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With around 2000 medical substances in use in Sweden in products numbering ten times this figure, the recent report by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency recommending action to remove pharmaceuticals from sewage drew in particular on a report giving an updated review of the effects of pharmaceuticals in the environment. Keith Hayward spoke with Dr Petra Wallberg, part of the team from consultancy Sweco who prepared this report, about the case for action on pharmaceuticals in Sweden.
With Sweden’s government moving towards action on pharmaceuticals and micropollutants more generally, it faces the question of how to implement this action in practice.
A recent report by consultancy Sweco provided up-to-date insights into the presence and effects of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment, prepared as input to the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency’s recent report to government.
Given the complexity of the issue of pharmaceuticals, prioritisation is likely to be one of the important features of any future plan of action. A key aim of the report was therefore to provide an assessment to support progress on this issue.
The report concludes that the probability of finding high concentrations in receiving waters does not depend primarily on the size of the wastewater treatment plant. Rather it is a combination of the concentrations in the effluent and the volumes of water circulating in the receiving waters.
This aspect of the report is as might be expected – the impact on aquatic life depends upon the concentration of chemicals present, making dilution and dispersal in the environment an important factor in determining whether environmental quality standards or effect concentrations are exceeded.
A high concentration of pollutants coupled with a low dilution factor is likely to be of greatest concern, and this suggests that treatment plants would need to be considered on a case by case basis to establish whether treatment is needed because of such concerns.
The report includes an evaluation based on data on 25 pharmaceutical substances from 15 Swedish wastewater treatment plants. It also includes data from nine plants on a total of 38 other substances, grouped as fluorinated substances, chlorophenol or similar, musk substances, organophosphates / phosphate esters, and organo-tin compounds.
The report presents pharmaceutical results on plants and their receiving waters, ranging in size from Stockholm and Gothenburg as the largest down to small plants serving just a few thousand population equivalents.
‘We categorised the conclusions into three different groups,’ explains Dr Petra Wallberg, one of the Sweco team who prepared the report. For one of these groups, representing three of the treatment plants, there is a high risk of concentrations exceeding effect levels. This included the plants serving the towns of Uppsala and Eslöv.
For a second group, of four plants including Stockholm, there is a high risk of concentrations exceeding effect levels under certain conditions, such as at low water.
Large volume concerns
The third grouping, of six plants including Gothenburg, are classified as ‘low concentrations in the immediate area’. But this is not to say these plants are unimportant. In particular, the Sweco reports highlights evidence, such as that gathered recently to understand the impact of pharmaceuticals in the Baltic Sea region, about the persistence and bioaccumulation of pharmaceutical substances.
- Sweden, Sweco, pharmaceuticals, micropollutants | <urn:uuid:31a12f1a-d79b-48de-9d54-5677f547c5d5> | {
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By Justin Waggoner
Your Extension agent, nutritionist, some neighbors and the livestock media all told you that you really need to test your forages and hay. So finally you decide they must be right. But what should you test for?
The basic components that nutritionists need to evaluate a feedstuff or develop a ration are dry matter or moisture; crude protein; an estimate of the energy content of the feedstuff — Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN), Net Energy for Maintenance (NEm), Net Energy for gain (NEg); and the macro minerals, calcium and phosphorous.
These are the most basic numbers that are required, but including some additional analyses in the report can give us additional insight into the quality of the feedstuff or improve our ability to predict animal performance, which is the primary reason we analyze feedstuffs.
I recommend that the report include acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). The amount of NDF in forage reflects the amount of cell wall contents (hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin) within the sample. The NDF fraction is often associated with the respective bulkiness of forage and is correlated with dry matter intake of the forage or feedstuff. Therefore, the amount of NDF may be used to estimate the expected dry matter intake associated with the forage.
The ADF number represents the amount of cellulose and lignin within the forage and is correlated with the respective digestibility of the forage. In general, a higher ADF value is associated with forage that has a greater proportion of cellulose and lignin and would likely be a more mature.
Additionally, the ADF fraction is used to calculate the energy estimates TDN, NEm, and NEg that appear on the report. There are a number of different mathematical equations that the testing laboratory may use to calculate these numbers, based on the type of sample (corn silage, alfalfa, grass hay, etc.). If the ADF is included in the report, the nutritionist can adjust or recalculate the energy estimates if necessary.
If the forage will be fed in combination with a byproduct feed such as wet distiller’s grain, including an analysis for sulfur can be beneficial if the forage will be used in a growing or feedlot ration. Additionally, if the forage is a known nitrate accumulator (forage sorghums, sudangrass) or may have been stressed due to drought, including a nitrate analysis should always be considered, especially if the forage will be fed to pregnant cows.
Most analytical laboratories have a number of different analysis packages which encompass the most common procedures or numbers that a nutritionist or producer needs to know about their feeds. These packages will typically include the basic procedures (DM, CP, TDN) and then add on specific analyses such NDF, or the macrominerals (Ca,P, Mg, K, Na, Cl, S). Some laboratories may group analysis packages by the type of sample (Forage, vs. mixed ration) or production purposes (dairy vs. beef).
The objective of analytical testing of forages and feedstuffs is to improve our ability to meet the animal’s nutrient requirements and ultimately predict animal performance. The unequivocal best method of evaluating the quality of a feedstuff is feeding the feedstuff to an animal and evaluating performance over a set period of time, under a specific set of conditions.
Since that would not be cost effective or timely, analytically evaluating feedstuffs in a laboratory is the next best the thing and although it is not perfect, it is unequivocally better than the “this looks like really good stuff” method of evaluating feedstuffs.
Waggoner is a beef systems specialist with Kansas State University Extension, based in Garden City. | <urn:uuid:d4e0942f-7393-4040-8699-a139f9429220> | {
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Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including healthy eating and regular physical activity, plays an important role in the health of Canadians and in the prevention of chronic diseases like type 2 diabetes.
The Government of Canada is advancing innovative partnerships to provide diabetes prevention information and tools to adults and children over the age of 10 living in rural and remote regions of Ontario, Québec, British Columbia and the Northwest Territories.
The Lifestyle Prescriptions and Supports to Reduce the Risk of Diabetes in Rural and Remote Communities is a partnership with the Lawson Health Research Institute (Lawson), Dietitians of Canada, the HealtheSteps Research Team (which includes 10 academic institutions), Sykes Assistance Services, and Dairy Farmers of Canada.
The goal of this project is to promote healthy lifestyles and behaviour change by combining hands-on exercise and nutrition program support with innovative uses of technology. Activities include:
- training coaches to provide in-person, telephone and online support using the HealtheSteps program, which supports prescribing exercise programs and healthy eating to prevent diabetes and other chronic diseases;
- creating, implementing and evaluating two mobile applications (apps) focused on exercise and nutrition (HealtheSteps and eaTracker) for use on smartphones; and
- evaluating the program by comparing the health behaviors of participants with access to the HealtheSteps program.
The Public Health Agency of Canada will invest $1,146,840 between 2013-2015, to fund this project. | <urn:uuid:4d4394e4-019b-4fd5-b9e2-078e88108f1d> | {
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Transformer voltage regulation for no load and full load voltages.
So you’ve chosen a bobbin, wire, PRI turns, etc… now you want to spec an output voltage under LOADED conditions and determine the SEC turns needed to meet those voltages…
Your output voltage drops when the SEC is LOADED compared when it’s at NO LOAD.
The question becomes, can this be predicted with a fair degree of accuracy? In many cases the answer is yes.
Let’s use a fairly simple example of an EI57 bobbin that requires 150T’s on the PRI in order to not saturate the core. The input voltage is 100VAC @ 400Hz and the power rating is 200VA.
See the bobbin below:
You have also chosen 0.8mm diameter wire for the SEC.
Ok… let’s determine a length per turn… this will be an average length per turn and while not exactly correct it should be close enough to get you close enough…
Looking at the bobbin we will shoot for the “middle” distance for both the horizontal and vertical lengths.
This would be the average of length A and C for the horizontal and the average of D and B for the vertical.
Now there are 2 horizontal path’s and 2 vertical path’s needed for one complete trip around the bobbin, so the total distance per turn is 2H + 2V…
Ok so now lets find the PRI DCR…
Ok, we know with a 200VA rating that the PRI current is 2A. The voltage lost due to the PRI DCR is therefore:
This means the voltage we will use when trying to determine the SEC turns is not 100V, but is rather 100V – 1.73V = 97.4V
Now, we need an equation for the SEC turns that accounts for SEC voltage loss due to SEC DCR and uses this above reduced PRI voltage. This equation can be found as follows:
Now let’s find the needed SEC turns…
Now what this tells you is that with 79T’s on the SEC and 150T’s on the PRI you can apply 100V to the PRI and get out 50V on the SEC @ 4A.
Now you can spec the turns ratio as:
Clearly this is not simply 2:1 which is what some people may expect. In other words the SEC turns should not be 75T’s, which is half the PRI turns. In order to get half the applied PRI voltage out at the SEC when the SEC is loaded you need 79T’s.
There is a need for more SEC turns than the ratio of what voltage is being applied at the PRI to what voltage you’d like to see at the SEC.
This accounts for a majority of the loss and while there are other, less important, factors that affect regulation it is the DCR of the windings and the voltage lost across those DCR’s that account for a majority of the difference between LOADED and NO LOAD output voltages…
This is how you should call out voltages at both LOAD and NO LOAD for transformer voltage regulation. | <urn:uuid:825d8ffc-005b-4fef-8ff0-91abbf224130> | {
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A skin or soft tissue abscess can occur almost anywhere on your body, and often becomes quite painful as it enlarges. These pockets of infection can also cause serious health consequences such as sepsis if not treated. The surgeons at Chicago Surgical Clinic in Arlington Heights, Illinois, have extensive experience treating abscesses and do their best to see you as quickly as possible. Don’t put off treatment that can relieve your pain and stops the spread of infection. Schedule an appointment online or by phone today.
An abscess is a pocket of infection that often starts as a small bump felt under the skin surface that is tender to the touch. As the area fills with pus, bacteria, and skin debris, it can become very painful and may grow quite large, even baseball size, before it ruptures and drains.
The most common sites for skin abscesses are:
When an abscess develops within an inflamed and irritated hair follicle, it is often referred to as a boil. If a cluster of boils develops in an area, it’s known as a carbuncle. Multiple subcutaneous cysts can also get infected.
Most abscesses are caused by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, which enters your body through a hair follicle or at the site of punctured or broken skin. Even a mosquito bite puncture is large enough for the bacteria to invade. The infection may damage layers of skin and underlying soft tissue leaving a patient with large wounds.
Abscesses can sometimes cause serious complications, which may include:
One of the most dangerous types of bacteria that cause abscesses is MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus). MRSA is more difficult to treat because it’s resistant to the antibiotics normally prescribed for a soft tissue infection, and may require IV antibiotics and hospitalization.
Your Chicago Surgical Clinic surgeon designs your treatment based on the location, type, and size of your abscess. While your doctor may prescribe an antibiotic to help eliminate the infection-causing bacteria, the only definitive treatment is to drain the material filling an abscess.
This is usually accomplished with an incision and drainage, during which your surgeon makes a small incision in the skin overlying the abscess. This allows the pus and other contents to drain. Certain abscesses may require a more extensive surgical procedure to repair the tissue damage caused by the infection, and to prevent a recurrence.
Hidradenitis suppurativa is a skin condition that causes numerous hair follicles to become infected throughout an area, such as under your arms or in the groin region. Tunnels under the skin can connect the affected follicles and fill with pus. Rather than a simple incision and drainage, your surgeon may choose to “unroof” the tunnels and remove the affected tissue.
For expert care if you have an abscess, call Chicago Surgical Clinic or schedule an appointment online today. | <urn:uuid:53b8e947-7107-4ea9-8e0f-b29d1a8a66fd> | {
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Falls through fragile roofs and fragile roof lights cause death and serious injury. They account for almost a fifth of all the fatal accidents which result from a fall from height in the construction industry.
Almost all of these fatalities arise from construction work in some form or another, although not always on what might be regarded as a construction site, much of which work is minor and short duration.These accidents usually happen while
- Surveying the roof or inspecting roof work
- Cleaning gutters and skylights
- Installing equipment
- Maintaining plant on the roof
- Carring out repairs to the roof, skylights or gutters
Everyone involved in this type of work, including clients, designers and contractors, should treat falls through fragile surfaces as a priority hazard. | <urn:uuid:fc13f4e5-be74-46c5-8c29-2bf2d4378bd1> | {
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In light of the latest study, have we overreacted about the effect of social media on teenagers?
Kevin Craig, chief executive and founder of communications agency PLMR, says YES.
While the discussion about the impact of social media on young people has been a hot topic at the school gates over recent years, we parents have been relying on anecdotal evidence to inform our hysteria. New studies, the latest of which calls the impact of social media on teenagers “tiny”, are very welcome and help us better understand its role in today’s society.
It’s easy to forget that this is still a relatively new phenomenon. Naturally, it will take time for us to get to grips with what is healthy and what isn’t.
To their credit, the tech giants have responded admirably to initial concerns about the negative impact of social media on society. Apple and Android users are now able to monitor their “screen time” and block apps from being used at certain times.
In many instances, social media enables young people to better interact with the outside world and learn in a way that was never previously possible. Let’s celebrate these huge benefits with cautious optimism.
Jenny Afia, privacy lawyer and partner at Schillings and member of the Children’s Commissioner’s Digital Task Force, says NO.
Far from overreacting, most of us have been too relaxed about the impact of social media. But it has totally changed adolescence. Persuasive design strategies – the features built into platforms to make them compelling – ensure this.
Even if, as this new report claims, social media doesn’t have a negative impact on “life satisfaction” for many children, we can’t ignore the “opportunity costs” – what kids are not doing as a result of being online. Studies show that sleep is one of the most impacted areas, followed by less exercise and a decline in cognitive abilities, particularly memory.
I’m not sure that measuring children’s “life satisfaction” is the best approach anyway. My daughter would currently be happiest if I left her alone with a tub of ice cream and the remote control. But I’m more concerned about her overall development and wellbeing. Anyone who says that social media doesn’t play a role in this is living in an ivory tower. | <urn:uuid:ef6b66ab-2dd1-46ea-8dbd-7a1da1237d07> | {
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Geometry of Complex Numbers
Complex numbers can be represented in both rectangular and polar coordinates. All complex numbers can be written in the form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers and i 2 = −1. Each complex number corresponds to a point in the complex plane when a point with coordinates ( a, b) is associated with a complex number a + bi. In the complex plane, the x‐axis is named the real axis and the y‐axis is named the imaginary axis.
Example 1: Plot 4− 2 i −3 + 2 i, and −5 − 3 i in the complex plane (see Figure 1).
Complex numbers plotted in the complex plane.
Complex numbers can be converted to polar coordinates by using the relationships x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ. Thus, if z is a complex number:
Sometimes the expression cos θ + sin θ is written as cis θ. The absolute value, or modulus, of z is . The angle formed between the positive x‐axis and a line drawn from the origin to z is called the argument or amplitude of z. If z = x + iy is a complex number, then the conjugate of z is written as z = x− iy
Example 2: Convert the complex number 5 − 3 i to polar coordinates (see Figure 2).
Drawing for Example 2.
Reference angle θ ≈ 31°.
Since θ is in the fourth quadrant,
To find the product of two complex numbers, multiply their absolute values and add their amplitudes.
To find the quotient of two complex numbers, divide their absolute values and subtract their amplitudes.
Example 3: If z = a(cosα + isinα) and w = b(cosβ +isinβ), then find their product zw.
Example 4: If z = a(cosα + isinα) and w = b(cosβ + isinβ), then find their quotient z/w.
Example 5: If z = 4(cos 65° + i sin 65°) and w = 7(cos 105° + i sin 105°), then find zw and z/w. | <urn:uuid:941ddb0d-190f-4e14-9269-138e6f119939> | {
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- Expiration dates on food aren't related to the risk of food poisoning or foodborne illness
- Dates solely indicate freshness, and are used by manufacturers to convey when it's at its peak
- Eggs, for example, can be consumed three to five weeks after purchase
Use-by dates are contributing to millions of pounds of wasted food each year.
A new report from the Natural Resources Defense Council and Harvard Law School's Food Law and Policy Clinic says Americans are prematurely throwing out food, largely because of confusion over what expiration dates actually mean.
Most consumers mistakenly believe that expiration dates on food indicate how safe the food is to consume, when these dates actually aren't related to the risk of food poisoning or foodborne illness.
Food dating emerged in the 1970s, prompted by consumer demand as Americans produced less of their own food but still demanded information about how it was made. The dates solely indicate freshness, and are used by manufacturers to convey when the product is at its peak. That means the food does not expire in the sense of becoming inedible.
For un-refrigerated foods, there may be no difference in taste or quality, and expired foods won't necessarily make people sick.
But according to the new analysis, words like "use by" and "sell by" are used so inconsistently that they contribute to widespread misinterpretation — and waste — by consumers. More than 90% of Americans throw out food prematurely, and 40% of the U.S. food supply is tossed--unused--every year because of food dating.
Eggs, for example, can be consumed three to five weeks after purchase, even though the "use by" date is much earlier. A box of mac-and-cheese stamped with a "use by" date of March 2013 can still be enjoyed on March 2014, most likely with no noticeable changes in quality.
"We are fine with there being quality or freshness dates as long as it is clearly communicated to consumers, and they are educated about what that means," says study co- author Emily Broad Leib, the director of Harvard Food Law & Policy Clinic. "There should be a standard date and wording that is used. This is about quality, not safety. You can make your own decision about whether a food still has an edible quality that's acceptable to you."
Because food dating was never about public health, there is no national regulation over the use of the dates, although the Food and Drug Administration and U.S. Department of Agriculture technically have regulatory power over the misbranding of products. The only federally required and regulated food dating involves infant formula, since the nutrients in formula lose their potency as time goes on.
What regulation does exist occurs at the state level — and all but nine states in the United States have food dating rules but these vary widely.
"What's resulted from [the FDA letting states come up with regulation] is really a patchwork of all sorts of different rules for different products and regulations around them," says study co-author Dana Gunders, a staff scientist with the NRDC's food and agriculture program. "Sometimes a product needs a date, sometimes it doesn't. Sometimes a product cannot be sold after a different date. Or there is no requirement at all. Even with different categories there is so much variability."
The result is a confused public — and tons of wasted food.
Correcting these entrenched misconceptions, however, won't be easy. The report authors say the re-education coul | <urn:uuid:e4e66819-fd69-48fa-8e50-3185610a7a60> | {
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Radiologic Technology/Science - Radiographer
If you're passionate about health care and helping others but aren't sure you want to commit to medical school, consider studying radiologic technology/service. You'll change patients' lives by using radiation to create images and administer doses of radiation. As part of a medical team, you're providing critical patient care, helping with everything from diagnosing broken bones to treating cancer with radiation.
Radiology students study radiographic technique, applied anatomy and physiology, radiation biology, patient positioning and education, and medical imaging/radiologic services management. Students also learn the basics of maintaining radiation equipment, safety techniques, and medical ethics. | <urn:uuid:2034e126-1b10-455f-902b-77ed058d2180> | {
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Industrial hygiene is the science of protecting and enhancing the health and safety of people at work and in their communities. Health and safety hazards cover a wide range of chemical, physical, biological and ergonomic stressors. Those dedicated to anticipating, recognizing, evaluating and controlling those hazards are known as Industrial Hygienists. They are professionals dedicated to the well-being of people – at work, at home and in the community.
Today, there are other terms that essentially mean the same thing as industrial hygiene, e.g., Occupational Hygiene, Occupational Health and Environmental Health & Safety (EHS).
Since the term Industrial Hygienist has not been restricted by law, anyone, regardless of knowledge and competency, can call themselves an “Industrial Hygienist”. To aid employers and the public, a voluntary professional certification program was established in 1960. The American Board of Industrial Hygiene (ABIH) was established as an independent corporation with the sole purpose of providing a certification program to ensure a minimum level of knowledge and skills in industrial hygiene. The ABIH program has since become the world’s largest, premier certification program for Industrial Hygienists. Certification is a professional milestone, providing a 3rd party, independent indicator of achievement.
An Industrial Hygienist can implement a Workplace Exposure Assessment Program in order to evaluate potential personal exposures to hazardous substances. The program consists of a variety of activities implemented to evaluate a person’s exposure, including observation of job routine, evaluation of work place control measures, and environmental sampling. Several types of sampling are performed by Environment, Health and Safety (EH&S) depending on the nature of the chemical hazard, the frequency of chemical use, and the way the chemical is handled.
Chemical exposure monitoring is often initiated by a Workplace Exposure Assessment Program. Some of the typical chemicals, which are monitored by Criterion’s Industrial Hygienists, include:
- Airborne dust (total, respirable, inhalable, thoracic, pm 10 and pm 2.5
- Solvent based materials
- Chemical carcinogens or extremely toxic substances
- Metals including lead, arsenic, mercury, berglum and chromium (t3, t6)
Criterion’s Industrial Hygienists have the skills needed to protect the health and safety of workers through the control of workplace environmental factors.
At Criterion we listen carefully to our clients concerns, inform them about regulatory requirements, and our past experiences with those issues. Together with the client, we develop a plan for services. Our staff will review historic worker exposure monitoring records and walk through the facility to observe current work practices. We will develop exposure monitoring strategies, such as chemical air sampling or noise monitoring. We also work with our clients to develop effective, yet workable, exposure control strategies, including training of workers. Finally, we will report our findings in a professional, comprehensive, yet understandable fashion. We will support our clients to help resolve any regulatory or litigation issues.
Our services include:
- Certified Industrial Hygienist (CIH) and Certified Safety Professional (CSP) Services
- Worker exposure monitoring: chemical air contaminants, indoor air quality (IAQ), noise, heat & radiation
- Worker exposure control strategies
- Ventilation evaluation
- Evaluation of personal protective equipment (PPE), including respirators, with training and quantitative fit testing (QNFT)
- Industrial hygiene program audits
- Hazardous materials management
- Regulatory issues: OSHA, MSHA, EPA
- Workers compensation issues
- Litigation Support – Expert Witness (existing clients only) | <urn:uuid:8d509872-c90d-4b7f-817e-67a905777464> | {
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Feel the water turbine rumble to life as it powers 1800s milling equipment, including grist stones and roller mills.
Discover over 200 years of history about the original mill in 1795 and learn about its namesake, miller Ainsworth Abbott, and the mill in present day.
Learn about Delaware inventor Oliver Evans and his role in milling history.
See a working model that provides a glimpse behind the scenes of Abbott’s Mill.
Come see our Running of the Mill
Third Saturday of the month
2 – 3:30 pm (Mar – Nov)
View Activities Calendar
Private Mill Tours
Schedule your own private Mill Tour for your school or group! You may Request a Private Mill Tour call Matt Babbitt at 302-422-0847 x102. | <urn:uuid:585208a9-c747-4042-a211-b08eadebca00> | {
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The 3 Types of Sleep Apnea: Obstructive, Central, & Mixed
Approximately 20 million Americans are affected by one of the three types of sleep apnea. Apnea occurs when someone stops breathing while sleeping. This leads to poor sleep since it forces the individual to wake up in order to start breathing again. If this occurs over long periods of time, it can cause a whole slew of other health issues for your patients. Your Westlake Village, CA dental sleep medicine consultants want to raise awareness of the various types of sleep apnea. This will help you better assist your dental patients who develop the condition.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
The most common of the three types of sleep apnea is known as obstructive sleep apnea. This type of apnea is characterized by a partial or complete obstruction of the air passages while sleeping. This can happen only a few times each night, or it may occur as many as 30 times or more during a single hour of sleep. This, of course, results in a very poor night of sleep.
Central Sleep Apnea
Central sleep apnea (CSA) occurs when the brain temporarily fails to signal the muscles responsible for controlling breathing. Unlike obstructive sleep apnea, which can be thought of as a mechanical problem, central sleep apnea is more of an internal communication breakdown. This situation usually occurs as a result of a problem originating in the brain stem, says Dr. Steven Greenman, and must be treated in an altogether different manner.
Mixed Sleep Apnea
As you might expect, mixed sleep apnea is a condition which includes elements of both central and obstructive sleep apneas. As indicated, it will also call for a mixed treatment approach as a result. When your patients develop symptoms of any type of sleep apnea, contact the DSM Solutions team consultants to develop an effective treatment plan individualized for each patient. | <urn:uuid:d58696f1-1e7d-4809-a931-37092be34025> | {
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Rats and mice can be a common problem for many domestic customers, as well as commercial customers too!
There is a saying that we are no more than 10 feet away from a rat, with estimates of the numbers of rats and mice in the UK varying wildly, from a few hundred thousand to millions. In all honesty, none of this matters; all you are worried about is being rat or mouse free in your property!
The problems with rats and mice is…?
And you have good reason to be worried as both of these rodents can cause huge problems, such as…
- Gnawing damage – both of the rodents are prolific gnawers, chewing everything in site from wood, cardboard, soft furnishings or any general rubbish, items and junk in order to make a nest. In some instances, if there is a lack of food, they will also, as a last resort use this as food
- High breeding rate – the female rat, for example, in the average 3 year life span could produce a staggering number of young. With a gestation period last only a few weeks, the average litter is around 6 young rats, and with several litters born to one rat each year, you can see how the problem can escalate. Mice are no different, and can breed quickly and in high numbers.
- Disease – rats do carry a lot of different diseases, some of which can be harmful to human health. Weil’s disease is common where rats frequent water, and cryptosporidiosis is a short term but acute infection carried by rats. It can be dangerous for those people not enjoying good health. If for no other reason, getting rid of rats and mice is important in terms of protecting you and your family’s health
Why do rats and mice become a problem?
Most of the time, we live in balanced harmony with nature, including rodents. However, there are circumstances that conspire to make their numbers increase and when their population explodes, they find that their normal habitats are ‘full’, hence they encroach on ours.
All of the following contribute to rodents seeking refuge and making their homes in or too close to ours:
- Mild winters
- Flooding that can force them from river banks to drier places, such as our garages and outbuildings
- Cut backs in pest control services in areas can also contribute to a steady increase in population
- Our habits, such as the need for composting, recycling and longer times between bin collections can all create a ready and accessible food source
- Our built environment can actually help rodents move around easier
How to be rid of rats and mice
It will almost impossible to completely eradicate rodents from the British isle but, it is possible to eradicate them from your garage, outbuilding, home, feeding barns and other areas of your property of them and, more importantly, control them.
There are many methods available to the professional pest controller, than those available to you to buy over-the-counter from laying poison to trapping them.
The issue with using poison is that is needs to be done responsibly so that other domestic animals, wild life and your family do not inadvertently come across it, and are poisoned by it. Pest controllers are not only trained in the safe use of pesticides and insecticides, but they also know how rodents behave – for example, they are instantly suspicious of something ‘new’ in their area or space, and will therefore avoid it. As a result, just setting a trap or laying poison is only half the solution! | <urn:uuid:ed13d153-1dbc-426e-a0ba-d1fe0dbf5ca2> | {
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In Brazil, a novel recycling project cleanly disposes of old refrigerators that harm the climate.
Project goal: Climate-friendly disposal of old refrigerators
Project scale: The new recycling plant can dispose of 400,000 old appliances per year, recovering harmful chlorofluorocarbons or CFCs from the cooling systems and those contained in the foam insulation
Project investment: Over 5 million euros ($6.70 million), of which 3,5 million was earmarked for the recycling plant
Televisions and refrigerators are an integral part of every Brazilian household, and families who can't afford new ones buy them second-hand. The result is that one in ten refrigerators in Brazil is more than 16 years old, and therefore a long way from being green: the old appliances contain gases called CFCs. Their disposal releases high levels of these environmentally harmful gases into the atmosphere. At a state-of-the-art recycling plant run by the International Climate Initiative in Brazil, the old refrigerators can now be cleanly disposed off in a process that captures many millions of tonnes of carbon.
A film by Vanessa Fischer | <urn:uuid:30fa2a31-aea9-4a34-a125-f56ff09125c3> | {
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Historic Japan Severe Weather: 179 Killed After Torrential Rains
- Jul 13, 2018
Historic Japan Severe Weather
Torrential rain began falling in western Japan on Thursday, July 5, 2018. These areas received three times the usual rainfall for all of July in just a few days.
The heavy rains began with a typhoon last week., followed by days of more rainfall. In the town of Motoyama on Shikokui island, 23 inches of rain fell between Friday and Saturday morning. Others areas that saw notable damage include:
- Kyushu Hobuku
While more settled weather occured later this week, the area is still at risk for landslides. Japanese officials have evacuated nearly two million people from the region. Authorities opened up schools and gymnasiums to the displaced. Around 12,000 people are seeking refuge in these areas.
Staggering Death Toll & Ongoing Threats
— Francene Mullings (@DigitalMPlanner) July 11, 2018
The destruction that followed these impressive rainfall amounts resulted in the highest deal toll caused by rainfall in Japan in over 30 years. At least 179 people died as a results of flooding, landslides, and building collapses.
The rains are the worst weather-related disaster in Japan since two typhoon struck in quick succession in August and September of 2011. These storms killed nearly 11 people. The death toll is higher than seen in 2014, when more than 70 people died in landslides caused by torrential rain in Hiroshima.
Those who are safe from landslides and flooding are struggling with high temperatures and a lack of drinking water. More than 200,000 people remain without water under the scorching sun, with temperatures reaching 91F in some areas.
To make matters worse, the transport of relief goods was delayed earlier this week by damaged roads and transportation systems.
Rescue and Aid Efforts Ongoing
More than 70,000 rescue workers are involved in the relief effort. These includes individuals from Japan’s fire service and army. Earlier this week, rescuers were still digging through the mud and debris, with dozens of citizens still missing.
Officials are still worried about sudden rain showers, thunderstorms, and other weather conditions that could induce more landslides. It is critical for rescue operations to count on real-time, hyperlocal weather data when performing critical rescues.
At this time, power has been restored to all but 3,500 homes.
Our thoughts are with the people of Japan at this difficult time. The Japan Meteorological Agency is monitoring the affected areas and offering updates for landslide, floods, and inundation in real time. You can access their website here. | <urn:uuid:0b045bc5-ae43-47f7-9d2a-f9af8ea6097e> | {
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Using renewable resources instead of their conventional counterparts creates clear environmental benefits. For example, using paper from responsibly managed forests helps promote healthy ecosystems, while plant-based bioplastics minimize the need to dangerously extract more finite resources like petroleum and precious metals.
So why aren’t more businesses using these materials in their supply chains?
WRI’s Corporate Consultative Group recently facilitated an industry discussion among representatives of a variety of global brands to explore this question and what it will take to mainstream the use of materials that can be regrown or refurbished naturally over time. It became clear that the adoption of renewable materials across industry sectors requires greater knowledge and appreciation of their economic return, as well their environmental benefits.
3 Issues to consider for mainstreaming renewable materials
The discussion centered on three necessary areas of focus if businesses are to better recognize the benefits of using renewable resources in their supply chains:
1) Identify barriers and opportunities
In some cases, moving from conventional inputs like fossil fuels and scarce minerals to renewable stocks requires a transformation of infrastructure and complex supply chain systems. For example, paper companies who want to responsibly source renewable wood fibers may require third-party assurances if the wood they source comes from trees that are not from lands the company maintains. Building and navigating these types of new systems can be challenging for both suppliers and customers. Additionally, from our discussion, we know that definitions around renewable resources must be standardized and “best practices” must be agreed to for industry to collectively move forward.
Innovative thinking and new technologies can play a role in overcoming these barriers. This means adopting a mindset of long-term value creation over short-term market demands. Evaluating and acting on new R&D options is also key to bringing new technologies online that can optimize efficiencies, reduce costs, and present even more renewable material alternatives. Suppliers acknowledge this and indicate an interest in emerging technologies and optimizing processes.
Investments will also be required. This includes capital investments as well as investments in education around the value of pursuing a long-term growth strategy through use of renewable resources, and its benefits for brand differentiation and risk avoidance.
2) Recognize that the market is the main driver
While perspectives may differ, our discussion uncovered one universal conclusion: When it comes to scaling use of renewable materials, there is collective agreement that businesses need new knowledge.
Not surprisingly, buyers’ interests are what really generate demand for renewable materials. Sectors that are seeing this and responding to it would do well to better communicate their success to industry peers. Leaders’ actions usually prompt copy-cat, competitive behaviors. In the early 90s, for example, setting corporate climate goals was almost exclusively the purview of a handful of companies from a few sectors. Within a decade, companies in nearly every industry followed suit, recognizing the economic and environmental gains from activities like energy efficiency or recycling water, not to mention increased brand preference from consumers growing savvier about global warming. Plus, the supply and demand equation dictates that the more companies use renewable materials, the lower the costs will be to businesses. This will in turn stimulate scalability across multiple sectors.
Richer and more frequent storytelling also reinforces consumer demand. For renewable resources to become as mainstream as recycling, consumers need to understand in a very personal way how a particular product or resource impacts the world. Companies need to explain, for example, a shift in packaging material as a long-term investment in the planet in the face of constrained natural resources. Consumers will then increasingly seek to protect the planet through the choices they make in supermarket aisles.
3) Mainstream the idea of natural capital
Renewable materials and resources are still ill-defined terms for both businesses and consumers. This lack of clarity contributes to a lack of consensus on the way forward. Discussants agreed that more education around what many call “natural capital” can help build value for scarce resources and change views as to how businesses can benefit from better management of natural inputs.
Exploring the role that government and other third parties can play in mainstreaming this concept deserves further discussion. For example, will policies or regulations jump-start increased use of renewable materials? Should large retailers or influential certification schemes create criteria to measure the use of renewable resources in products and packaging, and rank companies accordingly?
Scaling up renewable resources in supply chains
While perspectives may differ, our discussion uncovered one universal conclusion: When it comes to scaling use of renewable materials, there is collective agreement that businesses need new knowledge. Overcoming the barriers to renewable resource adoption will ultimately require that businesses take small steps over time, while setting their eyes squarely on long-term gains.
JP Leous is senior manager, corporate relations at the World Resources Institute. This post was originally published on WRI’s Insights blog.
Thanks for reading to the end of this story!
We would be grateful if you would consider joining as a member of The EB Circle. This helps to keep our stories and resources free for all, and it also supports independent journalism dedicated to sustainable development. For a small donation of S$60 a year, your help would make such a big difference. | <urn:uuid:71cf524a-8c57-42ca-8e27-02ed7d446665> | {
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Environmental Components of the European Neighbourhood Policy
By way of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) and following the enlargement process of 2004, the EU aims to redefine its geopolitical interests and relationship with its new neighbours. These neighbours will be given the opportunity to co-operate and build privileged relationships just beneath the threshold of the EU membership status. By way of this project Ecologic, IEEP and SEI-Tallinn assist in implementing selected issues of the ENP Action Plans and the EU-Russia CES roadmap.
The new neighbours of the EU are now mainly non-European countries located in the Middle East and North Africa. EU enlargement therefore calls for a reshaping of Europe’s political and economic relationship with other parts of the world. The aim is to strengthen mutual prosperity, stability and security. This also calls for new policies to avoid the emergence of new dividing lines between the enlarged EU and its new neighbours.
The ENP seeks to create a system of graduated co-operation. Thereby existing relationships can be extended to deeper political ties and economic integration. These burgeoning relationships should build upon a mutual commitment to common values. Including democracy and human rights, rule of law, good governance, a market-based economy, and sustainable development.
Key instruments of the ENP are bilateral ENP Action Plans, which are mutually agreed upon between the EU and neighbouring countries. The plans aim to facilitate the neighbours’ participation within various EU activities and programmes. In this regard, the EU strives to treat each of the neighbouring countries independently in order to continue to develop relationships that are based on equality and mutual consent, and are responsive to each neighbour’s unique development position.
Against this background, the project “Environmental Components of the European Neighbourhood Policy” aims to assist the implementation of the ENP Action Plans and the EU-Russia CES roadmap. More specifically, objectives include:
- To explain the policies and principles embodied in EU legislation, and to evaluate how applying these policies and principles might assist neighbouring countries to tackle their environmental challenges. Ecologic produces short technical guides on key EU legislation in the fields air, water, waste, IPPC, nature protection and environmental impact assessment.
- To examine methodologies for quantifying the environmental benefits that neighbouring countries can achieve by complying with the EU environmental acquis and to determine the most appropriate methodology for such a quantification. This methodology will then be illustrated, using Ukraine as a case study;
- To explore the potential of Russia ratifying the UNECE Espoo Convention and to analyse the main issues and key institutional steps involved in its potential ratification. A stakeholder workshop will take place, assisting Russian stakeholders in identifying the next steps towards ratification. | <urn:uuid:309b60bc-7421-4e6f-827d-b4172ff5efda> | {
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The Netflix program “13 Reasons Why” has caused an increase in the discussion about mental illness issues such as self-harm and suicide. The topics explored in the show can be a damaging catalyst for self-harm behavior, but can also lead to an important discussion about mental health. Health providers have the important role of allowing patients access to proper treatment before there is no other option. Awareness PLUS is an important tool to accomplish this. If suicidal thoughts are an issue: 911, Samaritans, the national suicide lifeline and screening for mental health are an option. If you need a location samhsa and urgent care facilities can be a good start. If you want to help a loved one, help guide, and alliance of home for suicide loss survivors, are excellent options. Eating disorders can be assisted with: NEDA, Walden Behavioral Care, and the Walden Center for Education and Research. Suicide prevention websites include the CDC and SAMHSA. Please take a few minutes to explore the website and communicate your concerns.
- Anorexia nervosa sufferers have some of the highest mortality rates among those that have a psychiatric illness.
- The Walden Treatment Facility for eating disorders has noticed a significant rise in adolescent admits since March.
- The controversial Netflix series “13 Reasons Why” has been a significant factor in imbuing some with the confidence to seek help.
“The question for all of us as providers, relatives or as friends remains: how can we help our loved ones and students/clients/patients access proper mental health treatment and support prior to feeling as though they have no other option?”
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Legal action usually means challenging the actions of one or more people, companies or public bodies in a court or tribunal. Before you can start legal action, you must have:
- a valid “cause of action”;
- standing to appear before the court or tribunal;
- evidence to support your arguments; and
- started legal action before the expiry of the limitation period.
Before starting legal action
You should always speak to a solicitor before taking any legal action. Legal action can be costly. For information about costs in legal proceedings, read our Fact Sheet on Costs. It also may be helpful to consider alternatives to legal action before you start legal action.
Cause of action
A cause of action is the legal reason or grounds on which a court or tribunal recognises a claim. A cause of action could arise from common law, legislation or a contract. You may have a cause of action if an Act or Regulation gives you the power to bringa legal action. For example, an Act may give a person a statutory right to appeal a decision to the Supreme Court or the Northern Territory Civil and Administrative Tribunal.
You may also be able to bring a case if you have a common law cause of action. For example, negligence, nuisance and trespass are examples of common law causes of action. It is important to note that even if it seems that someone has done something “wrong”, this may not give rise to a legal cause of action.
Standing (also called locus standi) is the legal right to ask a court or tribunal to hear a case. The purpose of standing is to make sure that only people who have a legitimate interest in a matter are allowed access to a court or tribunal.
Sometimes legislation confers rights of standing on parties to allow them to bring court actions. Such legislation will state what type of person can bring legal action. If there is no applicable legislation, common law tests for rights of standing will apply.
The common law test for standing will depend on the type of remedy that is being sought and the court in which the case is brought. The different State, Territory and Commonwealth courts have developed different legal tests for standing. The common law tests are continually changing as new cases are heard before the courts.
In general, if a person is not granted standing under legislation, a person or group wishing to enforce environmental laws will usually have to demonstrate a “special interest” in the matter over and above other members of the public in order to show that they have standing.
This might mean having to prove a special relationship with a particular environment, or show that property or economic interests are affected, or show spiritual or cultural ties to particular land. As the legal tests for demonstrating a “special interest” can sometimes be hard to meet, not all individuals or groups can bring legal actions.
Evidence is used to prove the facts in a case. Usually it is needed to prove each element of a cause of action. Evidence can be in presented in different forms. Examples of evidence might include:
- Witness evidence from individuals who were present at the time. This may be in the form of witness statements or oral evidence presented at a hearing;
- Expert evidence from professionals or academics who can comment in an expert capacity on the evidence;
- Evidence given by audio or video link;
- Original documents or certified copies of documents (e.g. licences, permits, contracts, log books);
- Copies of public documents;
- Samples or objects;
- Audio recordings;
- Official copies of legislation;
- Official copies of legislative/administrative instruments;
- Bills of lading and ship’s articles and registers;
- Photographs; and
Certain types of evidence are inadmissible, meaning that you cannot say it or use it in court. You cannot usually use evidence which was collected illegally. For example, samples or photographs which were taken whilst trespassing are likely to be inadmissible. For example, samples or photographs which were taken whilst trespassing are likely to be inadmissible.
The Northern Territory Evidence Act and the Evidence (National Uniform Legislation) Act together set out the rules of evidence for all courts in the Northern Territory except for the Northern Territory Civil and Administrative Tribunal and the Local Court (in small claims cases), where no rules of evidence apply.
The Northern Territory Civil and Administrative Tribunal is not bound by the rules of evidence, and may inform itself of any matter relevant to a proceeding in any manner it thinks appropriate.
The Commonwealth Evidence Act 1995 sets out the rules of evidence which apply in all Federal courts.
In order to use evidence, it needs to be relevant. In most cases, evidence can be tested in cross-examination by other parties in a hearing. Good evidence therefore needs to be reliable and accurate. For more information, read our Fact Sheet on Information and evidence.
Legal actions must be started within a specific time period set by the law. This is called the “limitation period”. If this expires, you cannot bring your legal action.
Limitation periods are different for every cause of action. Some limitation periods are set by legislation, for example Acts and regulations, while other limitation periods are set by the common law.
If you want to check a limitation period for an environmental law, contact the Environmental Defenders Office.
- ss 49E, 49F, 49G and 49H Evidence Act (NT)
- s53 Northern Territory Civil and Administrative Tribunal Act
While all care has been taken in the preparation of our Fact Sheets, they are a guide only and are no substitute for legal advice in individual cases. For any specific questions, you should seek legal advice.
This Fact Sheet last updated: February 2019
The EDO acknowledges the generous support of the Northern Territory Law Society Public Purposes Trust to enable publication of this Fact Sheet. | <urn:uuid:62d5ec82-3e7c-4078-8610-32b4ce349301> | {
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Grafting and budding are methods used to propagate plants, especially fruit trees, vegetatively. Growers choose these techniques because the new plants retain all of the desirable characteristics of a parent plants, and growers have the ability to enhance traits like cold hardiness and disease resistance through rootstock selection. However, certain disadvantages accompany these propagation techniques.
Labor and Time Requirements
Grafting and budding can involve a significant amount of time and labour. Often, the grower must collect the scion wood, or a small portion of the parent plant, at a different time from when he prepares the rootstock and performs the union. This delay requires labelling and proper storage under cool, moist conditions so that the wood remains viable yet dormant. The grower must perform the union and then check to ensure success, remove wrapping and regularly prune any growth produced by the rootstock.
Grafting, budding and other vegetative propagation techniques may prove quite difficult for growers with little or no experience. Unions can fail if cut surfaces do not match and fit together well. Scions and rootstock must be well-chosen and properly maintained. Unions must be kept moist and wrapped well enough to limit the possibility of infection.
Few Plants Produced
Whereas many fruit trees and other plants produce massive amounts of seeds that allow a large number of seedlings to be grown over a short period of time, grafting and budding are generally able to produce fewer plants. Usually, a limited number of rootstocks are suitable and can be prepared for grafting at a given time and a limited portion of a parent tree is viable and can be removed for grafting.
Lack of Hybridization
Although a grower usually propagates a tree vegetatively primarily because she desires no genetic variation, this characteristic may be considered a disadvantage. Sexual propagation by seed allows genetic variability, or the production of hybrids. While growers generally do not desire this, it does allow for the appearance of unique characteristics and variations that may prove valuable.
Nursery Versus Field Grafting
Grafting or budding can be performed on young plants still in a nursery or greenhouse or on field stock, which is often older and already established. While grafting in the nursery often involves little distance between plants, a climate that can be manipulated, an ability to graft under adverse weather and less possibility for scion identity confusion, field grafting can involve a significant distance between rootstock and scion, subjection to adverse weather and no control of climate. However, container-grown nursery plants are often more likely to develop problems with fungal diseases, are labour intensive and plants may suffer from restricted root development.
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Body temperature measurements are usually measured by temperature devices inserted on or into the rectum, mouth, axilla (under the armpit), skin, or ear (ear thermometers). Some devices (laryngoscopes, bronchoscopes, rectal probes) may have temperature-sensing probes that can record temperature continually. The most common way to measure body temperature was (and still is in many countries) with a mercury thermometer; because of glass breakage and the possibility of subsequent mercury contamination, many developed countries use digital thermometers with disposable probe covers to measure temperature from all of the body sites listed above. Disposable temperature-sensitive strips that measure skin temperature are also used. Oral temperatures are most commonly measured in adults, but rectal temperatures are the most accurate because environmental factors that increase or decrease temperature measurements have the least effect on the rectal area. Rectal temperatures, when compared to oral temperatures taken at the same time, are about 1.8 F (0.6 C) higher. Consequently, an accurate measurement of body temperature (best is rectal core temperature) of 100.4 F (38 C) or above is considered to be a "fever" and the person has a febrile illness. | <urn:uuid:35aab8c7-a7a5-43a3-b3cc-9f36c073ebc9> | {
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Extended Character Analysis
Piggy is established as an outsider and source of ridicule amongst the boys on the island, with his weight, asthma, and spectacles offering up prime targets for jokes. His thin hair, physique, and asthma are used to associate him with the island’s pigs. However, despite the way he is treated by the other boys, Piggy continues to speak up at assemblies and insist on the importance of rules. Additionally, Piggy and Simon are the only two boys who seem to genuinely care for the younger boys, with Piggy attempting to count them and learn their names.
Piggy initially aspires to hold a leadership position, but after Ralph gives away his embarrassing nickname, he is ridiculed and becomes withdrawn. He begrudgingly votes for Ralph to be chief because he is afraid of Jack. Piggy is later appointed by Ralph to oversee the younger boys while Jack, Ralph, and Simon explore the island.
Piggy’s intelligence is initially dismissed by most of the boys, but he eventually becomes Ralph’s close friend and advisor. Due to his asthma and physique, he is not able to play with the other boys, so he spends most of his time thinking. Most of the boys’ democratic aspirations, including the initial gathering, are traceable to Piggy, who symbolizes the scientific and intellectual side of society. However, because he lacks the looks and charisma needed to be respected as a leader, he stands behind Ralph and advises him.
Piggy is intimidated by Jack from the beginning, likely because the savagery that Jack represents is a direct threat to the civility that Piggy represents. Unlike Ralph, who has difficulty believing that Jack truly hates him, Piggy knows the full extent of Jack’s hatred for both him and Ralph from the beginning. However, despite his ability to perceive Jack’s true nature, Piggy is blind to the fact that rules only work within a civilized setting. For Piggy, laws and rules are meant to be followed regardless of circumstance.
Even after his role in the murder of Simon, he attempts to rationalize the act by pinning the blame on Simon for crawling out of the forest unexpectedly. Up until the moment of his death, Piggy is the advocate for civility and reason, never quite able to understand the darkness within the other boys and himself as Simon and Ralph are.
Essential Passage by Character: Piggy
Piggy wore the remainders of a pair of shorts, his fat body was golden brown, and the glasses still flashed when he looked at anything. He was the only boy on the island whose hair never seemed to grow. The rest were shock-headed, but Piggy's hair lay in wisps over his head as though baldness were his natural state and this imperfect covering would soon go, like the velvet on a young stag's antlers.
"I've been thinking," he said, "about a clock. We could make a sundial. We could put a stick in the sand, and then—"
The effort to express the mathematical processes involved was too great. He made a few passes instead.
"And an airplane, and a TV set," said Ralph sourly, "and a steam engine."
Piggy shook his head.
"You have to have a lot of metal for that," he said, "and we haven't got no metal. But we got a stick."
Ralph turned and smiled involuntarily. Piggy was a bore; his fat, his ass-mar, and his matter-of-fact ideas were dull, but there was always a little pleasure to be got out of pulling his leg, even if one did it by accident.
Lord of the Flies, Chapter 4, pp. 53-54 (Penguin: New York)
The boys have been on the island for some time now, long enough for their hair to become long and their clothes to become tattered. They have adjusted somewhat to their new life of survival, yet there are many things left undone. Boredom is setting in, preventing them from continuing to build stable shelters and to provide adequately for the basic needs of a healthy society. Rudimentary huts provide some protection from the elements. Fruit and occasional seafood are the staples of their diet. The camp is divided into two main groups: food and fire. Jack and the...
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Becoming Bilingual is Simpler Than You Think!
Being bilingual has so many benefits but learning a new language can be scary. What can be more intimidating than trying to memorise thousands of words you’ve never heard before, learning a grammatical structure that’s unfamiliar to you, and potentially feeling embarrassed by your efforts? And that’s besides just finding the time to learn all of that! It is often so daunting that many of us do not even bother to try. Luckily, recent research has shown that it may be easier than we think to learn a new language and it doesn’t have to take years of effort.
All it Takes is One Hour a Day
Experts have discovered that it is possible to make significant progress in learning a new language by spending just an hour a day on it. Understanding the basics of any language can happen relatively quickly with programs like Rosetta Stone or Duolingo that guide you through simple phrases and words. Before you can say “Ich liebe apfelstrudel,” you’ll be well on your way to becoming bilingual. To further fine-tune your proficiency in a new language in just an hour a day, try some of these methods:
• Start by planning an hourly schedule for daily practice that includes a variety of learning methods. Setting an hour aside to “hit the books” may not sound like fun, but by combining conventional study methods with other more social methods, it becomes more accessible.
• One such method is to watch and read materials you find interesting in the language you are learning. If you love cooking and you’re learning Spanish, buy a Spanish cookbook. You may end up with an inedible paella, but you’ll learn a thing or two about the new language in the process.
• Spend a minimum of 30 minutes away from course material, videos, and books. Use this time to practise the language face to face with somebody who is fluent in the language. Speak about the culture and do some activities while speaking the language. If this is not possible locally, try an online tutor.
• Maintain a consistent schedule. Just like learning to play a musical instrument or training for a sport, regularly practising for shorter periods of time is far superior to sporadically practising for larger chunks of time. This is because the brain does not engage in deep cognitive processes without having a consistent schedule.
Studies have indicated that by learning in this way and at this pace, basic fluency in a new language may be achieved in as little as 96 weeks, that’s just under two years to achieve something phenomenal!
Learning a New Language is Kind of Like a Superpower
According to research, there is a direct link between being bilingual and being intelligent, having good memory skills, and achieving more academically. Learning a new language can help you develop a diverse range of cognitive benefits. As your brain starts to process information more efficiently, it may even help prevent cognitive decline. Not to mention the intercultural competence you will achieve, which is in high demand skill these days. If you learn a new language, it may even feel like you’ve gained a superpower. | <urn:uuid:4538da1d-83f8-4e81-830f-23dff1a42fe2> | {
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Most creative people have two things in common: They are willing to consider alternatives to the way things are currently done, and they see objects, people, and situations from multiple perspectives.
After all, if you shun new experiences, you will miss out on exciting opportunities. And many of those opportunities involve seeing existing elements of the world in a new way. Research by Adam Galinsky and his colleagues at Columbia Business School suggest that one way to enhance these two skills is to immerse yourself in a multicultural experience.
Think about what happens if you spend a year living in another country. Chances are, the people speak a different language, so you have to recognize that even the way people communicate in that country differs from where you are from. Their rituals and routines are different. The way they interact socially differs.
When you dive into a second culture, two interesting things happen. First, it increases your overall openness to new experiences. That kind of openness often leads to more creative ideas. Engaging with a new culture allows you to get comfortable accepting that the activities you engage in are just one choice among many in the world, and that there are many different approaches to life. It helps you understand that there are many different ways to achieve a goal, and there are many different goals that people may find are worth achieving.
As second thing that happens is that you being to recognize that everything in the world can be viewed in many different ways. For example, some cultures treat mealtimes as opportunities to fuel the body. Watch Americans crowd into fast food restaurants at mealtime and see how they are focused mostly on quickly getting their food and eating so that they can move on to the next task. Other cultures treat mealtimes as a time for social interaction in which the mealtime is extended to include discussion and an oasis from the workday.
The key aspect of learning to adapt to a new culture is not that you have to decide which approach is better. Rather, you recognize that everything in the world can be looked at in many different ways.
Galinsky and his colleagues demonstrate that people who have spent time adapting to more than one culture are better able to generate new ideas both in laboratory studies and in corporate settings.
What does this mean for you?
First, it means that you should take advantage of opportunities to spend time in another culture. Learn the ways of that culture, and immerse yourself in a new way of thinking.
Second, seek out people who have had multicultural experiences. Take advantage of the cognitive flexibility they have developed to make your organization more creative.
Third, if you don’t have the opportunity to spend time in another country, at least seek out new social groups that you can interact with. Although I have never lived in another country, my intellectual training was deeply multidisciplinary. I split my time between psychology and computer science, and ultimately was trained in the field of cognitive science. This exposure to many different approaches to the same problem had a similar effect as living in another culture. Seeing the world through different people’s eyes is a great way of enhancing your own openness and creativity. | <urn:uuid:f3528f9e-26d8-47c3-9c88-c5918961c10c> | {
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Melamine is used in plastics and other products. There can be trace amounts of melamine in foods due to leaching from food contact materials, however these trace amounts don’t present a health concern.
In 2008 Chinese health officials advised that melamine had been found in a baby formula product and, later, in other dairy products.
Following this advice FSANZ, together to state and territory authorities, conducted a survey in which foods manufactured in China and available in Australia were tested for melamine. As a result of that survey a number of products were withdrawn by importers and one product was recalled.
Australia does not import infant formula products from China due to quarantine restrictions.
Maximum melamine levels in food
FSANZ conducted a risk assessment on melamine in food and has reached conclusions about acceptable levels of melamine that do not pose a health or safety risk.
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Prescribed burning has, in the past decade, become the focus of debate among policy makers, federal and private land managers, and the public. To manage fire effectively, the USDA Forest Service has formally recognized the need for economic analysis. It is stated in the Federal Wildland Fire Policy of 1995 that fire management alternatives will be based on science and sound ecological and economic principles. This article briefly examines key issues of the Federal Wildland Fire Policy from an economic perspective, and reviews the economic literature pertaining to prescribed burning. In particular, attention is paid to research regarding costs and benefits, efficiency, risk, and the wildland-urban interface. Recommendations for future economic research include focusing on defining a production function that relates economic and ecological outcomes with respect to prescribed fire; assessment of long-term cumulative effects; and finally, a comprehensive assessment of risk including decision making at the agency level. © 2000 Society of American Foresters. Abstract reproduced by permission. | <urn:uuid:4afca4df-22f3-427e-9481-089aa08ffd45> | {
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From chicken, guinea fowl, ducks to peafowl, raising birds is a thrilling homesteading practice that comes with many benefits. If you are in love with peafowl, this review fromscatchmag.com is for you. It explores how to raise the birds on your farm.
We also walk through necessities that will make it a breeze. But before taking a look further, let’s begin by defining peafowl. It is because, while it is a term often used to describe a feathery, majestic and beautiful bird, there is more.
What Is Peafowl?
While you may have come across the word peafowl many times, it is often a generalization. Definitively, peacock or peafowl is a reference to male species of the bird. Peahens and peachicks refer to female and offspring respectively. It is would also interest you to note that as opposed to hens, peafowl is often temperamental.
Thus, it is advisable that you seek expert advice on how to raise them. Moreover, a peafowl exists in different colors namely; white, emerald, and blue. Indian Blue is the most common.
Interestingly, experts say these birds say that they have a lifespan of up to 40 years when living in farms, zoos or breeding facilities. However, while in the wild, peafowl hardly lives beyond 20 years.
If you want to start raising peafowl, the following fun facts are also worth noting:
- Many years ago, peacocks were a popular delicacy among royalties, essentially as a show of wealth and opulence.
- The train is another name of a peacock’s tail.
- Peacocks (males) have longer tails than females.
- Pride is an ostentation name that denotes a group of peafowl.
- There are three main species of these birds namely, Congo peafowl, Indian Peafowl, and green peafowl.
- While peacocks have a large frame and colorful, peahens have few short feathers and are not very colorful.
Pros of Raising A Peafowl
Now that you know peafowl, arguably, one of the most detailed and decorated birds on earth, you would want to ask more questions such as: why should I keep them in my homestead? Well, people who raise peafowl do it for reasons such as:
- Keeping these birds rids your home of rodents, pets, and frogs.
- They are thrilling entertainers, especially during breeding season when peacocks wag their trains to attract peahens. Their decorative appearance is worth noting in this case.
- A peafowl is a decorative bird, thus some keep them because of their beauty.
- Eggs of a peahen generate lots of revenue especially if you sell them to those who have an interest in raising peafowl.
- You can raise peahens and peacocks as a pastime activity or as a hobby.
- You can also sell peafowl feathers to craftsmen and women because they are exceptional decoration items.
On the contrary, these birds take time to mate and mature hence are not a common delicacy in restaurants and hotels around the worlds.
Also, they are pricey. You will spend a lot of money buying and raising these birds, which is why; they are not as popular birds in homesteads as ducks, chicken, and pigeons.
Raising Peafowl At Home: A Homesteader’s Products Starter Pack Recommendations
If it is your first time raising peacocks and peahens, you would agree that selecting the best products for the money can be a real tough challenge. However, we did the homework for you and put together the top best products in the market.
Take note that whether you can need a brooder, a coop, deworming medicine, feeder, the best peafowl feed or a peafowl egg Candler; you can purchase them online, from hatcheries, farms or at a local shop nearby.
Most importantly, you shouldn’t end up with substandard when right below, we present the best items, yet affordable. Take a look:
The Best Choice Products, 80-Inch Wooden Chicken Coop Nest Box, Hen House Poultry Cage Hutch with Locking Doors and Ramp
A coop is a basic yet very important necessity to every homesteader who wants to start raising birds. Thus, wooden structures have always been the best and most preferred by poultry farmers. Thus, we recommend the top-rated 80-inches Poultry cage/Hutch/House from the Best Choice Products.
If you ask us why it is a top recommendation, our advice would stretch beyond the fact that it is good for the money. It also packs amazing features that bring comfort to your peafowl such as:
- It is long-lasting/durable, thanks to a strong and resistant wood (fir) construction. You must already know that hardwoods not only thrive against extreme weather conditions but do not catch fire easily.
- It features wire mesh ventilation, which means your birds will always have access to fresh cool air every day of their lives.
- There is a removal sliding tray at most of this birdhouse, making it easy to clean peafowl poop, every day.
- It has a nesting box, accessible via two doors with metallic lock systems, hence the best choice if you want to secure your birds against predators.
- Best Choice made sure to construct a spacious coop for your birds because with a spacing dimension of 79.5l x 26.5wx51.5 inches, what more do you need? Of course, you have the best product for the money.
- It is a stable construction, weighing 50 pounds.
- Apart from being one the best peafowl coops/pens, it is affordable yet provides great conform to nesting birds.
Cozy Products CL Safe Chicken Coop Heater 200 Watts Safer Than Brooder Lamp- One Size
When it comes to buying heating bulbs for bird coop, you wouldn’t wish to waste money on something that would endanger the lives of peafowl. We made sure that doesn’t happen by comparing the best available coop heaters in the market. In the end, CL safe chicken coop heater from Cozy products caught our attention because of reasons such as:
- It makes for safe installation in bird coops.
- It is ideal for small coops.
- At only 200 watts, there is no risk of overheating if you do install in at the right height.
- It features plastic construction, hence lightweight at only 4.85 pounds.
- Cozy brooder lamp is a one-size chicken heater.
- It doesn’t raise ambient room temperature, rather, radiates enough heat to keep your birds warm during cold weather.
Grandpa’s Feeders Automatic Chicken Feeder-40 lbs. Feed capacity
Chicken feeders from Grandpa are top-selling products in the market because they present greater quality to buyers. Their demand is high and we found Automatic chicken feeder with a feed capacity of 40 pounds to be one of the best.
It packs amazing features such as:
- It is an automatic feeder. It is all thanks to cantilever lid above the trough. When birds step on platform attachment, the lid opens and when they come off it, it closes.
- It is foolproof against rats, wild birds, and mice that might want to steel peafowl feed.
- Feeding capacity of 18 kilograms is ideal for 12 birds for up to 10 days.
- It features a durable construction of galvanized aluminum and steel.
- It is large-sized, measuring 16/5 x 21.5 x 16 inches.
Two-Gallon Chicken Waterer-Horizontal Nipple Setup
A good waterer will keep your peafowl dehydrated all day. Thus, after checking out available options, 2-Gallon with horizontal nipple setup from RentACoop industries caught our attention. It is because of the following reasons:
- Its lid has a removable cap hence easy to fill. Most importantly, it comes with easy-to-follow instructions.
- It comes as a complete package, hence no need for assembling.
- When you put money on this product, you are promoting sustainable environmental conservation, thanks to 100 percent plastic grade construction.
- A 2-gallon capacity will last four chicks up five days.
- Horizontal nipple setup keeps peafowl bedding from getting wet.
- It features a no-roost cap hence peacocks and peahens won’t roost in the waterer.
- At only 1.6 pounds, there is no doubt that 2-Gallon with horizontal nipple setup from RentACoop industries is one of the best products in the market today.
- Its large size measuring 8.9 x 8.9 x 9 inches holds enough water for birds.
Egg Incubator by Backyard farm, Hatchmate Egg Incubator Automatic turner, 9-12 eggs for chicken, quail, parakeet, turkey, and others
A homesteader needs the best egg incubator for raising healthy and strong peachicks. Now, with this in mind, we embarked on a journey that eventually leads us to one of the best from Backyard farm.
Hatchmate egg incubator with automatic turner brings ease into your candling every day in the farm.
Also, because it can hold up to 12 eggs, putting money on this product means you have the best tabletop incubator ever. If you need more reasons why we feel it is the best any day, take a look at the following:
- It has a clear see-through coloration making candling easy on the go.
- Its size, measuring 9 x 13 x 7 inches makes this incubator a perfect choice since it can hold up to 9 chicken eggs or 12 quail eggs.
- In this product, you’ve found a minimalist design perfect for countertop use.
- With a weight of 3.5 pounds, make a toss to a highly portable incubator ever.
- It comes with an easy-to-follow user manual featuring troubleshooting notes, colored pictures, simple illustrations, and useful incubation tips. It means you will always be in-the-know.
- It has a thermometer calibration making it possible to adjust candling heat from an LED lighting source, not to mention a fan that ensures even heat distribution inside the incubator.
- Among other reasons for putting money on Hatchmate incubator, comes 12 months product warranty, money-back guarantee, and exceptional customer support.
- Now, here comes the most incredible part. With all the above amazing features, you still pay less for an exceptional product that makes raising peafowl a thrill.
PICKY NEB 100% Dried Meal Worms (non-GMO), High protein treats for birds, fish, turtles, hedgehogs, and hamsters
You would agree that the best mealworm feeds for birds are not always easy to come by. However, that wouldn’t be the case to peafowl farmer because we did the homework for you. Well, we settled for PICKY NEB dried mealworms not only because it is GMO-Free but also that it is a multipurpose feed for fish, hamsters, and hedgehogs.
We also found out that it helps boost immune systems of birds, especially during winter because it is highly rich in essential nutrients. There are more reasons why it is a perfect feed any day, and they include:
- PICKY NEB Dried mealworm doesn’t pose health risks to birds. Apart from being GMO-free, it doesn’t have harmful additives or preservatives. It is also dust-free. Most importantly, the feed is a high-energy wholesome, all-natural meal for peahens and peacocks.
- If you are looking for a feed for peahens that will boost their egg-laying capacity, then PICKY NEB mealworms is something we will recommend any day because it is rich in proteins.
- It comes with easy-to-handle reusable bags and no need for refrigeration.
- Customers who put their money on this product hardly ask for refunds. It is because, with a top-quality mealworm feed, they can only afford to be loyal while giving their birds top quality food.
- Founded on the premise of love for birds and nature, PICKY NEB boasts of many years of customer loyalty and the best treats for bird treats in the market.
When And How To Raise Peafowl
The best time for starting raising peafowl is during winter or summer. It is advisable that you start with peachicks.
However, during winter, it is advisable to keep the birds warm in a brooder that is also free from draft and moisture.
They are not hardy; hence you should take care when raising them during cold seasons.
Now, with the above at the back of your mind, let’s explore bit by bit the basics. For starters, you will need to understand aspects such as incubation, brooding, breeding, feed, housing, worming, bedding, and other vital necessities you need to get started.
Breeding in peafowl often begins in March and end in August, which is not the case with hens that can lay eggs without necessary going through a breeding period. Thus, it is advisable that you have breeding pens where you can pair the birds.
During this time, you will also notice that peafowl are noisy and you can hear their honking and shrill sounds from as far as 5 miles. A peahen once bred, will not lay eggs in the first year, but once they start doing so, it is one egg every two to three days.
Eggs of peahens take up to 27 days or at most 30 days to hatch. It is, however, imperative you start candling them after 10 days.
Moreover, during this time, you should maintain a temperature of between 95 and 100 degrees Fahrenheit. Another option, especially if you have peahens, is to let them sit on their eggs as soon as they lay them. Sometimes, you can use hens or ducks to hatch the eggs.
A clutch of eggs of a peahen often ranges from 4-12 but 6 is the average. It would also interest you note that peachicks hatch fully feathered and can begin flying within a week. Moreover, peahens brood up to twice a year, which explains their limited supply as a meal in eateries.
During brooding, it is important that you reduce the temperature by 5 degrees F every week from 95 degrees F. It means, by the end of two months, and provided you have the best peafowl incubator, you can remove a heating source. If you cannot afford commercially available brooders, you can always go for a DYI option.
However, given than peacocks and peahens poop often, you need to fix a wire mesh beneath the floor of their brooder through which their droppings fall. It is also advisable to make sure the gaps in the mesh are not too big to hurt your birds.
And because peafowl grows first, you will need to transfer them to larger brooders sooner than you expect or into the coop.
Interestingly, peacocks are very picky when it comes to eating. They are omnivores, hence eat everything and anything such a grass, rat, corn, oats, pasta, dog food, meat, mealworms, rabbit feed, insects, fruits and more. You shouldn’t, however, give them table scraps or leftovers.
Like any other animal we keep at home, farmers who raise these birds need to have a proper feeding plan before, during and after breeding.
Most importantly, make sure their feeds have sufficient amounts of protein, usually in the range of 20 to 24 percent.
For peachicks, go for mix game-bird meals with medicated feeds for the first 6 months. A starter feed should also contain amprolium which helps prevent Coccidiosis. You shouldn’t forget that peafowl needs clean water, which they should have access to, at all times.
Peafowl Housing Needs
Housing requirements for peafowl varies depending on factors such as:
- You will need a pen that will help cut down noise these birds produce at least 3 to 4 months every year. A peafowl’s noise, some say, is like a crying baby or that of a woman calling for help. Thus, before you venture into raising these birds, find out with neighbors if they are okay with it.
- Construct a pen that is easy to clean often because they poop a lot, not to mention the smell of their droppings which can be irritating to your nostrils.
- These birds need a lot of space. It is especially necessary for male species which has long trains. Also, the more space they have, the less flight risk they pose. You don’t want to start raising peafowl only for them to fly out into the wild never to return.
- Age is another factor that influences that size of a pen you should construct. Because of a peafowl’s long tail, and also that they need to fan it and exercise, the best size for a start is 7 feet by 10 feet. However, the length of the house often depends on the number of birds. Adult males will fight if in a squeezed space, thus, each should have a free-range room of about 100 square feet.
Bedding For Peafowl
While peahens and peacocks do not need a fancy sleeping platform, it is important that you keep them safe from frostbite during winters. Thus, pine shavings and straw makes for perfect bedding materials, providing for much-needed insulation against cold weather. They are also good absorbent materials, comfortable and remain dry throughout.
A peafowl is a free-range bird hence worming every 3 to 5 months is necessary. Piperazine is the best choice dewormer, at least for most peacocks and peahen farmers around the world. You can buy it in pill or liquid form, albeit the latter is the most effective because it dissolves in water faster than the former.
If you go for a pill wormer, you will have to insert it into a peafowl’s throat. Other dewormers you can use are:
- Panacure (Fenbendazole), which is effective on worms in the capillary.
- Ivermectin dewormer for cattle, which is effective when laced with bread.
Without adequate knowledge on how to raise peafowl, you will struggle through it, especially if you are a new homesteader. However, having read this review fromscatchmag.com, it is in our interest that you get started as a pro and make it a success.
With the tips and practices in this review, we also trust that your experience with one of the most decorated birds will be impeccable. That is not to mention that if you need to know more about raising peafowl, please post your questions, suggestions, and views in the comment section below.
We always love hearing from you, particularly regarding our reviews, and how far you’ve progressed in putting everything into practice.
Please remember to share this post on social media so that your friends too can learn the basics of raising peachicks into peahens and peacocks. It would come as a breather to someone who has been looking for the best wormer for peafowl.
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5 / 5. 9 | <urn:uuid:0562b737-d811-4022-8383-5c62388a5237> | {
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What is the TPP?
The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) is a major trade agreement deal that has been negotiated between 12 countries:
- United States
- New Zealand
The accord, which is detailed in a 6,000-page proposal, calls for tariff reductions for most goods and services traded between the countries. In all, the agreement would cover about 18,000 tariffs. Some goods and services, however, are not included. Tariffs on most goods like farm and industrial products would be eliminated immediately after the accord is ratified. Other tariffs, such as those on certain goods deemed sensitive, would remain initially and be eliminated over time.
The deal has been agreed upon by the governments of the countries that participated in the talks, but it must be ratified by their respective legislatures. The deal would involve a collective consumer market of around 800 million people, more than twice the size of the U.S. market and more than one-and-a-half times the size of the European market. The countries involved account for nearly 40% of global trade. And other countries—India, China and Korea have expressed interest—could be added without the approval of the U.S. Congress.
The TPP grew out of the Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership, also known as the 'Pacific 4' (P-4), which was signed between Brunei, Chile, New Zealand and Singapore in June 2005. The U.S. entered discussions with the P4 countries for a broader agreement in February 2008. The first round of TPP negotiation began in March 2010 and included the P-4 countries in addition to Australia, the U.S., Peru and Vietnam. Negotiations were completed in 2015 and the framework for the deal was released in November of that year.
Controversy Over Currency Manipulation
One of the significant controversies surrounding the TPP is the issue of currency manipulation. Some industries and companies believe that nations can gain trade leverage in the international market by allowing their currencies to weaken in order to favour the sale of their exports abroad. Because no two countries use exactly the same currency policies, it's often alleged that certain countries artificially weaken their currencies through such actions as intervening in the currency market or by lowering interest rates.
To prevent that possibility, the TPP was the first U.S. trade accord to specifically include a mechanism to curb abusive practices through currency policy manipulation. The agreement on currency is spelled out in a document called "The Joint Declaration of the Macroeconomic Policy Authorities of Trans-Pacific Partnership Countries."
The declaration is not a binding or enforceable document. However, it calls for commitments by each signatory member to "refrain from competitive devaluation" and assure their exchange rate systems "reflect underlying economic fundamentals." It also requires each member country to make public disclosures on intervention in currency markets, foreign exchange reserves, portfolio investment flows and other items.
Impact on Major Currencies
The implementation of a trade accord involving nearly 40% of global trade would likely have a significant impact on the currency markets of countries both inside and outside of the deal. That's because it could largely increase the flow of goods and services between the participating nations. While the trade linkages brought by the TPP are complex, in general changes in exports promote changes in trade balances and growth that can have an impact on the value of each country's currency.
According to World Bank data, exports of member countries are seen increasing by between about 5% and 30% by 2030 over their previously anticipated levels. But at the same time, imports could increase by similar amounts, possibly neutralising the effects of expanded trade. However, the more integrated trade relations may boost the value-added potential for countries operating within the bloc, thus attracting more trade revenue and investment capital to them.
The GDP of member countries is seen increasing between 1% and 10%. This data suggests that the accord will likely have a mild-to-robust strengthening impact on the currencies of most countries involved, because it should increase their exports and GDP growth.
For many it will either improve existing foreign trade surpluses or help reduce trade deficits. The impact from country to country may vary, however, depending on the relative advantages they can gain from the agreement. Countries that are not members of the agreement will see mixed impact: some will lose severely due to trade diversion away from their markets, and other will see neutral or even slightly positive effects because of their existing trade integration with TPP member countries.
Australia can be expected to make modest gains with the accord, with exports growing by up to 5% and GDP growing by 1% or more. It could benefit particularly by increased trade with Japan, to which it is already a large commodities exporter. This may help offset some of the trade deficit Australia runs with the U.S. Overall, these factors suggest the Australian dollar could see a slight strengthening effect from the deal.
A part of the discussion involving the TPP centers on China and its effect on global trade. The country would not be part of the agreement, at least initially, and thus would be excluded in benefiting from the lower tariffs made available to the member countries.
China has been blamed by some countries for maintaining its currency at an artificially low price and flooding the global market with exports. The ratification of the treaty could be detrimental to China's access to global markets, making its goods relatively more expensive compared to those from member countries.
China is a central trade player in Asia, so its exports could grow slightly with the TPP, but likely less than 1%. However, it would lose some of its ground in the value-added chain, and GDP growth would slip by about 0.1%. Overall, the implementation of the TPP would thus have a weakening effect on China's renminbi. The nation could be allowed to join the agreement at a later date, but to do so it would have to agree to the rules against currency manipulation and make its economic and currency policies more transparent.
United Kingdom GBP
The United Kingdom is not a member of the TPP agreement and would not benefit initially from its implementation. As a part of broader Europe, the U.K. would stand to increase exports slightly with implementation of the deal, but GDP growth could be negatively impacted. If the U.K. opts to leave the EU as determined under its 2016 Brexit referendum, it would be free to solicit entrance into the TPP deal at a later date. However, the initial implementation of the TPP pact would likely have a weakening effect on the British pound.
New Zealand NZD
New Zealand would fare well with the accord. It would open the markets of some of its regional neighbors and in the U.S., with which it currently doesn't have free-trade agreement. Its exports are seen growing by more than 5% and its GDP is seen growing by up to 2%. This suggests the overall effect on its currency, the New Zealand dollar, would be strengthening.
Mexico already has free-trade agreements with most of the countries in the TPP and thus may not see a large market expansion. It will stand to make moderate gains, with exports growing between 3% and 5%, and GDP increasing by 1% or more. The deal's effect on its currency, however, will likely be muted.
Japan stands to be a big beneficiary from the agreement. It's already a large trading partner with the U.S. and would increase its influence in the Asian region with the deal. Its exports are projected to increase by more than 20% with the approval of the TPP and its GDP is seen increasing by more than 2%. Overall, these projections suggest the deal would have a strengthening effect on the yen.
Malaysia would be a strong beneficiary from the deal, with its exports growing by more than 15% and GDP growing by more than 6%. One of the main benefits for Malaysia would be free trade with the U.S. Its currency, the ringgit, can be expected to gain strength with the deal.
Chile already holds free-trade agreements with most of the countries in the TPP and therefore may not see significant inroads into new markets. Chile is expected to see modest gains from the deal, with exports rising by up to 5% and GDP increasing by around 1%. The effect on the Chilean peso will likely be neutral.
Among North American participants in the TPP, Canada has the most to gain with the deal, in particular through expanding trade with Japan. Canada can be expected to see moderate benefits overall, with exports growing by up to 5% and GDP expanding by up to 1%. These factors suggest the Canadian dollar will likely see a neutral-to-strengthening effect.
United States USD
The United States is the largest participant in the TPP and accounts for about 80% of trade flows within the group. It's a net importer from the countries that make up the group. The main advantages for the U.S. would be to gain greater access to some markets of TPP participants that are currently closed to its goods and services. The deal may also divert some international trade away from China, reducing the influence of that country on the U.S. trade deficit.
U.S. exports are expected to increase by up to 5% with the TPP deal and the GDP may be boosted by up to 1%. As a result, the U.S. dollar could see a muted, neutral effect or undergo slight strengthening.
South Korea KRW
South Korea is not a member of the TPP and is expected to suffer from the effects of the deal, because trade may be diverted from its economy. Its exports are seen declining by about 1% and its GDP may contract by up to 0.2%. Given this, the deal would likely have a slight weakening effect on its currency, at least initially. South Korea may be able to join the TPP at a later date, though.
Russia is not a member of the TPP and would not directly benefit from the deal. However, the nation is a member of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), a group of nations from the former Soviet Union that has free-trade deals with many of the TPP member countries. As a result, it could expect export growth of around 1% and GDP growth of 0.1% from the deal. Because of this, the TPP may have a slight strengthening effect on the ruble.
Europe would be negatively affected by the TPP. Approximately 30% of EU exports go to TPP countries, and some of that trade would be diverted by the deal. However, the increased trade of EU partner countries will mitigate some of the negative impact. As a result, EU exports would increase by around 0.5%, but the GDP would decrease slightly. This suggests that the deal would have a neutral or slightly weakening impact on the euro.
India is not a member of the TPP but has expressed interest in joining the deal. Initially, however, it would be negatively affected by the implementation of the accord. Because of its trade ties with many TPP members, India's exports could gain slightly from the deal. However, the agreement would lower India's GDP by about 0.2%. As a result the agreement could be expected to have a neutral or slightly weakening impact on the Indian rupee.
Singapore is a trade-intensive economy that participates heavily in the value-added chains of manufacturing in the Asian and global economies. The country would benefit particularly from the net increase in trade in the region brought by the implementation of the TPP. With approval of the deal, Singapore's exports could increase by more than 5% and the GDP could grow by 2%. With these effects, the country's currency, the Singapore dollar, would likely undergo strengthening.
Thailand is not a member of the TPP. It depends on the export markets of many members of the group, because it would be among the most negatively affected by the implementation of the accord. Thailand's exports are seen declining by more than 1% and the country's GDP growth could decline by 0.8% or more. Because of this, implementation of the agreement would likely have a weakening effect on the Thai baht.
Philippines is also not a member of the TPP and would likely be hurt by the implementation of the accord. The deal is seen lowering its exports by about 0.5% and GDP growth by about 0.2%. Because of this, the accord would have a weakening effect on the Philippine peso.
As a member of the TPP, Peru would be benefited by the implementation of the partnership. The country's exports could grow by more than 5% and GDP could grow by 2%. These projections suggest the implementation of the agreement will have a strengthening effect on the Peruvian sol.
Non-TPP Asian Countries
While the TPP will be positive for the economy of Asia as a whole, many countries in the continent are not members of the agreement and their trade will likely suffer from its implementation. These include Pakistan, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Nepal and Bangladesh. Overall, trade in non-TPP Asian countries could increase slightly, but overall GDP in those countries could decline by about 0.1%. The agreement would likely have a neutral-to-slightly weakening effect on the currencies of those countries.
Non-TPP Latin American Economies
Aside from Peru, Chile and Mexico, major Latin American countries are not involved in the TPP and their trade is expected to be hurt by the agreement. Because of Latin American integration with some important TPP trade partners, exports could gain slightly following the deal, but overall GDP growth would be negatively affected.
In particular, major Latin American countries like Brazil, Argentina and Colombia may see a negative impact. Overall, Latin American exports are seen growing by about 0.5% with the deal, but GDP growth is seen flat or slightly negative. Because of this, implementation of the accord could have a weakening effect on major Latin American currencies like the Brazilian real, the Argentine peso and the Colombian peso.
Will The TPP Be Approved?
The Trans-Pacific Partnership has been scheduled to undergo votes for ratification in the legislatures of several of its member countries, including in the U.S. The U.S. Congress has given President Barack Obama fast-track authority over the accord, meaning it can either approve or reject the agreement, but cannot make alterations to it.
The approval may undergo political influence from the result of the 2016 U.S. presidential election.
Republican President-elect Donald Trump said he disapproved of the proposal and that it would work to hurt the competitiveness of U.S. industry and widen the national trade deficit. While a vote on the matter could occur, theoretically, during a lame-duck congress before the end of 2016, high-ranking members of congress have said a vote will likely be put off until the new administration takes office in 2017.
The implementation of the Trans-Pacific Partnership would have a significant impact on the shape of trade in the world, unifying the influence of key Asian trading partners outside of China, and rivaling the European Union in economic weight. The intensity and exact impact of the agreement on major world currencies can't be known until it goes into effect. However, the agreement would generally strengthen the currencies of member countries and weigh against those that are not participants as value-added trade is diverted away from the latter group.
The implementation of the accord would increase trade in the Pacific region, which could mitigate some of the negative impact on currencies of non-TPP members. Further, some new members may be allowed to join the TPP over time, altering the effects of the accord on global trade flows.
In the meantime, significant uncertainty continues to loom over the ratification of the agreement as key members, especially the U.S., weigh its long-term value for their global trade and economic positions.
Any opinions, news, research, analyses, prices, other information, or links to third-party sites are provided as general market commentary and do not constitute investment advice. FXCM will not accept liability for any loss or damage including, without limitation, to any loss of profit which may arise directly or indirectly from use of or reliance on such information. | <urn:uuid:a0616ac7-7a1e-49b9-8853-b063d5817dd3> | {
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"Chiropractic care is more than just making the pain disappear. It is about learning, understanding and taking care of your body to improve your quality of life."
Chiropractic is a health care system that holds that the structure of the body, particularly the spine, affects the function of every part of the body. Chiropractors try to correct the body's alignment to relieve pain and improve function and to help the body heal itself.
While the mainstay of chiropractic is spinal manipulation, chiropractic care now includes a wide variety of other treatments, including manual or manipulative therapies, postural and exercise education, ergonomic training (how to walk, sit, and stand to limit back strain), nutritional consultation, and even ultrasound and laser therapies. In addition, chiropractors today often work in conjunction with primary care doctors, pain experts, and surgeons to treat patients with pain.
Most research on chiropractic has focused on spinal manipulation for back pain. Chiropractic treatment for many other problems—including other musculoskeletal pain, headaches, asthma, carpal tunnel syndrome, and fibromyalgia—has also been studied. A recent review concluded that chiropractic spinal manipulation may be helpful for back pain, migraine, neck pain, and whiplash.
In addition, a chiropractor may advise you about changing your bio-mechanics and posture and suggest other treatments and techniques. The ultimate goal of chiropractic is to help relieve pain and help patients better manage their condition at home.
studies found that low back pain patients receiving chiropractic
care, which typically includes spinal manipulation, are more
satisfied than those receiving medical care."
-New England Journal of Medicine | <urn:uuid:fe97b67a-865d-4089-a1ff-f8257d39a676> | {
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8 Crazy Innovations That Could Save the Planet From Climate Change
From drones to genetic modification to blocking the sun.
The history of human invention has not always been kind to the environment.
Cars and coal factories have partly driven climate change. Early air conditioners tore a massive hole in the ozone layer. Pesticides have destroyed ecosystems and harmed wildlife. And now plastic is choking the oceans.
But some inventions rehabilitate, protect, and rejuvenate the Earth.
These inventions have become all the more necessary as the planet faces a range of existential threats from climate change to deforestation to ocean acidification, and more.
Take Action: Stop Using Single-Use Plastic
Here are eight eventual or already-deployed innovations that are trying to prevent environmental ruin.
Drones That Plant Trees
Trees are essential for storing greenhouse gas emissions, filtering air and water, nourishing soil, providing food and shelter, and fostering ecosystems.
Yet the world loses 18.3 million acres of forest each year, or 27 soccer fields worth of trees every minute, according to the World Wildlife Fund.
Planting seeds by hand always helps, but it’s hard for individuals to match the pace of industrial deforestation.
That’s why engineers across the world are coming up with high-tech solutions.
UK-based company BioCarbon is using drones to spray tree seeds throughout ravaged forests and claim they can plant 1 billion trees per year.
Mapping drones first determine the best planting strategy for a region, then planting drones hover six feet above the ground and fire seeds so fast that they get snugly implanted into the soil, according to National Geographic.
Massive, ‘Palm Tree’ Wind Farms
Wind power is a largely underutilized resource.
In fact, a team of researchers found that a wind farm the size of Greenland in the Atlantic Ocean could generate enough energy to power all of humanity, essentially eliminating the need for fossil fuels.
That’s the theory, now putting it into practice is the hard part.
One group of engineers is trying to get there by building wind turbines that are more than twice as large as the biggest turbines in use today. The 650-foot blades would function like palm tree fronds by adapting to and bending with the speed and direction of wind, according to the New York Times.
Satellites That Spot Methane Leaks
Around the world, leaks from fracking and other activities can emit staggering amounts of an invisible and odorless gas for months at a time before being detected.
That gas is methane and it traps up to 80 times as much heat as carbon.
A team of scientists is trying to send a satellite into space that can pinpoint when and where methane leaks take place so they can be plugged sooner rather than later, according to the New York Times.
If successful, the satellite will be able to reduce methane emissions from the oil and gas industry by as much as 50%.
Pumps to Cool Down Coral Reefs
Coral reefs are highly sensitive to heat increases, with two or three degree Celsius spikes posing an existential threat.
And as global warming intensifies, coral reefs around the world are dying wholesale.
One engineer named Mo Ehsani wants to provide relief to coral with an underwater pipe that can pump cold water onto reefs, cooling them down and preventing a process known as coral bleaching.
His idea is by no means a solution to the accelerating threat of climate change, but it could slow the decline of the world’s coral populations.
If current trends continue, 12 billion metric tons of plastic waste will exist in the world by 2050. That’s 1.6 metric tons, or the size of midsize car, for every human on the planet.
All of this plastic is causing enormous harm to wildlife and potentially threatening human health by infiltrating the food and water we drink.
But a scientific breakthrough that came about by accident could change this dire development.
A team of researchers in Japan inadvertently developed an enzyme that can break down plastic in a matter of days — far faster than the hundreds of years that plastic usually takes to decompose.
Doing this “means we won’t need to dig up any more oil and, fundamentally, it should reduce the amount of plastic in the environment,” lead researcher, Professor John McGeehan of the University of Portsmouth, UK, told the Guardian.
Futuristic Solar Panels
Solar panels are traditionally installed on rooftops or in large fields to gather sunlight without obstruction.
But scientists are increasingly look for new ways to harvest solar energy.
Recently developed solar panels in China harvest energy from raindrops, solar panel roads are being tested out, and a team of researchers at Michigan State University believe that all windows and cell phone screens could begin cultivating the sun’s energy.
The past four years have been the hottest ever recorded, and a recent report by US government agencies predicted that temperatures could rise by about as much as 7.5 degrees Fahrenheit (4.8 degrees Celsius) by the end of the century if current trends continue, which would cause catastrophic environmental changes.
Barring a radical reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions, researchers at Harvard are proposing to send sun-blocking particles into the air to cool the planet and stave off the worst consequences of climate change.
It might sound like doomsday technology, but the same particles are released into the atmosphere by cars and factories, according to David Keith, a Harvard geoengineer who spoke with Global Citizen.
An intentional strategy to block the sun, he said, could help to buy some more time for countries to reduce their emissions — the only realistic way to avert climate change.
Climate change could eliminate crops as diverse and popular as coffee, chocolate, and corn because of the increased risk of drought, flooding, and pests in the years to come.
Genetic modification, meanwhile, could bolster crops against these disruptions by providing genes that are pest-resistant, drought-resistant, or can withstand saltwater intrusion from rising sea levels.
GMOs have been in use for many years now, but the controversy surrounding them has slowed their adoption around the world even though scientists have broadly accepted that GMOs are perfectly safe to consume.
Global Citizen campaigns on the United Nations’ Global Goals, which call for innovations to protect the environment. You can take action on this issue. | <urn:uuid:355ed0a7-a84f-4025-9caf-05ad7007e380> | {
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5 Businesses Using UK Rainwater Harvesting Systems
With water scarcity a global concern – and an issue that’s becoming increasingly vital to resolve around the world – now might be the perfect time for businesses to start looking into alternative ways to increase their water efficiency. And UK rainwater harvesting systems may well be the way to go.
This is the process of collecting and storing the rainwater that falls on your roof area at work, with the water filtered and reused instead of mains water. Typical applications for this harvested water include toilet flushing, laundry and process water, and vehicle washing.
Companies are now being hit with a growing need to use their water supply better in the face of increasing demand for this precious resource, as well as concerns about both the environmental and social impact of running a business.
But which businesses have already started harvesting their rainwater and how could you benefit from doing so as well?
According to Wales Online, this is one of the biggest developments that Wales has ever seen, with more than 1,000 staff members starting a phased relocation in the autumn next year. Rainwater harvesting tanks will collect enough rainwater for an impressive 27,000 flushes!
This £21.5 million eco-friendly police station will boast numerous energy-saving features to reduce future running costs, including photovoltaic panels to generate electricity, LED and smart lighting to drive down electricity consumption, and rainwater harvesting facilities to wash up to 25 police cars a day.
Ikea Exeter is reportedly the company’s most sustainable store to date here in the UK, aiming to achieve 100 per cent renewable energy. There are solar PV panels on the roof, ground source heating and rainwater harvesting facilities. There are also eight electric vehicle charging points, with electric vans now available as part of the brand’s home delivery service.
The new university development will focus on renewable technologies and be greener where water conservation is concerned, providing rainwater harvesting facilities and even installing waterless urinals.
The zoo’s new Project Elephant Base Camp has a pool that can hold 19,163 litres of water – fed from a rainwater harvesting tank that can store up to 55,000 litres of water all collected from the roof of the building.
There are numerous benefits to introducing this kind of system at your premises. Just think – you could reduce your water bills quite significantly if you drive down your usage of mains water. You’re also able to reduce your reliance upon mains water, which means that if we’re hit with a drought in the summer and water restrictions are implemented, you’ll find your business doesn’t suffer as much as others may do.
These systems can be tailored to suit you based on your budget, size and specification to make sure that your system works most efficiently for you. If you’d like to find out more about this kind of system and how you could benefit, get in touch with us today. | <urn:uuid:cf3efa91-8839-4f7e-9956-afb3eacbcaf9> | {
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The Text REtrieval Conference (TREC) is an international research initiative sponsored by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), a division of the U.S. Department of Commerce. It was established in 1992 to support research for evaluation of text retrieval methodologies.
The stated goal of the TREC Legal Track is “to apply objective benchmark criteria for comparing search technologies” in the context of e-discovery, providing a concrete reference by which various technologies and vendors can be independently evaluated. H5’s results in the 2008 and 2009 TREC Studies are shown by the dots in the chart below. Further information on how to read and interpret this chart is provided below.
Source: See 2008 and 2009 TREC Studies at http://trec-legal.umiacs.umd.edu/. Note for 2008, results are shown for OCR-adjusted performance as discussed on page 36 of the 2008 TREC Overview paper.
Understanding this Chart
Precision and Recall are the two fundamental review system accuracy metrics that, when taken together, best convey the overall effectiveness, or accuracy, of a document review or search process. To understand the chart above, it’s important to first define Precision and Recall and why they matter.
Precision measures how many of the documents retrieved in a search are actually relevant, that is, how much of the result set is on target. For example, a 65 percent precision rate means that 65 percent of the documents retrieved are relevant, while 35 percent of those documents have been misidentified as relevant. Achieving high Precision means you produce only what you have to (maintain advantage) and keep costs down by reviewing only what you should (i.e. fewer non-relevant documents).
Recall measures how many of the relevant documents in a collection have actually been retrieved, that is, how much of the target set has been found. For example, a 40 percent recall rate means that 40 percent of all relevant documents in a collection have been found, and 60 percent have been missed. Achieving high Recall ensures you have what you need to produce (compliance) and, as important, what you need to win (you found as many relevant documents as possible).
Any document review process can achieve either high Recall or high Precision, but rarely both simultaneously. An effort to improve the performance of one factor generally causes the performance of the other to drop. This is often referred to as the “Recall-Precision tradeoff.” Put simply, it is fairly easy to achieve high Precision if you are willing to risk missing most of the relevant documents (low Recall). Conversely, when most search or review methods attempt to find most of the relevant documents (high Recall) they sacrifice Precision and return large numbers of false positives. Accordingly, the key is to know what level of Precision and Recall a search or review method achieved simultaneously.
The chart above plots Precision on the vertical axis and Recall on the horizontal axis, with points on the chart representing the simultaneous Precision and Recall achieved by a review system or process. The trade off effect between Precision and Recall described above is illustrated in the downward sloping red dotted line. The goal of any search or review process is to achieve results in the shaded gray box in the upper right corner: find nearly all of the relevant documents (high Recall) and have all that you found be relevant with very few false positives (high Precision). | <urn:uuid:c35f3ab8-0195-453f-838e-9a8ea215bd5d> | {
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An official delegation sent by the Polish government will meet with representatives from the Foreign Ministry and the Yad Vashem Holocaust Remembrance Center on Thursday concerning the new Polish Holocaust law. The legislation bars any mention of the Polish nation’s involvement in Nazi crimes during World War II. The Polish delegation includes historians and Polish Foreign Ministry representatives.
The dialogue is intended to reduce recent tensions over the law between the two countries. The legislation, which was approved last month by the parliament and signed by Polish President Andrzej Duda, takes effect on Thursday.
Polish prosecutors have begun examining cases in which Polish residents were accused of war crimes. The new law imposes a prison term of up to three years for those who claim the Polish state or nation was involved in the Holocaust, but Poland’s justice minister has said that the law will not be enforced until a court rules on its constitutionality. This decision to postpone enforcement paved the way for Thursday’s meetings in Jerusalem. They are an attempt to forge a compromise and alter the law in the wake of the extremely harsh criticism from Israel and elsewhere around the world.
Yad Vashem has recognized 7,600 Poles as Righteous Among the Nations for saving the lives of Jews during the Holocaust. The Polish Institute of National Remembrance, the official government body in charge of researching Nazi crimes in Poland, estimates a few hundred Poles sacrificed their own lives to save Jews during the war.
Want to enjoy 'Zen' reading - with no ads and just the article? Subscribe todaySubscribe now | <urn:uuid:794c6ab6-0790-4ea7-bbef-e85d29051c5c> | {
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About The Do’s And Don’ts For Pipette Operation
The working principle of the pipette is that the piston moves through the telescopic movement of the spring to achieve aspiration and discharge. Under the push of the piston, part of the air is exhausted, and the liquid is sucked in at atmospheric pressure, and then the air is pushed out by the piston to discharge the liquid. When using a pipette, it can be operated in accordance with the flexibility of the spring, which can control the speed and strength of pipetting.
A pipette is an indispensable tool for the experimental operation. The operators should use it correctly, or it will cause the error and even experiment failure.
1. Tip assembly
The pipette sleeve is pressed down firmly and can be rotated to a small extent when needed.
Don’ts: Hit the tip with force, which will cause damage to the tip or even wear of the pipette sleeve, affecting its sealing effect.
2. Volume setting
Please select the correct pipette before the operation. When adjusting from small to large volume, it will rotate continuously in the direction of the required volume, and reach back to the required volume after reaching more than 1/3 of the required volume. By doing so is to guarantee the best accuracy. When adjusted from large to small, which is the normal adjustment method, it is directly rotated continuously to the required volume.
Repeat the aspirate and drain two to three times with the same sample, and provide the same contact surface for each aspiration to ensure the consistency of operation.
Don’ts: Please do not rinse the high temperature or low-temperature liquid.
4. Tip immersion angle
When aspirating, keep it vertical and do not make the inclination angle exceed 20°.
5. Tip immersion depth
0.1-10μL: 1-2mm; 10-200μL: 2-3mm; 200-2000μL: 3-6mm; over 2000μL: 6-10mm
6. Tip immersion time
After aspiration, hold it in the liquid for one second and then gently remove the tip, which is especially important for large-capacity pipettes or for viscous samples.
7. Suction speed
Continuously and eventually pipette, control the pipetting speed, too fast will cause the liquid splash, liquid or aerosol to rush into the inside of the pipette, contaminating the piston and other components.
8. Liquid discharge and suction
Discharge the liquid by pressing the piston to the first gear. And then press the second gear to suck the liquid.
Notes during operation
(1) When sucking the liquid, be sure to release the thumb slowly and smoothly. Never let it suddenly loosen, in case the solution is sucked too fast and flush into the liquid extractor to corrode the plunger and cause air leakage.
(2)In order to obtain higher precision, the tip must be sucked before the sample solution and then officially pipetted. Because the serum protein solution or organic solution is taken up, a “liquid membrane” will remain on the inner wall of the tip, resulting in errors due to the small amount of discharge.
(3)For liquids with high concentration and viscosity, an error will be generated. It can be determined by experiment for the amount of compensation to eliminate the error. By changing the reading of the reading window with the adjustment knob, the compensation amount can be set.
(4) Do not use a pipette to mix the liquid.
(5) Do not use a large-scale pipette to remove a small volume of liquid to avoid affecting accuracy. Also, if you need to remove a larger amount of liquid over the volume, use a suction pipette. | <urn:uuid:887cade9-fc0c-46d9-883a-3cfcb6806a54> | {
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Although a number of factors contribute to acne, the initiating event is hormonal stimulation of the sebaceous glands beneath the skin. “The sebaceous glands produce sebum, the oily substance that gets transmitted onto the skin’s surface,” explains Dr. Eichenfield. Each bulb-shaped gland leads to a narrow duct called a follicle; each follicle contains a strand of hair.
“Once kids reach puberty,” he continues, “not only do the glands become more active, but the chemical composition of the sebum changes.” Ordinarily, a follicle’s inner lining sheds dead cells into the sebum, which gets deposited onto the skin, waiting to be scrubbed away.
For reasons that aren’t clear, in acne the cells clump together and plug the opening, or pore. This prevents the oil from escaping. It also forces bacteria that normally reside in the skin (called Propionibacterium acnes, or P. acnes), to proliferate inside the narrow follicle. Eventually the sebum seeps out of the opening. If chemicals produced by P. acnes inflame the skin, a reddish pusfilled pimple begins to grow there.
Acne, whiteheads and blackheads are all by-products of the same process. Acne refers to an enlarged follicle that protrudes from the surface of the skin; whitehead describes a plugged follicle that remains just beneath the surface. When the follicle opens partially to reveal a black speck the size of a pinhead, it is called a blackhead. Contrary to popular myth, “the discoloration is pigment, not accumulated dirt,” stresses Dr. Eichenfield. “Blackheads are just another type of acne.” Still other acne lesions include:
- Paranasal erythema: an early form of acne commonly seen in kids on the cusp of puberty.
- Papule: an inflamed, small, pink bump that is tender to the touch.
- Nodule: a large, solid lesion lodged far below the skin’s surface; is frequently painful.
- Cyst: another painful deep-seated lesion. Cysts, however, are inflamed and contain pus. They can also leave scars. Only one in twenty cases of acne are this severe. | <urn:uuid:8371eefa-6879-494c-822f-38207491aa9b> | {
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Jewit History, Family Crest & Coats of Arms
- Origins Available:
The name Jewit was carried to England in the enormous movement of people that followed the Norman Conquest of 1066. It comes from the ancient personal name Julien. The surname of Jowett was a baptismal name which means Julien. Baptismal names began to appear as surnames relatively late in the growth of the naming tradition. This is a little surprising, given the popularity of biblical figures in the Christian countries of Europe. Nevertheless, surnames derived from baptismal names grew in popularity during the Middle Ages, and have become one of the foremost sources for surnames.
Early Origins of the Jewit family
The surname Jewit was first found in Cheshire where they held a family seat as Lords of the manor of Bredbury from early times. The lands were granted by William the Conqueror to a Norman noble by the name Jouet, from the Isle of Rhe in France. By the twelfth century they had branched to Ashton-under-Lyme in that same shire.
Important Dates for the Jewit family
This web page shows only a small excerpt of our Jewit research. Another 118 words (8 lines of text) covering the years 1643, 1720, 1693, 1694 and 1701 are included under the topic Early Jewit History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Jewit Spelling Variations
Anglo-Norman names are characterized by a multitude of spelling variations. When the Normans became the ruling people of England in the 11th century, they introduced a new language into a society where the main languages of Old and later Middle English had no definite spelling rules. These languages were more often spoken than written, so they blended freely with one another. Contributing to this mixing of tongues was the fact that medieval scribes spelled words according to sound, ensuring that a person's name would appear differently in nearly every document in which it was recorded. The name has been spelled Jowett, Jowet, Jowit, Jowitt, Jewett, Jewet, Juet, Jouet, Juett and many more.
Early Notables of the Jewit family (pre 1700)
Another 40 words (3 lines of text) are included under the topic Early Jewit Notables in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Migration of the Jewit family
For many English families, the political and religious disarray that plagued their homeland made the frontiers of the New World an attractive prospect. Thousands migrated, aboard cramped disease-ridden ships. They arrived sick, poor, and hungry, but were welcomed in many cases with far greater opportunity than at home in England. Many of these hardy settlers went on to make important contributions to the emerging nations in which they landed. Among early immigrants bearing the name Jewit or a variant listed above were: Joseph and Maximilian Jewett who settled in Massachusetts in 1630; Elizabeth Jewett settled in Norfolk, Virginia in 1823; Benjamin Jewett settled in Portland Me. in 1822. | <urn:uuid:2a525d6d-6cc3-4829-9ab4-f9649f94a229> | {
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The Leopard morph is a colour and pattern morph, which originates out of a breeding from two Sonora Boas. A high variability regarding the colour and pattern is characteristic for the Leopard and reaches from a deep black up to a light grey or even red brown basic colour. The bellys of the Leopards are mostly coloured in a beautiful red, which is a perfect contrast to the basic colour.
Leopard Boas are getting more and more popular because the combination with other morphs developed some spectacular morphs. To name the famous ones, there are already Albino, Sunglow and Hypo Salmon Leopards existing which are catching with an unbelievable colour and pattern.
Another interesting fact regarding the Leopard boas is their size. An adult Leopard (Sonora boa) is maximum around 1,60m to 1,80 m long. For sure an interesting option for people who want to have a small size Boa. c. imperator. | <urn:uuid:600fb9d6-6392-48b6-ae95-c3df31828439> | {
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Tips to Minimize Mosquito Exposure in East Texas
How much water do you think a mosquito needs to lay eggs and create new mosquitoes? Does it take a gallon? Does it take a cup? We have bad news for you. It only takes a half a cup for a female mosquito to lay a hundred eggs in your yard. And she can do this over and over again if she is able to find a blood meal. Water is the key to protecting your East Texas yard from mosquitoes. The less stagnant water you have in your yard, the fewer mosquitoes you're going to have.
When mosquitoes encroach upon your property, they will be looking for stagnant water sources as little as an inch deep. In these, they will lay their eggs. So, removing containers will remove breeding site options.
Anything in your yard that can hold rainwater is a container. It might be a toy left in the yard. It might be a lawnmower. It might be your gutters. You'll need to look high and low.
When you find a container, you'll have to assess whether or not it can be removed from your lawn. Toys can be stowed inside your home. Your lawnmower can be put in the shed or the garage. But your gutters are a different story. You'll have to get a very tall ladder and get up there to clean those gutter or hire someone to clean them for you. Most of the containers in your yard are going to be removable. So that is a good place to start.
Empty Out Containers
It takes a little over a week for a mosquito to go from egg to wiggler to tumbler and eventually adult. As an egg, a wiggler and a tumbler, those mosquitoes will remain in the water. It is only when they mature to adulthood that they take to the air. Therefore, emptying containers can prevent mosquitoes from developing. If you have a container that can't be removed from your yard, like a tire swing, you can prevent mosquitoes from breeding by emptying the water out weekly. Or, in the case of a tire swing, you can just poke a hole in it and give the water a way to get out and to the ground, where it will soak in and dry up.
Once mosquitoes take to the air, they don't just fly away from your property. Mosquitoes are pretty lazy, especially Asian tiger mosquitoes, which are a serious vector for dangerous mosquito-borne viruses. Mosquitoes that hatch in your yard will hide in your yard (if they can). One way to make your yard less hospitable to mosquitoes is to keep things dry.
Trim tree branches to let the sunlight dry areas that get too much shade.
Water your plants in such a way that the ground doesn't become saturated.
Fix leaky spigots and hoses.
Refrain from leaving sprinklers on all the time.
If you remove breeding sites and dry your yard out, you can have an impact on mosquito populations. When mosquitoes venture into your yard, they won't find what they're looking for and they'll decide to go somewhere else. In some cases, this is enough to make a backyard a much nicer place to be--and a whole lot safer. But, the best way to control mosquitoes is by investing in seasonal mosquito service.
Hiring a professional to routinely spray your yard for mosquitoes has a powerful impact. It works to eliminate mosquitoes that are hiding in your vegetation and it leaves a residual that eliminates new mosquitoes that come in and rest in your yard. If a mosquito rests in your yard before laying her eggs, that could be 100 mosquitoes you stopped dead in their tracks!
If you've been on the fence about investing in professional mosquito control for your East Texas home, we want you to know that it works. Our customers come back year after year because they see results. Give it a shot and see what an amazing difference it can make. It's like getting your backyard back. Reach out to us today and schedule service. You'll be glad you did. | <urn:uuid:0e403aee-ff5c-41a3-b3dc-9b9b2d690996> | {
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What are wood-boring beetles?
Wood-boring beetles are destructive pests that cause damage to the wood they invade. Female wood-boring beetles lay their eggs on a suitable piece of wood, typically wood that has not been seasoned or processed. However, some species do choose to infest seasoned wood. When wood-boring beetle larvae hatch from their eggs, they will burrow into wood, tunneling through it and feeding on it with their strong jaws. After finishing development inside that wood, the larvae pupate and change into adults. These new adults will then create exit holes, emerge from the wood to mate and lay new eggs which will then continue this destructive life cycle when they hatch.
Are wood-boring beetles dangerous?
Wood-boring beetles present no serious dangers to humans, but they do pose a significant threat to the properties they invade, particularly wooden structures. Many species of wood-boring beetles live together in large groups in the same area or piece of wood, generation after generation. When this occurs, the tunnels that these beetles create throughout the years have the potential to cause significant damages to the wooden structures that they have invaded.
Why do I have a wood-boring beetle problem?
Wood-destroying beetles often find their way inside homes in pieces of wood that have been brought inside and were previously infested with wood-boring beetle eggs or larvae. The exact type of wood these beetles will infest is species-specific, meaning not every species will target the same thing. Some species prefer hardwoods while others prefer to tunnel into softer wood. Wood-boring beetles can also become problematic inside your home if they are invading the hard or softwood trees on your property as the adults can often find their way inside through cracks and crevices in the foundation and exterior walls of your home while foraging for food.
Where will I find wood-boring beetles?
Wood-boring beetles can be found attacking and invading a variety of things inside homes including sub-flooring, hardwood floors, door and window trim, joists, window sills, and structural beams. Wood-boring beetles can also be found in barn wood, hardwood furniture, and may become particularly problematic inside log houses. Outside, wood boring beetles can attack a variety of hard and softwood trees, tree stumps, and firewood. In addition, they attack fallen trees, limbs, and pieces of rotten wood.
How do I get rid of wood-boring beetles?
To eliminate wood-boring beetles found on your property or inside your home, it is best to partner with a professional like Kanga Pest Control. Our dedicated experts will provide the services needed to find and completely eliminate destructive wood-boring beetles.
Here at Kanga Pest Control, we're committed to only using only the best pest control products on the market to get rid of wood-boring beetles and prevent them from returning through our wood-boring beetle extermination service. To learn more about eliminating wood-boring beetles from your Oregon home, contact Kanga Pest Control!
How can I prevent wood-boring beetles in the future?
Preventing problems with wood-boring beetles can be difficult, but there are some things you can do to help deter them. Try the following tips to see how they help:
Place piles of firewood up off the ground and away from the outside of your home.
Use seasoned lumber when building inside your home.
Remove fallen trees, logs, and stumps from your property.
Wood used inside your home should be treated with paint, stain, or varnish, as most species of wood-boring beetles won’t invade treated wood.
Before using barn wood, older pieces of wood, or purchasing antique furniture for use within your home, inspect it for small holes created by wood-boring beetles.
Reduce moisture levels inside your home by using dehumidifiers and ensuring that crawl spaces are properly ventilated.
To learn more about our services and how we can help protect your home from the damages of wood-boring beetles, reach out to us! | <urn:uuid:b86dd90f-fe21-4a62-82dd-a3a1237f5476> | {
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For my students and I, "paperless" was not a hard and fast rule. It didn't mean that anyone was forbidden from using paper. It just meant that we explored all possibilities, including paper, when determining the best route. Most of the time, we found the best learning experiences occurred when we were collaborating, producing, and sharing using paperless means.
What Does "Paperless" Really Mean?Paperless means better questions (Grant Wiggins style).
Paperless means less textbook and more open education resources (OER).
Paperless means learning activities (not lessons).
At the MassCUE 2015 conference this week I had the opportunity to share this model with a room full of energetic educators. My session opened with an explanation of the three steps above and then brought participants through a few examples, including the student product examples.
The last 15 minutes of the session were an opportunity for participants to dive into this learning model themselves. In this case, they took on the task of my 9th grade history class and use blackout poetry to determine if the majority of American colonists agreed with Thomas Paine's viewpoint in Common Sense on the eve of the Revolutionary War. Here are the results.
|Click here to see Dan's tweet.|
|Click here to see the Instagram post.|
It was thrilling to see educators respond to this lesson with as much intrigue and curiosity as my 14 and 15 year old students. Many were frustrated with the time constraints and wanted to finish their blackout poems despite our session coming to an end. When learners want to keep learning on their own, good stuff is happening.
What it Feels Like in the ClassroomAs part of some work I have done with Smarter Schools Project, a video was released the same day as the MassCUE session. In the video I describe the look and feel of my paperless classroom for my students and I. It's short (I promise) and really conveys why I believe in this approach to learning.
Describing the way learning happens in my classroom as "paperless" makes it sound clean.
It is loud and messy.
"Paperless" makes it sound prohibitive.
It is liberating.
"Paperless" is an accurate description, but it is only the beginning. | <urn:uuid:da98123f-2dca-4ee7-9b6e-1b70ca43056c> | {
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Understanding the links between kidney disease and hepatitis C: American Kidney Fund campaign urges patients to “Be Hep C Smart”
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
Educational campaign is built around 3Cs of hepatitis C: Connection-Checked-Cured, offering resources in English and Spanish
ROCKVILLE, Maryland (October 31, 2017)—Because hepatitis C virus (HCV or hep C) infection can be both a cause and a complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD), the American Kidney Fund today launched a new educational campaign that urges kidney patients and the public to “Be Hep C Smart.”
Although hepatitis C is the most common blood-borne infection in the United States, most of those infected with the virus are unaware of it: It often has no symptoms for decades while slowly damaging the liver and other organs, including the kidneys.
The Be Hep C Smart campaign encourages kidney patients to learn about the connection between hepatitis C virus and kidney disease, to be checked for hepatitis C, and if, found to be positive, to seek treatment.
“There are so many misconceptions about the hepatitis C virus and who is at risk for it, and our Be Hep C Smart campaign aims to demystify hepatitis C and its connection to kidney disease,” said LaVarne A. Burton, AKF president and CEO. “Hepatitis C is associated with the development of diabetes, the leading cause of kidney failure, and the virus itself can cause inflammation of the kidneys. Our campaign is designed to empower patients with knowledge so they can discuss their risks for hepatitis C with their doctors.”
The hepatitis C virus can cause kidney disease and make it worse for those who already have it, and patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD, or kidney failure), can be exposed to the virus through hemodialysis treatment. The Be Hep C Smart page features:
- A quiz that tests users’ knowledge about hepatitis C and kidney disease
- Information about risks, transmission, symptoms, testing and treatment
- An explanation of how hepatitis C is related to kidney disease, hemodialysis and transplants
- A link to an on-demand webinar about hepatitis C and kidney disease
- A link to the information in Spanish
AKF will add a free online continuing education course about hepatitis C and kidney disease for health professionals in early 2018. The Be Hep C Smart campaign is supported by an independent educational grant from Merck & Co., Inc.
Hepatitis C infection is widespread; the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) estimates that as many as 3.9 million people in the U.S. may have a chronic hepatitis C infection. Two of the groups that the CDC recommends to be tested for hepatitis C are anyone who is, or was, on long-term hemodialysis; and anyone born between 1945 and 1965.
About the American Kidney Fund
As the nation’s leading nonprofit working on behalf of the 30 million Americans with kidney disease, the American Kidney Fund is dedicated to ensuring that every kidney patient has access to health care, and that every person at risk for kidney disease is empowered to prevent it. AKF provides a complete spectrum of programs and services: prevention outreach, top-rated health educational resources, and direct financial assistance enabling 1 in 5 U.S. dialysis patients to access lifesaving medical care, including dialysis and transplantation. AKF holds the highest ratings from the nation’s charity watchdog groups, including Charity Navigator, which includes AKF on its “top 10” list of nonprofits with the longest track records of outstanding stewardship of the donated dollar. | <urn:uuid:6148bde9-7128-408f-94fb-99e5163a51b3> | {
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Helichrysum (Helichrysum italicum)
Curry Plant, Everlasting Flower, Immortal Flower
Harvest the flowers when they are fully open. Hang bunches of flowers in a dry and ventilated area until fully dry.
USDA Growing Zone(s): Helichrysum is hardy to zones 8-11 and in these zones grows as a perennial.
Helichrysum italicum enjoys full sun and well-draining soil. Take care not to overwater.
Helichrysum is often used as an essential oil and is traditionally known for rejuvenating the skin, having anti-aging properties, and calming irritated or sunburned skin.
Stories & Traditions
Although curry spices are actually a blend of different herbs (not including Helichrysum italicum), the leaves of “the curry plant” can be added sparingly to dishes for a curry-like flavor.
The name helichrysum is derived from the Greek words helios (sun) and chrysos (gold) because this plant has golden yellow flowers. These flowers have been used medicinally since the times of ancient Greece.
This content is for educational purposes only and should not be considered medical advice or a substitute for medical treatment. Please consult your medical care provider before using herbal medicine. | <urn:uuid:f33c42e9-2fc7-4dd5-94a3-363b02fab306> | {
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McMillan's ingenious alphabet is composed of 26 crisp close-ups of the Portland, Maine, symphony in action--or, more accurately, of individual instruments or parts of instruments whose shapes resemble the 26 letters, respectively. Below each photo, instead of the usual conventionalized A, B, or C, McMillan isolates in silhouette the particular feature or configuration that mimics it. Thus an upright bass clarinet is clearly seen as a ""J,"" three violin bows held at different angles form an ""N,"" and the tuning screw on a kettledrum makes a ""T."" Sometimes the musicians are part of the picture: three fingers pressing the valves on a trumpet make a lower case ""m,"" a cellist, knee flexed, bends over his instrument to form an ""R,"" and for ""G"" McMillan steps back to show the first group of strings in a semi-circle around the conductor at his stand. The intelligent selection of shots results in a stimulating exercise in perception, and for the musically unsophisticated each instrument is identified and shown in full on a final double page--but, alas, the letter-shaped parts are not named. This is a pity, as it's a rare child who will not ask ""What is it?"" and a rare parent who will know all the answers. This won't be anyone's first ABC in any case, but in proper hands (music teacher?) it could be a resounding success. | <urn:uuid:b7a3caa0-4ddb-4e15-ba68-0461eb3ac4de> | {
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When we are young, many of us are taught that we can do anything and be anyone we want to be. But imagine starting your adult life with a strike against you because of a juvenile arrest. How many opportunities would be lost? How many lives will be a struggle because of a mistake or bad decision someone made as a kid?
That is the very real situation that many men and women are facing in the U.S. today, according to a recent report. Statistically, thousands of people are entering adulthood with an arrest on their record and unfortunate experience with the criminal justice system. The challenges that these young people may face throughout their lives can be significant, and the toll it may be taking on families in New York and nationwide cannot be overstated.
According to the report, there are a huge number of people who have been arrested for a variety of offenses by the time they are 23 years of age. The study looked at arrest statistics from 1997 through 2008 involving black, Hispanic and white men and women. The results were surprising and suggest that 49 percent of black males, 44 percent of Hispanic males and 38 percent of white males have been arrested before the age of 23. For women, those rates were much lower, but still troubling. About 20 percent of white females, 18 percent of Hispanic females and 16 percent of black females were arrested by 23 during that time period.
It can be easy to look at these statistics and just see a bunch of numbers. However, each person that is arrested at a young age faces a unique and difficult set of obstacles and challenges as they try to grow and mature into upstanding members of a community.
People should remember, however, that an arrest is not a conviction. A person who is arrested does not necessarily end up facing criminal charges or having a conviction on their record. But that is why it can be crucial to take every arrest seriously. With the help of an attorney, young people can defend themselves in an effort to avoid criminal penalties and keep an arrest from doing long-term damage to their lives.
Source: The Huffington Post, “Nearly Half Of Black Males, 40 Percent Of White Males Are Arrested By Age 23: Study,” Simon McCormack, Jan. 6, 2014 | <urn:uuid:075e16ca-cfa3-4338-b6f4-610f05ac54f2> | {
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More LGBT-friendly cities in the US: HRC 2016 report
The Human Rights Campaign (HRC) Foundation released last Monday a report indicating which US municipalities have extended protections to LGBT communities to make them LGBT-friendly cities.
The report– the fifth annual Municipal Equality Index (MEI)– noted a number of cities across the country have set up laws and policies that offer LGBT protections ahead of their states.
This nationwide rating system assesses cities and municipalities on how they prohibit discrimination against the LGBT in terms of employment, housing, public accommodations, and city services via a number of points.
LGBT-friendly cities rather than states
In this year’s report, 60 cities got a perfect score in pushing fully-inclusive policies and practices. This is up from 47 in 2015 and 11 in 2012.
This means at least 24 million people live in cities with comprehensive, transgender-inclusive, non-discrimination laws.
“This year, dozens of cities across the nation showed they are willing to stand up for LGBTQ people in their communities even when state governments are not,” said HRC President Chad Griffin.
“This builds on a trend we have long observed: that local governments are at the forefront of our fight for equality,” Griffin added.
However, the HRC chief noted that this progress is racing with anti-LGBT state measures being pushed to preempt local protections.
These anti-LGBT efforts– which includes North Carolina’s HB2— prevent cities from adopting LGBT-inclusive non-discrimination laws.
As of the present, 52 percent of the LGBT population live in states that allow employment discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity.
Transgender progress in LGBT-friendly cities
Other noteworthy progress is with regard to transgender equality in US cities.
The MEI report noted that transgender-inclusive healthcare benefits are now being offered to employees of 86 municipalities in 2015. This is up from 66 in 2015 and 5 in 2012.
For this year as well, the MEI report deducted points from city scores that have non-discrimination protections but prohibit individuals from using public facilities (like bathrooms) according to their gender identity.
The report also has a new category that recognizes cities that give transgender-specific city services.
The MEI graded 506 cities, which include 50 state capitals, 200 of the largest cities in the US, the five largest cities or municipalities per state, and cities that have the state’s two largest public universities.
It also includes 75 cities and municipalities that have high proportions of same-sex couples, and 98 cities that were selected by the HRC and the Equality Federation state organizations.
Currently, 19 states and more than 100 cities have non-discrimination protections for transgender people in places of public accommodation. | <urn:uuid:f6ca46ba-2897-4767-a968-34a855f5792c> | {
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Follow Blackmores’ Director of Education, Pam Stone’s guide to eating more nutrients: 1. Nutrients are generally found in coloured foods, so incorporating a variety of fruits and vegetables of the seven different colour groups is an easy way to measure your intake. The seven colour groups are: red, orange-yellow, orange, red-purple, white-green, green and yellow-green 2. Eat what is fresh and in season, Mother Nature knows what we need and when we need it. For example, oranges that are high in Vitamin C, a known immunity booster, are ripe and in season during winter when many of us are prone to colds and flu 3. Try and maintain at least five serves of vegetables and two serves of fruit each day to maintain a healthy nutrient intake 4. The darker the colour, the richer the nutrients of the fruit or vegetable so opt for dark vegetables like spinach and beetroot to reap the most benefit. Colour, variety and freshness can be used as a guide to getting the whole food nutrients your body uses for health and wellbeing 5. Eating vegetables need not be boring, in the age of the celebrity chef cook books, there are plenty of delicious healthy recipes around, so have some fun! | <urn:uuid:26663cfe-3ad1-4283-a0d2-f8cc229444bf> | {
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When you're walking or running, your legs are doing most of the work, but your arms are involved, too. And how they move depends on your gait.
As we walk, our arms usually hang naturally at our sides and are mostly straight. But when we run, our arms typically swing while bent at the elbow.
Why is that? Researchers recently investigated how arm position affects energy efficiency, and they found that walking with bent arms was actually less energy efficient than walking with straight arms.
Related: Why Do Men Run Faster Than Women?
A bent arm has a shorter arc than a straight arm; bent arms therefore require less energy to swing back and forth and should be more efficient for both running and walking, the researchers initially hypothesized.
But if bent arms are more energy efficient, why don't walkers naturally bend their arms? To find out, the authors of the new study examined the movements of eight people — four men and four women — on treadmills. As the subjects walked and ran (performing both activities with straight arms and then with bent arms), the scientists used infrared cameras and motion-capture software to record the subjects' movements and construct 3D digital models of their bodies.
Two weeks later, the subjects repeated these treadmill sessions while wearing breathing masks, so the researchers could collect metabolic data representing the participants' energy use.
When the subjects ran with straight arms, they reported that it felt awkward. But there was no notable difference in energy efficiency, whether their arms were bent or straight, the researchers reported.
However, the scientists found that when their subjects walked with bent arms, their energy expenditure increased by about 11%, likely because it required more effort to keep their arms bent while moving at a relatively slow speed. Their experiments shed light on why people naturally hold their arms straight when they walk, "but the reason for stereotyped bent arm running remains unclear," according to the study.
According to a 2014 study, arm swinging costs energy while running, but holding them steady takes even more energy. That's because arm swinging reduces the motion of the torso, that study, published in the Journal of Experimental Biology, found.
The relationship between arm movements and gaits could help explain how arm proportions evolved in the human family tree, the researchers of the new study added.
Our extinct relatives Australopithecus and Homo habilis, which lived millions of years ago, had arms that were longer relative to their legs than they are in modern humans. Australopithecus and Homo habilis forearms were also longer relative to their upper arms, according to the study.
But shorter forearms — and a shorter arm overall — swing less. Shorter arms would therefore benefitted modern humans during long-distance running; selection for this trait could have shaped the evolution of human arm bone length, the scientists wrote.
"Modern arm proportions emerged in Homo erectus, and coincided with the evolution of endurance running as an important hominin behavior," the researchers reported.
The findings were published online July 9, 2019, in the Journal of Experimental Biology.
- Why Do Some People Always Get Bitten by Mosquitoes, While Others Don't?
- Why Do Seasonal Allergies Make You Feel Sleepy?
- Why Do People Scrunch Up Their Faces After Tasting Something Sour?
Originally published on Live Science. | <urn:uuid:8c7b38d3-b862-4bc5-a45d-21c0e14cf163> | {
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History of Lyon County
The bill for the creation of Lyon County, embracing the present counties of Lyon and Lincoln, was introduced by Senator Charles T. Brown, passed the Legislature, and was approved by Governor William R. Marshall on March 2, 1869. It provided that the act should not become operative, however, until it had been approved by a majority vote of the electors of Redwood County at the general election of November, 1869. The vote was favorable and Lyon County was ready to take up the burdens of organization. The county was named in honor of General Nathaniel Lyon, of the United States Army, who met death at the battle of Springfield in June, 1861.
Very soon after the act became operative as a result of the election, Governor Marshall appointed a few county officers and vested them with power to begin county government. It was proposed to organize in December, 1869, but owing to the absence of two of the commissioners it had to be postponed, and the machinery of government was not set in motion until August 12, 1870. At that time the first meeting of the Board of County Commissioners was held at the home of Luman Ticknor in Upper Lynd.
The first entry in the journal reading as follows: State of Minnesota, County of Lyon. Be it known that at a session of the Board of County Commissioners of Lyon County, held at the house of L. Ticknor, in said county, on the twelfth day of August, 1870, the seat of said county was settled and established on the southeast quarter of section thirty-three in township one hundred and eleven of range forty-two. Signed A. W. Muzzy, Levi S. Kiel, County Commissioners. Attest: E. Lamb, Auditor. | <urn:uuid:8e00654b-1b9d-4a9e-bd1a-95665d22a30a> | {
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Independence and Attitude
Every child deserves the best possible start in life and support to fulfil their potential. A child’s experience in the early years has a major impact on their future life chances. A secure, safe and happy childhood is important in its own right, and it provides the foundation for children to make the most of their abilities and talents as they grow up. (EYFS Statutory Framework)
The Foundation Stage at Manor Infant School delivers a rich and balanced curriculum in line with the Early Years Foundation Stage Guidance.
We start our day in Reception by hanging up our own coat on our peg and putting away our book bags and water bottles and then posting our name in the post-box so everyone knows we are here! If we are having a school dinner, we choose what we would like, or we put our packed lunch box on the trolley. We are allowed to choose our first activity and catch up with our friends before we have the register. Throughout the day, we learn through the seven areas of the Foundation Stage curriculum.
Personal, Social and Emotional Development
During our year in Reception, we learn that our classroom rules help to make our school a happy place to be in. We build relationships with each other and enjoy sharing our thoughts and ideas on a daily basis. We have fruit time every day which is a great opportunity for us to share news and experiences with our class.
Games is really fun! We learn to play lots of team games. We learn to throw, catch, roll and dribble with balls, how to take turns and that exercise keeps us healthy. We also do gymnastics where we learn to climb, move and balance on different pieces of apparatus.
One of our favourite things to do is use our outdoor learning area for our physical development. We love using the bikes, hoppers, stilts and constructing with different apparatus for us to climb on.
We use a range of things to help us develop our fine motor skills. We often use scissors and glue to create pictures and collages in the cutting and sticking areas of our classrooms.
Communication and Language
We like to listen and talk to each other sharing our news and views. It is fun to listen to stories and to anticipate what will happen next. We soon learn how to ask and answer questions. In our classes we are happy to meet our friends to talk about our games, toys and families.
We write everyday sometimes using our writing books, but often in our writing and role-play areas. We love reading. We have our own library where we can come and read as many books as we like. Each week we take these books home to share with our family. We also get to take a reading book home with us each week to help us learn to read.
Our teachers read to us lots of times throughout the week. We enjoy talking about the stories we read and have fun learning words to help us. Each week we get the chance to read with our teacher through guided reading.
Every day we have a phonics session, we follow the Jolly Phonics scheme, where we learn the sounds that each letter of the alphabet makes and the name of the letter too. We play games and practise our blending and segmenting to make different words.
We use a whole school approach to improving letter formation and handwriting. The scheme that we use is called Kinetic Letters. It is based on ensuring the children have the strength in their bodies, arms, wrists, hands and fingers to prepare them for the skill of handwriting.
We enjoy learning about shapes, numbers, calculating, counting and pattern at school. We are always learning about maths, even when we don’t realise it! Every day we have opportunities to talk about maths and put it into practice through playing games, role play situations and in our outside area.
Understanding of the World
We like to investigate the things around by using all of our senses. We notice when things change and talk about why this might be. We ask questions about past and present and about the cultures and beliefs of ourselves and the people around us.
We use the computers everyday. We enjoy playing lots of games and are very good at using the mouse. We look forward to going to the ICT suite each week to learn about how to use different programmes. We also use the Interactive Whiteboard everyday to play games and draw pictures in our classrooms.
Sometimes we go into assembly when we think about different stories and experiences.
Expressive Arts and Design
We use our creative areas for many different projects. We love drawing, painting, collage and colouring. We learn to cut, stick, join and use our imaginations to create a number of exciting things.
We also really enjoy learning to dance. We listen carefully to the music and have a go at moving our bodies in time!
We have a music cupboard at school filled with lots of different musical instruments. We enjoy getting them out and playing them to explore the sounds that they make and the ways in which we can change them. We have musical instruments out every day in our outside area! | <urn:uuid:1b21bd58-865f-430b-987d-d4821621fd37> | {
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Background: The numbers 4, 14 and 24 are associated with death for Cantonese-speaking Chinese people, as the words for these numbers sound like the words for “death”, “must die” and “easy to die”, respectively. A previous study in the United States investigating psychological stress engendered by fear of the number 4 found more cardiac deaths in Chinese and Japanese people, compared with white Americans, on the 4th day of the month.
Objective: To determine whether more cardiac deaths occur in Hong Kong Chinese people on the days of the month with “deathly connotations” (4, 14 and 24).
Design: Analysis of mortality data (1995–2000) of the Chinese population of Hong Kong from the Census and Statistics Department of the Hong Kong Government for these three days of the month, compared with the remaining days, according to both the Gregorian and Lunar calendars.
Results: There were 17 346 cardiac deaths registered under ICD-9 codes 410–414 in 1995–2000. The mean (+ 1 SD) of the cumulative number of cardiac deaths on each day of the month was 587 (+ 30) for the Gregorian calendar or 573 (+ 24) for the Lunar calendar. The mean number of deaths on the 4th, 14th and 24th day of the month was not significantly different from the mean number of deaths on the remaining days of the month.
Conclusion: Our study of Hong Kong Chinese people does not support the concept that more cardiac deaths occur in Cantonese people on the 4th, 14th and 24th day of the month.
Psychological stress, perhaps involving endocrinological mechanisms, can lead to heart disease.1 Patients with coronary artery disease have been described as exhibiting an exaggerated cerebral cortical response to mental stress,2 and another study has found that, in such patients, the presence of mental stress-induced ischaemia predicts subsequent death.3
Recently, Phillips et al investigated the effect of the psychological stress associated with fear of the number 4. According to these authors, the word for “four” in Mandarin, Cantonese and Japanese sounds very like the word for “death”.4 They reported that in America there are more cardiac deaths in Chinese and Japanese people compared with whites on the 4th day of the month. This phenomenon was termed “the Baskervilles effect”, based on the fictional story by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, “The hound of the Baskervilles” in which Sir Charles Baskerville has a fatal heart attack induced by extreme psychological stress.
We contend that the word for “four” sounds like the word for “death” only in Cantonese, and for Cantonese people four is regarded as a bearer of bad luck. However, to a Mandarin-speaking Chinese, there may not be an aversion to the word “four”. To the Japanese, four has both lucky and unlucky connotations. In Cantonese, 14 and 24 have even more “deathly” connotations, as these words sound like “must die” and “easy to die”, respectively.
These three numbers evoke discomfort in Cantonese people, especially concerning events related to death. They avoid saying the word “four” at the Lunar New Year, and the aversion to the use of these three numbers is quite apparent, for example, when visiting some high-rise buildings in Hong Kong, where Floors 4, 14 and 24 are often “missing” (Box 1).
As the study by Phillips et al4 was conducted in the United States, it could be argued that the practice and beliefs of traditional Cantonese culture may not be as strong there as in Hong Kong, for example. Furthermore, a second study based on the same data was not able to demonstrate an increased mortality rate on the 4th day of the month.5 Among the points of contention raised were the heart disease classification codes chosen by Phillips et al for their various studies.4,6,7
We used the same codes as Phillips et al4 (ie, codes 410–414 of the International statistical classification of diseases, injuries and causes of death, 9th edition [ICD-9]) for the years 1995–2000 to test “the Baskervilles effect” in Hong Kong, where over 95% of the population is Cantonese speaking, and where cultural beliefs, including numeral superstitions, have a strong influence. Phillips et al only studied the incidence of death associated with the 4th day of the month in the Gregorian calendar. However, if this day, or the other “deathly” days, are bearers of misfortune, they are more likely to be associated with the Chinese Lunar calendar, which determines all Chinese cultural events (eg, the Lunar New Year).
Thus, we studied cardiac mortality rates on the 4th, 14th and 24th days of the month in both the Gregorian and Lunar calendars. We also looked at the influence of the 3rd and 8th day of the month on cardiac mortality, as the numbers 3 and 8 are perceived as lucky by the Cantonese. In Cantonese, the word for “three” sounds like “life” or “longevity”, and number 8 is associated with prosperity and is a highly desired number (eg, for car licence plates).
Mortality data for 1995–2000 for the Chinese population only (persons categorised as having resided in Hong Kong, China, Taiwan and Macau) were obtained from the Census and Statistics Department of the Hong Kong Government. Daily death rates were recorded for all causes, and for cardiac mortality encompassing ICD-9 codes 410–414 (acute myocardial infarction; other acute and subacute forms of ischaemic heart disease; old myocardial infarction; angina pectoris; and other forms of chronic ischaemic heart disease, respectively).
The Hong Kong Census and Statistics Department started recording dates of death according to the Gregorian calendar in 1995. We converted these dates to Lunar dates using the Western–Chinese Calendar Converter.8 We excluded days (and deaths on those days) not common to all months in each calendar (29th, 30th and 31st for the Gregorian calendar and 30th for the Lunar calendar).
After eliminating incomplete records, statistical analysis was performed using the Poisson regression model using Statistica software.9 The number of cardiac deaths (encompassing ICD-9 codes 410–414) on each day of the month were considered as the dependent variable, and the unlucky days (4th, 14th and 24th combined), or the lucky days (3rd and 8th combined), versus the remaining days were treated as the independent variable. The statistical significance of the difference in mean cardiac mortality for the two comparison groups was tested by the deviance difference test statistic (which follows a χ2 distribution) before and after adding in the group effect.10
There were 188 487 deaths from all causes over the 6-year period, of which 178 447 (94.7%) were in Chinese people. The means (+ 1 SD) of the cumulative number of deaths from all-causes on each day of the month in Chinese people were 6040 (+ 75) and 5876 (+ 83), according to the Lunar and the Gregorian calendars, respectively. Over the 6-year period, there were 17 346 cardiac deaths (9.7% of the total) classified under codes 410–414 in Chinese people, and the means (+ 1 SD) of the cumulative number of deaths for each day of the month were 587 (+ 30) and 573 (+ 24), for the Gregorian and Lunar calendars, respectively (Box 2). There was no significant difference in the mean of the cumulative deaths on the 4th, 14th and 24th day of the month and the mean of the cumulative deaths on the remaining days (577 [95% CI, 551–605] v 588 [95% CI, 579–597; P = 0.46] for the Lunar calendar; and 575 [95% CI, 548–602] v 572 [95% CI, 563–582; P = 0.88] for the Gregorian calendar). Finally, we could not find any decreased mortality on the two days of the month (the 3rd and the 8th) perceived as lucky by the Cantonese.
We found no difference in cardiac mortality on the three “unlucky” dates compared with other dates in the month, whether determined by the Gregorian or, perhaps more appropriately, the Lunar calendar. Compared with the study by Phillips et al,4 our study was performed in a place where most people are Cantonese and Cantonese culture and beliefs are strong.
Smith,5 using the same data as Phillips et al4, was not able to demonstrate increased mortality on the 4th day of the month, and commented that the findings of Phillips et al only applied if several categories of cardiac mortality were excluded. Our study used the same ICD-9 codes as in the study by Phillips et al,4 but we did not find increased mortality on the 4th, 14th or the 24th days of the month. We also examined the number of suicides on the perceived “unlucky” and “lucky” dates (data not shown), and, again, could not find any association.
In conclusion, in Hong Kong, a predominantly Cantonese-speaking Chinese society, numbers with a four are avoided by the populace, but their calendric re-occurrence has no influence on cardiac mortality. Our study does not support “the Baskervilles effect” and we conclude, on a lighter note, that perhaps the hound was barking up the wrong tree.
1: List of the floors in a high-rise building in Hong Kong
“Four” represents bad Feng-shui, but if you live on floor 5, 16, 27 or 38, then you cannot possibly be living on floor 4, 14, 24 or 34 — or are you? A question of out of sight, out of mind!
2: Deaths from heart disease on the different days of the month (1995–2000)
Number of deaths (95% CI) from heart disease by day of the month according to the Lunar (A) and Gregorian (B) calendars among Hong Kong Chinese people, for the period 1995–2000. Days not common to all months are excluded from each calendar.
- 1. Bjorntorp P. Stress and cardiovascular disease. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl 1997; 640: 144-148.
- 2. Soufer R, Bremner JD, Arrighi JA, et al. Cerebral cortical hyperactivation in response to mental stress in patients with coronary artery disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 6454-6459.
- 3. Sheps DS, McMahon RP, Becker L, et al. Mental stress-induced ischemia and all-cause mortality in patients with coronary artery disease: results from the Psychophysiological Investigations of Myocardial Ischemia study. Circulation 2002; 105: 1780-1784.
- 4. Phillips DP, Liu GC, Kwok K, et al. The Hound of the Baskervilles effect: natural experiment on the influence of psychological stress on timing of death. BMJ 2001; 323: 1443-1446.
- 5. Smith G. Scared to death? BMJ 2002; 325: 1442-1443.
- 6. Phillips DP, Smith DG. Postponement of death until symbolically meaningful occasions. JAMA 1990; 263: 1947-1951.
- 7. Phillips DP, Ruth TE, Wagner LM. Psychology and survival. Lancet 1993; 342: 1142-1145.
- 8. Western–Chinese Calendar Converter. Available at: www.mandarintools.com/calconv_old.html (accessed Oct 2003).
- 9. Statistica software [computer program], version 5.5. Tulsa, Okla: StatSoft, 1999.
- 10. Armitage P, Berry G, Matthews JNS. Statistical methods in medical research. 4th ed. Malden, Mass: Blackwell Science, 2002: 499-502.
Publication of your online response is subject to the Medical Journal of Australia's editorial discretion. You will be notified by email within five working days should your response be accepted. | <urn:uuid:cd3652a4-31b4-4b14-b259-9e482ab9d833> | {
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Food cravings stem from a multitude of physical, emotional, and spiritual causes. The resulting nature of these cravings may vary, but for most people, carbohydrate cravings tend to increase in severity and frequency as summer fades away into autumn and winter. At this time of year, many experience a sudden increase in sugar or starch cravings. Some people choose autumn to begin working with a nutritionist because they’re struggling to find solutions to cycles cravings followed by energy crashes that ensue. But it’s natural to want more carbohydrates in winter months; this seasonal shift in food-based urges is built into human physiology, a sign that we haven’t escaped our relationship with the planet’s rhythms.
New Season, Different Cravings
In accordance with the season, a combination of cooler weather and less light brings heavy, starchy foods to harvest. Winter squashes, root vegetables, and hearty big game animals come into season in autumn. With proper storage, winter squash can keep for multiple months, allowing us to draw upon their nourishment in the darkest of weather.
Richer in starches, these golden-hued vegetables are more calorie dense than their summer counterparts, allowing us to draw more energy per bite to insulate us from the cold. Beyond the benefit of their caloric density, winter squashes and root vegetables, such as carrots and sweet potatoes, are rich in beta carotene, which the body converts to vitamin A; this ultimately helps our ability to see in the dark, which is extremely useful during seasons with less daylight hours.
Research shows that humans tend to consume more calories and move less during the cooler winter months. Overall hunger may not be substantially different, but changes in light and heat may influence the types of foods we crave, leading to increased calorie intake. A 2005 study showed that daily calorie intake was nearly 100 calories higher in autumn than in spring. Additionally, physical activity is typically lower during winter, and lack of activity itself can influence cravings and appetite. While this study indicated that fat intake peaked in the winter and carbohydrate intake peaked in the summer, many people crave a combination of starch and fat year-round.
Temperatures notwithstanding, the decrease in daylight hours influences brain chemistry and can have a powerful effect on food cravings. Serotonin production directly correlates to the number of daylight hours, so having less light results in reduced serotonin production. Serotonin not only influences mood, but has an appetite-suppressing effect as well.
Carbohydrates contain the amino acid tryptophan, which helps create serotonin in the body. With shorter daylight hours resulting in reduced serotonin production, our bodies turn to carbohydrates to compensate for low levels of serotonin. While science on winter appetite isn’t definitive, it’s possible that differences in our ability to produce and break down serotonin may alone affect cravings, and these variances keep researchers divided.
What Causes Cravings?
Below are some common causes of cravings. This list is by no means exhaustive, and there’s often overlap between the physical, emotional, and spiritual basis of cravings. Emotional cravings tend to be rooted in events and incidents, while spiritual cravings tend to be more systemic in nature.
Photo by Adobe Stock/andresr
- Blood sugar fluctuation
- Decreased daylight
- Food intolerance
- Gut flora imbalances
- Lack of sleep
- Nutrient deficiencies
- Too much or too little
- Disconnection from oneself
- Disconnection from that which is bigger than oneself (God, Goddess, nature, etc.)
- Disconnection from one’s purpose and meaning
- Social isolation
Cravings Without the Crash
This sharp shift in cravings is exacerbated by the cultural and market-driven cues to consume more sugar, alcohol, and comfort foods throughout the holiday season. The quick, easy fix inevitably lies in a pumpkin spice latte, muffin, or a bowl of pasta. While these processed choices do supply a significant and quick surge of tryptophan to boost serotonin production, they also come with sharp spikes in blood sugar. This ultimately leads to an energy crash, followed by a declining mood driven by low blood sugar, which then creates more cravings. It’s a roller coaster many people struggle with in autumn.
Additionally, lifestyle choices that are at odds with the season can have a significant impact on the severity of our cravings. In winter months, activity in nature slows down: Plant growth slows or stops, animals hibernate, and reproduction grinds to a halt in most species. Prior to the introduction of artificial light, human activity also decreased significantly. However, the cultural norm during winter today is to defy the darkness by filling cities with strings of lights. Instead of resting, we consume loads of caffeine and sugar. We act in defiance of nature and fill our schedules with multiple events throughout the holiday season, stress over expectations of holiday meals and gifts, and give ourselves less time to rest and relax during the time of year when nature promotes the opportunity for a break.
Even if our obligations don’t allow us to rest more from October to February, we can be more conscious about our choices during the darker months. Getting to bed a little earlier and being more selective about how often and to what degree we enjoy seasonal commitments can make significant difference in our food cravings. Additionally, stepping outside daily — especially on sunny days — can boost the body’s ability to produce serotonin in winter months. Exercising outside in daylight hours compounds that effect further, because exercise has the ability to boost serotonin production as well.
Photo by Adobe Stock/skynesher
Regulating blood sugar levels, exercising, adjusting sleep patterns, and addressing nutrient deficiencies work together to eliminate food cravings. However, building these habits takes time, and addressing the immediate craving combined with supportive lifestyle changes is the key to success.
Just as all carbohydrates aren’t created equal, neither are all cravings. While some cravings are generic and can be satisfied through several food choices, other cravings are very specific. A chocolate craving can’t be satisfied by red licorice, even though both are considered sweet. When making substitutions, pinpointing the type of craving at play — crunchy or creamy, salty or sweet, chewy or smooth — allows you to dial in an appropriate substitute.
The first step to breaking that holiday carb-fat-sugar cycle is switching the type of carbohydrates you eat. Carbohydrate-rich foods that are unprocessed and rich in vitamins, fiber, and antioxidants supply the body with nourishment and sought-after tryptophan while reducing the spike and crash brought on by sugar, refined white flour, and alcohol. Denying the craving through willpower, guilt, and self-admonishment rarely works long term and can worsen existing seasonal affective disorder. Eating healthier carbohydrates that address precise cravings satisfies your craving while working on underlying troubles that may be at the root of these cravings, such as blood sugar imbalances, insufficient sleep, vitamin deficiencies, and poor gut health.
Whole grains, potatoes with skins, yams, parsnips, carrots, and other starchy vegetables can help quell strong seasonal cravings. Roasting root vegetables and winter squash caramelizes the starches and heightens their natural sweetness. The fiber in these vegetables also slows down absorption of the starches, preventing the spike and crash in blood sugar levels. Substitute beans (a slow-burning carbohydrate), in baked goods such as brownies, for sweet treats that are easier on the body.
Once you address the physical root of cravings, your mind is more equipped to tackle emotional and spiritual roots to food cravings. Working through relationship or career struggles, trauma, or grief, and reconnecting to what gives life meaning is easier and more effective when the body isn’t under the stressors of sleep deprivation and erratic blood sugar levels. Any cravings that remain after you resolve physical causes are likely to be emotional or possibly spiritual in nature. If you find this is the case for you, cravings that aren’t satisfied by good food substitutions may be best addressed and transformed through supportive communities and practitioners focused on these areas.
We must eat to live. But we must also eat well to live well, and attending to our food cravings is a first step to healing and improving our relationship with food.
Aimee Gallo is a licensed sports nutritionist and holistic health coach. She’s the founder of VIBRANCE Nutrition and Fitness. Find out more at Vibrance Nutrition. | <urn:uuid:d8acbae3-1f6d-402a-a689-5202f94fb208> | {
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The Highway, Brighton, East Sussex, BN2 4PA
A Compassionate Learning Community
PSHE education plays a very important part in preventing issues around bullying, prejudice, substance misuse, sexual exploitation, and unplanned teenage pregnancy.
It also contributes to positive physical/ emotional/ mental health and healthy relationships.
For this reason, at Moulsecoomb Primary we believe that our PSHE curriculum enables our pupils to build healthy friendships and relationships, helping them keep safe now and in the future. Our effective PSHE education, along with other elements of our curriculum, also supports the teaching of behaviour for learning, contributing to the well-being, safety and achievement of all pupils in our school.
Please click on the link below to see an outline of what we teach in each year group across the year: | <urn:uuid:4083b26f-9f5d-438b-b2e2-455097ed9fc2> | {
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Music on the Blockchain
07 Jul 2016
Naughton (2016) suggests that blockchain technology could be ‘the most important IT invention of our age’; Mougayar (2016) that it is ‘at the same level as the World Wide Web in terms of importance’ (pxix).
Both in the media and at industry events, there has been an explosion of interest in recent months in the potential impact of blockchain technology on the music industries, in particular those associated with recorded music. Yet while the debate between ‘for’ and ‘against’ camps has at times seemed black and white, it is important to remember that the blockchain is a technology rather than a particular product, and its applications are already diverse. What is called for is a critical, analytical overview.
In this report, the Blockchain for Creative Industries cluster at Middlesex University highlight four areas in which blockchain technology does appear to have transformative potential for recorded music:
- As a networked database for music copyright information
- Facilitating fast, frictionless royalty payments
- Offering transparency through the value chain
- Providing access to alternative sources of capital
It also questions other claims for blockchain technology:
- That it would necessarily be used to create a ‘fair trade’ music ecosystem
- That it is likely to bring about the demise of record labels and performance rights organisations
Finally, this research sets out the significant barriers to adoption:
- Issues with cryptocurrencies
- Impact of governance and regulation on the integrity of the data
- Difficulty of reaching critical mass
It concludes by setting out our agenda for future research.
University of Middlesex, Publ. July 2016
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The goals of the Statistics Online Computational Resource (SOCR) are to design, validate and freely disseminate knowledge. Our Resource specifically provides portable online aids for probability and statistics education, technology based instruction and statistical computing. SOCR tools and resources include a repository of interactive applets, computational and graphing tools, instructional and course materials.
The Statistics Online Computational Resource (SOCR) is a suite of online tools and interactive aids for hands-on learning and teaching concepts in statistical analysis and probability theory developed at the University of California, Los Angeles. The SOCR resource is HTML, XML and Java based and all materials and tools are freely available over the Internet.
The Statistics Online Computational Resource provides one of the largest collections of free Internet-based resources for probability and statistics education. SOCR develops, validates and disseminates two core types of materials – instructional resources and computational libraries.
How to use the SOCR Resources
There are three major types of SOCR users: educators, students and tool developers. Course instructors and teachers will find the SOCR class notes and interactive tools useful for student motivation, concept demonstrations and for enhancing their technology based pedagogical approaches to any study of variation and uncertainty. Students and trainees may find the SOCR class notes, analyses, computational and graphing tools extremely useful in their learning/practicing pursuits. | <urn:uuid:b7bb9bed-9413-4209-9cd7-2e746cacb18f> | {
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Brown dwarfs are celestial objects that lack the mass to become fully fledged stars. High-resolution maps of one such object add to the evidence that these exotic worlds have highly dynamic weather and climate. See Letter p.654
Humanity's study of stars and planets stretches back centuries, but our understanding of intermediate objects — brown dwarfs — is relatively primitive. Brown dwarfs are fluid, hydrogen-dominated objects that are generally presumed to form like stars, but that contain insufficient mass to fuse hydrogen into helium. As links between planets and stars, these dwarfs provide clues about the processes of star and planet formation, the physics of interior structure and the behaviour of atmospheres under exotic conditions. But because they are so far away, brown dwarfs are seen as only unresolved points of light in telescope images. So far, observations of these objects have all been measurements of the combined light from their Earth-facing hemisphere that preclude any detailed view of what they look like. That has now changed: on page 654 of this issue, Crossfield et al.1 present the first spatially resolved maps of the visible surface of a nearby brown dwarf.
Crossfield and colleagues' maps of the brown dwarf, dubbed Luhman 16B, show large-scale bright and dark regions suggestive of patchy clouds. As such, the maps provide constraints on the dominant length scales of the meteorological motions and the overall nature of the atmospheric circulation on these exotic worlds. Luhman 16B was discovered in 2013 and lies a mere 2 parsecs away2, making it and its companion brown dwarf (Luhman 16A) the third-closest stellar or sub-stellar system to Earth, after α-Centauri and Barnard's star. Still glowing from the heat of its formation billions of years ago, the brown dwarf's atmospheric temperatures reach a baking 1,200 kelvin.
Given that brown dwarfs are unresolved points of light in the sky, how did Crossfield et al. construct these maps? The answer lies in the technique of Doppler imaging3 (Fig. 1). Brown dwarfs rotate rapidly — Luhman 16B rotates once every 4.9 hours. This fast rotation leads to movement of the atmospheric gas towards Earth on one side of the object and away from Earth on the other side. These rotational motions result in a change in frequency (Doppler shift) of emitted light, which, in turn, causes significant broadening of the emission lines observed in infrared spectra. If the visible surface of the brown dwarf were featureless, the spectral lines would be approximately symmetrical. But discrete, bright or dark atmospheric features that move across the dwarf's Earth-facing hemisphere during its rotation cause time-dependent asymmetries in the shape of the spectral lines that can be inverted to create a map, in longitude and latitude, of this surface patchiness. The technique has long been applied to stars3, but Crossfield and colleagues' study is the first to apply it to brown dwarfs.
The observations add to a growing body of evidence demonstrating that brown dwarfs exhibit highly dynamic weather and climate. Atmospheric motions have long been hinted at from the presence of clouds and disequilibrium chemistry the result of vertical mixing of atmospheric gas — that are inferred from infrared spectra of brown dwarfs. The first spectacular evidence for weather on brown dwarfs emerged4 in 2009, when it became clear that the infrared emission of many brown dwarfs shows strong variability in integrated brightness on timescales of hours to days. Several lines of evidence indicate that this variability results from relatively cloudy and cloud-free patches coming into or out of view as the brown dwarf rotates. Luhman 16B is no exception, and recent observations5,6 indicate that it exhibits peak-to-peak brightness variations of about 5–20%, fluctuating in time as the weather evolves. Although tantalizing, such variability provides only loose constraints on the size, shape and configuration of atmospheric features, rendering any direct assessment of atmospheric circulation for these objects difficult. In this context, Crossfield and colleagues' maps are potentially game changing.
Brown dwarfs generally, and Luhman 16B specifically, occupy a key position in our grand effort to understand the mechanisms and behaviour of atmospheric circulation over a wide range of conditions. As on planets such as Earth and Jupiter, the rapid rotation of brown dwarfs ensures that their atmospheric dynamics are rotationally dominated at large scales7. Unlike most known planets, however, brown dwarfs receive negligible external irradiation. Earth's global-scale weather is driven primarily by the contrast in solar heating between the Equator and the poles, a type of climate forcing that is ruled out for brown dwarfs such as Luhman 16B. Theories suggest that the vigorous convection that takes place in a brown dwarf's interior, which is necessary to transport the enormous heat flux that they radiate into space, will trigger waves and turbulence in the atmosphere7,8 that could potentially organize into coherent, large-scale weather features such as those seen in Crossfield and co-workers' maps. Jupiter's Great Red Spot — a vast, centuries-old vortex — and Saturn's recent massive convective storm9 provide useful analogies.
That said, it is currently unclear how far the analogy with Jupiter extends. Although brown dwarfs are Jupiter-like in many ways, they radiate heat fluxes that are orders of magnitude greater. Recent work10 suggests that, under these radiative conditions, the atmospheric circulation may comprise turbulence and vortices with no preferred directionality, rather than a banded pattern with multiple east–west jet streams like that of Jupiter and Saturn. Unfortunately, Crossfield and colleagues' analysis does not resolve this crucial issue; a well-known bias makes it a particular challenge to confidently infer banded patterns with the Doppler-imaging technique. Still, future attempts will be welcome, and, if successful, they could have implications for the interpretation of brown-dwarf variability as well as theories of atmospheric dynamics generally, including the multi-decade effort to build a theory for Jupiter's and Saturn's jet streams.
There are other caveats. The signal-to-noise ratio in the authors' maps is modest, and only a few of the largest atmospheric structures in the maps are statistically robust. The observations — which are based on carbon monoxide spectral lines at a wavelength near 2 micrometres — do not establish whether the patchiness results from spatial variations of clouds, temperature or chemistry, although the first is most likely, and observations at other wavelengths can break this degeneracy. Moreover, because Luhman 16B and its companion are the brightest brown dwarfs in the sky, they are the only ones to which the Doppler-imaging technique can currently be applied. Despite the caveats, these are exciting times for brown-dwarf science. The next few years should see the workings of these fascinating worlds gradually come into focus.
Crossfield, I. J. M. et al. Nature 505, 654–656 (2014).
Luhman, K. L. Astrophys. J. 767, L1 (2013).
Rice, J. B. Astron. Nachr. 323, 220–235 (2002).
Artigau, E., Bouchard, S., Doyon, R. & Lafreniere, D. Astrophys. J. 701, 1534–1539 (2009).
Gillon, M. et al. Astron. Astrophys. 555, L5 (2013).
Biller, B. A. et al. Astrophys. J. 778, L10 (2013).
Showman, A. P. & Kaspi, Y. Astrophys. J. 776, 85 (2013).
Freytag, B., Allard, F., Ludwig, H.-G., Homeier, D. & Steffen, M. Astron. Astrophys. 513, A19 (2010).
Sayanagi, K. M. et al. Icarus 223, 460–478 (2013).
Zhang, X. & Showman, A. P. 223rd Am. Astron. Soc. Meet., Washington DC, abstr. 424.03 (2014). | <urn:uuid:768485cd-91b3-4044-ba03-07a6425255c7> | {
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Facts & Trends: Fresh & Recycled Fiber Complementarity
Fresh or recycled fiber, either-or? The answer is both!
Have you ever wondered if it is more sustainable to use paper products made from fresh or recycled fiber? It is a fair question to ask, but a question that cannot be answered with either-or. In fact, fresh and recycled fiber are part of single-integrated wood fiber system. Fresh fiber needs to be harvested to sustain that cycle. Positive impacts and effectiveness of recycling depend on how much usable fiber can be recovered. The environmental attributes of fresh and recycled fiber are difficult to compare because both complement each other in a single system.
Why does this matter?
Demand for wood and fiber is expected to increase for the foreseeable future. Using natural resources responsibly and transparently is key to meeting this demand. Recovery and recycling is an integral part of using resources efficiently, reducing consumption footprints, providing sustainable products and thereby contributing to creating more sustainable lifestyles.
Forests provide us with a renewable and highly recyclable raw material – wood. Fiber obtained from wood is used to make paper and other products. Given resource constraints, the recovery and recycling of wood and paper products are essential to make a resource-efficient, quasi-circular economy a reality.
Decisions about the purchase and use of wood, fresh and recycled fiber can have wide-ranging consequences on environmental, social and economic values of forests and other natural resources. Making informed choices is imperative for all businesses in building and retaining consumer confidence in their product offerings, including the use of paper, packaging and other fiber based materials.
With this Facts & Trends report the WBCSD Forest Solutions Group aims to demonstrate the complementarity of fresh and recycled fiber for the sustainable supply of renewable raw material and products, outline environmental tradeoffs between choosing between fresh and recycled fiber and emphasize how to maximize the value of each harvested tree.
Developed by the WBCSD Forest Solutions Group with extensive technical support from the National Council for Air and Stream Improvement (NCASI), it supports the ongoing dialogue with major users of forest-based products, in particular consumer-goods companies, WBCSD members and other forest-focused stakeholders in government, civil society and business. It complements the WRI & WBCSD Sustainable Procurement Guide for wood- and paper-based products. | <urn:uuid:62868ae3-d1ac-4742-a4b7-a773b33178c2> | {
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Martin Luther's assault on the Roman Catholic Church 500 years ago this week changed the map of Christianity by testing the boundaries of religious liberty and ushered in a new concept of what it meant. The well-known Jesuit James Martin has been caught in the aftermath in 2017.
Luther was ousted from the church four years after pitching 95 hard-edged proposals for church reform to the pope by way of his local archbishop. His nudges were judged out of bounds by Rome and four years later he was excommunicated.
Martin published a book this year suggesting that bishops should relate better to lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people; he sparked a backlash from Catholics who saw in his appeal a stealthy effort to change the church's sexual doctrine.
A volley of criticism alleged that Martin's proposal subtly lobbies for a more permissive morality toward LGBT sexuality. By advocating a creeping tolerance, therefore, he would be violating his vow to uphold church teaching. He staunchly insists he seeks no change.
Luther's wholesale indictment of the way the church conducted itself was far more self-evident than Martin's modest, common-sense effort to uproot misunderstandings and soothe unnecessary frictions, but their discomforts arose from similar origins and run into an obstacle that continues to blunt valid discussion of differences.
Both are distressed that certain conduct by the church impedes the health of the Christian faith. For Luther, the sale of indulgences in Rome's capital campaign to build St. Peter's Basilica was a con game. For Martin, a gulf existed between Catholic leaders and LGBT Catholics that tainted the atmosphere within the wider church. Each filed briefs for their causes in a way that inevitably touched on essential teachings of the Gospel.
But in the 16th century as now, the exercise of authority did not permit ordained clergy to speak out against issues that Rome considered settled. To do so could be labeled heresy.
Luther was thus drummed out of the Catholic church on those grounds. Martin is constrained by the same general strictures, though his writing sets down no explicit challenge to church teachings. If he were a layman, the question would be moot. The clergy are bound by conformity; laypeople generally speak freely without penalty.
That owes to the fact that the Second Vatican Council left the lines of authority virtually untouched. A two-tiered hybrid was reinforced, though disguised. The rule of the entire church remained in the hands of a hierarchy, devolving from a pope with infallible properties down the line to priests.
But that top-down rigidity flew in the face of the widespread impression that this renewed church, under a "people of God" motif, had become flatter and committed to "shared authority." Mixed councils of laity and clergy cropped up all over the place, whether Vatican synods, national bishops' conferences, or parish councils. The picture was one of increasing democratization.
Except it wasn't true. Laypeople were only "advisers" and consultants. The ordained class held firm to its prerogatives.
At the time, this freezing of power attracted relatively little attention. Hierarchical authority was still hegemonic; few openly dissented and those who did, including most of the most-celebrated theologians at Vatican II, had been silenced at one time or another — and accepted that punishment. A massive wave of dissent was about to follow, however, accelerated mightily by Pope Paul VI's reaffirmation of the ban on artificial birth control.
Religions retain the right to define their terms of membership, of course, as do organizations and societies everywhere within the bounds of personal safety. The high-minded cause was to mold a coherent creed by shedding error.
But such means can also be used to rid the church of challengers who weren't enemies of the faith.
The Catholic Church obviously belongs to the tradition that shuns open debate outside official circles. But for decades, it's been out of control. Dissent has spiraled among the laity since Vatican II, largely because Rome cannot contain it among the laity. A few pro-choice politicians have been warned and minimally sanctioned, and some advocates of practicing homosexuality have been fired by church organizations, but the church is, in effect, powerless to clamp down on the tens of millions who reject the ban on artificial birth control or speak out for women's ordination.
Clergy, accordingly, get the closest scrutiny. Even the suspicion of dissent can spur charges of betrayal. Luther left little doubt. Martin creates none in terms of dissent. But does his call for discussion imply it? That is a matter of perception, short of any direct evidence that he crosses the line. Partisans of the Catholic left and right have come to opposite conclusions.
The unfortunate part, beyond the undeserved stress on Martin, is that Catholicism squashes healthy debate in a desperate attempt to preserve the claim that truth in its fullest dimensions resides in the hierarchy. In real terms, the church has flattened and the mystique of unquestionable truth is in shambles across a growing spectrum of the church.
As it is, priests and bishops are required to censor themselves as they grapple with how to speak their consciences without exposing themselves to accusations of heresy. By demanding conformity, the church has lost what I'd consider valuable voices: liberation theologians accused of political motives, priests speaking out for women's ordination (Pope John Paul II explicitly forbade even discussion of it), and proponents of a reconsideration of how the personhood and loving behavior of LGBT people might best align with the spirit of the Gospel. | <urn:uuid:3756b917-a44c-4c0e-bbec-f79833e5ed9e> | {
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Putting Essential Understanding into Practice: Geometry, 9-12 (Download)
Do your students think a triangle can be constructed from any three given line segments? Do they believe that a transformation affects only the pre-image—not the whole plane? Do they understand that examples—no matter how many they find—cannot prove a conjecture but one counterexample is
sufficient to disprove it?
What tasks can you offer—what
questions can you ask—to determine what they know or don’t know—and move them
forward in their thinking
This book focuses on the specialized pedagogical content
knowledge that you need to teach geometry effectively in grades 9–12. The authors demonstrate how to use this multifaceted knowledge to dispel students’ misconceptions and replace them with the steadily developing understanding that students need for success with geometry—not only in their current work, but
also in higher-level mathematics and a myriad of real-world contexts.
Explore rich, research-based strategies and tasks that show how students are reasoning about and making sense of diagrams and definitions, transformations, and proof. Use the opportunities that these and similar tasks provide to build on their understanding and guide them in taking the next steps in learning.
Understanding of Geometry into Practice in Grades 9–12 is the seventh title in NCTM’s highly useful and very readable Putting Essential Understanding into Practice Series, edited by Barbara J. Dougherty. Each volume in the series builds on the companion volume in the earlier Essential Understanding Series to
show teachers how to implement their understanding of mathematics in the classroom.
Please note: These products can only be purchased via NCTM’s Online catalog. Non-web payment methods, such as POs, cannot be used to purchase these items. If you have any questions please call NCTM’s Customer Service Department at 800-235-7566. | <urn:uuid:76477386-294b-446a-b61f-c0ef51eb11eb> | {
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In the fall of 2002, scientists at Los Alamos National Laboratory determined that the critical mass of neptunium-237 is about 60 kg. The critical mass of a fissionable material is the minimum amount that must be brought together to start a nuclear chain reaction. Neptunium-237 has a density of 19.5 g/cm$^3$. What would be the radius of a sphere of this material that has a critical mass?
A rather ordinary middle-aged man is in the hospital for a routine checkup. The nurse writes "200" on the patient's medical chart but forgets to include the units. Which of these
quantities could the 200 plausibly represent? The patient's (a) mass in kilograms; (b) height in meters; (c) height in centimeters; (d) height in millimeters; (e) age in months.
In Wagner's opera $Das Rheingold$, the goddess Freia is ransomed for a pile of gold just tall enough and wide enough to hide her from sight. Estimate the monetary value of this pile. The density of gold is 19.3 g/cm$^3$, and take its value to be about $10 per gram. | <urn:uuid:1a6420da-4c28-499a-af13-4ea63b0b3eb2> | {
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The New York Institute of Art and Design offers online AutoCAD classes and because we do, we like to provide free tips for aspiring planners. Enjoy!
If you’re starting to become relatively comfortable navigating the AutoCAD software, consider trying something new by experimenting with the polygon command.
In order to effectively calculate and subsequently draw the number of polygons within a given circle, you would need to divide the 360 degrees of said circle by the number of sides in said polygon- reasonably simple. However, calculating how long each side of the polygon would need to be in order to fit into a defined space is something much more difficult to achieve.
Luckily, AutoCAD provides designers with three convenient methods to input a polygon:
- Circumscribed — meaning each face of the polygon touches the circle of your choice
- Inscribed — meaning the software fits the extents of the polygon into the circle
- Edge — meaning you can input how long you need each side to measure
Moving forward with this user-friendly tool, the calculations for the angle and length of polygon sides are completed automatically by AutoCAD. You’ll be sure to appreciate this feature if you’re ever required to draw a gazebo, hex head screw or bolt during one of your projects. | <urn:uuid:e8951e4d-347a-44eb-a45c-72b48266a05a> | {
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There were somewhere between 50,000 and 160,000 moa prior to the arrival of Māori, outnumbering the early hunters by an order of magnitude. How then, did those hunters, lacking both steel and guns, exterminate so quickly birds up to 10 feet tall?
One fragment of the answer lies only centimetres beneath our feet. Silcrete is a type of duricrust, a marriage of quartz sands and freshwater gravels. Like flint and other palaeolithic stone tools, silcrete is a hard, flaking stone which, when chipped away, forms sharp edges—blades of rock ideal for carving and slicing.
Evidence in the form of these blades is obvious in many of the moa hunting sites in the south-eastern corner of the South Island. At the Shag River Mouth site alone, there are close to 6000 flakes, indicating that silcrete was a bulk commodity that contributed to the decline of moa.
The rock was mass produced in numerous quarries; Oturehua in Central Otago’s Ida Valley is the best known. Although the site is nearly 20 hectares in extent, a space as small as 60 by 60 metres was found to have 49 pits where the stone had been excavated. The pits remain small—two or three metres long and as little as 25 centimetres deep.
The discovery of the stone tools had early European scientists stumped. The rough cut and unpolished blades—not dissimilar to those of tools dating back further than 10,000 BC—indicated Stone Age craftsmanship, which made little sense when compared with the high level of craftsmanship common in Māori culture of the 1800s.
In 1871, scientist and geologist Julius Haast hypothesised that the stone tools belonged to an ancient civilisation some 12,000 years ago and that moa hunters were not Māori. Haast was not alone in his thinking. Explorer William Colenso also believed that Māori knew little about the giant birds and that the few stories still present in oral history were nothing more than a mythology based on the ancient bones that had surfaced in riverbanks over time.
Later that same year, evidence began to pile up that proved both men wrong. The chance discovery of a well-preserved moa neck—with moa feathers “quite fresh in appearance”—made its way into the hands of scientist James Hector, who maintained that moa hunters as well as moa had died out only shortly before the first Europeans arrived.
The last nail in the coffin for Haast’s hypothesis was driven home by his own senior workman, Alexander McKay, whose excavations at Moa Bone Point Cave, Redcliffs, revealed typical Māori artefacts such as fishing hooks, flax bags and polished tools among the bones and eggshells of the moa. Even deeper in the earth oven pits, moa bones and ash coincided with beautifully polished chisels of dark chert, undoubtedly the workmanship of an advanced culture, not like the one Haast had presumed hunted moa.
No matter, Haast continued to fight his corner and concluded that among tribes were a select few geniuses with the capability of shaping and polishing stone to a degree well above the masses. Yet Hector’s hypothesis eventually triumphed—the chipped shards of silcrete found in bulk at butchering sites were works of haste, not of art. They would have meant little more to a moa hunter than plastic forks and knives do today, like disposable cutlery, left at the scene of feasting. Stone tools bearing fine craftsmanship were not left lying around unless perhaps broken or chipped, being as precious in early Māori culture as they are today.
Europeans, then, arrived just short of the largest known bird to disappear into history’s abyss, finding instead only the utensils used in the feast. | <urn:uuid:a3edf96e-4dfb-4d49-be4d-ac0d82347cda> | {
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Better land management practices combined with plant-based diets are effective in tackling climate change and mitigating its effects.
The IPPC’s in-depth study, “Climate Change and Land,” was prepared by an international team of 107 experts from 52 countries and explores how land use contributes to climate change while also examining the effects of climate change on land and food security. This was the first and most comprehensive study of the global land-climate system. The IPPC is the United Nations body charged with assessing science related to climate change.
Balanced diets featuring plant-based foods, such as coarse grains, legumes, fruits and vegetables, and animal-sourced food produced sustainably in low greenhouse gas emission systems, present major opportunities for adaptation to and limiting climate change.
The main message of the comprehensive report is that in order to reduce greenhouse gases in a significant way and keep climate change in check, changes are needed in global land use, agriculture and dietary habits.
It describes land as a critical resource that must remain productive to ensure food security. When agricultural land loses its productivity, this results in soil degradation, erosion, and eventually desertification. Such land cannot absorb carbon and contributes to climate change while having a negative effect on food security.See more: Climate Change News
“Land plays an important role in the climate system,” said Jim Skea, one of the report’s authors and co-chair of the IPCC’s Working Group III, which examines the mitigation of climate change. “Agriculture, forestry and other types of land use account for 23 percent of human greenhouse gas emissions. At the same time natural land processes absorb carbon dioxide equivalent to almost a third of carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels and industry.”
The threat of soil degradation and erosion can be addressed through sustainable land management. Some of the measures suggested in the study include the cultivation of green manure crops and cover crops, crop residue retention, reduced or zero tillage and improved grazing practices to preserve ground cover. Meanwhile other sustainable agricultural practices deemed to be beneficial to the preservation of land, include agroecology and agroforestry, conservation agriculture, crop diversity, crop rotation, organic farming, the preservation of pollinators, and rainwater harvesting.
“The choices we make about sustainable land management can help reduce and in some cases reverse these adverse impacts,” said Kiyoto Tanabe, one of the experts and co-chair of the IPCC task force on national greenhouse gas inventories. “In a future with more intensive rainfall the risk of soil erosion on croplands increases, and sustainable land management is a way to protect communities from the detrimental impacts of this soil erosion and landslides. However there are limits to what can be done, so in other cases degradation might be irreversible.”
“There is real potential here through more sustainable land use, reducing over-consumption and waste of food, eliminating the clearing and burning of forests, preventing over-harvesting of fuelwood, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions, thus helping to address land-related climate change issues,” added Panmao Zhai, co-chair of IPCC Working Group I, which looks at the physical science of climate change.
But better land management is not the only solution to tackling climate change and mitigating its effects. The IPCC experts suggest that a reduction in resource-heavy meat consumption and an increased uptake of plant-based diets could free up land and reduce CO2 emissions by up to eight billion metric tons per year by 2050.
Debra Roberts, co-chair of the IPCC Working Group II, charged with assessing the vulnerability of socio-economic and natural systems to climate change, confirmed that diet has a significant effect on climate change
“Some dietary choices require more land and water, and cause more emissions of heat-trapping gases than others,” she said. “Balanced diets featuring plant-based foods, such as coarse grains, legumes, fruits and vegetables, and animal-sourced food produced sustainably in low greenhouse gas emission systems, present major opportunities for adaptation to and limiting climate change.”
The study’s experts also point out that better land management practices combined with a move towards plant-based diets and a reduction in food waste do not only have the potential to mitigate climate change but also result in positive socio-economic effects. These changes can eradicate poverty and hunger while improving public health and the availability of clean water.
This latest IPCC report was approved in Geneva on August 7 at the IPCC’s 50th session and presented at a press conference the next day at the World Meteorological Organization (WMO).
The report will provide scientific inputs into negotiations at upcoming climate conferences, including the Conference of the Parties of the U.N. Convention to Combat Desertification (COP14) to be held in New Delhi, India in September and the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change Conference (COP25) scheduled for December in Santiago, Chile. | <urn:uuid:327429d1-6105-4a01-8ee5-de2d0a37f516> | {
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Winnebago, or Ho-Chunk, is a Siouan language spoken in parts of Wisconsin, Nebraska, Iowa, South Dakota, Illinois and Minnesota in the USA. According to the 2000 census there are 1,650 Ho-chunk people, and there are thought to be 100 speakers of Ho-chunk. The language is also known as Hocak Wazijaci, Hochank or Hochunk.
The Ho-Chunk speakers call themselves Hotcągara. Speakers of this language in Nebraska call themselves Winnebago and are recognised as a separate tribe. The name Winnebago comes from the Sauk and Fox word Oinepegi and means something like "filthy/fetid water" [source].
The Ho-Chunk, or Winnebago, alphabet was adapted from the Fox syllabary, which was invented in the 1870s. The first row of Latin letters are those used by the Hocąk Wazijaci Haci Language and Culture Program, those in the second row are used by Paul Radin.
This alphabet was adopted as the official writing system of the Ho-Chunk Nation in July 1994.
Information about the Winnebago language
The Encyclopedia of Hotcąk Mythology - information about the Hotcąk people and language: http://hotcakencyclopedia.com
Hocak Worak - Newsletter of the Ho-Chunk Nation (in English)
Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska
If you need to type in many different languages, the Q International Keyboard can help. It enables you to type almost any language that uses the Latin, Cyrillic or Greek alphabets, and is free.
Note: all links on this site to Amazon.com, Amazon.co.uk and Amazon.fr are affiliate links. This means I earn a commission if you click on any of them and buy something. So by clicking on these links you can help to support this site. | <urn:uuid:ea247afd-c882-49fc-8291-4e63c20f36b5> | {
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ASM, Assembly Language Source Code File (.asm)
The ASM Developer file format
Assembly language is a quite low-level programming language. Code written in this language is commonly saved using the ASM file extension. These files contain the code of programs that can be translated into machine language for the programs to be executed.
Technical details of ASM files
ASM files contain source code, saved in a plain text format. Due to this, they can be opened, edited and produced using a basic text editor. In order to run the program coded using the Assembly language, however, an assembler program is needed. The assembly language inside the ASM code very strongly resembles the actual instructions of the device's code.
More information about the ASM file format
|Associated programs||File Viewer Plus (Windows)
GNU Emacs (Linux)
MacroMates TextMate (Mac)
Microsoft Notepad (Windows)
Any Text Editor
|Useful links||More about ASM and the assembly language| | <urn:uuid:19a1275b-c6f7-4251-9ece-56a932ff6cb1> | {
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You’ve made peace with the return of cold weather. As temperatures plummet and heating bills rise, you can curl up with a good book in your favorite easy chair or slip into bed for a long winter’s nap.
That is, unless your favorite spot is already taken by bed bugs. If a sudden rash doesn’t tip you off, you can confirm their presence by the specks of brown and red they leave on cushions and sheets.The bed bug, Cimex lectularius, is a light brown, oval-shaped creature less than a quarter-inch long. It seeks warm places, is usually active at night, and survives by drawing blood from people, often without our noticing it at the time.
And bed bugs have staged a comeback in recent years. Experts aren’t sure why, but probable causes include the removal of pesticide DDT from the market; the successful control of cockroaches — a major predator of bed bugs; and increases in travel and immigration.
The little bugs are forcing big changes in behavior. Travelers are taking a closer look at their hotel rooms, asking about cleanliness and checking websites for infestation reports. If in doubt when traveling, plan to bring old, clean sheets with you and leave them behind. Don’t put hotel pillows on the floor, and check hotel comforters and bedspreads, since they are not washed as often as linen. Don’t buy used mattresses, and if you buy any used furniture, examine cracks and crevices where bugs can hide.
How much of a health problem do bed bugs pose? And how can we get rid of them? The good news is there’s no evidence bed bugs transmit diseases. However, some people will have an allergic reaction, with rashes and intense itching. Infestations have been linked to asthma.
Bed bugs are hard to eliminate. They can go a long time without feeding, up to 300 days, according to a 2012 study in Clinical Microbiology Reviews. They are small enough to hide and nest in confined spaces. And they survive in temperatures from the mid-40s to over 100 degrees Fahrenheit — so are found in temperate regions worldwide.
That doesn’t mean we have to put up with them in our living spaces.
Like many areas of health and wellness, the impact of these tiny pests can be out of all proportion to the harm they pose to our health. Just knowing that there’s something living in the cracks of bedding, furniture or clothing is enough to make your skin crawl and the psychological impact can be serious.
Effective control begins with prevention, and that means keeping a clean house, hotel, school or office. Thoroughly vacuuming rooms, closets and other spaces is a good start. Some vacuums come equipped with ultraviolet light that kills pests. Linen should be washed in hot water and dried on the hot cycle, since temperatures over 115 degrees Fahrenheit will kill the bugs and their eggs. Non-toxic, organic insecticides are also available.
But once the bed bugs have gotten the upper hand, however, infestations generally require experienced help. For most homeowners, trying to find and root out every trace of the bed bugs is simply too difficult and time-consuming. Hiring a professional exterminator will give you confidence that the problem is solved.
Bed bug bites don’t always require medical treatment. But if you do pick up an annoying rash or have an allergic reaction to the bites, there are numerous natural remedies that are simple, safe and effective, including aloe vera gel, a baking soda paste, witch hazel, lemon juice or apple cider vinegar. Applying any of these to the skin should help relieve the itching and aid in healing.
In more serious cases, a physician can recommend a topical gel, antihistamine or corticosteroid cream.
Bed bugs are in some ways like life itself — another of the small annoyances that we must deal with from time to time, but which respond readily to common sense and hard work. A bed bug infestation isn’t fun, but controlling one or preventing one can raise our awareness of our environment, reminding us to be mindful of our homes, work spaces and overall health.
— Steve Bernardi is a compounding pharmacist and Dr. Gary Kracoff is a registered pharmacist and a naturopathic doctor at Johnson Compounding & Wellness in Waltham. Readers with questions about natural or homeopathic medicine, compounded medications or health in general can email [email protected], call 781-893-3870 or visit naturalcompounder.com. | <urn:uuid:9a27b160-3257-4bde-a9e5-bd515c075007> | {
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“Remember that sketchy neighborhood we used to live in?”
You're talking with an old college friend. You're remembering old times together. In college, you and your friend were poor so you lived in a cheap house in a dangerous part of town. You remind him of this.
Remember that sketchy neighborhood we used to live in?
You "live in" a country, a state, province or prefecture, a city, or a neighborhood:
I used to live in Canada.
She lives in Beverly Hills.
Sometimes you can use "live on" for explaining which side of a city you live in:
I live on the South side of Chicago.
You live at a specific address:
I live at 112 West Crescent Street.
In casual speech, you can ask someone "Remember ___?" instead of "Do you remember ___?"
You ask this question to ask whether someone remembers an experience that you had together. For example:
Remember that time when we went camping and forgot to bring a tent?
You don't usually ask "Remember ___?" to find out whether someone remembers facts like this:
Do you remember his phone number?
A "sketchy" neighborhood looks like it might be dangerous. Often a sketchy neighborhood has old buildings that need to be repaired. There might also be people there who look violent or sneaky.
If you're sure that a neighborhood is dangerous, you usually don't call it "sketchy". Instead, call it "a bad neighborhood" or "a rough neighborhood".
Other things that you can describe as "sketchy" include:
- a hotel
- a bar or night club
- a person | <urn:uuid:b074fca8-bf44-49e6-bd2c-34ed9c5a79f7> | {
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IOTA was introduced in July 2016 as a cryptocurrency for managing 'Internet of Things' (IoT) devices in a completely decentralized way.
The premise behind the coin was to create a system which would be entirely free (unlike Bitcoin which encourages transaction fees) and – interestingly – was built on top of the 'DAG' (directed acyclic graph) system, rather than blockchain.
The core of the system is the promise that it can handle unlimited transactions simultaneously (as opposed to the 10 per second that Bitcoin can handle) and can scale infinitely. This is actually very important as one of the major drawbacks of Bitcoin has been its inability to scale effectively, with many people reporting prolonged processing times for transactions.
The aim of the system is to have a decentralized platform onto which 'Internet of Things' devices can be made available for rent or use in an open marketplace.
It was created by David Sønstebø, Sergey Ivancheglo, Dominik Schiener, and Dr. Serguei Popov (according to Wikipedia). As ever, this is not financial advice or endorsement.
What is IOTA?
Unlike other cryptocurrencies, IOTA was designed to focus on its implementation rather than adoption. As such, it doesn’t matter how many people use the system, it will always provide FREE transactions with unlimited scale and processing potential.
The whole premise of the system has been to create a central system through which companies, private owners and governments could provide 'IoT' services for rent or small microtransactions.
To give context to how these work, the next step for the Internet is looking to be the "Internet of Things" – a way to manage and connect ALL the devices in your life.
IoT basically works by each device either in a home or business environment being equipped with a sensor and the ability to connect to a network (either LAN or WAN), through which it can receive commands and send data.
The idea for IoT has been that if you have an office with a laser printer, the IoT landscape would give those with credentials the opportunity to not just connect to the printer, but also use it and manage it. Whilst this exists already (through a LAN), what doesn’t exist is a means (platform) by which everyday people would be able to use the said printer.
Iota has been designed to be that means. More so, it’s meant to be a completely decentralized system which is able to provide a framework through which any IoT device will be able to be used and managed by other people. To do this, you need a 'token' through which is where the IOTA market value has been derived.
The most important thing to consider about IOTA is that it’s NOT positioning itself to be a currency, nor is it trying to change the world by decentralizing the entire financial infrastructure of the west. It’s trying to bring systems together in a way that’s never been possible before – by allowing people to engage with one another through the use of different connected devices.
Ultimately, you have to remember that IOTA has been designed to be everything that Bitcoin wasn’t. Part of the third wave of cryptocurrencies, it has the immense benefit of being able to take leaves out of many books. Its market cap might be large but it’s based on its scale, not its veracity.
Who created it?
The main advantage that IOTA has had over many of the other coins that have been created is partly its tangle technology (which not many people are sold on) and its uptake with a number of larger institutions, most notably Bosch, Consensys, USbank, and Cisco.
The founders are as follows…
- David Sønstebø
- Sergey Ivancheglo
- Dominik Schiener
- Dr. Serguei Popov
Announced in Q4 2015 (via an ICO) and was able to raise 1.337 BTC (at that time worth around $584.000). The company has since developed its technology and built a number of partnerships through its IOTA foundation.
Why does it exist?
The most important thing to consider with IOTA is its place in the cryptocurrency environment. Currently, crypto is not dissimilar to the early Internet, with millions of dollars flooding into the market to fund a range of unprofitable ideas.
Most of the coins we’ve seen in the first and second waves of the crypto boom are likely going to fade into oblivion when new ones come out (that drastically improve performance etc). This is undisputed. What is disputed is how that’s going to happen.
As we saw with the Internet, essentially what we have right now is a primordial soup of a number of different currencies vying for position. These currencies have been designed to perform different tasks but are ALL reliant on the core decentralized infrastructure being in place & adopted. This is the main job at the moment – getting adoption for the idea of decentralized systems.
Thus, we’ve begun to see a large number of new coins come forth in the past couple of years to provide users with the ability to gain different benefits from each.
The majority of these have been released via an ICO, which is exactly what IOTA ended up doing.
IOTA wanted to be the coin that allowed users to manage IoT devices autonomously. For example, the ability to share car charging ports, city bikes and other public facilities. The problem is that whilst the system is packed with a lot of new technology (such as the 'tangle' idea), there are a number of issues which could prevent it from achieving critical mass.
According to its white paper, the following is why it was created:
The rise and success of Bitcoin during the last six years proved that blockchain technology
has real-world value.
However, this technology also has a number of drawbacks that prevent it from being used as a generic platform for cryptocurrencies across the globe. One notable drawback is the concept of a transaction fee for transactions of any value.
The importance of micropayments will increase in the rapidly developing IoT industry, and paying a fee that is larger than the amount of value being transferred is not logical.
Furthermore, it is not easy to get rid of fees in the blockchain infrastructure since they serve as an incentive for the creators of blocks. This leads to another issue with existing cryptocurrency technology, namely the heterogeneous nature of the system.
You can read the full Whitepaper here.
The price of each coin reached around $4 (in 2017), which means that it’s the scale of the system that’s lead it to be ranked so highly; not necessarily yet its adoption or usage.
Thus, what you have to appreciate with this is that if you’re looking to use the various metrics for this coin, you need to beware that its sheer size might have skewed the listings. The rate of transactions is by far the most important metric you need to consider.
To this end, the growth of transactions from the coin seems to have been steadily growing since its public release, and as such its adoption by a number of influential institutions seems to have been confirmed.
The most important thing to consider here is the wider picture.
What we’re currently witnessing is a bloodbath very similar to the early days of the web (where money flooded the market to fund companies that had little to no hope of survival).
As such, when considering the myriad of altcoins (such as IOTA), it’s vital to consider the perspective of the market as a whole. Why is the coin being adopted? Who made it? What’s the underlying technology? Why does it benefit people more than Bitcoin?
The underlying answer to the above questions is that the IOTA coin has been developed as a way to manage a much broader interface than just financial transactions. Because of this, and its seeming adoption by a large number of institutions (including some subsidiaries of Microsoft), a lot of people will have likely jumped onto the bandwagon in order to try and make a quick buck.
Never make trade decisions from looking at a chart only. | <urn:uuid:354c9f05-106e-4a0d-94ae-bbf4d469f0ab> | {
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Regulatory & Scientific Affairs Specialist and Veterinarian @Purina
Purina IngredientsGo to the section >
“Rich in” or “Flavoured with” are terms detailed in the FEDIAF* Code of Good labelling Practice to give us an indication on the quantity of that specific ingredient present in the pet food.
The amount of ingredients is indicated by using the following terms:
- “X Flavor": here, the ingredient is not present, but will only have a taste which comes from a flavouring substance, e.g. bacon flavour.
- “Flavoured with X" means that less than 4% of ingredient X is present in the product, e.g. .: flavoured with chicken.
- “With X" means that at least 4% of ingredient X is present in the product, e.g.: with chicken.
- “Rich in X" means that at least 14% of ingredient X is present in the product, e.g.: rich in lamb.
- “X menu" means that at least 26% of ingredient X is present in the product, e.g.: beef menu.
Here's a practical example: If ‘with chicken’ is written on a label it means that at least 4% of the product contains chicken. Usually, the percentage of meats and by-products is much higher. In this specific case, 4% just refers to chicken, and the rest of fleshy parts are potentially composed from different raw materials, such as more chicken, beef, lamb or duck.
So, remember: when you read ‘4% chicken’ on a package it is the minimum amount of that type of ingredient in the recipe.
* FEDIAF*: The European Pet Food Industry Association. | <urn:uuid:78e770ba-c4eb-4df0-ba6b-bc1650973566> | {
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What wood should I be using?
DRY. This means a maximum of 25% moisture content but ideally under 18% if possible.
Do not burn any wood which has been treated as this will release poisonous gases and dioxins. Do not use any driftwood as the salt content can cause irreparable damage to the ceramic cylinder and metal components. Younger softwoods and timber which has a higher moisture content will produce a greater volume of creosote and soot than dry, well seasoned hardwood.
Logs should be approximately 100mm - 120mm in diameter by around 300mm - 400mm long for your Pyroclassic IV Fire. Logs should be approximately 100-120 mm in diameter by around 200-250mm long for your Pyroclassic Mini Fire.
Dry wood is a must. To get the heat out of wood the fuel must pass through several stages. Firstly, free water that is not chemically bound with the wood is driven off – even wood at 20% moisture content still has to get rid of 2 litres of water for every 10 kilograms of wood. In the second stage the wood breaks down into the volatile gases, liquids and charcoal. Finally, the charcoal is also gasified, burning with a very short flame close to the char surface that appears to glow. In wood stoves all stages proceed simultaneously.
Wood is the most prolific worldwide, solar embedded, carbon sequestered energy source which is renewable in a human lifetime. It will provide energy when the sun is not shining and the wind is not blowing, when the outside temperature is above or way below freezing and when the electricity is not coming out of that little hole in the wall. If the abundant, worldwide timber resource is managed correctly it is the most sustainable, environmentally safe, renewable, resource we have and it has sustained mankind for centuries, providing us with warmth for the space we live in, warm water to clean with and the ability to cook food.
With the discovery of more energy intensive and easily transportable fossil fuels, wood was relegated to a lowly place in the order of preference and although it is bulky to transport it is the safest as it does not need a specially built pipeline, it won't suddenly explode or cause devastating marine pollution and with almost no refining can be used in its raw state. The closer it is used to the place where it has grown makes this an even more environmentally friendly product.
Most designer wood burners catering to aesthetic demands totally disregard the thermal conductivity of wood. Microscopic examination of wood shows the channels which carry the liquid nutrients up and down the tree; consequently the properties of wood are very different along the grain than across it. Heat moves along the grain about fifteen times faster than across it, therefore, solid wood across the grain does not conduct heat and is an effective insulator meaning it does not readily burn.
When a fire is lit, even by rubbing two sticks together, the gasification process starts and it is the combustion of these gases with air that produce heat which we see as flames and smoke. When heat cannot penetrate wood easily, i.e. across the grain, the volatiles given off are not rich enough nor hot enough to burn efficiently. Efficiency apparently is not a consideration in such panoramic appliances.
This is getting to the really nerdy bit now...
Burning of the volatile gases delivers over 60% of the heat stored in the original log but few heaters can recover the major portion of this heat as the volatiles must be over 600°C and mixed with hot oxygen to burn them. Now these are difficult conditions to meet and here’s why: if the main air supply comes from under or around the burning logs, the glowing char consumes all of the oxygen - it takes only 5cms of glowing char to consume all the available oxygen. At that point, incomplete combustion continues as characterised by increased carbon monoxide and tars which mostly go up the chimney where the unburnt volatiles deposit on the flue walls as a highly flammable, gummy substance known as creosote. It is wrong to introduce cold secondary air above the fuel as it cools the gases below their ignition temperature and now they won’t burn at all. The requirement is to introduce a highly pre-heated but variable volume of air for the different stages of combustion. This is done very efficiently by the secondary air tubes inside the Pyroclassic IV fire.
All fires consume large volumes of air in order to extract the oxygen required to burn their fuel. One kilogram of wood needs 3.7m3 of air to burn completely, although this is only a theoretical minimum for stoichiometric combustion. Such ideal combustion does not exist in real life as only some of the oxygen in that amount of air can be used and therefore 'cool fires' need some 200% - 300% excess air to get the oxygen they need. Therefore some 7 - 10m3 of air per kilogram of wood pass through the firebox cooling the core temperature inside it and cooling air below 600°C , which kills the reaction needed to burn the volatiles. In most fires the air needs of the fire make it work against itself making it inefficient and polluting, the excess air it uses only goes up the chimney with all that gas, tar and particulates. A Pyroclassic IV only uses super-heated air in its secondary burn cycle ensuring there is no cooling of the firebox and no excess air consumed.
Burning wood scientifically is done very effectively by the Pyroclassic IV freestanding woodburning fire but even the cleanest and most efficient woodburning stove needs logs which are as dry as possible to give the best output from your fuel. Check the moisture content of your wood when you buy it and then let nature do the hard work for you. Stack it off the ground in an open sided, roofed store to allow plenty of air flow around it for as long as possible or at least until the moisture content is below 20%. It’s then ready to be used in your Pyroclassic fire to give you a nice warm house right through winter in the most efficient and cleanest way possible. | <urn:uuid:8976ff3e-1e0d-48c3-b166-e7378cece721> | {
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The Iowa Department of Natural Resources is continuing its program to detect a potentially deadly pest to trees that’s been spotted in neighboring states. The emerald ash borer feeds on and eventually kills ash trees.
State entomologist Robin Pruisner says they have about 450 sticky traps in eastern far Iowa. She says they are just taking the traps down now and it will take a couple of months to get them down and evaluate them.
Pruisner says there has been no evidence of the beetle in Iowa, although it has recently been discovered in Wisconsin and Missouri. Pruisner says it’s important to identify the ash borer as soon as possible.
Pruisner says they’ve learned the beetle for some reason is capable of infesting an area, and it’s very difficult to locate, and so they are able to do some damage before being discovered. Pruisner says firewood is one of the biggest threats to allowing the pest into Iowa.
Pruisner says there are individuals moving firewood, and also chain stores moving firewood. She says they have some control over the stores moving firewood, so the biggest threat is people bringing in contaminated firewood from out of state. Pruisner says you should buy firewood at your destination and not carry firewood with you.
Pruisner says crews will continue removing the borer traps throughout August to check for signs of infestation. They also have 400 sentinel or "trap" tree intentionally stressed to attract ash borers that will be checked in September. You can go to the website www.iowatreepests.com to find out more about the emerald ash borer and other tree pests. | <urn:uuid:db63b7b1-5230-4e55-9117-db0462f3289f> | {
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February 16, 2017
The first-ever species inventory of the peat swamp forests of the Kampar Peninsula has been completed and published by the Riau Ecosystem Restoration Programme (RER).
The work was the result of nearly eight months spent in the field – described in the report, as “one of the most physically challenging and inhospitable environments on this planet” – by a dedicated survey team from RER’s partner organization, Fauna & Flora International (FFI).
The inventory covered woody and non-woody plant species, and mammal, bird, reptile and amphibian species. It revealed that 43 species present are listed on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List as Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable.
Three of the four Ecosystem Restoration Concessions (ERC) licensed to APRIL in the Kampar Peninsula by the Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry are included in the report “Biodiversity of the Kampar Peninsula”. The fourth concession will be inventoried this year.
A set of 32 transects and 220 camera trap stations were set up across the three concessions to allow the FFI team to capture not only information on species but also some extraordinary images.
The inventory recorded 72 species of mammals including confirming the presence, recorded by camera traps, of five of Sumatra’s six cat species. Fifteen of the 72 mammal species recorded are globally threatened with two — the Sumatran Tiger and Sunda Pangolin — listed as Critically Endangered.
The Sumatran Tiger was the only one of Sumatra’s four megafauna (large mammals) that was found. The report points out that, of the other three, the Sumatran Elephant rarely uses peat swamp habitats but that the Sumatran Rhinoceros and Malayan Tapir do — and that future surveys may reveal their presence.
The plant inventory recorded 112 tree species and 40 non-tree species; the bird inventory 220 bird species from 53 families; and the amphibian and reptile inventories 14 and 61 species respectively.
Among the ten turtle species present, the Malaysian Giant Turtle and Painted Terrapin are officially protected in Indonesia and the report stated that “the presence of both these species in this area is of great conservation significance, both of which are highly endangered species.” The report added that: “large numbers of Malaysian Giant Turtle were seen trapped by locals, and also accidentally caught in fishing nets. These turtles are consumed and sold locally.”
The long-term aim of the inventories is to help establish an ecological baseline for creating a comprehensive management plan to ensure the long-term protection and restoration of the ecosystem restoration concessions as an integral part of the entire Kampar Peninsula.
The RER programme was established by APRIL in 2013 as part of the company’s commitment to conserve and restore one hectare of native forest for every hectare of plantation. The RER programme is a not-for-profit partnership between business and NGOs. RER aims to protect and restore a 130,000-ha area of peat swamp forest on the Kampar Peninsula, one of the largest remaining areas of peat swamp forest in Riau province. APRIL has made a US$100 million commitment to support biodiversity conservation and community development through Ecosystem Restoration licenses.
FFI Asia-Pacific Director Dr. Tony Whitten said: “The Kampar Peninsula has been largely undocumented by scientists, and little is known about the ecology and biological diversity of its peat swamp forest, rivers and lakes. A comprehensive understanding of its ecological character is a prerequisite to managing the peninsula in the best possible and pragmatic way. Therefore, the first task was to conduct extensive surveys to gather baseline data on the area.”
View the full report here. | <urn:uuid:e311140d-069d-4971-bc9c-14b73d77a8e3> | {
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The ambient temperature influences the “choice behaviour” of the consumer. Warm or cool temperatures influence the sense of social connectedness, which transfers to the importance consumers attach to the opinion of other consumers. Hence, it is best to create a warm context in order to facilitate the social behaviour of consumers. For instance, consumers tend to take the opinion of others as the reference point for their own product preferences in warm temperatures (as opposed to cold temperatures).
Guidelines from scientific research
The impact of temperature
Influence the experienced temperature
Sufficiently styling and furnishing a space (in comparison with an empty space) can raise the experience of the temperature of the environment. Use the right colours and textures in the space to influence the visual perception of warmth. The temperature in a space with red walls, for instance, is estimated to be higher than in a room with blue walls.
The creation of emotional warmth
If a warm drink is offered to the consumer, this warmth will pass through the absorption of the hands, creating an “emotional” feeling of warmth. In turn, the consumer will estimate other people to be warmer, more generous and more caring.
Ideal temperature for promotions
Promoting products with the use of tag lines such as ‘preferred by millions’, ‘a bestseller’, ‘trendy’, ‘very popular’ or ‘used by the majority’, is more effective in a store with a warm ambient temperature. Cooler store temperatures will, on the other hand, benefit products described as ‘unique’, ‘rare’, ‘scarce’, ‘tailor-made’ or ‘one-of-a-kind’.
Perception of warmth of materials
When selecting materials for a store interior it is very important to pay sufficient attention to the way these materials will be experienced by the users: both the retailers and the consumers. The colour and texture of the material can influence the visual perception of warmth. Although not always true, the visual aspect usually dominates in a multi-sensorial perception. Hence in an interior, colour (especially interior wall colour) has a greater impact on the visual perception of warmth than texture. In other words, a red concrete wall is perceived to be warmer than a coarse concrete wall. The coarse wall, in turn, is perceived to be warmer than a smooth concrete wall. As it is not always possible to change the colour of an existing material, it might however be possible to alter the texture of a surface to influence the perceived warmth of a material.
Drawing attention with tactile characteristics
Use the tactile characteristics of a product to draw the attention of the consumer. When this one is attracted by the tactility of a product, there is less risk that he will shift his attention to a competing product or brand. However, when a product doesn’t feel pleasant or doesn’t invoke a satisfying feeling, the consumer will more likely search elsewhere.
People have different preferences when it comes to the senses they use to acquire information. For some people, haptic information (that gained through the use of touch) is predominant. Haptic information is important for the evaluation of products that differ in texture, hardness, temperature and weight. Avoid presentations that hinder the ability to touch a product (for instance a product that is behind glass or on a display which is out of reach. Have a look at our recap paper ‘haptic is practical’ in Peck & Childers (2003) for more insights on haptic information.
The tactile interaction created by a product (or piece of furniture) in a store appears to affect the way this product is perceived. An important consequence is that the tactile aspect of products/furniture needs to be congruent with the appeal of it (the underlying message). The tactile aspect can also be used to reinforce the visual aspect.
Negative consequences of tactile contact
Products should be neatly displayed or folded on the shelves, as consumers find products less attractive and are less likely to buy them when they think that the products have often been touched before.
When a salesperson touches the consumer very subtly and lightly, the chance of participation by the consumer, the tip he gives, or in some circumstances the evaluation of the service increases. Still, some care is warranted. Salespeople should evaluate whether and when it is appropriate to touch someone during their sales talk. Women tend to have a higher preference for tactile contact than men, and also age-related differences need to be taken into account: tactile contact is more convincing for a person over 65, than for younger consumers. | <urn:uuid:c60042fb-1860-4ac3-9bb1-006b0bf1a1ec> | {
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Researchers with MIT’s Computer Science & Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) have published a study detailing the use of cameras and artificial intelligence to recreate hidden actions based only on the shadows they cast. The method produces fairly low-quality results at this time but may be refined for future computational photography purposes that include helping self-driving cars ‘see’ hidden objects in their environment.
Shadows can reveal the presence of things a person may not be able to directly see; in the most obvious example, someone could, for example, perceive that a person is standing around a nearby corner because of the shadow they cast on the sidewalk. Though humans can perceive the movement of objects using their shadows, we cannot determine their colors and may not be able to determine their shape.
The newly detailed MIT AI can, however, recreate videos that include hints about an object’s color and shape based on the shadows it produces. As demonstrated in the video above, the AI was surprisingly capable of recreating the movement and general shape of hands and forearms in motion out of view of the camera. As well, the algorithm generated a video of hands moving large blocks and a small ball, recreating part of each object’s color.
This is the latest example of researchers combining cameras and artificial intelligence to produce seemingly magical results. This past summer, for example, experts with Facebook Research and the University of Washington unveiled an algorithm that can generate ‘living’ animations from individual still images.
Author: Go to Source | <urn:uuid:bb5aaa67-7aa4-4b1e-9b3a-06c8dc0720cd> | {
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Sixth Grade Previsit Material
CA NGSS MS-ESS3-3. ESS3.C. Human Impacts on Earth Systems: Discussion reviews the movement of energy through ecosystems with an emphasis on importance of maintaining that balance. Ecosystems have their limits and can be damaged by disturbance and overpopulation which will reduce the ability of those systems to function as effectively. Excess greenhouse gases in our atmosphere and rising temperatures have a negative impact on Earth’s physical and biological systems and this is impacting human health and well-being. Solutions are discussed.
What Students Learn: Rising temperatures have changed the trajectory of vector ecology and we have seen our own local issues develop with the arrival and spread of invasive mosquitoes. Conclusion includes mosquito source identification, source reduction practices, and bite prevention information.
Please provide feedback on this material: | <urn:uuid:fd929a27-ece8-4658-b9be-8581ac7fa77f> | {
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The Norwegian Model 1894/1912 Krag-Jorgensen
September 23, 2010
The Krag-Jorgensen Model 1912 carbine featured an elegantly curved pistol-grip stock and SMLE-like muzzle band.
Since the introduction of the first bolt-action rifle in the days after the American Civil War and continuing to the present day, one design in particular has been universally acknowledged as being the smoothest operating of them all: the Krag-Jorgensen. Among knowledgeable riflemen, the highest praise one can bestow upon a bolt-action repeater is that, "It's almost as smooth as a Krag!"
The Krag-Jorgensen rifle was developed in the late 1880s by Ole H. Krag, the director of the Norwegian state arsenal in Kongsberg, and Erik Jorgensen, the arsenal's chief designer. The pair had begun work on a bolt-action, repeating rifle in the mid-1800s, and when the French announced the adoption of the Fusil d'Infanterie Mle. 1886, the first smallbore smokeless-powder rifle, their efforts went into high gear.
Because French secrecy kept the formula for smokeless powder from other countries, Krag and Jorgensen's early designs used an 8mm cartridge with a fully jacketed bullet backed by a 70-grain charge of compressed blackpowder. As finalized in 1888, the design's most distinctive feature was a machined, case-like receiver that was located horizontally beneath the bolt. It contained a magazine that was loaded by means of a hinged gate. One swung the gate open towards the muzzle, which compressed the magazine follower and spring, and then manually loaded rounds into the magazine. The cover was closed, which released the follower to force the cartridges sideways up a ramp into the action from the lower left-hand side. As on most early military repeating rifles, a magazine cutoff, operated by a pivoting lever on the left rear of the receiver, was fitted to permit the rifle to be used as a single-loader with the magazine's contents held in reserve.
The Krag's bolt was a one-piece unit with an extractor that ran along its top. A single, front lug locked into a matching mortise in the front of the receiver, and when the bolt was drawn all the way to the rear, the lug also served as the boltstop. To provide additional locking, the bolt handle turned down into a notch at the rear of the receiver, and the bolt's guide rib bore on the front of the receiver bridge. The Krag's bolt and magazine system allowed cartridges to be chambered smoothly and permitted very rapid manipulation of the bolt.
As the Norwegian army had recently adopted a tubular-magazine, repeating rifle--the Model 1884 Jarmann--the kroner-pinching bureaucrats in Oslo displayed little enthusiasm for this new development. So the Krag was entered in trials being held by a number of armies, and in 1889, the Danish army adopted the rifle as the Gevaer m/89. A Danish-pattern Krag was entered in the 1892 U.S. Army trials, but it was rejected.
Krag and Jorgensen redesigned their rifle to meet the American prerequisites. It was chambered for a .30-caliber smokeless cartridge; it had a Mauser-type wing safety; and it featured a new loading-gate cover that opened out to the right side to make reloading faster and fumble-free. Suitably impressed, the U.S. Army adopted the improved rifle in 1893 as the U.S. Magazine Rifle, .30 Caliber, Model 1892.
In 1892, the Norwegian army began trials to find a replacement for the Jarmann rifle. After extensive field trials, the Krag-Jorgensen rifle was officially adopted as the Krag-Jorgensengevaer M/1894.
Norwegian sailors clean their Model 1894s.
The Model 1894 was produced from the finest materials and featured a pistol-grip stock made of walnut. Later stocks were also made of beech. To enhance accuracy, a free-floating barrel was used, and finely adjustable front and rear sights were fitted.
The Krag was chambered for the 6.5x55 Mauser cartridge, which was known in Norway as the 6.5mm M/94 Skarpe Patroner. It had the multiple advantages of high retained velocity, low trajectory, mild recoil, and deep penetration, and its lighter weight allowed soldiers to carry more ammunition. The M/94 cartridge used a 156-grain FMJ, roundnose bullet traveling at 2,378 fps. A change in propellant was approved three years later, and the round was renamed as the M/97 Skarpe Patrone. The ballistics apparently remained unchanged.
While the factory in Kongsberg tooled up to produce the new rifle, a contract for approximately 30,000 rifles and carbines was placed with Österreichische Waffenfabriks-Gessellschaft of Steyr, Austria. Kongsberg began production in 1896, and by the time manufacture ceased in 1923, in excess of 165,000 Krag rifles and carbines were produced.
Four different Krag carbines were produced: the M/1895 Kavaleriekarabin (Cavalry), M/1897 Bergartilleriet og Ingeniorvapnet (Mountain artillery and Engineer), M/1904 Ingeniorvapnet (Engineer), and M/1907 Feltartilleriet (Field artillery). All had 20.5-inch barrels, but the former two were fitted with half-length stocks, while the latter two had full-length stocks.
In addition to producing rifles for the Norwegian armed forces, Kongsberg sold Krags to reservists and members of the Norwegian rifle association. Among these serious shooters, the Krag quickly gained a reputation for extraordinary accuracy. It was also discovered that the 6.5x55 was an excellent big-game cartridge, capable of taking animals up to the size of the Scandinavian moose.
It is generally agreed that the Krag had two shortcomings. First, when Ferdinand von Mannlicher and Paul Mauser introduced their clip- and charger-loaded magazines, manually loaded military rifles became obsolete. Second, while the single locking lug made for smooth operation, it was not capable of providing sufficient strength for high-pressure cartridges. The Norwegians did not see this as a problem, as the 6.5x55 cartridge functioned within the Krag's pressure limitations of about 45,000 psi.
In 1912, the Krag-Jorgensenkarabin M/1912 was adopted and intended as a general-issue rifle for all branches of the service. Despite its designation as a carbine, it was, in fact, a short rifle with a 24-inch barrel. Field service showed the Model 1912 did not quite live up to expectations, and although production continued until 1935, only 30,000 units were produced.
In 1925, the Norwegian army upgraded its issue cartridge. The 6.5mm M/25 Skarpe Patroner featured a 139-grain spitzer bullet at a velocity of 2,600 fps and required new sights to be mounted on all rifles and carbines, although the range adjustments remained unchanged. Rifles and
carbines with the recalibrated sights had a "D" stamped on the sight base under the leaf.
The Norwegian Krag had its baptism of fire in South Africa. With war with Britain threatening in the late 1890s, the Boer republics purchased a hodgepodge collection of rifles from European arms dealers, including some Model 1894 Krag-Jorgensens. It has been reported that the more elegant Krags were usually issued to high-ranking Afrikaner officers.
The Krag's magazine was manually loaded through the opened gate and fed rounds from the left side of the receiver. Note the groove at the rear of the receiver into which the bolt handle locked.
When the Wehrmacht invaded Norway in 1940, the small Norwegian army put up a stiff resistance but was soon overwhelmed by superior numbers and blitzkrieg tactics. To release standard weapons for frontline troops, the Germans issued captured Krags to their occupation troops in Norway. In 1943, Kongsberg assembled a modified Krag carbine for German occupation troops and collaborator Vidkun Quisling's security forces.
After the war, some Model 1894s and Model 1912s were assembled from parts, and limited numbers of Krags were issued to the postwar Norwegian army and reserves until being replaced by American and ex-German rifles. Kongsberg also produced Krag sporting rifles for Norwegian hunters: the Model 48 and Model 51 Elggevaer (moose rifle) were chambered for a special reduced-load 7.9x57 Mauser cartridge produced by Norma.
Krags remain extremely popular in Norway, especially among target shooters of the National Rifle Association of Norway. They inspire the same kind of loyalty that Americans feel towards the Model 1903 Springfields and M1 Garands.
The Krag Model 1912's bolt had a flat, checkered bolt handle; a single front locking lug; and a full-length extractor running along its top.
Shooting A Model 1912 Krag
For this report, I test-fired a Norwegian Model 1912 carbine from my personal collection. It is dated 1918 and is in extremely nice condition with the late-model rear sight and a worn but shiny bore. My only complaint is that the trigger has a fairly heavy, albeit crisp, letoff.
Century International Arms kindly supplied a quantity of 1970s Swedish surplus and new-production HotShot 6.5x55 cartridges, to which I added some Federal Premium sporting ammunition. I ran the Krag through its paces firing off an MTM Predator rest on my club's 100-yard range. Despite a lowest rear-sight setting of 100 meters, it tended to print high, and it took me a few rounds to gauge how much "Kentucky elevation" to use. Once I had the measure of that, I was quite pleased when my second group--fired with the Federal ammo--put five rounds into a well-centered 2.25 inches. All brands of ammo shot to the same point of aim, and all my groups were in the 3-inch range, which I think is a pretty good performance for an old military rifle that isn't getting any younger.
Bolt manipulation was smooth, rounds chambered and extracted easily, and the Krag magazine was just plain funky to load.
As the lucky owner of a rather nice collection of U.S. Krags, I make no bones about being a died-in-the-wool "Kraggie," and I was pleased to see that the Norwegian cousin lived up to the family reputation for accuracy and shootability. Once you accept that it is slow to load and you must stick to ammunition of original ballistics, the Krag is one of the most pleasurable rifles I have ever fired. And that bolt...it is smooth! | <urn:uuid:13d391d5-6f4b-416b-bb3f-42f889f2952a> | {
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The stylistic origin of Yongle gilt bronzes can be traced to the Yuan dynasty, when the court espoused Tibetan Buddhism. Early fourteenth century woodblocks made for the monastery of Yangshen Yuan, Hangzhou, are evidence of a new style appearing in Chinese Buddhist art, see Heather Karmay, Early Sino-Tibetan Art, Warminster, 1975, pp. 47-50, pls 26, 29 and 30. The gently smiling faces, full rounded figures and tiered thrones in these woodblock prints reflect the Newar styles favoured in Tibet, and introduced into China by Nepalese artists such as Aniko. Indeed these illustrations could almost have been used as templates for Yongle bronzes such as the Speelman enthroned Buddha, see Sotheby’s Hong Kong, 7th October 2006, lot 808, and the similar example in the British Museum, see Wladimir Zwalf, Buddhism, Art and Faith, London, 1985, cat. no. 305, frontispiece.
Tara, Mother of the Victorious Ones, is worshipped by Buddhists as a saviour and liberator from samsara, the earthly realm of birth and rebirth. In Tibetan mythology the goddess is believed to have emerged from a lotus bud rising from a lake of tears shed for the suffering of sentient beings by the bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara, with a face “embodying the delicacy of a million lotus blossoms”, see Glenn Mullin, Mystical Verses of a Dalai Lama, New Delhi, 2003, p. 57. As in Tibet, the cult of Tara was popular at the Yongle court, with at least ten imperial gilt-bronze examples remaining in published collections, including one formerly in the Usher P. Coolidge Collection, see Heather Karmay, op.cit. , p. 88, pl. 56; one in the Art Institute of Chicago, see Ulrich von Schroeder, Indo-Tibetan Bronzes, Hong Kong, 1981, p. 517, pl. 144D; one in the Chang Foundation, see James Spencer, Buddhist Images in Gilt Metal, Taipei, 1993, p. 111, pl. 48; two in the Berti Aschmann Foundation at the Rietberg Museum, see Helmut Uhlig, On the Path to Enlightenment, Zurich, 1995, pp. 146-148, nos 92-93; two in Tibetan monastery collections, see Ulrich von Schroeder, Buddhist Sculpture in Tibet, op. cit., pp. 1276-8, pls 356C-356F; one in the Palace Museum, Beijing, Splendours from the Yongle (1403-1424) and Xuande (1426-1435) Reigns of China’s Ming Dynasty, Beijing, 2010, p. 247, pl. 120; and the Speelman Tara, see one in these rooms, 7th October 2006, lot 806. For recently sold examples at auction, see the Tara from the Tamashige Tibet collection, included in the exhibition The World of Mandala – Tamashige Tibet Collection, Okura Museum of Art, Tokyo, 2005, and sold in our New York rooms, 19th March 2014, lot 86.
As testimony to the variety and originality found in Yongle sculpture, many of these bronze figures of Tara are markedly different from one another while remaining faithful to standard stylistic requirements of the Yongle ateliers. Some are willowy and ethereal in appearance like the present example, which is stylistically similar to the Speelman Tara and the Tara in the Palace Museum, Beijing; the larger of the two in the Aschmann collection is more austere, while the Tara formerly in the Coolidge collection has a charmingly rounded figure. All however are finished and gilded to perfection, all with the Yongle hallmark style of jewellery and lotus pedestal. The current Tara is imbued with a lightness and delicacy as befits the sensuous and youthful female form of the goddess. Her hands are held in gentle and expressive gestures of charity and reassurance. And the compassion that Tara is said to have for all sentient beings is expressed in the sublime countenance of this exquisite Yongle bronze.
Please call 1-800-555-5555 to order a print catalog for this sale.
Online Registration to Bid is Closed for this Sale. Would you like to watch the live sale?Watch Live Sale | <urn:uuid:6e21a14c-a85b-44b3-b7b7-d1b90dfcf3a4> | {
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How to Organize Your Introduction for a Presentation in English
This lesson on how to organize your introduction for a presentation in English has been updated since its original posting in 2016 and a video has been added.
Getting ready to present in English? Here’s how to make sure your introduction for a presentation in English is successful.
But first… When you think about a presentation, I know you’re thinking about something like a TED video or a presentation at a conference. You’re thinking about a speech, with PowerPoint slides and a big audience.
But did you know we use the same skills when we share new information or ideas with our work colleagues? Or when we tell stories to our friends and family? The situation or speaking task may be different but we still use the same skills.
When presenting information or telling stories, we need to:
- Capture a listener’s attention
- Share information, ideas, or opinions
- Give the important details
- Make your information memorable
- Get your audience (family, friends, colleagues or strangers) to agree, to take action, to change their mind, etc.
So today you’re going to learn how to take the first big step in your English presentation: how to start with a great introduction.
The introduction is the most important part of your presentation. It is the first impression you’ll make on your audience. It’s your first opportunity to get their attention. You want them to trust you and listen to you right away.
However, that first moment when you start to speak is often the hardest. Knowing how to best prepare and knowing what to say will help you feel confident and ready to say that first word and start your presentation in English.
Be sure to include these 5 things in your inroduction.
Lesson by Annemarie
How to Organize Your Introduction for a Presentation in English and Key Phrases to Use
Organize Your Introduction Correctly
Okay, first let’s focus on what you need to include in your English introduction. Think of this as your formula for a good introduction. Using this general outline for your introduction will help you prepare. It will also help your audience know who you are, why you’re an expert, and what to expect from your presentation.
Use this general outline for your next presentation:
- Welcome your audience and introduce yourself
- Capture their attention
- Identify your number one goal or topic of presentation
- Give a quick outline of your presentation
- Provide instructions for how to ask questions (if appropriate for your situation)
Use Common Language to Make Your Introduction Easy to Understand
Great, now you have the general outline of an introduction for a speech or presentation in English. So let’s focus on some of the key expressions you can use for each step. This will help you think about what to say and how to say it so you can sound confident and prepared in your English presentation.
“The introduction is the most important part of your presentation. It is the first impression you’ll make on your audience. It’s your first opportunity to get their attention. You want them to trust you and listen to you right away.”
Welcome Your Audience & Introduction
It is polite to start with a warm welcome and to introduce yourself. Everyone in the audience will want to know who you are. Your introduction should include your name and job position or the reason you are an expert on your topic. The more the audience trusts you, the more they listen.
- Welcome to [name of company or event]. My name is [name] and I am the [job title or background information].
- Thank you for coming today. I’m [name] and I’m looking forward to talking with you today about [your topic].
- Good morning/afternoon ladies and gentlemen. I’d like to quickly introduce myself. I am [name] from [company or position]. (formal)
- On behalf of [name of company], I’d like to welcome you today. For those of you who don’t already know me, my name is [name] and I am [job title or background]. (formal)
- Hi everyone. I’m [name and background]. I’m glad to be here with you today. Now let’s get started. (informal)
Capture Their Attention
For more information about how to best capture your audience’s attention and why, please see the next session below. However, here are a few good phrases to get you started.
- Did you know that [insert an interesting fact or shocking statement]?
- Have you ever heard that [insert interesting fact or shocking statement]?
- Before I start, I’d like to share a quick story about [tell your story]…
- I remember [tell your story, experience or memory]…
- When I started preparing for this talk, I was reminded of [tell your story, share your quote or experience]…
Identify Your Goal or Topic of Presentation
At this stage, you want to be clear with your audience about your primary topic or goal. Do you want your audience to take action after your talk? Is it a topic everyone is curious about (or should be curious about)? This should be just one or two sentences and it should be very clear.
- This morning I’d like to present our new [product or service].
- Today I’d like to discuss…
- Today I’d like to share with you…
- What I want to share with you is…
- My goal today is to help you understand…
- During my talk this morning/afternoon, I’ll provide you with some background on [main topic] and why it is important to you.
- I will present my findings on…
- By the end of my presentation, I’d like for you to know…
- I aim to prove to you / change your mind about…
- I’d like to take this opportunity to talk about…
- As you know, this morning/afternoon I’ll be discussing…
Outline Your Presentation
You may have heard this about presentations in English before:
First, tell me what you’re going to tell me. Then tell me. And finally, tell me what you told me.
It sounds crazy and weird, but it’s true. This is how we structure presentations in English. So today we’re focusing on the “First, tell me what you’re going to tell me” for your introduction. This means you should outline the key points or highlights of your topic.
This prepares your listens and helps to get their attention. It will also help them follow your presentation and stay focused. Here are some great phrases to help you do that.
- First, I’m going to present… Then I’ll share with you… Finally, I’ll ask you to…
- The next thing I’ll share with you is…
- In the next section, I’ll show you…
- Today I will be covering these 3 (or 5) key points…
- In this presentation, we will discuss/evaluate…
- By the end of this presentation, you’ll be able to…
- My talk this morning is divided into [number] main sections… First, second, third… Finally…
On Asking Questions
You want to be sure to let you audience know when and how it is appropriate for them to ask you questions. For example, is the presentation informal and is it okay for someone to interrupt you with a question? Or do you prefer for everyone to wait until the end of the presentation to ask questions?
- If you have any questions, please don’t hesitate to interrupt me. I’m happy to answer any questions as we go along.
- Feel free to ask any questions, however, I do ask that you wait until the end of the presentation to ask.
- There will be plenty of time for questions at the end.
- Are there any questions at this point? If not, we’ll keep going.
- I would be happy to answer any questions you may have now.
Capture Your Audience’s Attention
Do you feel unsure about how to capture the attention of your audience? Don’t worry! Here are some common examples used in English-speaking culture for doing it perfectly!
Two of the most famous speakers in the English-speaking world are Steve Jobs and Oprah Winfrey. While Steve Jobs is no longer living, people still love to watch his speeches and presentations online. Oprah is so famous that no matter what she does, people are excited to see her and listen to her.
BUT, if you listen to a speech by Steve Jobs or Oprah Winfrey, they still work to get your attention!
The don’t start with a list of numbers or data. They don’t begin with a common fact or with the title of the presentation. No – they do much more.
From the moment they start their speech, they want you to listen. And they find interesting ways to get your attention. In his most famous speeches, Steve Jobs often started with a personal story. And Oprah often starts with an inspiring quote, a motivational part of a poem, or a personal story.
These are all great ways to help your audience to listen to you immediately – whether your presentation is 3 minutes or 20 minutes.
Here’s how you can do it.
Like Steve Jobs or Oprah Winfrey, start with a:
- Personal story or experience
- Motivational quote or line from a poem or book
- Joke (be careful with this – make sure it translates easily to everyone in the audience!)
- Shocking, bold statement (Think of Steve Jobs’ quote: “Stay hungry. Stay Foolish.”)
- Rhetorical question ( =a question that you don’t want an answer to; the focus is to make someone think)
And finally, consider audience participation. Ask a question and get your audience to respond by raising hands.
As I mentioned in the video, I have two question for you today:
- What is the best introduction you’ve ever heard? Have you watched a TED Talk or a presentation on YouTube with a great introduction? Tell me about it. What do you think was great about the introduction?
- What frightens you the most about preparing your introduction in a presentation? Share your concerns with me so I can help you overcome any challenges you have.
Be sure to share in the comments below to get feedback from me and to learn from others in the Confident English Community.
Have a great week!
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Write clear, professional emails with these top 5 tips and avoid common email mistakes. These are the same mistakes native English speakers learn to fix.
Discover how to accelerate your English confidence in 2020 with a 2-part lesson. You’ll get the same questions I use with my students to set goals, successfully achieve them, and become unstoppable in your English.
Smart words to use at work, how to respond to rude comments, advanced conversation skills on hot topics, speak faster and sound more natural — these are the top 5 Confident English lessons from 2019! | <urn:uuid:0249dffc-6c81-4a0b-9aee-f156a76ff99d> | {
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The majority of American college students will graduate with some student loan debt. Help reduce your child's tuition burden by helping them find and apply for scholarships.
Understand what will help your child stand out. Good scholarship candidates are:
- Unique: Encourage your student to pursue real passions, not to focus on "padding the resume" with activities they don't enjoy.
- Driven: Help your child set goals and work toward them. Goal setting can strengthen your child's work ethic and help them think strategically. (Bonus: The lessons and achievements along the way might lead to an effective scholarship essay.)
- Proactive: Teach your child to take initiative. Applying to college and searching for scholarships early can help them take advantage of more opportunities.
Help your student succeed during the application process.
- Start early. Students should start applying for scholarships after their junior year of high school.
- Stay organized. List all suitable scholarships by deadline to make sure not to rush applications or miss out completely.
Finding Scholarship Opportunities
The following resources will help your child find suitable scholarships:
- Religious or ethnic organizations
- Local businesses
- Companies such as Fastweb, Cappex, and The College Board
- The U.S. Department of Labor's scholarship search tool
- Federal and state grants
Writing Good Essays
Your child can make an impression by following these guidelines:
- Write about specific examples of achievement rather than generic aspirational statements, and highlight data such as grade improvements over time where possible.
- Explain why attending college would help reach specific goals.
Another easy way to help avoid college debt is by saving early. Check out these ways to save more for college. | <urn:uuid:8ed1f111-a583-48e6-b350-2a88e02217c5> | {
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It is important to incorporate word processing skills in the classroom.
A balanced technology program combines a range of computer skills such as word processing, spreadsheet, presentation, Internet, database, graphics, and desktop publishing. Of all these, word processing is probably the most extensive and essential for students to master.
Word processing is the composition, editing, and formatting of text. Word processing programs, such as Microsoft Word, in addition to working with text also provide tools to insert pictures, edit photos, draw objects, and produce graphic organizers. The range of options available within word processing programs make them versatile to the user.
It is very likely that your students will be required to use word processing software to complete school assignments. In addition, many of them will need word processing skills later in life when they enter the workplace. For these reasons, it is important to include word processing skills when planning classroom activities.
The great news is that using Microsoft Word can be fun! There are so many products your students can create using word processing software.
When selecting a product you want students to create using a word processing program, it is essential to determine the technology skills that are required. In addition, consider the students’ grade level and previous computer experience prior to selecting a task. Word processing skills can be grouped into basic and advanced levels of difficulty.
|Basic Word Processing Skills:
||Advanced Word Processing Skills
Incorporating word processing skills in the classroom can create meaningful learning experiences for your students. | <urn:uuid:07c6f17e-3d96-4aa9-b3eb-35431ab002df> | {
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Classification of Weaves | Texhour
During weaving, the warp and the weft can be interlaced in a wide variety of ways to give different weave types. A weave may be characterized by its repeat unit. Basic weaves are those that require a minimum number of warp and weft yarns to constitute their repeat units.
Classification of Weaves
During weaving, the warp and the weft can be interlaced in a wide variety of ways to give different weave types. A weave may be characterized by its repeat unit. Basic weaves are those that require a minimum number of warp and weft yarns to constitute their repeat units, e.g. plain weave needs just 2 warp and 2 weft yarns. Twill weave needs 3 warp and 3 weft yarns while satin weave needs a minimum of 5 warp and 5 weft yarns. The classification of weaves are,
1. Plain weave
2. Twill weave
3. Satin weave
and also some of the other special weaves also explained below.
Each weft passes alternately over and under each warp in a square pattern. The fabric is symmetrical, with good stability and reasonable porosity. It has a flat surface & is easy to manufacture. Good for printing and embroidering.
Examples: sheeting, poplin, cambric, voile
However, it is a difficult fabric to drape. With thicker yarns, this weaving style gives excessive crimp and therefore is not used for very heavy fabrics.
Twill weaves are characterized by diagonal lines from one selvedge to another. More ends per inch and picks per inch than plain weave – consequently more cloth thickness and gsm.
Less binding points than plain weave – so gives a much better drape and softer hand feel.
The warp or the weft “floats” over two or more counterpart yarns. The next weft will “step” or offset one warp, and this creates the characteristic diagonal line (known as a “wale”) that identifies a twill fabric.
The number of wefts the warp goes over and then under are used to identify the interlacing pattern. So 2/1 is used to describe a fabric in which the warp yarns go over 2 and under 1 weft yarn, and the weave is referred to as “2up-1down”.
Similarly, in 3/1 twill the warp yarns will go over 3 wefts and then under one weft – “3up-1down”. These are warp-faced twills.
Weft-faced twills are demarcated as 1/2, 1/3 and so on. In these weaves, the weft thread floats over the warp.
Twills look different on the face and the back because a twill fabric has fewer interlacing than a plain weave it allows the yarns to move more freely and shape well to the body. Twill fabrics, therefore, drape better than plain weave fabrics. Twill fabrics have a higher reed-pick and therefore a higher weight) than plain weave fabrics.
Examples of twill weave: Drill, denim, gabardine, serge, tweed, herringbone, hounds tooth.
Right Hand Twill (RHT) also known as Z twill:
• The lines of grain run from bottom left-hand corner to the top right-hand corner of the fabric.
• Made famous as Levi's jeans standard fabric and now the most common twill weave used for denim.
• Usually woven with S-twist yarns (this highlights the wale)
• Right-hand twill creates a tighter, more compact material with a flat, smooth surface and more defined fading pattern to it than left-hand twill.
Left-Hand Twill (LHT) also known as S twill:
•Here the grain runs from the bottom right-hand-corner to the top left-hand corner of the fabric. Denim jeans that use the left-hand twill have a more open weave with a soft and fluffy feeling, especially after being washed. It's fading also tends to be more blurry than right-hand twill.
•Usually woven with Z-twist yarn – again this accentuates the wales.
Four (or more) shaft with warp floats in interrupted diagonal.
A variation is a sateen, with weft floats in interrupted diagonal.
Lustrous, with excellent drapability.
The floats are subject to snagging.
Two or more warps simultaneously interlaced with one or more wefts giving a balanced structure.
Contrasting colors often used.
Less durable than plain weave, soils easily, inexpensive. | <urn:uuid:36493453-774a-4e5c-afb0-35c09ffd8c67> | {
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The Internet of Things (IoT) is the idea that everything in your life is connected to the internet in some way, shape, or form constantly transmitting data and communicating with one another.
Coined in 2009 the IoT phrase has since gained such traction that today (9 April 2014) is Global Internet of Things Day.
In order to mark this occasion The Drum takes a look at some currently taking advantage of the IoT which is predicted to grow to 31bn connected devices by 2020.
Smart fridges and washing machines are designed to make household chores easier. Smart fridges on the market feature LCD touchscreens, cameras and an internet connection which allow owners to download recipes and link up to online shopping services. The idea behind the smart fridge is that is manages food shopping by scanning barcodes and then monitors its contents automatically, helpfully suggesting when stocks are running low. Smart fridges can also suggest recipes based on leftover ingredients. Smart washing machines work in a similar manner and can send text alerts before starting the final cycle to ensure you’re poised for unloading with buttons to help you order soap powder and fabric softener online.
Talking toilets with heated seats aren’t exactly a new thing, well in Japan at least, but Toto’s Intelligence Toilet II takes it things to a whole new level analysing data such as weight, BMI, blood pressure and blood sugar level. A ‘sample catcher’ within the bowl obtains urine samples and beams pertinent information to your computer which, with the help of a doctor, can then be used to monitor your health and provide early detection for some medical conditions. Graphs created from the results can highlight fluctuating glucose levels and temperatures which can be used by diabetics to time insulin shots or hormone levels for women concerned with their menstrual cycle.
According to reports from September last year a farm in Essex has begun connecting its cows to the internet in order to help the farmer detect illnesses amongst his cattle. The Cow Tracking Project uses data from radio positioning tags to monitor the herd’s behaviour. Any changes to behaviour or unusual activity can then be pinpointed enabling the farmer to check if the animal has become lame or picked up an infection.
Thermostats and Smoke Alarms
Nest Labs, the company founded by iPod creator Tony Fadell in 2010, claims to reinvent "unloved but important home products", such as the thermostat and smoke alarm. Nest’s thermostat learns your schedule, programming itself to adjust temperature settings around your needs. They can also be controlled via smartphones and other devices for remote operation and claim to lower heating bills by 20 per cent. Nest smoke alarms on the other hand aim to prevent the safety issues which arise when people remove smoke alarms all together because of incessant beeping and low battery chirps. Instead of crying wolf whenever you burn the toast Nest smoke alarms give subtle warnings and can be connected to your smart phone for handy low battery reminders, emergency information through a 'What to do’ feature' and on-the-go messages if something happens when you’re away from home.
American company BigBelly aims to revolutionise waste management with its BigBelly Trash Compactors which use solar power to compact rubbish at the point of disposal. Once the bin is full a message this then sent to the collectors to come and empty the bin recording how often it’s emptied, how full it is at any given time, what the rubbish volume was on specific dates. The result of this technology is less collection trips needs to be made, reducing fuel consumption and emissions and bins are never left to overflow. New York’s Mayor Bloomberg recently installed 30 BigBelly Trash Compactors as part of a pilot in Times Square, New York. | <urn:uuid:be8b8bed-d10b-4bc3-9461-b6f3a9d9ed40> | {
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What is the Difference in Natural & Artificial Additives in Foods?
What is an Antioxidant ?
Antioxidants are chemical compounds present in vegetables and fruits which protect body tissue from damage caused by substances called free radicals.
Free radicals can damage cells, tissues and organs, and it is believed that its action is related to aging, degenerative diseases and cancer. Some antioxidants are added to processed foods for its preservation.
What is Vitamin E (Alpha-tocopherol; Gamma-tocopherol)
Vitamin E, a fat soluble, is an antioxidant that protects body tissue from damage caused by free radicals. The body needs vitamin E to help maintain the immune system strong against viruses and bacteria. Also, Vitamin E is added to many processed foods to prevent oxidation of fats. Vitamin E is an additive for health beneficial.
Ascorbic acid, Vitamin C
Ascorbic acid is a water soluble vitamin very important for health. The human body does not produce or store Vitamin C, for this reason the importance of your daily intake. Vitamin C is found in many fruits, especially on the citric ones. Vitamin C is necessary because it improves the intestinal absorption of iron in food and inhibits the formation of nitrosamines, both in food and in the digestive tract.
Natural Preserving Agents in Foods
Many foods naturally contain substances with antimicrobial activity. Most fruits contain different organic acids such as benzoic acid or citric acid. Garlic, onions and many spices and herbs contain potent antimicrobial agents.
Vitamin C Added as a Preserving Agent Food
Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, an antioxidant that is commonly used as a food preservative. It is used to preserve many foods, including cereals, jellies and canned goods. Vitamin C is a safe food preserving agent.
Artificial and natural colors
Current studies show that many artificial colors can have harmful effects to health of people. In recent years, concerns about food safety and public pressure have led many companies to review the substitute products and other natural artificial colors.
It is a dye widely used in bakery products, biscuits, meat products, soups, canned vegetables, ice cream, and candy. In soft drinks gives color “lemon” or “orange“. There are studies that indicate possible harmful effects of tartrazine.
E-110 Orange Yellow S
It is used for coloring orange soda, ice cream, candy, and sweets.
It is the most popular coloring dairy desserts flavored with strawberry. It is used in flavored yoghurt, jams, strawberry, candy, and meat products.
E-131 Blue patented V.
It is a coloring used to get green color in food when combined with yellow dyes as the E-102 and E-104.
It is used in canned vegetables and jams (green cherries and plum jam, for example), pastries, candy and drinks.
E-132 Indigotine, indigo carmine.
This coloring is applied almost everywhere in the world. It is used in beverages, candy, and ice cream.
Curcuma or Turmeric
Curry, a mixture of species widely used in food in India and many Asian countries, is a mixture of turmeric, ginger and other spices. Turmeric is derived from ground rhizomes of Curcuma longa L.
Ayurvedic medicine has been used for over 2,000 years the root of Curcuma Longa to treat various ailments. There is currently scientific evidence that demonstrates the great health benefits of turmeric.
Turmeric has been found useful in preventing and treating Alzheimer’s disease, digestive disorders, cancer prevention. It is a powerful antioxidant, prevent cataracts, chronic anterior uveitis, protects the liver and is useful in multiple sclerosis, osteoarthritis and arthritis rheumatoid. It is an antiviral, lowers cholesterol, and is anti-inflammatory. Important research currently under way to determine the anticancer activity of anti-Alzheimer compounds present in turmeric.
Artificial and Natural Sweeteners in Beverages: Benefits and Risks
Artificial sweeteners used in the food industry are:
Natural sweeteners are natural products from plants that produce a sweet taste similar to sugar, but they don´t have caloric value.
Stevia is the best known natural sweetener, derived from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana B. plant .
Stevia rebaudiana B. is native to Paraguay and Brazil, and it has been used for many years as a natural sweetener. The leaves of the plant are 30 times sweeter than sugar and the extract approximately 200 times.
The information provided here is intended to provide updated knowledge about the importance of food for a healthy life. It is not a guide to self-medication. Professional advice is recommended for any decision related to food. Nutritional needs vary from person to person depending on age, sex, health status and the total diet.
Copyright © 2015 The Green Labs LLC. No reproduction in whole or in part without written permission. All Rights Reserved. All trademarks and product images exhibited on this site, unless otherwise indicated, are the property of The Green Labs LLC and Affiliates. IMPORTANT: Information presented in this website is only for educational purposes. We do not intend to offer medical advice for various pathologies and has not been approved by the FDA or any Health Ministry. For health problems always seek professional medical council. The comments or articles on this website and our marketing material have not been evaluated by the FDA. Information presented in this website does not intend to prevent, treat, diagnose, or cure any disease. All images on this media are owned by The Green Labs LLC and / or the original licensed. The content of these images does not mean that all the people endorse our products or services. Supplement’s information of this material have been provided by the product manufacturer. | <urn:uuid:58023d2a-f19a-4863-a046-c4a14d979e5a> | {
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“We’re in the midst of new cities fever,” says Prof Sarah Moser. The head of the new cities lab at McGill University has documented more than 100 cities that have sprung up across Asia and Africa since the early 2000s for her forthcoming Atlas of New Cities.
There’s Eko Atlantic, a “new Dubai” taking shape on reclaimed land off the coast of Nigeria, and Forest City, a “new Singapore” being built just over the Johor Strait from the original. There’s the New Silk Road city of Khorgos rising from the barren steppe that separates Kazakhstan and China, the “sustainable city” of Neom in Saudi Arabia, the Norman Foster-designed Masdar in Abu Dhabi, a few in Latin America … and even a Robotic New City in Malaysia.
Most are in places where rapid urbanisation and population growth have overwhelmed existing cities. Sometimes masterplanned cities are a way for countries in the global south to kickstart an economic transition out of agriculture or from resource-based economies. They can also allow governments to write their country’s image afresh. “That’s a very seductive idea, especially in countries that were colonised,” says Moser.
“It’s easy for leaders to whip up some nationalist frenzy and sell the new city as a source of national pride. The computer-generated models look beautiful too – all the old city problems are just gone – and it looks magically real. It’s compelling for people who live in overcrowded and polluted places.”
Moser says the money to be made is staggering – measured in the trillions of dollars. “It’s extremely lucrative,” she adds. “There are real estate and tech companies circling like sharks.”
Officials in coal-rich Inner Mongolia announced plans for a city of 1 million people in the parched desert and grasslands south of Ordos Dongsheng in 2003. Six years later the part-built development of Ordos Kangbashi became notorious around the world as a “ghost city”, as news reports highlighted the lack of people, aroundabout 30,000 at the time. Images showed a vast central public space – almost the size of Tiananmen Square in Beijing – and rows of identical empty apartment blocks.
There are signs the city has started to fill up. A 2017 report from the state-run Xinhua news agency claimed a permanent population of 153,000, with almost 5,000 active businesses. Wade Shepard, author of The Ghost Cities of China, believes that by the city’s expected completion date of 2023 it should have met its revised population target of 300,000 people. “It regularly takes western cities five to 10 years to build civil engineering projects such as new subway lines,” he points out. “Ordos Kangbashi probably should have impressed the world with its rapid pace of development.”
The former prime minister of Malaysia Mahathir Mohamad announced plans in the late 1980s to shift the nation’s administrative capital from congested, overcrowded Kuala Lumpur to a new city built on former oil and rubber plantations 25 miles (40km) to the south. Putrajaya would join the ranks of purpose-built capitals around the world: from Canberra in Australia to Islamabad in Pakistan, Abuja in Nigeria to Washington DC in the US.
Construction began in the mid-1990s. Putrajaya was billed as an “intelligent garden city”: more than a third of the land is reserved for green spaces, with 200 hectares (494 acres) of wetlands and a 400-hectare manmade lake – as well as the world’s largest roundabout.
Although the Asian financial crisis of 1997 put a temporary halt on development, the city is now fully functioning: almost all government departments have moved there, along with an estimated population of 88,000. It has been praised for its innovative architecture, community and environmental focus; a “manicured Malaysia” of office blocks, hotels and pretty parks.
New Cairo, Egypt
The city of New Cairo – in the desert 20 miles to the east of its namesake – was conceived in the late 1990s and established by presidential decree in 2000. Not to be confused with the as-yet-unnamed new administrative capital proposed by president Abdel-Fattah El-Sisi in 2014 (another 20 miles east and dubbed the “new New Cairo”), the original New Cairo was meant to attract a population of 5 million. A few hundred-thousand currently call it home.
Songdo, South Korea
Where Ordos and New Cairo rose from the desert and Putrajaya from the jungle, the new city of Songdo was built on land reclaimed from the Yellow Sea. Songdo International Business District was envisioned as a sustainable, low-carbon, hi-tech “ubiquitous city” – with all the advantages of Seoul, 30 miles to the north, but without the congestion and air pollution.
All major buildings are constructed to LEED green standards; a network of underground tubes sucks all household and office waste to processing facilities, eliminating the need for rubbish trucks; residents can remotely control lighting and air conditioning, while street sensors monitor traffic flow. Many of those futuristic features, though, are starting to look a little commonplace.
Master-planned by New York architecture firm Kohn Pedersen Fox, Songdo is the world’s most expensive private real estate development. As of last year, the population was estimated at just over 100,000 people – around a third of its target. The 2015 completion date has been pushed back to 2022.
All satellite imagery sourced from Google Earth Engine | <urn:uuid:2e460371-0ef0-4c4e-9528-f76caff966cb> | {
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TACOMA - Last week I toured the new Bullitt Center that opened this year in Seattle, billed as the greenest commercial building in the world, one of twenty buildings in the world right now that seeks Living Building certification set down by the International Living Building Institute (website). Living Building Challenge Coordinator James Connelly showed me around the building; I first learned of the Bullitt Center when I heard James’ give a presentation in Beijing earlier this summer.
Media coverage of this building in has come from multiple outlets, because it is a building that provides its own power, its own water (including for showers), and handles all of its own sewage. A quick search of Twitter or Google reveals multiple profiles: a local profile by the Seattle Times, stories by national media including the New York Times, PBS and Fast Company, and an international feature by the British publication The Guardian.
Prior to the tour and presentation in Beijing, I personally had only seen similar designs and technologies coming from Germany. On June 16, 2008 I attended a presentation by Matthias Sauerbruch at the German Consulate in New York City where I was introduced to earth-to-air heat exchanger systems and computer controlled windows. The earth-to-air heat exchangers that use air currents diverted underground to warm buildings in winter and cool buildings in summer stood in stark contrast to the heating systems in New York that regularly sent plumes of smoke into the morning sky. In addition, the buildings Sauerbruch spoke of were designed to better facilitate the flow of fresh air with computer-controlled windows and internal channels. These designs are significant both for health and climate change because of the ability to reduce the demand for energy and ,in turn, reduce pollution and the emitting of greenhouse gases in places like New York or Beijing where energy is produced by burning fossil fuels.
The Bullitt Center likewise uses a water-based geothermal system for heating and relies on computer-controlled windows for cooling. Yet, the building is located in a state where almost 90% of electricity comes from hydro and wind and electricity is used to produce roughly 50% of space heating, followed by natural gas. The coal lobby website points out that Washington, with the cheapest residential electricity in the country, is an outlier: “most states do not have the option to use high amounts of hydropower.” In terms of reducing the environmental impact from heating and cooling, buildings seeking Living Building certification in Maryland and Pennsylvania will likely have more of an impact.
Living in Beijing, where concerns exist about air pollution and the fact that 70% of China’s energy comes from burning coal, my attention perhaps naturally focuses on energy, but that is not the whole story for the Bullitt Center. The living building challenge consists of seven petals: site; water; energy; health; materials; equity; beauty. It is in meeting the guidelines under these petals that all those involved think about things like the toxins in the water affecting nearby Orca populations and how materials from far away are produced. More than once James Connolly cited two cases related to the Bullitt Center. The first case was the challenge of constructing a building without any harmful materials on the so-called “red list.” In some cases this meant that suppliers had to spend several months re-tooling their products. The second case was the state of the art windows that required the shipping of technology from Germany, so that windows could be produced locally and, in the process, meet the appropriate (read local) sourcing requirement.
The construction of the Bullitt Center and the Living Building Challenge are about changing the paradigm of what is possible, but these actions are not in isolation, as the earlier lecture by the German Architect Matthias Sauerbruch attests to. Whether in China, Germany, or the United States for several decades now architects and students have been grappling with questions of green design; students and faculty from my alma mater The New School constructed a passive house that was donated to Habitat for Humanity this past year, providing yet another example. But do these ideas and this body of work remain primarily within an archnet or greennet, networks of people that focus on architecture and environmental protection?
I find it interesting that while this message of civil society, of businesses, nonprofit organizations, and universities challenging themselves to create a new norm has entered the mass media, it was absent from President Barack Obama’s June 25th climate change speech. Perhaps this should be expected, as Obama’s speech largely lacked the use of stories that can be heard during his presidential campaigns or speeches on issues that speak to his own experience, like the shooting of Trayvon Martin. Obama largely spoke in general terms about climate change dangers, and the importance of being vigilant on the use of policy instruments to tackle climate change.
What Obama did not do was invite those in attendance, who likely have friends and family among the ranks of the unemployed, under-employed or mal-employed, to start and/or create companies that dramatically reduce the consumption of fossil fuels. He did not invite those in attendance to try and figure out ways to meet the financing or logistical challenges of buildings going off the grid. I find it interesting because my sense is that there are people who would like to hear stories about Americans doing interesting, creative, and arguably significant work, in addition to the words about having to compete with India, China, or describing new opportunities to work in manufacturing plants.
It is not Obama’s responsibility to spread the word about the Bullitt Center or the Living Building Challenge. But what I see and hear everyday is that people face environmental and health problems while they worry about jobs. What can be seen within the green architecture world are efforts to do both. In China, I look for examples of what I call sustainable jobs, and I’m still looking. In the United States, Obama speaks about both jobs and protecting the environment (and examples exist within the United States), but it seems that in the case of America’s president, these two conversations have not yet been brought together.
Follow Chris on Twitter @enviroeberhardt
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Scientists ask webcam watchers to study puffins
EASTERN EGG ROCK, Maine – Wanted: puffinologists. No experience necessary.
The Audubon Society wants bird lovers to contribute to a project scientists hope will help save Atlantic puffins from starvation in Maine.
There are about 1,000 pairs of the seabirds, known for their multi-colored beaks and clownish appearance, in Maine. Audubon says the number of puffin fledgling chicks has declined in the past two years, possibly because their key food source, herring and hake, are leaving for cooler waters. Puffins are on the state's threatened species list.
Audubon maintains three Web cameras on Seal Island, a National Wildlife Refuge in outer Penobscot Bay, 22 miles off Rockland and one of the key puffin habitats in Maine. Volunteers are being asked to watch the puffins feed and answer questions about their feeding behavior, said Steve Kress, director of the National Audubon Society's seabird restoration program.
Viewers flock to website
The cameras have attracted more than 4 million views since 2012, and more than 1,000 people have completed Audubon surveys.
From 2007 to 2011, Kress said 77 percent of puffin pairs on Seal Island produced fledglings, or birds that are able to fly. The number declined to 31 percent in 2012 and 10 percent in 2013 and while 2014 "appears to be better," he said, it's too early to tell.
"This is a citizen science project, hoping to advance the science as well as entertain the viewers," Kress said. "There are some questions that can be better answered through lots of people viewing."
Almost all of Maine's puffin population nests on three islands — Matinicus Rock, Eastern Egg Rock and Seal Island. Kress and others believe the decline in fledged puffin chicks is tied to rising water temperatures in the Gulf of Maine.
Butterfish are too big
The puffins are left to try to eat butterfish, a species more available as herring and hake — key food species for puffins — seek colder waters, Kress said. Scientists say surface temperatures of the waters in the Gulf of Maine have increased slightly each year since 1982, but the pace increased after 2004.
With fewer herring and hake, puffins have been giving their young butterfish, but those fish are too big for puffin chicks to eat, and many of the birds starve and die. That's what happened to Petey, the puffin chick the 2012 camera focused on.
Two of Audubon's cameras focus on the rocky areas where puffins roost. Another is inside a burrow, providing a close-up view of a fuzzy puffin chick.
Last year's featured puffin chick, Hope, survived. This year's chick, Pal, hatched around June 25.
'Making science fun again'
Explore.org, a Los Angeles-based nonprofit group that runs dozens of wildlife Web cameras around the world, installed the cameras and is partnering with Audubon. Explore.org founder Charles Annenberg said the project is about "making science fun again."
Kress said the information gathered by puffin watchers will be included in published papers. The goal is to document how much food it takes for puffin chicks to fledge, he said.
• Puffin cam: http://bit.ly/1kDj5DB
Copyright 2014 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed. | <urn:uuid:1fb9f906-4522-4d25-8789-900c01a0f166> | {
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While the Cremonese making tradition has been well documented, that of neighbouring Brescia has remained mysterious. Evan Davenport examines the available evidence for clues to the working methods of the region
Brescia and Cremona are both prominent on this 1589 map of northern Italy by Gerardus Mercator
Lying around 30 miles north of Cremona, the town of Brescia witnessed an explosion of activity in stringed instrument making during the mid-16th century. While its southern neighbour developed its own making traditions, spearheaded by the Amati family, Brescia saw its makers’ work evolve almost independently, with differing historical circumstances leading to a distinct making style.
Additionally, the influence of this Brescian style appears to have had a far-reaching effect across northern Europe: instruments made in England, Germany, Poland and the Netherlands visibly share characteristics of the school. Hence, not only can the instruments of this school tell us a lot about the early days of instrument making, but they are also key to understanding the development of lutherie much further afield.
As is shown by the various authors of the 2008 work Liutai in Brescia, instruments of this school share several characteristics that allow us to identify them, from their makers’ choice of material to their aesthetic decisions and methods of construction. Piecing together their historical evolution, however, is more of a jigsaw puzzle, partly because of the lack of surviving instruments by many of the most prominent makers, but also owing to the small amount of music we have from that time.
What we do have is a large number of documents from the period, from receipts to tax return forms – but this has thrown up additional problems, in that the researchers of previous generations have come up with varying histories based on different documents. Because of this, it is often difficult for today’s researchers to discern fact from fiction.
One thing that cannot be overlooked is how the Brescian and Cremonese making styles are so markedly different – a result of their respective evolutions. There were many contributing factors, not least the influence of the music being played in each region at the time.
In Brescia, music in the 16th century was being written for groups and ensembles, which mainly operated in and around Venice (the town was under Venetian rule from 1520 to 1815). Cremona, on the other hand, was ruled by the Spanish from 1535 until c.1707.
That meant instruments made there could easily be exported to foreign courts, where they were required by soloists as opposed to groups. This is one reason why violins and other upper-register strings were in demand from Cremonese makers, whereas Brescian luthiers were more often required to make violas, cellos and double basses/violones. | <urn:uuid:0f6860c9-7058-40a4-b39f-6996c67ccc6e> | {
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Chia is a blockchain that uses a consensus algorithm known as “proofs of space and time” that is designed to be significantly less energy-intensive than proof of work. It's being developed by a San Francisco-based company called Chia Network that was founded by serial entrepreneurs Bram Cohen and Ryan Singer. Bram is the author of the BitTorrent protocol and founder of the BitTorrent company, which sold to Tron earlier this year for $140 million. A few months ago, Chia raised a $3.395 million seed round from investors like Naval Ravikant and VC firm Andreessen Horowitz. The team plans to launch the blockchain in Q1 2019.
How does Chia work?
Chia's defining feature is its innovative consensus algorithm. Chia combines two concepts, proof of space and proof of time, to create a new algorithm that's both secure and significantly less energy intensive than proof of work. The team hopes that the energy efficiency will also translate to a more egalitarian mining economy since the financial barrier to start farming is reduced. That way, the team reduces the risk of a centralized economy similar to Bitcoin’s. With Bitcoin, one company, Bitmain, controls more than 40% of the network’s mining power.
Proof of space
In proof of work, a miner races other miners by using its computational resources to find the right hash to create a new block. Theoretically, the time taken to find the right hash is a a good proxy of how much computational power a miner has dedicated to mining. Ideally, the more computational power a miner dedicates to mining, the more likely the miner is to win. In proof of space, the more storage space a farmer dedicates to farming, the more likely the farmer is to win.
Proof of space has certain advantages over proof of work; for instance, it's more energy efficient - your computer is still generating proofs to solve a problem related to the “closeness” to the most recent block, but all these proofs are pre-generated, saved on your hard drive, and can be accessed in each block interval in the future (rather than being generated anew in each ~10 minute block interval which could lead to high energy consumption seen in Bitcoin). Plus, proof of space is designed to be more egalitarian (disk storage is cheap, widely available, and often unused).
The trade-off with using proof of space is that it’s vulnerable to more attacks than proof of work. One example is the case when a rogue farmer decides to build a new blockchain from the genesis block with greater weight than the original. This is possible because its cheap to do so with a basic proof of space algorithm. Because the network follows the blockchain with the greatest weight, this allows the farmer to unilaterally control the blockchain.
Proof of time
To mitigate these attacks, the Chia team introduced proof of time. Very simply, to create a block in Chia, the block needs to first go through proof of space and then go through proof of time. While proof of space is used to determine the winning block, proof of time is only used to ensure that a certain amount of time has passed before the block is created. In aggregate, proof of time ensures that the blockchain has taken a set amount of time to create and this solves the problem of powerful farmers quickly building a new blockchain with greater weight.
At a high level, Chia's block producing process follows this pattern: farmers use their allocated space to farm blocks. The blocks are then passed to proof of time servers to finish. Once a block is complete, a proof of time server broadcasts the block and the winning block is appended to the blockchain. Only farmers are reimbursed for their work, proof of time servers do not get rewarded for their work. The team assumes that network participants will "do it to keep everyone else honest".
Blockchain characteristics and performance
Outside of the consensus algorithm used, he Chia blockchain is similar to the Bitcoin blockchain. Like Bitcoin, Chia uses the Unspent Transaction Output (UTXO) transaction model. Additionally Chia will also have a speed and throughput as Bitcoin. Unlike Bitcoin, Chia will not have a maximum capped supply of tokens. Although there will be three halvings of block rewards, Chia's blocks will always offer newly minted tokens as rewards for farmers.
What are other blockchains similar to Chia
There are other blockchains that use similar consensus algorithms as Chia. SpaceMint and Burstcoin both use a proof of space consensus algorithm. They don't complete it with proof of time. Although it's arguable that Chia is more secure with its proof of space and time combination, both SpaceMint and Burstcoin have their own safeguards against the weaknesses of proof of space.
The team behind Chia
Chia is being built by a strong team and its cofounders have impressive entrepreneurial backgrounds. For instance, Bram created the infamous and highly popular P2P file sharing protocol, BitTorrent. Bram then created the BitTorrent company, which he recently sold for $140 million to Tron. The other co-founder, Ryan, is a serial Bitcoin entrepreneur. He co-founded one of the first Bitcoin exchanges in the US, TradeHill, and served as COO. After TradeHill, Ryan co-founded CryptoCorp, a multi-signature security company, Blockchain Clearing Corporation, a securities clearing technology company, Blockchain Health, which does document control for clinical documents using blockchain, and now Chia.
As previously mentioned, the team recently secured a $3.395 million seed round led by AngelList's Naval Ravikant and joined by heavyweight VC firms like Andreessen Horowitz and Greylock. In order to acquire more funding, the team plans to hold an IPO instead of an ICO and dole out Chia tokens as dividends to the participants of the public sale. The IPO will be capped at $50 million. According to the Chia Network, the IPO "may be the first fully compliant public offering for a crypto company".
Proof of stake
Proof of space and time might be a better alternative to proof of work because it’s more energy efficient and makes farming more accessible, but the consensus algorithm already has staunch competition from the proof of stake model. Proof of stake is not only highly energy efficient, it’s arguably more accessible than proof of space and time since you only need to buy and hold the token to mine. In proof of space and time, you need to buy hard drives, connect them to the farming software, and set them up for farming before being able to actually farm. The process is more complicated, manual, and has subsequently, more points of friction.
Finally, proof of stake is arguably more secure than proof of space and time since it’s economically integrated into the blockchain, so it doesn't require external resources like storage or computation power. Additionally, attacking a proof of stake blockchain is more expensive since the attacker needs to acquire a large stake to attack the network. If the attack’s successful, it significantly devalues their investment and the attack is thus highly economically irrational. With proof of space and time, however, the hard drives that the attacker bought can easily be reused or resold.
Little differentiation from Bitcoin
Although proof of space and time is an innovative consensus algorithm, Chia has little differentiation from Bitcoin in terms of the end user's experience. Its blockchain performance is comparable to Bitcoin - in fact, the team plans to alleviate its blockchain performance issues by launching with the Lightning network. Which, assuming that the Lightning network is viable, will also be used in Bitcoin. Plus, Chia doesn't offer any new features from Bitcoin such as smart contracts or a protocol-based decentralized exchange.
Farming will likely still be centralized
The team claims that Chia will be resistant to farmer centralization because "there is so much empty storage space available, and anyone with unused storage space will be able to farm". In addition, using storage means that ASICs, processors specifically designed to mine cryptocurrency, can’t be used for farming.
However, empty storage space being widely available - and ASICs being rendered useless in this system - does not mean that farming will be less centralized than Bitcoin mining. Storage space is ultimately a resource: resource distribution follows wealth distribution, and wealth distribution follows the power law. There'll eventually be a select few farmers that will control the majority of the farming power. Under this system, AWS could very well be the new Bitmain.
Chia's proof of space and time consensus algorithm is innovative, and it solves the energy wastefulness of Bitcoin's proof of work consensus algorithm. The team developing Chia is led by Bram Cohen, the creator of the BitTorrent protocol, and, overall, the Chia team has a strong technical background. It's also promising that well known investors like Naval Ravikant and VC firm Andreessen Horowitz are backing the project.
However, an important open question is whether Chia improves on Bitcoin enough for it to be a strong competitor. Many cryptocurrencies in the market significantly improve upon Bitcoin but their network, usage, and market cap lag far behind Bitcoin. Take for example Ethereum, the largest smart contract cryptocurrency, still has less than half of Bitcoin's market cap. How does Chia, which only innovates on Bitcoin's consensus algorithm, compete with the likes of coins like Ethereum and Monero? It's going to be an uphill battle to say the least. | <urn:uuid:187287c0-f1c5-4f63-b655-40bea278dce9> | {
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GM Robonaut 2 the Most Human-Like Robot Ever
Engineers from the General Motors Technical Center in Warren, MI and NASA’s Johnson Space center in Houston collaborated to produce a robot that could work side-by-side with human astronauts at the International Space Station as well as future missions. GM is saying Robonaut 2 (or R2 for short) is one of the most dexterous robots ever built because of his very human-like hands.
The R2 is designed to work side-by-side with astronauts at the space station. As a GM press release explains, “Since all of the tools and equipment aboard the space station were designed for use by human hands, R2 had to be able to perform them without modification.”
The Robonaut 2 could have troubling implications for people working the assembly line. The modern auto plant is chock full of robots. The development of the R2 and its capability to precisely sense the reaction forces and continuously adjust the grip of the hand for whatever task it is performing could mean widespread use in factories for jobs that pursue ergonomic challenges to humans.
“We’ve invested some of our best and brightest minds to the creation of R2,” said Ken Knight, GM executive director, global manufacturing engineering. “Working with NASA’s scientists and engineers we are confident we have created the most technologically advanced robot in the world.” | <urn:uuid:f5e375d9-5bbe-4bb8-9ab6-21e0d2ee1502> | {
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Located in front of St. Peter’s Basilica, Saint Peter's Square or Piazza San Pietro is one of the best-known squares in all of Italy and is an important gathering place for tourists visiting the sights of Vatican City. Both the square and the basilica are named after Saint Peter, an apostle of Jesus considered by many Catholics to be the first Pope. Although Saint Peter's Square is in the heart of the Vatican, many tourists see it as an important part of Rome as well. From St. Peter’s Square, visitors can also see the Papal Apartments, not only the Pope's living quarters but also the place where the pontiff often stands to address crowds of pilgrims.
You can visit St. Peter's Square for free 24 hours a day unless the piazza is closed for a ceremony.
History of Saint Peter's Square
In 1656, Pope Alexander VII commissioned sculptor and architect Gian Lorenzo Bernini to create a square worthy of the majesty of St. Peter’s Basilica. Bernini designed an elliptical piazza that is embraced on two sides by four rows of imposing Doric columns arranged in a stunning colonnade. The double colonnades are meant to symbolize the embracing arms of St. Peter’s Basilica, Christianity’s Mother Church. Topping the colonnades are 140 statues depicting saints, martyrs, popes, and founders of religious orders within the Catholic Church.
The most important aspect of Bernini’s piazza is his attention to symmetry. When Bernini began devising his plans for the square, he was required to build around a 385-ton Egyptian obelisk originally brought to Rome by Caligula around 37 BC, and which was placed in its location in 1586. Bernini constructed his piazza around the central axis of the obelisk. There are also two small fountains within the elliptical piazza, each of which is equidistant between the obelisk and the colonnades. One fountain was built by Carlo Maderno, who had renovated the façade of St. Peter’s Basilica in the early 17th century; Bernini erected a matching fountain on the north side of the obelisk, thereby balancing the piazza’s design. The paving stones of the piazza, which are a combination of cobblestones and travertine blocks arranged to radiate from the central “hub” of the obelisk, also provide elements of symmetry.
In order to see the symmetry of this architectural masterpiece firsthand, one must stand on roundel foci pavements located near the piazza’s fountains. From the foci, the four rows of the colonnades line up perfectly behind one another, creating an amazing visual effect.
How to Get to There
Vatican City is on the west side of River Tiber while Rome's main sites—like the Trevi Fountain, the Pantheon, and the Spanish steps—are on the east. The easiest way to get to Saint Peter's Square is to take the Metro Line A to the Ottaviano “San Pietro” stop. You can also take a taxi and just tell the driver to go to Piazza San Pietro. If you do take a cab, make sure to ask for the price up front to avoid overpaying. | <urn:uuid:8497d726-927c-41d8-a6f8-a438bcd200c7> | {
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Algebra is one of those topics in maths that can cause no end of problems later on if it’s not properly understood at the beginning. Recently I met a 16-year-old student who’d managed to get a long way without properly understanding algebra, but then got stuck as her questions got harder. Going right back to the basics, she was able to unravel it.
I’m going to share a method that I learnt a couple of years into my tutoring, and have slowly refined over the last decade through the help of my fellow tutors and wonderful students.
Firstly, here are the basics that you should know:
Children are often taught the basics of algebra using boxes like this:
Easier questions like this can often be solved by inspection. That’s simply the posh way of saying ‘I looked at it (or inspected it) and knew the answer.’ Students who know that adding 3 and 7 makes 10 can see that the missing number must be 7.
Drawing boxes all the time can be a bit fiddly, especially if there is more than one missing number - how do you know which box is which? So in algebra we just replace these boxes with letters. Let’s pick “a”.
In this case a = 7, because 7 + 3 = 10.
So, inspection works for easier questions like this. What happens when things get more complicated? The answer: we use the arrow method.
The ‘arrow method’ is a way of solving equations that use algebra. It takes a little time to understand but when you follow it properly, it is very hard to get questions wrong.
Solving algebraic equations is like a game. The aim is to get the letter on its own on one side of the equation. The first thing we do is to draw an arrow below the equal sign and place another equal sign there:
You don’t have to draw an arrow, it could just be a line. The main purpose of this is to separate the two sides of the equation from each other. On one side we have a + 3 and the other we have 10.
Now, let’s talk opposites:
So how do we get the ‘a’ on its own? We can see that 3 is being added to ‘a’ to make 10, so the opposite of adding 3 is to subtract 3:
When solving these equations, remember that what you do to one side you must do to the other. Since 10 – 3 = 7, we have the answer.
This method is vital for more complicated questions that can’t be solved ‘by inspection’.
Just a note:
In algebra we usually leave out the multiplication and division signs, instead using the following notation:
This also helps avoid confusion when the letter x is used to represent a number.
Next week we’ll look at how to solve some more complicated equations so make sure you check that out.
If you need some help with maths, why not have a look at Tutorfair’s website which has a whole list to choose from?
Here’s a selection of three of Tutorfair’s maths tutors:
George S - Enthusiastic UCL undergraduate
Melanie A - Gives children the mindset for success
Matthew S - First rate science and maths tutor;Cambridge graduate | <urn:uuid:72c1f380-fbb8-4378-91e3-b71236cf24a8> | {
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Erasmus + is the EU Programme for Education, Training, Youth and Sports, for the period 2014-2020. It has replaced the Lifelong Learning Programme (Erasmus, Leonardo da Vinci, Comenius, etc.), which ran between 2007 and 2013. It also includes actions that were part of other programs: Tempus, Erasmus Mundus, Alfa, Edulink.
At the higher education level, the Programme unfolds into the following actions and key-actions:
Key-Action 1: Learning mobility of individuals
Student and staff mobility
This action pursues the work previously done within the LLP-Erasmus Programme, allowing mobility among students, graduates, professors, executive and administrative staff, for learning, teaching and training periods in Europe and outside of Europe, through International Credit Mobiliy.
Joint Master Degrees
This action funds prestigious Joint Master Degrees in Europe (previously known as Mundus Programme Master degrees EMMC).
Joint Master Degrees are integrated international advanced study programmes – international Master Degrees – of 60, 90 or 120 ECTS, jointly delivered by an international consortium of higher education institutions.
In the end, a joint or multiple degree is granted and it must be fully recognized by the national authorities in charge.
The Programmes are meant for students from anywhere in the World (scholarships are to be granted).
Key-Action 2: Cooperation for innovation and the exchange of good practices
Institutions are given the opportunity to cooperate towards implementing innovative practices leading to education, training, high quality learning, institutional modernization and social innovation.
Higher education institutions and businesses form large-scale partnerships in order to promote creativity, innovation and entrepreneurship.
These partnerships target cooperation between organizations established in Programme Countries and also with Partner Countries (not as applicants) if they bring an essential added value to the project. The projects are open to any subject, sector and to cross-sectoral cooperation.
The aim is to strengthen Europe’s innovation capacity and foster innovation in higher education and business.
Key-Action 3: Support for policy reform
It provides grants for a wide variety of actions aimed at stimulating innovative policy development, policy dialogue and implementation, and the exchange of knowledge in the fields of education, training and youth.
Jean Monnet Activities are designed to promote excellence in teaching and research in the field of European Union studies worldwide. The activities also foster the dialogue between the academic world and policy-makers, in particular with the aim of enhancing governance of EU policies.
| Jean Monnet Teaching and Research
| Centers of Excellence
Jean Monnet Support to Associations
Support to Associations
Jean Monnet Policy debate with the Academic World
This action is meant to develop and implement joint sports activities and physical activity, to acknowledge and implement innovative activities in the areas of sports, and to manage non-profit sports awareness events. | <urn:uuid:900807b2-967b-45d7-bf46-195979571b53> | {
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James McQuade (mayor, 1866)
In March 1866, just three years after he had come marching home from the Civil War with medals pinned on his chest and war memories galore, James McQuade was elected mayor of Utica.
He was a member of the National Union Party and defeated Democrat Charles S. Wilson, 1,906 to 1,891.
On April 15, 1861, three days after the Civil War began, President Abraham Lincoln asked for 70,000 volunteers to suppress the rebellion. Members of the Utica Citizens Corps – a sort of local National Guard led by McQuade – wired the president and told him that they had guns, ammunition and were ready to march.
On May 8, the corps became one of five companies to form the 14th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment. The other company commanders met and elected McQuade commander of the 14th with the rank of colonel.
McQuade joined the Citizens Corps in 1847 and had been its captain since 1853. The corps was made up of civilians who trained – military style – every week. They had uniforms and not only enjoyed marching in parades, but often were called upon to assist police and firefighters.
His earlier years
McQuade was born in Utica on April 27, 1829, the son of Michael and Johanna Ryan McQuade. He attended local public schools and then began to study law. After a few months, however, he decided the law profession was not for him. He got a job as a clerk in the old Bank of Utica and later joined his family’s Gulf Brewery as a bookkeeper.
He got his first taste of politics in 1851 as an assistant clerk with the state Assembly. He was 22 years old at the time. In 1855 and 1856, he was elected to the Oneida County Board of Supervisors and in 1859, he was elected to represent Utica in the state Assembly.
McQuade also found time to be a member of Utica’s Fulton Fire Volunteer Company No. 3 – organized in 1831 and located on the corner of Lafayette Street and Broadway. He became president of the Firemen’s Benevolent Association.
His war stories
Mayor McQuade enjoyed telling his constituents about the time he and his men were treated to lunch by President Lincoln.
It happened in the early days of the Civil War – on June 20, 1861 – when McQuade and the men of the 14th New York arrived in Washington and were ordered to march to the lawn of the Executive Mansion and there await further orders.
Lincoln, on a veranda at the mansion, saw the men lying on the lawn, their guns by their sides, and asked staff members to serve each soldier a quart of coffee and two ham sandwiches. Somehow, the president’s staff was able to produce about 500 quarts of coffee and a thousand sandwiches for the 500 men of the 14th.
On May 2, 1863, during the Battle of Chancellorsville, McQuade – by then an acting brigadier general – was shot at by Confederate sniper fire and went down. He was not hit, but his horse was killed. McQuade quickly got to his feet and led a charge that captured a Confederate battery.
Later that month, the 14th was mustered out of federal service, having served for two years. On May 21st, McQuade gathered his men and told them, “Men of the Fourteenth, fall in for home.”
His time as mayor
Utica continued to grow during McQuade’s year as mayor. Many industries founded or that had expanded during the war continued to grow and expand.
At the same time, the Utica & Black River Railroad continued to extend north and the road from Utica to Clinton was being extended farther south.
After leaving office, McQuade kept busy. He was one of the founders of the Grand Army of the Republic, a national organization of Union Army veterans. He also became active in the management of Utica State Hospital – which had opened in 1843 as one of the first hospitals in the country to care for the mentally ill – and served as chairman of its Auditing Committee and secretary of its board of directors.
McQuade and his wife, Mary E. Barnard of Utica, had three children – James Jr., Harriet and Louise. He died on March 25, 1885, at age 55. He was buried at St. Agnes Cemetery on Mohawk Street in Utica. McQuade Avenue in East Utica was named for him.
Frank Tomaino is the Observer-Dispatch historian and he also serves on the board of the Oneida County History Center. Contact Frank at [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:178f3393-de49-4b49-9378-7d6140e0edfb> | {
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Basic manners and etiquette are important skills for children to learn. While children learn plenty of good behavior by example, taking time to practice social skills can provide them with added direction. Use this list of basic manners to teach your children how to behave politely around others.
Teaching Children Manners
Here is a list of basic manners children need to treat others with respect. Starting some of these at a young age makes them second nature. That way, your children won’t need many reminders to practice them.
- When you ask for something, always use please and thank you
- Show appreciation when someone gives you a gift or compliment by saying thank you or giving them a card
- Hold the door open for others
- Don’t insult or give a negative opinion about someone in front of other people. If you’re upset, talk to your parent about it
- Learn how to answer a phone and take a message
- Always greet guests when they come to your home
- Respect everyone’s diversity. Differences in culture, religion, size, ability and language make everyone special
- Be a good sport. Congratulate others that win a sport or game, and don’t brag if you are the winner
- Clean up after yourself whenever you make a mess
- No name calling. Joking can sometimes be taken the wrong way, and you might accidentally hurt someone’s feelings
With a little practice, your children will learn good manners in no time! | <urn:uuid:c2b3c70b-7c35-4333-8473-bd28485496f8> | {
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By Dennis Thompson
FRIDAY, Feb. 27, 2015 (HealthDay News) -- Chronic fatigue syndrome appears to be linked to specific changes in a person's immune system, particularly increased amounts of chemical messengers that regulate immune responses, researchers report.
The study adds to growing evidence that chronic fatigue syndrome is caused by a malfunctioning immune system, said lead author Dr. Mady Hornig. She is director of Translational Research at the Jerome L. and Dawn Greene Infectious Disease Laboratory at Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health, in New York City.
The immune system of a new chronic fatigue syndrome patient appears unable to shut down or reduce its response to an infection that has passed, Hornig said.
Instead, the system continues to pump out large amounts of cytokines -- chemical messengers that coordinate the response of the immune system's many cell types.
"Their immune system is no longer resilient and able to bounce back after this cytokine surge" in response to an infection, Hornig said. "We need the system to be regulated, so it shuts off after the disease is gone, and that isn't happening here."
Doctors now can look for increased levels of these chemicals in the blood of patients who might have chronic fatigue syndrome, potentially aiding in their diagnosis, she said.
"We may be able to reduce the time it takes to get a diagnosis, and reduce the time it takes to get them some treatment," Hornig said. Treating chronic fatigue syndrome early could reduce its future impact on patients' lives, she added.
The new study, published Feb. 27 in the journal Science Advances, comes on the heels of a new Institute of Medicine report that declared chronic fatigue syndrome a "legitimate" illness that should be treated by doctors as a disease rather than an emotional problem.
Between 836,000 and 2.5 million Americans suffer from chronic fatigue syndrome, and an estimated 84 percent to 91 percent of people with the disorder are not diagnosed, according to the IOM. Chronic fatigue syndrome tends to strike people in their 40s and 50s, and occurs four times more often in women than men.
"It is so valuable to be able to find something that can help further validate the disease status of this condition," Hornig said of her team's results. "It's a biological disorder, not a psychological one."
The new study relied on data gathered during two large U.S. studies of chronic fatigue syndrome, involving 298 people diagnosed with CFS and 348 healthy "control" subjects. As part of these studies, participants provided blood samples.
Researchers analyzed the blood sample data, looking at the presence of cells and chemicals related to the immune system.
They noted that distinct increases occurred in the cytokine levels of people who'd been diagnosed with chronic fatigue syndrome for fewer than three years, compared with both the "healthy" controls and people with long-term CFS. The changes are only present early on in the course of disease, and don't appear in long-term patients.
The results indicate that there are stages of chronic fatigue syndrome, and that new patients likely need treatments different from those who have had CFS for a long time, Hornig said.
"It may be possible to prevent the long-term consequences of this illness by intervening early and dampening down these cytokines," she said. "It also has implications for the very large population of people who have had this disease for a long time and for whom a different strategy may be important."
The findings mesh with other recent research that has linked chronic fatigue syndrome to a faulty immune system, said Dr. Jacob Teitelbaum, director of the Fatigue & Fibromyalgia Practitioners Network.
"What we see is an initial overdrive of the immune system, suggesting that one or several infections have become chronic, with the immune system being unable to turn itself off," Teitelbaum said. "So in the early phases of the illness, we see the immune system being on overdrive. As this goes on, the immune system exhausts itself, resulting in widespread, yet ineffective, attacks against many infections."
People with long-term chronic fatigue syndrome, then, are saddled with worn-out immune systems that struggle to combat even the mild infections that healthy immune system would shrug off quickly, he said. | <urn:uuid:b239e473-d67a-4496-b2b4-b05cf8c4b003> | {
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The NM Department of Game and Fish is still accepting public comments on its proposed changes to trapping regulations
Here is what the Department has proposed:
- Closing only 0.5% of New Mexico’s public land to most traps.
- Increasing setbacks from trailheads, but not from trails or roads.
- Adopting a year-round season for raccoons and nutria.
- Increasing trap check times for underwater traps (leaving animals in traps longer)
These minor changes are not enough. Nearly 70% of New Mexicans oppose trapping entirely. It's time for an outright ban on trapping on public lands. Make your voice heard by sending in your comments to the Department at [email protected]. The comment period will end soon, so don't delay.
Consider these talking points, and always lead with a personal connection or story:
- Traps are cruel. They cause suffering, stress, and injury to wildlife.
- Traps are indiscriminate. A trap will catch anything that has the misfortune to stumble upon it. They are like landmines on public lands.
- Trapping is done for profit. For a measly $20 fee, trappers can kill an unlimited number of "protected furbearers" for months out of the year and sell their hides for a profit. Why should a handful of people be allowed to capitalize on the public's wildlife? And it is a handful: less than 3,000 furbearer licenses are sold every year in the state of New Mexico.
- Trapping hurts outdoor recreation. New Mexico recently passed a bill to kickstart our outdoor recreation economy. How will visitors feel when they find out the hard way that traps can be set just 25 yards from a trail or road and just half a mile from a designated campground? New Mexicans and visitors alike should be able to recreate on public lands without fear. | <urn:uuid:311a8352-b538-480f-9bee-29b8890f5fdb> | {
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Getting F.I.T.T. Is Easy
For most people the hardest part of exercising is just getting started. Hectic schedules and lack of time certainly contribute to the excuses. But for many people, lack of basic workout knowledge intimidates them and prevents them from even getting started.
Itís easy to understand why some feel overwhelmed about beginning a new fitness routine. Virtually every day the media is bombarding the public with the latest ďdiet researchĒ often times contradicting what may have been reported just weeks earlier. And infomercials swear that 20 minutes of this or 15 minutes of that is all that is required to look like a Hollywood star.
With so much information (and misinformation), it can be hard to decipher what fitness regimen will really deliver results. But truthfully, itís not difficult at all to determine what workout will provide health benefits.
An easy way to get started is utilizing the F.I.T.T. principle. This acronym stands for Frequency, Intensity, Time and Type.
Frequency: As you might expect, this refers to how often you will exercise. After any form of exercise is performed your body completes a process of rebuilding and repairing. So, determining the frequency of exercise is important in order to find a balance that provides just enough stress for the body to adapt and also allows enough rest time for healing.
Intensity: Defined as the amount of effort or work that must be invested in a specific exercise workout. This too requires a good balance to ensure that the intensity is hard enough to overload the body but not so difficult that it results in overtraining, injury or burnout.
Time: Again, this is rather self-explanatory. Time is simply how long each individual session should last. This will vary based on the intensity and type.
Type: What type of exercise will you be doing? Will an exercise session be primarily cardiovascular, resistance training or a combination of both? And, what specific exercises will you perform.
Now you know the F.I.T.T. principle so planning a workout program and getting started should be a breeze. The ACSM (American College of Sport Medicine) has F.I.T.T. guidelines both for cardiovascular work and strength training. For cardiovascular benefits, they recommend exercising for a frequency of 3-5 times per week, at an intensity equal to 60-85 percent of your maximum heart rate for a time of 20-60 minutes. For strength straining they recommend working out a minimum of two times per week at an intensity that is equal to 70-85 percent of your one rep maximum (maximum weight you can use for one rep) for 8-10 reps and 1-3 sets.
Planning a new fitness routine by breaking it into the four F.I.T.T. principle pieces allows you to quickly create a workout plan that will truly provide you with results.
For beginner exercisers choosing the Type of exercise may be the best place to start mapping out your routine. After all, if you have the perfect frequency, intensity and time but hate the actual exercise then youíll never do it. So, start with something you like. This may be walking, biking, swimming or something else.
Next determine the Frequency. Consider how much time each week you truly will devote to this workout. Be realistic. Thereís no purpose in setting expectations so high that you likely will fail. Remember, the ACSM guidelines are 3-5 times per week, so a good start would be three days.
If you are very limited in your schedule then determining your Time would be the appropriate next step. Otherwise, choose your Intensity level, which will help determine how long your workout session should be. For example, a higher intensity will typically provide more benefit (such as burning more calories in a shorter amount of time). So, choosing to jog may require only 30 minutes of commitment versus walking which may require 45-60 minutes.
Hereís a quick example of both a cardiovascular and resistance workout program that utilizes the F.I.T.T. principle. Walk (Type) at 4 MPH (Intensity) for 45 minutes (Time) four times per week (Frequency). Perform exercises with dumbbells (Type) at 70% of your maximum 1 rep strength (Intensity) for 8-12 reps (Time) 3 times per week (Frequency).
Thatís all there is to it. Now get out there and get FITT!
About the author: Lynn Bode is a certified personal trainer specializing in Internet-based fitness programs. She founded Workouts For You, which provides affordable online exercise programs that are custom designed for each individual. Visit: http://www.workoutsforyou.com for a free sample workout and to sign-up for their monthly fitness newsletter. Fitness professionals take your business online, visit: http://www.trainerforce.com
If you would like to publish this article in print or electronically, please contact Lynn, click here.
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The Department of Energy (DOE) has issued strong new efficiency standards to reduce energy consumption in refrigerators and freezers used in supermarkets, convenience stores, restaurants, and commercial kitchens.
Energy use can be reduced with available technologies including LED lighting and occupancy sensors, high-performance glass doors, and high-efficiency motors.
“DOE estimates that commercial refrigerators and freezers meeting the new standards sold over thirty years will reduce U.S. electricity consumption by about 340 billion kilowatt-hours and save businesses $12 billion. The new standards will also reduce CO2emissions by 142 million metric tons, which is equivalent to the annual emissions of 30 million cars.”
The new standards issued today will achieve large cost-effective energy savings compared to products meeting the initial standards. The new standards will reduce energy consumption by more than 40% for solid-door “reach-in” refrigerators and freezers, and by 28% and 12% for glass-door supermarket refrigerator and freezer cases, respectively.
These reductions in energy consumption will translate into big savings for businesses that purchase commercial refrigerators and freezers. The new standards for commercial refrigeration equipment will take effect in 2017. | <urn:uuid:397c89f9-19ee-4f95-afb5-bd57bb476d2e> | {
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Mystras – The Dead City
- by XpatAthens
- Wednesday, 18 February 2015
Magnificent, spectacular a glorious place, Mystras (5 Km north-west of Sparti) is one of the most exciting cities in Peloponnese. Standing still in time, the dead city lies on the slope of the sheer, strange hill with the fortress at its top. The whole of Mystras is an open-air museum; A reminder of glorious era of power and culture. Because of its good preservation, Mystras is sometimes compared to Pompeii in Italy.
It is one of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites. There are two entrances: one at the bottom of the site and the other one in the middle. It is about 6 km away from Sparti. In the modern village of Mystras - situated 1 km or so from the archaeological site, there are a few restaurants and hotels.
Its fortifications and churches, its palaces and mansions, its roads and fountains, charm thousands of visitors daily and offers them valuable insights in the evolution and culture of the Byzantines.
For two centuries Mistras was at the forefront of developments and had a brilliant history full of glory, splendour and political, social and cultural contributions. Its story begins in the mid-13th century when the Franks were dominant in the Peloponnese. In 1249 Villehardouin II built an impregnable fortress at the top of a hill called Mistras or Mizithras. Ten years later Villehardouin found himself a prisoner of the Byzantine Emperor Michael Paleologus and bought his freedom by handing over the fortresses of Mistras, Monemvasia and Mani. Mistras offered security, so that the inhabitants of neighbouring Lacedaemonia, as Sparti was then called, made their homes on the slopes surrounding the fortress.
The settlement and the Hora (town) were protected by a wall, but the new houses were built outside the enclosure. Another wall protected the new settlement, Kato Hora. The strategoi (generals) governed the town, and as of 1308, when the seat of the Diocese had been moved to Lacedaemonia,
Mistras became in the mid-14th century the capital of the Peloponnese and the seat of the Seignioly (Despotate) of the Moreas, with a ruler or despot who enjoyed tenure for life.
The palaces of the despots of Morea dominate Mistras from their rocky foundations in the centre of Ano Hora where the Monemvasia gate leads from Kato Hora. It is a spectacular complex, comprised of buildings built at different times. The first, the "mansion of the Cantakuzenoi", was constructed in the first years, perhaps by the Franks. The second edifice dates from the same period (1250-1350). The third, a four-storey building, was erected between 1350 and 1400, as was the fourth, a two-storey mansion which was the residence of the despot. The fifth building (1400-1450) was the palace of the Paleologoi. Its length is 38 m. and its width 12 m. The first storey was intended for the departments of the Seigniory. The second was the throne hall. The abandoned palaces constitute an important attraction for the modern visitor. After their restoration, they are a vivid reminder of an era that has left an indelible mark on history. As is the grand square before them, the site of official displays during the days of Mistras' glory and a market in later years, when the town was a busy commercial centre.
Tel: +30 27310 83377
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Mental wellness encompasses social and emotional health. While young adults, oftentimes with the support of their family, seek mental health help, they benefit from social opportunities throughout the therapeutic process. Programs that include group therapy and/or additional outlets for social interactions, support young adults in practicing the social and emotional skills it takes to enhance mental wellness.
Benefits of groups
As young adults take part in mental health programming, for concerns like addiction, eating disorders, or psychiatric illness, group therapy serves as a professionally guided environment that ultimately supports mental wellness. Psycho-educational groups and group psychotherapy provides planned social opportunities for young adults as they confront issues related to mental health with the support of peers and therapists. Group therapy empowers young adults to:
- Relate to others. Taking part in group therapy may be an important step in breaking down internal feelings of social isolation. Young adults who are in therapy have often been lonely and isolated. Many suffer from depression. Group therapy allows young adults to meet others with similar concerns and hear how they deal with dark feelings and complex situations. They may find their experiences are shared by their peers, which may ease the feelings of being different and alone.
- Find motivation. Participants in group therapy often vary in terms of where they are in the therapeutic progress. Somebody new to treatment may connect with a peer who is further along in therapy. They may feel motivated to stay sober or they may pick up a self-help skill from somebody who models healthy social and emotional behavior.
- Reflect on their choices. During group therapy, young adults may begin to view their behaviors or patterns through a different lens. The opinions from trusted peers or therapists may contradict their perspective, which can help young adults see themselves from another person’s viewpoint.
In addition, an optimal therapeutic plan for young adults includes plenty of opportunities for socializing with others outside of a group therapy setting.
- Meal time: Sharing meals with others is a great time for young adults to informally interact with peers. Because conversation topics are not generated by a therapist, young adults can discuss what is important to them. They have an unscripted chance to connect, to empathize, and to voice their feelings. Gathering for meals can be especially supportive to people in treatment for anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders.
- Community outings: Going out into the community gives young adults in mental health treatment a chance to apply their progress in psychotherapy to a “real life” setting. Whether the outing is for leisure, such as going to a special event or an outing intended to build life skills, such as a trip to the grocery store or a visit to a local college, young adults can engage in social and community networks.
- Residential living: Taking part in residential living as part of therapy not only gives young adults 24 hour access to on-site support, it promotes mental wellness by providing more intimate social interactions. While living in a residential setting, young adults often live with roommates and gain greater understanding of how their habits affect others. Learning to live respectfully with others is a social skill that contributes to mental health and can ease the transition into adulthood and life beyond mental health treatment. | <urn:uuid:62a93f66-b155-4f81-8780-c54235781110> | {
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Subsets and Splits