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This is not surprising against the background of the economic, cultural and political changes, but rather a normal part of the continuous change of society in general. Today families comprise married and unmarried parents who raise their children together or alone including stepparents, adoptive parents and foster-parents. They all have the sa m e right to protection and assistance even if they do not succeed in living together as a family. The expression 'diverse families’ encompasses, for example, single-parent families, families headed by women, intergenerational families including, among others, grandparents, families headed by children, such as orphans or street children, families comprising lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) persons, extended families, self-created and self-defined families, families without children, families of divorced persons, polygamous families, and non-tradi-tional families resulting from interreligious, intercommunity or inter-caste marriages. For example, the lACtHR has noted that. | sdg5 |
Internet plays an increasingly important role in the political communication between citizens and institutions of the European Union. There are the potentials and constraints of the Internet in terms of mediating or facilitating the communication processes for citizens. The World Wide Web may contribute to the democratization of the Union. Nonetheless it appears that the right communication policy of the EU institutions is essential in this context. The results of content analysis of the European Commission’s websites allowed to indicate main trends in the EU communications. Application of such techniques as simplifi cation, visualization, personalization, dramatization and polarization redounds to the changes in political communication in the EU. Prevalence of techniques that aim to increase communication attractiveness – being in thrall to the rules of marketing – may have a negative impact on civic participation in the political processes in the EU and also on the institution of European citizenship | sdg16 |
These include improved school enrolment rates (particularly for girls, as the burden on girls of collecting fuel wood is reduced), access to information and communication technologies (telephony, Internet), and an increased ability of rural communities to retain doctors, teachers and other professionals as it improves living standards. Moreover, there are positive linkages between electrification and accelerated economic growth and employment generation, economic diversification and industrialization. While the first makes a direct contribution to better living standards and has several social dividends, only the second allows the fully-fledged economic and social transformations required to generate development spirals (figure 1). | sdg7 |
Another goal is to put in place cost-recovery tariffs to reflect the real value of water and discourage waste. To complement this goal, the Strategy highlights the need for demand-side management, including raising consumer awareness about the value of water. The programme involved residential communities and private companies on a voluntary basis. | sdg7 |
There were also more unintended births among first-order births than among subsequent births. Logistic regression results show that compared with mothers of intended births, mothers of mistimed and unwanted births were more likely to have attempted to abort their pregnancy. Mothers of mistimed births are also less likely to have begun prenatal care within the first trimester of pregnancy than mothers of intended births. | sdg5 |
For the purpose of interpreting a treaty, the’context'of a treaty entails "in addition to the text, including its preamble and annexes": (i) any agreement or instrument in connection with the conclusion of the treaty and related to it (article 31(2) VCLT), (ii) any subsequent agreement and practice regarding the interpretation of the treaty (article 3i(3)(a)(b)), and (iii) any relevant rules of international law applicable in relations between the parties (article 3i(3)(c)). For example, in interpreting the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, the Canadian Supreme Court makes use of the ‘living tree doctrine'. As stated by Chief Justice Antonio Lamer in Re B.C. Motor Vehicle Act, "If the newly planted ‘living tree' which is the Charter is to have the possibility of growth and adjustment over time, care must be taken to ensure that historical materials, such as the Minutes of Proceedings and Evidence of the Special Joint Committee, do not stunt its growth". | sdg5 |
Under them, cash is transferred to families in conditions of extreme poverty (Cecchini and Martinez, 2011). Continuing progress in coverage and investment has resulted in coverage rates of close to a quarter of the population of the region and investment levels equivalent to half a point of GDP. Figures 111.10 and III.ll show the differing levels of success. Figure III.ll shows coverage of the poor instead of the total population, assuming perfect targeting of benefits for the former. | sdg1 |
Proponents of the idea of generic skills, such as problem solving, regard them as being ‘context/domain independent’. On the contrary, it has been argued that “the ability to solve any given problem, above and beyond the most simple, relies on expertise and specialist bodies of knowledge” (Keep and Payne, 2004: 58). Finally, the widespread adoption in policy circles and by industry of the concept of generic skills may have the unintended adverse consequence of undermining workforce innovation capacity. | sdg4 |
The monitoring of priority substances in sediments and biota is lacking. The same applies to an emissions inventory and losses of priority substances and other relevant pollutants. Very frequently, especially when it comes to the development of the RBMP, die "expert assessment" approach is used for assessing the status of water bodies, and this "expert assessment" is not subsequently confirmed, which can be interpreted as deterioration of the status of the w'ater body. | sdg6 |
Chungcheongnam-do and Jeju-do have benefitted from overall population growth. In the 15 years between 2000 and 2015, metropolitan areas, defined as functional urban areas with 500 000 - 1.5 million residents, experienced the fastest population growth with an approximately 18% increase, on average, over the period. Large metropolitan and medium-sized urban areas grew by 9% and 7%. | sdg11 |
In countries where contributory pension coverage is low and stratified, low-income women are often excluded twice: they lack both a retirement pension benefit of their own (for performing unpaid or informal work over their lifetimes) and a derived pension from their husbands (for being married to or cohabiting with an informal worker). As a result, in countries with incomplete and stratified coverage, derived benefits may end up increasing the total transfer that the state makes to formally employed (often higher income) families. Benefits have been cut or significantly reduced, or they are being phased out, their duration restricted, or eligibility subjected to a means test (Saraceno and Keck 2011). Countries that have adopted NDC pension systems have continued to cover widows with a separate PAYG defined benefit scheme or have eliminated survivor benefits altogether (James 2012: 26). In Sweden, the widow’s pension was abolished in 1990 for women born in 1945 or later and replaced by a readjustment benefit to last only one year for women and men under the age of 65. | sdg5 |
The Article examines the international legal framework for combating corruption in Africa. While supporting Africa's initiative for combating corruption, as represented in the African Union anti-corruption Convention, the Article contends that the tone and texture of the Convention is closer to power than justice. The Article argues that the war on corruption has made many inroads into the rule of law and human rights as to render both concepts almost meaningless. It urges states to battle terrorism from a higher legal and moral ground, by respecting customary, treaty, and domestic human rights standards. | sdg16 |
This article concerns the regulation of the terrorism financing offense. The text in a condensed and comprehensive way presents the evolution of this provision, its interpretation, as well as the impact of European regulations on it. The first chapter is a brief introduction. The second part describes the criminalization of these behaviors in the Polish Penal Code (Article 165a of the Penal Code). The last one is a short summary and a proposal of changes de lege ferenda. | sdg16 |
In the absence of any well laid out strategy, the focus of the implementation of the MDG agenda has often been on raising budgetary allocations for education, health and other basic social programmes. They were meant to be comprehensive and ensure greater coherence between economic and social policies and to serve in positioning donor support behind a nationally defined development strategy. However, PRSPs have been criticized for failing in practice to make macroeconomic, trade and financial policies integral and explicit parts of a strategy aiming to generate sufficient productive employment, reduce poverty and enhance access to social services (Gottschalk, 2005, North-South Institute, 2004, Stewart and Wang, 2003, and Vos and Cabezas, 2006). | sdg1 |
Low-skilled labour is, according to the data at hand, traded within value chains more intensely than high-skilled labour, hence the recent overall positive effect of GVC participation on wage inequality. This latter result is consistent with the more general finding from the literature on inequality which finds that diffusion of knowledge and investment in training and skills are the main forces that can reduce income inequality (e.g. Piketty, 2014). University of Chicago Press, Chicago. World Economics, World Economics, Economic & Financial Publishing, London, Vol. | sdg10 |
It also had a positive impact on classroom performance for children already in school. In Cambodia, an initiative providing scholarships to at-risk pupils from low-income households increased the average time they remained in school by more than half a grade.270 In Colombia, Ghana and Pakistan, cash transfers programmes have helped improve rates of transition to higher levels of education. For example, cash transfer programmes led to improved test scores for children in Burkina Faso and modest improvements in Morocco.27' Meanwhile, school feeding programmes have been linked to increased learning and cognitive development. In fact, the goals include a specific target on implementing nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures to achieve substantial coverage of the poor and vulnerable by 2030. However, countries can realize social protection by taking incremental approaches that work within their resource and capacity constraints - as well as their social and economic policy frameworks - towards the ultimate goal of universal coverage. | sdg1 |
For example, in Kenya, the paper manufacturer Chandaria Industries experienced savings of 40 per cent in energy, 48 percent in materials and 181 percent in water through involvement in the programme. Primary education is critical for developing a semi-skilled labour force. In low-income countries with large rural sectors, it can be vital for equipping farmers with the basic skills necessary to their being informed on and implementing sustainable agricultural and forestry practices. However, while the significance of achieving universal primary education is highlighted by its inclusion as a Millennium Development Goal, secondary, vocational and tertiary education are just as important in the field of green technology. Secondary education can provide core skills and knowledge needed for countries’ economic growth. Vocational schooling can be particularly useful in building technological competencies, successful vocational education also provides important links between education and industry. | sdg7 |
This has led some authorities to seek detailed data from companies that may or may not be requested from other mobility service providers - or car drivers - on the same markets. Recent investigation of this data for New York City, for example, shows mixed results as far as the impact of ride services at an early stage of their deployment in that city (see Box 2). For this reason, some authorities are actively trialling partnerships with ride-sourcing companies in order to both lower the cost of public transport provision and to improve mobility outcomes for those who cannot, or choose not to, drive cars. | sdg11 |
Distance is an important aspect of this indicator, but also the time context [i.e. weekdays vs. holidays). Such qualities include, wilderness/mystic, forest feeling, freedom, diversity/learning, culture, activity/challenge, and service/social. Since preferences differ among people, a diversity of qualities is preferred. The frequency of use will differ between different sites depending on population density, geography, season, recreation opportunities and experience values. | sdg15 |
Recently there has been greater interest from academics and practitioners in the role of ‘traditional’ justice mechanisms in politics of peace, reconciliation and transitional justice efforts after a period of large-scale human rights violations. However, this call for ‘culturally sensitive’ approaches remains at a rhetorical level. This article attempts to fill the knowledge gap of empirical local studies and focuses on post-conflict processes in Guatemala. It explores the actual and potential role of particularities of Mayan Q’eqchi’ culture in local social reconstruction processes after the internal armed conflict. Based on extensive ethnographic field research, the article explores how concepts of justice and reconciliation are locally and culturally understood. It uncovers the existence of multiple ways of understanding these concepts and further, the fact that they are perceived very differently from interpretations in international law and transitional justice studies. Impunity, as defined by inter... | sdg16 |
Unemployment is included in this index because of the risk it implies of social exclusion and detachment from the lifestyle and the prevailing culture of society (Atkinson and others, 2002). Recent practice in the multidimensional measurement of poverty in the region has been to consider lack of access to social protection —in terms of health insurance coverage, affiliation to social protection schemes and receipt of pensions— as deprivation (see CONEVAL, 2010, Angulo Pardo Diaz and Finch, 2013, ECLAC, 2013). Households in which no member has any form of contributory insurance (based on mandatory or voluntary contributions from individuals) are considered to be deprived in respect of social protection. This cut-off is used for both social security and health, and has the advantage of using a constant delimiting criterion across the different indicators of social protection. Receipt of a non-contribution-based pension (such as a solidarity-based or basic pension) is thus insufficient to prevent an individual being considered deprived in respect of social security. This definition was adopted on the basis that, to a greater or lesser degree, fees in the health systems of all of the countries covered by this indicator are adjusted for purchasing power. | sdg1 |
Geospatial position reporting and electronic catch and activity reporting is expected to be introduced on all commercial fishing vessels starting on 1 October 2017. Video monitoring will be phased-in starting from 1 October 2018. Primary factors driving trawl innovation include reducing bycatch of undersized fish, reducing the quantity of unwanted fish, and enabling fishers to derive maximum benefit from their catch by improving catch quality. Existing commercial fishing regulations relating to use of trawl nets are prescriptive and there is currently no means for fishers to use alternative trawl gear. | sdg14 |
This paper focuses on pension system rules and how they interact with other social and labour market conditions over women’s lifecourses. In particular, the paper evaluates the way in which specific pension design features can reproduce or mitigate gender inequalities in old age. Identifying the sources of gender gaps in pension systems can contribute to understanding the impacts that recently adopted pension reforms can have and the policy directions that can help enhance gender equality today and in the future. | sdg5 |
Some sectors do not have any incentives in reducing emissions, despite a large abatement potential (e.g. some export-oriented sectors in agriculture and manufacturing) (OECD, 201 la). Germany should consider further simplifying its climate change policy by first listing instruments used, identifying the externalities they are targeting, assessing whether they are cost-effective in addressing those externalities and identifying potential overlaps and loopholes. When designing the policy, the cost and benefits of the measures envisaged against the objectives they are supposed to serve should be carefully assessed. Particular attention should be given to the interaction with the EU ETS to limit overlaps. For example, the criteria used to select the abatement measures could be made clearer, as evaluations show that options which are cheaper than those considered in the Integrated Energy and Climate Programme exist (such as the replacement of three to four low efficiency lignite fired-power plants) (BMU, 2008b). | sdg7 |
Coble et.al (2007) and OECD (2008) conclude that the assessment of risk faced by producers requires an historical series of farm-level data since the aggregated data can be misleading and can severely underestimate the farm-level production risk. Although some methodologies have been developed to estimate the farm-level yield variability from aggregated data and farm-level statistics of risk (Coble and Dismukes 2008), this document is based on statistical records of individual farms1 in Germany, the Netherlands, UK, Italy, Estonia, Australia and New Zealand over a period of 5 to 12 years. In order to maintain comparability across countries, data on crop farms producing mainly wheat were selected in most of the contributing countries. | sdg2 |
Whilst women live longer than men, they are also ill more often. Girls are now doing better than boys in school, but still remain under-represented in the key fields of education that provide greater job opportunities. Similarly, although women are increasingly present in the labour market, they still earn less than men, spend more hours in unpaid work and find it harder to reach the top of the career ladder or start their own business. Men are more often the uictims of homicide and assault, but women are the primary target of intimate partner violence. | sdg5 |
The Austrian government has created a legal framework that balances rights and obligations between the city authorities, companies that manage private housing and the incoming migrants. Migrant-oriented urban policy packages for large cities should differ from urban policy packages covering smaller towns, but it should be acknowledged that internal migration affects not only cities but also towns and villages. National authorities may wish to analyse the experience of the Baltic Sea countries in improving the system of public service provision to migrants by delinking it from registration status and using the existing identification number system (INS) instead (Tukmadieva, 2015). | sdg11 |
Second, with the government taking the same risks as the investor, the government and investors’ interests would be more or less aligned, thereby making it much less likely that the government would put in place policies that harm the fund’s investments. Thus, one type of political risk usually faced by investors would be removed. Third, because Governments establish the regulatory and policy framework, they tend to have inside knowledge of what type of projects makes the most sense for their country. | sdg7 |
In this section, we argue that nitrogen fertilizers are in fact very emission-intensive and that there is limited potential to reduce emission intensity further. For instance, if the carbon price is EUR 50, the extra cost will amount to a 30% increase for the two types of nitrogen fertilizers urea and ammonium nitrate (AN), see Figure 14. The figure does not include free allowances in order to show the "raw impact" of the ETS price. | sdg7 |
Bigger and more modem and efficient fishing vessels are faced with shrinking and highly variable fish stocks. In the future, combining enhanced productivity with the sustainability of the fishing will be a cmcial issue. It will require combining the resources and approaches of the different territories and reaching agreements regarding the management of marine resources. | sdg14 |
According to the results of a national survey about EPS services conducted by the MSPS in 2014, the average of enrolees waiting more than ten days for consultation with a general doctor was 10.1% among EPS in the SR, compared to 13.3% among EPS in the CR. The MSPS estimated that the share of OOP payments in Colombia was 15.2% of the funding of the health system in 2012 (as seen in Chapter 1). While the WHO estimated that the OOP in Colombia was somewhat higher (around 17%) in 2012, it was still among the lowest in Latin America (Figure 2.1) and also lower than the OECD average of around 20%. Cost-sharing is determined both by the scheme that the person belongs to and their assessed socio-economic vulnerability, measured by an index called SISBEN. Enrolees of the SR make no co-payments for services if they belong to SISBEN 1 (most vulnerable individuals) and pay only a 5% co-insurance rate if they belong to SISBEN 2. | sdg3 |
Because an MPI incorporates multiple dimensions, it can promote integrated and collaborative policies across a subset of SDG indicators, while prioritizing the poor. According to a July 2015 UNGA document the SDGs are providing "a stronger incentive than in the past for cross-sector, integrated and collaborative work. Similarly, to evaluate progress under the sustainable development goals, it will be necessary to look at multiple goals concurrently and in an integrated fashion." It recognises the need for "United Nations agencies, funds and programmes concerned with a specific goal (e.g., education, health, economic growth)" to take into account targets that refer to other goals". Because the MPI has multiple indicators it is often mistakenly presumed that the time and cost of surveys is higher. | sdg1 |
In the longer term, the land use planning system under the Land Law could explore a more dynamic and flexible approach, rather than one that is definitive and prescriptive, in order to better adapt to the dynamic circumstances of urban development that directly answer to socio-economic needs. For example, there remains a struggle for the provision of open space in the dense inner-city centres. In HaNoi, between 2000 and 2010, the area devoted to parks and public gardens per capita went from 2.17m2 to 1.58m2. | sdg11 |
Technical sessions highlighted the crucial roles of communication protocols, information security, in-vehicle emergency call systems, location referencing and maps. Linking ICT development with emergency telecommunications opens up opportunities forcountries to achieve sustainable development, while access to and use of telecommunication services bring innumerable social opportunities and help to stimulate the economic growth of all nations, thereby benefiting all citizens in their daily lives. Without ICT infrastructure, industrialization, economic development, employment and cities' sustainability are impossible. | sdg9 |
The Southwest United States should continue to vigourously apply policies already in place, but agriculture will need to adapt to drier conditions. Northeast China would need to reinforce and scale-up current policy initiatives, such as the use of water pricing to curb water demand, and decouple agricultural support from input use. Northwest India would need to overhaul existing policies such as energy subsidies and the promotion of solar pumps that may accelerate groundwater depletion. | sdg6 |
The parties would also regularly hold discussion forums and workshops to bring together staff and researchers from the two organisations. Information on best practices, innovations, technologies and approaches would be shared at these events, as would ideas for new initiatives and ongoing collaboration. Finally, the parties would seek ways to better engage UBC students in specific projects identified by Metro Vancouver. In past years, collaboration on these issues lias been largely reactive and inconsistent. | sdg11 |
The call for a more socially responsive occupational science demands critical analysis of occupational injustice. While scholarship has highlighted the role of occupation in social transformation, less attention has been paid to the role of occupation in perpetuating the hegemonic social order. This paper explores the mechanisms of social inequality by arguing that occupation can be a site of reproduction of the social order such as gender, race and class. I will ground my argument in Black feminist theory and sociological interactional theory, showing how gender, race and class can be experienced as linked systems of oppression. Three developments in occupational science will be outlined as a foundation for an occupation-centered analysis of social difference: the increased attention to inequality in opportunity for occupational participation based on social categories such as gender, race, and class, the development of occupation-centered analyses, and the movement from individualistic to contextual app... | sdg16 |
The city-to-city DDC is particularly prominent in the field of water in France. The approach includes both ODA and non-ODA support and is based on a peer-to-peer partnership between municipalities or basin agencies in promoter country and their peers in the partner country. The case of France highlights the importance of an enabling regulatory framework and incentives and how a dedicated DDC funding mechanism - allowing mobilising 1% of LRGs revenues for water-related activities - can act as a leverage and multiplier effect to mobilise other sources of funding and support in partner countries. | sdg6 |
The OECD Principles on Water Governance, rather than providing a general toolkit unfit for most situations, deliver and widely diffuse recommendations to policy makers to consider when reviewing existing policies or defining new ones (Table 1.4). Moreover, rules are not necessarily embedded in laws: in many countries, they are rooted in customary water rights. However, there is an institutional layer (meso-institutions), which is often either neglected or even missing, and that links the macro-institutional layer at which rules are defined and the micro-institutional layer at which implementation takes place. | sdg6 |
However, these funds are not currently earmarked to support tourism training, although discussions are underway between the Egyptian Tourism Federation and the Ministry of Manpower to assign a portion of the levy from tourism establishments to training. In Belgium, for example, employer contributions and sectoral funds finance a range of public and private training initiatives. Enterprises who host registered apprentices or interns can benefit from a reduction in their social contributions for each worker or employee which participates in the train the trainer programme, up to a maximum of EUR 3 200. Other countries, however, note the absence of industry levies and support mechanisms to finance skills and career development in the tourism industry, sometimes in contrast to other sectors. | sdg8 |
Secondly, professional development is key to ensure that all staff and teachers know which are the best practices for successful transitions and that they have a good understanding of the practices and beliefs in both ECEC and primary. Professional development is vital to inform practitioners of the latest findings on effective practices and curriculum content (Litjens and Taguma, 2010, Sheridan, 2009). | sdg4 |
Marine biodiversity, the variety of life in the ocean and seas, is a critical aspect of all three pillars of sustainable development—economic, social and environmental—supporting the healthy functioning of the planet and providing services that underpin the health, wellbeing and prosperity of humanity. Marine ecosystems provide innumerable services for coastal communities around the world. For example, mangrove ecosystems are an important source of food for more than 210 million people,'1 but they also deliver a range of other services, such as livelihoods, clean water, forest products, and protection against erosion and extreme weather events. | sdg14 |
An example of this is the Promotion of Green Economic Development (ProGED) programme in the Philippines, supported by Germany, which works with the Department of Trade and Industry to raise awareness of green economic development, promotes green value chains through facilitation and matchmaking services, and supports the policy framework in the country. In addition, development partners are also increasingly using grant financing in a more ‘catalytic’ way, e.g. through matching grant schemes requiring private co-finance, in order to support particularly innovative companies and technologies, that could play a role in climate change mitigation and adaptation, and that would otherwise not have access to finance. One emerging trend in this area is the increased use of green credit lines, provided through local financing institutional and national development banks, targeting the uptake of green technologies. | sdg13 |
The highly effective method of drip irrigation, which is widely used on the territory of the forest park, results in significant water savings. Fire prevention methods and measures were also improved, as well as protective methods against forest-related diseases and insects and other pests affecting trees and bushes. It is an impressive afforestation programme, but it is a tremendous logistical and financial effort to maintain these plantations because they always need irrigation. | sdg15 |
The national security challenges in the age of terrorism do not compel constitutional change. On the contrary, what is required is governmental adherence to those provisions that govern war and peace and national security. In Federalist No. 51, James Madison observed that the great challenge confronting America in 1787 was obliging the government to obey the Constitution. That remains the great challenge in our time. Presidents must stop aggrandizing the war power, and Congress must reassert its constitutional authority in the area of war, foreign affairs, and national security. The resurgence of Congress, engagement in vigorous discussion and debate, may well depend upon an aroused citizenry—one committed to the virtues and values of American Constitutionalism and the rule of law, one willing to hold government accountable for the performance of its constitutional responsibilities. | sdg16 |
Scope for water savings is substantial, especially in agriculture, where much irrigation water generates little output. The government has subsidised the use of more efficient irrigation technology at considerable budgetary cost, which has contributed to a modest reduction of water use in irrigation in recent years. Nevertheless low water prices, combined with the free allocation of water concessions, still hamper an efficient use of water resources. | sdg6 |
According to the broadest measure available for the 1990s, the October Household Survey (OHS), employment actually grew somewhat more rapidly than GDP in the period 1995-99. On the other hand, the Survey of Employment and Earnings (SEE), capturing only non-agricultural formal employment in larger enterprises, showed stagnation and even decline in employment from 1995-99. The truth for that period probably lies between the two, as the OHS had increasing coverage of the informal sector, inflating employment growth, while the SEE overweighted shrinking sectors relative to growing ones. | sdg8 |
Recalling that IRD was abandoned after a few years due to severe problems in coordinating government planning bureaus and of ultimately fixating on discrete projects without much integration, calling for cross-border integration of planning faces great challenges. This is especially so if it is seen as usurping sovereign power and vested interests of national governments (Varis, Rahaman and Stucki 2008). The potential contribution of such frameworks is to promote the reality that water issues need broad, cross-cutting policies with integrating visions to assemble policies at the water and development interface. | sdg6 |
This suggests that households headed by persons of African descent exhibit a pattern of monetary poverty that is similar to the pattern displayed by other households but that the level of deprivation was slightly higher for the former, especially in terms of multidimensional forms of deprivation. The absence of a spouse in the majority of these households is one of the reasons for their low incomes. Households in which there is a couple, many of which have at least two sources of income, tend to be headed by males. When households headed by single males or females are compared, the differences are much smaller. | sdg1 |
African Americans are disproportionately affected by COVID-19-related disease and mortality due to long-standing social, political, economic, and environmental injustice, and COVID-19 inequities are exacerbated by institutional distrust. In the absence of trust, public health authorities have not adequately fulfilled their professional and ethical obligations to protect African American communities from the negative effects of COVID-19. As institutional distrust is shaped by individual and collective experiences of untrustworthiness, we propose a paradigm shift from increasing trust among African Americans to increasing trustworthiness among medical and public health institutions/systems throughout the United States. This narrative review extends the literature describing how social determinants contribute to COVID-19 inequities by demonstrating how institutional distrust develops over time and is reinforced through systems of injustice. Additionally, we illustrate consequences of institutional distrust for COVID-19 inequities and provide recommendations for building trustworthiness through ethical public health practice. | sdg16 |
Two further brands do, however, expect use of recycled materials to bring economic benefits in the future as the market matures. One of them questioned whether it would have any long-term future if it did not begin the transition to circularity now. We are using a step by step method to achieve this." | sdg12 |
In recent decades, indigenous populations have become the subjects and agents of development in national and international multicultural policy that acknowledges poverty among indigenous peoples and their historic marginalization from power over development. Although the impact of these legal and programmatic efforts is growing, one persistent axis of disadvantage, male–female difference,1 is rarely taken into account in ethno-development policy and practice. This article argues that assumptions that inform policy related to indigenous women fail to engage with indigenous women's development concerns. The institutional separation between gender and development policy (GAD) and multiculturalism means that provisions for gender in multicultural policies are inadequate, and ethnic rights in GAD policies are invisible. Drawing on post-colonial feminism, the paper examines ethnicity and gender as interlocking systems that structure indigenous women's development experiences. These arguments are illustrated in relation to the case of the Tsachila ethno-cultural group in the South American country of Ecuador. | sdg16 |
Although most adolescents enter high school, the portion completing it remains very small. Looking at the average for 18 Latin American countries, only 59% of youths aged 20 to 24 completes this cycle. In a number of the countries of the region, such as Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Uruguay, El Salvador and Mexico, less than half of the youths aged 20 to 24 complete secondary education (see figure IV.l). | sdg5 |
Furthermore, it was conceived to allow for an examination of the “tools” in the fisheries manager’s “toolbox” in terms of their suitability in the face of climate change, as well as to develop an understanding of the economic, social and environmental information that can underpin decisions on climate change adaptation. The Workshop findings included in the Chair’s summary are intended to inform governance considerations that are important to national and international efforts to manage and conserve aquatic resources while adapting to the effects of climate change, as well as other pressures that influence fisheries resources, whether they be natural or man-made. Specifically, the OECD's role and expertise regarding economic and policy analysis, coupled with the COFI’s analytical work regarding to fisheries economics, management, policy development and governance will assist in shedding light on the economic and institutional aspects of climate change. | sdg14 |
They are also responsible for supervising the water boards, and have a broader task in spatial planning. The 25 water boards, which arc the oldest democratic institutions in the Netherlands, have as their core task the operational management of the water system. The 418 municipalities arc responsible for operational water management. Drinking water management is the responsibility of the Ministry of Health. The most relevant ministries and agencies cooperate in guiding regional authorities in their work under the EU WFD. Eleven county municipalities are appointed as regional competent authorities under the Directive. | sdg6 |
Social scientists have demonstrated how transparency and democratic accountability can help control political corruption. Whereas this research has had much to say about how an open media environment produces constraints on politicians, the problem of how a politically ignorant public can enforce accountability has received much less attention. In this article, I argue that effective citizen monitoring of government officials depends on accurate corruption perceptions, which depends on the degree to which citizens are politically informed. An analysis of 10 Latin American countries with varied levels of corruption shows that better informed individuals have more accurate perceptions, even if, like their less informed neighbors, they still tend to underestimate the amount of corruption in their societies. The importance of citizen political awareness in the analysis strongly suggests that policy recommendations targeting corruption control feature tools that increase civic engagement along with those that increase government transparency and press freedoms. | sdg16 |
While concentration in school is often linked to residential and housing policies, it is sometimes reinforced by the structure of the education system. Policy options to integrate rather than segregate migrant students include effective management of school choice, rethinking of ability grouping practices and ensuring high curricular standards in all schools. Additional resource inputs can be necessary to bring their schools up to parity and finance additional programmes to address the particular linguistic and other needs of immigrant students. Research indicates that funding for equity will be most effective at the earliest levels of education, and that both universal programmes for low socio-economic status (SES) students and targeted measures for immigrant students are necessary. | sdg4 |
Also that year, for the first time, doctors replaced a dying man's heart with a mechanical one. And a human egg was fertilized in a test tube (Edwards and others, 1969). Worldwide, child death rates plummeted from 215 deaths per 1,000 live births in 1950 to under 160 per 1,000 just 19 years later (United Nations, 2017). | sdg5 |
Yet, none of the parallel causes of malnutrition are independent of income. The overall level of national income is a determinant of the state’s availability to pay for key public services, while individual incomes also determine the household’s uptake of education, and its access to health, water and sanitation.11 The composition of income growth matters as well as the overall rate, as it is increases in the incomes of the poorest that have the greatest impact on nutritional outcomes. Moreover, in many countries, the rural poor are discriminated against in terms of the provision of basic public services. | sdg2 |
In spite of the fact that there are more female than male pensioners, the total income of female pensioners is lower than that of men (ASUB 2014: 5). In 2011, women's average pension was 1,220 Euro per month as compared with 1,744 Euro for men (ASUB 2013: 23). A more detailed review of the pay gap measured on the basis of different principles and parameters may be found in the ASUB report (2013:21). | sdg5 |
This study examines the power and potential of marketing in the proliferation of health discourses in society. More specifically, drawing on a Foucauldian bio-political framework, it undertakes a discourse analysis of a commercial weight-loss program and the service marketing managerialism it actualizes, focusing on the interactions between service workers and consumers. The study contributes to recent discussions concerning the governmentality of marketing and its effects on consumer well-being by showing how people are invested in identity work in which the body becomes a site of collective control in consumer culture. The study reveals how service marketing is infused with bio-power, which simultaneously spurs people to lose weight and constructs them as cautious consumers that embody increased levels of self-care, control, anxiety and stress. Finally, it is argued that this continuous creation of bodily distress functions as a key mechanism of the contemporary market economy under neoliberal capitalism. | sdg16 |
Religion, as social construct and institutional reality, has played a pivotal role in shaping European societies. In spite of the impact of Enlightenment theories in the formation of European modernity, institutionalized religions and established churches have managed to maintain their influence in the public domain. Educational systems, the par excellence institutions of modernity, represent an interesting example of the peculiar coexistence between tradition and modernity in European societies. The implications of the persistence of religion within the institutions of modernity are both epistemological and political. While the foundations of modern knowledge on reason are challenged in several aspects of school knowledge, fundamentalism, nationalism and social exclusion can result from school systems that encourage catechism and religiosity. The aim of this paper is to discuss the role of religion in contemporary European education systems and to reflect on the sociopolitical implications of this relati... | sdg16 |
As districts of higher standards have signalling power below their actual level of performance, they are likely to adjust standards to the lower. For employers and higher education institutions, these effects reduce trust into certification and make a comparison of certificates between regions unreliable. It raises standards in low-achieving districts but lowers standards in high-achieving districts. | sdg4 |
Moreover, the subordinate status of women in the household has been argued with reference to time use and violence against women.18 Women work longer hours than men and they may have fewer chances in the formal labour market because the domestic tasks are not equally distributed in the household (see Chapter 4 — Work), and significant proportions of women are victims of domestic violence (see Chapter 6 — Violence against women). Women experience more disadvantages when they live in poor households. For example, in countries such as Pakistan and Yemen, girls and boys from the wealthiest quintile have relatively similar net school attendance rates in primary education, but in the poorest quintile the net school attendance of girls is lower than that of boys by 17 and 25 percentage points respectively.19 In households with poor access to clean water and energy, women bear most of the resulting work burden and harmful health effects (see Chapter 7 — Environment). | sdg1 |
For example, in order for respondents to be asked questions about intimate partner violence that are relevant to their particular situation, they must first be asked whether they currently have an intimate partner and whether in the past they have had an intimate partners with whom they are no longer involved. The format and design of the questionnaire will also depend on the mode of interviewing and method of data capture. In paper questionnaires, skip instructions and filter questions must be simple enough for interviewers to follow them without error and without causing long delays in the interview. In computer-assisted questionnaires, there is no limit to the number of skip instructions or filter questions that can be included because they are programmed into the computer program in advance and therefore allow interviewers to move through the questionnaire smoothly and accurately. However, excessive use of filter questions nested within other filter questions can cause confusion to data analysts when they attempt to convey the survey results in clear, straightforward messages and may yield results that are unusable owing to the fact that multiple filters have resulted in very small sample counts. Filter questions should therefore be used only as necessary. | sdg5 |
Unfortunately, several oases are suffering from the abandonment of traditional agricultural practices because of the soil salinization and water quality degradation, allowing desertification to proceed. In the southern Ouarzazate region, 80 per cent of soils are affected by salinization. Certainly, between 80 per cent and 90 per cent of economically accessible surface water resources have already been regulated through dams and inter-annual storage reservoirs in Morocco. | sdg6 |
In Latin America’s federal countries, regime change produced a paradox: although, at the federal level, the transition to democracy was largely successful and has gradually consolidated, at the subnational level, some authoritarian regimes and repressive practices survived. It has been argued that neopatrimonialism allowed these subnational authoritarian elites to remain in power. By tapping into different sources of legitimacy and combining arbitrary power, tradition, and rule of law, these elites have constructed political intermediation monopolies in extremely heterogeneous societies (Durazo Herrmann 2010). Nevertheless, this same social heterogeneity forces neopatrimonial elites to construct large social coalitions, including the maximum possible number of both traditional and modern social sectors to guarantee local governance. These coalitions are complex and fragile by nature, since they depend on a continuous flow of material resources to survive (Eisenstadt 1973, Medard 1991). | sdg16 |
In part, this rise is likely to reflect the growing incidence of diabetes as well as improved access to dialysis care. Nevertheless, the increasing number of patients on dialysis also indicates the potential for reducing the burden of disease through effective preventive actions aimed at reducing disease incidence as well as better management of disease to minimise the risk of serious complications such as ESRF. There is a much greater reliance on dialysis in countries such as Greece, Italy, Japan and Korea, where over 75% of patients are treated this way. | sdg3 |
Rethinking Trade and Finance: Wigleyand Cary (2018), The Future is Decentralized: ITC (2018), Unblocking cross-border trade. She is also co-founder and CEO of the Digital Citizen Fund, which helps girls and women in developing countries gain access t< technology, connect virtually with others across the world, and obtain the skills needed to succeed in today's expanding global market. The company began as part of the Herat Information Technology Incubator Program and then grew quickly as I hired many women programmers and bloggers. | sdg9 |
These are part of a scheme involving 10 planned hydropower projects along the main river in a cascade style. The last one of the Lower Coruh projects is under construction. The Middle Coruh projects are in final design stage and investment programme, and the Upper Coruh projects arc in different planning stages. | sdg6 |
Currently vehicles for trading energy savings will be left to participants who will be allowed to buy compliance from over-performing participants or to negotiate action on their behalf. For more information on the scheme, see the Department of Communications, Energy and Natural Resources consultation document. From January 2013, obligations to present white certificates will be imposed on utilities selling electricity, natural gas and heat to customers. | sdg7 |
In addition, corporations also bear costs and establishing new trading electronic platforms entails expenditure. At first glance, these costs may appear relatively limited compared to the expected benefits of new measures. However, public spending is coming under increasing pressure and many member countries must streamline their administrative processes. Improving existing market design and standards and procedures (options A and C) are incremental evolutions and their costs are easier to predict and lower. | sdg7 |
The third sector (religious, charitable and other non-governmental bodies) also plays an important role in providing some aspects of health and social care. The national junta (committee) for social protection dates back to 1845 and uses income from its national lottery' to fund a variety of health promotion programmes, palliative care programmes, drug and alcohol treatment programmes and support for disabled people and the elderly, amongst other things. This is particularly true of die hospital sector. | sdg3 |
To build on that, in 2010, the company developed their 5by20 initiative to highlight both the challenges faced by women, and their economic potential. Through 5by20, the company addresses the most common barriers women face when trying to succeed in the marketplace. This initiative offers women access to business skills training courses, financial services and connections with peers or mentors—along with the confidence that comes with building a successful business. | sdg5 |
Students’ experiences in class should be discussed and evaluated in specialised training courses in teacher education programmes to help students develop the skills that they will need to help their pupils succeed in class. Over time, becoming a mentor for student teachers could become an interesting career step for motivated teachers. Given the strong stratification of the Chilean school system, many teachers will confront schools with a large number of poor students in a difficult learning environment. | sdg4 |
Redistribution of shared taxes is made through an equalisation mechanism. The current decentralisation programme is expected to increase the financial autonomy of lower-level governments by assigning new shared taxes and own-source tax revenues. Whereas in OECD countries, income tax is a principal source of revenue for the national budget (for instance, 50% of the U.S. federal budget comes from income tax), income tax in Kazakhstan only accounts for 7.3% of the total revenue of the state budget (Kysykov, 2013: 91). | sdg11 |
Elements related to an increase in survival rates of exporters are good overseas coverage, and the capacity of overseas offices to provide an understanding of the local business environment, culture and opportunities. In addition to the contribution that TIPOs make to overcome the constraints and risks of exporting, there is a more informal role of ‘handholding’, given that exporters must deal with unfamiliar business environments, foreign languages and in some cases high financial risk. These countries could consider alternative ways to build an ecosystem of in-market support abroad, however. | sdg9 |
In term of place cs variation is more flat and is within the interval of 40toalmost 300 places per lOOOf with the mean of some 130 and a median of 120 places. Looking at the bus service (figure 2.21.), As i n other cases, relatively large differences exist between cities. In general, cities that offer relatively high total place capacity have also a relatively high number of circulating buses during the peak hours. | sdg11 |
History of Gender and Social Control in the CJ System Corina Schulze Female Crime and Theory Alana Van Gundy Criminal Justice as a Male Enterprise Jeffrey W. Cohen The Cycle of Intimate Partner Violence Carly M. Hilinski-Rosick Sexual Assault and the Evolution of Rape Danielle Romain Domestic and International Sex Trafficking Michele P. Bratina and Kelly M. Carrero Cybercrime Catherine D. Marcum Violent Women Tina L. Freiburger Role of Women in the War on Drugs Amy Poland The Female Thief Doshie Piper and Georgen Guerrero Prostitution Katherine Winham and George E. Higgins Mothers Who Kill Kimberly D. Dodson and Leann N. Cabage Incarcerated Women in the United States Susan Marcus-Mendoza Women in Law Enforcement Wendy G. Perkins Women in the Judicial System Stephanie J. Kirven Women in Corrections Beverly Crank | sdg16 |
In other words, AfL practice should be expected, but without controlling too much and risking losing teachers’ trust and motivation. It would also be useful to show teachers how the different centrally initiated programmes can support each other, instead of competing with each other. It might also be useful to rethink how many programmes it is efficient to have running in Norway at the same time. | sdg4 |
Two of them, Kanesathasan et al. ( All of the studies involved multiple types of interventions and outcomes, so that it is difficult to disentangle the impact of a specific type of intervention on a specific outcome. An example is the “12+” model being tested in Rwanda with support from the United Kingdom and GirlHub. The programme aims to educate young girls before the age of puberty on reproductive health as it applies to them. | sdg5 |
It is inherent to the very nature of this pattern that it is very unpredictable. A ship may be mobilized to sail half around the world for picking up cargo, and then sail again half around the world for delivery. For example, port service vessels such as tugs, pilot boats, port ferries and similar are stationary in one port. | sdg7 |
The role of international public finance, as well as other international development co-operation actions, is however significant, and expected to remain so. For 2013 and 2014, the annual average climate finance is estimated to be USD 57 billion, of which over 70% (USD 41 billion) is estimated to be public finance, either bilateral and multilateral (OECD, 2016). Bilateral climate-related ODA commitments, as reported by donors to the OECD DAC, have been on an increasing trend since 2007, and reached USD 25 billion on average per year in 2013-14, multilateral public climate finance reached USD 25 billion on average per year (OECD, 2015). | sdg13 |
The World Bank estimates the figure to be between 26% and 43%, depending on the methodology used. This may explain, partly, why remittance flows were not affected by recessions in advanced countries and political developments in the Middle East. If this is the case, then a generalized slowdown in the region may adversely affect remittance flows. For the top remittance-receiving countries, such as India, China and the Philippines, remittances surpassed ODA and FDI inflows. | sdg10 |
However, the roles of the public and private sectors in research funding are less clearly defined than they were before the biotechnology area and governments and their agencies now have a much more direct role in applied medical scientific research (Stevens et al., Recent studies have looked into the relevance and impact of public and private research investment (Families USA, 2008, Malinowski, 2012, Zycher, 2010) and concluded that in general terms both public and private stakeholders play a significant, complementary role in the delivery of innovative therapies. These rewards materialize from innovations which are largely generated through fundamental research projects at universities and other public research institutions. | sdg3 |
Only one centralized heating system remains in Dushanbe. The old Dushanbe CHP plant and the eastern and western boiler facilities, with total capacity of 190 MW, can cover only 60 per cent of the overall need for heating in the city. Because of the lack of gas and furnace fuel, the Dushanbe CHP plant runs on only 20-25 per cent of its designed capacity and its equipment is obsolete and outmoded. | sdg7 |
This paper presents the initial findings from six rounds of research conducted between 2012 and 2016 on livelihoods and social change in rural Myanmar, undertaken as part of the Qualitative Social and Economic Monitoring initiative. These data provide unique insights into the ways in which broad processes of democratization and globalization -- put into effect following Myanmar's historic reforms beginning in 2011 -- are experienced at the village level. The analysis focuses on three key aspects of the "social contract": local governance mechanisms, shifting expectations of the state, and changes in the types of networks connecting villagers to regional and global markets. Remarkable social progress has been made in Myanmar since 2012, yet there are no grounds for complacency. Managing ongoing transformations in these three domains, in ways perceived to be locally legitimate and effective, will be crucial if the initial gains are to be consolidated and expanded. | sdg16 |
Tasks involving social interaction (for example within healthcare or sales) are less easily outsourced or replaced by technology, even when they require fairly low skills. Empirical studies generally find less pronounced effects from globalisation than from technological change, but globalisation can have persistent negative effects in affected regions and communities (Forster and Toth 2015, Eurofound 2017 and OECD 2017b). A much more diverse picture can be found in European countries, with polarisation in some countries (e.g. the Netherlands, France and Germany), and upgrading in others, with growth mainly in high-paying occupations (e.g. Italy, Portugal and Luxembourg) up until 2007. During the recession years from 2008 to 2013, polarisation was more widespread across European countries (Eurofound 2017). This development was accompanied by increasing employment shares in high-paying occupations in Sweden and Denmark, and by growth in low-paying non-routine service sector occupations in Finland and Norway (Goos et al. | sdg10 |
The Government appoints a five-member Management Board and a Director of the Public Institution for each national park. All Protected Areas are to be protected by a ranger service, with responsibilities that include visitor education and monitoring. Management and protection of the designated multipurpose area are to be carried out by a Public Enterprise. | sdg15 |
Finance for biodiversity can be mobilised through government budgets, through economic instruments (and in some cases voluntary approaches) that apply to the private sector, and through civil society via philanthropy for example. In developing countries, support for mainstreaming from development co-operation can play an important complementary role to the government and other stakeholders. It is important to also note that the biodiversity financing challenge is not only about mobilising additional resources, but also about a) avoiding future costs, b) spending existing resources more effectively and efficiently, and c) reallocating existing resources as appropriate. | sdg15 |
Equipment imports have generally been low, except in a few South-East Asian countries. For example, India and a number of other countries have relied mostly on indigenous solar and wind turbines. Their increase in GDP provides them with the necessary resources, often coupled with high levels of foreign direct investment (FDI), to develop and produce such equipment. | sdg7 |
A proven way of gaining buy-in from users and developers is to provide a best-in-class experience and ease of access for developers as well as for the end users. Observing similar digital platform systems, such as major e-commerce services or car sharing platforms, the network effects generated by transactions between many users represent the key to success and drive value of the platform. Yet, due to blockchain technology’s current state as a developing technology, there is scope for improvement in its accessibility and user-friendliness. A number of start-ups are already addressing this challenge by developing applications that reduce the burden of adopting the technology in existing systems and business processes. | sdg9 |
The adult literacy rate measures literacy among persons aged 15 years or older, and the youth literacy rate measures literacy among persons aged 15 to 24 years. Aggregate calculations for adult literacy rates: UIS. Collected from survival rate school registers, school surveys or censuses, national population censuses, and household and labour force surveys. Data obtained: May and June 2013. | sdg4 |
This chapter assesses the adequacy of legislative scrutiny over the process of economic treaty-making in New Zealand. It begins by exploring New Zealand’s treaty-making behaviour in the early twenty-first century, highlighting an enthusiasm for signing World Trade Organisation plus minilateral and bilateral treaties in the Asia Pacific. It emphasises the contentious nature of the vision of economic growth that underpins these treaties, arguing that international economic law is inherently political in ways that human rights law, arguably, is not. It then goes on to explore the international relations literature on executive dominance and compares this with New Zealand procedures. The paper argues that Select Committee scrutiny in New Zealand does offer some potential for Legislative control but that a strong cross-party political consensus on the desirability of new trade treaties hampers effective scrutiny in practice. | sdg16 |
For example, UN-Habitat's City Prosperity Initiative has over 450 cities with 72 urban- indicator data points available, and this has been complemented by other global data from 200 cities from the Global Sample of Cities. This helps city mangers to assess the urban policy implications at the national or regional levels that goes beyond the silo assessments of the single urban indicators. For example, slum data has now been expanded and new components of informality and inadequate housing are now available. Additionally, aggregate data shows that people who live in slums are also deprived of many other urban services such as access to adequate health care, reliable transport, safe public spaces, and that these residents live in more hazardous environments where municipal solid waste collection services are unavailable. | sdg11 |
In Mexico, it is the second largest private generator with 1,900 MW capacity in combined-cycle plants, in the Dominican Republic it has 198 MW, in Costa Rica 51 MW, and in Panama 33 MW. In the distribution segment, it has 2 million customers in Colombia, 800,000 in Nicaragua and 500,000 in Panama. Its most important project in the region is currently the construction of a wind farm in Mexico, with 230 MW capacity, and a 50 MW hydroelectric plant in Costa Rica. | sdg7 |
All the committees express concern at the specific disadvantage of informal workers, particularly in relation to lack of access to social security, employment protection or decent wages and conditions.30 The ICESCR guidelines require State parties to provide information on the informal economy, and in particular on measures taken to ensure access of informal workers, especially older workers and women, to basic services and social protection (ICESCR 2008, para. E/C.12/2008/2, para 20,CESCR. 2011."Concluding Observations Argentina Third Periodic Report." | sdg5 |
Whereas for per capita GDP. Accordingly, if the poverty line is held constant in real terms, any change in the poverty indicator can be analysed in terms of changes in average income and the income distribution. The difference between this indicator and the poverty rate observed in the initial period can be interpreted as a “growth effect”. | sdg1 |
Under laws enacted in 2003, they may collaborate formally through the creation of metropolitan areas and inter-municipal associations. However, as experience with inter-municipal associations has been varied, the 2003 laws are under revision with a view to increasing collaboration among municipalities and, in particular, rationalising public infrastructure projects and developing management capacities (OECD, 2008a). The 2007 Local Finance Act introduced measures to further expand municipalities’ competencies and increase their revenues. | sdg6 |
The potential health benefits include reduced symptoms of respiratory and cardiovascular conditions, rheumatism, arthritis and allergies, as well as fewer injuries (OECD and IEA 2014). Renewables and energy efficiency can be game changers for energy - and gender - poverty. Large-scale energy projects (including for renewables such as hydropower) not uncommonlyresultindisplacement of local communities. | sdg7 |