841796875,
0.0576171875,
-0.051025390625,
0.044677734375,
0.038818359375,
0.0179443359375,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.052490234375,
0.0146484375,
-0.0322265625,
0.039306640625,
0.02783203125,
0.024169921875,
-0.059326171875,
0.0166015625,
0.0284423828125,
0.0205078125,
0.002105712890625,
0.0230712890625,
-0.017333984375,
0.004241943359375,
0.007476806640625,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.039306640625,
0.0277099609375,
-0.015380859375,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.03857421875,
0.0576171875,
0.016845703125,
0.0284423828125,
0.04443359375,
0.04736328125,
-0.0033721923828125,
0.001953125,
0.050537109375,
-0.0625,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.0693359375,
0.03857421875,
0.00628662109375,
0.0296630859375,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.00433349609375,
0.00933837890625,
0.033447265625,
0.0203857421875,
0.006317138671875,
-0.0225830078125,
0.03125,
0.044921875,
-0.0037078857421875,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.02099609375,
0.0269775390625,
0.007659912109375,
0.00799560546875,
-0.034912109375,
0.07177734375,
-0.059326171875,
0.038818359375,
0.035888671875,
0.029541015625,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0213623046875,
0.00135040283203125,
-0.01190185546875,
0.10400390625,
0.0035858154296875,
0.0038604736328125,
-0.05859375,
0.01348876953125,
0.0205078125,
0.0380859375,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.006256103515625,
0.02001953125,
0.007049560546875,
-0.0274658203125,
0.0147705078125,
0.00921630859375,
-0.030029296875,
0.041748046875,
-0.05810546875,
-0.041748046875,
-0.0038299560546875,
0.042236328125,
-0.0103759765625,
0.032470703125,
-0.041259765625,
0.06787109375,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.035400390625,
0.0062255859375,
-0.01324462890625,
0.035888671875,
0.004486083984375,
-0.0147705078125,
0.041748046875,
-0.0220947265625,
0.004058837890625,
0.05126953125,
-0.01318359375,
-0.050537109375,
0.005462646484375,
0.0081787109375,
0.0133056640625,
-0.032958984375,
-0.0125732421875,
0.01123046875,
0.0213623046875,
0.0242919921875,
-0.013916015625,
-0.0029144287109375,
-0.0028839111328125,
-0.06005859375,
-0.031494140625,
-0.020751953125,
-0.0238037109375,
0.011962890625,
0.0084228515625,
0.0196533203125,
0.00634765625,
-0.039306640625,
-0.04443359375,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.052734375,
-0.0322265625,
-0.007232666015625,
0.0019378662109375,
-0.00299072265625,
-0.00640869140625,
0.036376953125,
0.0035247802734375,
0.0159912109375,
0.0052490234375,
-0.03857421875,
-0.02294921875,
0.0078125,
0.0791015625,
-0.025634765625,
0.00775146484375,
0.0107421875,
0.04443359375,
0.0035400390625,
0.01300048828125,
0.0228271484375,
0.04345703125,
0.0245361328125,
0.002777099609375,
0.044921875,
-0.04248046875,
-0.0185546875,
0.01202392578125,
-0.04052734375,
0.0037689208984375,
0.0089111328125,
0.0000858306884765625,
-0.01025390625,
-0.07421875,
0.01043701171875,
-0.017333984375,
-0.053466796875,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0205078125,
0.0198974609375,
0.00604248046875,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.0032806396484375,
-0.0025482177734375,
-0.03759765625,
0.02490234375,
0.00173187255859375,
-0.0101318359375,
-0.04736328125,
-0.0361328125,
-0.019775390625,
0.026123046875,
0.0299072265625,
0.00604248046875,
0.01165771484375,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.0234375,
-0.012451171875,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.04345703125,
-0.039306640625,
-0.01483154296875,
0.0150146484375,
0.0084228515625,
-0.00421142578125,
0.02392578125,
0.016845703125,
0.0101318359375,
0.03271484375,
-0.0634765625,
-0.007568359375,
-0.053955078125,
-0.00008296966552734375,
-0.00384521484375,
-0.0004558563232421875,
-0.020263671875,
0.036376953125,
-0.04248046875,
0.044921875,
-0.007720947265625,
-0.045166015625,
-0.05029296875,
-0.030029296875,
0.0244140625,
0.00848388671875,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.055419921875,
0.0247802734375,
-0.04248046875,
0.0189208984375,
0.0693359375,
0.00433349609375,
0.01513671875,
-0.04541015625,
0.002227783203125,
0.0172119140625,
-0.047607421875,
-0.004425048828125,
-0.040771484375,
-0.04150390625,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.029296875,
-0.005859375,
0.05029296875,
0.006011962890625,
0.04150390625,
-0.012451171875,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.0224609375,
0.033447265625,
0.00213623046875,
0.033447265625,
0.0257568359375,
-0.0625,
-0.018798828125,
0.0230712890625,
0.027587890625,
-0.024169921875,
-0.022216796875,
0.033935546875,
0.02734375,
-0.03564453125,
0.0303955078125,
0.033203125,
-0.021484375,
-0.0087890625,
-0.04150390625,
-0.059814453125,
-0.0224609375,
-0.044921875,
0.0279541015625,
0.06884765625,
-0.00689697265625,
0.0281982421875,
0.035888671875,
0.0234375,
0.031982421875,
-0.0361328125,
0.02978515625,
-0.025390625,
-0.018798828125,
-0.00384521484375,
0.0125732421875,
-0.0052490234375,
-0.01531982421875,
0.007537841796875,
-0.01806640625,
0.005645751953125,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.038818359375,
-0.0157470703125,
0.02099609375,
0.058837890625,
-0.0390625,
-0.01348876953125,
0.0189208984375,
0.042236328125,
-0.061767578125,
-0.009033203125,
-0.0751953125,
0.0155029296875,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.08740234375,
-0.012451171875,
0.057373046875,
-0.0145263671875,
0.038818359375,
-0.045654296875,
-0.041748046875,
-0.00518798828125,
0.0147705078125,
-0.031982421875,
0.037841796875,
0.0277099609375,
0.016357421875,
-0.0458984375,
-0.02734375,
-0.0181884765625,
0.0322265625,
0.01904296875,
0.033203125,
-0.03076171875,
-0.015869140625,
0.005859375,
-0.0400390625,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0179443359375,
0.01220703125,
0.0225830078125,
0.016845703125,
-0.01544189453125,
-0.0038604736328125,
0.00830078125,
0.005615234375,
-0.06201171875,
0.0267333984375,
-0.0223388671875,
0.0478515625,
0.029052734375,
-0.0157470703125,
0.00018024444580078125,
0.03076171875,
0.045166015625,
0.02783203125,
-0.0137939453125,
0.029296875,
0.05517578125,
0.0220947265625,
0.0322265625,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.060791015625,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.031982421875,
0.0081787109375,
0.021484375,
0.042724609375,
-0.021240234375,
-0.0234375,
0.00604248046875,
0.044677734375,
-0.045166015625,
0.0108642578125,
-0.0157470703125,
0.0179443359375,
0.041748046875,
0.0247802734375,
-0.031982421875,
0.030517578125,
0.00238037109375,
0.045654296875,
0.031005859375,
0.0093994140625,
-0.0057373046875,
0.0184326171875,
-0.01361083984375,
-0.0036163330078125,
-0.021240234375,
-0.02587890625,
0.0286865234375,
0.04931640625,
-0.0018157958984375,
-0.0017852783203125,
0.03271484375,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.021484375,
0.03369140625,
-0.0634765625,
-0.052001953125,
0.0174560546875,
0.0179443359375,
-0.006256103515625,
-0.0198974609375,
0.002288818359375,
-0.00604248046875,
0.0400390625,
0.0042724609375,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.003204345703125,
0.01068115234375,
0.060546875,
-0.004486083984375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.000579833984375,
0.005401611328125,
-0.030517578125,
-0.01544189453125,
-0.01348876953125,
0.0341796875,
0.02978515625,
-0.030029296875,
0.000255584716796875,
0.003997802734375,
-0.08203125,
0.001129150390625,
0.01019287109375,
0.025634765625,
0.0032806396484375,
0.000004410743713378906,
-0.044189453125,
-0.006500244140625,
-0.0142822265625,
0.01019287109375,
-0.0133056640625,
-0.042724609375,
-0.043212890625,
-0.0009613037109375,
0.0205078125,
-0.01123046875,
0.02734375,
-0.0027923583984375,
-0.032470703125,
-0.037353515625,
-0.054931640625,
-0.041748046875,
0.04248046875,
0.03857421875,
0.0152587890625,
-0.019287109375,
0.037353515625,
0.0233154296875,
0.0264892578125,
0.034423828125,
0.033447265625,
0.0032806396484375,
-0.0038604736328125,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.013427734375,
0.000885009765625,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.0240478515625,
0.04736328125,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.0263671875,
-0.026611328125,
0.0052490234375,
0.00640869140625,
0.00146484375,
-0.022216796875,
-0.01519775390625,
0.01495361328125,
0.006317138671875,
0.04150390625,
0.00469970703125,
0.034423828125,
0.03271484375,
0.041259765625,
0.014892578125,
0.0294189453125,
0.01513671875,
-0.06591796875,
0.00762939453125,
0.032958984375,
0.04150390625,
-0.0380859375,
0.02880859375,
0.0103759765625,
0.01324462890625,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.0074462890625,
-0.07177734375,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.003204345703125,
0.025634765625,
-0.03271484375,
0.00433349609375,
0.032470703125,
0.005035400390625,
-0.055908203125,
0.0498046875,
-0.0030975341796875,
0.0034027099609375,
-0.0098876953125,
0.016845703125,
0.044189453125,
-0.0238037109375,
0.04248046875,
-0.05322265625,
0.041748046875,
0.040283203125,
-0.0400390625,
-0.034423828125,
0.01190185546875,
-0.02587890625,
-0.02880859375,
-0.052490234375,
-0.0185546875,
0.014404296875,
0.0037994384765625,
-0.00604248046875,
-0.06640625,
0.006927490234375,
-0.03515625,
-0.0235595703125,
0.01080322265625,
0.01190185546875,
0.059814453125,
0.000659942626953125,
-0.025146484375,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.0220947265625,
0.0238037109375,
-0.05126953125,
-0.0147705078125,
0.011962890625,
-0.042236328125,
-0.061279296875,
-0.0478515625,
0.0150146484375,
0.039306640625,
-0.036376953125,
0.003082275390625,
0.0169677734375,
0.04248046875,
0.006317138671875,
-0.0223388671875,
0.0059814453125,
-0.04248046875,
0.034423828125,
0.01495361328125,
0.045654296875,
0.019287109375,
0.010009765625,
0.00689697265625,
0.01116943359375,
-0.021728515625,
0.0242919921875,
0.000766754150390625,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0380859375,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.035888671875,
-0.042236328125,
0.0089111328125,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.00592041015625,
0.00171661376953125,
-0.042236328125,
0.007476806640625,
0.00177001953125,
-0.04931640625,
-0.038818359375,
-0.013427734375,
-0.0302734375,
0.015625,
0.007720947265625,
-0.024658203125,
0.271484375,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.01611328125,
0.0113525390625,
0.029296875,
-0.01025390625,
-0.07568359375,
0.0230712890625,
-0.006683349609375,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.031982421875,
0.0126953125,
0.0164794921875,
0.01025390625,
-0.0113525390625,
0.0228271484375,
0.04150390625,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.0341796875,
0.06689453125,
0.0291748046875,
0.02197265625,
0.0267333984375,
-0.05908203125,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.0179443359375,
0.0001430511474609375,
-0.034912109375,
0.00885009765625,
-0.068359375,
-0.00665283203125,
-0.0009002685546875,
0.01373291015625,
-0.021240234375,
0.006072998046875,
-0.00933837890625,
0.0216064453125,
0.00958251953125,
-0.01123046875,
0.006988525390625,
0.0279541015625,
0.009765625,
-0.00494384765625,
0.0673828125,
0.0751953125,
-0.029541015625,
0.040283203125,
0.0023651123046875,
0.029052734375,
-0.0069580078125,
-0.011474609375,
0.0361328125,
0.0191650390625,
-0.00762939453125,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.0279541015625,
0.0211181640625,
0.0264892578125,
0.0198974609375,
0.056884765625,
-0.006988525390625,
0.036865234375,
0.061767578125,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.027587890625,
-0.0146484375,
0.031494140625,
0.0052490234375,
-0.028564453125,
0.016357421875,
0.03662109375,
0.05810546875,
-0.025146484375,
0.040771484375,
0.031494140625,
-0.030517578125,
0.0201416015625,
-0.0361328125,
-0.004058837890625,
0.035400390625,
0.051025390625,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.039794921875,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.0091552734375,
0.0294189453125,
-0.012939453125,
0.0037689208984375,
0.00811767578125,
-0.01422119140625
] |
Fead, J.
August 3, 1926, defendant Lipsitz applied to the Guaranty Trust Company for a con struction loan of $185,000. August 9th he executed and acknowledged a memorandum that he had entered into an agreement with the Guaranty Trust Company whereby he was to execute a mortgage as security for services to be rendered and money to be loaned him by the company. No such agreement appears in the record.
Under date of August 16th he executed to the Guaranty Trust Company, “trustee, for the holders of the bonds or obligations secured hereby,” a real estate mortgage to secure 208 bonds aggregating $180,000. The mortgage was acknowledged August 18th and recorded August 26th.
Under date of August 16th an agreement was made by Lipsitz, Guaranty Trust Company and Guaranty Investment Company, under which the latter contracted to sell the bonds to the public and to account to the mortgagor for the full amount of the issue, whether sold or not, less compensation for selling. Dated the same day (but filed September 16th) Lipsitz executed an application to the Michigan securities commission for authority to sell the bonds, representing that they were trusteed by the Guaranty Trust Company and that the Guaranty Investment Company had purchased them at $167,400.
Defendants, by oral testimony, claim the Guaranty Investment Company did not become a party to the transaction and the agreement made with it and the application to the securities commission were not executed until after the recording of the mortgage.
The first money paid to Lipsitz was on September 1st, by checks of the Guaranty Investment Company. All future sums were disbursed through the investment company. The first bond was sold to the public September 27th, aud all were finally disposed of. Pending printing of the individual bonds Lipsitz issued a single temporary bond for $180,000, which was held by the Guaranty Trust Company.
The Guaranty Trust Company and the Guaranty Investment Company were separate corporations but closely associated. They had the same officers, the same offices, the trust company paid all salaries and expenses but there was not an identity of stock owners. Defendants contend the participation of the investment company was merely colorable and a subterfuge and the trust company was always the real party in interest.
The Guaranty Trust Company became insolvent and, on November 13, 1931, plaintiff was appointed successor trustee of the mortgage loan by the circuit court for Wayne county. July 15, 1932, it filed bill for foreclosure in the instant suit.
In 1927 Lipsitz conveyed the premises to defendants Glasser and Hoffman. In 1929 the latter executed a 10-year lease to defendant Helpert at rent of $2,250 per month. In 1931 the lease was canceled by agreement and a new one executed for the balance of the term with monthly rents of $1,900 for five months and $2,250 thereafter. June 1,1932, an agreement was made that the rent be reduced to $700 per month until July 1, 1931, and thereafter adjusted to conditions. June 10, 1932, the trustee served notice of default and demand for rents. It then discovered that the premises were in possession of Helpert under a lease. The rent at $700 per month was paid to the trustee to January, 1933. Nothing was paid in February or March and, since April, 1933, only $300 per month has been paid to the trustee.
March 17, 1933, without knowledge of the trustee, the Helpert lease was canceled and a new one made expiring July 31, 1934, with rent for four months of $300 per month, the fifth month at $400, and thereafter $500 per month. October 2, 1933, a new notice of default and assignment of rents was served on tenants by the trustee and in a few days countermanded under an agreement between the parties that Helpert deposit the rent with his attorney to abide the action.
October 24, 1933, plaintiff filed petition for receiver to collect the rents pledged by the mortgage. Its principal claim was that the rents reserved in the last Helpert lease were inadequate and the lease was not made in good faith. The court held that the rents did not appear to be grossly inadequate nor the result of collusion among defendants but that there was sufficient suspicion of improper management to require the court to maintain some sort of supervision. It entered an order that defendants pay plaintiff the rents reserved in the Helpert lease until the lease terminates; that defendants furnish plaintiff monthly statements of receipts and disbursements; and that the petition for appointment of receiver be denied, on condition of the regular payment of rents and without prejudice to the right to renew the application upon change in conditions. The appeal is from such order.
The court held the instrument a trust mortgage and the clause for assignment of rents valid. The question was not made moot by defendants’ professed willingness to pay the rents to plaintiff nor the finding that the rents were not inadequate or the lease collusive because the court held that some control of rents by it was advisable. To justify any control required determination of the character of the instrument and the validity of the assignment clause. We think the facts justify supervision by the court, as conditions demand, if it be authorized by the mortgage.
Defendants contend the instrument is not a trust mortgage, on the authority of Equitable Trust Co. v. Milton Realty Co., 261 Mich. 571; Equitable Trust Co. v. Milton Realty Co., 263 Mich. 673; Bankers Trust Co. of Detroit v. Russell, 263 Mich. 677; Equitable Trust Co. v. Wetsman, 264 Mich. 26. The argument is that as the Guaranty Investment Company did not become a party to the transaction until after the mortgage was recorded and, in any event, was merely an alter ego of the trust company, the sole consideration for the mortgage when executed and recorded was the money to be loaned and services to be performed by the trust company; therefore, no other beneficiaries were then interested in it and, because it was security only to the trust company, which was also mortgagee-trustee, it was not a trust mortgage when recorded nor until bonds were sold. The contention attributes controlling force to what was merely one of the considerations in the above cases.
We do not deem it necessary to consider the investment company in the transaction.. The result would be the same if the trust company had done all the things done by the investment company.
As a matter of fact, the mortgage secured nothing when it was recorded because nothing had been advanced on it. As in most bond issues, the mortgage was executed and recorded before the bonds were sold. The distinction between the cited cases and the one at bar is manifest and fundamental. In the cited cases it was clearly pointed out that the mort gage ran to the mortgagee individually and not as trustee; when recorded, the mortgagee, and no one else, was a beneficiary in it; while a trust would arise between the mortgagee and bondholder on sale of bonds, the trust would be created by act of the mortgagee, not of the mortgagor; and the mortgagor had established no trust but, on the contrary, had conveyed the whole mortgage title to an individual and thereby established a private relationship. Many times Mr. Justice Sharpe stated the basic idea, expressed in 263 Mich. 673 (Equitable Trust Co. v. Milton Realty Co.):
“The trust thus created was by the mortgagee, and not by the mortgagors, or by anything contained in the mortgage itself.” p. 676.
“They (the mortgagors) placed no property in the hands of the mortgagee to be held by it in trust. ’ ’ p. 675.
At bar, the mortgage, by its terms, runs to a trustee for the benefit of all bondholders; the trust was created by the mortgagor, without power of the mortgagee to change or control it; it was impressed upon the property by the conveyance of the mortgagor to a trustee in trust, not to an individual; and the mortgagee took in trust, not as an individual.
It is true that, although an instrument is in form a trust mortgage, it may be shown to be a private instrument; as if the lender intends to, and does, retain all the securities and the mortgage is given in trust form merely as a subterfuge to evade the ejectment statute. Lambrecht v. Lee, 264 Mich. 56. No such subterfuge appears at bar. General distribution of the bonds was contemplated by the parties, contracted for, and had. Moreover, regardless of the mutual rights or liabilities of the orig inal parties in a private controversy between them, they established the character of the instrument as to the public when they executed and recorded it in trust form and sold bonds thereunder. Purchasers of bonds are not required to go behind the instruments to which their bonds refer them and conduct an inquisition of the parties to discover their private intent or secret agreement. Unless a mortgagor is so estopped from claiming that such a mortgage is not what it purports to be, no one could safely buy bonds without procuring unassailable and unretractable evidence from the parties for use in a lawsuit.
The instrument is a trust mortgage.
Act No. 228, Pub. Acts 1925 (3 Comp. Laws 1929, §§ 13498, 13499), authorizes assignment of rents in or in connection with a trust mortgagee “to secure bonds or obligations issued or to be issued thereunder. ’ ’
The instant mortgage was executed in 1926, apparently on an old form which had been used for private mortgages. The assignment is long, involved, and somewhat anomalous. In essentials, it reads:
“That should default be made in the payment of any of the sums of money above mentioned, then, at the option of said trustee, its successors or assigns, and without notice to said mortgagors, their personal representatives or assigns, the said trustee, its successors or assigns, as agent for said mortgagors, their personal representatives or assigns, may ask, demand, collect and receive all such rents and profits, * * * as then are or may thereafter be due or owing to said mortgagors, * * * giving notice of its intention to collect and receive such rents, or instalment of principal and interest under land contract, to such, tenants, occupiers or lessees, or vendees, and in such, event said mortgagors, their personal representatives or assigns, shall be deemed to have assigned and transferred all such rents and profits, and arrears of rent, and instalments of principal and interest under land contracts, to said trustee, its successors and assigns, until the indebtedness secured hereby is fully paid and satisfied and * * * said trustee * * * may proceed by suit or suits at law for the recovery thereof, as it shall deem advisable. * # * Such assignment shall continue, and be and remain in full force and effect, until the indebtedness secured hereby, with all interest, and items paid in pursuance of any provisions hereof, are fully paid and satisfied,” etc.
It is further provided that the rents collected by the trustee shall be applied upon the debt and the trustee may relinquish and revive the right to collect.
Defendants contend this is a power of attorney to collect rents, not an assignment in prcesenti. The mortgage specifically provides that upon notice it shall be an assignment. The statute does not require that the assignment operate immediately and thus deprive the mortgagor of the benefit of the income before default. Its purpose is to authorize an assignment theretofore forbidden, not to restrict the parties in contracting for the rents as' additional security (Security Trust Co. v. Slomam, 252 Mich. 266, 273), in the manner they deem advisable. There is no statutory prohibition on the assignment taking effect in futuri, as on default. In fact, under the statute it does not become effective against tenants until notice. Reading the clause as a whole makes it plain that the parties intended it as an assignment of rents under the statute. Detroit Trust Co. v. Detroit City Service Co., 262 Mich. 14, 41. It is valid.
Defendants contend Act No. 228, Pub. Acts 1925, is invalid because it alters or amends the ejectment statute, 3 Comp. Laws 1929, § 14956, without reenacting and publishing the latter at length, contrary to Constitution, article 5, § 21. The contention is untenable. People, ex rel. Drake, v. Mahaney, 13 Mich. 481, 496.
Order affirmed, with costs.
Nelson Sharpe, C. J., and Potter, North, Wiest, Butzel, Bushnell, and Edward M. Sharpe, JJ., concurred. | [
0.002288818359375,
0.01806640625,
0.034912109375,
0.0296630859375,
-0.07470703125,
-0.0107421875,
-0.028564453125,
-0.01092529296875,
0.01806640625,
0.00384521484375,
0.0194091796875,
-0.0023651123046875,
0.01080322265625,
-0.0052490234375,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.02294921875,
-0.025634765625,
0.023193359375,
-0.0057373046875,
0.023193359375,
0.026123046875,
-0.018310546875,
-0.046630859375,
-0.00665283203125,
0.00592041015625,
0.01141357421875,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0047607421875,
0.08935546875,
0.01220703125,
0.01385498046875,
0.01068115234375,
0.01019287109375,
-0.007049560546875,
-0.013916015625,
-0.0257568359375,
0.0098876953125,
-0.05517578125,
0.0201416015625,
-0.076171875,
0.00433349609375,
0.04443359375,
0.005523681640625,
0.01519775390625,
-0.06005859375,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.046875,
-0.05859375,
0.016357421875,
-0.06884765625,
0.0120849609375,
0.0244140625,
0.053466796875,
0.003173828125,
-0.01544189453125,
-0.052734375,
-0.039794921875,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.0037841796875,
0.0014495849609375,
0.05908203125,
-0.024658203125,
0.0458984375,
-0.039306640625,
0.00150299072265625,
0.0439453125,
-0.001495361328125,
0.00775146484375,
0.0035247802734375,
-0.01165771484375,
0.002105712890625,
0.003082275390625,
0.0028228759765625,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.008544921875,
-0.03515625,
-0.0021820068359375,
-0.005157470703125,
-0.0036163330078125,
-0.0439453125,
0.0128173828125,
-0.0267333984375,
0.0478515625,
0.01214599609375,
-0.044677734375,
-0.00982666015625,
0.01519775390625,
0.041015625,
-0.00154876708984375,
0.01348876953125,
-0.025390625,
0.04541015625,
-0.03857421875,
0.0281982421875,
0.0211181640625,
0.025146484375,
-0.056640625,
0.0133056640625,
0.026611328125,
0.00787353515625,
0.028564453125,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.020263671875,
0.09375,
0.01361083984375,
0.032958984375,
0.006805419921875,
-0.02587890625,
-0.02978515625,
0.0213623046875,
0.0166015625,
-0.006439208984375,
0.030029296875,
0.019775390625,
-0.054443359375,
0.0206298828125,
-0.016357421875,
0.013916015625,
-0.05224609375,
0.000804901123046875,
0.01226806640625,
-0.0247802734375,
0.00787353515625,
-0.004180908203125,
0.018310546875,
0.005218505859375,
-0.023193359375,
0.01434326171875,
-0.0269775390625,
0.01495361328125,
0.0118408203125,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.023681640625,
0.0361328125,
-0.0125732421875,
0.0028839111328125,
0.006103515625,
0.017822265625,
0.037841796875,
0.02001953125,
0.0177001953125,
0.01031494140625,
-0.024169921875,
0.043701171875,
0.004364013671875,
0.028076171875,
0.01507568359375,
-0.01373291015625,
0.00677490234375,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.0810546875,
0.00762939453125,
0.068359375,
0.0306396484375,
0.027587890625,
-0.00074005126953125,
0.0201416015625,
-0.02685546875,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.018798828125,
0.0264892578125,
-0.00494384765625,
-0.025634765625,
0.041015625,
-0.04345703125,
0.0283203125,
-0.00007152557373046875,
0.034912109375,
-0.04052734375,
-0.02001953125,
0.0096435546875,
0.017578125,
-0.044921875,
-0.045654296875,
-0.01214599609375,
0.0036773681640625,
0.05615234375,
-0.006011962890625,
0.042236328125,
0.0257568359375,
-0.045654296875,
0.0233154296875,
0.031494140625,
-0.0009918212890625,
0.035400390625,
-0.0169677734375,
0.01611328125,
-0.01708984375,
0.01483154296875,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.01153564453125,
0.00811767578125,
-0.050537109375,
0.0306396484375,
-0.0390625,
0.021484375,
-0.017578125,
-0.01397705078125,
0.006256103515625,
0.000797271728515625,
-0.032958984375,
-0.01153564453125,
0.01556396484375,
0.03466796875,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.0419921875,
0.05908203125,
0.01495361328125,
-0.00390625,
0.0205078125,
0.004425048828125,
0.029541015625,
0.0281982421875,
-0.0439453125,
-0.025634765625,
0.0257568359375,
-0.043701171875,
0.028076171875,
-0.0067138671875,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.00360107421875,
0.05078125,
-0.058837890625,
0.06884765625,
0.01373291015625,
-0.02880859375,
0.05029296875,
0.024169921875,
-0.0166015625,
0.0196533203125,
-0.036865234375,
-0.01373291015625,
0.01043701171875,
0.06640625,
0.0003337860107421875,
-0.0079345703125,
0.029296875,
0.04345703125,
0.007049560546875,
0.022216796875,
-0.0206298828125,
0.0299072265625,
0.054443359375,
0.0179443359375,
-0.01104736328125,
0.044677734375,
-0.00122833251953125,
-0.037841796875,
0.007598876953125,
0.02880859375,
-0.068359375,
0.026611328125,
-0.02099609375,
0.044189453125,
0.0142822265625,
0.0068359375,
0.025634765625,
-0.02587890625,
-0.040283203125,
-0.022705078125,
0.052001953125,
-0.000843048095703125,
-0.0537109375,
0.0106201171875,
0.0498046875,
-0.0322265625,
0.032958984375,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.034423828125,
-0.05224609375,
-0.01348876953125,
0.0103759765625,
-0.03369140625,
-0.048095703125,
0.004913330078125,
-0.025634765625,
0.006744384765625,
-0.0537109375,
0.00157928466796875,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.0556640625,
0.045654296875,
-0.00897216796875,
0.03515625,
-0.009765625,
0.0283203125,
-0.0537109375,
0.0322265625,
-0.0024261474609375,
0.0107421875,
-0.033203125,
0.0206298828125,
0.043701171875,
-0.03662109375,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.0166015625,
0.0120849609375,
-0.020751953125,
0.004364013671875,
-0.004364013671875,
0.009033203125,
-0.03955078125,
0.0498046875,
-0.03759765625,
-0.030517578125,
-0.0020904541015625,
-0.0038299560546875,
0.00119781494140625,
0.0118408203125,
0.0262451171875,
-0.0007476806640625,
-0.025146484375,
0.06689453125,
0.006744384765625,
0.0230712890625,
0.00830078125,
-0.049072265625,
0.0283203125,
-0.00653076171875,
-0.033203125,
-0.029052734375,
0.01397705078125,
-0.002197265625,
0.018798828125,
-0.06396484375,
-0.013671875,
0.0047607421875,
-0.05859375,
-0.05517578125,
-0.00933837890625,
0.027587890625,
-0.0263671875,
0.011474609375,
-0.000835418701171875,
-0.031005859375,
-0.007049560546875,
-0.020263671875,
0.024658203125,
-0.004425048828125,
0.034423828125,
0.0052490234375,
0.00982666015625,
0.038818359375,
0.0194091796875,
-0.0233154296875,
0.003692626953125,
0.01019287109375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.00830078125,
0.006744384765625,
-0.032470703125,
0.031982421875,
0.0216064453125,
0.0157470703125,
-0.0213623046875,
0.05322265625,
0.01544189453125,
0.02001953125,
-0.01385498046875,
0.0181884765625,
-0.0498046875,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.0390625,
-0.041259765625,
0.050048828125,
0.00994873046875,
0.039306640625,
0.06005859375,
-0.046630859375,
-0.00927734375,
-0.036865234375,
-0.035400390625,
-0.003387451171875,
-0.007476806640625,
0.016845703125,
0.05224609375,
0.0040283203125,
0.03515625,
0.0361328125,
0.052734375,
0.0264892578125,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.0206298828125,
0.0125732421875,
-0.035888671875,
0.0174560546875,
-0.02490234375,
-0.0303955078125,
0.0087890625,
0.0203857421875,
-0.0244140625,
-0.0771484375,
0.03857421875,
0.0255126953125,
-0.0234375,
0.023681640625,
0.054931640625,
0.01373291015625,
0.004486083984375,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.048828125,
-0.00238037109375,
-0.023681640625,
0.042236328125,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.0252685546875,
0.00152587890625,
-0.0130615234375,
0.003204345703125,
-0.00023746490478515625,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.006591796875,
-0.01611328125,
0.0057373046875,
0.0458984375,
-0.0035247802734375,
-0.032958984375,
-0.02783203125,
0.01953125,
0.01300048828125,
0.03515625,
-0.033935546875,
0.06201171875,
-0.0101318359375,
-0.040771484375,
-0.002655029296875,
-0.007537841796875,
0.003265380859375,
0.006256103515625,
-0.0224609375,
0.01336669921875,
0.04345703125,
-0.0238037109375,
0.02294921875,
-0.0252685546875,
0.0167236328125,
0.0478515625,
0.072265625,
-0.0032196044921875,
-0.0179443359375,
0.03515625,
-0.00701904296875,
0.01116943359375,
0.024169921875,
0.046630859375,
0.01165771484375,
-0.00396728515625,
-0.0150146484375,
0.0732421875,
-0.00537109375,
-0.0240478515625,
0.01324462890625,
0.04931640625,
-0.036376953125,
0.042236328125,
-0.0218505859375,
0.060791015625,
-0.039306640625,
0.0252685546875,
-0.0072021484375,
-0.01483154296875,
0.0150146484375,
0.0174560546875,
-0.000007241964340209961,
0.01531982421875,
-0.01007080078125,
0.0004405975341796875,
-0.005950927734375,
-0.00009965896606445312,
-0.0322265625,
0.010498046875,
-0.007049560546875,
0.0264892578125,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.007598876953125,
0.027587890625,
-0.03076171875,
0.03466796875,
-0.0238037109375,
0.027587890625,
-0.0615234375,
-0.0322265625,
-0.04833984375,
-0.02392578125,
-0.01348876953125,
0.0361328125,
0.00823974609375,
0.01348876953125,
0.016357421875,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.06640625,
-0.00139617919921875,
-0.06640625,
-0.0260009765625,
0.0303955078125,
-0.00927734375,
0.01220703125,
-0.006317138671875,
0.007293701171875,
0.043212890625,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.02294921875,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.045654296875,
-0.037109375,
0.03271484375,
-0.005035400390625,
0.0196533203125,
-0.0054931640625,
0.076171875,
0.0308837890625,
0.022705078125,
0.03369140625,
0.005218505859375,
0.0201416015625,
0.046630859375,
0.07080078125,
0.002105712890625,
-0.032470703125,
0.0120849609375,
-0.03564453125,
0.01007080078125,
0.0167236328125,
0.01104736328125,
-0.00396728515625,
-0.047119140625,
0.00714111328125,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.044189453125,
-0.054443359375,
-0.0361328125,
0.0281982421875,
0.03662109375,
0.0162353515625,
-0.000518798828125,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.047607421875,
0.00848388671875,
-0.041259765625,
0.00482177734375,
-0.0205078125,
-0.021484375,
-0.04150390625,
0.0390625,
0.005889892578125,
-0.03173828125,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.049560546875,
0.0223388671875,
0.003326416015625,
-0.0263671875,
-0.0267333984375,
0.0016021728515625,
-0.0296630859375,
0.0198974609375,
0.01177978515625,
-0.03173828125,
0.0703125,
0.00860595703125,
0.000453948974609375,
-0.000217437744140625,
-0.0712890625,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.080078125,
0.01458740234375,
-0.0205078125,
-0.0233154296875,
0.0240478515625,
0.000682830810546875,
0.019287109375,
0.0035858154296875,
-0.025146484375,
-0.049560546875,
-0.029296875,
-0.052490234375,
0.004638671875,
0.01513671875,
-0.00665283203125,
0.016357421875,
-0.08154296875,
-0.01287841796875,
0.040771484375,
0.0250244140625,
0.07958984375,
-0.042236328125,
0.018310546875,
-0.01031494140625,
0.016357421875,
0.0208740234375,
-0.050048828125,
-0.002777099609375,
-0.040283203125,
-0.007293701171875,
0.01239013671875,
-0.0322265625,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.0303955078125,
0.0272216796875,
0.0220947265625,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.068359375,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.0274658203125,
0.052490234375,
0.01055908203125,
0.0213623046875,
0.0027008056640625,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.0107421875,
0.027587890625,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.0341796875,
0.0264892578125,
0.0308837890625,
-0.007415771484375,
0.04833984375,
0.04541015625,
-0.045654296875,
0.02099609375,
0.006378173828125,
-0.06103515625,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.032958984375,
0.033203125,
0.02978515625,
-0.030029296875,
0.0311279296875,
0.033935546875,
0.042724609375,
0.039794921875,
-0.04736328125,
0.03564453125,
0.00567626953125,
-0.0225830078125,
0.05859375,
0.00885009765625,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0133056640625,
0.037353515625,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.028076171875,
0.0169677734375,
0.0341796875,
-0.044189453125,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.0106201171875,
0.0712890625,
-0.02392578125,
-0.03173828125,
0.014404296875,
0.0225830078125,
-0.06298828125,
0.00170135498046875,
-0.044677734375,
0.031005859375,
0.027099609375,
-0.11279296875,
0.000446319580078125,
0.040283203125,
-0.01226806640625,
0.043212890625,
-0.02734375,
-0.0015716552734375,
0.0137939453125,
0.04150390625,
-0.052001953125,
0.04541015625,
0.0000457763671875,
0.05224609375,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0291748046875,
0.002197265625,
0.0235595703125,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.034423828125,
0.00689697265625,
-0.04052734375,
-0.04443359375,
-0.005889892578125,
0.0030670166015625,
0.034912109375,
-0.0050048828125,
0.013427734375,
-0.000591278076171875,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.05224609375,
0.006622314453125,
-0.0252685546875,
0.02783203125,
0.002777099609375,
-0.0052490234375,
0.030517578125,
0.00909423828125,
-0.01806640625,
0.053955078125,
-0.042724609375,
0.00567626953125,
0.0289306640625,
0.01708984375,
-0.00946044921875,
0.013671875,
0.000957489013671875,
-0.04638671875,
-0.0263671875,
0.0098876953125,
-0.006500244140625,
0.0177001953125,
0.021728515625,
-0.0001392364501953125,
-0.01806640625,
-0.02734375,
-0.018798828125,
-0.044189453125,
-0.008056640625,
0.0130615234375,
-0.00244140625,
0.00787353515625,
0.0211181640625,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.046875,
0.021240234375,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.0081787109375,
0.00927734375,
0.022216796875,
-0.00118255615234375,
0.01470947265625,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.043212890625,
-0.05322265625,
-0.0162353515625,
0.0322265625,
0.02099609375,
0.0026702880859375,
0.05224609375,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.034912109375,
0.0006866455078125,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.031494140625,
0.008056640625,
0.023681640625,
0.00384521484375,
-0.00921630859375,
0.0001621246337890625,
0.00732421875,
0.031494140625,
-0.03955078125,
-0.000591278076171875,
0.016357421875,
0.003662109375,
0.01239013671875,
0.035888671875,
-0.026611328125,
-0.0157470703125,
0.00909423828125,
-0.0031890869140625,
-0.033203125,
-0.007415771484375,
0.0203857421875,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.03662109375,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.04052734375,
-0.003326416015625,
0.005126953125,
0.0302734375,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.048828125,
0.01092529296875,
-0.000797271728515625,
-0.0108642578125,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.006195068359375,
-0.04638671875,
0.03515625,
0.036865234375,
0.0198974609375,
0.05615234375,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.00439453125,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.033935546875,
0.0830078125,
0.0478515625,
0.031982421875,
0.005096435546875,
0.025146484375,
0.0194091796875,
0.051513671875,
-0.017578125,
0.01318359375,
0.01055908203125,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.020263671875,
-0.042724609375,
0.05517578125,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.017822265625,
0.002655029296875,
0.0087890625,
-0.005462646484375,
0.00836181640625,
-0.019287109375,
0.0037078857421875,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0216064453125,
0.031982421875,
0.045654296875,
-0.0052490234375,
-0.0078125,
0.0159912109375,
0.02197265625,
0.04443359375,
-0.01373291015625,
0.022705078125,
0.005615234375,
-0.05078125,
-0.00811767578125,
0.0234375,
0.03173828125,
-0.0115966796875,
0.0162353515625,
-0.005401611328125,
0.009521484375,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.007049560546875,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.07080078125,
-0.00762939453125,
-0.000759124755859375,
0.009765625,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.009033203125,
0.0233154296875,
-0.01263427734375,
-0.0281982421875,
0.00927734375,
0.0224609375,
0.0159912109375,
0.00982666015625,
0.0322265625,
0.0240478515625,
0.0291748046875,
0.0361328125,
-0.039794921875,
0.01519775390625,
0.0242919921875,
-0.064453125,
-0.03857421875,
0.0169677734375,
-0.039306640625,
-0.053466796875,
-0.050048828125,
-0.039306640625,
0.026611328125,
-0.005157470703125,
0.0208740234375,
-0.04443359375,
-0.018798828125,
-0.019287109375,
-0.01544189453125,
0.041748046875,
0.021484375,
0.0478515625,
0.01190185546875,
-0.041015625,
0.03759765625,
0.01324462890625,
0.021728515625,
-0.061279296875,
0.03515625,
0.046630859375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.036376953125,
-0.021484375,
-0.017333984375,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.059814453125,
-0.0380859375,
0.01519775390625,
0.0150146484375,
0.016845703125,
-0.0322265625,
0.0067138671875,
0.0203857421875,
0.04443359375,
0.0023193359375,
-0.01507568359375,
0.0274658203125,
-0.01519775390625,
0.035888671875,
0.034423828125,
0.01190185546875,
0.0078125,
0.0186767578125,
0.0024871826171875,
0.01300048828125,
-0.00634765625,
-0.032470703125,
-0.08154296875,
0.0220947265625,
0.0517578125,
0.003265380859375,
-0.006439208984375,
-0.006500244140625,
0.0106201171875,
-0.045166015625,
-0.053466796875,
-0.048095703125,
-0.028076171875,
-0.0186767578125,
0.01116943359375,
0.07177734375,
-0.05615234375,
0.279296875,
0.031494140625,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.01202392578125,
0.003814697265625,
0.03857421875,
0.0167236328125,
0.005828857421875,
-0.029052734375,
-0.041259765625,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.006561279296875,
-0.00714111328125,
0.0240478515625,
0.00677490234375,
0.020751953125,
-0.017333984375,
0.039794921875,
0.021728515625,
-0.041015625,
-0.017822265625,
-0.0098876953125,
0.000823974609375,
0.054443359375,
0.048583984375,
0.0087890625,
0.003326416015625,
-0.056884765625,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.06201171875,
0.00634765625,
-0.0380859375,
0.0233154296875,
-0.053955078125,
-0.03564453125,
0.04443359375,
-0.00714111328125,
0.0103759765625,
-0.020263671875,
0.0230712890625,
0.0181884765625,
0.0267333984375,
0.013916015625,
-0.01123046875,
0.0224609375,
-0.01025390625,
-0.043701171875,
0.038330078125,
0.04541015625,
-0.029541015625,
0.00390625,
0.025390625,
0.037841796875,
-0.006072998046875,
0.00445556640625,
0.033203125,
0.0198974609375,
0.017578125,
-0.00592041015625,
-0.040283203125,
0.0264892578125,
0.034423828125,
0.0020599365234375,
0.036865234375,
0.0155029296875,
0.0235595703125,
0.03662109375,
0.01068115234375,
-0.01904296875,
-0.00616455078125,
-0.019287109375,
-0.01904296875,
-0.0169677734375,
0.004180908203125,
0.05712890625,
-0.002471923828125,
-0.01806640625,
0.025146484375,
0.045654296875,
0.0191650390625,
-0.0074462890625,
-0.052734375,
-0.02685546875,
0.046630859375,
0.056396484375,
0.0174560546875,
-0.009521484375,
-0.029052734375,
0.0024871826171875,
0.003265380859375,
0.0250244140625,
-0.03271484375,
0.004547119140625,
-0.0159912109375,
0.03173828125
] |
Bushnell, J.
Plaintiff filed a bill to foreclose a land contract and a receiver was appointed ex parte. An order to show cause why one of the tenants of the property should not be punished for contempt of court was dismissed. Defendant’s motion to vacate the order of appointment of the receiver was argued and granted, from which no appeal was taken. Plaintiff later filed a motion seeking an order to require defendants to comply with their land contract, or for the appointment of a receiver. The court on August 8, 1933, ordered the defendants to pay a rental of $20 a month for six months, and deliver to plaintiff all welfare rental certificates received by them. No appeal was taken from this order. Later, plaintiff sought a modification of the order of August 8th, and the court on October 6th, on its own motion, appointed defendant’s attorney as receiver. We granted plaintiff leave to appeal from this order, whereupon the receiver submitted his first and final account and tendered his resignation. The account was approved, the receiver discharged and his bond canceled.
Appellee argues that there remains no issue for determination by this court.
Appellant’s brief does not comply with Court Rule No. 67, § 2 (1933), in that the “Statement of Pacts” is not “a clear and concise chronological statement in brief, narrative form, of the facts of the case,” etc. Section 3 of the rule seems to be entirely ignored, but instead we find a heading entitled, “Conclusion,” consisting of 13 pages.
Both parties agree that the court was in error in' the appointment of the receiver, but neither of them satisfactorily points out the nature of the error except that plaintiff claims his petition is brought under the provisions of Act No. 122, § 25a, Pub. Acts 1933. This act does not provide for the appointment of a receiver. The order of October 6, 1933, is set aside and the matter remanded for proceedings in conformity to this opinion. Because of the unsatisfactory nature of appellant’s brief, no costs will be allowed.
Nelson Sharpe, C. J., and Potter, North, Fead, Wiest, Butzel, and Edward M. Sharpe, JJ., concurred. | [
-0.03759765625,
-0.012451171875,
0.010986328125,
0.0546875,
-0.04248046875,
-0.04736328125,
-0.042236328125,
-0.003936767578125,
-0.0294189453125,
0.07763671875,
0.080078125,
0.00994873046875,
0.00135040283203125,
0.0031585693359375,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.02783203125,
-0.007659912109375,
0.005126953125,
-0.01116943359375,
0.038818359375,
-0.01214599609375,
0.022705078125,
-0.03759765625,
0.00130462646484375,
-0.0032501220703125,
-0.018798828125,
-0.0057373046875,
-0.029541015625,
0.057373046875,
0.04736328125,
0.0064697265625,
-0.01092529296875,
0.020263671875,
0.01708984375,
-0.006988525390625,
-0.0208740234375,
0.0478515625,
-0.03173828125,
0.023193359375,
-0.00714111328125,
0.0302734375,
0.0263671875,
0.031005859375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.043212890625,
-0.04931640625,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.0223388671875,
0.015869140625,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0001544952392578125,
-0.00933837890625,
0.0185546875,
-0.003204345703125,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.043701171875,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0673828125,
0.00958251953125,
0.030029296875,
0.017822265625,
-0.02392578125,
0.00421142578125,
-0.023681640625,
0.0017852783203125,
0.042724609375,
0.0096435546875,
0.01397705078125,
-0.0064697265625,
-0.046142578125,
0.00738525390625,
0.00653076171875,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.00225830078125,
0.040283203125,
-0.020751953125,
-0.00665283203125,
-0.0400390625,
0.02734375,
0.0135498046875,
0.0263671875,
-0.031982421875,
0.0439453125,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.0198974609375,
0.01171875,
0.029052734375,
0.0272216796875,
0.0023345947265625,
0.039794921875,
-0.052978515625,
0.0595703125,
-0.0322265625,
0.00689697265625,
0.024169921875,
0.031494140625,
0.01318359375,
0.01104736328125,
0.05224609375,
-0.01123046875,
0.0172119140625,
0.023193359375,
-0.0169677734375,
0.06787109375,
0.0101318359375,
0.022705078125,
-0.025146484375,
-0.0003643035888671875,
-0.03759765625,
0.00054931640625,
0.027099609375,
-0.038818359375,
0.03515625,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.047119140625,
0.014892578125,
-0.0301513671875,
0.0123291015625,
-0.044677734375,
-0.00982666015625,
0.0693359375,
0.0177001953125,
0.043701171875,
-0.0380859375,
0.004364013671875,
-0.014892578125,
-0.0133056640625,
0.0439453125,
-0.009521484375,
0.025390625,
0.01458740234375,
0.00151824951171875,
-0.026611328125,
0.00762939453125,
0.01446533203125,
0.01470947265625,
0.0322265625,
0.01544189453125,
0.036865234375,
0.0012054443359375,
0.0252685546875,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.0057373046875,
0.036865234375,
-0.000530242919921875,
0.03125,
-0.006866455078125,
0.0264892578125,
-0.05322265625,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.03759765625,
0.0181884765625,
0.021484375,
0.0576171875,
0.049560546875,
0.006927490234375,
0.03759765625,
-0.035888671875,
-0.007354736328125,
-0.01190185546875,
0.00933837890625,
-0.00139617919921875,
-0.03466796875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.01397705078125,
0.02685546875,
-0.011474609375,
0.0142822265625,
-0.06494140625,
-0.017578125,
0.05712890625,
-0.008056640625,
-0.046630859375,
-0.01361083984375,
0.01470947265625,
-0.0120849609375,
0.06201171875,
0.01123046875,
-0.0042724609375,
-0.0150146484375,
0.01251220703125,
0.023193359375,
0.025634765625,
-0.01300048828125,
0.03173828125,
0.01953125,
-0.023193359375,
-0.00433349609375,
0.0029296875,
-0.049560546875,
0.0052490234375,
-0.020751953125,
-0.00830078125,
0.027587890625,
0.00811767578125,
0.0238037109375,
0.0020751953125,
0.01251220703125,
0.0230712890625,
0.001953125,
-0.0732421875,
0.0014801025390625,
0.006317138671875,
0.05419921875,
-0.01708984375,
-0.0693359375,
0.0625,
0.0169677734375,
-0.0001964569091796875,
0.04150390625,
-0.041259765625,
0.0079345703125,
-0.006622314453125,
-0.034912109375,
-0.00299072265625,
0.03173828125,
-0.0203857421875,
0.01361083984375,
-0.0439453125,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0234375,
0.0283203125,
-0.01806640625,
0.0291748046875,
-0.023193359375,
-0.03271484375,
0.059326171875,
0.0302734375,
0.023193359375,
0.04248046875,
-0.0152587890625,
0.0034942626953125,
0.00537109375,
0.0888671875,
0.010986328125,
-0.024658203125,
0.04736328125,
0.0242919921875,
-0.00262451171875,
0.0076904296875,
-0.025146484375,
0.047607421875,
0.036376953125,
0.0003948211669921875,
-0.033203125,
0.035888671875,
0.009521484375,
-0.013671875,
0.00994873046875,
-0.0011749267578125,
-0.0159912109375,
0.033447265625,
0.0145263671875,
0.037109375,
0.0240478515625,
0.005279541015625,
0.01239013671875,
0.024169921875,
-0.08203125,
-0.0181884765625,
0.04296875,
-0.014892578125,
-0.01806640625,
0.0086669921875,
0.0220947265625,
-0.03173828125,
0.04443359375,
-0.006561279296875,
-0.00738525390625,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.0283203125,
-0.005584716796875,
-0.0035552978515625,
0.0089111328125,
-0.0126953125,
-0.053955078125,
-0.029296875,
-0.03564453125,
0.0255126953125,
-0.0498046875,
-0.01043701171875,
0.0155029296875,
-0.054443359375,
0.0167236328125,
-0.05322265625,
0.0177001953125,
0.0096435546875,
0.033203125,
0.000911712646484375,
0.035888671875,
-0.0064697265625,
-0.037841796875,
-0.06103515625,
0.037353515625,
0.0299072265625,
-0.0419921875,
-0.0361328125,
-0.006195068359375,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.03125,
-0.029052734375,
-0.06201171875,
0.0186767578125,
-0.0033416748046875,
-0.0218505859375,
0.017333984375,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.016845703125,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.02490234375,
0.0301513671875,
0.017333984375,
0.00531005859375,
-0.03173828125,
0.0498046875,
-0.0284423828125,
0.002685546875,
-0.04931640625,
-0.044189453125,
0.01263427734375,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.015869140625,
-0.03125,
0.009033203125,
0.01458740234375,
0.045166015625,
-0.052490234375,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.037353515625,
-0.003387451171875,
0.00390625,
-0.00115966796875,
0.02783203125,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.031982421875,
0.00096893310546875,
0.0118408203125,
0.042724609375,
-0.0400390625,
-0.025634765625,
0.013427734375,
0.0191650390625,
0.058349609375,
0.0218505859375,
-0.009521484375,
-0.01104736328125,
0.005950927734375,
-0.01129150390625,
0.018310546875,
-0.0458984375,
0.033203125,
0.004058837890625,
0.015625,
0.0213623046875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.029541015625,
0.052490234375,
0.0037384033203125,
0.0208740234375,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0517578125,
0.00102996826171875,
-0.045166015625,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.02001953125,
0.0439453125,
-0.045654296875,
0.042236328125,
0.04541015625,
-0.0205078125,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.03271484375,
0.0089111328125,
0.01220703125,
0.0089111328125,
0.0203857421875,
0.025390625,
-0.0157470703125,
0.0184326171875,
0.037841796875,
0.036376953125,
0.00030517578125,
-0.01495361328125,
0.03125,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.00049591064453125,
-0.051513671875,
0.01361083984375,
-0.02392578125,
-0.044677734375,
-0.027587890625,
0.0096435546875,
-0.0068359375,
0.00433349609375,
0.056396484375,
0.04443359375,
0.001251220703125,
-0.035400390625,
0.0189208984375,
-0.0712890625,
0.0038299560546875,
-0.05810546875,
0.033935546875,
-0.032470703125,
0.0247802734375,
-0.0103759765625,
0.01904296875,
0.0250244140625,
0.031494140625,
0.021240234375,
0.015380859375,
-0.037353515625,
0.0159912109375,
0.05224609375,
0.006683349609375,
-0.029052734375,
-0.054931640625,
0.041259765625,
0.06982421875,
0.029296875,
-0.022216796875,
0.045166015625,
-0.05908203125,
0.031005859375,
0.0296630859375,
-0.01171875,
-0.004791259765625,
0.0211181640625,
-0.022216796875,
0.002655029296875,
0.07177734375,
0.0103759765625,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0478515625,
0.0179443359375,
0.00482177734375,
0.0220947265625,
-0.0185546875,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.001708984375,
0.00775146484375,
0.0242919921875,
-0.020751953125,
-0.004241943359375,
0.00010633468627929688,
0.004119873046875,
-0.0517578125,
0.04638671875,
0.0107421875,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0086669921875,
0.06982421875,
-0.02197265625,
0.031494140625,
-0.021240234375,
0.0634765625,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.032470703125,
-0.026611328125,
0.00347900390625,
0.0084228515625,
0.01165771484375,
0.029541015625,
-0.0262451171875,
0.0159912109375,
0.01153564453125,
0.01171875,
-0.0234375,
0.01263427734375,
0.005279541015625,
0.004241943359375,
0.01055908203125,
-0.0380859375,
0.031982421875,
-0.0225830078125,
0.0299072265625,
-0.01190185546875,
0.002716064453125,
-0.03125,
-0.032958984375,
-0.03369140625,
-0.016845703125,
-0.03173828125,
0.01263427734375,
0.00469970703125,
0.0220947265625,
0.0162353515625,
-0.03466796875,
-0.039794921875,
0.0020599365234375,
-0.053955078125,
-0.023193359375,
-0.0031585693359375,
0.0244140625,
0.0341796875,
-0.01348876953125,
0.0234375,
0.0277099609375,
-0.00102996826171875,
-0.05126953125,
-0.031005859375,
-0.03759765625,
0.01190185546875,
0.08203125,
-0.023681640625,
0.015869140625,
0.00372314453125,
0.0262451171875,
0.0087890625,
0.00872802734375,
0.031982421875,
-0.01116943359375,
0.04345703125,
0.044921875,
0.05859375,
-0.02734375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.035888671875,
0.01397705078125,
0.019287109375,
-0.001129150390625,
-0.006561279296875,
-0.03955078125,
0.00836181640625,
0.0234375,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.042724609375,
-0.006744384765625,
0.01806640625,
0.00927734375,
-0.01055908203125,
0.01226806640625,
-0.0036773681640625,
-0.07373046875,
0.02490234375,
-0.0194091796875,
0.004547119140625,
0.00469970703125,
0.0020751953125,
-0.0167236328125,
0.033203125,
0.020751953125,
-0.005462646484375,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.037353515625,
0.0157470703125,
-0.02197265625,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.042724609375,
0.005401611328125,
0.015380859375,
0.037841796875,
-0.0020294189453125,
0.0296630859375,
-0.0244140625,
0.023193359375,
0.029296875,
-0.040283203125,
-0.00830078125,
-0.059814453125,
-0.01202392578125,
0.0172119140625,
0.0234375,
-0.005279541015625,
0.0289306640625,
-0.002471923828125,
0.0283203125,
-0.048583984375,
-0.037353515625,
-0.040283203125,
-0.03515625,
0.00860595703125,
-0.00732421875,
-0.01409912109375,
0.00104522705078125,
-0.0732421875,
0.0296630859375,
-0.06982421875,
0.007049560546875,
0.064453125,
-0.005401611328125,
0.0185546875,
-0.047119140625,
0.0184326171875,
0.024169921875,
-0.05908203125,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.02978515625,
-0.027587890625,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.06982421875,
0.040771484375,
0.025146484375,
-0.002532958984375,
0.01019287109375,
-0.0498046875,
-0.0185546875,
-0.0036468505859375,
0.048828125,
0.038330078125,
-0.003936767578125,
0.046142578125,
-0.0126953125,
-0.015869140625,
0.00579833984375,
0.032958984375,
-0.00119781494140625,
-0.03271484375,
0.0238037109375,
0.01239013671875,
-0.0205078125,
0.06201171875,
0.028564453125,
-0.031005859375,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.05419921875,
0.005767822265625,
-0.0274658203125,
0.0145263671875,
0.044921875,
-0.037353515625,
0.050048828125,
0.02001953125,
0.033203125,
0.042236328125,
-0.0279541015625,
0.0211181640625,
-0.0137939453125,
-0.040771484375,
0.0301513671875,
0.006988525390625,
-0.045166015625,
-0.04150390625,
-0.0047607421875,
-0.0002574920654296875,
0.0048828125,
0.0172119140625,
0.0284423828125,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.020263671875,
0.0218505859375,
0.0751953125,
-0.0244140625,
0.01123046875,
-0.0005950927734375,
-0.0022430419921875,
-0.058349609375,
0.01318359375,
-0.00994873046875,
0.00933837890625,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0849609375,
-0.0150146484375,
0.050537109375,
0.0150146484375,
0.0322265625,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.03857421875,
-0.01324462890625,
0.03515625,
-0.0211181640625,
0.033203125,
0.043212890625,
0.03173828125,
-0.042236328125,
-0.040283203125,
-0.0030975341796875,
0.017578125,
-0.0250244140625,
0.031005859375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.05029296875,
-0.031982421875,
-0.00048065185546875,
0.005615234375,
0.017333984375,
0.0164794921875,
0.0220947265625,
-0.027587890625,
-0.01055908203125,
0.006866455078125,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.0123291015625,
0.01312255859375,
0.0458984375,
-0.0172119140625,
0.0234375,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.007080078125,
0.0162353515625,
-0.0118408203125,
0.022705078125,
0.01104736328125,
0.00885009765625,
0.0081787109375,
0.0087890625,
-0.0400390625,
-0.0203857421875,
0.001800537109375,
-0.0162353515625,
0.011962890625,
0.007080078125,
0.050537109375,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.051025390625,
0.0022735595703125,
0.0299072265625,
-0.030517578125,
0.017578125,
-0.002349853515625,
-0.00909423828125,
0.044189453125,
0.037353515625,
-0.02685546875,
-0.00250244140625,
-0.00012874603271484375,
-0.004608154296875,
0.040771484375,
0.02099609375,
-0.007232666015625,
-0.00421142578125,
-0.017822265625,
-0.028076171875,
-0.05322265625,
-0.033203125,
-0.0225830078125,
0.03125,
0.0186767578125,
-0.013427734375,
0.03955078125,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.0208740234375,
0.021240234375,
-0.059814453125,
-0.059814453125,
0.0238037109375,
0.0264892578125,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.060546875,
-0.009033203125,
-0.016845703125,
0.053955078125,
-0.03076171875,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.010009765625,
0.0233154296875,
0.035888671875,
0.0096435546875,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0301513671875,
0.036376953125,
-0.037841796875,
-0.038330078125,
-0.04150390625,
0.0380859375,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.03369140625,
-0.005523681640625,
-0.08203125,
0.00750732421875,
-0.0135498046875,
0.037841796875,
-0.00506591796875,
-0.004425048828125,
-0.051025390625,
0.0087890625,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.02197265625,
-0.00121307373046875,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.051025390625,
0.005706787109375,
0.038818359375,
-0.00909423828125,
0.03955078125,
0.01104736328125,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.0205078125,
-0.0184326171875,
0.057861328125,
0.048828125,
0.0279541015625,
0.01104736328125,
0.022705078125,
0.0361328125,
0.0277099609375,
0.0208740234375,
0.0166015625,
0.0006103515625,
0.01019287109375,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.020751953125,
0.0230712890625,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.015869140625,
0.01348876953125,
-0.0322265625,
0.0123291015625,
0.0036163330078125,
-0.035400390625,
0.0096435546875,
-0.00689697265625,
0.00848388671875,
-0.03955078125,
-0.03662109375,
0.04638671875,
0.03759765625,
0.01092529296875,
-0.00970458984375,
0.032958984375,
0.031494140625,
0.0172119140625,
0.0027618408203125,
0.0400390625,
0.029052734375,
-0.076171875,
0.00567626953125,
0.0223388671875,
0.0198974609375,
-0.037841796875,
0.0174560546875,
0.022216796875,
0.01287841796875,
0.0128173828125,
-0.043212890625,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.046875,
0.00189208984375,
-0.001190185546875,
0.0289306640625,
-0.044677734375,
0.0026092529296875,
0.0230712890625,
0.0029449462890625,
-0.0179443359375,
0.03466796875,
0.041259765625,
0.03125,
-0.0000553131103515625,
0.01531982421875,
0.002960205078125,
0.0274658203125,
0.03857421875,
-0.038330078125,
0.01416015625,
0.042236328125,
-0.00057220458984375,
-0.052490234375,
0.01104736328125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.04248046875,
-0.01953125,
0.01141357421875,
-0.016845703125,
0.0274658203125,
-0.00262451171875,
-0.031982421875,
0.00531005859375,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0390625,
0.03173828125,
0.014892578125,
0.0732421875,
0.0020751953125,
-0.036376953125,
0.0196533203125,
-0.033203125,
0.0230712890625,
-0.04541015625,
0.02294921875,
0.030517578125,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.0458984375,
-0.01470947265625,
0.01544189453125,
0.003814697265625,
-0.04443359375,
-0.01171875,
-0.007354736328125,
0.0576171875,
-0.01068115234375,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.017333984375,
-0.008544921875,
0.0341796875,
0.042724609375,
-0.00531005859375,
0.006744384765625,
-0.000637054443359375,
0.01361083984375,
0.0166015625,
0.03662109375,
0.0189208984375,
0.01348876953125,
-0.0042724609375,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.041015625,
-0.016845703125,
0.002227783203125,
0.0185546875,
0.01275634765625,
0.01336669921875,
-0.052978515625,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.038330078125,
-0.04150390625,
-0.006195068359375,
0.02392578125,
-0.0634765625,
0.03369140625,
-0.000637054443359375,
-0.021240234375,
0.271484375,
0.03466796875,
-0.0177001953125,
0.017333984375,
0.02490234375,
0.043212890625,
-0.014404296875,
0.0147705078125,
-0.00113677978515625,
0.017578125,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.056396484375,
-0.0155029296875,
0.01123046875,
-0.004180908203125,
0.0255126953125,
-0.038330078125,
0.01361083984375,
0.0240478515625,
-0.038818359375,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.051025390625,
-0.00164794921875,
0.06103515625,
0.0003147125244140625,
0.0223388671875,
0.04150390625,
-0.10009765625,
-0.0224609375,
-0.05810546875,
-0.017333984375,
-0.0732421875,
0.0174560546875,
-0.03564453125,
-0.037109375,
0.039306640625,
0.03662109375,
0.0242919921875,
-0.004547119140625,
-0.04931640625,
0.01043701171875,
0.04150390625,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.0107421875,
-0.0003662109375,
-0.042724609375,
0.055419921875,
0.07177734375,
-0.033203125,
0.050537109375,
0.0137939453125,
0.0390625,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.040771484375,
0.021484375,
0.04736328125,
0.0198974609375,
-0.0302734375,
-0.035888671875,
0.01531982421875,
0.034423828125,
0.0279541015625,
0.048583984375,
0.033935546875,
-0.006927490234375,
0.038330078125,
0.0008544921875,
-0.02783203125,
0.01544189453125,
0.01104736328125,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.048583984375,
0.031982421875,
0.007659912109375,
-0.020263671875,
0.0159912109375,
0.052490234375,
-0.052490234375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.0185546875,
-0.00311279296875,
0.02294921875,
0.052490234375,
0.014892578125,
-0.0017852783203125,
-0.046630859375,
0.0006866455078125,
-0.01483154296875,
-0.00439453125,
0.0103759765625,
0.0126953125,
-0.004669189453125,
-0.0125732421875
] |
Boyles, -J.
Plaintiff appeals from an order dismissing his bill of complaint filed in the circuit court for Wayne county in chancery, on motions made by the defendants. Under such circumstances all well-pleaded material allegations of fact in the bill of complaint must be taken as' true.
The plaintiff Wright and the defendant Dali are residents of Detroit. The defendant Houdaille-Hershey Corporation is a Michigan corporation with its place of business in Detroit. On March 3, 1934, the plaintiff and the defendant Dali entered into an agreement reciting that whereas Dali was the inventor of certain improvements in door-locking and window-operating mechanisms for automobiles for which he had filed applications for letters patent, series Nos. 513,297 and 655,180, “and has filed and may file in the future still other applications for other inventions for the same purpose or for improvements thereon or modifications therein,” it was therefore agreed that:
“In consideration of the agreement, covenants, undertakings and promises of the parties hereto, each with and to the other, as hereinafter provided for, and other good and valuable consideration,” the prior agreements were terminated and cancelled, “except as hereinafter provided.”
Dali then further agreed that: “In consideration of $1 to him in hand paid, * * * and other good and valuable consideration,” he would execute and deliver to Wright, whenever requested, any and all assignments and documents necessary to vest in Wright the entire right, title and interest in any applications for letters patent which Dali had already filed or might thereafter file or acquire, for inventions and improvements in door-locking and window-operating devices for automobiles.
There were many further provisions in the agreement, such as payment of royalties to Dali, granting of licenses, commercial exploitation, et cetera. About a year later a supplemental agreement was entered into regarding the purchase of additional patents, and further services by Dali in furtherance of commercial exploitation of the inventions.
The plaintiff at all times fully performed his obligations under the agreements, devoted more than five years on a full-time basis, without compensation, to the exploitation of the patents, paid out more than $32,000 for such promotion, the filing and obtaining of patents and protecting their interests against claims, and paid Dali more than $10,000 under their agreements. Plaintiff admits that from the time the agreements were entered into until sometime in 1945 Dali fully carried out his obligations, that during that time Dali made many new improvements in door-locking and window-operating devices for automobiles, and assigned some 15 patent applications to plaintiff in accordance with their agreements. And the bill alleges that if it had not been for the unlawful acts of the defendant Houdaille-Hershey Corporation, Dali would have continued to perform his obligations.
At least as far back as 1940, the defendant Houdaillé-Hershey Corporation had full notice and knowledge of the agreements between the plaintiff and Dali, and their respective rights and obligations thereunder. In 1945, or sometime prior thereto, the Houdaille-Hershey Corporation “embarked upon a course of conduct” designed and intended to induce Dali to violate his agreements with plaintiff and to assign to Houdaille-Hershey Corporation any applications for inventions Dali might make with respect to door-locking devices for automobiles and the like, solicited Dali to refuse to assign any such patent applications to the plaintiff but to assign the same to the Houdaille-Hershey Corporation, agreed with Dali to defray his expenses if plaintiff started proceedings against him, and as a result Dali breached his agreements with the plaintiff. Dali recently invented a certain door lock for automobiles known to plaintiff as the “Ford lock,” designed to do the same work as the devices in patents already assigned by Dali to the plaintiff, for which “Ford lock” patent applications had been made but had not been assigned to plaintiff. Dali refused to assign them to plaintiff, but assigned the same to the Houdaille-Hershey Corporation, and it refused to assign the same to the plaintiff. Dali had also recently invented a two-door locking system for automobiles, for which applications for patents had been filed, but Dali refused to assign them to the plaintiff and has assigned the same to the Houdaille-Hershey Corporation. Plaintiff alleges that other door-lock drawings and inventions had been made by Dali, applications for patents filed by him and assigned to the Houdaille-Hershey Corporation, which the corporate defendant refused to assign to the plaintiff. The bill asks that the Houdaille-Hershey Corporation be required to assign to plaintiff all its right, title and interest in the said inventions and appli cations for patents,'and to be enjoined from attempting to induce Dali to violate his agreements with plaintiff or from selling, transferring or encumbering the said applications for patents; and for the damages sustained by the plaintiff.
The defendants filed separate motions to dismiss the bill of complaint. Both claimed that there was a lack of consideration for the agreements between plaintiff and Dali, that a bill for specific performance of the agreements would not lie because there was no mutuality of obligations, that plaintiff had an adequate remedy at law, and was guilty of laches barring equitable relief. The trial court granted the motions to dismiss, on the grounds that there was a lack of mutuality of obligations and remedies, that the contracts required personal services on the part of Dali which were incapable of enforcement by specific performance, and mainly on the ground that the plaintiff has an adequate remedy at law.
The relief which the plaintiff seeks to obtain against the defendant Houdaille-Hershey Corporation is to prevent said defendant from making further attempts to induce or persuade Dali to violate his agreements with the plaintiff, and to compel said corporate defendant to assign to the plaintiff all right, title and interest in the inventions and in the applications for patents on door-locking devices for automobiles, which have been transferred to it by Dali. As to that, we are of the opinion that the plaintiff should be allowed his day in a court of equity to determine whether Houdaille-Hershey Corporation acquired such interests in bad faith and with full notice of plaintiff’s rights under his contracts with Dali. Such contracts might be specifically enforceable against the corporate defendant. Detroit Lubricator Co. v. Lavigne, 151 Mich. 650; Barthel v. Crippen, 162 Mich. 150; Zagelmeyer v. Laughray Concrete Brick Co., 169 Mich. 589.
As to the defendant Dali, there are some provisions of the agreements between plaintiff and Dali which are not enforceable by a decree for specific performance in a court of equity, particularly for personal services to be performed by Dali involving-special knowledge and skill. Sword v. Aird, 306 Mich. 14. But there are provisions in the agreements between plaintiff and Dali which may be specifically enforced, and as to which the plaintiff would not have an adequate remedy at law. If the plaintiff chooses to seek partial relief, a court of equity may not deny it on the ground that other relief may not be granted. White Marble Lime Co. v. Consolidated Lumber Co., 205 Mich. 634. As to the agreements to transfer applications for patents, in consideration of exploitation and payment of royalties, there ivas no lack of consideration nor a lack of mutuality of obligations and remedies. Nichols, Shepard & Co. v. Marsh, 61 Mich. 509. See, also, Detroit Lubricator Co. v. Lavigne, supra; Barthel v. Crippen, supra. It is not essential to the granting of relief against the Houdaille-Hershey Corporation that there be contractual relations or mutuality of obligations between said defendant and the plaintiff here. Digby v. Thorson, 319 Mich. 524.
This is a case peculiarly -within the province of the chancery court where the rights of these parties may be adjudicated in one proceeding and decree entered accordingly. The order of dismissal is set aside and the case remanded for hearing on the merits, with costs of this Court to appellant.
Bushnell, C. J., and Sharpe, Reid, North, Dethmers, Butzel, and Carr, JJ., concurred. | [
-0.0203857421875,
-0.01361083984375,
0.0203857421875,
0.01055908203125,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.029296875,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.0167236328125,
0.03564453125,
0.0234375,
0.021484375,
0.02001953125,
0.01708984375,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.017333984375,
0.00194549560546875,
0.018798828125,
0.00213623046875,
0.020263671875,
0.05615234375,
0.0128173828125,
-0.020751953125,
-0.014404296875,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.01043701171875,
0.031982421875,
-0.0206298828125,
0.0791015625,
0.027587890625,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.005950927734375,
0.03076171875,
-0.039306640625,
-0.004058837890625,
0.0126953125,
0.043212890625,
-0.0693359375,
0.032470703125,
-0.004364013671875,
-0.005615234375,
0.01141357421875,
0.06591796875,
-0.061279296875,
-0.010498046875,
-0.0250244140625,
0.0027618408203125,
-0.025146484375,
0.0625,
-0.055908203125,
-0.004913330078125,
-0.006988525390625,
0.01519775390625,
-0.0244140625,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.05126953125,
-0.01708984375,
-0.00006079673767089844,
-0.0072021484375,
0.04345703125,
0.0172119140625,
-0.00579833984375,
0.032958984375,
-0.02099609375,
0.01806640625,
0.0262451171875,
0.011962890625,
0.0224609375,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.019775390625,
-0.00787353515625,
0.0091552734375,
0.00726318359375,
0.0107421875,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0037841796875,
-0.00909423828125,
0.004241943359375,
0.00927734375,
0.003997802734375,
-0.033935546875,
0.0208740234375,
0.003692626953125,
-0.05078125,
0.068359375,
0.039306640625,
0.03173828125,
0.0108642578125,
0.01397705078125,
-0.00872802734375,
0.040283203125,
-0.0101318359375,
0.0016632080078125,
0.046875,
0.035888671875,
-0.03515625,
0.0185546875,
0.0191650390625,
-0.006683349609375,
0.0224609375,
0.042724609375,
-0.0045166015625,
0.0712890625,
0.005462646484375,
0.0198974609375,
0.0078125,
0.019287109375,
-0.00238037109375,
-0.00750732421875,
0.0172119140625,
-0.019287109375,
0.018798828125,
0.00023555755615234375,
-0.003875732421875,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.022216796875,
-0.0004253387451171875,
-0.039794921875,
0.01068115234375,
0.033447265625,
-0.0211181640625,
0.0255126953125,
0.01092529296875,
-0.01153564453125,
0.0152587890625,
0.0023193359375,
0.034912109375,
-0.015869140625,
0.01300048828125,
0.04052734375,
0.0181884765625,
-0.007080078125,
0.0111083984375,
0.0021209716796875,
0.022705078125,
0.03515625,
0.0498046875,
0.035400390625,
-0.0027923583984375,
0.00433349609375,
0.01104736328125,
-0.006744384765625,
0.06591796875,
0.00799560546875,
0.04736328125,
-0.0439453125,
0.0380859375,
-0.025634765625,
-0.03662109375,
-0.029052734375,
-0.006866455078125,
0.031494140625,
0.05322265625,
0.01190185546875,
-0.0380859375,
0.042724609375,
-0.049072265625,
0.06298828125,
0.023193359375,
-0.00457763671875,
0.0166015625,
-0.01239013671875,
0.022216796875,
-0.0010528564453125,
0.015380859375,
0.00830078125,
0.0142822265625,
-0.04833984375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.00014591217041015625,
-0.007110595703125,
-0.056884765625,
-0.0361328125,
0.051025390625,
-0.007080078125,
0.05029296875,
0.010498046875,
-0.020263671875,
0.0205078125,
-0.0361328125,
-0.00167083740234375,
0.060546875,
-0.018310546875,
0.0155029296875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.0019378662109375,
-0.01470947265625,
0.0020904541015625,
-0.0419921875,
0.0169677734375,
0.019775390625,
-0.0272216796875,
0.0203857421875,
-0.045654296875,
0.01513671875,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.018310546875,
0.050048828125,
-0.03515625,
-0.04736328125,
-0.01361083984375,
0.0033721923828125,
0.029541015625,
-0.01171875,
-0.054443359375,
0.019775390625,
0.01806640625,
-0.041015625,
0.02978515625,
-0.005462646484375,
0.025634765625,
0.061279296875,
-0.03759765625,
-0.00689697265625,
0.04345703125,
0.00189208984375,
0.01116943359375,
-0.0177001953125,
0.047607421875,
0.0196533203125,
0.01177978515625,
-0.0283203125,
0.044677734375,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.00738525390625,
0.04833984375,
0.0240478515625,
-0.000385284423828125,
-0.00665283203125,
-0.037841796875,
0.058349609375,
-0.0038604736328125,
0.048095703125,
-0.02294921875,
-0.048583984375,
0.045166015625,
0.005035400390625,
0.00970458984375,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.04638671875,
0.0263671875,
0.05029296875,
-0.009033203125,
-0.010009765625,
0.048828125,
-0.01544189453125,
-0.0179443359375,
0.02392578125,
0.0108642578125,
0.0029449462890625,
0.03955078125,
-0.0054931640625,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.0244140625,
0.005950927734375,
0.0101318359375,
-0.01220703125,
0.01055908203125,
-0.0478515625,
0.0177001953125,
0.031005859375,
-0.03515625,
-0.0074462890625,
0.01446533203125,
-0.017578125,
0.03662109375,
0.0166015625,
-0.042724609375,
-0.00186920166015625,
-0.055908203125,
-0.04443359375,
-0.0186767578125,
0.0152587890625,
-0.03515625,
-0.06982421875,
-0.00537109375,
-0.0262451171875,
0.05029296875,
-0.02587890625,
-0.015380859375,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.0250244140625,
0.007293701171875,
0.017822265625,
0.046142578125,
-0.0380859375,
0.0230712890625,
-0.0244140625,
0.031982421875,
0.00518798828125,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.0869140625,
-0.012451171875,
0.035888671875,
-0.0087890625,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.052001953125,
0.00421142578125,
-0.034423828125,
-0.07080078125,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.0419921875,
-0.010009765625,
-0.00445556640625,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.0213623046875,
0.025146484375,
0.045166015625,
-0.0458984375,
0.0308837890625,
0.0263671875,
0.02490234375,
-0.04052734375,
0.043212890625,
0.0004425048828125,
0.00933837890625,
0.0042724609375,
-0.0294189453125,
0.006378173828125,
0.016845703125,
-0.02685546875,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.0008087158203125,
0.0294189453125,
-0.061767578125,
-0.005218505859375,
-0.033935546875,
-0.026611328125,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.003387451171875,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.031005859375,
0.017822265625,
0.0223388671875,
-0.035888671875,
0.018310546875,
-0.015625,
0.052490234375,
-0.0196533203125,
0.0152587890625,
0.031494140625,
-0.01275634765625,
0.0595703125,
0.0281982421875,
-0.02490234375,
0.0103759765625,
-0.013427734375,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.00274658203125,
0.004302978515625,
0.01214599609375,
0.053466796875,
0.01080322265625,
-0.044921875,
-0.06396484375,
0.052001953125,
0.0162353515625,
0.0284423828125,
-0.002197265625,
-0.0101318359375,
-0.031982421875,
-0.00005125999450683594,
0.00015544891357421875,
-0.016845703125,
0.046875,
0.00128936767578125,
0.01080322265625,
0.04541015625,
-0.044921875,
-0.00035858154296875,
-0.035888671875,
-0.07958984375,
-0.025634765625,
0.01202392578125,
0.01043701171875,
0.0260009765625,
0.0262451171875,
-0.03564453125,
-0.00958251953125,
0.0186767578125,
-0.0010223388671875,
0.003143310546875,
-0.01214599609375,
0.031494140625,
-0.00701904296875,
-0.0032806396484375,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.0164794921875,
0.0279541015625,
-0.0003490447998046875,
-0.032470703125,
-0.037109375,
0.06103515625,
0.010009765625,
0.0157470703125,
0.0218505859375,
0.029296875,
0.048828125,
0.00885009765625,
0.01092529296875,
-0.046142578125,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.0255126953125,
0.08544921875,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.0087890625,
0.014892578125,
0.0184326171875,
0.0194091796875,
0.0439453125,
-0.0001316070556640625,
0.0033721923828125,
-0.00127410888671875,
0.0341796875,
0.0169677734375,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.01318359375,
0.0103759765625,
0.030029296875,
0.058349609375,
-0.029541015625,
0.0286865234375,
-0.054443359375,
0.01318359375,
0.038330078125,
0.00848388671875,
-0.0247802734375,
0.01141357421875,
-0.038330078125,
-0.033935546875,
0.02197265625,
0.0162353515625,
-0.020263671875,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.003021240234375,
0.006072998046875,
0.05908203125,
-0.04248046875,
-0.0286865234375,
0.033203125,
-0.0223388671875,
0.004608154296875,
0.0228271484375,
0.012451171875,
0.0106201171875,
-0.016357421875,
-0.034912109375,
0.05126953125,
0.016357421875,
-0.0230712890625,
0.00043487548828125,
0.040283203125,
-0.020751953125,
0.0498046875,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.00927734375,
0.0157470703125,
-0.004058837890625,
-0.01214599609375,
-0.03173828125,
0.037841796875,
0.047119140625,
0.03515625,
0.0458984375,
0.01385498046875,
-0.0125732421875,
0.041748046875,
0.0223388671875,
-0.044189453125,
0.0181884765625,
-0.0103759765625,
0.032470703125,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.0179443359375,
0.0172119140625,
-0.028076171875,
0.03857421875,
-0.00811767578125,
0.037353515625,
-0.00396728515625,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.031494140625,
-0.02587890625,
-0.035400390625,
-0.00238037109375,
0.0308837890625,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.00122833251953125,
-0.01171875,
-0.01055908203125,
0.00726318359375,
-0.05859375,
-0.003936767578125,
0.0189208984375,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.017578125,
0.03173828125,
0.01422119140625,
0.0032196044921875,
-0.0234375,
-0.00384521484375,
-0.0216064453125,
0.01007080078125,
0.048095703125,
-0.036865234375,
0.001983642578125,
-0.007293701171875,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.00001823902130126953,
0.0269775390625,
0.055908203125,
0.0281982421875,
-0.0030517578125,
0.05126953125,
0.0179443359375,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.035888671875,
0.04345703125,
-0.03857421875,
0.00051116943359375,
0.01458740234375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.01904296875,
-0.049560546875,
0.02978515625,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.038330078125,
-0.059326171875,
0.0098876953125,
-0.0185546875,
0.02392578125,
-0.00106048583984375,
-0.00494384765625,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.01904296875,
0.02099609375,
-0.03369140625,
-0.013427734375,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.009521484375,
-0.052734375,
0.03271484375,
0.04541015625,
0.00238037109375,
-0.006134033203125,
-0.028564453125,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.02783203125,
-0.0036163330078125,
-0.0024261474609375,
-0.021240234375,
0.0020294189453125,
0.016357421875,
0.045166015625,
0.0142822265625,
0.0023193359375,
-0.0289306640625,
0.01287841796875,
0.029052734375,
-0.0264892578125,
0.00982666015625,
-0.05029296875,
0.05078125,
0.017578125,
-0.036865234375,
0.01336669921875,
0.056884765625,
0.0279541015625,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.02783203125,
-0.06884765625,
-0.07568359375,
0.01422119140625,
0.005828857421875,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0146484375,
-0.04931640625,
0.0361328125,
-0.0205078125,
0.0186767578125,
0.0673828125,
0.00738525390625,
-0.0078125,
-0.0322265625,
-0.007110595703125,
0.0458984375,
-0.08984375,
-0.00701904296875,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.0291748046875,
-0.0250244140625,
0.005859375,
0.0034332275390625,
-0.033203125,
0.037109375,
0.0361328125,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.01904296875,
-0.048828125,
-0.01611328125,
0.0791015625,
-0.0211181640625,
0.0191650390625,
0.05126953125,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0810546875,
0.042724609375,
0.01019287109375,
-0.029541015625,
-0.06591796875,
0.06396484375,
0.03759765625,
-0.040771484375,
0.0257568359375,
0.032958984375,
-0.0179443359375,
0.0025177001953125,
-0.0031585693359375,
-0.068359375,
-0.041259765625,
-0.037841796875,
0.041015625,
0.03564453125,
-0.041748046875,
0.0225830078125,
0.04638671875,
0.031494140625,
0.042724609375,
0.0218505859375,
0.05126953125,
-0.041015625,
-0.037841796875,
0.04638671875,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.026611328125,
-0.08251953125,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.0263671875,
-0.01202392578125,
0.0302734375,
-0.0272216796875,
-0.038818359375,
0.0283203125,
0.00286865234375,
0.08251953125,
-0.036865234375,
-0.035888671875,
0.047607421875,
0.01287841796875,
-0.057861328125,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.01324462890625,
0.0147705078125,
-0.04443359375,
-0.09716796875,
-0.039306640625,
0.032958984375,
0.01806640625,
0.0194091796875,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.0615234375,
0.00830078125,
0.0093994140625,
-0.049560546875,
0.0301513671875,
-0.02294921875,
0.0120849609375,
-0.042724609375,
-0.068359375,
0.01556396484375,
0.03466796875,
0.002044677734375,
0.027099609375,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.006744384765625,
-0.033447265625,
-0.03515625,
-0.0020904541015625,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.0135498046875,
0.019775390625,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.013916015625,
-0.0020294189453125,
-0.004058837890625,
-0.035888671875,
-0.056640625,
0.023681640625,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.01092529296875,
0.007598876953125,
-0.041259765625,
-0.0322265625,
0.015869140625,
0.02099609375,
0.07177734375,
-0.040771484375,
0.012939453125,
0.025390625,
0.000186920166015625,
0.001373291015625,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.061767578125,
-0.024658203125,
-0.007080078125,
-0.0303955078125,
0.0419921875,
0.038818359375,
-0.0419921875,
-0.021728515625,
-0.027099609375,
0.01275634765625,
-0.05224609375,
0.0000972747802734375,
0.00106048583984375,
0.00145721435546875,
0.045166015625,
0.00384521484375,
0.01422119140625,
-0.023193359375,
0.039306640625,
0.003753662109375,
-0.0033416748046875,
0.020751953125,
0.013916015625,
0.0255126953125,
-0.00555419921875,
-0.00323486328125,
-0.04248046875,
-0.017333984375,
0.01416015625,
0.044921875,
0.048095703125,
0.001739501953125,
0.0130615234375,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.05908203125,
0.00970458984375,
-0.068359375,
-0.021484375,
0.029296875,
-0.014892578125,
0.02197265625,
-0.0031585693359375,
0.0198974609375,
-0.00714111328125,
0.018798828125,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.026611328125,
-0.01153564453125,
0.017578125,
0.0303955078125,
-0.0257568359375,
0.0284423828125,
-0.019287109375,
0.017333984375,
-0.005035400390625,
-0.0458984375,
0.005279541015625,
0.072265625,
0.0081787109375,
-0.043701171875,
-0.016357421875,
0.00958251953125,
-0.059326171875,
0.004180908203125,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.0030670166015625,
-0.006622314453125,
0.0247802734375,
-0.039306640625,
0.050537109375,
-0.017822265625,
-0.0103759765625,
0.007568359375,
-0.036376953125,
0.0024566650390625,
0.025146484375,
0.0135498046875,
0.0196533203125,
0.04296875,
-0.004486083984375,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.02490234375,
-0.018798828125,
0.031005859375,
0.045166015625,
0.01025390625,
-0.00531005859375,
0.01556396484375,
0.060546875,
0.001068115234375,
0.053466796875,
0.045166015625,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.006378173828125,
-0.041748046875,
0.051513671875,
-0.02685546875,
-0.020263671875,
0.041748046875,
-0.01025390625,
-0.025146484375,
0.0089111328125,
-0.01611328125,
-0.019775390625,
-0.06787109375,
0.0157470703125,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.0308837890625,
0.0032196044921875,
-0.0059814453125,
0.055419921875,
0.0211181640625,
-0.0079345703125,
0.023681640625,
0.0242919921875,
0.0004062652587890625,
0.00775146484375,
0.004486083984375,
-0.0810546875,
0.02099609375,
0.055419921875,
0.033203125,
0.0198974609375,
0.01043701171875,
-0.0037078857421875,
0.00250244140625,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.008544921875,
-0.02294921875,
-0.053955078125,
0.04345703125,
0.00335693359375,
0.0198974609375,
-0.0255126953125,
0.0159912109375,
0.0263671875,
-0.0035400390625,
-0.04541015625,
0.0361328125,
-0.01239013671875,
0.0184326171875,
-0.01507568359375,
0.03173828125,
-0.00616455078125,
0.016357421875,
0.037841796875,
-0.0238037109375,
0.036865234375,
0.0250244140625,
-0.033203125,
-0.009521484375,
0.02294921875,
-0.047607421875,
-0.04296875,
-0.02001953125,
0.0162353515625,
-0.0115966796875,
0.0201416015625,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.02490234375,
0.01458740234375,
-0.037353515625,
-0.012451171875,
0.009033203125,
0.037353515625,
0.0126953125,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.040283203125,
0.00726318359375,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.0595703125,
0.03857421875,
0.00860595703125,
-0.048095703125,
-0.0400390625,
-0.03369140625,
-0.005645751953125,
-0.0020599365234375,
-0.047119140625,
-0.0115966796875,
0.027099609375,
0.00421142578125,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.016357421875,
0.02001953125,
-0.02392578125,
0.02685546875,
0.032470703125,
0.03955078125,
0.0240478515625,
0.034912109375,
0.0322265625,
0.00970458984375,
0.015869140625,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.00628662109375,
-0.034423828125,
-0.02490234375,
0.003143310546875,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0234375,
0.0206298828125,
0.05615234375,
0.0133056640625,
-0.060302734375,
0.0087890625,
-0.026611328125,
-0.046630859375,
-0.006317138671875,
-0.017822265625,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.00909423828125,
0.0185546875,
-0.044189453125,
0.283203125,
0.0263671875,
-0.0220947265625,
0.04638671875,
-0.00927734375,
0.03564453125,
0.03515625,
-0.003631591796875,
-0.037841796875,
0.007781982421875,
-0.0277099609375,
0.0093994140625,
0.002197265625,
0.0191650390625,
-0.0115966796875,
0.029052734375,
-0.047119140625,
-0.000209808349609375,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.0595703125,
0.00921630859375,
-0.016357421875,
-0.02490234375,
0.042724609375,
0.0322265625,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.001251220703125,
-0.060791015625,
-0.0380859375,
-0.06689453125,
0.0078125,
-0.0341796875,
0.01324462890625,
-0.046142578125,
-0.0040283203125,
-0.0147705078125,
0.01080322265625,
-0.00098419189453125,
0.01116943359375,
0.034423828125,
-0.005035400390625,
0.024658203125,
0.0106201171875,
0.0034637451171875,
0.0262451171875,
-0.00665283203125,
-0.03662109375,
0.034423828125,
0.052978515625,
-0.0029144287109375,
0.03955078125,
0.022705078125,
0.034912109375,
-0.0203857421875,
0.0172119140625,
0.052490234375,
0.0108642578125,
-0.0091552734375,
0.00347900390625,
-0.025390625,
-0.0032806396484375,
-0.01068115234375,
0.037841796875,
0.01116943359375,
-0.0247802734375,
0.01123046875,
-0.00022029876708984375,
0.015380859375,
-0.0145263671875,
0.0308837890625,
0.01165771484375,
0.00194549560546875,
-0.0185546875,
-0.0133056640625,
0.042236328125,
0.03564453125,
-0.021728515625,
0.041015625,
0.00848388671875,
-0.01129150390625,
0.005096435546875,
-0.00927734375,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.00836181640625,
0.0211181640625,
0.01177978515625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.037109375,
0.00946044921875,
-0.01300048828125,
0.0252685546875,
-0.00439453125,
-0.0147705078125,
0.0179443359375,
-0.0004825592041015625
] |
Edward M. Sharpe, J.
This suit involves the title to a strip of land 16% feet wide and approximately 142 rods long, lying in what is now the central portion of wider Woodward avenue in section 8, town 1 north, range 11 east, of Eoyal Oak township. Prior to 1838, John Benjamin and wife owned all of the southwest one-quarter of section 8 in the township of Eoyal Oak. On May 7, 1838, John Benjamin and wife conveyed to the president and directors of the Detroit & Pontiac Eailroad Company, a steam railroad, a strip of land in section 8 described as:
“Lying on the east side of the Detroit and Pontiac turnpike and bounded thereby, being 24 feet wide and running parallel with said turnpike through the said described land.”
The railroad company immediately built a fence along the west side of its right of way, which fence remained in the same place until the recent widening of Woodward avenue.
Since early times there has been a road from Detroit to Saginaw in the approximate location of the present Woodward avenue. In 1827 an act of congress (4 U. S. Stat. at L. p. 231) authorized the laying out of a road between Detroit and Saginaw but there is nothing to show that a survey was actually made. In 1857 the Michigan legislature established the Detroit and Saginaw road as a State highway to be of the uniform width of four rods (Act No. 107, Pub. Acts 1857). In 1895 a franchise was granted the Detroit & Pontiac Railway Company by the township of Royal Oak to construct a street car line along the Saginaw turnpike, now Woodward avenue. A single track was so constructed on the east part of the highway. In 1898 the heirs of John Benjamin granted a right of way to the Detroit .& Pontiac Railway Company of
“that certain strip of land existing and lying between the eastern boundary of said Saginaw turnpike and the Detroit, Grand Haven & Milwaukee Railroad; the same being about one rod in width and about 142 rods long, more or less.”
This grant was for railway purposes only and upon cesser of'such use was to become void. Prior to the granting of this right of way the strip of land was never used for any purpose except in the spring of 1898 when the Benjamins planted potatoes thereon. Old photographs show it as grown up to grass. The traveled portion of the highway was close to the fence inclosing the Benjamin property on the west side of the highway, property which was later acquired by the Roseland Park Cemetery Association. A fence remained on this west line of the old highway until removed for the widening of Woodward avenue.
Some time prior to 1924 the Benjamin property east of Woodward avenue and the railroad tracks was partitioned between the heirs. In 1924 the southern portion was platted as the Benjamin Estates Subdivision and in this plat the‘streets and alleys were dedicated to the public. The plat shows Woodward avenue as being 200 feet wide at the point where the disputed property lies. In 1925 the northern portion was platted as Roywood Subdivision and also contains the same provisions as to streets and alleys and the width of Woodward avenue. However, the Roywood plat was made by grantees of part of the plaintiffs and the Benjamin Estates plat was joined in only by those of the plaintiffs to whom that part of the estate had been apportioned.
In 1931 and after the above property was platted, the Eastern Michigan Railways, successor to the Detroit United Railway and the Detroit & Pontiac Railway Company, ceased operating its electric lines, removed its wires and tracks and quitclaimed to the State highway commissioner. Later the State highway department paved the property formerly occupied by the Eastern Michigan Railways including the 16%-foot strip.
Plaintiffs, heirs of John Benjamin, bring this suit in equity asking that the title to the fee in this strip be quieted in them, free and clear of any public easement, on the ground that they are the rightful owners by recorded legal title and by adverse possession.
Defendants contend that the land in question is part of a public highway and that if plaintiffs ever had any title to the same it has been lost to them by reason of platting the adjoining property and dedicating the streets to the use of the public. Defendants also contend that a court of chancery has no jurisdiction of the subject matter.
The lower court held for plaintiffs and defendants appeal!
While the circuit courts in chancery, of this State have express statutory jurisdiction (3 Comp. Laws 1929, § 13944, subd. [4]) to hear and determine title to land, such bills to quiet title will not be entertained and the defendant thus deprived of jury trial where the question of title may be tried at law. Moran v. Palmer, 13 Mich. 367; Carpenter v. Dennison, 208 Mich. 441; Dunn v. Peck, 255 Mich. 391; Kamman v. City of Detroit, 252 Mich. 498. Of course, where a court of chancery has jurisdiction of the subject matter on an independent ground, it may determine the question of title although an action of ejectment would likewise be open. Moody v. Macomber, 158 Mich. 209; Carpenter v. Dennison, supra; Nisbett v. Milner, 159 Mich. 337. So equity has jurisdiction to quiet title where there is fraud. Moran v. Palmer, supra. Or to avoid a multiplicity of suits. Woods v. Monroe, 17 Mich. 238; Eaton v. Trowbridge, 38 Mich. 454; Maes v. Olmsted, 247 Mich. 180. Or to set aside a mortgage. Methodist Church of Newark v. Clark, 41 Mich. 730. Or to reform an instrument. Nisbett v. Milner, supra.
Where the defendant is in actual possession of the land, ejectment is the proper remedy. Seymour v. Rood, 121 Mich. 173; Longcor v. Turner, 191 Mich. 240. The plaintiffs contend that an easement is an intangible and incorporeal right, for which ejectment will not lie. But when the exercise of the easement requires complete possession of the land itself to the exclusion of any acts of ownership by the holder of the fee, ejectment will lie. It would be hard to conceive of any more complete possession than that of the public in a crowded thoroughfare like Woodward avenue. It has been held both in this State and others that ejectment is a proper remedy for lands used as a public street. Tuller v. City of Detroit, 97 Mich. 597; Kamman v. City of Detroit, supra; Mahon v. San Rafael Turnpike Road Co., 49 Cal. 269; Le Blond v. Town of Peshtigo, 140 Wis. 604 (123 N. W. 157, 25 L. R. A. [N. S.] 511).
However, in the present case ejectment would not be an adequate remedy. The only remedy possible at law is damages for the trespass and a writ of possession. The real relief desired by plaintiffs is payment for their land. This was secured by the decree of the lower court which made the granting of an injunction against defendants conditional on their failure to take condemnation proceedings within 60 days. Such conditional and injunctive relief is possible only in chancery and the suit will be retained in order that it may be granted.
On the merits, counsel for defendants contend that the disputed strip of land is not private property because it was not assessed for taxes. This is true to the extent that it was not separately described and assessed, but the inclusion or omission of the property from the tax roll is not of very great probative value in determining whether the property belongs to the highway or is private property. Murphey v. Township of Lee, 239 Mich. 551.
Plaintiffs’ claim of title by adverse possession cannot be sustained. Prior to the granting of right of way to the Detroit & Pontiac Railway Company, the only act of possession which could be considered adverse was the planting of the disputed strip to potatoes in the year 1898. This possession and that of the Detroit & Pontiac Railway did not continue for sufficient time to establish title by adverse possession prior to the enactment of Act No. 46, Pub. Acts 1907, forbidding the acquisition of rights in public highways by adverse possession.
However, the record shows that the legal title is in the plaintiffs as heirs of John Benjamin. While there is no definite record of a survey of Woodward avenue as originally located, the westerly boundary of the old highway is well established by a line fence, the legislative authorization limited the highway to four rods in width, and photographs and testimony show that the actual highway occupied only the westerly 66 feet. This left a 16%-foot strip between the highway and the steam railroad right of way which was vacant and unused until the construction of the second electric railway track about 1898.
Whatever rights the Detroit & Pontiac Railway Company acquired under the grant of 1898 terminated and reverted to plaintiffs with the cessation of operation of the railway in 1931. Hickox v. Railway Co., 78 Mich. 615; Jones v. Van Bochove, 103 Mich. 98.
Defendants contend, however, that there was a dedication of the land for a public highway either by John Benjamin about the time of the grant to the Detroit & Pontiac Railroad Company in 1838 or by the subdivision plats of 1924 and 1925. Dedication requires an intention of the owner of the property to give it over to the use of the public and an acceptance on the part of the public. Alton v. Meeuwenberg, 108 Mich. 629; Smith v. State Highway Com’r, 227 Mich. 280. The question of dedication is largely one of intention. Cook v. Village of Hillsdale, 7 Mich. 115; Weihe v. Macatawa Resort Co., 198 Mich. 334. In Vance v. Village of Pewamo, 161 Mich. 528, 535, this court adopted the following statement of the law:
‘ ‘ The facts and circumstances relied upon to prove the existence of an intent on the part of the dedicator must be of a positive and unequivocal character. Since, by a dedication, valuable rights in lands pass’ from the owner, no presumption of an intent to dedicate arises, unless it is clearly and expressly shown by his acts and declarations, or by a line of conduct the only reasonable explanation of which is that a dedication was intended. 9’ Am. & Eng. Enc. Law (2d Ed.), p. 38, and cases cited.”
The description of the right of way in the deed of 1838 as bounded by the highway and the subsequent location of the railroad fences is no more open to the presumption of the dedication of the intervening strip as highway than to the inference that the right of way was not located where originally planned. Moreover, there was no acceptance or user by the public.
The subdivision plats did not constitute a dedication of the strip because the plats showed the west boundary of the properties as the eastern line of the railroad right of way. The fact that both the electric and steam railways were operating at the time of the platting is indicative also that there was no intention to include this property in the streets dedicated. Moreover, the Roywood plat was made by third persons who could not bind or estop the plaintiffs, and only two of those of the plaintiffs interested in the Benjamin Estates Subdivision had reached their majority at the time of the platting.
The decree of the lower court will be affirmed, with costs to plaintiffs.
Nelson Sharpe, C. J., and Potter, North, Fead, Wiest, Butzel, and Bushnell, JJ., concurred. | [
0.0086669921875,
0.04150390625,
0.05126953125,
0.0016632080078125,
-0.03515625,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.001373291015625,
0.001739501953125,
0.0184326171875,
0.0220947265625,
0.031005859375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.00543212890625,
0.01153564453125,
0.025146484375,
-0.036865234375,
0.0184326171875,
-0.0164794921875,
0.052734375,
0.03173828125,
-0.016357421875,
-0.033203125,
-0.0263671875,
-0.029296875,
0.0294189453125,
0.0458984375,
-0.0157470703125,
0.047607421875,
0.0164794921875,
0.000827789306640625,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.01116943359375,
0.016357421875,
0.02490234375,
0.01092529296875,
0.05712890625,
-0.0751953125,
0.0103759765625,
-0.0087890625,
-0.006744384765625,
0.005279541015625,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.03369140625,
-0.029296875,
-0.0147705078125,
0.01116943359375,
-0.03857421875,
0.0196533203125,
-0.078125,
-0.033935546875,
0.0142822265625,
0.00390625,
-0.005706787109375,
-0.01806640625,
-0.050537109375,
-0.041748046875,
-0.004730224609375,
-0.0206298828125,
0.0303955078125,
0.02734375,
-0.0303955078125,
0.0303955078125,
0.0004253387451171875,
0.0257568359375,
0.05078125,
0.031494140625,
0.0159912109375,
0.0000553131103515625,
-0.01190185546875,
-0.00179290771484375,
0.0123291015625,
-0.0185546875,
0.0040283203125,
0.007049560546875,
0.0045166015625,
0.01531982421875,
-0.050048828125,
0.0380859375,
0.02099609375,
-0.0198974609375,
0.0157470703125,
0.042236328125,
-0.025390625,
-0.052490234375,
0.031494140625,
-0.0240478515625,
0.03173828125,
-0.03173828125,
0.0294189453125,
-0.013916015625,
0.02001953125,
0.00811767578125,
0.004241943359375,
0.0615234375,
0.031005859375,
-0.044677734375,
-0.01287841796875,
0.007537841796875,
-0.0062255859375,
0.01239013671875,
0.0830078125,
0.0234375,
0.032958984375,
-0.0037994384765625,
0.000484466552734375,
-0.00311279296875,
-0.01708984375,
0.004730224609375,
-0.013427734375,
0.005340576171875,
-0.017578125,
0.0223388671875,
-0.048583984375,
-0.03564453125,
0.007354736328125,
0.0078125,
0.00127410888671875,
0.00604248046875,
0.0028228759765625,
0.01348876953125,
-0.05810546875,
0.01953125,
0.01226806640625,
-0.0289306640625,
0.0223388671875,
-0.0208740234375,
0.0242919921875,
-0.031494140625,
0.0208740234375,
0.0205078125,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.00396728515625,
0.041015625,
0.0252685546875,
0.024169921875,
-0.0009002685546875,
0.00787353515625,
0.0233154296875,
0.034912109375,
0.050537109375,
0.0101318359375,
0.0067138671875,
0.041015625,
0.03369140625,
0.00946044921875,
0.00604248046875,
0.01483154296875,
-0.0024871826171875,
-0.011474609375,
-0.0277099609375,
0.0015106201171875,
0.0274658203125,
-0.00107574462890625,
0.01190185546875,
0.0159912109375,
0.04345703125,
-0.0040283203125,
0.048095703125,
0.04833984375,
-0.0206298828125,
0.003570556640625,
0.0128173828125,
0.043701171875,
-0.05126953125,
0.042236328125,
-0.00811767578125,
0.00019741058349609375,
-0.0244140625,
-0.00015354156494140625,
-0.002655029296875,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.03076171875,
-0.060546875,
0.043701171875,
0.024169921875,
0.040771484375,
0.038818359375,
-0.03564453125,
0.00994873046875,
-0.0126953125,
0.00787353515625,
0.0390625,
-0.0050048828125,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.01031494140625,
0.0146484375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.028076171875,
-0.0206298828125,
0.06787109375,
0.0023040771484375,
0.00007772445678710938,
0.00360107421875,
-0.00872802734375,
0.06787109375,
-0.04541015625,
-0.033203125,
-0.00811767578125,
0.004669189453125,
-0.018310546875,
-0.012939453125,
0.0166015625,
0.04296875,
-0.051025390625,
-0.03759765625,
0.03857421875,
0.03564453125,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.00006628036499023438,
-0.00262451171875,
0.03564453125,
-0.0040283203125,
0.022705078125,
0.04248046875,
-0.0008697509765625,
0.00347900390625,
0.0203857421875,
0.00628662109375,
0.00142669677734375,
0.016845703125,
0.01611328125,
-0.00360107421875,
0.06884765625,
0.043701171875,
0.000583648681640625,
0.02099609375,
0.02392578125,
-0.029541015625,
-0.0191650390625,
0.049072265625,
0.003997802734375,
0.016845703125,
0.036376953125,
-0.034912109375,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.0302734375,
0.01513671875,
-0.051513671875,
-0.0196533203125,
0.003387451171875,
0.0216064453125,
0.037109375,
-0.003814697265625,
-0.01806640625,
0.06787109375,
0.0223388671875,
-0.029541015625,
0.0211181640625,
0.0291748046875,
-0.0218505859375,
0.0311279296875,
-0.048828125,
-0.055419921875,
0.0172119140625,
0.032470703125,
0.040283203125,
0.0140380859375,
-0.006072998046875,
-0.029052734375,
0.045166015625,
0.037841796875,
-0.04833984375,
-0.0023040771484375,
0.033447265625,
-0.00011587142944335938,
0.01531982421875,
-0.026123046875,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.0244140625,
0.031494140625,
-0.051025390625,
-0.01556396484375,
0.052001953125,
-0.01361083984375,
0.0208740234375,
-0.024658203125,
-0.005645751953125,
-0.04541015625,
-0.056396484375,
0.040771484375,
0.01318359375,
0.037109375,
-0.05712890625,
0.004180908203125,
0.0172119140625,
0.059326171875,
-0.037109375,
-0.049072265625,
-0.061279296875,
0.033447265625,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.03173828125,
0.0152587890625,
-0.007049560546875,
0.0137939453125,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.009033203125,
0.047119140625,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.00360107421875,
0.014404296875,
-0.004638671875,
-0.03271484375,
0.038330078125,
0.01556396484375,
0.006439208984375,
0.0172119140625,
-0.006072998046875,
0.037841796875,
-0.037109375,
0.056884765625,
0.04638671875,
0.0107421875,
-0.0069580078125,
-0.04345703125,
-0.013427734375,
0.012939453125,
-0.048095703125,
-0.00836181640625,
0.0142822265625,
0.032958984375,
-0.0035552978515625,
-0.0419921875,
-0.015869140625,
-0.02490234375,
0.0181884765625,
-0.056396484375,
-0.026123046875,
0.0311279296875,
-0.044677734375,
-0.005401611328125,
-0.004119873046875,
-0.0225830078125,
0.0400390625,
-0.02978515625,
0.054931640625,
-0.031005859375,
0.0027313232421875,
0.035888671875,
0.017822265625,
0.0167236328125,
0.01043701171875,
-0.0302734375,
-0.0009918212890625,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.01531982421875,
-0.0078125,
-0.021240234375,
-0.0556640625,
0.0185546875,
0.0284423828125,
-0.004150390625,
-0.01483154296875,
0.0203857421875,
0.01708984375,
0.01239013671875,
0.030029296875,
0.027587890625,
-0.047119140625,
-0.062255859375,
-0.078125,
-0.011962890625,
0.012939453125,
-0.02392578125,
0.023193359375,
0.00506591796875,
-0.033203125,
0.044189453125,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.0311279296875,
0.031494140625,
-0.02978515625,
0.01422119140625,
0.0283203125,
0.0130615234375,
0.00180816650390625,
0.01544189453125,
0.040283203125,
0.0595703125,
0.009765625,
-0.019775390625,
0.00341796875,
-0.034423828125,
0.0135498046875,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.03955078125,
0.031982421875,
0.0025634765625,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.0302734375,
0.0419921875,
0.04736328125,
-0.016357421875,
0.01519775390625,
0.051025390625,
0.0224609375,
-0.02294921875,
0.076171875,
-0.053466796875,
-0.020263671875,
-0.00384521484375,
0.058837890625,
0.019775390625,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.00958251953125,
0.04248046875,
-0.00390625,
-0.01806640625,
-0.006072998046875,
-0.05126953125,
0.00341796875,
-0.007415771484375,
-0.00732421875,
-0.06640625,
0.005828857421875,
0.0216064453125,
0.0186767578125,
0.0189208984375,
-0.03564453125,
0.062255859375,
-0.04638671875,
0.00897216796875,
0.057861328125,
0.024658203125,
-0.02294921875,
0.0703125,
-0.0113525390625,
0.00860595703125,
0.059326171875,
-0.0022125244140625,
-0.03515625,
-0.03515625,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.0003795623779296875,
0.07470703125,
0.00148773193359375,
0.0021209716796875,
0.00848388671875,
-0.01434326171875,
0.01116943359375,
0.0264892578125,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.0032196044921875,
0.061279296875,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.0032501220703125,
-0.02392578125,
-0.08251953125,
-0.00634765625,
0.0184326171875,
-0.0031585693359375,
0.038330078125,
-0.00994873046875,
0.023193359375,
-0.023681640625,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.061767578125,
0.044189453125,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.020263671875,
0.0028076171875,
0.032958984375,
-0.00970458984375,
0.052978515625,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.052734375,
0.04052734375,
-0.0260009765625,
0.0390625,
-0.0029296875,
-0.036376953125,
0.01336669921875,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.0166015625,
-0.00860595703125,
0.0634765625,
-0.037841796875,
-0.07421875,
-0.039794921875,
0.0245361328125,
-0.01025390625,
0.021484375,
0.04248046875,
0.0213623046875,
-0.0130615234375,
-0.0024261474609375,
0.033935546875,
-0.021240234375,
-0.06494140625,
-0.0299072265625,
0.04833984375,
-0.005767822265625,
0.05029296875,
-0.0062255859375,
0.0257568359375,
0.00970458984375,
-0.029296875,
0.0224609375,
-0.03173828125,
-0.025146484375,
-0.0341796875,
0.052978515625,
0.004425048828125,
-0.00013065338134765625,
0.0108642578125,
0.00982666015625,
0.032958984375,
0.0220947265625,
0.01806640625,
-0.00494384765625,
0.0322265625,
0.00872802734375,
0.0400390625,
-0.036865234375,
-0.00555419921875,
0.01361083984375,
-0.0162353515625,
0.0020294189453125,
0.031494140625,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.051513671875,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.044189453125,
-0.06396484375,
0.0002841949462890625,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.03466796875,
0.038818359375,
0.0419921875,
0.006744384765625,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.036376953125,
0.00058746337890625,
0.0113525390625,
-0.0439453125,
-0.044189453125,
-0.033203125,
-0.02783203125,
0.00201416015625,
0.0576171875,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.00022602081298828125,
-0.05224609375,
0.00994873046875,
-0.03662109375,
-0.0311279296875,
-0.0050048828125,
0.002838134765625,
0.055908203125,
-0.0216064453125,
0.01007080078125,
0.01507568359375,
-0.0162353515625,
0.027587890625,
-0.02587890625,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.07470703125,
0.02099609375,
-0.044677734375,
-0.015380859375,
0.0172119140625,
0.07080078125,
-0.0016632080078125,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.00787353515625,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.06005859375,
-0.034423828125,
0.0223388671875,
-0.0040283203125,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.025634765625,
-0.037109375,
0.049072265625,
-0.002166748046875,
0.0031280517578125,
0.0654296875,
-0.052734375,
0.042724609375,
-0.03466796875,
-0.01019287109375,
0.0238037109375,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.0028533935546875,
0.00787353515625,
-0.032470703125,
0.04638671875,
-0.00830078125,
-0.0250244140625,
0.00543212890625,
-0.002227783203125,
0.01068115234375,
0.033203125,
0.03466796875,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.060302734375,
-0.0390625,
0.058837890625,
0.028076171875,
0.0162353515625,
0.0130615234375,
-0.01123046875,
-0.0166015625,
0.0252685546875,
0.043212890625,
-0.031494140625,
-0.044677734375,
0.0238037109375,
0.003997802734375,
-0.00799560546875,
0.0263671875,
0.0118408203125,
-0.06787109375,
0.012451171875,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.0211181640625,
0.0074462890625,
-0.056396484375,
0.01470947265625,
0.033935546875,
0.0205078125,
0.010009765625,
0.0576171875,
0.05712890625,
-0.005462646484375,
0.0216064453125,
0.01287841796875,
0.00848388671875,
-0.0283203125,
0.01397705078125,
-0.00665283203125,
-0.014404296875,
-0.039306640625,
-0.0024566650390625,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.04931640625,
0.02392578125,
-0.054443359375,
0.0072021484375,
-0.0166015625,
0.02587890625,
0.0498046875,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.0269775390625,
0.0625,
0.0263671875,
0.0037078857421875,
0.0015869140625,
-0.01043701171875,
0.041259765625,
-0.0038909912109375,
-0.04541015625,
-0.03466796875,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.0177001953125,
0.0234375,
-0.04443359375,
-0.01611328125,
-0.02783203125,
0.022705078125,
-0.0308837890625,
-0.0208740234375,
0.01214599609375,
0.0400390625,
-0.03955078125,
-0.04296875,
-0.0025177001953125,
0.103515625,
-0.0164794921875,
0.026611328125,
-0.00579833984375,
-0.048095703125,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.017822265625,
-0.03662109375,
-0.025390625,
0.00701904296875,
0.01397705078125,
-0.003875732421875,
-0.005706787109375,
-0.004608154296875,
-0.0087890625,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.041748046875,
0.031982421875,
-0.005767822265625,
0.0113525390625,
0.021484375,
-0.031494140625,
0.004547119140625,
0.032470703125,
0.0093994140625,
0.0250244140625,
-0.05224609375,
0.0040283203125,
-0.002227783203125,
-0.007537841796875,
-0.005859375,
-0.016845703125,
-0.007080078125,
-0.031494140625,
-0.007415771484375,
0.00244140625,
-0.008056640625,
0.03125,
0.046630859375,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.036865234375,
0.041259765625,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.07421875,
-0.01806640625,
0.00909423828125,
0.00396728515625,
0.00909423828125,
-0.039306640625,
-0.022705078125,
0.052001953125,
0.0252685546875,
0.0216064453125,
0.0654296875,
-0.0478515625,
0.014404296875,
-0.03369140625,
0.00885009765625,
-0.052001953125,
-0.052734375,
-0.038818359375,
0.04248046875,
0.021240234375,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0179443359375,
-0.0380859375,
-0.0654296875,
0.0013885498046875,
-0.03173828125,
-0.06396484375,
0.0186767578125,
0.022705078125,
0.0118408203125,
0.0186767578125,
0.0260009765625,
0.034423828125,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.018798828125,
-0.01171875,
0.01251220703125,
-0.0302734375,
0.05615234375,
-0.010986328125,
0.00927734375,
0.0281982421875,
-0.00714111328125,
-0.04345703125,
-0.0546875,
0.02783203125,
-0.0159912109375,
0.006744384765625,
-0.042236328125,
0.0118408203125,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.0478515625,
0.01251220703125,
0.001373291015625,
0.0213623046875,
-0.00408935546875,
0.0133056640625,
-0.06689453125,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.0021514892578125,
-0.033203125,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.0012664794921875,
0.059326171875,
0.0274658203125,
0.006378173828125,
0.004364013671875,
0.01446533203125,
-0.019775390625,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.03955078125,
0.045166015625,
0.037841796875,
0.004364013671875,
0.00897216796875,
0.00897216796875,
0.007293701171875,
0.00677490234375,
0.0111083984375,
0.010498046875,
0.0238037109375,
-0.01123046875,
-0.028076171875,
0.01458740234375,
0.041259765625,
0.01239013671875,
-0.04736328125,
0.039306640625,
-0.000843048095703125,
-0.021484375,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.0380859375,
0.0115966796875,
-0.006439208984375,
0.0235595703125,
-0.029541015625,
-0.04052734375,
0.0186767578125,
0.0152587890625,
0.006805419921875,
-0.0179443359375,
0.058349609375,
0.0252685546875,
0.007049560546875,
0.0238037109375,
0.021728515625,
0.022216796875,
-0.02294921875,
-0.01055908203125,
0.0498046875,
0.005218505859375,
-0.0206298828125,
0.0003185272216796875,
0.017578125,
-0.0146484375,
-0.0169677734375,
0.0084228515625,
-0.007080078125,
-0.0673828125,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.03271484375,
0.04638671875,
-0.062255859375,
0.0245361328125,
0.031494140625,
-0.017333984375,
-0.0810546875,
0.03564453125,
-0.007232666015625,
-0.0025177001953125,
-0.003692626953125,
0.0205078125,
0.03173828125,
0.00201416015625,
-0.000530242919921875,
-0.0103759765625,
0.042236328125,
0.0223388671875,
-0.05224609375,
-0.0255126953125,
0.004669189453125,
-0.023681640625,
-0.020751953125,
-0.068359375,
-0.038818359375,
0.0098876953125,
-0.022216796875,
0.02490234375,
-0.025146484375,
-0.04736328125,
0.007720947265625,
-0.041259765625,
0.02978515625,
-0.0294189453125,
0.046875,
0.0125732421875,
-0.04248046875,
-0.040283203125,
0.03515625,
-0.01318359375,
-0.04736328125,
0.0255126953125,
-0.017333984375,
-0.049560546875,
-0.0033416748046875,
0.00738525390625,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.006072998046875,
-0.052734375,
-0.028564453125,
0.006988525390625,
0.0036773681640625,
-0.04345703125,
0.0089111328125,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.0096435546875,
0.02685546875,
0.005584716796875,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.005889892578125,
0.0181884765625,
0.051513671875,
0.007537841796875,
0.0255126953125,
0.0216064453125,
-0.04296875,
-0.057373046875,
-0.015625,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.06005859375,
0.0025634765625,
-0.020751953125,
0.00653076171875,
-0.017578125,
-0.0361328125,
0.013916015625,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.037353515625,
-0.014892578125,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.006500244140625,
-0.0029754638671875,
0.0177001953125,
-0.03466796875,
0.275390625,
0.03466796875,
-0.00677490234375,
-0.03125,
-0.0284423828125,
0.051513671875,
0.0262451171875,
0.0142822265625,
-0.048583984375,
0.039794921875,
-0.01544189453125,
0.01708984375,
0.02001953125,
0.004364013671875,
0.0191650390625,
0.0311279296875,
-0.029541015625,
0.0216064453125,
0.0301513671875,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.033203125,
0.01611328125,
-0.046875,
0.04345703125,
0.049072265625,
-0.0027008056640625,
-0.00151824951171875,
-0.059326171875,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.00653076171875,
-0.00390625,
0.0025482177734375,
0.0458984375,
-0.027099609375,
-0.031982421875,
-0.009521484375,
-0.0103759765625,
0.0113525390625,
-0.00970458984375,
0.0242919921875,
0.0164794921875,
-0.0196533203125,
0.01226806640625,
-0.0069580078125,
0.00109100341796875,
0.04638671875,
-0.044189453125,
0.052490234375,
0.052490234375,
-0.0263671875,
-0.0218505859375,
0.02587890625,
0.000682830810546875,
0.007568359375,
0.052734375,
0.056640625,
0.002288818359375,
0.010498046875,
-0.04736328125,
-0.0179443359375,
0.02587890625,
0.00244140625,
0.000881195068359375,
0.0245361328125,
-0.010986328125,
0.031494140625,
0.05126953125,
0.021240234375,
0.008056640625,
-0.006744384765625,
-0.0208740234375,
0.01470947265625,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.0341796875,
0.05419921875,
-0.005828857421875,
-0.0021209716796875,
0.004974365234375,
0.015869140625,
0.0022430419921875,
-0.006134033203125,
-0.060791015625,
0.0277099609375,
-0.0018463134765625,
0.04638671875,
0.0274658203125,
0.0010833740234375,
-0.0220947265625,
0.0152587890625,
0.00726318359375,
-0.0235595703125,
0.005889892578125,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.0247802734375,
0.0128173828125
] |
Bttshnell, C. J.
This will contest involves the sole question of testator William J. Nickel’s competency. On November 28, 1934, when well-advanced in years, he executed a will containing the following:
“First: I will and direct that all my just debts and funeral expenses be paid in full, and that I expressly include as a just debt against my estate, monies which have been sent to me, the exact amount of which I do not know at this time, but which were sent to me by my two nieces, Nellie Adams and Elizabeth Adams of Fortworth, Texas.
“Second: I fully appreciate the services rendered to me and to my sister by my niece, Minnie Harrison, of Flint, Michigan, and I therefore give, devise and bequeath to my niece, Minnie Harrison of Flint, Michigan, all the rest, residue, and remainder of all my property, both real and personal, wherever situated, of which I shall die possessed.
“Third: I hereby appoint my niece, Minnie Harrison of the city of Flint, Genesee County, Michigan, executrix of this my last will and testament.
“Lastly: I hereby revoke all former wills by me at any time made.”
In the former will which he revoked, the mother of Eva Whitlock, one of the appellants, was the residuary legatee.
The will contest was certified to the- circuit court, where it was tried before a jury. At the close of the testimony the trial judge directed a verdict for the proponent, Minnie Harrison, on the ground that there was not sufficient evidence of the testator’s mental incompetency. Appellants contend that the trial judge erred in directing a verdict in favor of the proponent and in excluding certain hospital records and a probate file pertaining to a commitment action.
When contestants attempted to introduce the hospital records, the following colloquy ensued:
“Mr. Field: I would like to offer the notes of the nurse for the first week that Mr. Nickel was in the hospital.
“Mr. Milliken: That is objected to. * * *
“Mr. Field: In order to make the offer in proper form, on the record, I at this time would like to offer in evidence, subject to such objection as counsel wishes to make, the record which has been identified by this witness, from Hurley Hospital, in Case 1Ó2803, headed P. 1108.
“Mr. Milliken: I would at this time object to the production of the entire record, if the court please. It contains matters that are not material, and are hearsay. I don’t want in the record that which doesn’t belong there. * * *
“Mr. Field: I would like to offer Hurley Hospital daily progress sheets of this patient from 1/11/35 to 1/17/35, as being entries made in the regular course of conducting the hospital by the nurse in charge of the case.
“Mr. Milliken: If the court please, the record referred to, proposed to be admitted in evidence, contains several columns, and the extreme right hand column, under the heading, ‘Remarks’ by the nurse, are conclusions of this nurse, and are hearsay, and we are denied the right of cross-examination, and" I object, if the court please, to the admission of that portion of the sheets under the heading of ‘Remarks.’ Perhaps if the court would look at it—
“Mr. Field: Those are the only parts I am interested in, the part under ‘Remarks.’
“(Paper handed to the court.)
“The Court: Well, I think I will sustain the objection at this time until there is — see what other evidence is disclosed.”
Appellants’ claim of error is based upon the provisions of 3 Comp. Laws 1929, § 14207, as amended by Act No. 15, Pub. Acts 1935 (Comp. Laws Supp. 1940, § 14207, Stat. Ann. § 27.902), which provide for the admissibility in evidence of book entries and writings made in the regular course of business. Although not mentioned specifically therein, it has been held that this statute applies to hospital records. Gile v. Hudnutt, 279 Mich. 358; Harvey v. Silber, 300 Mich. 510; Valenti v. Mayer, 301 Mich. 551; Harrison v. Lorenz, 303 Mich. 382; and Yager v. Yager, 313 Mich. 300.
The admissibility, however, of hospital records under this statute is limited in nature. In the Gile Case, supra, Palmer v. John Hancock Mutual Life Ins. Co., 150 Misc. 669 (270 N. Y. Supp. 10), was discussed in order to show1 the inadmissibility of such records with respect to the diagnosis of the patient’s case, but that they are admissible to show the date of the entry and discharge, and the fact that the deceased was treated. Other limitations upon the admission of hearsay testimony, although consisting of entries on hospital records, were also imposed in Sadjak v. Parker-Wolverine Co., 281 Mich. 84, and in Valenti and Harrison Cases, supra.
The court did not err in excluding that portion of the hospital record under the heading “Remarks” which contained merely hearsay statements.
The contestants offered in evidence the file of a probate proceeding in which the deceased was declared incompetent some 18 months after the execution of the wfill in question. This file wTa.s ex- eluded because it pertained to matters not sufficiently proximate to the execution of the will.
The sole question here under consideration is the mental competence of the testator at the time the will was executed. The admissibility of testimony regarding subsequent events is solely within the discretion of the trial court. No definite time interval can be determined for all cases, as each must be governed by its own situation. The ruling of the trial judge was neither arbitrary nor unwarranted in the light of thé facts presented. The mere fact, standing alone, that the testator was declared incompetent 18 months later does not of itself prove that he lacked sufficient mental powers to execute the will in question.
Appellants argue that the trial judge erred in directing a verdict in favor of the proponent. The facts on which this argument is based are summed up by appellants as follows :
“Where contestants’ evidence in a will contest showed that during the year prior to execution of the contested will, testator, an elderly bachelor, became noticeably dirty in his personal appearance, irritable, argumentative and unable at times to carry on a connected conversation; that shortly before executing the will testator failed to recognize a friend of long standing and two nieces and was under the impression that his brother, with whom he had been in business years before and who had died in 1926, was still living, though testator had attended his funeral; and where it appeared that 44 days after the execution of the will testator was admitted to the psychopathic ward of a hospital where he was treated and a diagnosis of senile dementia made as to his condition; and where it appeared that testator was finally committed to a State hospital as an insane person and the testimony of qualified physicians who examined him confirmed the diagnosis of senile dementia and one of said physicians testified that in his opinion testator was mentally incompetent to execute the will in question, was there a question of fact which should have been submitted to the jury for determination?”
There are, however, further facts. Dr. E. Gordon Brain, who attended Nickel beginning 44 days after the execution of the will, refused to say that the testator was mentally incompetent at that time, notwithstanding the fact that some 12 months later he made a diagnosis of senile dementia. Dr. Delbert MacGregor, who only saw the testator on one occasion some 16 months after the execution of the will, and who also made a similar diagnosis at that time, admitted that he could not say whether Nickel was mentally competent or not in November of 1934.
Hazel Nickel Brown, one of the nieces who claimed that her uncle did not recognize her, had not seem him for several years, but when she told him she was Hazel, she admitted that he did recognize her. Eva Whitlock, another niece, whom Nickel thought was his nephew’s wife, had only seen her uncle occasionally after she moved from Flint to Detroit some 26 years prior to the time of trial.
Consideration of the entire testimony shows a case of a man who, after working hard at his trade of blacksmith the greater part of his life, finally became old and had the usual infirmities of age, forgetfulness, untidiness, et cetera, and who, 18 months after executing the will in question, was committed to an institution as a senile dementia patient. Such facts alone are not sufficient to set aside a will. As said in Re Getchell’s Estate, 295 Mich. 681, 685:
“Mental competency is presumed. 3 Comp. Laws 1929, § 14212 (Stat. Ann. § 27.907). The burden of proof is upon contestants to show that the testatrix was mentally incompetent to make the will. In re Curtis’ Estate, 197 Mich. 473, and Brereton v. Estate of Glazeby, 251 Mich. 234. Weakness of mind and forgetfulness are not sufficient to invalidate a will if it appears that testatrix’s mind was capable of attention and exertion when aroused and was not imposed upon. The weak have the same right as the prudent and strong minded to dispose of their property. If the testamentary capacity exists, the court will not undertake to measure its degree. Schneider v. Vosburgh, 143 Mich. 476.”
See, also, Lynch v. Doran, 95 Mich. 395; In re Cottrell’s Estate, 235 Mich. 627; In re Briner’s Estate, 275 Mich. 396; In re Rowling’s Estate, 291 Mich. 218; and In re Grow’s Estate, 299 Mich. 133.
The lack of proof of testator’s mental incompetence on or near the date of execution of the will in question, i. e., November 28, 1934, was of itself sufficient to justify the direction of a verdict for the proponent. In re Weber’s Estate, 201 Mich. 477.
The judgment is affirmed, with costs to appellee.
Sharpe, Boyles, Reid, North, Dethmers, Butzel, and Carr, JJ., concurred. | [
-0.01611328125,
0.0089111328125,
0.01239013671875,
0.03466796875,
-0.072265625,
-0.047119140625,
-0.01611328125,
-0.008056640625,
-0.0069580078125,
0.0230712890625,
0.039794921875,
-0.011962890625,
0.0274658203125,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.003692626953125,
-0.02490234375,
0.0157470703125,
-0.00732421875,
0.0091552734375,
0.016357421875,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.002044677734375,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.01324462890625,
0.03369140625,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.01214599609375,
0.015869140625,
0.04296875,
-0.0185546875,
-0.003387451171875,
-0.042724609375,
0.06982421875,
-0.07861328125,
0.013427734375,
-0.0179443359375,
0.00628662109375,
0.01007080078125,
0.02587890625,
-0.006805419921875,
-0.031982421875,
-0.02587890625,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.048583984375,
0.01055908203125,
-0.05078125,
-0.016357421875,
-0.02197265625,
-0.01275634765625,
-0.024658203125,
-0.0030364990234375,
0.004364013671875,
0.00115203857421875,
-0.048095703125,
-0.0263671875,
0.026123046875,
0.0216064453125,
-0.07275390625,
0.017333984375,
-0.0341796875,
0.00677490234375,
-0.0220947265625,
0.003997802734375,
0.011962890625,
0.00823974609375,
-0.0242919921875,
0.000911712646484375,
-0.002288818359375,
-0.02001953125,
0.0181884765625,
0.0052490234375,
-0.0086669921875,
-0.01171875,
-0.022216796875,
0.005828857421875,
0.040771484375,
0.0162353515625,
-0.0087890625,
0.04541015625,
-0.00750732421875,
-0.0654296875,
0.00958251953125,
0.0177001953125,
0.035400390625,
0.03662109375,
0.01904296875,
-0.017333984375,
0.036865234375,
-0.057861328125,
0.00787353515625,
0.048828125,
0.01153564453125,
-0.0155029296875,
0.0111083984375,
0.015625,
-0.0301513671875,
0.00811767578125,
0.039794921875,
0.01220703125,
0.060546875,
-0.0223388671875,
0.012451171875,
0.00543212890625,
0.00909423828125,
0.00018310546875,
0.004669189453125,
0.0228271484375,
-0.045654296875,
0.045654296875,
-0.00115203857421875,
-0.06591796875,
-0.014404296875,
-0.01611328125,
0.010498046875,
-0.04443359375,
-0.010986328125,
0.04052734375,
-0.0189208984375,
0.02294921875,
0.01446533203125,
0.025146484375,
0.0286865234375,
0.00537109375,
0.01055908203125,
0.0201416015625,
-0.0299072265625,
0.044189453125,
0.033203125,
-0.01312255859375,
0.00016021728515625,
-0.00148773193359375,
0.0380859375,
0.01483154296875,
0.0000820159912109375,
0.0167236328125,
0.0235595703125,
0.03857421875,
0.02099609375,
-0.00701904296875,
0.0537109375,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.007537841796875,
0.0294189453125,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.0927734375,
0.00238037109375,
0.046630859375,
0.042724609375,
0.03662109375,
0.01141357421875,
-0.00058746337890625,
-0.0233154296875,
0.021484375,
0.004608154296875,
-0.0439453125,
0.0244140625,
0.025390625,
0.0062255859375,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.0101318359375,
0.0218505859375,
0.033203125,
-0.01513671875,
-0.0286865234375,
0.0177001953125,
0.002593994140625,
-0.056396484375,
-0.0380859375,
0.029541015625,
0.03759765625,
0.0693359375,
-0.024169921875,
-0.0155029296875,
0.006134033203125,
-0.004180908203125,
0.038330078125,
0.07373046875,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.0264892578125,
0.0240478515625,
-0.0291748046875,
0.0004100799560546875,
-0.02294921875,
-0.003326416015625,
0.023681640625,
-0.046875,
0.00604248046875,
-0.004241943359375,
0.03662109375,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.033447265625,
0.052734375,
0.0004138946533203125,
-0.0228271484375,
0.00531005859375,
0.00762939453125,
0.0228271484375,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.034423828125,
0.0634765625,
-0.006072998046875,
-0.026123046875,
-0.022216796875,
-0.00125885009765625,
0.010986328125,
0.0021209716796875,
0.00579833984375,
-0.00726318359375,
0.0167236328125,
-0.031494140625,
0.0242919921875,
-0.0166015625,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.0016326904296875,
0.0439453125,
0.0014190673828125,
0.0478515625,
-0.005523681640625,
0.00096893310546875,
0.034423828125,
0.0198974609375,
-0.0712890625,
-0.04736328125,
0.019775390625,
-0.002197265625,
-0.0030975341796875,
0.0634765625,
-0.01153564453125,
-0.003326416015625,
0.07080078125,
0.01007080078125,
-0.0263671875,
0.0150146484375,
-0.033203125,
0.0250244140625,
0.05517578125,
0.037109375,
-0.018310546875,
0.034423828125,
-0.01519775390625,
0.002288818359375,
0.0026702880859375,
0.040771484375,
-0.0052490234375,
0.048583984375,
-0.00848388671875,
0.035888671875,
0.016357421875,
0.033203125,
0.0111083984375,
-0.008056640625,
-0.030517578125,
-0.035400390625,
0.0250244140625,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.05810546875,
-0.0003414154052734375,
0.018310546875,
0.004150390625,
0.03369140625,
-0.026123046875,
0.017333984375,
-0.036865234375,
-0.003814697265625,
-0.056396484375,
-0.0133056640625,
0.01031494140625,
0.00787353515625,
-0.042724609375,
0.00173187255859375,
-0.06591796875,
0.02978515625,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0218505859375,
0.0201416015625,
-0.03271484375,
0.0255126953125,
0.00433349609375,
0.0244140625,
-0.0869140625,
0.03466796875,
-0.0162353515625,
0.0126953125,
0.023681640625,
-0.041748046875,
-0.0308837890625,
0.0021209716796875,
0.05859375,
-0.01544189453125,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0026702880859375,
-0.049560546875,
-0.030517578125,
0.001617431640625,
-0.0223388671875,
0.013916015625,
-0.01220703125,
-0.00177764892578125,
0.00921630859375,
0.041748046875,
-0.03076171875,
-0.01348876953125,
0.006805419921875,
0.0020904541015625,
0.034423828125,
0.0177001953125,
0.0050048828125,
-0.021240234375,
0.076171875,
-0.00347900390625,
-0.0098876953125,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.039306640625,
-0.024169921875,
-0.013916015625,
-0.0517578125,
-0.0184326171875,
0.00083160400390625,
0.05908203125,
-0.042236328125,
-0.040771484375,
-0.0166015625,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.026611328125,
0.03466796875,
-0.005462646484375,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.024658203125,
-0.02392578125,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.022216796875,
0.028564453125,
-0.0115966796875,
0.06787109375,
-0.04345703125,
-0.03076171875,
0.019287109375,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.004119873046875,
0.02490234375,
-0.031494140625,
-0.02880859375,
-0.002655029296875,
0.00787353515625,
-0.007415771484375,
-0.0164794921875,
0.01434326171875,
-0.0230712890625,
0.0262451171875,
0.0279541015625,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.0157470703125,
0.04296875,
-0.005645751953125,
-0.0023193359375,
-0.0125732421875,
0.026611328125,
-0.049560546875,
-0.052734375,
-0.01397705078125,
-0.037841796875,
0.0478515625,
-0.036376953125,
0.0439453125,
0.030029296875,
-0.01458740234375,
0.0267333984375,
-0.006866455078125,
-0.041015625,
0.032470703125,
0.02880859375,
0.021240234375,
0.03173828125,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.00836181640625,
0.01214599609375,
0.0517578125,
0.025146484375,
0.026611328125,
-0.002838134765625,
0.01361083984375,
-0.0277099609375,
-0.003997802734375,
-0.00396728515625,
-0.00860595703125,
0.0260009765625,
0.0240478515625,
-0.05322265625,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.002197265625,
0.01708984375,
0.01031494140625,
0.00070953369140625,
0.0037384033203125,
0.031982421875,
0.008056640625,
0.03955078125,
-0.05712890625,
-0.0087890625,
-0.0537109375,
0.0380859375,
-0.01385498046875,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.02001953125,
0.0174560546875,
0.04833984375,
0.006866455078125,
0.056396484375,
-0.029052734375,
-0.00860595703125,
0.0263671875,
-0.0203857421875,
0.0230712890625,
-0.07958984375,
-0.0062255859375,
-0.0064697265625,
0.032470703125,
0.027587890625,
-0.06005859375,
0.056396484375,
-0.0191650390625,
0.0272216796875,
0.01123046875,
0.06982421875,
0.0021209716796875,
0.0380859375,
-0.038818359375,
0.0042724609375,
0.034423828125,
0.021484375,
0.01141357421875,
-0.034912109375,
0.01123046875,
0.033203125,
0.043701171875,
0.0242919921875,
-0.007720947265625,
0.024658203125,
-0.0079345703125,
0.03369140625,
-0.006072998046875,
-0.0086669921875,
0.007110595703125,
0.0194091796875,
-0.043212890625,
0.03173828125,
-0.0036773681640625,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0262451171875,
0.048095703125,
0.00616455078125,
0.050537109375,
0.0006256103515625,
0.01556396484375,
0.01708984375,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.057861328125,
-0.00787353515625,
0.06103515625,
0.02392578125,
0.01153564453125,
0.04443359375,
-0.02099609375,
0.006622314453125,
0.046630859375,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.037353515625,
0.0303955078125,
0.0274658203125,
0.025634765625,
-0.03271484375,
-0.01446533203125,
0.01385498046875,
0.01361083984375,
0.05224609375,
-0.012451171875,
0.01190185546875,
-0.000667572021484375,
-0.021240234375,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.046630859375,
-0.0115966796875,
-0.0118408203125,
0.0247802734375,
0.0169677734375,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.0289306640625,
0.00019073486328125,
-0.07958984375,
-0.0191650390625,
0.0201416015625,
-0.0027618408203125,
0.003173828125,
0.027587890625,
0.0045166015625,
0.042236328125,
0.006011962890625,
-0.04736328125,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.05126953125,
-0.0240478515625,
0.04638671875,
0.0035247802734375,
0.0155029296875,
0.0020599365234375,
0.0240478515625,
0.00933837890625,
-0.00457763671875,
0.06689453125,
0.005340576171875,
-0.0272216796875,
0.0194091796875,
0.04736328125,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.05029296875,
0.00762939453125,
-0.033935546875,
0.00982666015625,
0.0130615234375,
0.005096435546875,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.07666015625,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.0634765625,
-0.03271484375,
-0.00830078125,
-0.0299072265625,
0.01220703125,
-0.01385498046875,
0.000537872314453125,
-0.013916015625,
-0.068359375,
0.0035552978515625,
0.0196533203125,
-0.01373291015625,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.0634765625,
-0.035400390625,
0.05126953125,
0.032470703125,
0.0184326171875,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.0361328125,
-0.035888671875,
0.0101318359375,
0.0023651123046875,
-0.0167236328125,
0.017822265625,
0.004425048828125,
0.00040435791015625,
0.00811767578125,
0.0172119140625,
0.056640625,
-0.022705078125,
-0.04150390625,
0.046875,
-0.05859375,
-0.0113525390625,
-0.041015625,
0.025634765625,
-0.038818359375,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.0247802734375,
0.05029296875,
-0.0255126953125,
0.0186767578125,
0.0050048828125,
-0.007476806640625,
-0.01513671875,
-0.053466796875,
0.007232666015625,
0.021484375,
-0.0022430419921875,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.04248046875,
0.0302734375,
-0.027587890625,
0.0196533203125,
0.08740234375,
-0.04345703125,
0.035888671875,
-0.0135498046875,
0.0174560546875,
-0.002288818359375,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0263671875,
-0.0361328125,
0.0037384033203125,
-0.0322265625,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.021728515625,
0.0218505859375,
0.058837890625,
0.01287841796875,
0.006683349609375,
-0.049072265625,
-0.039794921875,
-0.04638671875,
0.07763671875,
-0.00396728515625,
0.012939453125,
0.06640625,
0.006378173828125,
-0.0712890625,
-0.0211181640625,
0.0341796875,
0.006561279296875,
-0.07080078125,
0.0194091796875,
0.0269775390625,
-0.02880859375,
0.0810546875,
0.053955078125,
-0.038818359375,
-0.01409912109375,
0.013427734375,
-0.039794921875,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.005126953125,
0.052978515625,
-0.048583984375,
0.00518798828125,
0.043701171875,
0.0118408203125,
0.032470703125,
-0.05908203125,
0.054931640625,
-0.044677734375,
-0.01806640625,
0.021240234375,
-0.0194091796875,
0.0029296875,
-0.05859375,
-0.028076171875,
-0.0089111328125,
-0.00360107421875,
-0.00174713134765625,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.0157470703125,
0.0150146484375,
-0.05517578125,
0.064453125,
-0.033935546875,
0.0234375,
0.04052734375,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0673828125,
-0.017333984375,
-0.0186767578125,
0.044189453125,
0.0196533203125,
-0.0849609375,
-0.0224609375,
0.0303955078125,
0.03369140625,
0.06298828125,
0.01324462890625,
-0.0031280517578125,
0.04638671875,
0.01708984375,
-0.017578125,
0.002960205078125,
0.00970458984375,
0.00701904296875,
-0.04248046875,
-0.039306640625,
0.01470947265625,
0.058349609375,
-0.0115966796875,
0.0220947265625,
-0.01171875,
0.007720947265625,
0.0130615234375,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.044677734375,
-0.033203125,
-0.010009765625,
0.026611328125,
0.006622314453125,
-0.01019287109375,
0.003326416015625,
-0.0027618408203125,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.051025390625,
0.000438690185546875,
-0.00994873046875,
0.0634765625,
0.0269775390625,
-0.02392578125,
0.014892578125,
0.018310546875,
-0.0113525390625,
0.041259765625,
-0.0196533203125,
0.021728515625,
0.0186767578125,
0.0230712890625,
0.015380859375,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.033447265625,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.0400390625,
-0.03076171875,
0.005950927734375,
0.0213623046875,
0.05859375,
-0.0069580078125,
0.01025390625,
-0.0211181640625,
0.00020122528076171875,
-0.05615234375,
0.003173828125,
-0.0013427734375,
0.02294921875,
0.035888671875,
0.027099609375,
0.01544189453125,
0.0096435546875,
0.0225830078125,
0.0166015625,
0.01171875,
0.00445556640625,
0.01263427734375,
0.04248046875,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.04345703125,
-0.040283203125,
-0.051025390625,
0.00445556640625,
-0.01116943359375,
0.0458984375,
-0.059326171875,
0.046630859375,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.049560546875,
0.0201416015625,
-0.04638671875,
-0.050048828125,
0.0189208984375,
0.00787353515625,
0.03173828125,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.0037384033203125,
-0.00408935546875,
0.01446533203125,
0.002655029296875,
-0.00225830078125,
0.017578125,
-0.003753662109375,
0.002471923828125,
0.03759765625,
-0.0264892578125,
-0.01287841796875,
0.0166015625,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.025146484375,
-0.00250244140625,
0.0016937255859375,
-0.00885009765625,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.00170135498046875,
-0.007598876953125,
-0.046630859375,
0.00055694580078125,
0.0076904296875,
0.0177001953125,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.0018463134765625,
-0.03271484375,
0.0206298828125,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.023681640625,
-0.0218505859375,
0.01470947265625,
0.033935546875,
-0.006103515625,
0.0380859375,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.012939453125,
-0.01220703125,
-0.0179443359375,
0.0262451171875,
0.022705078125,
0.031005859375,
0.0111083984375,
0.0289306640625,
0.064453125,
0.03515625,
0.033935546875,
0.0228271484375,
0.003997802734375,
0.00433349609375,
-0.0185546875,
-0.008056640625,
0.00335693359375,
0.0177001953125,
-0.02001953125,
0.0257568359375,
-0.01220703125,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.050048828125,
0.021728515625,
-0.0703125,
0.00579833984375,
0.00494384765625,
-0.0201416015625,
-0.0023193359375,
0.032470703125,
0.017822265625,
-0.0128173828125,
0.06640625,
0.01080322265625,
0.035888671875,
0.00518798828125,
0.00860595703125,
0.00009918212890625,
-0.03173828125,
0.004791259765625,
0.004669189453125,
0.0167236328125,
-0.017822265625,
0.003082275390625,
0.032958984375,
0.0172119140625,
-0.00170135498046875,
0.015869140625,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.0634765625,
0.0146484375,
-0.03759765625,
0.052001953125,
-0.01165771484375,
0.0081787109375,
0.027587890625,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0179443359375,
0.034423828125,
0.02880859375,
0.00616455078125,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.03564453125,
0.0108642578125,
0.0130615234375,
0.0262451171875,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.003387451171875,
-0.057373046875,
-0.0303955078125,
0.017822265625,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.0361328125,
-0.032958984375,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0062255859375,
-0.025146484375,
0.00872802734375,
-0.0693359375,
-0.04052734375,
-0.039306640625,
-0.01806640625,
0.034912109375,
0.018310546875,
0.046142578125,
0.0191650390625,
-0.0177001953125,
0.010986328125,
-0.004974365234375,
0.01275634765625,
-0.05712890625,
0.029541015625,
0.0262451171875,
-0.044677734375,
-0.015869140625,
-0.033203125,
0.004150390625,
0.00543212890625,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.03271484375,
0.0027618408203125,
-0.004425048828125,
0.0186767578125,
-0.013916015625,
-0.0203857421875,
0.0179443359375,
0.041259765625,
0.01904296875,
-0.005157470703125,
0.003875732421875,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0157470703125,
0.0458984375,
0.02978515625,
0.00836181640625,
0.003814697265625,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.0673828125,
-0.02197265625,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.0135498046875,
-0.0115966796875,
0.0225830078125,
0.00537109375,
0.0040283203125,
-0.043212890625,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.0400390625,
-0.013427734375,
-0.00518798828125,
0.0225830078125,
-0.01220703125,
0.0172119140625,
0.005401611328125,
-0.060302734375,
0.28515625,
0.035400390625,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.0166015625,
-0.033203125,
-0.0017852783203125,
0.00311279296875,
-0.01123046875,
-0.0198974609375,
0.017822265625,
0.015869140625,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.0084228515625,
0.008544921875,
0.0159912109375,
0.0252685546875,
-0.0255126953125,
0.00653076171875,
0.024169921875,
-0.040283203125,
0.016845703125,
0.02685546875,
-0.0242919921875,
0.0732421875,
0.05615234375,
-0.00335693359375,
0.041748046875,
-0.03369140625,
-0.02880859375,
-0.04296875,
0.01220703125,
-0.014892578125,
0.023193359375,
-0.0267333984375,
0.012939453125,
0.044921875,
0.000316619873046875,
0.00848388671875,
0.0257568359375,
0.0179443359375,
0.0179443359375,
0.020263671875,
0.003387451171875,
-0.0030975341796875,
-0.05322265625,
0.006591796875,
-0.046630859375,
0.061767578125,
0.048095703125,
-0.0198974609375,
0.004669189453125,
0.0162353515625,
0.056396484375,
-0.0224609375,
-0.0098876953125,
0.027099609375,
-0.0023956298828125,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.06005859375,
-0.042236328125,
0.0166015625,
0.023681640625,
0.0262451171875,
0.022216796875,
-0.0072021484375,
0.030029296875,
0.076171875,
0.0238037109375,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.0198974609375,
0.02099609375,
-0.00592041015625,
-0.0693359375,
-0.031982421875,
0.064453125,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.0205078125,
0.0238037109375,
0.0400390625,
-0.020263671875,
-0.000919342041015625,
-0.034423828125,
-0.01123046875,
-0.025634765625,
0.025390625,
0.056640625,
0.03076171875,
-0.01171875,
0.00186920166015625,
0.0196533203125,
0.0125732421875,
-0.0024566650390625,
-0.011962890625,
0.043701171875,
-0.006683349609375
] |
Carr, J.
The petitioner herein, Earl Beno, seeks, in a habeas corpus proceeding with ancillary writ of certiorari, to obtain his release from imprisonment in the State prison for southern Michigan at Jackson. The petition and the returns to the writs disclose that on March 11, 1930, petitioner was arraigned in the circuit court of Arenac county on an information charging the offense of breaking and entering a store building in the nighttime with intent to commit larceny therein, in violation of 3 Comp. Laws 1929, § 16948. Petitioner pleaded guilty and was sentenced to serve a term of not more than 15 years nor less than 7 years, with a recommendation of the minimum term. Following such sentence he was committed to the State prison, from which he escaped in January, 1935. Approximately 11 years later petitioner was taken into custody in the State of Washington and was returned to Michigan. In February, 1946, he was sentenced by the circuit court of Jackson county to an additional term of lito 4i years following conviction on a charge of escaping from the prison. The record indicates that petitioner pleaded guilty to this charge, and that the information alleged the offense as a second felony.
In August, 1947, petitioner filed in the circuit court of Arenac county a petition to vacate the conviction and sentence in that court, to set aside the plea of guilty, and to. discharge petitioner from custody. For reasons indicated'by the trial judge in an opinion dictated from the bench, said motion, and also an accompanying petition for a writ of habeas corpus, were denied. Thereafter the instant proceeding was instituted in this Court. It is the petitioner’s theory that the circuit court of Arenac county was wholly without jurisdiction to accept his plea of guilty to the charge against him and that in consequence the sentence imposed was void. lie further contends that the conviction for escaping- prison was improper, and, hence, that the sentence imposed for that offense was-unlawful.
The claim that the sentence imposed by the circuit court of Arenac county was void for Avant of jurisdiction is based on the preliminary proceedings in justice court. The complaint against petitioner failed to state whether the act of breaking and entering occurred in the nighttime or in the daytime. The warrant followed the language of the complaint. Both Avere defective in that they failed to allege properly the specific offense charged. People v. Frencavage, 231 Mich. 242; People v. Eddinger, 233 Mich. 341; In re Rhyndress, 317 Mich. 21. Petitioner Avaived examination and AA7as bound over to the circuit court, the return of the justice setting forth the complaint and AA7arrant and the proceedings had thereunder. No claim is made, however, that the information was not in proper form, petitioner’s theory being that the circuit court did not acquire jurisdiction because of the defect, above noted, in the complaint and in the warrant.
Petitioner did not move to quash the information nor did he seek in any other manner to call attention to the situation of which he now complains. On the contrary, he pleaded guilty to an information that correctly charged the offense, his plea Avas accepted, and the sentence followed. Under the facts disclosed by the record it must be said that petitioner \Araived the defect in the complaint and Avarrant. He had the right to waive an examination on the charge to which he pleaded guilty. The judicial admission of his guilt constituted such Avaiver.
The question at issue here has been considered by this Court in prior decisions, which are in accord ■with the conclusion indicated. In People v. Tate, 315 Mich. 76, defendant pleaded guilty to' the offense of assault with intent to do. great bodily harm less than the crime of murder. The plea was accepted and sentence imposed. Defendant later made a motion to set aside the sentence and for leave to withdraw his plea of guilty, which motion was denied. On appeal to this Court it was claimed that the municipal judge, before whom the preliminary proceedings were had, was without jurisdiction in that he had been elected under a void provision of the city charter. This Court, in affirming the action of the trial judge, did not find it necessary to pass on the merits of the claim, saying in part:
“When defendant was re-arraigned in the circuit court, at his request the plea of not guilty theretofore entered in his behalf was set aside, and thereupon defendant, accompanied by his counsel, entered a plea of guilty. The law has long been settled in this State that after proper arraignment in the circuit court and a plea of guilty or a plea of not guilty by defendant the prior proceedings had before an examining magistrate cannot be questioned; nor can defendant complain even though there has been no examination. In the instant case, as above noted, defendant had been arraigned in the circuit court, pleaded guilty and sentence was imposed, prior to the motion from the denial of which this appeal was taken.”
In People v. Jury, 252 Mich. 488, the defendant, on arraignment in circuit court, pleaded guilty to a charge of assault with intent to kill and murder. The plea was accepted and sentence imposed. Fol-. lowing denial of a motion for a new trial defendant appealed, basing such appeal in part on the claim that the complaint and warrant and all subsequent proceedings were void because the complaint was not signed and sworn to. In rejecting this contention it was said:
“"When defendant was arraigned and informed against he pleaded guilty to the charge made against him in the information and thus waived any defect in the prior proceedings.”
A similar question was involved in People v. Turner, 116 Mich 390. There defendant was convicted of bigamy, and sentenced. On appeal it was argued in her behalf that the proceedings were void ab initio on the ground that the complaint was sworn to by defendant’s husband and was therefore a nullity under the prior decision in People v. Quanstrom, 93 Mich. 254 (17 L. R. A. 723). It was pointed out in the opinion of the court that in the Quanstrom Case the defendant stood mute on arraignment and therefore waived nothing. In differentiating that case from the case before the Court, it was said:
“In the case now before us an information complete in form and substance, which was verified by the prosecuting attorney, who was competent to verify it, was filed. To that information the respondent did not object, but pleaded thereto not guilty. We think this was a waiver of the want of regularity in justice’s court, and gave the circuit court jurisdiction to try the case.”
In the earlier case of People v. Jones, 24 Mich. 215, defendant was arrested under a warrant issued pursuant to a complaint charging him with setting fire to a store with intent to burn. The examination was held on this charge and defendant was bound over to the circuit court for trial. The information filed by the prosecuting attorney alleged an offense distinct from that charged in the complaint, setting forth an attempt to burn personal property located in the store building. To this information the defendant pleaded not guilty. Following the introduc tion of proofs on the trial defendant moved that the proceedings be quashed for the reason that there had been no complaint against defendant for the offense charged in the information and that defendant had never had any examination on such charge. In discussing the question it was said:
“Had this motion been made before pleading not guilty to the information, it must have prevailed. But as the statute expressly authorizes a defendant to waive an examination, we think it clear, as held by the majority of the Court in Washburn v. People, 10 Mich. 372, 383, that he may waive it as well when called upon to plead to the information, as when brought before the magistrate for examination; and we think the plea of not guilty must be treated as such waiver.”
See, also, People v. Hanifan, 98 Mich. 32; People v. Sanford, 233 Mich. 112; In re Krusiewicz, 263 Mich. 74; People v. Lantz, 387 Ill. 72 (55 N. E. [2d] 78); In re Harrison, 55 Ariz. 347 (101 Pac. [2d] 457); 22 C. J. S. p. 658.
The case of In re Rhyndress, supra, on which petitioner relies, is distinguishable from the instant case in that the defect there involved was in the information, rather than in the prior proceedings. The same situation existed in People v. Frencavage, supra, and in People v. Eddinger, supra. In the instant case, however, the sufficiency of the information is not questioned. Specific discussion of other matters raised by petitioner is unnecessary, such matters having been covered above in substance.
The relief sought by petitioner is denied and the writs are dismissed.
Bushnell, C. J., and Sharpe, Boyles, Reid, North, Dethmers, and Butzel, JJ., concurred. | [
0.0087890625,
0.037841796875,
0.0235595703125,
0.03662109375,
-0.09912109375,
-0.03662109375,
-0.04443359375,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.021484375,
0.0791015625,
0.053466796875,
0.016357421875,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.01123046875,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.009033203125,
-0.005523681640625,
0.039306640625,
-0.01611328125,
0.03759765625,
0.0267333984375,
-0.00592041015625,
-0.0390625,
0.0274658203125,
-0.03564453125,
-0.0087890625,
0.04150390625,
0.0189208984375,
0.028564453125,
0.046630859375,
-0.001007080078125,
-0.0186767578125,
0.0380859375,
-0.033935546875,
0.00738525390625,
0.0013427734375,
0.057373046875,
-0.08544921875,
0.057861328125,
-0.008544921875,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.00469970703125,
0.040283203125,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.06884765625,
-0.047607421875,
-0.026123046875,
-0.003021240234375,
0.03662109375,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.0089111328125,
0.03076171875,
0.006622314453125,
0.001678466796875,
-0.018310546875,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.036865234375,
0.01025390625,
0.0380859375,
0.043212890625,
0.015869140625,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.0281982421875,
0.0068359375,
0.02783203125,
-0.0037689208984375,
0.01611328125,
-0.0027008056640625,
-0.0213623046875,
0.046630859375,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.0233154296875,
0.0028076171875,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.00506591796875,
-0.040771484375,
0.032958984375,
0.00482177734375,
-0.0106201171875,
0.013916015625,
0.04248046875,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.0277099609375,
0.00060272216796875,
-0.01434326171875,
-0.000514984130859375,
0.00994873046875,
0.01007080078125,
-0.00830078125,
0.0576171875,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.008544921875,
0.08349609375,
0.030029296875,
-0.056396484375,
0.0020294189453125,
0.037353515625,
-0.0537109375,
-0.0038604736328125,
0.01043701171875,
-0.00823974609375,
0.06689453125,
0.026123046875,
0.03271484375,
-0.0260009765625,
0.006134033203125,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0081787109375,
0.00823974609375,
-0.0045166015625,
0.0286865234375,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.037109375,
-0.011474609375,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.021728515625,
0.038330078125,
0.00634765625,
0.037841796875,
0.00592041015625,
0.01123046875,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.0267333984375,
0.044677734375,
0.01129150390625,
0.0205078125,
0.0301513671875,
0.0225830078125,
0.01055908203125,
0.0035400390625,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0264892578125,
0.056640625,
0.042724609375,
0.027587890625,
0.00008153915405273438,
0.006683349609375,
0.002227783203125,
0.008056640625,
0.06689453125,
0.048828125,
0.023681640625,
-0.0106201171875,
0.037353515625,
-0.032958984375,
0.0308837890625,
-0.06298828125,
0.00958251953125,
0.02587890625,
0.047607421875,
0.022216796875,
0.045166015625,
0.01202392578125,
0.0030975341796875,
-0.0238037109375,
0.0341796875,
-0.036376953125,
0.0284423828125,
-0.0267333984375,
0.01153564453125,
0.01239013671875,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.01177978515625,
-0.012451171875,
-0.0517578125,
0.005950927734375,
0.00750732421875,
-0.033447265625,
-0.0233154296875,
0.056396484375,
0.0155029296875,
0.030029296875,
0.0167236328125,
-0.01177978515625,
0.0208740234375,
-0.01324462890625,
0.00006103515625,
0.0390625,
0.004058837890625,
-0.0130615234375,
0.01104736328125,
-0.00567626953125,
-0.048583984375,
-0.04443359375,
-0.055419921875,
0.0235595703125,
0.0341796875,
-0.00885009765625,
0.01324462890625,
0.00787353515625,
0.054931640625,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.006072998046875,
0.01507568359375,
-0.01513671875,
-0.041015625,
-0.01190185546875,
0.060546875,
0.06787109375,
0.000751495361328125,
-0.052001953125,
0.06396484375,
0.02294921875,
0.00182342529296875,
0.0244140625,
0.0059814453125,
-0.03564453125,
0.00140380859375,
-0.00677490234375,
0.01043701171875,
0.02685546875,
-0.0263671875,
0.020751953125,
-0.02001953125,
0.03564453125,
-0.051025390625,
0.00107574462890625,
-0.00897216796875,
0.01519775390625,
0.03125,
-0.03271484375,
0.06494140625,
0.0322265625,
-0.005950927734375,
-0.0242919921875,
0.006988525390625,
0.005340576171875,
0.0299072265625,
0.037109375,
-0.001739501953125,
-0.032470703125,
0.05126953125,
0.010986328125,
0.0169677734375,
0.033447265625,
-0.031005859375,
0.0123291015625,
0.053955078125,
-0.005523681640625,
-0.002410888671875,
0.03564453125,
-0.00067901611328125,
-0.023193359375,
-0.006500244140625,
0.0238037109375,
0.006439208984375,
0.026123046875,
-0.03173828125,
0.01397705078125,
-0.01708984375,
0.000843048095703125,
0.07666015625,
0.006195068359375,
-0.04248046875,
0.003387451171875,
0.03564453125,
-0.00145721435546875,
-0.0281982421875,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.0074462890625,
0.004150390625,
0.05078125,
-0.0123291015625,
-0.048095703125,
-0.040283203125,
-0.0274658203125,
0.0009918212890625,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.00408935546875,
-0.019775390625,
-0.00009489059448242188,
-0.006805419921875,
0.0079345703125,
0.04296875,
-0.080078125,
0.02001953125,
0.007568359375,
-0.0185546875,
0.017333984375,
-0.0260009765625,
0.01507568359375,
-0.025146484375,
0.01470947265625,
-0.0078125,
0.046875,
-0.0079345703125,
-0.0301513671875,
-0.06787109375,
0.0174560546875,
0.0211181640625,
-0.033935546875,
0.002349853515625,
-0.01123046875,
-0.04150390625,
-0.0022430419921875,
-0.01123046875,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.0341796875,
-0.068359375,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.0036468505859375,
0.004364013671875,
-0.0272216796875,
0.0027618408203125,
0.0103759765625,
0.0164794921875,
0.04736328125,
0.016845703125,
0.003265380859375,
-0.0478515625,
0.046875,
0.0291748046875,
0.003326416015625,
-0.0172119140625,
-0.0546875,
-0.058349609375,
-0.013916015625,
-0.0283203125,
-0.0380859375,
0.0201416015625,
0.02392578125,
0.025634765625,
-0.057861328125,
-0.0037078857421875,
-0.03662109375,
-0.010498046875,
-0.052001953125,
-0.029296875,
0.0087890625,
-0.02978515625,
0.052001953125,
-0.044921875,
-0.02783203125,
0.015625,
0.0224609375,
0.04248046875,
-0.0556640625,
0.0023040771484375,
0.0196533203125,
-0.00787353515625,
0.050048828125,
0.002899169921875,
-0.021484375,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.00518798828125,
-0.01336669921875,
0.018798828125,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.00286865234375,
-0.0294189453125,
0.019287109375,
0.01318359375,
0.0026702880859375,
-0.02734375,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.0458984375,
-0.02392578125,
-0.034423828125,
0.048095703125,
-0.039794921875,
0.044189453125,
0.0224609375,
-0.022705078125,
0.0220947265625,
-0.02734375,
-0.026611328125,
0.04345703125,
-0.03173828125,
0.0322265625,
0.0031890869140625,
0.02978515625,
-0.0169677734375,
0.003021240234375,
0.00518798828125,
0.0146484375,
-0.01708984375,
0.003265380859375,
-0.00118255615234375,
0.0042724609375,
-0.005645751953125,
-0.03369140625,
-0.01043701171875,
0.04248046875,
-0.055419921875,
-0.0224609375,
-0.03564453125,
0.055419921875,
0.0130615234375,
0.0419921875,
-0.007415771484375,
0.0206298828125,
0.0201416015625,
0.01409912109375,
0.025634765625,
-0.05859375,
-0.0185546875,
-0.049072265625,
0.06396484375,
0.01190185546875,
-0.005645751953125,
-0.016845703125,
0.00860595703125,
0.05126953125,
0.068359375,
0.04541015625,
0.00518798828125,
-0.03515625,
0.0186767578125,
0.03466796875,
-0.01055908203125,
-0.033935546875,
-0.007476806640625,
0.037841796875,
0.03271484375,
0.0252685546875,
-0.028564453125,
0.04150390625,
-0.055908203125,
0.003021240234375,
0.0078125,
0.049072265625,
-0.00341796875,
0.030517578125,
-0.01171875,
0.000690460205078125,
0.07373046875,
-0.038330078125,
-0.006805419921875,
-0.00128936767578125,
-0.01348876953125,
0.021728515625,
0.0419921875,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.0113525390625,
0.0235595703125,
-0.0081787109375,
0.034423828125,
0.01055908203125,
0.0177001953125,
0.01019287109375,
0.00970458984375,
-0.04248046875,
0.037109375,
-0.044921875,
-0.06787109375,
0.0216064453125,
0.044677734375,
0.0093994140625,
0.01220703125,
-0.060791015625,
0.01361083984375,
-0.012451171875,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.0162353515625,
0.00162506103515625,
0.01019287109375,
-0.0439453125,
-0.01251220703125,
0.053466796875,
-0.01513671875,
-0.00567626953125,
0.043212890625,
-0.005279541015625,
-0.0247802734375,
0.00872802734375,
-0.0135498046875,
0.042236328125,
0.00531005859375,
-0.01953125,
0.0291748046875,
-0.021484375,
0.029296875,
-0.017333984375,
-0.005859375,
-0.0125732421875,
-0.0439453125,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.0223388671875,
0.016357421875,
0.0120849609375,
-0.004913330078125,
0.0205078125,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.01031494140625,
0.025634765625,
-0.056640625,
-0.01904296875,
0.0208740234375,
0.022216796875,
0.0208740234375,
-0.005096435546875,
-0.01025390625,
0.0010833740234375,
0.0240478515625,
-0.0269775390625,
-0.00982666015625,
-0.0189208984375,
0.011474609375,
0.05419921875,
-0.018798828125,
0.0419921875,
-0.0030517578125,
0.030517578125,
-0.00750732421875,
-0.033935546875,
0.05322265625,
-0.005279541015625,
0.00958251953125,
0.042236328125,
0.0286865234375,
-0.037353515625,
-0.006805419921875,
0.0234375,
-0.019287109375,
0.04296875,
0.013671875,
-0.01226806640625,
-0.0634765625,
-0.0419921875,
0.03759765625,
-0.030029296875,
-0.05712890625,
-0.051513671875,
0.01806640625,
-0.0130615234375,
0.0213623046875,
-0.0028533935546875,
0.00135040283203125,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.019287109375,
0.01519775390625,
0.02392578125,
-0.00616455078125,
-0.03515625,
-0.024658203125,
-0.039794921875,
0.01904296875,
0.0181884765625,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.037353515625,
0.00762939453125,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.048583984375,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.044921875,
-0.050048828125,
-0.00860595703125,
0.004150390625,
0.01708984375,
-0.005523681640625,
0.007171630859375,
-0.005767822265625,
0.020751953125,
0.00872802734375,
-0.022216796875,
-0.017822265625,
-0.037109375,
0.035400390625,
-0.0252685546875,
0.0216064453125,
0.0191650390625,
0.044677734375,
0.005889892578125,
0.0269775390625,
-0.007476806640625,
-0.02490234375,
-0.0673828125,
-0.044921875,
0.0018310546875,
0.038818359375,
0.0238037109375,
-0.0439453125,
-0.0419921875,
-0.00396728515625,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.01141357421875,
0.05126953125,
0.002288818359375,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.04833984375,
0.04296875,
0.01312255859375,
-0.045654296875,
-0.0052490234375,
-0.010009765625,
-0.04931640625,
-0.050048828125,
-0.00445556640625,
-0.024658203125,
-0.007354736328125,
0.039306640625,
0.0732421875,
0.0208740234375,
0.06494140625,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.01165771484375,
0.031005859375,
0.0179443359375,
0.010986328125,
0.044921875,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.0244140625,
0.034912109375,
0.034423828125,
-0.031982421875,
-0.041015625,
-0.0007781982421875,
0.0137939453125,
-0.01470947265625,
0.032470703125,
0.0220947265625,
-0.049560546875,
-0.041748046875,
-0.05224609375,
-0.050048828125,
-0.035400390625,
-0.03564453125,
0.0111083984375,
0.028564453125,
-0.0098876953125,
0.0208740234375,
-0.0023651123046875,
0.02685546875,
0.0400390625,
-0.016357421875,
0.03515625,
-0.038330078125,
-0.03125,
0.035400390625,
0.02294921875,
-0.017578125,
-0.017578125,
0.0164794921875,
-0.0203857421875,
0.0267333984375,
0.015869140625,
-0.0012664794921875,
-0.033203125,
-0.010009765625,
0.001739501953125,
0.034423828125,
0.0031280517578125,
0.009521484375,
0.00531005859375,
-0.0087890625,
-0.047607421875,
0.01287841796875,
-0.03271484375,
0.0026092529296875,
0.01190185546875,
-0.0830078125,
-0.01068115234375,
0.052001953125,
0.01336669921875,
0.0164794921875,
-0.046630859375,
-0.00775146484375,
0.00323486328125,
0.021728515625,
-0.049560546875,
0.00579833984375,
-0.00099945068359375,
0.005157470703125,
-0.053955078125,
-0.046875,
0.014892578125,
0.07080078125,
-0.000957489013671875,
0.0198974609375,
-0.03564453125,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0240478515625,
-0.0147705078125,
-0.051513671875,
-0.02880859375,
0.0162353515625,
0.0174560546875,
0.011962890625,
-0.012939453125,
-0.0037994384765625,
0.0216064453125,
0.0098876953125,
-0.0262451171875,
0.01483154296875,
-0.02392578125,
0.020751953125,
0.00750732421875,
0.007110595703125,
-0.0019989013671875,
0.016845703125,
0.0257568359375,
0.0072021484375,
-0.05322265625,
-0.0093994140625,
0.03466796875,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.0004482269287109375,
-0.01348876953125,
-0.07080078125,
-0.022216796875,
-0.0087890625,
0.004608154296875,
-0.026123046875,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.037841796875,
-0.044921875,
0.002838134765625,
-0.000782012939453125,
-0.072265625,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.01202392578125,
0.01129150390625,
0.0294189453125,
0.0400390625,
-0.0086669921875,
0.02294921875,
0.016845703125,
0.0181884765625,
0.004791259765625,
0.041259765625,
-0.0234375,
0.033935546875,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.022216796875,
-0.06005859375,
0.00579833984375,
0.027587890625,
0.0250244140625,
0.00897216796875,
-0.035888671875,
0.01904296875,
-0.005035400390625,
-0.041748046875,
0.047607421875,
-0.050537109375,
-0.05029296875,
0.03271484375,
0.039794921875,
0.0145263671875,
-0.03369140625,
0.00933837890625,
-0.0732421875,
0.044189453125,
0.00933837890625,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.0322265625,
0.00421142578125,
0.0244140625,
0.017822265625,
0.007720947265625,
-0.001312255859375,
-0.013671875,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.0478515625,
-0.01458740234375,
0.0517578125,
0.0240478515625,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.01806640625,
0.00421142578125,
-0.06689453125,
0.03271484375,
-0.000032901763916015625,
-0.00347900390625,
0.0020294189453125,
0.01220703125,
-0.034423828125,
-0.000659942626953125,
0.0264892578125,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.025390625,
-0.041748046875,
-0.013427734375,
-0.01385498046875,
0.00994873046875,
0.007598876953125,
-0.008544921875,
0.01544189453125,
-0.0245361328125,
-0.0026092529296875,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.0223388671875,
0.06298828125,
0.054931640625,
0.01422119140625,
-0.0164794921875,
0.04541015625,
0.0159912109375,
0.0341796875,
0.058837890625,
0.005401611328125,
0.023681640625,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.018310546875,
-0.019775390625,
0.0252685546875,
-0.000244140625,
-0.033447265625,
0.03564453125,
-0.033447265625,
0.004364013671875,
-0.009765625,
-0.020263671875,
-0.004364013671875,
-0.03369140625,
0.01318359375,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.00787353515625,
0.007110595703125,
0.0074462890625,
0.0023651123046875,
0.0096435546875,
0.044189453125,
0.03955078125,
0.007598876953125,
0.035888671875,
0.035888671875,
0.005157470703125,
-0.0068359375,
0.0052490234375,
0.04833984375,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0244140625,
-0.01397705078125,
0.013916015625,
-0.013671875,
0.00811767578125,
0.01287841796875,
0.004913330078125,
-0.03173828125,
0.00189208984375,
-0.0262451171875,
0.01275634765625,
-0.046875,
-0.014892578125,
0.05712890625,
0.012451171875,
-0.0150146484375,
0.0252685546875,
0.003997802734375,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.026123046875,
0.03662109375,
0.0439453125,
0.019287109375,
0.0244140625,
-0.06640625,
0.01409912109375,
0.0198974609375,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.056884765625,
0.0036468505859375,
-0.037353515625,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.035888671875,
-0.020751953125,
0.0074462890625,
-0.031494140625,
-0.01104736328125,
0.00994873046875,
0.0238037109375,
-0.037841796875,
-0.027587890625,
0.013427734375,
0.0283203125,
0.051513671875,
-0.00726318359375,
-0.04150390625,
0.000560760498046875,
0.02587890625,
0.0146484375,
-0.0277099609375,
0.00799560546875,
-0.0106201171875,
-0.0634765625,
-0.06494140625,
-0.026123046875,
0.0033111572265625,
0.0242919921875,
-0.06591796875,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.003997802734375,
0.0439453125,
-0.0289306640625,
0.007568359375,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.031494140625,
0.087890625,
0.038330078125,
-0.0172119140625,
0.0146484375,
0.01416015625,
0.028564453125,
0.017333984375,
0.01348876953125,
0.001983642578125,
0.00191497802734375,
-0.03662109375,
-0.0302734375,
-0.03271484375,
-0.02001953125,
-0.06005859375,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.00714111328125,
0.0263671875,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.054931640625,
-0.005218505859375,
-0.01434326171875,
0.010498046875,
0.0157470703125,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.01904296875,
-0.017333984375,
0.0458984375,
-0.05029296875,
0.287109375,
0.002777099609375,
-0.025634765625,
-0.021240234375,
-0.05859375,
0.044189453125,
0.0179443359375,
0.059814453125,
-0.054931640625,
0.056396484375,
-0.00139617919921875,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.0045166015625,
0.00555419921875,
0.023681640625,
0.006256103515625,
0.01300048828125,
0.015625,
-0.04541015625,
-0.035400390625,
0.005706787109375,
-0.006011962890625,
0.05126953125,
0.0400390625,
0.013671875,
0.01361083984375,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.03515625,
-0.00020885467529296875,
-0.04248046875,
0.0205078125,
-0.05419921875,
-0.01055908203125,
0.0306396484375,
0.0478515625,
0.0145263671875,
-0.0096435546875,
-0.03076171875,
0.0240478515625,
0.0118408203125,
-0.000537872314453125,
-0.04248046875,
0.02880859375,
0.03466796875,
-0.03369140625,
0.041259765625,
0.061767578125,
-0.0096435546875,
0.0146484375,
0.00347900390625,
0.01177978515625,
-0.014404296875,
-0.007781982421875,
0.040283203125,
0.0027923583984375,
-0.001312255859375,
-0.00188446044921875,
-0.05029296875,
0.037353515625,
0.01434326171875,
0.00567626953125,
0.061279296875,
0.01409912109375,
0.04150390625,
0.042236328125,
0.037353515625,
-0.03662109375,
-0.00830078125,
-0.0031280517578125,
0.01708984375,
-0.01220703125,
-0.0019378662109375,
0.07373046875,
0.0302734375,
-0.025146484375,
0.005859375,
0.021484375,
-0.0126953125,
0.0103759765625,
-0.034912109375,
-0.021240234375,
0.00030517578125,
0.021484375,
0.0291748046875,
0.00360107421875,
-0.05810546875,
0.0216064453125,
0.0179443359375,
0.042724609375,
-0.022216796875,
0.002349853515625,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0145263671875
] |
Potter, J.
Plaintiff, employed by defendants Wisconsin Public Service Corporation and Menominee.& Marinette Light & Traction Company, as a lineman, was injured June 26, 1931, by falling from a pole. He was awarded and paid compensation for total disability for seven weeks at $18 a week. He then went back to work for the same wages received before his injury. Plaintiff later filed a petition for further compensation. August 22, 1932, his application was heard, plaintiff was found to be permanently partially disabled and awarded compensation at $1.83 a week for 493 weeks from August 24, 1931; that is for the full 500 weeks provided by statute less the seven weeks during which he had been awarded and paid compensation for total disability. No appeal was taken from this award, and no request, petition or application to review weekly payments has been made by anyone authorized to do so by 2 Comp. Laws 1929, § 8453.
Art agreement between plaintiff and defendants for a lump sum settlement was made, subject to the approval of the department of labor and industry, and September 16, 1932, an order was made by the department of labor and industry in accordance with 2 Comp. Laws 1929, § 8438, authorizing it. This lump sum was paid and a receipt therefor filed. The lump sum settlement had been approved by the department of labor and industry. If it was paid that ended the matter. If it was not paid suit could have been instituted on the award. The department set-the case for hearing. The only thing before it for determination was whether the amount of the lump sum settlement previously authorized had been paid. Testimony was taken November 18, 1932, and the case again set for hearing February 19,1933. At the latter hearing the following occurred:
“The Commissioner: This man didn’t file a petition. The matter is on for hearing at this time to approve the final settlement receipt.
“Q. You filed petition the 29th day of February, 1932, didn’t you?
“A, Yes.
“ Q. In which yon alleged at that time that, yon were unable to work?
“The Commissioner: That has all been adjudicated and taken care of.”
The deputy commissioner subsequently made an award of $6.75 a week to plaintiff. Neither the employer, the insurance company, the commissioner of insurance, or the plaintiff requested a review of weekly payments. In the absence of such a request by any authorized party the department was without jurisdiction to grant such review. 2 Comp. Laws 1929, § 8153.
Stress seems to be placed upon Rule No. 29 (department of labor and industry). The rule provides that “in approving said settlement receipt the department determines no facts.”
The department had made an award upon plaintiff’s petition of $1.83 a week. This was an adjudication. This award was not appealed from. It was subsequently commuted to a lump sum settlement and paid. Hearing before the commissioner was had on the approval of the settlement receipt given upon payment of the lump sum awarded which had been previously authorized by the department. The only question before the department was whether the amount of such lump sum award had been paid. Notwithstanding this the deputy commissioner proceeded upon this hearing without an application upon the part of plaintiff to increase the award made. This he was without authority to do.
We are constrained to reverse the holding of the department. It is so ordered.
Nelson Sharpe, C. J., and North, Fead, Wiest, Butzel, and Edward M. Sharpe, JJ., concurred. Bushnell, J., did not sit. | [
-0.00057220458984375,
-0.0048828125,
-0.01080322265625,
0.059814453125,
-0.01300048828125,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.01104736328125,
-0.041259765625,
0.0108642578125,
0.04833984375,
0.0054931640625,
0.006927490234375,
0.03759765625,
-0.04541015625,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.0245361328125,
0.0172119140625,
0.0135498046875,
0.05078125,
0.0103759765625,
0.0303955078125,
-0.015380859375,
-0.0064697265625,
-0.004425048828125,
0.0089111328125,
-0.0208740234375,
0.00567626953125,
0.03759765625,
0.038818359375,
0.00408935546875,
0.004730224609375,
-0.0050048828125,
-0.007171630859375,
-0.041015625,
-0.016845703125,
0.038818359375,
-0.04833984375,
0.016357421875,
-0.029052734375,
0.0126953125,
-0.022216796875,
0.0135498046875,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.02783203125,
-0.056884765625,
0.0004367828369140625,
0.0042724609375,
0.037353515625,
-0.0576171875,
0.02880859375,
-0.0120849609375,
0.0238037109375,
-0.052001953125,
0.014892578125,
-0.06201171875,
-0.007415771484375,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0208740234375,
0.005279541015625,
-0.01495361328125,
0.01470947265625,
-0.04052734375,
0.0546875,
0.0206298828125,
-0.0106201171875,
0.02099609375,
-0.0125732421875,
0.0184326171875,
-0.0205078125,
0.020263671875,
-0.0203857421875,
0.00067901611328125,
0.013671875,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.0255126953125,
0.0166015625,
-0.0004596710205078125,
0.00165557861328125,
0.01055908203125,
-0.0115966796875,
0.0238037109375,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.050537109375,
0.040283203125,
0.006805419921875,
0.033447265625,
0.03515625,
0.0164794921875,
-0.0301513671875,
0.0400390625,
-0.01507568359375,
0.015380859375,
0.0439453125,
0.0322265625,
-0.025146484375,
0.021240234375,
0.0458984375,
-0.017578125,
0.004119873046875,
0.010009765625,
-0.01165771484375,
0.061279296875,
0.0213623046875,
0.03271484375,
-0.01141357421875,
0.00921630859375,
-0.02197265625,
0.03466796875,
0.0166015625,
-0.00058746337890625,
0.01495361328125,
-0.008056640625,
-0.05419921875,
-0.003997802734375,
0.00103759765625,
0.0017547607421875,
-0.0281982421875,
0.02099609375,
0.07958984375,
-0.024658203125,
0.0322265625,
0.00775146484375,
0.0098876953125,
0.021240234375,
-0.043212890625,
0.044677734375,
-0.00112152099609375,
0.02392578125,
0.0181884765625,
0.01324462890625,
-0.005645751953125,
-0.01025390625,
0.01373291015625,
0.013427734375,
0.0286865234375,
-0.003082275390625,
0.052001953125,
-0.007232666015625,
0.006439208984375,
-0.013671875,
-0.03662109375,
0.039794921875,
-0.0115966796875,
0.045654296875,
-0.021240234375,
0.043212890625,
-0.022216796875,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.0400390625,
0.0030670166015625,
0.078125,
0.01904296875,
0.02734375,
0.00958251953125,
0.042724609375,
-0.051025390625,
0.045166015625,
-0.016357421875,
-0.02978515625,
0.0106201171875,
-0.0147705078125,
0.01171875,
-0.0126953125,
-0.007476806640625,
0.038330078125,
0.00147247314453125,
-0.009521484375,
-0.0201416015625,
0.01904296875,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0294189453125,
0.051513671875,
0.0123291015625,
0.091796875,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0106201171875,
0.005584716796875,
-0.021728515625,
0.00909423828125,
0.00946044921875,
0.019775390625,
0.01708984375,
0.003326416015625,
-0.0140380859375,
-0.03125,
0.0201416015625,
-0.046875,
0.03955078125,
-0.0020294189453125,
-0.042724609375,
-0.0019378662109375,
-0.02783203125,
0.044677734375,
-0.002288818359375,
-0.0086669921875,
0.03125,
-0.0067138671875,
-0.03515625,
-0.0137939453125,
0.0205078125,
0.0419921875,
-0.06005859375,
0.0079345703125,
0.064453125,
0.03515625,
0.01202392578125,
-0.011474609375,
0.024169921875,
-0.006744384765625,
0.031982421875,
-0.060791015625,
0.01239013671875,
0.053466796875,
-0.0234375,
0.04052734375,
-0.050537109375,
-0.006317138671875,
-0.0125732421875,
0.052001953125,
-0.0213623046875,
0.049072265625,
-0.0361328125,
-0.0167236328125,
0.031982421875,
0.0301513671875,
0.0084228515625,
-0.0020751953125,
-0.0201416015625,
0.000843048095703125,
0.01165771484375,
0.064453125,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.018310546875,
0.0272216796875,
0.01446533203125,
0.0181884765625,
0.010986328125,
-0.01495361328125,
0.02197265625,
0.041259765625,
0.00518798828125,
-0.0230712890625,
0.0250244140625,
-0.0517578125,
-0.04833984375,
-0.0458984375,
0.0198974609375,
-0.0247802734375,
0.0419921875,
-0.027099609375,
0.0263671875,
0.0033111572265625,
-0.00946044921875,
0.036865234375,
0.0244140625,
-0.055419921875,
-0.0223388671875,
0.007415771484375,
0.026123046875,
-0.012939453125,
0.0035858154296875,
0.0390625,
-0.053955078125,
0.0517578125,
0.0196533203125,
-0.000957489013671875,
-0.026611328125,
-0.0234375,
-0.049560546875,
0.0252685546875,
-0.011474609375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0693359375,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.05419921875,
0.0986328125,
-0.033203125,
-0.03173828125,
-0.004425048828125,
-0.0103759765625,
0.033447265625,
-0.039306640625,
0.005340576171875,
-0.0478515625,
-0.00183868408203125,
-0.0213623046875,
0.022216796875,
0.020263671875,
-0.0634765625,
-0.021240234375,
0.018798828125,
0.0546875,
-0.03125,
-0.0225830078125,
0.01385498046875,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.037109375,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0240478515625,
0.0115966796875,
-0.0576171875,
-0.03173828125,
-0.0025634765625,
0.0184326171875,
-0.043212890625,
0.027099609375,
0.06103515625,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.003570556640625,
0.044921875,
0.01458740234375,
0.0252685546875,
-0.00830078125,
-0.0654296875,
-0.011474609375,
0.0211181640625,
-0.04833984375,
-0.0186767578125,
0.013671875,
0.0125732421875,
-0.005523681640625,
-0.054931640625,
-0.019287109375,
-0.053955078125,
-0.046142578125,
-0.031494140625,
-0.0208740234375,
0.03125,
-0.004150390625,
0.0191650390625,
-0.034423828125,
-0.03466796875,
0.00872802734375,
0.004913330078125,
0.041259765625,
0.0029296875,
0.015869140625,
0.006011962890625,
-0.0263671875,
0.049560546875,
0.04248046875,
-0.0615234375,
0.046630859375,
0.0113525390625,
-0.031005859375,
-0.01708984375,
0.00787353515625,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.026611328125,
0.04638671875,
0.02392578125,
-0.021240234375,
-0.047119140625,
0.0732421875,
-0.01129150390625,
0.0174560546875,
-0.0057373046875,
-0.02783203125,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.037353515625,
0.044189453125,
-0.04150390625,
0.031494140625,
0.050537109375,
-0.006439208984375,
-0.024169921875,
-0.046630859375,
-0.052490234375,
0.030029296875,
0.00135040283203125,
-0.004486083984375,
-0.0005340576171875,
0.017578125,
0.02197265625,
-0.003936767578125,
0.0234375,
0.0113525390625,
0.0078125,
-0.0142822265625,
0.0238037109375,
-0.0390625,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.015380859375,
-0.045654296875,
0.0152587890625,
0.0198974609375,
-0.041259765625,
0.017333984375,
0.03369140625,
-0.00244140625,
0.00836181640625,
0.03515625,
0.054931640625,
0.0032958984375,
0.00128936767578125,
0.04443359375,
-0.004974365234375,
-0.03662109375,
-0.035888671875,
0.046875,
-0.0272216796875,
0.003509521484375,
-0.0074462890625,
-0.00799560546875,
0.00738525390625,
0.0301513671875,
0.03564453125,
-0.037841796875,
0.00439453125,
0.01300048828125,
0.038818359375,
-0.0184326171875,
-0.0179443359375,
-0.01080322265625,
0.0390625,
0.0052490234375,
0.04345703125,
-0.0439453125,
0.056640625,
-0.0218505859375,
-0.0084228515625,
-0.0140380859375,
0.031982421875,
-0.0390625,
0.019775390625,
-0.06201171875,
-0.01806640625,
0.05859375,
-0.00125885009765625,
-0.00628662109375,
-0.047607421875,
-0.00482177734375,
0.0106201171875,
0.07470703125,
-0.01708984375,
-0.02392578125,
0.01953125,
0.005218505859375,
0.0162353515625,
0.045166015625,
0.0289306640625,
-0.02294921875,
0.0257568359375,
-0.016357421875,
0.043212890625,
0.03369140625,
-0.01007080078125,
-0.012451171875,
0.0390625,
-0.0140380859375,
0.0390625,
-0.02490234375,
-0.00182342529296875,
0.037841796875,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.007476806640625,
0.0101318359375,
0.017578125,
0.015380859375,
0.01953125,
0.06396484375,
0.00138092041015625,
0.017333984375,
0.005279541015625,
-0.0205078125,
-0.0220947265625,
0.048095703125,
0.031005859375,
0.0228271484375,
-0.0400390625,
0.001708984375,
0.040771484375,
-0.037109375,
0.0146484375,
-0.01470947265625,
0.00665283203125,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.060791015625,
-0.02490234375,
-0.0289306640625,
-0.0174560546875,
0.0140380859375,
0.038330078125,
-0.0167236328125,
0.00677490234375,
-0.04931640625,
-0.02197265625,
0.0022735595703125,
-0.058837890625,
-0.006927490234375,
0.0054931640625,
-0.0205078125,
0.005584716796875,
-0.0159912109375,
0.016357421875,
-0.01336669921875,
0.00531005859375,
-0.033203125,
-0.0081787109375,
-0.03515625,
-0.002838134765625,
0.039306640625,
-0.048583984375,
0.0244140625,
0.00130462646484375,
0.0146484375,
0.038330078125,
-0.01025390625,
0.0169677734375,
0.0150146484375,
-0.006622314453125,
0.0390625,
0.0155029296875,
-0.043212890625,
-0.01153564453125,
0.0025634765625,
-0.0498046875,
0.00009584426879882812,
0.0018768310546875,
-0.00555419921875,
-0.040771484375,
-0.06982421875,
0.013671875,
-0.00677490234375,
-0.041015625,
-0.049560546875,
-0.00347900390625,
-0.0185546875,
0.024169921875,
-0.01220703125,
-0.03125,
-0.017578125,
-0.04541015625,
0.01141357421875,
-0.00164794921875,
-0.01806640625,
0.005767822265625,
-0.055419921875,
-0.03271484375,
0.0595703125,
0.0380859375,
0.006378173828125,
0.00439453125,
-0.0517578125,
0.00323486328125,
0.011474609375,
-0.00274658203125,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.013916015625,
0.01104736328125,
0.04296875,
0.0230712890625,
-0.006805419921875,
0.0252685546875,
0.0004425048828125,
0.04052734375,
-0.00506591796875,
-0.0322265625,
-0.005706787109375,
-0.048583984375,
0.04345703125,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.02099609375,
0.0244140625,
0.037841796875,
0.0286865234375,
0.00518798828125,
0.00341796875,
-0.0223388671875,
-0.028076171875,
-0.043212890625,
0.016357421875,
0.01165771484375,
-0.02099609375,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.047607421875,
0.0008087158203125,
-0.068359375,
0.033203125,
0.057861328125,
-0.00982666015625,
0.00124359130859375,
-0.0205078125,
0.0162353515625,
0.0005340576171875,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.006805419921875,
-0.026611328125,
-0.0001392364501953125,
-0.020263671875,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.0302734375,
0.0400390625,
0.0291748046875,
-0.048583984375,
0.0125732421875,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.05029296875,
-0.01055908203125,
0.087890625,
0.01318359375,
0.003387451171875,
0.05908203125,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.04931640625,
0.0238037109375,
-0.00958251953125,
-0.0341796875,
-0.021240234375,
0.035888671875,
-0.00157928466796875,
-0.01904296875,
0.0400390625,
0.0419921875,
-0.06494140625,
-0.0272216796875,
0.00145721435546875,
-0.064453125,
-0.011474609375,
-0.05615234375,
0.0027618408203125,
0.051025390625,
-0.0289306640625,
0.0169677734375,
0.006256103515625,
0.045166015625,
0.05322265625,
-0.017822265625,
0.03564453125,
-0.00994873046875,
0.017578125,
0.04833984375,
0.00457763671875,
0.0150146484375,
-0.01507568359375,
-0.02001953125,
-0.026123046875,
0.009765625,
0.044189453125,
-0.05224609375,
-0.055419921875,
0.006134033203125,
0.017822265625,
0.039794921875,
-0.05126953125,
-0.0281982421875,
0.051025390625,
0.01806640625,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.0322265625,
-0.0159912109375,
0.001312255859375,
0.001953125,
-0.0732421875,
-0.036865234375,
0.00677490234375,
0.020263671875,
0.05419921875,
-0.05810546875,
-0.028564453125,
0.004547119140625,
0.0230712890625,
-0.049560546875,
0.04443359375,
0.0172119140625,
0.0203857421875,
-0.08251953125,
-0.05322265625,
0.007171630859375,
0.000759124755859375,
-0.029296875,
0.0306396484375,
-0.033935546875,
0.0186767578125,
-0.0027923583984375,
-0.0380859375,
0.00140380859375,
-0.00075531005859375,
0.01324462890625,
0.01123046875,
-0.031494140625,
0.000637054443359375,
0.015380859375,
-0.036376953125,
0.0006256103515625,
-0.009033203125,
0.0341796875,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.001220703125,
0.0162353515625,
-0.012939453125,
-0.01409912109375,
0.047607421875,
-0.0201416015625,
0.005645751953125,
-0.0203857421875,
0.038818359375,
0.0216064453125,
-0.0025634765625,
0.003692626953125,
-0.00616455078125,
-0.031982421875,
-0.0224609375,
-0.034423828125,
0.0008544921875,
0.001708984375,
0.0390625,
0.01409912109375,
-0.0252685546875,
-0.043212890625,
-0.05029296875,
0.01153564453125,
-0.0361328125,
0.006500244140625,
0.0079345703125,
0.014892578125,
0.06494140625,
0.037353515625,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.027587890625,
-0.000820159912109375,
-0.002349853515625,
0.01416015625,
-0.0291748046875,
0.020263671875,
-0.00921630859375,
-0.026123046875,
-0.0517578125,
-0.0498046875,
-0.021728515625,
-0.0120849609375,
0.07958984375,
0.01092529296875,
-0.024169921875,
0.056640625,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.051025390625,
0.0087890625,
-0.058349609375,
-0.0194091796875,
0.02734375,
-0.033203125,
0.005340576171875,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.0084228515625,
0.002899169921875,
0.031494140625,
-0.00811767578125,
-0.022705078125,
-0.0076904296875,
0.00933837890625,
0.050537109375,
0.0145263671875,
-0.0017852783203125,
0.031982421875,
0.003387451171875,
-0.00335693359375,
-0.0260009765625,
-0.034912109375,
0.01513671875,
-0.01251220703125,
-0.014892578125,
0.0072021484375,
-0.0037994384765625,
-0.0888671875,
0.0224609375,
-0.0093994140625,
0.02294921875,
-0.01239013671875,
-0.02392578125,
-0.04638671875,
0.0179443359375,
-0.005279541015625,
0.01483154296875,
0.03271484375,
-0.0390625,
-0.05615234375,
-0.00665283203125,
-0.003692626953125,
0.006256103515625,
0.01953125,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.007354736328125,
-0.052490234375,
-0.01177978515625,
0.057861328125,
0.040771484375,
0.0274658203125,
0.01275634765625,
0.0264892578125,
0.020751953125,
0.024658203125,
0.0054931640625,
0.0167236328125,
-0.0125732421875,
0.0084228515625,
0.0006103515625,
-0.019287109375,
0.0283203125,
-0.01025390625,
-0.034912109375,
0.015380859375,
-0.0252685546875,
0.0213623046875,
-0.034912109375,
-0.009765625,
0.02880859375,
-0.035888671875,
0.0009765625,
-0.0306396484375,
-0.0296630859375,
0.05126953125,
0.02685546875,
-0.0233154296875,
0.037109375,
-0.0004749298095703125,
0.01495361328125,
0.032958984375,
0.0213623046875,
0.006072998046875,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.032958984375,
-0.01043701171875,
0.03466796875,
0.049560546875,
0.0211181640625,
0.0263671875,
-0.00032806396484375,
0.0050048828125,
0.019287109375,
0.00244140625,
-0.01446533203125,
-0.07568359375,
-0.001922607421875,
0.00726318359375,
0.040283203125,
-0.036865234375,
0.0135498046875,
0.0291748046875,
0.00946044921875,
-0.032470703125,
0.009521484375,
0.02001953125,
0.01129150390625,
-0.0054931640625,
0.0177001953125,
0.01446533203125,
0.006561279296875,
0.05322265625,
-0.03271484375,
0.00909423828125,
0.0299072265625,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0277099609375,
0.037353515625,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.09423828125,
-0.054931640625,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.03125,
0.03271484375,
0.0101318359375,
-0.047119140625,
-0.0390625,
-0.032470703125,
-0.0294189453125,
0.01409912109375,
0.041748046875,
0.07568359375,
-0.0244140625,
-0.030517578125,
-0.0177001953125,
0.018798828125,
-0.0078125,
-0.02294921875,
0.031005859375,
0.0031280517578125,
-0.038818359375,
-0.042724609375,
0.01495361328125,
0.01129150390625,
0.00726318359375,
-0.044921875,
-0.033203125,
-0.00537109375,
0.0027618408203125,
0.004180908203125,
0.02587890625,
-0.005645751953125,
-0.0263671875,
0.05224609375,
0.046875,
0.0126953125,
0.0206298828125,
0.0096435546875,
0.02880859375,
0.0419921875,
-0.0267333984375,
0.0050048828125,
0.01116943359375,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.0009307861328125,
-0.03564453125,
-0.026123046875,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.00897216796875,
0.02880859375,
0.035400390625,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.03466796875,
-0.037353515625,
-0.03515625,
-0.00506591796875,
-0.006561279296875,
-0.00445556640625,
0.019775390625,
0.0223388671875,
-0.051513671875,
0.267578125,
0.028076171875,
-0.01129150390625,
0.023681640625,
0.0277099609375,
0.07373046875,
0.007080078125,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.052734375,
-0.005218505859375,
-0.0279541015625,
-0.01318359375,
0.0252685546875,
0.00946044921875,
0.00142669677734375,
0.00836181640625,
-0.059814453125,
0.017822265625,
0.0035247802734375,
-0.031494140625,
0.01007080078125,
-0.02490234375,
-0.0228271484375,
0.0849609375,
0.0189208984375,
0.014404296875,
0.005889892578125,
-0.059326171875,
-0.003021240234375,
-0.0250244140625,
0.00567626953125,
-0.038818359375,
0.0242919921875,
-0.052490234375,
-0.0172119140625,
0.04443359375,
0.003082275390625,
0.020751953125,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.01458740234375,
0.005279541015625,
0.037841796875,
-0.0028228759765625,
-0.0390625,
-0.0218505859375,
0.015625,
-0.02734375,
0.059814453125,
0.0439453125,
-0.0181884765625,
0.021240234375,
0.043701171875,
0.007476806640625,
-0.0242919921875,
0.000522613525390625,
0.033203125,
0.0174560546875,
0.00726318359375,
-0.033203125,
0.00439453125,
0.00390625,
0.0223388671875,
0.0162353515625,
0.047119140625,
0.00677490234375,
0.060546875,
-0.0093994140625,
-0.002685546875,
-0.034912109375,
0.012451171875,
0.0162353515625,
0.017333984375,
-0.00689697265625,
-0.040283203125,
0.0654296875,
0.030517578125,
-0.0108642578125,
0.041748046875,
0.0625,
0.0023193359375,
0.00836181640625,
0.0164794921875,
-0.00518798828125,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.0033721923828125,
0.050537109375,
0.02734375,
-0.05517578125,
-0.022216796875,
0.000682830810546875,
-0.0074462890625,
0.03564453125,
-0.010498046875,
0.0162353515625,
-0.0198974609375
] |
Btjtzel, J.
Fern Newell, administrator of the estate of Ovid Newell, deceased, brought suit against John Ritter, the owner, and Arthur Ritter, driver of an automobile that on the night of August 13, 1933, at about 2 a. m. struck plaintiff’s decedent and caused injuries from which he died the following morning. Plaintiff’s decedent was 67 years of age and just prior to the accident was traveling south with his daughter on highway M-47 in a car owned and driven by Orville Wakley, a neighbor. As they approached the northerly end of Maple river bridge about four miles from Owosso they discovered a disabled Ford that had collided with the bridge abutment at the northeast corner of the bridge. They first passed the Ford but seeing that it was in trouble, they returned to render assistance. Shortly thereafter another car, proceeding north, passed both the Wakley car and the disabled Ford and also stopped in order to help. The Wakley car was broug’ht back and a chain attached to it was tied to the disabled Ford car. It became necessary, however, to move the. Ford automobile into a proper position, and decedent and two others undertook to push it, decedent getting hold of the car at the left rear fender. Just at that time Arthur Ritter, driving the car of his father, John Ritter, had come around a curve about three-tenths of a mile distant from the bridge where the decedent and others were trying to move the Ford car. Witnesses testified that defendant’s car was being driven at the rate of 50 miles per hour. This was denied and became a question of fact for the jury. However, immediately before the accident decedent was helping the others to push the car, standing at the left rear fender. In an instant defendant’s car passed by. It came so close to the disabled Ford that one of the men assisting with decedent was obliged to jump upon the running board of the Ford for safety, and another, also helping, had part of his shoe cut off. Decedent was struck and knocked between the two cars and was found a short distance away, badly broken up. He was immediately removed to a hospital, where he died six hours later. Suit was brought under the survival act (3 Comp. Laws 1929, § 14040). It is claimed that defendants were not guilty of negligence and that decedent must have stepped into the path of the oncoming car and thus was struck. The fact that he was seen immediately at the rear and alongside the disabled Ford car just prior to the accident, and the further fact that the two others just barely escaped injury on account of being alongside the Ford car, was sufficient to indicate how the accident occurred and it was proper to submit the question to the jury.
Error is claimed because the trial court instructed the jury to find as an element of damages the amount that the decedent probably would have earned during the balance of his life. Mortality tables were introduced to show the expectancy of life, but no figures were introduced as to the net ■ earnings or wages of decedent. It was shown, however, that he was a prosperous farmer, strong, vigorous, and the owner of a 40-acre farm where he had four or five head of cattle and raised a good crop. He had also at times rented and cultivated an additional 40 acres. The difficulties of estimating the probable earnings has been frequently commented upon by this court. It is even more difficult when it becomes necessary to admeasure the earnings of a farmer who, as a rule, keeps no set of books to show his earnings or profits. From the facts presented, it was proper for the jury to allow such damages as they deemed reasonable in accordance with their common knowledge and experience. Welch v. Ware, 32 Mich. 77; Silsby v. Michigan Car Co., 95 Mich. 204; Mabrey v. Cape Girardeau & Jackson Gravel Rd. Co., 92 Mo. App. 596 (69 S. W. 394).
Various objections were made to the charge of the court, and excerpts are quoted by appellant, but when the charge is taken as a whole it fully protected defendants’ rights. The jury only awarded $2,'500 damages, which indicates that but little was allowed for the future earnings of decedent.
Judgment for plaintiff is affirmed, with costs.
Nelson Sharpe, C. J., and Potter, North, Pead, Wiest, Bushnell, and Edward M. Sharpe, JJ., concurred. | [
-0.0208740234375,
0.05517578125,
0.01385498046875,
0.019287109375,
0.0106201171875,
-0.021240234375,
0.01348876953125,
-0.0087890625,
0.032470703125,
0.0108642578125,
0.01251220703125,
-0.04736328125,
0.0211181640625,
-0.01312255859375,
0.012451171875,
0.004150390625,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.00347900390625,
-0.0029449462890625,
0.01025390625,
0.0048828125,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.048583984375,
-0.027587890625,
-0.00994873046875,
-0.0089111328125,
0.03759765625,
-0.0294189453125,
0.0225830078125,
0.0286865234375,
-0.015625,
-0.01177978515625,
0.004852294921875,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.00531005859375,
-0.0201416015625,
0.053466796875,
-0.06591796875,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.00130462646484375,
-0.0172119140625,
0.046142578125,
-0.0301513671875,
0.0093994140625,
-0.007598876953125,
0.0218505859375,
-0.034912109375,
0.0390625,
-0.0279541015625,
0.01904296875,
0.00390625,
0.00579833984375,
-0.005767822265625,
0.0086669921875,
-0.052001953125,
0.00628662109375,
0.0004100799560546875,
0.00238037109375,
0.01300048828125,
0.028076171875,
-0.080078125,
0.03515625,
-0.03564453125,
-0.01373291015625,
0.0390625,
0.0172119140625,
0.03955078125,
-0.01153564453125,
0.0015869140625,
-0.00921630859375,
0.006072998046875,
-0.01318359375,
-0.00830078125,
-0.04296875,
-0.004119873046875,
-0.001922607421875,
0.004486083984375,
0.00909423828125,
0.031494140625,
-0.00970458984375,
-0.016845703125,
0.09130859375,
-0.003814697265625,
-0.04833984375,
0.0147705078125,
-0.017333984375,
0.020751953125,
0.0024566650390625,
0.0125732421875,
-0.01287841796875,
0.04443359375,
-0.01458740234375,
-0.02099609375,
0.05126953125,
0.0220947265625,
-0.06494140625,
0.02294921875,
0.00982666015625,
-0.04443359375,
0.0380859375,
0.0166015625,
0.034912109375,
0.06640625,
-0.0098876953125,
0.0264892578125,
-0.015625,
-0.007293701171875,
0.01165771484375,
-0.0286865234375,
-0.00164031982421875,
0.0390625,
0.038818359375,
0.0036468505859375,
-0.032470703125,
-0.01483154296875,
0.000865936279296875,
0.015625,
-0.040283203125,
0.0166015625,
0.0673828125,
-0.0341796875,
0.031982421875,
-0.026611328125,
0.005096435546875,
0.0093994140625,
-0.0284423828125,
0.06787109375,
-0.006439208984375,
0.032470703125,
0.0223388671875,
0.01611328125,
0.024169921875,
0.045654296875,
0.02783203125,
0.00113677978515625,
0.0023345947265625,
-0.0267333984375,
0.022216796875,
0.00970458984375,
0.0181884765625,
0.024169921875,
-0.027587890625,
0.05419921875,
-0.00946044921875,
0.03955078125,
0.001800537109375,
0.0181884765625,
-0.0390625,
-0.00677490234375,
-0.0595703125,
0.0238037109375,
0.034423828125,
0.037841796875,
0.024658203125,
0.004669189453125,
0.0296630859375,
-0.017333984375,
0.029052734375,
0.054443359375,
-0.02197265625,
0.0189208984375,
0.024658203125,
0.005828857421875,
-0.026611328125,
-0.002349853515625,
-0.0037384033203125,
0.0186767578125,
-0.033203125,
-0.040771484375,
0.034912109375,
0.01171875,
-0.021240234375,
-0.037841796875,
0.06396484375,
0.0289306640625,
0.052001953125,
-0.00087738037109375,
-0.035400390625,
0.040771484375,
-0.006927490234375,
0.01544189453125,
0.06494140625,
0.025146484375,
-0.0174560546875,
-0.052490234375,
-0.004425048828125,
0.002044677734375,
-0.01611328125,
-0.0172119140625,
0.025634765625,
-0.01287841796875,
-0.00177001953125,
0.0211181640625,
-0.0272216796875,
0.052001953125,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0284423828125,
0.018798828125,
0.00122833251953125,
0.00013065338134765625,
-0.002716064453125,
-0.009765625,
0.006011962890625,
-0.044921875,
-0.0140380859375,
0.046630859375,
0.01556396484375,
0.00067138671875,
0.005401611328125,
0.05029296875,
0.0257568359375,
0.017333984375,
-0.0322265625,
0.00506591796875,
0.0322265625,
-0.005859375,
0.0125732421875,
-0.06689453125,
-0.047607421875,
-0.013671875,
0.00836181640625,
-0.01043701171875,
0.034912109375,
0.0035552978515625,
-0.056884765625,
0.0203857421875,
0.003814697265625,
-0.02880859375,
-0.005859375,
0.025634765625,
0.03466796875,
-0.009521484375,
0.07958984375,
-0.00836181640625,
-0.034912109375,
0.0115966796875,
-0.0322265625,
0.000659942626953125,
0.01458740234375,
0.027099609375,
0.0361328125,
0.044921875,
0.01165771484375,
-0.04345703125,
0.01806640625,
-0.033935546875,
-0.020751953125,
-0.014892578125,
0.015625,
-0.002716064453125,
0.031982421875,
-0.03466796875,
0.0135498046875,
-0.0064697265625,
0.0291748046875,
0.041748046875,
0.01904296875,
-0.029541015625,
-0.0247802734375,
0.03515625,
0.0220947265625,
-0.053955078125,
-0.0250244140625,
0.0284423828125,
-0.00823974609375,
0.004058837890625,
0.0242919921875,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.07373046875,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.040283203125,
-0.00115203857421875,
-0.003997802734375,
-0.0517578125,
-0.07568359375,
0.035400390625,
-0.00775146484375,
0.047119140625,
-0.05029296875,
0.00592041015625,
-0.0032501220703125,
-0.064453125,
0.01708984375,
0.000049114227294921875,
0.05712890625,
-0.05859375,
0.010009765625,
-0.055419921875,
-0.0021514892578125,
-0.00677490234375,
-0.0419921875,
-0.04638671875,
-0.0037994384765625,
0.0006866455078125,
-0.0140380859375,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0299072265625,
0.00579833984375,
-0.00927734375,
-0.01409912109375,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.029541015625,
0.0019073486328125,
-0.047119140625,
-0.033935546875,
0.00164794921875,
0.0269775390625,
-0.048583984375,
0.03662109375,
0.00958251953125,
0.01544189453125,
-0.0107421875,
0.0751953125,
0.0125732421875,
0.03076171875,
-0.00518798828125,
-0.0380859375,
0.00933837890625,
0.030517578125,
-0.05615234375,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.004791259765625,
0.055908203125,
-0.00555419921875,
-0.042236328125,
0.00506591796875,
-0.02392578125,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0244140625,
-0.0286865234375,
0.010009765625,
0.0021820068359375,
-0.05615234375,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.00909423828125,
0.00830078125,
-0.006866455078125,
0.042236328125,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.00518798828125,
0.004730224609375,
-0.0264892578125,
0.007354736328125,
0.042236328125,
-0.0028533935546875,
0.0103759765625,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.04052734375,
-0.019775390625,
-0.008056640625,
-0.04150390625,
-0.0478515625,
0.0247802734375,
0.049072265625,
-0.037841796875,
-0.016845703125,
0.030517578125,
0.004302978515625,
0.00958251953125,
-0.016845703125,
0.040771484375,
-0.01904296875,
-0.039794921875,
-0.024169921875,
-0.019287109375,
0.027099609375,
-0.0201416015625,
0.0390625,
0.041015625,
-0.007720947265625,
-0.00830078125,
-0.03564453125,
-0.06298828125,
-0.01055908203125,
0.0164794921875,
0.0213623046875,
0.041748046875,
0.020263671875,
0.01123046875,
0.0225830078125,
0.0133056640625,
0.0135498046875,
0.0115966796875,
-0.005828857421875,
-0.007659912109375,
-0.036865234375,
0.03271484375,
-0.024658203125,
-0.0308837890625,
0.017578125,
0.001953125,
-0.0159912109375,
0.01251220703125,
0.0284423828125,
0.01446533203125,
-0.0087890625,
0.02490234375,
0.033447265625,
0.0159912109375,
0.00811767578125,
0.0294189453125,
-0.0302734375,
-0.0211181640625,
-0.015625,
0.048095703125,
0.0031280517578125,
-0.04931640625,
-0.03271484375,
-0.0135498046875,
0.06689453125,
0.0272216796875,
0.051025390625,
-0.01953125,
-0.00933837890625,
0.0322265625,
-0.0152587890625,
-0.01031494140625,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.00830078125,
0.034423828125,
0.0238037109375,
0.0654296875,
-0.051513671875,
0.059326171875,
-0.04052734375,
0.0013580322265625,
0.0157470703125,
0.07568359375,
-0.0260009765625,
0.068359375,
0.000514984130859375,
0.0003986358642578125,
0.052734375,
0.011962890625,
0.01531982421875,
-0.004150390625,
-0.0264892578125,
0.0208740234375,
0.05859375,
-0.000274658203125,
-0.0291748046875,
0.006561279296875,
-0.000492095947265625,
0.02880859375,
0.00013446807861328125,
0.00848388671875,
-0.00726318359375,
0.040771484375,
-0.0034637451171875,
0.06982421875,
0.004638671875,
-0.03857421875,
0.0036468505859375,
0.0712890625,
-0.006072998046875,
0.0078125,
-0.0084228515625,
0.01361083984375,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.00004124641418457031,
-0.026123046875,
-0.01275634765625,
0.021240234375,
0.023681640625,
-0.001068115234375,
0.050048828125,
-0.01025390625,
0.01300048828125,
0.035400390625,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.00885009765625,
0.032958984375,
-0.0135498046875,
0.040283203125,
-0.00823974609375,
-0.0177001953125,
0.020751953125,
-0.06005859375,
0.0020751953125,
0.000385284423828125,
0.0026397705078125,
-0.0206298828125,
-0.0537109375,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.004302978515625,
-0.01116943359375,
-0.03125,
0.03271484375,
0.03857421875,
-0.059326171875,
0.00799560546875,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0213623046875,
-0.06884765625,
0.0198974609375,
0.000705718994140625,
-0.04345703125,
0.0203857421875,
-0.007232666015625,
-0.005096435546875,
0.0303955078125,
0.030029296875,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.02001953125,
-0.0242919921875,
-0.02685546875,
0.0341796875,
-0.0023193359375,
0.01336669921875,
0.003143310546875,
0.0439453125,
0.0024261474609375,
0.004791259765625,
0.04736328125,
0.009033203125,
0.0283203125,
-0.00982666015625,
0.05078125,
-0.0203857421875,
-0.0255126953125,
0.0252685546875,
-0.031494140625,
-0.02685546875,
0.04345703125,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.03955078125,
-0.0625,
0.0272216796875,
-0.01043701171875,
-0.052734375,
-0.03857421875,
-0.0150146484375,
-0.01263427734375,
0.0198974609375,
-0.00799560546875,
-0.00933837890625,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.0103759765625,
-0.0021820068359375,
0.003936767578125,
-0.03759765625,
-0.027099609375,
-0.060546875,
-0.0576171875,
0.06298828125,
0.072265625,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.00148773193359375,
-0.049072265625,
0.000171661376953125,
-0.033935546875,
-0.008056640625,
-0.03125,
-0.02880859375,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0074462890625,
0.03759765625,
0.0093994140625,
0.0091552734375,
-0.006561279296875,
0.0150146484375,
0.0159912109375,
-0.04296875,
-0.0196533203125,
-0.041015625,
0.046875,
-0.052001953125,
-0.02197265625,
0.0306396484375,
0.03369140625,
-0.044921875,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.004119873046875,
-0.02294921875,
-0.044189453125,
-0.07177734375,
0.035888671875,
0.0223388671875,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.05322265625,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0002155303955078125,
-0.00201416015625,
0.005035400390625,
0.060302734375,
-0.059814453125,
0.006744384765625,
0.01251220703125,
0.06591796875,
-0.00299072265625,
-0.00823974609375,
0.021484375,
-0.01202392578125,
-0.0208740234375,
-0.0086669921875,
0.000644683837890625,
-0.031982421875,
0.00286865234375,
-0.004180908203125,
0.054443359375,
0.052490234375,
0.029052734375,
0.01495361328125,
-0.0673828125,
-0.030029296875,
0.05224609375,
0.010498046875,
0.032470703125,
0.0498046875,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0277099609375,
0.032958984375,
0.01007080078125,
-0.029541015625,
-0.037353515625,
0.040283203125,
0.027099609375,
-0.0140380859375,
0.0235595703125,
0.031982421875,
-0.023681640625,
-0.0050048828125,
0.004547119140625,
-0.038330078125,
-0.01025390625,
-0.02587890625,
-0.0034942626953125,
0.03466796875,
0.00286865234375,
-0.037841796875,
0.044921875,
0.041015625,
-0.000827789306640625,
-0.0159912109375,
0.060302734375,
-0.00537109375,
-0.0203857421875,
0.0311279296875,
0.005279541015625,
0.032470703125,
-0.0091552734375,
-0.038330078125,
-0.037841796875,
0.0031890869140625,
0.041748046875,
-0.04638671875,
-0.0177001953125,
-0.01422119140625,
-0.006622314453125,
0.01129150390625,
-0.040771484375,
-0.01275634765625,
0.02978515625,
0.0181884765625,
-0.033203125,
-0.021484375,
-0.0244140625,
0.038818359375,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.08837890625,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0115966796875,
0.01953125,
0.0242919921875,
-0.020751953125,
-0.048095703125,
-0.0014801025390625,
0.047607421875,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.0013427734375,
0.0184326171875,
0.033203125,
-0.03759765625,
-0.06201171875,
0.014892578125,
0.03466796875,
0.037841796875,
0.056396484375,
-0.003265380859375,
0.01806640625,
-0.018798828125,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.0234375,
-0.002960205078125,
0.01531982421875,
0.033203125,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.022216796875,
0.0107421875,
-0.00074005126953125,
-0.00909423828125,
-0.048095703125,
0.0301513671875,
-0.0189208984375,
0.01385498046875,
0.000060558319091796875,
-0.0400390625,
-0.01080322265625,
0.02392578125,
-0.01123046875,
0.048828125,
-0.059814453125,
-0.00164031982421875,
0.01123046875,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.0027618408203125,
-0.056884765625,
-0.0301513671875,
0.022705078125,
-0.046875,
-0.02294921875,
0.0186767578125,
0.0439453125,
-0.052001953125,
-0.038818359375,
-0.02587890625,
0.023193359375,
-0.04345703125,
-0.00946044921875,
-0.032958984375,
0.015380859375,
0.02001953125,
0.03076171875,
-0.024658203125,
-0.0269775390625,
0.00726318359375,
0.04833984375,
0.00799560546875,
0.00072479248046875,
-0.0167236328125,
0.0162353515625,
-0.01251220703125,
0.0016326904296875,
-0.06005859375,
-0.03759765625,
-0.0228271484375,
0.047119140625,
0.0150146484375,
0.01275634765625,
0.047119140625,
-0.0162353515625,
-0.0751953125,
-0.030517578125,
-0.032470703125,
-0.01336669921875,
0.01287841796875,
-0.00970458984375,
0.015869140625,
-0.004608154296875,
-0.01318359375,
0.00372314453125,
0.0277099609375,
0.0159912109375,
0.0289306640625,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.054931640625,
0.050537109375,
-0.01123046875,
0.0281982421875,
0.0135498046875,
-0.015380859375,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.03369140625,
0.0118408203125,
0.01806640625,
-0.0233154296875,
-0.04150390625,
0.01019287109375,
-0.00439453125,
-0.08544921875,
0.0010528564453125,
-0.007232666015625,
0.00002014636993408203,
-0.031005859375,
0.01129150390625,
-0.04443359375,
0.011474609375,
-0.037841796875,
-0.00201416015625,
0.0076904296875,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0020294189453125,
0.02099609375,
0.00921630859375,
0.02490234375,
0.04833984375,
0.01385498046875,
0.00537109375,
-0.021240234375,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.025634765625,
0.033447265625,
0.01953125,
0.03173828125,
0.015869140625,
0.04443359375,
0.04248046875,
0.0185546875,
0.001373291015625,
0.048583984375,
0.002716064453125,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.001373291015625,
-0.0027008056640625,
0.05078125,
0.0186767578125,
0.00994873046875,
0.0247802734375,
0.00823974609375,
-0.01123046875,
-0.002105712890625,
-0.036376953125,
0.024658203125,
-0.03662109375,
-0.034423828125,
0.00119781494140625,
0.0026092529296875,
0.0166015625,
0.01373291015625,
0.01043701171875,
0.007080078125,
0.0311279296875,
0.010009765625,
0.02392578125,
0.0419921875,
-0.019287109375,
-0.00482177734375,
-0.060791015625,
-0.02197265625,
0.0252685546875,
0.0166015625,
0.025390625,
0.0289306640625,
0.019775390625,
-0.0068359375,
-0.0145263671875,
0.0015106201171875,
0.0301513671875,
-0.076171875,
0.01416015625,
-0.00225830078125,
0.046630859375,
-0.0025177001953125,
0.0086669921875,
0.045654296875,
0.011474609375,
-0.033935546875,
0.0263671875,
-0.0062255859375,
0.0252685546875,
-0.01611328125,
0.020263671875,
0.00072479248046875,
-0.0120849609375,
0.007537841796875,
-0.021728515625,
-0.008056640625,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.057861328125,
-0.0341796875,
0.004486083984375,
-0.0216064453125,
-0.0181884765625,
-0.06494140625,
-0.0537109375,
0.00543212890625,
0.00799560546875,
-0.00006389617919921875,
-0.047119140625,
-0.01324462890625,
-0.0263671875,
-0.06884765625,
0.05126953125,
-0.01544189453125,
0.05615234375,
0.030517578125,
-0.017578125,
-0.0302734375,
0.000972747802734375,
0.0263671875,
-0.05322265625,
0.019775390625,
0.004638671875,
-0.0654296875,
-0.05126953125,
-0.00037384033203125,
0.002410888671875,
0.0086669921875,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.051513671875,
-0.02197265625,
0.01458740234375,
-0.0264892578125,
0.03857421875,
0.036865234375,
-0.017822265625,
0.01165771484375,
0.0234375,
0.0111083984375,
0.0167236328125,
0.00762939453125,
0.00958251953125,
0.0169677734375,
0.0038909912109375,
0.01025390625,
0.0079345703125,
-0.0166015625,
-0.056396484375,
-0.000016927719116210938,
-0.0025482177734375,
-0.01806640625,
0.01190185546875,
-0.00518798828125,
0.04443359375,
-0.018798828125,
-0.0196533203125,
0.007598876953125,
-0.02734375,
-0.021240234375,
-0.026611328125,
-0.0284423828125,
0.00026702880859375,
-0.012939453125,
0.01263427734375,
-0.052978515625,
0.275390625,
-0.0002460479736328125,
0.0235595703125,
0.0211181640625,
-0.01312255859375,
0.06298828125,
0.041259765625,
0.0037841796875,
-0.0458984375,
-0.01336669921875,
-0.023193359375,
0.00848388671875,
-0.0023345947265625,
-0.01043701171875,
0.04150390625,
0.0380859375,
-0.04541015625,
0.04248046875,
0.00836181640625,
-0.06396484375,
0.0126953125,
0.00543212890625,
-0.0274658203125,
0.0634765625,
0.057373046875,
0.03173828125,
0.03125,
-0.0244140625,
-0.017333984375,
-0.037353515625,
0.0189208984375,
-0.011474609375,
-0.01019287109375,
-0.034423828125,
0.015380859375,
0.0137939453125,
-0.03955078125,
0.003204345703125,
0.0013885498046875,
0.0035247802734375,
0.048828125,
-0.0057373046875,
0.04296875,
-0.0289306640625,
0.01226806640625,
-0.005340576171875,
-0.040771484375,
0.05908203125,
0.06884765625,
-0.033935546875,
-0.01708984375,
0.000934600830078125,
0.04443359375,
-0.0263671875,
0.038330078125,
0.04931640625,
-0.0169677734375,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0194091796875,
-0.047607421875,
0.036865234375,
-0.028076171875,
0.0211181640625,
-0.001922607421875,
0.0079345703125,
0.0181884765625,
0.07470703125,
0.0198974609375,
-0.017822265625,
0.00909423828125,
0.008056640625,
-0.01806640625,
-0.047119140625,
-0.00060272216796875,
0.050048828125,
0.02734375,
-0.0029144287109375,
0.0198974609375,
0.04150390625,
-0.01470947265625,
-0.0004329681396484375,
-0.022705078125,
0.0098876953125,
-0.039794921875,
0.0240478515625,
0.0159912109375,
0.0294189453125,
-0.0308837890625,
-0.01129150390625,
0.005706787109375,
0.01141357421875,
-0.0244140625,
-0.008544921875,
-0.001373291015625,
-0.00909423828125
] |
Fead, J.
Alimony is a matter of decree of court, not of contract. Eddy v. Eddy, 264 Mich. 328. A stipulation of parties does not modify a decree. The stipulation at bar was not incorporated into a modified decree by the court and, therefore, amounted to no more than an agreement, or a receipt or forgiveness of the alimony due in excess of $400. The $400 was owing, not as a debt by private agreement but by force of the decree, and remained enforceable under it by contempt proceedings.
Judgment affirmed, with costs.
North, Butzel, Bushnell, and Edward M. Sharpe, JJ., concurred with Fead, J. | [
-0.0103759765625,
-0.014404296875,
0.00396728515625,
0.02880859375,
-0.064453125,
-0.0111083984375,
-0.040771484375,
0.006378173828125,
-0.0086669921875,
0.03759765625,
0.0537109375,
0.01336669921875,
0.03271484375,
0.003021240234375,
-0.004791259765625,
-0.016357421875,
-0.013427734375,
-0.00006628036499023438,
-0.047119140625,
0.04296875,
-0.008544921875,
0.0079345703125,
-0.0191650390625,
0.031005859375,
0.01220703125,
0.0184326171875,
0.01708984375,
0.00775146484375,
0.05810546875,
0.03173828125,
-0.005523681640625,
-0.00860595703125,
-0.038330078125,
0.0128173828125,
-0.0274658203125,
-0.019775390625,
0.0206298828125,
-0.06689453125,
0.01953125,
-0.0194091796875,
0.0079345703125,
-0.0118408203125,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.02197265625,
-0.06591796875,
-0.06201171875,
-0.0247802734375,
-0.047607421875,
-0.020263671875,
-0.03125,
-0.0220947265625,
-0.0478515625,
0.0010833740234375,
-0.034912109375,
0.019775390625,
-0.00872802734375,
-0.0234375,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.0140380859375,
0.016845703125,
-0.00185394287109375,
-0.0128173828125,
-0.0263671875,
0.004241943359375,
0.01019287109375,
0.032470703125,
0.0059814453125,
-0.0032806396484375,
0.0208740234375,
-0.0267333984375,
0.00885009765625,
-0.00927734375,
0.002288818359375,
-0.0106201171875,
0.0037078857421875,
-0.0166015625,
0.03076171875,
-0.007354736328125,
0.008056640625,
-0.01324462890625,
0.02587890625,
-0.006988525390625,
0.00634765625,
0.00958251953125,
-0.0498046875,
0.0267333984375,
0.009033203125,
0.0498046875,
0.0201416015625,
0.0228271484375,
-0.06494140625,
0.0654296875,
-0.0240478515625,
0.01373291015625,
0.0167236328125,
0.05322265625,
-0.0159912109375,
0.0296630859375,
0.039306640625,
-0.0037384033203125,
0.0255126953125,
0.019775390625,
-0.004425048828125,
0.0556640625,
0.003204345703125,
0.04638671875,
0.026123046875,
0.033935546875,
-0.0019378662109375,
-0.040771484375,
0.01318359375,
-0.03271484375,
0.0390625,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.07177734375,
0.021484375,
-0.055419921875,
0.004730224609375,
-0.036376953125,
-0.046875,
0.07080078125,
0.044921875,
0.05419921875,
-0.0025787353515625,
0.01043701171875,
-0.0322265625,
0.01416015625,
0.02197265625,
-0.016357421875,
-0.024658203125,
0.0263671875,
-0.02294921875,
-0.02099609375,
0.016357421875,
-0.000255584716796875,
0.0281982421875,
0.032958984375,
0.039794921875,
0.0177001953125,
-0.016845703125,
0.048583984375,
-0.0235595703125,
-0.0002918243408203125,
0.058837890625,
0.03857421875,
0.06201171875,
-0.012939453125,
0.005218505859375,
-0.048583984375,
-0.017333984375,
-0.044921875,
0.0006866455078125,
0.046875,
0.022705078125,
0.0341796875,
-0.024169921875,
-0.01806640625,
-0.060791015625,
0.042724609375,
-0.007415771484375,
0.00830078125,
0.0211181640625,
-0.033935546875,
0.045654296875,
0.001007080078125,
0.00162506103515625,
0.0101318359375,
0.037109375,
-0.017333984375,
-0.04052734375,
0.0162353515625,
0.006866455078125,
-0.09912109375,
-0.00445556640625,
0.044677734375,
0.007415771484375,
0.04638671875,
-0.046875,
-0.0152587890625,
0.007537841796875,
-0.028564453125,
0.0625,
0.025146484375,
-0.0062255859375,
0.07080078125,
0.035888671875,
-0.021728515625,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.04248046875,
-0.037353515625,
-0.00982666015625,
0.03125,
-0.0186767578125,
0.053955078125,
-0.00494384765625,
0.013671875,
-0.0272216796875,
0.0244140625,
0.04833984375,
-0.000759124755859375,
-0.0654296875,
0.008544921875,
-0.02197265625,
0.08349609375,
-0.036865234375,
-0.0211181640625,
0.046630859375,
0.056396484375,
-0.03466796875,
0.058837890625,
0.024169921875,
0.01123046875,
-0.0458984375,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.0223388671875,
0.00518798828125,
-0.01220703125,
0.045166015625,
-0.040771484375,
0.0262451171875,
0.003326416015625,
0.0169677734375,
-0.03515625,
0.0225830078125,
-0.034912109375,
-0.05712890625,
0.07177734375,
0.034423828125,
-0.03564453125,
0.007415771484375,
-0.020751953125,
0.026611328125,
-0.00860595703125,
0.0206298828125,
0.0037689208984375,
-0.03662109375,
0.047119140625,
0.041259765625,
-0.0081787109375,
0.046875,
-0.0137939453125,
0.036865234375,
0.00157928466796875,
0.007080078125,
-0.0191650390625,
0.022216796875,
0.0216064453125,
0.02734375,
0.00021076202392578125,
0.0262451171875,
-0.005706787109375,
0.056396484375,
-0.00616455078125,
0.040771484375,
-0.00274658203125,
0.0032196044921875,
0.045654296875,
0.022705078125,
-0.047607421875,
-0.0225830078125,
0.0303955078125,
0.00946044921875,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.0189208984375,
0.0177001953125,
-0.011962890625,
0.033447265625,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.017578125,
0.0089111328125,
-0.032958984375,
-0.019775390625,
-0.015625,
-0.010009765625,
0.002044677734375,
-0.058349609375,
-0.0299072265625,
0.0264892578125,
0.0023193359375,
-0.041748046875,
0.0341796875,
-0.04541015625,
0.033203125,
-0.031005859375,
0.05517578125,
-0.050048828125,
0.03466796875,
0.00188446044921875,
0.055908203125,
0.024169921875,
-0.06689453125,
-0.039306640625,
-0.00384521484375,
0.02685546875,
-0.0019073486328125,
-0.03271484375,
0.009033203125,
-0.03271484375,
-0.040771484375,
-0.0069580078125,
-0.034423828125,
0.0140380859375,
0.04833984375,
-0.0361328125,
0.0201416015625,
-0.0284423828125,
-0.014404296875,
0.00830078125,
-0.01495361328125,
-0.0322265625,
0.033203125,
-0.023681640625,
0.003997802734375,
-0.053466796875,
0.032470703125,
-0.002410888671875,
-0.037841796875,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.06591796875,
-0.0067138671875,
0.00823974609375,
-0.034912109375,
-0.02490234375,
0.00096893310546875,
-0.004669189453125,
0.053466796875,
-0.03271484375,
-0.000141143798828125,
0.0108642578125,
-0.016357421875,
-0.03125,
-0.0181884765625,
0.0067138671875,
0.006561279296875,
0.02685546875,
0.01495361328125,
-0.03076171875,
-0.0033111572265625,
-0.006805419921875,
0.04248046875,
-0.036376953125,
0.0177001953125,
-0.00152587890625,
0.0206298828125,
0.04345703125,
0.02001953125,
-0.007476806640625,
-0.023681640625,
-0.011474609375,
-0.05126953125,
0.01312255859375,
-0.044189453125,
0.0234375,
-0.0233154296875,
0.01495361328125,
0.00982666015625,
-0.045654296875,
-0.0206298828125,
0.037353515625,
-0.006683349609375,
-0.037353515625,
-0.019775390625,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.0294189453125,
0.0064697265625,
0.02490234375,
-0.01519775390625,
0.048583984375,
0.004241943359375,
0.035888671875,
0.0498046875,
-0.04296875,
0.01116943359375,
-0.048828125,
-0.044677734375,
0.04736328125,
-0.00262451171875,
-0.003387451171875,
-0.00170135498046875,
-0.004058837890625,
0.00958251953125,
0.01312255859375,
0.06396484375,
0.0233154296875,
0.000637054443359375,
-0.045166015625,
-0.00714111328125,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.001922607421875,
0.00726318359375,
-0.0208740234375,
0.0201416015625,
-0.05615234375,
0.00677490234375,
-0.025146484375,
0.037841796875,
0.0036773681640625,
-0.006011962890625,
0.01031494140625,
-0.00537109375,
0.007598876953125,
0.004150390625,
0.005950927734375,
-0.0262451171875,
-0.0157470703125,
-0.044189453125,
0.0230712890625,
-0.0179443359375,
0.000030040740966796875,
-0.02783203125,
-0.01507568359375,
0.03564453125,
0.01312255859375,
0.0277099609375,
0.01263427734375,
-0.01123046875,
-0.0081787109375,
0.00136566162109375,
0.03466796875,
-0.038330078125,
-0.04248046875,
0.00250244140625,
0.0216064453125,
0.021728515625,
-0.04248046875,
0.015380859375,
-0.099609375,
0.018798828125,
0.0247802734375,
-0.0167236328125,
-0.001922607421875,
0.01104736328125,
0.0174560546875,
-0.001556396484375,
0.035400390625,
-0.0098876953125,
0.00933837890625,
-0.0198974609375,
0.0035400390625,
0.007171630859375,
0.07421875,
0.01129150390625,
-0.04052734375,
0.00616455078125,
0.0081787109375,
0.032958984375,
0.00408935546875,
-0.012939453125,
-0.020263671875,
0.059814453125,
-0.080078125,
0.05224609375,
-0.001007080078125,
-0.036865234375,
-0.002838134765625,
0.03466796875,
0.02734375,
0.032958984375,
-0.01458740234375,
0.033203125,
0.00058746337890625,
-0.00518798828125,
-0.0299072265625,
-0.0191650390625,
0.0284423828125,
-0.03564453125,
0.0179443359375,
-0.01519775390625,
0.0250244140625,
-0.04345703125,
0.000008285045623779297,
0.042724609375,
0.002197265625,
0.0517578125,
-0.0177001953125,
0.001800537109375,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.016357421875,
0.039306640625,
-0.0299072265625,
0.0390625,
0.007110595703125,
0.0024566650390625,
-0.017822265625,
-0.052978515625,
-0.05517578125,
-0.01129150390625,
-0.0286865234375,
0.01031494140625,
0.011474609375,
0.007598876953125,
0.0010528564453125,
-0.0164794921875,
-0.05810546875,
-0.038818359375,
-0.01519775390625,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.0390625,
0.021728515625,
0.03466796875,
-0.00182342529296875,
-0.00439453125,
-0.0081787109375,
0.0301513671875,
-0.033447265625,
-0.015380859375,
-0.00958251953125,
0.0216064453125,
0.035400390625,
-0.009033203125,
0.021240234375,
0.052490234375,
0.033935546875,
0.05126953125,
0.02490234375,
0.0291748046875,
-0.0206298828125,
0.03076171875,
0.0458984375,
0.0255126953125,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0159912109375,
-0.0064697265625,
-0.0179443359375,
0.0098876953125,
0.0021514892578125,
-0.0026397705078125,
-0.0341796875,
-0.0400390625,
-0.01055908203125,
0.040771484375,
-0.0654296875,
-0.031982421875,
0.0067138671875,
0.0299072265625,
0.044677734375,
-0.00537109375,
0.019287109375,
0.00885009765625,
-0.05419921875,
0.0400390625,
-0.0267333984375,
-0.0303955078125,
0.0052490234375,
-0.012451171875,
-0.01422119140625,
0.05615234375,
0.00274658203125,
0.00188446044921875,
-0.058837890625,
-0.03955078125,
0.04443359375,
-0.035400390625,
-0.0018157958984375,
-0.03076171875,
0.0009765625,
0.0299072265625,
0.005584716796875,
0.0001354217529296875,
-0.01043701171875,
0.05712890625,
-0.048828125,
0.015380859375,
0.044921875,
-0.017333984375,
-0.0047607421875,
-0.057373046875,
0.002105712890625,
-0.018310546875,
-0.01318359375,
-0.01806640625,
0.0218505859375,
0.014404296875,
0.0142822265625,
-0.0419921875,
-0.027099609375,
-0.07275390625,
-0.03369140625,
0.017578125,
0.01385498046875,
0.01153564453125,
-0.007598876953125,
-0.029052734375,
0.02490234375,
-0.0498046875,
-0.0177001953125,
0.052734375,
-0.00439453125,
-0.023193359375,
-0.0152587890625,
0.05712890625,
0.03759765625,
-0.035400390625,
-0.042724609375,
-0.0213623046875,
0.01263427734375,
-0.0196533203125,
0.001953125,
0.00958251953125,
-0.0140380859375,
0.040283203125,
0.0262451171875,
-0.0142822265625,
0.01495361328125,
-0.031005859375,
-0.03125,
-0.0291748046875,
0.0286865234375,
0.03857421875,
0.0257568359375,
0.033447265625,
0.01397705078125,
-0.05615234375,
0.02587890625,
0.021240234375,
-0.004791259765625,
-0.0693359375,
0.0218505859375,
0.038330078125,
-0.010009765625,
0.042724609375,
0.0341796875,
-0.06689453125,
0.01318359375,
0.015625,
-0.0238037109375,
-0.043701171875,
-0.033447265625,
0.0223388671875,
0.0294189453125,
-0.0238037109375,
0.068359375,
0.039794921875,
0.0224609375,
0.0576171875,
-0.0296630859375,
0.059326171875,
0.0230712890625,
-0.0223388671875,
0.068359375,
-0.004486083984375,
0.006072998046875,
-0.039306640625,
0.031494140625,
-0.019287109375,
-0.0234375,
0.050048828125,
0.002197265625,
0.00445556640625,
0.0247802734375,
0.0181884765625,
0.054443359375,
-0.042236328125,
0.01385498046875,
0.02490234375,
-0.022216796875,
-0.058837890625,
-0.0120849609375,
0.01312255859375,
-0.0054931640625,
0.00408935546875,
-0.060302734375,
0.01263427734375,
0.0771484375,
0.003875732421875,
0.05419921875,
0.0068359375,
-0.05517578125,
-0.000537872314453125,
0.043212890625,
-0.04638671875,
0.036865234375,
0.04345703125,
0.08447265625,
-0.007293701171875,
-0.0230712890625,
-0.02001953125,
0.036865234375,
-0.003814697265625,
-0.0087890625,
-0.025390625,
-0.040771484375,
-0.00848388671875,
-0.0615234375,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.026123046875,
-0.0294189453125,
-0.0031890869140625,
-0.0125732421875,
0.00004482269287109375,
-0.0189208984375,
-0.01141357421875,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.0341796875,
0.01470947265625,
-0.0125732421875,
0.03173828125,
0.00665283203125,
0.0016937255859375,
0.05419921875,
0.0111083984375,
0.00408935546875,
0.0031585693359375,
-0.0576171875,
-0.0238037109375,
0.01458740234375,
0.0177001953125,
-0.00013828277587890625,
-0.006134033203125,
-0.0576171875,
-0.027587890625,
-0.032958984375,
0.0035247802734375,
-0.004486083984375,
0.022216796875,
0.036865234375,
0.01092529296875,
-0.060791015625,
-0.04150390625,
0.006439208984375,
-0.0002803802490234375,
-0.00341796875,
-0.0137939453125,
0.0023193359375,
0.0004100799560546875,
0.0208740234375,
0.008544921875,
0.01275634765625,
0.0203857421875,
0.024169921875,
0.0177001953125,
0.0115966796875,
0.005462646484375,
0.041259765625,
0.00567626953125,
-0.020751953125,
-0.054931640625,
-0.013916015625,
-0.033203125,
0.047607421875,
0.038330078125,
-0.00701904296875,
0.01708984375,
-0.02783203125,
-0.06103515625,
0.0230712890625,
-0.038818359375,
-0.06689453125,
0.03955078125,
0.004638671875,
-0.002838134765625,
-0.0191650390625,
-0.0120849609375,
-0.044189453125,
0.040283203125,
0.0152587890625,
0.02734375,
0.0213623046875,
0.025390625,
-0.0040283203125,
0.00860595703125,
-0.01251220703125,
0.029052734375,
0.020263671875,
-0.049072265625,
-0.0654296875,
0.0189208984375,
0.00823974609375,
-0.0079345703125,
0.005767822265625,
-0.0022125244140625,
0.0216064453125,
-0.018310546875,
0.028564453125,
-0.029052734375,
0.02685546875,
-0.00127410888671875,
-0.0186767578125,
-0.0439453125,
0.03271484375,
-0.004302978515625,
0.02587890625,
0.0145263671875,
-0.03857421875,
-0.05615234375,
0.05615234375,
-0.01806640625,
0.022216796875,
0.0693359375,
0.018310546875,
-0.04638671875,
-0.007415771484375,
-0.02685546875,
0.0025634765625,
0.0284423828125,
0.0286865234375,
0.0458984375,
0.01507568359375,
0.0030364990234375,
0.057373046875,
0.0240478515625,
0.0084228515625,
-0.00018405914306640625,
-0.013671875,
0.035400390625,
-0.0296630859375,
-0.01190185546875,
0.052001953125,
-0.022705078125,
0.001556396484375,
0.025634765625,
-0.0084228515625,
0.040283203125,
-0.01080322265625,
-0.038330078125,
-0.00531005859375,
-0.06396484375,
0.017822265625,
-0.050537109375,
0.000614166259765625,
0.023193359375,
0.041748046875,
-0.01312255859375,
-0.00274658203125,
0.0093994140625,
0.0118408203125,
0.00640869140625,
0.0087890625,
0.0021209716796875,
0.0517578125,
-0.044921875,
0.0294189453125,
0.01470947265625,
0.0247802734375,
-0.0078125,
0.007537841796875,
-0.0019378662109375,
-0.006072998046875,
-0.0223388671875,
0.0223388671875,
-0.039306640625,
-0.05810546875,
0.00360107421875,
-0.00830078125,
0.031982421875,
-0.034423828125,
-0.0125732421875,
0.030517578125,
-0.035888671875,
-0.0277099609375,
0.039306640625,
0.0264892578125,
0.002105712890625,
-0.0081787109375,
0.03125,
0.0120849609375,
0.0125732421875,
0.0225830078125,
-0.0257568359375,
-0.0361328125,
0.038330078125,
-0.0234375,
-0.0113525390625,
0.03564453125,
-0.038330078125,
-0.046630859375,
-0.01806640625,
0.01116943359375,
-0.0301513671875,
0.006927490234375,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0205078125,
-0.00634765625,
-0.00003457069396972656,
-0.006195068359375,
0.03271484375,
-0.0198974609375,
0.0086669921875,
-0.005950927734375,
-0.04443359375,
-0.006591796875,
-0.033447265625,
0.0013580322265625,
-0.052978515625,
0.0198974609375,
0.0126953125,
-0.050537109375,
-0.060791015625,
0.01373291015625,
0.0196533203125,
-0.00112152099609375,
-0.01165771484375,
-0.025634765625,
-0.003875732421875,
0.00921630859375,
-0.00421142578125,
-0.02880859375,
-0.0228271484375,
-0.0255126953125,
0.04248046875,
0.030517578125,
-0.025390625,
0.022705078125,
0.031982421875,
-0.003936767578125,
-0.0108642578125,
0.058349609375,
-0.01025390625,
0.02490234375,
-0.003875732421875,
-0.02880859375,
0.01385498046875,
-0.01092529296875,
-0.015869140625,
0.0081787109375,
0.0262451171875,
0.007598876953125,
-0.044677734375,
-0.041259765625,
0.01141357421875,
-0.0166015625,
-0.0255126953125,
-0.015625,
-0.0103759765625,
0.0098876953125,
-0.0115966796875,
0.0390625,
-0.0576171875,
0.2294921875,
0.03369140625,
-0.033447265625,
0.006439208984375,
0.0177001953125,
0.05029296875,
0.006072998046875,
-0.00102996826171875,
0.031494140625,
0.01123046875,
-0.0250244140625,
-0.068359375,
0.0012664794921875,
-0.0017547607421875,
0.00506591796875,
0.044677734375,
-0.0142822265625,
-0.0247802734375,
0.016357421875,
-0.04345703125,
-0.038818359375,
-0.0294189453125,
0.0245361328125,
0.05029296875,
0.038818359375,
0.01171875,
0.006195068359375,
-0.07763671875,
0.00341796875,
-0.0303955078125,
-0.007110595703125,
-0.044677734375,
0.046630859375,
-0.021728515625,
-0.046875,
0.007537841796875,
0.00012493133544921875,
-0.002838134765625,
0.021484375,
-0.035400390625,
-0.01507568359375,
0.036865234375,
0.003875732421875,
-0.03857421875,
0.034912109375,
0.01214599609375,
-0.024658203125,
0.07373046875,
0.046630859375,
-0.035400390625,
0.037353515625,
0.002471923828125,
0.0203857421875,
-0.0076904296875,
-0.0225830078125,
-0.010009765625,
0.0252685546875,
-0.00775146484375,
-0.0004215240478515625,
-0.032958984375,
0.004486083984375,
0.031005859375,
-0.0184326171875,
0.06591796875,
-0.018310546875,
-0.0031585693359375,
-0.0089111328125,
0.03369140625,
-0.046875,
0.002410888671875,
0.00994873046875,
-0.0198974609375,
-0.00122833251953125,
-0.02490234375,
0.031494140625,
0.006744384765625,
-0.0208740234375,
0.037841796875,
0.02783203125,
-0.0155029296875,
-0.0380859375,
-0.038330078125,
-0.0390625,
0.000934600830078125,
0.053955078125,
0.000911712646484375,
0.0021820068359375,
-0.03759765625,
-0.035888671875,
0.007354736328125,
0.0201416015625,
-0.00469970703125,
0.0026092529296875,
0.02099609375,
-0.0208740234375
] |
Subsets and Splits
No saved queries yet
Save your SQL queries to embed, download, and access them later. Queries will appear here once saved.