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Atoms. Atoms are the building blocks of matter. We’ve been hearing this since about the third grade. Sketches? Sketches are some of the most basic building blocks of SOLIDWORKS 3D CAD files. We use them to define boundaries for adding and removing material in all sorts of ways – boss features, revolve features, loft features, and more.
During the course of your SOLIDWORKS career, you will come across occurrences when it will seem advantageous to copy a sketch you’ve already created to a new destination location. Using SOLIDWORKS, there are several ways to do so. In this article, I’ll reveal a couple of ways we can do this. Each way has a different end result – and for good reason. Using my own experiences, I’ll be sure to talk through each method (the ‘what’ and the ‘why’) of copying sketches in your designs. Let’s get started.
Method 1: Right-click > Copy; right-click > Paste
How familiar! In SOLIDWORKS, as in Microsoft Word, you can copy/paste data from one environment to another. This doesn’t apply to everything in SOLIDWORKS, but it does apply to sketches and/or sketch entities.
In the header for this item, I describe the method you’d use in Notepad. You select what you want to copy, you click ‘Copy’ from the right-mouse button menu, then Paste after selecting the destination location for the contents you’ve copied.
As you may have noticed, most copy/paste operations don’t result in a link maintained by the source and the copy. In SOLIDWORKS, this holds true. It’s also true that you can use Ctrl+C, Ctrl+V (the keyboard shortcut combo for copy/paste) if you wish.
The simple workflow is: select a sketch/sketch entity, copy it, and then go to the destination location. This can be in the same file or a different open file. Select a plane or a planar face, then paste away. You should see a totally detached duplicate of the sketch entities you copied now placed in the target area.
Method 2: Convert Entities
Method 1 describes total severance at a relationship level between the source sketch entities and the copy. You may desire this behavior in several instances, but what if you don’t want to sever the relationship?
There will be times when you want to take an existing profile – be it a sketch elsewhere in the design, or a facial profile – and convert it into new sketch entities that will mimic the selection if/when it changes.
This is a parametric, rules-based way of copying. One way to accomplish this effect is the Convert Entities tool.
The Convert Entities tool allows users to make a copied projection of a given sketch, face, or set of edges onto the active sketch plane. These sketch entities will update their size and/or positioning if either of these characteristics changes in the source sketch.
To accomplish this, follow these steps:
- Make a new sketch.
- Select the sketches/faces/edges you want to copy in this manner.
- On the Sketch tab on the CommandManager ribbon, select Convert Entities
- Observe that the entities have been copied to the active sketch plane. All entities should now have an ‘On Edge’ relationship automatically added. This keeps the destination entities synced to the source entities.
Method 3: Derived sketches
Convert Entities is a little restrictive. It only allows you to obtain a direct projection of the chosen entities. You can’t reposition the profile about the active sketch plane without breaking the On Edge relationships altogether, which defeats the purpose of using Convert Entities vs copy/paste.
Using a derived sketch is a little-known method providing the best of both worlds. When using a derived sketch, you can copy and paste a duplicate of a given sketch while retaining maneuverability in its destination location.
This means the overall profile shape will remain synced; however, as it isn’t tied to being a direct projection, you can rotate or move the copy on its own sketch plane as you see fit. If the profile of the original changes at all, the profile of the copy will still update just fine.
To accomplish this, follow these steps:
- Select a sketch you’d like to copy.
- Holding the Ctrl key, select a plane or planar face you’d like to insert a derived version of this sketch onto.
- Go to Insert > Derived sketch
Each of these methods gives you a different end result. Unlike reading up on ‘different ways to make a cube,’ the ramifications of choosing one copy method over another are inescapably present. No one way of copying sketches is appropriate for every case; however, knowing multiple ways to do so provides excellent flexibility moving forward!
Want more SOLIDWORKS Tips and Tricks? Check out our YouTube channel below.
About the Author
Sean O'Neill is a Community & User Advocacy Manager at DS SOLIDWORKS. He is a Certified SOLIDWORKS Expert (CSWE), a SOLIDWORKS World Presenter, and a former SOLIDWORKS VAR Marketing Manager. You can follow him on Twitter: @ServicePackSean. | <urn:uuid:766a0ef9-38f9-47d1-8029-7ecb84dd237f> | {
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As rain from Florence continued to lash the Carolinas, the region's swollen rivers were beginning to swamp coal ash dumps and low-lying hog farms Sunday, raising pollution concerns.
Continue Reading Below
Duke Energy said the collapse of a coal ash landfill at the L.V. Sutton Power Station near Wilmington, North Carolina, is an "on-going situation," with an unknown amount of potentially contaminated storm water flowing into a nearby lake. At a different power plant near Goldsboro, three old coal ash dumps capped with soil were inundated by the Neuse River.
An Associated Press photographer who flew over eastern North Carolina on Sunday saw several flooded hog farms along the Trent River. It wasn't immediately clear if any animals remained inside the long metal buildings ringed by dark water.
Such farms typically have large pits filled with hog urine and feces that can cause significant water contamination if breached or overtopped by floodwaters. State environmental regulators said Sunday they had not yet received any reports of spills.
An AP analysis of location data from hog waste disposal permits shows there are at least 45 active North Carolina farms located in 100-year and 500-year floodplains at risk of being inundated by nearby streams and rivers.
Federal forecasters predicted several rivers would crest at record or near-record levels by Monday, with high water potentially remaining for days. Officials with the N.C. Park Council, and industry trade group, said farmers had prepared for the storm by lowering water levels in their waste ponds and moving animals to higher ground.
At the Sutton plant, Duke spokeswoman Paige Sheehan said Sunday that a full assessment of how much ash escaped from the water-slogged landfill can't occur until the rain stops. She said there was no indication that contaminants from Sutton Lake had drained into the nearby Cape Fear River.
"We think the majority of the ash is settling out before it gets to the lake," Sheehan said. "We believe the chances are minimal that coal ash constituents will make it to the Cape Fear."
The company initially estimated Saturday that about 2,000 cubic yards (1,530 cubic meters) of ash were displaced at the landfill, enough to fill about 180 dump trucks. Sheehan said Sunday that estimate could be revised after further scrutiny.
The coal-fired Sutton plant was retired in 2013 and the company has been excavating millions of tons of ash from old waste pits and removing it to safer lined landfills constructed on the property. The gray ash left behind when coal is burned contains toxic heavy metals, including arsenic, lead and mercury.
State environmental regulators said they had been unable to inspect the site of the landfill collapse because of flooded roadways in and around Wilmington.
"There was a failure in the lined landfill" with material moving toward Sutton Lake, said Michael Regan, secretary of the N.C. Department of Environmental Quality. "And so it's imperative that we get our folks on the ground to do some water testing."
Duke's handling of coal ash waste has been under intense scrutiny since a drainage pipe collapsed under a waste pit at an old plant in Eden in 2014, triggering a massive spill that coated 70 miles (110 kilometers) of the Dan River in gray sludge.
In a subsequent settlement with federal regulators, Duke agreed to plead guilty to nine Clean Water Act violations and pay $102 million in fines and restitution for illegally discharging pollution from coal-ash dumps at five North Carolina power plants. The company is working to close all of its coal ash dumps by 2029.
Sheehan said Sunday that three inactive ash basins at the H.F. Lee Power Station near Goldsboro were under water. The old waste pits are capped with soil and vegetation to deter erosion.
During Hurricane Matthew in 2016, floodwaters eroded part of the cap, exposing a small amount of ash that may have flowed into the Neuse River. The Neuse is expected to crest at more than nine feet (3 meters) above flood stage Monday.
At the W. H. Weatherspoon Power Station near Lumberton, flooding from a nearby swamp was flowing into the plant's cooling pond. The Lumber River is expected to crest at more than 12 feet (3.3 meters) above flood stage late Sunday, putting floodwaters near the top of the earthen dike containing the plant's coal ash dump.
Environmentalists have warned for decades that Duke's coal ash ponds were vulnerable to severe storms and could pose a threat to drinking water supplies and public safety.
"Disposing of coal ash close to waterways is hazardous, and Duke Energy compounds the problem by leaving most of its ash in primitive unlined pits filled with water," said Frank Holleman, a senior attorney at the Southern Environmental Law Center.
"In this instance, it appears that Duke Energy has not done enough to ensure that its new Wilmington landfill safely stores coal ash. After this storm, we hope that Duke Energy will commit itself to removing its ash from all its unlined waterfront pits and, if it refuses, that the state of North Carolina will require it to remove the ash from these unlined pits."
Associated Press data journalist Angeliki Kastanis in Los Angeles and writer Gary D. Robertson in Raleigh contributed.
Follow AP investigative reporter Michael Biesecker at http://twitter.com/mbieseck | <urn:uuid:dd4675f5-436d-49b1-804c-15ab4f01edce> | {
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The wreck is likely to be that of a 19th century merchant sailing ship and so great is the detail that what is believed to be scattered coal can be seen throughout the debris, which may indicate that it had an auxiliary steam-powered engine. The debris also appears to include an anchor and the stunning imagery will be provided to expert marine archaeologists for possible identification.
“It’s a fascinating find,” said the Australian Transport Safety Bureau’s (ATSB) Peter Foley, Director of the Operational Search for MH370, “but it’s not what we’re looking for. Obviously, we’re disappointed that it wasn’t the aircraft, but we were always realistic about the likelihood. And this event has really demonstrated that the systems, people and the equipment involved in the search are working well. It’s shown that if there’s a debris field in the search area, we’ll find it.”
How the story unfolded
When the deep tow system operated by Fugro Equator detected a cluster of small sonar contacts in the southern part of the search area, 12 nautical miles to the east of the 7th arc, the sonar data was carefully analysed. It was categorised as Class 2 – ‘of potential interest but unlikely to be related to MH370’.
“It could not, however be ruled out,” said Peter Foley. “There were characteristics of the contact that made it unlikely to be MH370, but there were also aspects that generated interest, multiple small bright reflections in a relatively small area of otherwise featureless seabed.”
All sonar data collected by Fugro goes through a detailed analysis and an exhaustive review process to ascertain its quality, coverage and most importantly any sonar contacts of interest. “The analysis starts with the mission crew on board the search vessels,” continued Peter. “The data is then reviewed again ashore by sonar analysts at Fugro’s office in Perth and then it is independently reviewed by the sonar experts in the ATSB’s Operational Search team. The process is methodical, meticulous and it is designed to ensure that nothing is missed. In this case we planned to resurvey the contact in more detail.”
The Fugro Supporter was tasked to further investigate the contact, performing a high resolution sonar scan using Fugro’s Echo Surveyor VII autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV). The high resolution data revealed a large number of sonar contacts lying very close to the seafloor, at a depth of around 3,900 metres. The majority of the contacts were comparatively small – around the size of a cricket ball – interspersed with a few larger items, the biggest being approximately 6 metres in its longest dimension. Although the debris field appeared to be of man-made origin it did not exhibit all the characteristics of a typical aircraft debris field.
An additional AUV low-altitude mission was then undertaken using the underwater camera to gather images of the field. Analysis of the images revealed that the debris was actually the wreck of a ship.
Fugro’s search director Paul Kennedy of Fugro Survey explained: “This find has given us a great deal of confidence. It shows we are able to find small pieces of metal on the seafloor, a long way down. Pieces from MH370 would be roughly 10 times as big as those of the wrecked ship.”
Senior Ministers from Malaysia, Australia and the People's Republic of China recently agreed to extend the search by an additional 60,000 square kilometres to bring the search area to 120,000 square kilometres and thereby cover the entire highest probability area identified by expert analysis. At an April meeting they received a detailed briefing on the thorough and rigorous work being undertaken to search for the aircraft, including details of the technology used in the underwater search, assessment and analysis of data collected and classification of sonar contacts. Discussions also covered the challenges and risks in the search operations in such a remote and difficult location in extreme depths. The additional search area may take up to a year to complete given the adverse weather conditions in the approaching winter months.
Regularly updated information, including illustrations, is available online at www.fugro.com/media-centre/mh370-latest | <urn:uuid:a6a900a6-2820-4d3c-a89f-54509c1a2eeb> | {
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Executive Functioning is essential in allowing humans to manage thoughts, actions, emotions, as well as plan, manage time, and organize. It is commonly known and accepted that Executive Functioning is integral to adults in every realm of life, from work to relationships, but these skills develop from childhood and require time and support. For this reason, parents, caregivers, and educators need to understand the complexities of Executive Functioning and how it impacts children and students.
Executive Functioning is of critical importance for children and is often observed and influenced heavily by the educational expectations on students. Executive Function can affect your student and children in a multitude of ways every day:
Homework is a daily exercise in executive functioning, as students are required to remember to do and turn in the homework but also need to understand the requirements and timelines. Even seemingly simple acts such as putting your name on the paper can be chalked up to the development of executive functioning.
Adults use planners every day to track deadlines, meetings, appointments, and in general organize and plan. However, both short- and long-term planning strategies require executive functioning and therefore utilization of planners is not always feasible at the same time for each student.
Basic organizational skills such as maintaining folders, backpacks, lockers, and desks can often be of critical importance for students, just as a clean and maintained bedroom is often a developmental milestone for children. Your kid isn’t always a slob; Sometimes, they are just developing.
A solid sense of time is also an operation of cognitive functioningand can include time management, setting realistic timelines, and arriving on-time for activities.
Cognitive Functioning is responsible for detailed work, and you may notice missing assignment details, misunderstanding expectations or directions, and failing to carefully review answers before submission of assignments.
Don’t be too frustrated when your child calls you because they forget their poster for school; Preparation is a key milestone in the development of cognitive functioning, and this means that forgotten materials are common and developmentally appropriate.
While this may come as a bit of a surprise, a student or child that does not ask for help, doesn’t utilize teachers as a resource, and doesn’t clarify questions is actually displaying cognitive functioning skills that are not fully-developed.
As you can see, cognitive functioning has very concrete effects on children and the development of these skills can often be marked with frustration, feeling overwhelmed, lacking focus, and even poor grades. But don’t be discouraged: executive functioning continues to develop well into our 20s, and as a skill it can get better with time and practice. So, let’s talk about how we can help our children and students develop effective cognitive functioning.
There are countless ways to support your children who struggle with executive functioning.
As with most things in life, it is easier to learn and grow if you get enough sleep, eat well, and exercise. Start with the basics and build from there.
It is proven that children thrive with routines, which also help develop executive functioning skills related to planning and preparation.
Not every child is the same. Therefore, you may need to spend some time personalizing systems that will help your unique child or student learn to organize, prepare, focus, and take ownership of their growth.
Encourage your students and children at every sign of success. This positive reinforcement is reassuring and does wonders for continued perseverance in building cognitive functioning skills.
Don’t let executive functioning challenges tell a story that is not true. It is important to let your child know that cognitive functioning challenges do not equate to stupidity, laziness, or failure. Executive functioning is simply a skill that takes time to mature, and we need to support our children in their journey.
The development of executive functioning skills can take time, support, resources, and love. Children will learn these important skills, but as a parent or educator you are wonderful resource for knowledge, support, and love. You can’t rush the process, but you can make it easier.
Georgia Autism Center provides assessment, diagnosis, coordination of care, educational planning or assistance with the development of IEPs, and support for families of children with special needs. For more information visit www.georgiaautismcenter.com | <urn:uuid:89bdd3a2-39d4-4660-a866-903fc7eb5fde> | {
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1. IoT BASED WATER QUALITY MONITORING SYSTEM
- Water is crucial for life; therefore, water pollution continues to be an issue of concern globally. Rising industrialization and urbanization have resulted in depletion and contamination of water. Increasing levels of water pollution harm the environment and food supplies.
- The water quality monitoring system was designed with the objective to estimate the water parameters like pH, turbidity, conductivity etc., as the variations in the values of these parameters indicate the presence of pollutants.
- The system maintains checks, controls and communicates alerts so that intervention and implementation of corrective measures can be triggered.
- An innovative, real-time monitoring device designed to measure the quality of water based on various parameters like pH, temperatures, turbidity, conductivity etc.
- Less cumbersome and efficient way of on-site testing.
- Readings and historical records of water-quality parameters can be accessed remotely on screen-based devices.
2. SEWERAGE LEAKAGE DETECTION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
- It is need of the hour for India, both the government and public, to address the challenges of urban water and sanitation by studying the impact on public health and environment, and eventually improve access to water and sanitation for its growing population. The largest environmental concern, posed by the current urban water and sanitation systems in India, is pollution of water bodies. Underground sewage pipe systems deteriorate over time resulting in leakage and contamination of the surrounding ground and surface water.
- Limitations of the existing technologies on factors like size, material and depth of pipes, need for manual intervention, and dependency on weather, surface conditions and effect of water pressure triggered the conceptualisation and design for this project.
- This project resulted in development of an automated, low-cost sewerage leakage-detection system that uses a wireless sensor network created along the distribution pipes based on Water-Sense Cable that enables early leakage detection. Subsequent collection and transmission of information is processed through Arduino controller and IoT on a real-time basis.
- With minor modifications, calibrations and verifications with local field data, the modelling framework can be applicable and beneficial to the sewage leakage monitoring and sewage pipe rehabilitation for urban bodies and public at large.
3. AUTOMATIC DAM GATE CONTROLLING AND IRRIGATION SYSTEM
- The history, culture, current and future socioeconomic status and environmental sustainability of India and its people are intricately linked to the water resources: its rivers. Reservoirs and dams are the main sources of perennial water supply for industries, livestock, irrigation etc. that control the natural character of water flows. It is therefore critical to ensure judicious use of this water and prevent any natural or anthropogenic threats.
- This project proposes a novel idea of collecting and sharing real-time information about water levels to an authorized central command centre through far field communication using sensors and PLC. This centralized and automated system helps operate and control water levels and flows as well as alert authorities in situations like cloudbursts or floods.
- This project can lay a foundation to developing a more efficient and robust pre-emptive control system that responds to weather forecasts using GPS coordinates of dams all over the country.
4. RAILWAY CROSSING GATE CONTROL SYSTEM
- The incidence of accidents on railway crossings due to human error inspired our team to devise an Automated Railway Crossing Gate Control System. The primary purpose was to provide safety to the road users by reducing accidents at railway crossings and secondly to reduce waiting time at each crossing, thereby better traffic management by elimination the build-up of traffic jams.
- This automatic and highly economical microcontroller system can be employed at unmanned level crossings where the chances of accidents are higher. The sensors placed near the gates at a stipulated yet safe distance, detects arrival and departure of trains and the controller closes/ opens the gates automatically.
- We intend to share this technology with the railway authorities and improvise the device so that it can be adopted on a large scale.
5. IoT BASED FARMBOT
- Agriculture, the mainstay of India’s economy, is facing challenges from climate change, population growth, urbanization and food insecurity. Technologies such as IoT and automation can support farmers by efficient use of seeds, fertilizers, and fuel and ensure sustainability of the agriculture sector.
- The FarmBot was designed to facilitate farmers by assessing and monitoring the environmental conditions like temperature, air humidity, soil moisture level, smoke level etc. and plotting the sensor data as graphical statistics that can be shared via internet. Data generated by sensors such as soil moisture can be used for automatic irrigation using sprinklers and water pumps.
- This technology is expected to immensely help farmers and government authorities through improved decision-making with regards to sowing, weeding, irrigation requirements, harvesting etc. and establish ideal conditions for crop health while detecting any potential threat of pests or disease.
6. SPEECH RECOGNITION BASED DEVICE CONTROL
- This research based project was undertaken to explore the potentialities of Speech recognition and design a special system for enabling physically challenged people to control home appliances by using voice-based commands and applications.
- Remote operation is achieved through GUI (Graphical User Interface) supported on any Android OS smart-phone or Tablet. The voice commands are transmitted as digital bits using an Android application and the appliances are driven from the relay board through current driver interfaced with the microcontroller (8051 series used). A Bluetooth device was interfaced with the control unit for sensing signals transmitted by the Android application. Furthermore, the project can also add a feature of controlling the loads using touch screen operation.
7. IoT BASED ELECTRONIC NOTICE BOARD
- The real-time Digital Notice Boards is a research experiment to communicate with a large number of individuals in colleges, railway stations, share-market etc. using internet. It’s an economical and advanced solution that allows the user to display the message (text or image) from anywhere just by sending content to be displayed on a LED screen via internet.
- The proposed system will replace microcontroller based systems with Raspberry Pi which will drastically improve performance and power- efficiency.
Our students have successfully been recruited in the following organisations:
- Rajasthan Administrative Services (RAS)
- Cognizant Technology Solutions India
- J.P. Morgan Chase & Co.
- Secure Meter
- Mphasis an H.P. company
- Broadcom Inc
- VFS Global Pvt Ltd
- Amazon Ltd
- Vedanta Group
- Birla Cement
- Just dial
- Pacific Industries Ltd
- Cognus Technology
- I.EVO Udaipur
- Bank of Baroda
- Lloyd BANK Group U.K.
- Bajaj Electricals
- Khetan Group
- J.K. Cement
- E- Connect
- Pyrotech Electronics Pvt Ltd
- Indian Iris
- Central Bank of India | <urn:uuid:ea1d97b4-c81a-42db-8d89-503dac009747> | {
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"Black Holes, Exoplanets and Hurricanes: Making the next generation of discoveries"
Some of the most interesting astrophysical discoveries of the past decade have come from partnerships with the public via citizen science. These discoveries include a new class of galaxies, light echoes around supermassive black holes that extend tens of thousands of light years, extrasolar planet systems that challenge our theories of how planetary systems evolve, and more. The insights and algorithms developed as a result of these discoveries are changing our understanding of the Universe as well as helping us in more practical ways here on Earth, including more accurate measures of climate change and delivering practical help to first responders in the aftermath of major natural disasters.
Dr Brooke Simmons is a Lecturer at Lancaster University. Alongside research and teaching in astrophysics, she also works in citizen science, which collaborates with members of the public to address research questions we couldn't answer otherwise. Having worked on projects from astrophysics to zoology, her favourite is probably the disaster relief project she lead on the Zooniverse, which is the world's largest and most successful citizen science platform.
Glasgow Science Centre is proud to host the David Elder Lectures in partnership with the University of Strathclyde's Department of Physics.
About the Planetarium
The Planetarium at Glasgow Science Centre has been upgraded to a spectacular, state-of-the-art, fulldome digital projection system (what a mouthful!). Our shows are live presenter-led or film based to take you on a journey through the solar system, into the Milky Way Galaxy and beyond, offering a truly out-of-this-world experience. Our spectacular full dome films display 360 degrees across the 15-metre hemispherical dome of the planetarium. It really is spellbinding stuff. | <urn:uuid:86370a94-9589-42e9-99b7-f424d12a40ee> | {
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Your teeth face a hostile environment populated by disease-causing bacteria. But your teeth also have some “armor” against these microscopic foes: enamel. This hard outer tooth layer forms a barrier between harmful bacteria and the tooth’s more vulnerable layers of dentin and the inner pulp.
But although it’s tough stuff, enamel can erode when it comes into contact with high concentrations of mouth acid. Losing substantial amounts of enamel could leave your teeth exposed to disease.
So, here are 3 things you can do to help protect your enamel so it can keep on protecting you.
Careful on the brushing. Brushing removes dental plaque, a thin bacterial film on teeth most responsible for dental disease. But be careful not to brush too often, too hard and too quickly after eating. Brushing more than twice a day can cause gum recession and enamel wear; likewise, brushing too aggressively. You should also wait at least 30 minutes after eating to brush to give your saliva sufficient time to neutralize any acid. You could lose tiny bits of softened enamel brushing too soon.
Cut back on acidic foods and beverages. Spicy foods, sodas and, yes, sports and energy drinks all contain high amounts of acid that can increase your mouth’s acidity. It’s a good idea, then, to reduce acidic foods and beverages in your diet. Instead, eat less spicy foods and drink primarily water or milk. Also, look for foods and beverages with calcium, which helps increase your enamel’s ability to remineralize after acid contact.
Don’t eat right before bedtime. There are a lot of reasons not to eat just before you hit the hay—and one of them is for protecting your tooth enamel. Saliva normally neutralizes acid within a half hour to an hour after eating. While you’re sleeping, though, saliva production decreases significantly. This in turn slows its neutralizing effect, giving acid more contact time with enamel. So, end your eating a few hours before you turn in to avoid too much acid remaining on your teeth.
You can find some version of the ever popular kids’ meal at most major fast-food restaurants. It’s a neat little package: child’s size portions of burgers, chicken nuggets or sides—and often a small toy or treat to boot—all tucked into its own colorful cardboard container.
The drive-thru menu board at your favorite fast-food joint gives you plenty of choices to fill out your child’s meal. But you may notice something missing on many major chains’ kids’ menus—the mention of soft drinks as a beverage choice. You can still get one for your child’s meal, but the visual cue is no more on the menu board.
None of the “Big Three”—Burger King, McDonald’s or Wendy’s—post soft drinks as a menu item for their kid’s meals. It’s the result of an effort by health advocates promoting less soda consumption by children, the leading source of calories in the average child’s diet. With its high sugar content, it’s believed to be a major factor in the steep rise in child obesity over the last few years.
Sodas and similar beverages are also prime suspects in the prevalence of tooth decay among children. Besides sugar, these beverages are also high in acid, which can erode tooth enamel. These two ingredients combined in soda can drastically increase your child’s risk of tooth decay if they have a regular soda habit.
You can minimize this threat to their dental health by reducing their soda consumption. It’s important not to create a habit of automatically including sodas with every meal, especially when dining out. Instead, choose other beverages: Water by far is the best choice, followed by regular milk. Chocolate milk and juice are high in sugar, but they’re still a healthier choice than sodas due to their nutrient content.
Keeping sodas to a minimum could help benefit your child later in life by reducing their risk for heart disease, diabetes and other major health problems. It will also help them avoid tooth decay and the problems that that could cause for their current and future dental health.
While your teeth and gums can take a lot, they still face dangers like dental disease. Your teeth are also affected by aging-related wear and tear.
And, something else could put your teeth at risk: teeth grinding. This is an involuntary habit afflicting one in ten adults in which they grind or clench their teeth, often while they’re asleep. This generates higher than normal biting forces that can cause sore jaw joints, accelerated teeth wear and damage to the ligaments that hold teeth in place. In the worst case, you could eventually lose teeth.
So how do you know you’re grinding your teeth, especially if you’re asleep? You might notice your jaw being unusually sore after you wake up or your jaw muscles feel tired. Your dentist may also notice higher than normal tooth wear during a regular checkup. One of the best indicators, though, might be your sleeping partner or family: Teeth gnashing together can be loud enough to disturb others’ sleep.
In treating adult teeth grinding, it’s best to first determine the underlying cause. One of the most prominent reasons is chronic stress: If you’re under high pressure from situations at work or at home, pent-up stress can vent through physical outlets like teeth grinding. You can manage high stress through relaxation techniques, biofeedback or group therapy, which could in turn reduce teeth grinding.
Teeth grinding could also be related to a sleep disorder, such as problems with shifting between nightly sleep cycles. Certain psychoactive drugs are often associated with teeth grinding too. And, because of alterations in brain chemistry, tobacco users are twice as likely to grind their teeth as non-users. So, receiving treatment for a medical condition or making certain lifestyle changes could help lessen a grinding habit.
Many of these approaches take time to alleviate teeth grinding. For immediate relief, your dentist can create a custom mouthguard you wear while you sleep to reduce the effects of teeth grinding. The guard prevents the upper and lower teeth from making contact while biting down, which reduces the forces against them.
The damage from teeth grinding is often cumulative. If diagnosed early, though, we may be able to stop or minimize the damage before it goes too far.
If you would like more information on teeth grinding, please contact us or schedule an appointment for a consultation. You can also learn more about this topic by reading the Dear Doctor magazine article “Teeth Grinding.”
The 2019 Grammy Awards was a star-studded night packed with memorable performances. One standout came from the young Canadian singer Shawn Mendes, who sang a powerful duet of his hit song "In My Blood" with pop diva Miley Cyrus. But that duo's stellar smiles weren't always quite as camera-ready as they looked that night.
"I had braces for four and a half years," Mendes told an interviewer not long ago. "There's lots and lots and lots of photo evidence, I'm sure you can pull up a few." (In fact, finding one is as easy as searching "Sean Mendes braces.")
Wearing braces puts Mendes in good company: It's estimated that over 4 million people in the U.S. alone wear braces in a typical year—and about a quarter of them are adults! (And by the way: When she was a teenager, Miley Cyrus had braces, too!)
Today, there are a number of alternatives to traditional metal braces, such as tooth-colored braces, clear plastic aligners, and invisible lingual braces (the kind Cyrus wore). However, regular metal braces remain the most common choice for orthodontic treatment. They are often the most economical option, and can be used to treat a wide variety of bite problems (which dentists call malocclusions).
Having straighter teeth can boost your self-confidence—along with helping you bite, breathe, chew, and even speak more effectively. Plus, teeth that are in good alignment and have adequate space in between are easier to clean; this can help you keep your mouth free of gum disease and tooth decay for years to come.
Many people think getting braces is something that happens in adolescence—but as long as your mouth is otherwise healthy, there's no upper age limit for orthodontic treatment. In fact, many celebrities—like Lauren Hutton, Tom Cruise and Faith Hill—got braces as adults. But if traditional braces aren't a good fit with your self-image, it's possible that one of the less noticeable options, such as lingual braces or clear aligners, could work for you.
What's the first step to getting straighter teeth? Come in to the office for an evaluation! We will give you a complete oral examination to find out if there are any problems (like gum disease or tooth decay) that could interfere with orthodontic treatment. Then we will determine exactly how your teeth should be re-positioned to achieve a better smile, and recommend one or more options to get you there.
If you have questions about orthodontic treatment, please contact our office or schedule a consultation. You can read more in the Dear Doctor magazine articles “The Magic of Orthodontics” and “Lingual Braces: A Truly Invisible Way to Straighten Teeth.”
Breathing: You hardly notice it unless you're consciously focused on it—or something's stopping it!
So, take a few seconds and pay attention to your breathing. Then ask yourself this question—are you breathing through your nose, or through your mouth? Unless we're exerting ourselves or have a nasal obstruction, we normally breathe through the nose. This is as nature intended it: The nasal passages act as a filter to remove allergens and other fine particles.
Some people, though, tend to breathe primarily through their mouths even when they're at rest or asleep. And for children, not only do they lose out on the filtering benefit of breathing through the nose, mouth breathing could affect their dental development.
People tend to breathe through their mouths if it's become uncomfortable to breathe through their noses, often because of swollen tonsils or adenoids pressing against the nasal cavity or chronic sinus congestion. Children born with a small band of tissue called a tongue or lip tie can also have difficulty closing the lips or keeping the tongue on the roof of the mouth, both of which encourage mouth breathing.
Chronic mouth breathing can also disrupt children's jaw development. The tongue normally rests against the roof of the mouth while breathing through the nose, which allows it to serve as a mold for the growing upper jaw and teeth to form around. Because the tongue can't be in this position during mouth breathing, it can disrupt normal jaw development and lead to a poor bite.
If you suspect your child chronically breathes through his or her mouth, your dentist may refer you to an ear, nose and throat (ENT) specialist to check for obstructions. In some cases, surgical procedures to remove the tonsils or adenoids may be necessary.
If there already appears to be problems brewing with the bite, your child may need orthodontic treatment. One example would be a palatal expander, a device that fits below the palate to put pressure on the upper jaw to grow outwardly if it appears to be developing too narrowly.
The main focus, though, is to treat or remove whatever may be causing this tendency to breathe through the mouth. Doing so will help improve a child's ongoing dental development.
If you would like more information on treating chronic mouth breathing, please contact us or schedule an appointment for a consultation. You can also learn more about this topic by reading the Dear Doctor magazine article “The Trouble With Mouth Breathing.”
This website includes materials that are protected by copyright, or other proprietary rights. Transmission or reproduction of protected items beyond that allowed by fair use, as defined in the copyright laws, requires the written permission of the copyright owners. | <urn:uuid:8bcf4831-3787-4506-98e0-d73f28d596cf> | {
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Are you suffering from postherpetic neuralgia or having similar symptoms related to it? Well, here in this article, we will give you detailed information on what is postherpetic neuralgia?
What Is Postherpetic Neuralgia?
Postherpetic Neuralgia is the complication of shingles. Shingles are the complication of chickenpox. Postherpetic Neuralgia is an excruciating medical condition, and it affects the skin and nerve fiber. The pain that one experiences even after the shingle is cured is known as the Postherpetic Neuralgia.
According to the statistics, it has been reported that 1 out of every five patients who are suffering from shingles will have the probability of going through Postherpetic Neuralgia. When the nerve faces any damage or irritation which alters the neurological function or structure of it, then Postherpetic Neuralgia occurs.
One might feel an intense stabbing or burning sensation arising from the affected nerves. This pain will initiate from the nervous system, and any other outside stimulus is not responsible for this pain. It is also commonly known as a trapped nerve or a pinched nerve. These painful signals are sent by the nerve, which is facing irritation or is faulty.
Shingle is a blistering and painful skin rash that is caused by varicella-zoster. During adolescence or childhood, this virus has a higher probability of attacking you in the form of chickenpox. If the virus remains dormant in the nerves of the body even after childhood and suddenly reactivates, then it will cause this condition. So now you know What is post-herpetic neuralgia?
Who Has Higher Chances Of Getting Postherpetic Neuralgia?
Not everyone who experiences shingles will go through postherpetic neuralgia. Several factors contribute to the chances or the risk factor of getting postherpetic neuralgia. Some of them are discussed in detail below.
Women have higher chances of getting postherpetic neuralgia than men.
If your age is more than 60 years or is between 50 to 59 and your medical condition is weakening the immune system, then you have higher chances of getting Postherpetic Neuralgia.
People who are suffering from health conditions that affect the immune system like cancer or HIV are having high chances of suffering from postherpetic neuralgia.
A person who experiences severe pain at the onset of the outbreak will have higher chances of getting neuralgia.
Itching, tingling, and numbness before the appearance of shingles rash lead to lingering pain in the later stages.
Causes Of Postherpetic Neuralgia
How an infection leads to postherpetic neuralgia is described in three steps mentioned below:
- Step 1: Varicella-zoster is the root virus behind postherpetic neuralgia. When this virus attacks a human body, they start experiencing itchy outbreaks, which are similar to that of chickenpox. After the condition is healed, the virus will remain in your nervous system and stay there for several decades.
- Step 2: Several years later, the virus can reawaken and start showing its symptoms on your skin. One can expect the outbreak of lesions on their face or torso, and it will generally appear on one side of your body. This condition is also known as shingles, and the reason behind the reactivation of the virus has not been found yet.
- Step 3: In several cases, shingles make the nerve fiber damaged by causing inflammation. These nerve fibers won’t be able to send the message signals from the skin to the brain. As the signal gets scrambled so it can trigger a chronic pain, which can become very severe if not treated immediately. The region where the rash will appear will start paining, and if the condition remains the same for a year, then it will permanently stay there.
According to the theories of the expert, it has been said that shingles are responsible for creating scar tissue next to the nerves. This will, in turn, create pressure and make the nerve send some inaccurate signals, which are more like pain signals to your brain. The pain that you will experience will be chronic with burning and throbbing sensation.
Symptoms Of Postherpetic Neuralgia
Shingles are accompanied by blistering rashes, which are very painful. People who will have postherpetic neuralgia have already experienced shingles before. The signs that you will encounter are:
- One will develop sensitivity towards temperature changes and touch.
- Even with slight pressure, your skin will start experiencing a burning sensation.
- If the pain continues for three months or more after the rash disappears, then it might be a sign of postherpetic neuralgia.
Ways To Diagnose Postherpetic Neuralgia
It is essential to perform some medical tests to diagnose postherpetic neuralgia. The doctor mostly considers the pain symptom and its duration to find the cause.
The primary treatment for postherpetic neuralgia will focus on reducing pain and controlling the condition.
How To Prevent Postherpetic Neuralgia
According to the recommendation of Centres For Disease Control And Prevention, the adults whose age is more than 50 should get Shingrix, which will help in preventing shingles. This vaccine will be provided in two dosages with a gap of 6 months.
If one can take Shingrix, then it will help in preventing shingles or postherpetic neuralgia by 90%. People prefer to opt for Shingrix than Zostavax.
Complications One Will Encounter With Postherpetic Neuralgia
Along with the rashes, you will also face other types of complications if the condition gets severe or lasts for a long time.
- If it appears near your eyes, then you have the risk of losing your vision.
- If it appears near the ear, then you can face balance and hearing problems.
- Weakness in your muscles.
- Facial paralysis
- Inflammation on the brain or encephalitis
How To Treat Postherpetic Neuralgia
The treatment of postherpetic neuralgia will depend on the patient’s neurological, mental, and physical health.
Painkillers are prescribed by the doctors to reduce the pain, but it does come with certain risks.
Near the area of the spinal cord, corticosteroids, medication is injected. The steroid is used after the skin rash completely disappears.
Antidepressants will affect the brain chemicals and interpret the way the body is interpreting the pain.
Lidocaine Skin Patches
Lidocaine is a local antiarrhythmic and anesthetic drug. One can reduce itching, pain, and burning caused by inflammation by applying these patches. You can cut the patches and apply them to the affected area.
One can reduce the pain caused by Postherpetic Neuralgia by using anticonvulsants as they help in effectively calming the nerve impulses and stabilize the abnormal electrical activity. The injured nerves cause this unusual activity in the nervous system.
When To Seek Medical Help?
It is always recommended to seek medical attention after you start noticing the symptoms of shingles. Before the appearance of rashes, the pain can begin.
If you can take antiviral medications after that appearance of shingle rash within 72 hours, then you can reduce the risk of postherpetic neuralgia.
Is Postherpetic Neuralgia Contagious?
Well, shingles that lead to postherpetic neuralgia are not contagious, but the virus that is responsible for the condition is contagious. Shingles will cause a lot of painful rashes on one side of your body and will also affect the abdomen, back, face, internal organ, and mouth. Hence it is imperative to take proper vaccines.
If you know What is post-herpetic neuralgia? And the complications related to it, then you will be able to take proper precautions.
The shingles that cause postherpetic neuralgia in the later stages will cause burning, tingling, or numbness on your skin or one side of the body. Inside the rashes or blisters, there are some fluids. The area near the rashes will become red. It will take one week for the blisters to appear and dry up completely.
During the time between the appearance of blisters and drying up, try to keep a distance from the affected person. If any other person is getting in contact with the blisters or it’s a puss, then they will have a high probability of getting this virus. So there are several ways by which you can prevent the transmission, so some of them are:
- Avoid scratching or touching the area of rash before it is getting crusted or dried.
- Try to dress loosely and cover the rash.
- Always practice proper hand hygiene and wash your hands frequently.
- Pregnant women should keep a distance from people who are affected with postherpetic neuralgia because they won’t be able to take any vaccination.
Natural Ways To Treat Postherpetic Neuralgia
Apart from the vaccines and other medications, one can also use natural techniques to ease the pain or inflammation. Varicella-zoster, when it gets activated, can cause stress, trauma, and aging. So you can try out the natural remedies for treating this condition.
Essential oil helps in dealing with skin irritation or healing. It has been used for several years as a herbal remedy. Some of the significant essential oil which you can use are chamomile oil, Eucalyptus oil, and tea tree oil. Chamomile oil comes with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, which helps in reducing the ulcers and promote skin cell regeneration.
Eucalyptus oil increases the recovery of sores. Tea tree oil can help in promoting the healing procedure of a wound. Dilute the oil before applying it to the area. Talk to the doctor before using them.
You can apply the cold compress on the site where the rashes are appearing to reduce inflammation and relief itchiness. You can use a cotton cloth and dip it into the cold water. Now use this in the area and repeat them. Do not expose the infected skin in the extreme temperature because, at this time, your skin is super sensitive.
Avoid using water with extreme temperatures like too hot or too cold. If water is too hot, then it will increase the flow of blood and reduce the healing process. If the water is too cold, then the skin will become more sensitive.
Diet plays a significant role when it comes to fighting or preventing illness. When you are affected with postherpetic neuralgia, it is crucial to eat different types of nutrients coming from fruits, vegetables, whole grains like in nuts, lean meats, or legumes. Opt for fruits that have carotenoids like green food, red food, or orange food. Carotenoids help in increasing the immune function.
If you are healthy, then you will hardly need to have supplements. When your immune system gets compromised, then you should consider taking supplements. People whose age is more than 50 should have supplements for maintaining strong immunity and good health.
You can take Vitamin D for proper immune function. Apart from that, try selenium, zinc, and Vitamin C supplements for improving immunity.
One can take oath baths, which will help in moisturizing the dry skin and bring relief to the inflamed and sensitive skin. According to the FDA, it is an effective and safe treatment. Try colloidal oat, which does not have any protein and helps in preventing any other reactions. Oats contain saponins and flavonoids, which help in reducing inflammation. You can use oat products for relieving itchiness and pain.
Witch hazel is very useful when it comes to reducing itchiness and inflammation. There are different forms of witch hazel that are available in the market. One can get witch hazel in cream forms as well.
Postherpetic neuralgia requires immediate attention. Otherwise, it will make you go through chronic pain. Try to take a hint from the early symptoms and seek medical help. If you are receiving the vaccination, then it will protect you against postherpetic neuralgia. There are some home remedies which are mentioned above which you can try and get some relief.
A lot of complications come with postherpetic neuralgia like depression, fatigue, difficulty in sleeping, difficulty in concentrating, and lack of appetite. As all these symptoms accompany the pain, the patient life gets hindered in several ways. Many people are not aware of What is post-herpetic neuralgia? This article will help them to understand the journey of shingles to postherpetic neuralgia | <urn:uuid:b946d091-29dc-406a-997d-06221199a915> | {
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Water suppliers are responsible for providing drinking water that meets the Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality for lead. However, under certain conditions, lead can leach into drinking water through contact with building plumbing after it has been delivered to a property.
What are the guidelines for lead in drinking water?
The Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality set a maximum acceptable concentration of 0.005 mg/L (5 parts per billion) for total lead in drinking water, measured at the tap. Every effort should be made to maintain lead levels in drinking water as low as possible. The guideline is designed to protect pregnant women, infants and children as they are the most vulnerable. It is based on average concentrations in water consumed for extended periods.
For more information about the guidelines, visit Health Canada – Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/publications/healthy-living/guidelines-canadian-drinking-water-quality-guideline-technical-document-lead.html
What are the health concerns?
According to Health Canada, even ingesting a low level of lead may be harmful. Lead can harm the intellectual development, behaviour, size and hearing of developing fetuses, infants and young children. The health impact depends on many factors including the amount consumed over time, age, nutrition and underlying health issues.
People may ingest lead from many sources, such as food, drinking water, soil, paint and dust. There is no evidence that drinking water in B.C. is a significant source of lead intake.
As the skin does not easily absorb lead from water, exposure to lead from showering, bathing or cleaning is not a concern. For more information about lead paint, see HealthLinkBC File #31 Lead Paint and Hazards.
How can lead get into my drinking water?
Lead was once commonly used in drinking water plumbing, including: bronze, copper and brass pipes, taps, fixtures, and solder (used for joining metal pipes). In 1989, the BC Plumbing Code changed to restrict the use of lead in plumbing. Buildings constructed before 1989 may be at a higher risk of having lead in drinking water due to corrosion of the plumbing.
The amount of lead released into the water depends on the plumbing materials used, the corrosiveness of the water, and the length of time the water sits in the plumbing.
What is being done to address lead in drinking water?
The Ministry of Health works with the regional health authorities, other ministries and the federal government to develop best practices and policies, and provide advice to water suppliers and the public on reducing lead ingestion.
Some water suppliers take steps to adjust the qualities of water to reduce corrosion. Schools have been advised to sample water to ensure lead is at safe levels. If levels are not safe, they are advised to take the necessary steps to reduce lead in school drinking water.
Owners of buildings are responsible for assessing their own plumbing and taking actions to reduce lead.
How can I protect myself and my family?
If elevated lead in drinking water is suspected or has been measured in your water supply, you should reduce your exposure to the lead. If you are concerned about your child’s or your own current or past exposures to lead, you should discuss your concerns with your health care provider.
Identify the problem
Generally, the water supplier is responsible for the service line up to the water meter or valve at the property line. Your water supplier will have information on water quality in their distribution system. You will have to get your water tested for lead by a laboratory to find out what the water quality is from your tap. Lead levels can change during the day, and a sample taken first thing in the morning before using water will generally show the worst case scenario.
If your home was built before 1989, your plumbing may be at higher risk of containing lead. A plumber can help identify if your home has leaded plumbing parts, and if the part of the service line on your property is made of lead.
If your home has a high amount of lead in its water due to your plumbing, you can flush stagnant water from pipes to reduce lead exposure.
To flush water, let your cold water tap run for 1 to 5 minutes or until the water turns colder. You should do this before drinking or cooking first thing in the morning or any other time the plumbing system has not been used for several hours.
Always use cold tap water for drinking or cooking since hot water can increase the leaching of lead. *Note: Boiling water will not remove lead and may actually increase lead concentrations in water.
You can use water filters and treatment devices to remove lead from drinking water. Carbon-based, reverse osmosis and distillation type filters that are certified to the NSF International standard for removing lead are effective. For best results, install these filters and devices at the tap that is used for drinking water the most, such as the kitchen tap. Make sure to maintain them according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
You can also fix the problem by removing or replacing any sources of lead, such as fixtures in your building or lead service lines to the water supply. Contact your local government to find out if any programs exist in your community to replace service lines.
For More Information
For more information on lead in drinking water, contact your water supplier directly. Or you can contact the environmental health officer at your local health authority by visiting www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/health/about-bc-s-health-care-system/partners/health-authorities/regional-health-authorities or by phone at:
- First Nations Health Authority 604 693-6500, toll free 1 866 913-0033. Visit www.fnha.ca/what-we-do/environmental-health for Environmental Health officer contact information
- Fraser Health 604 587-4600
- Interior Health 250 469-7070
- Island Health 250 370-8699
- Northern Health 250 565-2649
- Vancouver Coastal Health 604 736-2033 | <urn:uuid:0afed4d9-7c5c-43a2-bfe6-713d8073fde3> | {
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SNOHOMISH — The biotechnology curriculum is new; the equipment, pricey. The goals are ambitious and the motivation hits close to home.
If all goes according to plan, students in Tami Caraballo’s classroom soon will be creating molecular models for research scientists using high-tech computer software and manufacturing equipment.
Caraballo was given creative license, ample resources and marching orders to start a cutting-edge biotechnology course at Glacier Peak High School.
“It’s kind of like being in a candy story and being told, ‘Pick whatever you want but don’t get sick,’ ” she said.
Caraballo said she believes Glacier Peak will be the first high school in the state to make molecular plaster-like models for scientists.
Her students are excited.
“I can see myself in this field and this is very current,” said Victoria Crowe, 17, a senior. “It’s happening around us.”
The school district superintendent made a personal plea to Caraballo to bring cutting-edge biotechnology education to the high schools.
Superintendent Bill Mester was diagnosed with a rare form of non-Hodgkins lymphoma in October 2007, and his treatment required radiation, chemotherapy and a bone marrow transplant.
“The impetus really came from Bill Mester,” Caraballo said. “He came back from a year’s leave and called me. He said, ‘The place where you work in the summer, the Hutch, we need kids down there.’ ”
Caraballo has worked parts of five summers in a teacher training program at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. She also has spent parts of summers with the University of Washington human genome project and at the Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta, where she wrote public health curriculum.
Last summer, Caraballo learned to make molecular models in the Milwaukee School of Engineering’s biomolecular modeling program.
“You don’t tell Bill Mester ‘no,’ ” she said. “He is very compelling.”
A big boost came from the nonprofit Snohomish Education Foundation, which contributed $50,000 for equipment to help get the program started.
Foundation members said they were inspired by Mester’s story. When he was well enough to return to work, Mester said that his battle with cancer rekindled a long-held interest in offering biotechnology at the high school.
Janet Kusler, a local businesswoman and member of the education foundation, said the idea to help took off from there.
“We wanted to work with the school district on special programs to enhance student learning that are typically not covered with public funds,” Kusler said. “Fundraising is never easy, but it was easy to get excited about the program.”
This isn’t your colored-marshmallows-and-toothpicks high school science class.
Last week, a $38,000 3D printer arrived at Glacier Peak. Biotechnology students will learn to use the machine to create molecular models. The Milwaukee School of Engineering will help find scientists for students to work with.
Another $5,000 in equipment, including a thermal recycler to help make DNA fingerprints, was paid for with money Caraballo won as part of a science teaching excellence award from Amgen, a biotechnology company. She won one of four awards in Washington and 34 given nationwide.
One of Caraballo’s goals is to make global health issues real, immediate and compelling to teenagers. They’ll take a molecular look at influenza, cancer, AIDS, tuberculosis and mad cow disease. They’ll also make models of one of the proteins that’s part of the swine flu virus.
“There’s a world outside of Snohomish,” Caraballo said. “I want to bust out of the confines of our little classroom to see the big picture. I never did color within the lines very well.”
That’s fine with senior Craig Eberli, 17, one of more than 60 kids in Caraballo’s two biotechnology classes. “I thought it would be an exciting class,” he said. “We get to learn about how we can prevent diseases from spreading. We can help the world.”
Tanner May, 17, a senior, said he wants to become an anesthesiologist, and a biotechnology class is a step toward his bigger goal.
“I’m just looking to finding ways to help people,” he said.
The beauty of the program is it will help both students learning skills to enter the job market right out of high school and those who are college-bound, Mester said.
“I couldn’t be happier,” he said.
Caraballo’s lessons will be bolstered by experts’ suggestions from Fred Hutchinson, the Seattle Bio Medical Research Institute and UW.
Along the way, her students earn five college credits of molecular cellular biology.
Jim Dean, the Glacier Peak principal, calls Caraballo “a real visionary.”
“For her, it’s not just about what kids need to know today,” Dean said. “She asks, ‘What do we need to give kids today so that they are ready for their lives and the jobs of tomorrow?’ ”
An open house to learn more about a new biotechnology program at Glacier Peak High School is set for 5 to 7 p.m. Thursday at the campus, 7401 144th Place SE, Snohomish.
Eric Stevick: 425-339-3446, [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:aa50d54f-c23d-42cb-8452-902b6d835261> | {
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The water level in Freshwater Creek has dropped and Mollie Mullet is becoming worried. An investigation by Ozzie Owl reveals too much water is being pumped out for the local townspeople to use.
Ozzie and his animal friends have a plan to put water saving signs around the local parks which attracts the attention of two human friends, Brooke and Jackson.
Soon the water saving ideas spread in the community and the Clean and Green Gang win another award!
A fascinating story with some great water saving ideas for kids to practice.
Download a Save Water_Sample
In the past 20 years we have supplied over 300,000 environmental educational story books to councils across Australia. | <urn:uuid:1870526b-38df-4be2-94e1-5cd3f8a1be45> | {
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What Is a Public Limited Company (PLC)?
The acronym PLC, for public limited company, at the end of a company name signifies that the business offers shares to the public. It is used in Great Britain and some Commonwealth nations and is the equivalent of the U.S. "Inc."
- PLC, or public limited company, is the British equivalent of the U.S. corporation, or Inc.
- All of the companies listed on the London Stock Exchange are PLCs.
- The formal names of familiar brands like Burberry and Shell include PLC.
The use of the PLC abbreviation after the name of a company is mandatory and communicates to investors and to anyone dealing with the company that it is a publicly-traded corporation.
How a Public Limited Company (PLC) Works
In legal terms, a PLC designates a limited liability company (LLC) that has offered shares of stock to the general public. The buyers of those shares have limited liability. They cannot be held responsible for any business losses in excess of the amount they paid for the shares.
In the United Kingdom, a PLC operates along similar lines as a public corporation in the U.S. Their operations are strictly regulated and are required to publish periodic reports to shareholders and prospective shareholders on their true financial health.
Advantages and Disadvantages of a PLC
The biggest advantage of forming a public limited company (PLC) is that it grants the ability to raise capital by issuing public shares. A listing on a public stock exchange attracts interest from hedge funds, mutual funds, and professional traders as well as individual investors. That generally leads to far more capital for investment in the company than a private limited company can amass.
A PLC thus has greater potential to grow and expand, start new projects, buy more rivals, pay off debt, and fund research and development.
The largest PLCs make up the Financial Times Stock Exchange 100 Index, known as the Footsie.
On the other hand, there's much more regulation for a PLC in Great Britain, as there is for a pubic corporation in the U.S. They are required to hold annual general meetings open to all shareholders and are held to higher standards of transparency in accounting.
Because they’re public, they’re also vulnerable to pressure from shareholders, takeover bids from rivals, and scrutiny from the media.
Examples of PLCs
All of the companies listed on the London Stock Exchange (LSE) are, by definition, PLCs. The fashion retailer Burberry is Burberry Group PLC. Automaker Rolls-Royce is Rolls-Royce Holdings PLC.
The 100 largest PLCs on the London Stock Exchange are grouped together in an index called the Financial Times Stock Exchange 100 (FTSE 100) or, colloquially, the Footsie.
The companies in this group are representative of the United Kingdom's economy as a whole. The Footsie is comparable to the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) in the United States.
The biggest PLCs by market capitalization in the Footsie, as of early 2020, included Royal Dutch Shell, HSBC Holdings, BP, GlaxoSmithKline, and British American Tobacco. The formal names of all of these companies include the PLC designation.
Not all PLCs are listed on a stock exchange. A company may choose not to list on an exchange or may not meet the requirements for listing. | <urn:uuid:ceddd0b6-f10d-453f-ad1e-b2e86ac44d6a> | {
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Barrier islands are relatively small and very dynamic landforms, yet a number of unique ecosystems can be found successively from the ocean side to the bay side of the feature. Each barrier ecosystem changes over time with the effects of storms and coastal processes.
Barrier islands include sandy beaches, forests, and marshes on the bay side. Dunes and various types of vegetation are affected by salt water, whether in waves or overwash sediment. Despite the volatility of this coastal environment, plants and animals, including rare and endangered species, make their home on barrier islands. | <urn:uuid:e35c5c65-9e9f-4c05-a76c-17663c7a3ae0> | {
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There they are, in portraits, paintings and engravings, with earnest faces and cute clothes. But what did they wear underneath? Surely not the whole understructure their parents wore?
Just like their mothers, both boys and girls would have worn a chemise. This basic garment was usually made of linen, and followed the lines of the adult version, with one exception: Children’s chemises often omitted the side gussets, which added width to women’s chemises, thus being basically T-shirt shaped. On the other hand in well-to-do families they did even sport lace ruffles at the decollete and sleeve seams.
Over the chemise followed a pair of stays. During the earlier Georgian period current medical opinion held that the tender bodies of infants had to be protected and shaped by stays, and in many costume collections we find heavily boned specimen made for children not even one year old. Towards the last quarter of the century, when enlightenment finally won the upper hand and children’s clothes began to show signs of classical influence long before they made their first appearance in ladies’ fashions, the small corsets became less resticting and less rigid, most of them being almost entirely unboned. The garment itself was retained, however, serving a new purpose now: Since the children no longer had artifcially formed “hips”, other ways to keep the petticoats up were needed and found in buttons attached to the stays, on which the petticoats could be fastened.
Infants’ stays, 1780 – 1810, showing cording on the front and buttons to fix petticoats and pantalettes. The only two bones are in the back to strengthen the lacing.
A plain under petticoat would have completed the underwear during the first half of the 18th century, there is no mention of drawers or pantalons yet. There is also no evidence of formgiving understructures such as hooped petticoats or hip pads for children: With the simple lower class clothes they would not have been neccessary, and except for most formal occasions the more fashionable lines seen on portraits of better-off children can be achieved without such devices when contemporary and rather stiff silk fabrics are used for the garments themselves.
By the end of the century drawers made their first appearance in children’s clothing for both boys and girls. They were, like the underpetticoats, buttoned to the stays to keep them from sliding down. Another new item were pantalons or pantalettes, although it can be argued they are not truly underwear, as they were quite visibly peeping from under the dresses commonly worn by both sexes under the age of five.
Somewhere between age three and seven, young boys were “breeched” and exchanged the infant’s dresses and pantalons for boy’s clothes such as the skeleton suit, usually also discarding their stays and chemises along the way. Clothing for girls just became gradually more like that of their mothers, the seams descending and (except for the very end of the Regency) the pantalettes vanishing. Stays (when worn) became more figure forming, and lost their buttons.
Ann-Dorothee Schlueter, Proprietress of Arts Et Metiers, in Germany is a textile historian and historical seamstress. She is registered with the Handwerkskammer, Berlin. Visit her website to see samples of her work and purchase items. | <urn:uuid:fcbd18ef-a66f-4a76-8d79-bd29a575feaf> | {
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Cells are the building blocks of life that grow and divide to create all living things.
But how cell growth and division is integrated to form structures such as plant leaves has until now remained unknown.
A team of researchers from the Coen Laboratory at the John Innes Centre addressed this problem using time-lapse imaging at a microscopic level to reveal the patterns of growth and cell divisions occurring as tiny buds morph into leaves.
The team used computational modelling to create a virtual leaf with a layer of dividing cells. Using this framework, they developed and tested hypotheses for how growth of the tissue and increase in cell number through division could be regulated.
The authors propose an integrated model of leaf growth and division which generates dynamic distributions of cells sizes and shapes in different tissue layers, closely matching those observed experimentally.
The paper published in the peer reviewed journal PLOS Biology shows how genes control when and where cells grow and divide in the developing leaf bud. The result is a leaf with its characteristic shape and pattern of cell sizes.
Samantha Fox, lead author on the paper said: “The model provides a leap forward in our understanding of how growth and cell division within a developing leaf are coordinated. It helps to further our understanding of how complex organs are shaped by nature and will act as a framework for further experimental study.”
- The paper, ‘Spatiotemporal co-ordination of cell division and growth during organ morphogenesis’, appears this week in PLOS Biology | <urn:uuid:e67696ca-e0ec-4735-a1f4-463708bc4986> | {
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Our IT team has been meeting regularly to determine new infrastructure projects for the year. The list includes network access control and wireless access controller systems. Our discussions reveal a common theme: how many of the components of an enterprise computer network should we acquire and maintain, considering their benefits and costs?
Network access control is currently up for consideration. Three years ago, we installed our first network access control system to bring the following benefits to our school.
Limit the campus network to known computers and users
If computers not known to the IT department get on the LAN, they may be infected with viruses or running a spambot or other malicious software. Network access control software ensures that only computers that IT manages can get on the network. They do this through different methods, including client login and MAC address filter.
Offer guests an open wireless network for Internet access
If we limit the campus LAN to known users, then we should provide an open network for parents, vendors, guests, and users’ personal wireless devices so that they may still get online. The guest network presents a welcome page (captive portal) to the user that includes terms and conditions. The guest network only provides Internet access, protecting the school’s file server, print server, and other network resources. Guests may still access the school’s websites.
Track network activity by user
Increasingly, division heads have asked us to identify one student who has bulled another student through the campus network. If users are required to log in to access the campus network, then it becomes easier to trace network activity to a specific user. We have also implemented DHCP reservations so that the IP address on record is a reliable indicator of what computer was used for each network activity. This works well for a computer with only one user and less well in shared facilities. Since client login lasts an entire day (to avoid bugging users with multiple daily login requests), users of shared computers are not required to logi in often enough to positively identify each user.
Check computers for minimum system requirements
Even computers that we manage may become infected or compromised over the course of the year. We would ideally like to keep such computers off the network in order to protect the school’s systems and to stop an infected computer from spamming the world. One method is to block computers that do not meet minimum system requirements and then provide the user with links to the necessary software updates.
We currently run a Cisco Clean Access system to provide network access control and a public wireless network. We also gained the ability to track network activity by user, except for shared computer carts and labs. Despite lots of consultant help, we had great difficulty setting it up properly to perform these two functions. On account of the effort it took to get this far, we never did implement requirements checking beyond a small test group. Now, we are required to either upgrade to a new server software version (at great expense) or move to a different system.
Requiring users to log into client software to access the wireless network has been pretty intrusive. Ideally, this would be integrated with operating system login, but we hear that this is difficult to configure in our current NAC system with Windows and not possible for our Macs. Our users do not much like the additional login window that pops up, especially when it misbehaves, and they cannot access the wireless network.
Could RADIUS meet our needs? It’s a bit more do-it-yourself than buying a NAC product, it probably would not require user login, and it would not check systems for minumum system requirements. However, it would limit the network to known computers, which would take us part of the way toward our goal.
Setting our target appropriately
How much network sophistication can a school like ours afford to purchase and maintain? In a recent survey we conducted, only one of 26 peer schools was running NAC client software to check computers for minimum system requirements. The cost and effort required may not be worth the promise of reduced workstation maintenance and a safer network. We may have discovered that enterprise-level network access control is really
We will continue our investigation of different combinations of systems that could meet our needs and stay within budget. | <urn:uuid:a3464dea-366c-42eb-9c4b-1e3343346604> | {
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Since 2010, when the Government published the Prevent Strategy, there has been an awareness of the specific need to safeguard children, young people and families from violent extremism. There have been several occasions both locally and nationally in which extremist groups have attempted to radicalise vulnerable children and young people to hold extreme views including views justifying political, religious, sexist or racist violence, or to steer them into a rigid and narrow ideology that is intolerant of diversity and leaves them vulnerable to future radicalisation
The current threat from terrorism in the United Kingdom may include the exploitation of vulnerable people, to involve them in terrorism or in activity in support of terrorism. The normalisation of extreme views may also make children and young people vulnerable to future manipulation and exploitation. King’s Hedges Educational Federation is clear that this exploitation and radicalisation should be viewed as a safeguarding concern.
The Counter-terrorism and Security Act, 2015 places a duty on authorities (including schools) ‘to have due regard to the need to prevent people from being drawn into terrorism’.
Parents can rest assured that the staff in the school have been made aware of this duty.
When any member of staff has concerns that a pupil may be at risk of radicalisation or involvement in terrorism, they should speak with the Designated Safeguarding Lead.
If parents/carers become aware of any extremism or possible radicalisation, please contact the Headteacher or one of the Deputies in the school. | <urn:uuid:f29e36fc-02eb-4b13-91f2-1f0ef2c5db6d> | {
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A high school science teacher in Duluth, Georgia, wanted to show her class an attention-getting demonstration for Halloween involving gas vapor, a pumpkin and a flame. But things did not go as intended. Students watched as flames surrounded their teacher’s face, burning her hair and skin.
Principal Eric Davidson described the event as “rare.”
The Laboratory Safety Institute wants to remind teachers and school administrators that rather than asking, “How rare is a given incident,” the question should be, “What is the acceptable number of times to have a fireball explode in a classroom?” Of course, we would all say zero.
The fact is, incidents such as these are preventable by taking a few simple precautions, such as using a shield to protect the teacher and students. The Laboratory Safety Institute maintains a collection of more than 5,000 accounts of similar science “accidents.” In our database, there is not a single case in which someone was hurt when a shield was used.
The National Fire Protection Association’s “Fire Protection for Laboratories Using Chemicals” says in chapter 12:
Instructor Responsibilities. Where instructors are performing demonstrations or students are conducting experiments using hazardous materials, the instructor shall be required to perform a documented hazard risk assessment, provide a safety briefing to students, provide adequate personal protective equipment (PPE), and place a safety barrier (as required) between students and the demonstration or experiment to prevent personal injury.
These precautions were not taken, as can be easily seen in a video taken by a student and circulated on social media.
The teacher’s injuries were minor, and no students were injured, but this situation could easily have been much worse.
The Laboratory Safety Institute is committed to not just making science demonstrations safe, but making safety an integral part of education. Learn more about scholarships for safety education offered exclusively to K-12 teachers.
Author: Connor Michael | <urn:uuid:05952ac7-6ae1-4b41-b3f0-9e4b2d3c3294> | {
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Posts for tag: oral cancer
Fans of the legendary rock band Steely Dan received some sad news a few months ago: Co-founder Walter Becker died unexpectedly at the age of 67. The cause of his death was an aggressive form of esophageal cancer. This disease, which is related to oral cancer, may not get as much attention as some others. Yet Becker's name is the latest addition to the list of well-known people whose lives it has cut short—including actor Humphrey Bogart, writer Christopher Hitchens, and TV personality Richard Dawson.
As its name implies, esophageal cancer affects the esophagus: the long, hollow tube that joins the throat to the stomach. Solid and liquid foods taken into the mouth pass through this tube on their way through the digestive system. Worldwide, it is the sixth most common cause of cancer deaths.
Like oral cancer, esophageal cancer generally does not produce obvious symptoms in its early stages. As a result, by the time these diseases are discovered, both types of cancer are most often in their later stages, and often prove difficult to treat successfully. Another similarity is that dentists can play an important role in oral and esophageal cancer detection.
Many people see dentists more often than any other health care professionals—at recommended twice-yearly checkups, for example. During routine examinations, we check the mouth, tongue, neck and throat for possible signs of oral cancer. These may include lumps, swellings, discolorations, and other abnormalities—which, fortunately, are most often harmless. Other symptoms, including persistent coughing or hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, and unexplained weight loss, are common to both oral and esophageal cancer. Chest pain, worsening heartburn or indigestion and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) can also alert us to the possibility of esophageal cancer.
Cancer may be a scary subject—but early detection and treatment can offer many people the best possible outcome. If you have questions about oral or esophageal cancer, call our office or schedule a consultation. You can learn more in the Dear Doctor magazine article “Oral Cancer.”
A half million people are diagnosed every year with oral cancer. While other cancers are more prevalent, oral cancer is among the most dangerous with only a fifty percent five-year survival rate.
A major reason for this low rate is because this fast growing cancer is difficult to detect early — diagnosis comes far too often after the disease has already well advanced. In an effort to detect cancer earlier many dentists visually screen for oral abnormalities during checkups, especially patients over fifty, tobacco or heavy alcohol users, patients with a family history of cancer or a medical history of exposure to the sexually transmitted human papilloma virus, HPV-16.
If they detect an abnormality, the dentist often refers the patient to an oral surgeon or other specialist for a possible biopsy. In this procedure the surgeon removes a sample of the abnormal tissue, which is then examined microscopically for cancer cells. A biopsy remains the most effective way to diagnose oral cancer.
Because of the disease's aggressive nature, many dentists lean to the side of caution when referring patients for biopsy. As a result 90% of oral biopsies reveal no cancer. Reducing the number of biopsy referrals is highly desirable, especially for the patient undergoing the procedure. Tissue samples tend to be large to ensure complete detection of any cancer cells. Depending on the size and location of the sample, there may be a risk for loss of function or disfigurement.
A new screening tool using a sample of a patient's saliva could help reduce the number of biopsy referrals. Besides DNA, saliva also contains dormant genes called biomarkers that activate in response to the presence of a specific disease. This particular saliva test identifies those biomarkers for oral cancer if they're present.
A sample with a low score of biomarkers indicates no cancer present (with a statistical confidence of 99%). A medium or high score indicates cancer may be present, but only a biopsy can determine for sure. Using this test, dentists might be able to reduce the number of biopsy referrals and instead be able to employ watchful waiting in certain cases. Because of its simplicity and non-invasiveness, saliva screening could help identify oral cancer earlier.
You probably know practicing healthy dietary and lifestyle habits can help prevent tooth decay and periodontal (gum) disease. But good habits could also lower your risk for a more dangerous type of disease — oral cancer.
There are several risk factors for oral cancer, including those you can't do much about like your genetic makeup or unknown elements in the environment. But there are factors you can influence with your actions.
You're probably familiar with the links between tobacco use (both smoked and smokeless) and oral cancer. But excessive alcohol use could also increase your risk, as can risky sexual behavior that could expose you to human papilloma virus (HPV) 16.
And what you eat — or don't eat — could also influence your cancer risk. Research over the last half century has uncovered a link between diet and cancer. Cancer development seems to begin with damage to DNA, the genetic material that “tells” each of our cells what it is and what it does in the body. Substances called carcinogens found in the environment — including the foods we eat — can damage our DNA and open the door for cancer to development.
But some foods also contain elements that protect our DNA from carcinogenic damage. Some of these are known as antioxidants, which protect cells from unstable molecules called free radicals. You'll find antioxidants, as well as other protective substances like fiber, vitamins and lycopene in plant-based foods, particularly fruits and vegetables.
Eating a plant-based diet also means you'll eat fewer foods that contribute to the rise of free radicals like saturated fat, animal protein and nitrates (a chemical that occurs in some food processing). A healthy diet, along with quitting tobacco use and moderating alcohol consumption, will help not only preventing decay or gum disease, it will also drastically lower your risk for oral cancer.
If you would like more information on oral cancer prevention, please contact us or schedule an appointment for a consultation. You can also learn more about this topic by reading the Dear Doctor magazine article “Diet and Prevention of Oral Cancer.” | <urn:uuid:b8ad7c0a-acba-4f54-82e9-b92fc4a04830> | {
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It is possible to understand something of the battle of Vouillé, as we know something of the weaponry and methods of each side in warfare. The Visigoths, coming from the plains of central Europe, fought on horseback. (A decisive factor in their defeat of the Roman army at Hadrianaple in 378.) They eventually developed cavalries led by a local lord and his entourage of “knights” – a precursor of the medieval lord and the feudal system.
The cavalries were supplemented by a ‘host’ of provincials levied from the population who fought on foot. There is evidence that the ‘host’ was expected to provide its own weaponry and was relatively untrained, certainly in comparison with the Roman legions of previous centuries. The host fought under local leaders and it is possible that Avitus was responsible for the levy from his estates although we have no evidence for this.
The Franks, who came from the forests of what is now Western Germany, fought on foot but, in contrast to the Visigoth host, they were all trained and experienced in war. They fought in massed columns with axes and barbed lances, which they used as missiles and followed with an immediate assault. They were said to run at the speed of their missiles giving little time for their opponents to recover from the missile storm. It is easy to imagine the ‘host’ of the Visigoths breaking from such an assault. The cavalry would be ineffective against such a column and the Visigoths could not effectively use the shock of a cavalry charge against a column presenting a wall of spears to the advancing horses. | <urn:uuid:f7a51c42-10f6-4bc4-bd84-a16bb8416ee8> | {
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Can GPS Tracking be Wrong?
GPS tracking technology is used by everyone, everyday and the accuracy is hardly questioned. Is there a chance that your GPS tracker could be reporting the wrong location? Absolutely, but we can show you how to check and confirm that you are seeing correct location data.
GPS Tracking Devices transmit their location to a GPS Tracking server every couple of minutes. Included in the data are three items that will help you determine if your GPS Tracker is wrong. Once you log into your tracking platform, there should be a spot for your to look at the raw GPS messages. This will give you access to additional information that is normally not displayed to the end user. The first item to look for in the raw messages is the number of satellites. This value is telling you how many GPS satellites your tracker could see when the location was calculated. In general, 8 or more satellites should give you an excellent location +/- 5-10ft. Your device can send location data with as little as 4 satellites, but you will jeopardize accuracy because of the lack of visible satellites. This low number of satellites can be normal from time to time depending on the tracker placement, location of your asset (under a bridge, trees, etc), and weather conditions.
The second item to check when validating if your GPS Tracker is wrong would be HDOP or horizontal dilution of precision. In general, you want a value of less than 1. Below is a table showing you how HDOP can effect the location accuracy and cause your gps tracker to give false readings.
|< 1||Ideal||Highest possible confidence level to be used for applications demanding the highest possible precision at all times.|
|1-2||Excellent||At this confidence level, positional measurements are considered accurate enough to meet all but the most sensitive applications.|
|2-5||Good||Represents a level that marks the minimum appropriate for making accurate decisions. Positional measurements could be used to make reliable in-route navigation suggestions to the user.|
|5-10||Moderate||Positional measurements could be used for calculations, but the fix quality could still be improved. A more open view of the sky is recommended.|
|10-20||Fair||Represents a low confidence level. Positional measurements should be discarded or used only to indicate a very rough estimate of the current location.|
|>20||Poor||At this level, measurements are inaccurate by as much as 300 meters with a 6-meter accurate device (50 DOP × 6 meters) and should be discarded.|
The last item that can cause your GPS tracker to report wrong location information is the date and time. Some times GPS trackers will use a store and forward method which could cause you to see old location date. If a tracking device looses cellular connectivity, it will continue to record your location and store it in memory. Once it regains a cellular connection, it will upload this data to the tracking server. Some times only small chunks of data get uploaded, so when you check your tracking system, it might be an old location. The best way to confirm this is by looking at the timestamp for that location.
As you can see, GPS Trackers can report the wrong information, but this is generally due to a poor install. When installing a GPS tracker, keep in mind that it needs a clear view of the sky to give you the most accurate information. | <urn:uuid:51e46c18-6006-4c9c-a70b-65d7d8168268> | {
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Staying True to You: Finding the Feminist in Anne of Green Gables, Anne of Avonlea and Anne of the Island by L. M. Montgomery
Publishing year: 2019
Document type: Student publication for Bachelor's degree
Anne Shirley, the girl and young woman made famous around the world by L. M. Montgomery in the early twentieth century, has been a companion and role model for countless young women. In this essay, my aim is to analyze the first three books about Anne, Anne of Green Gables (1908), Anne of Avonlea (1909) and Anne of the Island (1915), to see in what way it can be said that Montgomery wrote these novels as a feminist coming-of-age novel, a female Bildungsroman. I have identified four sections, in which I explore different aspects of feminism and the way they are represented in the text. I have found the novels to be feminist in many ways, the main focus being on the way in which Montgomery has used a subtle kind of feminism to show readers that rather than adapting to fit into the world, the world should change to fit you.
- Languages and Literatures
- Birgitta Berglund (FD) | <urn:uuid:dfb9d10a-59b9-4c1a-8b32-7910d391a04d> | {
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The use of English is important because it is the language of the curriculum. We help all pupils to develop good English language skills which, we feel, will help them achieve better grades.
We offer pupils a full curriculum that is on par with their hearing peers. Your son or daughter will not be excluded from any subjects such as PE, French or Music as often happens in a mainstream setting.
Our core curriculum is as follows
Years 7 to 9
English, Maths, Science, Technology, ICT, Art, Music, History, Geography, RS, French, PE and PSHE.
Compulsory subjects at Mary Hare: English, Maths, Science (2 GCSE’s) and ICT.
Pupils then make four choices from the following groups:
- Group 1 – Humanities & French Group: Geography, History, Religious Studies, French
- Group 2 – Technology & French Group: DT Graphics, DT Resistant Materials, French, BTEC First Certificate in Music Technology, ICT
- Group 3 – Creative Subjects & French Group: Art & Design Textiles, Art & Design, Business Studies (BTEC), Dance, Drama, French, Child Development, Media Studies, Music, Photography, PE, Catering (BTEC)
Subjects in detail
Click on the images below for detailed information about each subject. | <urn:uuid:30cc504e-8d0c-4e3d-92df-590e11bcfa5c> | {
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Who Was Walter Reed?
Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington, D.C. cares for thousands of active and retired members of our armed forces. We hear Walter Reed’s name a lot in association with the hospital, but who was he? What did he do to get a hospital named after him? Let’s take a look.
© LARRY DOWNING/Reuters/Corbis
If you want to get a major hospital named after you, it doesn’t hurt to be a little precocious. Reed certainly was. He graduated from the University of Virginia’s medical school in July 1869, two months shy of his 18th birthday. (He’s still the youngest person to ever complete an M.D. at the school.)
After graduation Reed headed to New York to beef up his clinical expertise, but he hit some roadblocks. Although he was able to get a gig as the assistant sanitary officer for the Brooklyn Board of Health, many potential patients and partners were skeptical of Reed’s medical prowess because of his extremely young age. Reed didn’t care for big city life all that much, either, so he eventually decided to leave civilian life and join the U.S. Army Medical Corps.
Reed officially received his appointment as a first lieutenant in June 1875, and for the next 18 years he and his growing family bounced around the country, including long tours in rugged Western outposts.
They Had a Fever
By all accounts Reed was a heck of an army doctor, but he really didn’t make his memorable mark until he moved back to Washington in 1893 to take a faculty position at the Army Medical School and a job as the curator of Army Medical Museum. By this time Reed had received extra training in pathology and bacteriology at Johns Hopkins, and he began rigorous research into diseases like yellow fever, typhoid, and cholera.
At the time, typhoid was a real problem for the army. Troops training for and fighting in the 1898 Spanish-American War kept going down to typhoid in squalid army camps. In 1899 Surgeon General George Miller Sternberg sent a team of army doctors headed by Reed to Cuba to study the disease. Reed and his squad of bacteriologists eventually pinpointed the cause of the typhoid outbreaks: fecal bacteria and unclean drinking water.
Reed’s biggest triumph came the following year. After his success investigating typhoid, Surgeon General Sternberg set Reed to the task of investigating the cause of yellow fever. Reed led another team to Cuba to tackle this even trickier disease. Reed eventually began investigating a 20-year-old theory that a Cuban doctor named Carlos Finlay had proposed about mosquitoes spreading yellow fever.
Critics initially dismissed Finlay’s mosquito theory as nonsense, but Reed and the Yellow Fever Commission realized there was something to the old doctor’s idea. After all, if yellow fever moved around via normal old human contact, why was the pattern of infections so erratic? (One person in a home could have yellow fever while everyone else stayed healthy.) The younger members of Reed’s team even agreed to inoculate themselves with yellow fever to test the theory.
Although these experiments were incredibly risky – Reed’s friend and collaborator Jesse William Lazear died of yellow fever during the study – they helped establish once and for all that mosquitoes, not contact with infected people or their bodily fluids, transmitted yellow fever. The commission further realized that by getting rid of mosquito breeding grounds of standing water around Cuba, the incidence of yellow fever could be slashed. (This ability to curb yellow fever rates would later prove invaluable in the construction of the Panama Canal.)
Honoring the Good Doctor
Reed returned to Washington from Cuba in 1901, and the medical community toasted him as the man who beat yellow fever. (Reed himself was humble and continuously gave credit to the Cuban Dr. Finlay whose theory inspired the commission’s investigation of mosquitoes.) He continued to research yellow fever and lecture on bacteriology until his death the next year from peritonitis following an appendectomy.
When the army opened a new medical center in 1909, who better to name it after than the rock star doctor and bacteriologist who had died just seven years earlier? Walter Reed General Hospital admitted its first 10 patients on May 1, 1909, and the center has been keeping Reed’s name alive and helping brave members of the armed forces return to health ever since. | <urn:uuid:761c7180-f462-441f-96ac-e88d275394d8> | {
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The barley broth is a traditional starter at the Törggelen.
Already more than 8,000 years ago, barley - an antique grain - was grown. A distinction is made between spring and winter barley. The spring barley thrives within 100 days, but has less power than the winter barley, which is seeded in September and harvested in late spring. It is also known as feed barley.
For preparing the soup the grain, a pork hock or minced speck bacon and vegetables are cooked in water for more than two hours, then salt, pepper and eventually also paprika powder are added.
Barley is a very healthy grain, it contains the important Vitamin B complex and lots of minerals. Moreover barley absorbs toxics in the body and stimulates the digestion. People with genetically determined high cholesterol levels should also eat barley more often. | <urn:uuid:de2cf116-2908-478d-9dfd-69949715a68e> | {
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Software patents are a critical issue in technology and economic development because many global economies are driven by computer technology. Software developers are naturally keen to protect and monetize their inventions by using software patents. But what are software patents? Can you actually get a software patent?
What are patents?
Patents are a form of intellectual property rights that are granted by the state. Usually, the patent holder has these rights for a limited time e.g. 20 years. The patent rights are granted in exchange for the public disclosure of the invention at a patent office. The World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) define the general patent criteria for an invention to be:
- must be of patentable subject matter;
- the invention must be capable of industrial application and useful (depending on jurisdiction);
- it must be new;
- it must involve an inventive step; and
- meet the standards required for the patent applicable.
So, you may have come up with a software idea, design or invention and think that you need a software patent to protect your intellectual property. Most people are familiar with patents and think that they are the best tool for this job. But, a software patent may not be the right solution for your intellectual property asset. We have a set of key questions for you to work through to determine which intellectual protection best suits your needs.
1. Is your invention patentable?
The first thing you need to determine is if your invention is patentable. The WIPO general criteria can help you get an idea of whether it is or not. The criteria for patents are legally and technically complex. You will need the assistance of a patent specialist in order to register a patent and it is an expensive and time-consuming process.
2. Is your software invention patentable?
There is no global consensus on whether you can get a software patent. Many countries do not permit a software patent and software is explicitly excluded in patent legislation. However, some countries such as the United States do permit software patents in limited instances. The problem with this different treatment of a software patent is that patents are territorial in nature. Therefore, you would need to apply for a separate patent in each country in which you wanted to operate and some of those countries may not permit the registration of a software patent.
3. Is a software patent the right form of IP protection?
Software patent protection is limited by country, subsists for only 20 years, is expensive to register and enforce and is a complicated registration process. Is it really the right form of IP protection for you?
Copyright arises automatically on creation by the author of the work and protects the literal expression of the computer program.
Other forms of protection you can consider are registering the domain name of your organisation or trademark registration. A practical first step that you can take is to ensure that you have a Non Disclosure Agreement (NDA) in place. So when you discuss the idea with other people you get them to sign the NDA. This prohibits them from using your idea but allows you to engage in the practicalities associated with realising the idea into a viable business operation.
4. Do you need to protect your invention abroad?
If you do, then you need to consider that all patents are territorial and you would need to go through the lengthy, expensive application process in each country. That is provided that the laws of that country do no exclude registering a software patent. Also, a patent for country X is only enforceable in country X and does not stop your competitors using your patent in country Y.
5. What about hardware design?
Many IP laws struggle to accommodate software protection because they were drafted at a time before software was so significant. That is one of the reasons the law is uncertain on software patents and it can be difficult to protect software. A by-product of this approach is that there are several other protections available for hardware because it fits into the more traditional IP protections.
It may be easier to patent the hardware invention that goes with your software invention. You may also have industrial design protections available to you. Industrial design relates to the ornamental or aesthetic aspect of an object. It includes elements such as the dimension of the object (2D and 3D), the shape, patterns, lines and colours. The holder of the registered industrial design or ‘design patent’ can prevent third parties from commercially making, selling or importing objects that are a copy or substantial copy of the protected design.
Actions you can take
- Protect your ideas from the beginning by getting us to draft an NDA for you.
- Find out more about the right IP protection for your software or IT needs by consulting with us or asking us to draft an opinion for you.
- Secure your domain name by having us assist you if you are having a domain name dispute.
- Practically and effectively structure your organisation taking into account the software IP asset by consulting with us or having us draft your company documents
- Familiarise yourself with the different IP protections by attending one our workshops. | <urn:uuid:b65c225f-aeab-4932-8987-17c35e64f614> | {
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Create a welcoming and inclusive environment for people of all sexual orientations
Creating a space where everyone feels welcome can be difficult, especially since everyone has different needs. This True Inclusion Toolkit will walk you through the process of creating a more inclusive and affirming environment for young people who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and questioning (LGBTQ) and will also equip you with the policies and tools to back it up.
This toolkit is informed by the True Colors United’s True Inclusion Criteria, which were developed as a baseline for creating inclusive and affirming environments. These criteria include:
- LGBTQ+ affirming paperwork
- Non-discrimination/inclusion policy
- All-gender/single-use restroom
- Visible safe space signage
- Diversity posters
Before we get started, here are some terms and general definitions we’ll be using throughout this toolkit. Please remember that different people may have different definitions for these terms, especially when used to identify themselves. These terms are also subject to change as our understanding of gender and sexuality evolves.
- Gender Identity: Refers to a person’s innate identification as a man, woman, neither, both or some other gender. A person’s gender may or may not correspond to the sex assigned to them at birth.
- Gender Expression: Refers to the way a person communicates their gender to the world, including dress, grooming, mannerisms, speech patterns and social interactions.
- Cisgender: Refers to a person whose gender identity or gender expression matches the sex that was assigned to them at birth.
- Transgender: Refers to a person whose gender identity or gender expression is different from the sex that was assigned to them at birth.
- Gender Expansive: An umbrella term sometimes used to refer to a person whose gender identity goes beyond the traditional definitions of male and female. Other terms that might be used include ‘genderqueer’ or ‘gender non-conforming.’
- Intersex: Refers to a person whose sexual anatomy or chromosomes do not fit with the traditional markers of “female” or “male”
- Two-Spirit: An observance in many Indigenous communities that considers some LGBTQ people to have male and female spirits.
- Sexual Identity/Sexual Orientation: Describes an individual’s emotional and/or physical attraction to another person or people.
- Lesbian: Refers to a woman who is attracted to other women.
- Gay: Refers to a man who is attracted to other men. This term is also used for anyone who is attracted to another person with the same gender identity.
- Bisexual: Refers to a person who is attracted to both men and women.
- Pansexual: Refers to a person who is sexually and/or emotionally attracted to people of any sex or gender identity.
- Queer: An umbrella term sometimes used to refer to a person whose attraction and/or identity goes beyond the traditional definitions associated with sexual orientation and gender identity. Different people use this term to mean different things.
Creating a safe and affirming environment does not just happen incidentally; it is done intentionally. A great way to start is by providing visual cues. A visual cue could be anything from a sticker indicating a safe space to a poster featuring diverse gender presentations to a mural celebrating an entire community. These visual cues send a message to everyone who enters a space that all identities are welcome and supported. Visual cues should be prominently displayed in common areas including lobbies, entrance ways and restrooms.
Hiring and Onboarding
A culture of acceptance should be asserted the moment a potential staff member, volunteer or visitor enters a space. When interviewing new staff, ask questions directly relating to the individual’s opinion of LGBTQ identities. Also, require staff members or volunteers to complete LGBTQ competency training before they interact with young people. No exceptions.
Below are some sample statements and questions that a hiring manager can mention in an interview setting to assess the interviewee’s level of understanding of LGBTQ issues.
- [Agency] is actively engaged in creating affirming environments for all youth. This is a safe space for LGBTQ youth to be their authentic selves.
- If a young person disclosed to you that they were questioning their gender identity, what would be your next steps?
- How would you respond to a young person changing their pronouns or name?
- What are your thoughts on housing young people based on gender rather than sex assigned at birth?
- What is your comfort level in answering questions from LGBTQ youth about safe-sex practices and prevention methods?
The culture of an agency or residence is defined from the top down. In order to have a culture that is accepting and supportive, there needs to be buy-in at all levels. From executive leadership to direct service staff to transportation and maintenance workers, every team member needs to truly believe LGBTQ youth have a right to safety and self-expression.
- Implement mandatory LGBTQ competency as part of your onboarding process.
- Require all current staff to complete an LGBTQ cultural inclusivity course.
- Encourage organization-wide conversations about LGBTQ cultural competency.
Policies into practice
While organizational practice can adapt to the needs of clients, formal policies must also be enacted to reflect these changes. A general rule of thumb is that if it’s not written, it doesn’t exist. Policies protect both youth and staff, and policies supporting LGBTQ youth should be displayed prominently.
Intake Forms and Agency Paperwork
Paperwork, even if only used internally, should always reflect the gender, pronouns and name of a young person. State-required filing systems may not provide a field for entering a name or gender outside of the name and sex assigned at birth; however, that information should be noted repeatedly within case notes and other paperwork. Brochures and websites should reflect that the agency is an affirming, supportive, and safe space for everyone, specifically LGBTQ young people. During initial assessments, all young people should be asked their name (which may not match their legal ID) and their pronouns (which may not match their legal gender marker).
This can be modeled by the staff person offering their own name and pronoun first. Asking additional questions, such as gender and sexual orientation, can wait until a relationship has been developed.
Not every space has restrooms created with the intention of all-gender access, but they can still be designated! Single stall restrooms can easily be converted to all-gender with a simple sign. If single stall restrooms do not exist, allow youth to use the restroom in which they feel comfortable. The same accommodations should be applied to locker rooms and showers, even if it means finding times during the day when only transgender young people have access to the facilities.
- Create and display inclusive agency policies.
- Create and implement intake paperwork that is inclusive of varying gender and sexual identities.
- Designate an all-gender restroom.
Centering Youth Voices
Whenever decisions are being made that impact young people, it’s important that youth are at the table and have equitable decision-making responsibilities. This can look a number of different ways: working with young people to establish a youth leadership body, including one or more youth representatives on a board of directors, and creating opportunities for young people to speak for themselves. Young people who are receiving services should be encouraged to participate in decisions that directly impact their housing and wellbeing.
Agency programming should be reflective of the youth involved. It is important to include an LGBTQ youth perspective in all programs and workshops. Examples include sexual health workshops, movie nights, healthy relationships workshops, and Know Your Rights trainings. If possible, activities specifically for LGBTQ youth, such as an LGBTQ Dance Night or an LGBTQ discussion group, should also be available to foster personal growth and community.
No organization is an island! Working collaboratively creates a community-centered response to support LGBTQ youth experiencing homelessness, rather than a response rooted in crisis management. Partnering with LGBTQ advocacy organizations can help keep you up to date on what is happening in the community.
- Have all staff wear pronoun buttons to introduce the idea of sharing pronouns with other staff and participants.
- Consider developing a youth leadership body to reframe how young people inform your work.
True Inclusion Directory
If you work at a youth-serving organization that provides housing and/or supportive services, make sure your agency is listed in True Colors United’s True Inclusion Directory. As you implement the recommendations provided in this Toolkit, upload photos of your inclusive and affirming space to let young people know they’re welcome.
Many of our 40 to None Network members, service providers in particular, are unable to attend in-person trainings and webinars due to restrictive costs and time constraints. True U provides short, engaging, interactive content that service providers can access at the time and pace of their choosing.
Developed as a partnership between the National Youth Forum on Homelessness (NYFH) and True Colors United, this toolkit was initiated by NYFH and the content was shaped by their voices. The ideas and concepts included in this toolkit will help ensure that young people are authentically engaged while collaborating with the affirming adults in their lives.
This resource contains sample policies that can help set a standard of inclusion and safety for all youth who might access services or resources at a given organization.
This resource will provide some first steps to developing intake forms (and other paperwork) that are inclusive of LGBTQ youth!
Please visit True Colors United’s online store to purchase pronoun buttons, safe space stickers, and diversity posters. All proceeds support True Colors United’s work to end LGBTQ youth homelessness.
Learn more about True Colors United. | <urn:uuid:d67f8416-c40e-443b-a54e-6362e63e5acd> | {
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Why are peat-free plants important?
At an AGM in 1999, the National Trust voted to stop using peat to grow plants. Peat can trap and store carbon dioxide for centuries, effectively making it a fossil fuel. What’s more, peat absorbs a lot of water, making it a key part of natural flood defences. For a charity dedicated to the environment, the choice to divest from peat use was a natural one.
Peat has been popular because it is relatively cheap to produce and (because it's lightweight) it is cheap to transport. It's something that a lot of growers are familiar with and, as a result, some are reluctant to change to a different medium.
However there are very few plants that really need to be grown in peaty soil, and quite a few that will do better without it. As a National Trust garden centre, we've been working with our suppliers to make sure that the plants we sell at Morden Hall Park are peat-free. For example, the National Trust nurseries at Lanhydrock, Cornwall supply all of their plants in line with this policy.
We're pleased to be able to say that we've now achieved our goal of being entirely peat-free.
" As a grower, I wouldn’t want to go back to peat again."
Morden Hall Park Garden Centre is also a force for change in its own right. We work with a number of other nurseries, and are encouraging them to supply peat-free plants for us. We also work with a number of other National Trust properties and, as a group, we are an enticing customer for growers to work with. There is now a trend of moving away from peat use, towards more sustainable practices. Government policies reflect this trend.
If you want to stop using peat and protect places like the National Trust's Wicken Fen, now an area supporting valuable habitats on peat soil, why not come and shop at Morden Hall Park Garden Centre? Our plants are peat-free, and we stock a great selection of peat-free compost. | <urn:uuid:b946a620-b355-4e6b-a738-ca051de7ff6b> | {
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People of any age, gender, race, religion, sexual orientation, or social status can experience sexual violence during their lifetime. Sexual Assault Awareness Month (SAAM) is a time to raise public awareness about sexual assault and educate communities and individuals on how to prevent sexual violence.
As professionals who support older survivors of abuse, SAAM is also a time to:
- educate yourself and others about the challenges faced by older survivors of sexual violence
- heighten community awareness of sexual violence in later life
- believe and support survivors of all ages; and
- promote resources and services for older survivors of abuse
Educate Yourself and Others
During SAAM, commit to learning more about sexual violence in later life. The following are some resources to consider:
- Preventing and Responding to Domestic & Sexual Violence in Later Life—this special collection brings together selected materials related to preventing and responding to elder abuse and abuse in later life. By focusing specifically on domestic and sexual violence (DV/SV) in later life, this special collection highlights the complexities of older people’s DV/SV experiences and emphasizes collaborative and multi-pronged approaches to addressing DV/SV in later life. Accordingly, the materials included in this special collection have been organized by their relevance to key stakeholders.
- Sexual Abuse in Later Life—This online training module, featuring Ann Turner, Advocacy Coordinator, NCALL, defines sexual abuse in later life and helps participants recognize unique issues for older victims. Video run time: 25:43.
- Sexual Abuse in Later Life—This video provides an overview of sexual abuse in later life and features Sue Hall Dreher, former Director of Sexual Assault Support Services of Midcoast Maine and Karla Vierthaler, Lifespan Project Manager, National Sexual Violence Resource Center. Video run time: 5:43.
- Sexual Violence in Later Life Information Packet—created by the National Sexual Violence Resource Center, this great resource includes a fact sheet, technical assistance bulletin, technical assistance guide, research brief and more.
- Training Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault Staff and Volunteers on Abuse in Later Life—This video offers an overview of topics to include when educating domestic violence and sexual abuse staff and volunteers on abuse in later life. The clip features Anne Menard, CEO, National Resource Center on Domestic Violence, Ann Turner, Advocacy Coordinator, NCALL, and Bonnie Brandl, Director, NCALL. Video run time: 4:27.
- Training Other Professionals on Abuse in Later Life—This video offers an overview of professionals who could benefit from education on abuse in later life featuring Bonnie Brandl, Director, NCALL, and Karla Vierthaler, Lifespan Project Manager, National Sexual Violence Resource Center. Video run time: 4:04.
Heighten Community Awareness
We invite you to visit NCALL’s Graphics Library to find campaign tools like posters and social media graphics that focus on sexual abuse in later life. Also, be sure to check out the excellent campaign resources created by The National Sexual Violence Resource Center and End Violence Against Women International.
Believe and Support Survivors of All Ages
How you talk about sexual violence matters. Resist ageist assumptions that older adults are not victims of sexual crimes. Send the message that you believe and support survivors of all ages.
Promote Resources and Services
In addition to providing a free, confidential, 24/7 national sexual assault hotline (800-656-HOPE), RAINN, the Rape Abuse and Incest National Network, also offers toolkits, info cards, and handouts to connect people with RAINN’s services. Find these resources by visiting: https://rainn.org/materials. | <urn:uuid:d5be6699-a7e5-448a-ab61-a9e04fdfba39> | {
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A “polypill” containing three blood-pressure-lowering drugs, as well as a statin and aspirin, could slash the risk of heart attack and stroke in healthy people. That’s the implication of a study of 2053 people – the first time a pill containing so many drugs has been tested in a large group of adults.
The idea of a polypill is to try and treat multiple components of cardiovascular disease all at once, reducing the number of separate medications people have to take, and therefore increasing compliance.
Salim Yusuf at McMaster University in Hamilton, Canada, and his colleagues tested the five-drug polypill – called Polycap – in healthy individuals with one cardiovascular risk factor, such as being overweight, having smoked in the past five years, or having type-2 diabetes.
“This is equivalent to your average Joe or Jane walking down the street,” says Christopher Cannon at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, who was not involved in the study.
‘Reduce heart burden’
The pill reduced systolic (peak) blood pressure by 7.4 millimetres of mercury and diastolic (minimum) blood pressure by 5.6 mm Hg over three months – similar to when all three blood pressure drugs were given individually.
It also reduced heart rate and blood clotting to a similar degree as aspirin or the beta-blocker atenolol achieve when given individually, and cut cholesterol – although not as much as when a statin was given on its own.
This may be because the formulation of the pill interfered with its absorption. Importantly, the side-effects of the polypill were similar to when the drugs were given individually.
The next step is to test the polypill in a larger group, over a longer period of time to see if it cuts heart attacks and stroke.
“This study takes a first and crucial step forward and raises hope that, in conjunction with other global efforts to improve diet and exercise, the polypill could one day substantially reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease in the world,” says Cannon.
Journal reference: The Lancet (DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60611-5) | <urn:uuid:b710c435-6122-4f3d-a0a4-529be481b30e> | {
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James Mirrlees, a British economist who won the Nobel Prize for his theories of economic incentives, which have been applied to taxation, insurance and the allocation of public services, died Wednesday at his home near Cambridge, England. He was 82.
His death was announced by Nuffield College of the University of Oxford, where he was a longtime professor. The cause was a brain tumor, the London Times reported.
Mirrlees, who shared the 1996 Nobel Prize with William Vickrey of Columbia University, approached economics from a background in mathematics. He was particularly fascinated by ideas first put forth by Vickrey and others concerning “information asymmetry,” in which one party in an economic transaction is privy to knowledge the other does not have.
“That just means not knowing as much as you would like,” Mirrlees explained.
He sought to explore the implications of information asymmetry and how it affected individual behavior and economic policy.
A simple example of the concept would be when someone offers a used car for sale. The seller has a greater understanding of the condition of the automobile than the buyer. The idea has been used to understand costs and benefits in real estate, health insurance, investing, welfare and employee motivation.
“My subject has always been economics and human welfare,” Mirrlees said after winning the Nobel.
He was perhaps best known for his work on “optimal taxation,” for which he developed a mathematical model to define a balance between what he called equity and efficiency. In other words, he sought to find a point where government taxation would provide a shared benefit to society without being an onerous burden on individual workers.
The happiest day in his life, he said, was not the day he learned that he was to receive the Nobel but a day in 1968, when he “finally cracked the optimal tax problem. . . . It came in a flash and was very satisfactory.”
Tax codes were traditionally based on income levels, graduated to assess a higher tax rate on people who earned more money. Mirrlees was interested in discovering if there was a point of diminishing returns when high taxes would reduce the motivation of productive workers.
“Mirrlees’ work on the optimal income tax was a starting point for a vast amount of research,” economist Bengt Holmstrom of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology told The New York Times in 1996.
His theories were seized on by people across the political spectrum, from those who supported higher taxes to provide increased government services to those who advocated of a “flat tax” rate that would be the same at all levels of income.
“Every member of the House Ways and Means Committee and every lobbyist has been practicing Jim Mirrlees’ tax theory for years as they have argued about the efficiency of various tax policies,” former Treasury Secretary Lawrence H. Summers told the Times in 1996. “He provided the first mathematically rigorous treatment of efficiency and equity that is central to modern economic policy debate.”
But his statements on economic policy were open to interpretation. He suggested that the highest tax rates in Britain, which exceeded 80 percent when he developed his theories, could cause top earners to grow discouraged and stop working hard.
On the other hand, he said taxes “could reasonably be higher, particularly for middle income earners” and could easily exceed 50 percent without affecting productivity.
“It could become a disincentive,” he said, “but you could use the revenue for health services, education, and welfare payments.”
His private views, he said in 1996, were in line with Britain’s liberal Labour Party “because of a desire for egalitarianism, not for any great fondness for public ownership.”
James Alexander Mirrlees was born July 5, 1936, in Minnigaff, Scotland. His father worked in banking, and his mother was a homemaker.
He studied mathematics at Scotland’s University of Edinburgh, graduating in 1957, then enrolled at the University of Cambridge in England, obtaining degrees in mathematics and economics before receiving his doctorate in economics in 1963.
He joined the Oxford faculty in 1968 and was considered an inspired teacher. He had interim appointments at MIT, Yale University and the University of California at Berkeley. He advised Asian and African governments on economic policy before returning to Cambridge in 1995. He later had a faculty appointment at the Chinese University of Hong Kong.
His wife of 32 years, Gillian Hughes, died in 1993. Survivors include his wife since 2001, the former Patricia Wilson; two daughters from his first marriage; a stepson; and four grandchildren.
Mirrlees had a reserved nature and enjoyed spending his free time playing the piano and reading detective novels. He had a sunny confidence in the economy and in the ability of people to adapt to changing times.
“People will get employed doing other things,” he said. “That is the faith of economists, which non-economists find hard to believe: There will be other jobs somewhere else.” | <urn:uuid:55f892f3-75b4-4690-b8c4-1c552d36334e> | {
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Toronto (IANS) :What if you can listen to the emotions of your favourite characters in a novel in the form of a soothing music?
This is now possible with a new software named TransProse that creates musical soundtracks from books.
"Given a novel in an electronically readable form, our system - called TransProse - generates simple piano pieces whose notes are dependent on the emotion words in the text," explained Saif Mohammad, a computer scientist at the National Research Council Canada.
This could open new ways to visualise information, such as audiovisual e-books that generate music according to the emotions on the page or novel music apps.
Together with Hannah Davis from New York University, Mohammad used the software to count the density of words associated with eight basic emotions: anticipation, anger, joy, fear, disgust, sadness, surprise and trust.
TransProse is the first that automatically generates musical pieces based on the emotions in the text, and uses a novel mechanism to determine sequences of notes that capture the emotional activity in text, researchers noted.
The algorithm uses databases to rate words according to their emotional value, thereby analysing sentiment in the text and gauging its "emotional temperature".
This work shows that it is possible to automatically translate aspects of literature to music.
We hope that it will lead to more sophisticated systems that automatically generate beautiful and emotionally representative music from text, researchers said in a paper on the prepublish site Arxiv.
© Copyright NewsKarnataka 2019 . All Rights Reserved. | <urn:uuid:3e8268a2-2cbd-4269-a7dc-c200dcc7ffa0> | {
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|King of Scots, King of England, and King of Ireland|
|Reign||May 29, 1660–February 6, 1685
(de jure king from January 30, 1649–May 29, 1660)
|Born||May 29, 1630|
|St. James's Palace|
|Died||February 6, 1685|
|Predecessor||Richard Cromwell (de facto)
Charles I (de jure)
|Consort||Catherine of Braganza|
Charles II (May 29, 1630 – February 6, 1685) was the King of England, King of Scots, and King of Ireland from January 30, 1649 (de jure) or May 29, 1660 (de facto) until his death. His father Charles I had been executed in 1649, following the English Civil War; the monarchy was then abolished and England, and subsequently Scotland and Ireland, became a united republic under Oliver Cromwell, the Lord Protector (see Commonwealth of England and The Protectorate), albeit with Scotland and Ireland under military occupation and de facto martial law. In 1660, shortly after Cromwell's death, the monarchy was restored under Charles II. He was popularly known as the "Merry Monarch" in reference to the liveliness and hedonism of his court.
The exact date that Charles became king is vague due to the uncertain political situation of the time. His father was executed on January 30, 1649, making him in theory King Charles II from that moment. He was immediately proclaimed king in Scotland on February 5 and Jersey on February 16, 1649, but was also recognized in a few British colonies (especially the Colony and Dominion of Virginia). In Scotland Charles was for some time king in title only. It took two years of negotiation with the Presbyterians before he was finally crowned King of Scots in Scone on January 1, 1651. However, his reign there was short lived as he was soon driven out by the republican armies, led by Oliver Cromwell. His coronation in England would not be until after Cromwell's death and the monarchy's restoration in May 1660; Charles spent most of the intervening time exiled in France.
Much like his father, Charles II struggled for most of his life in his relations with Parliament, although the tensions between the two never reached the same levels of hostility. He was only able to achieve true success toward the end of his reign, by dispensing with Parliament and ruling alone. Unlike his father's policy, however, this policy did not lead to widespread popular opposition, as he avoided the imposition of any new taxes, thanks in part to money he received as a result of his close relationship with the French king, Louis XIV. The principal conflicts of his reign revolved around a number of interlinked issues in domestic and foreign policy, most of which were related to the conflict between Protestants and Catholics then raging across Europe. As a consequence of this, Charles's reign was racked by political factions and intrigue, and it was at this time that the Whig and Tory political parties first developed.
Charles II famously fathered numerous illegitimate children, of whom he acknowledged 14, but no legitimate children who lived. Charles was also a patron of the arts, and he and his court were largely responsible for the revival of public drama and music known as the Restoration literature, after their virtual prohibition under the earlier Protectorate. Some historians, such as Maurice Ashley, believe that Charles was secretly a Roman Catholic for much of his life like his brother James while others, such as Antonia Fraser, disagree. All that is known for certain is that he had converted to Roman Catholicism by the time of his death.
Charles, the eldest surviving son of Charles I of England and Henrietta Maria of France, was born Charles Stuart in St. James's Palace on May 29, 1630. At birth, he automatically became (as the eldest surviving son of the Sovereign) Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay; shortly after his birth, he was crowned Prince of Wales. Due to the disruption caused by the English Civil War, he was never formally invested with the Honors of the Principality of Wales.
|House of Stuart|
|Illegitimate sons included|
|James Scott, Duke of Monmouth|
|Charles FitzRoy, Duke of Cleveland and Southampton|
|Henry FitzRoy, Duke of Grafton|
|George FitzRoy, Duke of Northumberland|
|Charles Beauclerk, Duke of St Albans|
|Charles Lennox, Duke of Richmond and Lennox|
During the 1640s, when the Prince of Wales was still young, his father Charles I fought Parliamentary and Puritan forces in the English Civil War. The prince accompanied his father during the Battle of Edgehill and, at the age of 15, participated in the campaigns of 1645, when he was made titular commander of the English forces in the West Country. In 1647, due to fears for his safety, he left England, going first to the Isles of Scilly, then to Jersey, and finally to France, where his mother was already living in exile. (His cousin, Louis XIV sat on the French throne.) In 1648, during the Second Civil War, Charles moved to The Hague, where his sister Mary and his brother-in-law Prince of Orange seemed more likely to provide substantial aid to the Royalist cause than the Queen's French relations. However, Charles was neither able to use the Royalist fleet that came under his control to any advantage, nor to reach Scotland in time to join up with the Royalist "Engagers" army of the Duke of Hamilton before it was defeated at the Battle of Preston.
At The Hague, Charles II had an affair with Lucy Walter (whom, some alleged, he secretly married). Their son, James Crofts (afterward Duke of Monmouth and Duke of Buccleuch), was to become the most prominent of Charles's many illegitimate sons in English political life, and famously led a rebellion on Charles's death, aimed at placing himself (a staunch Protestant) on the throne instead of Charles's Catholic brother James.
Charles I was captured in 1647. He escaped and was recaptured in 1648. Despite his son's efforts to save him, Charles I was executed in 1649, and England was proclaimed a republic.
At the same time, however, Scotland recognized Charles as his father's successor—even the Covenanters (led by the Archibald Campbell, Marquess of Argyll), the most extreme Presbyterian group in Scotland, proved unwilling to allow the English to decide the fate of their monarchy. Consequently, on February 5, 1649, Charles II was proclaimed King of Scots in Edinburgh. He would not be allowed to enjoy the powers that followed from his title until such time as he signed the Solemn League and Covenant (an agreement between England and Scotland that the Church of Scotland should not be remodeled on Anglican lines but should remain Presbyterian—the form of church governance preferred by most in Scotland—and that the Church of England and the Church of Ireland should be reformed along the same lines) (see also Treaty of Breda (1650)). Upon his arrival in Scotland on June 23, 1650, he formally agreed to the Covenant; his abandonment of Anglicanism, although winning him support in Scotland, left him unpopular in England. Charles himself soon came to despise his Scottish hosts (or "gaolers," as he came to see the dour Covenanters), and supposedly celebrated at the news of the Covenanters' defeat at the Battle of Dunbar in September 1650. Nevertheless, the Scots remained Charles's best hope of restoration, and he was crowned King of Scots at Scone, Perthshire on January 1, 1651. With Oliver Cromwell's forces threatening Charles's position in Scotland, it was decided that an attack should be mounted on England. With many of the Scots (including Argyll and other leading Covenanters) refusing to participate, and with few English Royalists joining the force as it moved south into England, the invasion ended in defeat at the Battle of Worcester on September 3, 1651, following which Charles is said to have hidden in the Royal Oak Tree at Boscobel House, subsequently escaping to France in disguise. Parliament put a reward of £1,000 on the king's head, and the penalty of death for anyone caught helping him. Through six weeks of narrow escapes Charles managed to flee England.
Impoverished, Charles could not obtain sufficient support to mount a serious challenge to Cromwell's government. Despite the Stuart familial connections through Henrietta Maria and the Princess of Orange, France and the United Provinces allied themselves with Cromwell's government, forcing Charles to turn to Spain for aid. He attempted to raise an army, but failed due to his financial shortcomings.
After the death of Oliver Cromwell in 1658, Charles's chances of regaining the Crown seemed slim. Oliver Cromwell was succeeded as Lord Protector by his son, Richard Cromwell. However, the new Lord Protector, with no power base in either Parliament or the New Model Army, was forced to abdicate in 1659. The Protectorate of England was abolished, and the Commonwealth of England re-established. During the civil and military unrest that followed, George Monck, the Governor of Scotland, was concerned that the nation would descend into anarchy. Monck and his army marched into the City of London and forced the Long Parliament to dissolve itself. For the first time in almost 20 years, the members of Parliament faced a general election.
A predominantly Royalist House of Commons was elected. Soon after it assembled on April 25, 1660, the Convention Parliament received news of the Declaration of Breda (May 8, 1660), in which Charles agreed, among other things, to pardon many of his father's enemies. It also subsequently declared that Charles II had been the lawful Sovereign since Charles I's execution in 1649.
Charles set out for England, arriving in Dover on May 23, 1660 and reaching London on May 29, which is considered the date of the Restoration, and was Charles's 30 birthday. Although Charles granted amnesty to Cromwell's supporters in the Act of Indemnity and Oblivion, this made specific provision for people to be excluded by the indemnity through act of Parliament. In the end 13 people were executed: they were hanged, drawn, and quartered; others were given life imprisonment or simply excluded from office for life. The bodies of Oliver Cromwell, Henry Ireton, and John Bradshaw were subjected to the indignity of posthumous executions.
The Convention Parliament was dissolved in December 1660. Shortly after Charles's coronation at Westminster Abbey on April 23, 1661, the second Parliament of the reign—the Cavalier Parliament—assembled. As the Cavalier Parliament was overwhelmingly Royalist, Charles saw no reason to dissolve it and force another general election for 17 years.
The Cavalier Parliament concerned itself with the agenda of Charles's chief advisor, Lord Clarendon (Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon). Lord Clarendon sought to discourage non-conformity to the Church of England; at his instigation, the Cavalier Parliament passed several acts that became part of the "Clarendon Code." The Conventicle Act of 1664 prohibited religious assemblies of more than five people, except under the auspices of the Church of England. The Five Mile Act of 1665 prohibited clergymen from coming within five miles of a parish from which they had been banished. The Conventicle and Five Mile Acts remained in effect for the remainder of Charles's reign. Other parts of the Clarendon Code included the Corporation Act of 1661 and the Act of Uniformity of 1662.
Charles agreed to give up antiquated feudal dues which had been revived by his father; in return, he was granted an annual income of £1,200,000 by Parliament. The grant, however, proved to be of little use for most of Charles's reign. The aforesaid sum was only an indication of the maximum the king was allowed to withdraw from the Treasury each year; for the most part, the amount actually in the coffers was much lower. To avoid further financial problems, Charles appointed George Downing (the builder of Downing Street) to reform the management of the Treasury and the collection of taxes.
In 1662 Charles married a Portuguese princess, Catherine of Braganza, who brought him the territories of Bombay and Tangier as dowry. During the same year, however, he sold Dunkirk—a much more valuable strategic outpost—to his first cousin, King Louis XIV of France, for £40,000.
Appreciative of the assistance given to him in gaining the throne, Charles awarded North American lands then known as the Carolina—named after his father—to eight nobles (known as Lords Proprietors) in 1663.
The Navigation Acts (1650), which hurt Dutch trade and started the First Dutch War (1652-1654), were also responsible for starting the Second Dutch War (1665-1667). This conflict began well for the English, with the capture of New Amsterdam (later renamed New York in honor of Charles's brother James, Duke of York, the future James II of England/James VII of Scotland), but in 1667 the Dutch launched a surprise attack upon the English (the Raid on the Medway) when they sailed up the River Thames to where the better part of the English Fleet was docked. Almost all of the ships were sunk except for the flagship, the Royal Charles, which was taken back to the Netherlands as a trophy. The ship's nameplate remains on display, now at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam. The Second Dutch War ended with the signing of the Treaty of Breda in 1667.
As a result of the Second Dutch War, Charles dismissed his advisor Lord Clarendon, whom he used as a scapegoat for the war. Clarendon fled to France when impeached by the House of Commons for high treason, which carried the penalty of death. Power passed to a group of five politicians known as the Cabal—Thomas Clifford, 1st Baron Clifford, Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of Arlington, George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Baron Ashley (afterwards Earl of Shaftesbury), and John Maitland, 1st Duke of Lauderdale.
In 1668 England allied itself with Sweden and its former enemy the Netherlands in order to oppose Louis XIV in the War of Devolution. Louis was forced to make peace with the Triple Alliance, but he continued to maintain his aggressive intentions. In 1670 Charles, seeking to solve his financial troubles, agreed to the Treaty of Dover, under which Louis XIV would pay him £200,000 each year. In exchange, Charles agreed to supply Louis with troops and to convert himself to Roman Catholicism "as soon as the welfare of his realm will permit." Louis was to provide him with six thousand troops with which to suppress those who opposed the conversion. Charles endeavored to ensure that the Treaty—especially the conversion clause—remained secret. It remains unclear if Charles ever seriously intended to follow through with the conversion clause.
Meanwhile, by a series of five acts around 1670, Charles granted the British East India Company the rights to autonomous territorial acquisitions, to mint money, to command fortresses and troops, to form alliances, to make war and peace, and to exercise both civil and criminal jurisdiction over the acquired areas in India. Earlier in 1668 he leased the islands of Bombay for a paltry sum of ten pounds sterling paid in gold.
In 1665, Charles II was faced with a great health crisis: an outbreak of Bubonic Plague in London commonly referred to as the Great Plague. Believed to have been introduced by Dutch shipping vessels carrying cotton from Amsterdam, the plague was carried by rats and fleas and the death toll at one point reached up to seven thousand per week. Charles, his family, and his court fled London in July 1665 to Oxford. Various attempts at containing the disease by London public health officials were all in vain and the disease continued to spread rapidly.
On September 2, 1666, adding to London's woes, was what later became famously known as the Great Fire of London. Although effectively ending the spreading of the Great Plague due to the burning of all plague-carrying rats and fleas, the fire consumed about 13,200 houses and 87 churches, including St. Paul's Cathedral. Charles II is famously remembered for joining the fire-fighters in combating the fire.
At the time, a comet was visible in the night sky. The supposition of the day claimed it was God's message, and that the above crises were as a result of God's anger. Blame was placed upon Charles and his Court, but later the people shifted their blame to the hated Roman Catholics. The situation was not helped by Charles's brother, James II's conversion to Roman Catholicism in 1667.
Although previously favorable to the Crown, the Cavalier Parliament was alienated by the king's wars and religious policies during the 1670s. In 1672 Charles issued the Royal Declaration of Indulgence, in which he purported to suspend all laws punishing Roman Catholics and other religious dissenters. In the same year, he openly supported Catholic France and started the Third Anglo-Dutch War.
The Cavalier Parliament opposed the Declaration of Indulgence on constitutional grounds, claiming that the king had no right to arbitrarily suspend laws, rather than on political ones. Charles II withdrew the Declaration, and also agreed to the Test Act, which not only required public officials to receive the sacrament under the forms prescribed by the Church of England, but also forced them to denounce certain teachings of the Roman Catholic Church as "superstitious and idolatrous." The Cavalier Parliament also refused to further fund the Anglo-Dutch War, which England was losing, forcing Charles to make peace in 1674.
Charles's wife Queen Catherine was unable to produce an heir, her pregnancies instead ending in miscarriages and stillbirths. Charles's heir-presumptive was therefore his unpopular Roman Catholic brother, James, Duke of York. In 1678 Titus Oates, a former Anglican cleric, falsely warned of a "Popish Plot" to assassinate the king and replace him with the Duke of York. Charles did not believe the allegations, but ordered his chief minister Thomas Osborne, 1st Earl of Danby to investigate. Danby was highly skeptical about Oates's revelations, but reported the matter to Parliament. The people were seized with an anti-Catholic hysteria; judges and juries across the land condemned the supposed conspirators; numerous innocent individuals were executed.
Later in 1678 Lord Danby was impeached by the House of Commons on the charge of high treason. Although much of the nation had sought war with Catholic France, Charles II had secretly negotiated with Louis XIV, trying to reach an agreement under which England would remain neutral in return for money. Lord Danby was hostile to France, but reservedly agreed to abide by Charles's wishes. Unfortunately for him, the House of Commons failed to view him as a reluctant participant in the scandal, instead believing that he was the author of the policy. To save Lord Danby from the impeachment trial in the House of Lords, Charles dissolved the Cavalier Parliament in January 1679.
A new Parliament, which met in March of the same year, was quite hostile to the king. Lord Danby was forced to resign the post of Lord High Treasurer, but received a pardon from the king. In defiance of the royal will, Parliament declared that dissolution did not interrupt impeachment proceedings. When the House of Lords seemed ready to impose the punishment of exile—which the House of Commons thought too mild—the impeachment was abandoned, and a bill of attainder introduced. As he had had to do so many times during his reign, Charles II bowed to the wishes of his opponents, committing Lord Danby to the Tower of London. Lord Danby would be held without bail for another five years.
Another political storm that faced Charles was that of succession to the Throne. The Parliament of 1679 was vehemently opposed to the prospect of a Catholic monarch. Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury (previously Baron Ashley and a member of the Cabal, which had fallen apart in 1672) introduced the Exclusion Bill, which sought to exclude the Duke of York from the line of succession. Some even sought to confer the Crown to the Protestant Duke of Monmouth, the eldest of Charles's illegitimate children. The "Abhorrers"—those who opposed the Exclusion Bill—would develop into the Tory Party, while the "Petitioners"—those who supported the Exclusion Bill—became the Whig Party.
Fearing that the Exclusion Bill would be passed, Charles dissolved Parliament in December 1679. Two further Parliaments were called in Charles's reign (one in 1680, the other in 1681), but both were dissolved because they sought to pass the Exclusion Bill. During the 1680s, however, popular support for the Exclusion Bill began to dissolve, and Charles experienced a nationwide surge of loyalty, for many of his subjects felt that Parliament had been too assertive. For the remainder of his reign, Charles ruled as an absolute monarch.
Charles's opposition to the Exclusion Bill angered some Protestants. Protestant conspirators formulated the Rye House Plot, a plan to murder the King and the Duke of York as they returned to London after horse races in Newmarket. A great fire, however, destroyed much of Newmarket and caused the cancellation of the races; thus, the planned attack could not take place. Before news of the plot leaked, the chief conspirators fled. Protestant politicians such as Algernon Sydney and the Lord William Russell were implicated in the plot and executed for high treason, albeit on very flimsy evidence.
Charles suffered an apopleptic fit and died suddenly on Wednesday, February 6, 1685 (at the age of 54) at 11:45am at Whitehall Palace of uremia (a clinical syndrome due to kidney dysfunction). He is purported to have said to his brother, the Duke of York, on his deathbed: “Let not poor Nelly starve.” and to his courtiers: “I am sorry, gentlemen, for being such a time a-dying.” He was buried in Westminster Abbey “without any manner of pomp” and was succeeded by his brother who became James II of England and Ireland, and James VII of Scotland.
Charles II left no legitimate issue. He did, however, have several children by a number of mistresses (many of whom were wives of noblemen). Many of his mistresses and illegitimate children received dukedoms or earldoms. He publicly acknowledged 14 children by seven mistresses; six of those children were borne by a single woman, the notorious Barbara Villiers, Countess of Castlemaine, for whom the Dukedom of Cleveland was created. His other favorite mistresses were Nell Gwynne and Louise Renée de Penancoët de Kérouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth. Charles also acknowledged children by Lucy Walter, Elizabeth Killigrew, Viscountess Shannon, and Catherine Pegge, Lady Greene. The present Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry, Duke of Richmond and Gordon, Duke of Grafton, and Duke of St. Albans all descend from Charles in direct male line. Charles's relationships, as well as the politics of his time, are depicted in the historical drama Charles II: The Power and The Passion (produced in 2003 by the British Broadcasting Corporation).
Diana, Princess of Wales was descended from two of Charles's illegitimate sons, the Duke of Grafton and the Duke of Richmond (who is also a direct ancestor of Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, second wife of Charles, Prince of Wales). Thus Diana's son Prince William of Wales, currently second in line to the British Throne, is likely to be the first monarch descended from Charles I since Queen Anne.
Charles II's eldest son, the Duke of Monmouth, led a rebellion against James II, but was defeated at the battle of Sedgemoor on July 6, 1685, captured, and executed. James II, however, was eventually dethroned in 1688 in the course of the Glorious Revolution. James was the last Catholic monarch to rule England.
Charles, a patron of the arts and sciences, helped found the Royal Society, a scientific group whose early members included Robert Hooke, Robert Boyle, and Sir Isaac Newton. Charles was the personal patron of Sir Christopher Wren, the architect who helped rebuild London after the Great Fire in 1666. Wren also constructed the Royal Hospital Chelsea, which Charles founded as a home for retired soldiers in 1681. Since 1692, a statue of Charles II in ancient Roman dress (created by Grinling Gibbons in 1676) has stood in the Figure Court of the Royal Hospital.
The anniversary of Charles's Restoration (which is also his birthday)—May 29—is recognized in the United Kingdom as "Oak Apple Day," after the Royal Oak in which Charles is said to have hidden to escape from the forces of Oliver Cromwell. Traditional celebrations involved the wearing of oak leaves, but these have now died out. The anniversary of the Restoration is also an official Collar Day.
The official style of Charles II was "Charles the Second, by the Grace of God, King of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, etc." The claim to France was only nominal, and had been asserted by every English King since Edward III, regardless of the amount of French territory actually controlled. His arms were: Quarterly, I and IV Grandquarterly, Azure three fleurs-de-lis Or (for France) and Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or (for England); II Or a lion rampant within a tressure flory-counter-flory Gules (for Scotland); III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent (for Ireland).
|Charles II of England||Father:
Charles I of England
James I of England
Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley
Mary I of Scotland
Anne of Denmark
Frederick II of Denmark
Sofie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
Henrietta Maria of France
Henry IV of France
Antoine of Navarre
Jeanne III of Navarre
Marie de' Medici
Francesco I de' Medici
Johanna of Austria
Charles left no legitimate heirs, but fathered an unknown number of illegitimate children. He acknowledged 14 children to be his own, including Barbara Fitzroy, who almost certainly was not his child.
Charles I (de jure)
Commonwealth of England (de facto)
|King of England
James VII & II
|King of Scots
|King of Ireland
Charles I of England
|Prince of Wales
James Francis Edward Stuart
The Duke of York
|Lord High Admiral
Prince Rupert of the Rhine
The Earl of Nottingham
(First Lord of the Admiralty)
|Lord High Admiral
King James II
New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here:
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Territory of Norfolk Island
|Anthem: Official God Save the Queen / Un-official Pitcairn Anthem
|Largest city||Burnt Pine|
|Official languages||English, Norfuk.|
|-||Head of State||Queen Elizabeth II represented by the Governor-General of Australia|
|-||Administrator||Owen Walsh (Acting 2007-2008) (2008 - )|
|-||Chief Minister||David Buffett (2010-)|
|-||Norfolk Island Act||1979|
|-||Total||34.6 km² (227th)
13.3 sq mi
|-||July 2009 estimate||2,141|
|Currency||Australian dollar (
|Time zone||NFT (Norfolk Island Time) (UTC+11:30)|
Norfolk Island (Norfuk: Norfuk Ailen) is a small inhabited island in the Pacific Ocean located between Australia, New Zealand and New Caledonia, and along with two neighboring islands, forms one of Australia's external territories. The Norfolk Island pine, a symbol of the island pictured in its flag, is a striking evergreen tree native to the island and is quite popular in Australia, where two related species also grow. Norfolk Island is a small territory with a small population that also played a brief role in the history of Britain's colonial activities in Australia.
Norfolk Island is the main island of the island group the territory encompasses. It has an area of 13.3 square miles (34.6 square kilometers), with no large-scale internal bodies of water but 20 miles (32 kilometers) of coastline. The island's highest point is Mount Bates 1,047 feet (319 meters) above sea level, located in the northwest quadrant of the island. The majority of the terrain is suitable for farming and other agricultural uses. Philip Island, the second largest island of the territory, is located several kilometers south of the main island.
The coastline of Norfolk Island consists—to varying degrees—of cliff faces. The island slopes downward towards Sydney Bay and Emily Bay, the site of the original colonial settlement of Kingston. There are no safe harbor facilities on Norfolk Island; loading jetties are located at Kingston and Cascade Bay. Goods are brought in by ship, usually to Cascade Bay. Emily Bay, protected from the Pacific Ocean by a small coral reef, is the only safe area for swimming, although surfing waves can sometimes be found in Ball Bay.
Norfolk Island is a volcanic formation with mostly rolling plains. The climate is subtropical and mild, with little seasonal differentiation. The average daily maximum temperatures in winter range from 64 °F to 66 °F (18 °C to 19 °C) and 73 °F to 77 °F (23 °C to 25 °C) in the summer. Annual mean rainfall is 51.6 inches (1,312 millimeters), with May to August the rainiest months, and November to January the driest.
The area surrounding Mt. Bates is preserved as the Norfolk Island National Park. The park, covering around 10 percent of the land of the island, contains remnants of the forests which originally covered the island, including stands of subtropical rainforest.
The park also includes the two smaller islands to the south of Norfolk Island, Nepean Island and Philip Island. The vegetation of Philip Island was devastated due to the introduction of pigs and rabbits during the penal era. The major settlement on the island is Burnt Pine. Homesteads are scattered over much of the island. The island's official capital is Kingston, which functions mainly as a government center.
Norfolk Island was first settled by East Polynesian seafarers, probably from the Kermadec Islands in the fourteenth century C.E., and who survived for several generations before disappearing. Their main village site has been excavated at Emily Bay. They left behind stone tools, rats, and banana trees as evidence of their sojourn.
Captain James Cook was the first European to sight the island in 1774, on his second voyage to the South Pacific. He named it after the Duchess of Norfolk. Cook is said to have been impressed with the tall straight trees and New Zealand flax-like plants. He took samples back to the United Kingdom and reported on their potential uses for the Royal Navy.
After the first convict fleet arrived at Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australia in January 1788 (Australia was intended to serve as a penal colony for the convicts of Britain), Governor Arthur Phillip ordered Lieutenant Philip Gidley King to lead a party of 15 convicts and seven free men to take control of nearby Norfolk Island and prepare for its commercial development, with the additional goal of preventing the French from colonizing Norfolk. The expedition arrived on March 6, 1788, establishing the first of two penal colonies on the island.
The flax reported on by Cook was found to be difficult to prepare for manufacturing and no one in the group had the necessary skills. The pine timber was found to not be resilient enough for masts and this industry was also abandoned. More convicts were sent, and the island became instead the source of grain and vegetables for Sydney. However, crops often failed due to the salty wind, rats, and caterpillars. The lack of a natural safe harbor hindered communication and the transport of supplies and produce.
Norfolk Island was governed by a succession of short-term commandants for the next 11 years. As early as 1794, King suggested its closure as a penal settlement as it was too remote and difficult for shipping, and too costly to maintain. By 1803 the secretary of state, Robert Hobart, ordered the removal of part of the Norfolk Island military, settlers and convicts to Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania), due to its great expense. By February 1814, all stock and buildings were destroyed and the island was abandoned until June 1825.
A second penal settlement on Norfolk Island was ordered in 1824, as a place to send "the worst description of convicts." After a convict mutiny in 1834, Father William Ullathorne, the vicar general of Sydney, visited Norfolk Island. He was shocked "that each man who heard his reprieve wept bitterly, and that each man who heard of his condemnation to death went down on his knees with dry eyes, and thanked God." The 1846 report of magistrate Robert Pringle Stuart exposed the scarcity and poor quality of food, inadequacy of housing, horrors of torture and incessant flogging, insubordination of convicts, and corruption of overseers. Bishop Robert Willson visited Norfolk Island on three occasions. In 1846 he reported to the House of Lords who, for the first time, came to realize the enormity of atrocities. The second penal settlement began to be dismantled after 1847 and the last convicts were removed to Tasmania in May of 1855.
On June 6, 1856, the descendants of Tahitians and the Bounty mutineers arrived at Norfolk Island. The Pitcairn Islands had become too small for their growing population. The Pitcairners occupied many of the buildings remaining from the penal settlements, and gradually established farming and whaling industries. Although some families decided to return to Pitcairn in 1858 and 1863, the island's population continued to slowly grow as the island accepted settlers, often arriving with whaling fleets.
In 1867 the headquarters of the Melanesian Mission of the Church of England was established on the island, and in 1882, a church of St. Barnabas was erected. The mission was relocated from the island to the Solomon Islands to be closer to its target population in 1920.
After the creation of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901, Norfolk Island was placed under the authority of the new commonwealth government to be administered as an external territory.
During World War II, the island was used as a key airbase and refueling location between Australia and New Zealand. As the island fell within New Zealand's area of responsibility, it was garrisoned by a New Zealand Army unit known as N Force. Norfolk Island did not come under attack.
Norfolk Island is the only non-mainland Australian territory to have achieved self-governance. As a result of the "Norfolk Island Act," passed by the Parliament of Australia in 1979, the Australian government maintains authority on the island through an administrator (Grant Tambling in 2006) who is appointed by the governor-general of Australia. Legislation passed by the Australian Parliament can extend its laws to the territory at will, including the power to override any laws made by the Norfolk Island Legislative Assembly.
On Norfolk Island, a nine-seat Legislative Assembly is elected by popular vote for a term of not more than three years. All seats are held by independent candidates, as Norfolk Island does not have political parties. Suffrage is universal at age 18.
Four of the members of the assembly form the Executive Council, which devises policy and acts as an advisory body to the Administrator. The Legislative Assembly elects the chief minister for a term of not more than three years. The chief minister was Geoffrey Robert Gardner in 2006.
The judiciary comprises the Supreme Court and the Court of Petty Sessions. The legal system is based on the laws of Australia, local ordinances, and acts. English common law applies in matters not covered by either Australian or Norfolk Island law.
Though usually peaceful, Norfolk Island has been the site of two murders in the twenty-first century so far. In 2002, Janelle Patton, an Australian living on the island, was found dead. Two years later, the deputy chief minister of the island, Ivens "Toon" Buffett, was found shot dead, achieving the unlikely distinction of being the first Australian Minister to be murdered in office. Other than these two events, crime rates are low on the island, although recent reports indicate that petty theft and dangerous driving are becoming more prevalent.
The most important national holiday is Bounty Day, celebrated on June 8, in memory of the arrival of the Pitcairn Islanders in 1856.
As a territory of Australia, Norfolk Island does not have diplomatic representation abroad, or within the territory, and also is not a participant in any international organizations, other than sporting organizations.
Despite the island's status as a self-governing territory of Australia, some islanders claim that it was actually granted independence at the time Queen Victoria granted permission to Pitcairn Islanders to re-settle on the island. These views have been repeatedly rejected by the Australian Parliament's Joint Committee on Territories, and were also rejected by the High Court of Australia. The Australian government undertook a review of the island’s status in 2006. Under the more radical of two proposed models proposed, the island's Legislative Assembly would be reduced to the status of a local council.
Norfolk Island is subject to separate immigration controls from the rest of Australia.
Tourism, Norfolk Island's primary economic activity, has steadily increased over the years. As Norfolk Island prohibits the importation of fresh fruit and vegetables, a vast majority of produce is grown locally. Beef is both produced locally and imported. Norfolk Island claims an exclusive economic zone extending 200 nautical miles (370 kilometers) and territorial sea claims to three nautical miles (6 kilometers) from the island. This zone provides the islanders with fish, its only major natural resource, though there is speculation that the zone may include oil and gas deposits.
There are no major arable lands or permanent farmlands, though about 25 percent of the island is a permanent pasture. There is no irrigated land.
The island uses the Australian dollar as its currency. Residents of Norfolk Island do not pay Australian federal taxes, creating a tax haven. Since there is no income tax, the island's Legislative Assembly raises money through an import duty.
There are no railways, waterways, ports, or harbors on the island. Ships are loaded and unloaded by whaleboats towed by launches, five tons at a time at the loading jetties located at Kingston and Cascade Bay. There is one airport, Norfolk Island Airport. There are 50 miles (80 kilometers) of roads on the island, "little more than country lanes." Local law gives cows the right of way. As of 2004, 2,532 telephone main lines are in use, a mix of analog (2,500) and digital (32) circuits. Norfolk Island's country code is 672. Undersea coaxial cables link the island with Australia, New Zealand and Canada. Satellite service is planned.
There is one TV station featuring local programming Norfolk TV, plus transmitters for ABC-TV and Southern Cross Television. The Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) is .nf.
Exports totaled $1.5 million in 1991/1992. Export commodities included postage stamps, seeds of the Norfolk Island pine and Kentia palm, and small quantities of avocados. Export partners in 2004 were Australia, other Pacific island countries, New Zealand, Asia, and Europe. Imports totaled $17.9 million in 1991/1992) Import commodities were not listed. Import partners in 2004 were Australia, other Pacific island countries, New Zealand, Asia, and Europe.
The population of Norfolk Island was estimated in July 2006 to be 1,828 with an annual population growth rate of 0.01 percent.
Most islanders are of Caucasian ancestry, being descendants of the Bounty mutineers as well as more recent arrivals from Australia and New Zealand. About half of the islanders can trace their roots back to Pitcairn Island. This common heritage has led to a limited number of surnames among the Islanders—a limit constraining enough that the island's telephone directory lists people by nickname (such as Cane Toad, Dar Bizziebee, Kik Kik, Lettuce Leaf, Mutty, Oot, Paw Paw, Snoop, Tarzan, and Wiggy).
The majority of islanders are Protestant Christians. In 1996, 37.4 percent identified as Anglican, 14.5 percent as Uniting Church, 11.5 percent as Roman Catholic, and 3.1 percent as Seventh-day Adventist.
Literacy is not recorded officially, but it can be assumed to be roughly at a par with Australia's literacy rate. Islanders attend a school that uses a New South Wales curriculum, before moving to the mainland for further study.
Islanders speak both English and a Creole language known as “Norfuk,” a blend of 1700s-English and Tahitian. The Norfuk language is decreasing in popularity as more tourists travel to the island and more young people leave for work and study reasons. However, there are efforts to keep it alive via dictionaries and the renaming of some tourist attractions by their Norfuk equivalents. In April 2005, it was declared a co-official language of the island.
Emigration is growing as many islanders take advantage of the close ties between Norfolk, Australia, and New Zealand. The sole school on the island provides education to Australian Year 12. Therefore, any student seeking to complete tertiary study must travel overseas. Additionally, the small economy of the island causes many skilled workers to emigrate.
While there was no "indigenous" culture on the island at the time of settlement, the Tahitian influence of the Pitcairn settlers has resulted in some aspects of Polynesian culture being adapted to that of Norfolk, including the hula dance. Local cuisine also shows influences from the same region.
Islanders are traditionally "outdoors" people, with fishing and other aquatic pursuits being common pastimes, an aspect which has become more noticeable as the island becomes more accessible to tourism. Most island families have at least one member involved in primary production in some form.
As all the Pitcairn settlers were related to each other, islanders have historically been informal both with each other and to visitors. The most noticeable aspect of this is the "Norfolk Wave," with drivers waving to each other (ranging from a wave using the entire arm through to a raised index finger from the steering wheel) as they pass.
Religious observance remains an important part of life for most islanders, particularly the older generations. Businesses tend to be closed on Mondays, for example.
One of the island's residents is the novelist Colleen McCullough, whose works include The Thorn Birds and the Masters of Rome series, as well as Morgan's Run, set, in large part, on Norfolk Island.
All links retrieved December 10, 2018.
|Countries and territories of Oceania|
|Australia : Australia · Norfolk Island|
|Melanesia : East Timor · Fiji · Maluku Islands & Western New Guinea (part of Indonesia) · New Caledonia · Papua New Guinea · Solomon Islands · Vanuatu|
|Micronesia : Guam · Kiribati · Marshall Islands · Northern Mariana Islands · Federated States of Micronesia · Nauru · Palau · Wake Island|
|Polynesia : American Samoa · Cook Islands · French Polynesia · Hawaii · New Zealand · Niue · Pitcairn Islands · Samoa · Tokelau · Tonga · Tuvalu · Wallis and Futuna|
New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here:
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False friends: Rude misreading
M. Michael Brady
On a footbridge over a waterway in the port of Kragerø, there’s a sign reading “Sakte Fart.” Its meaning is clear in Norwegian, a command to boats on the waterway to cut speed to a minium. But when misread by English-speaking tourists, it becomes an amusing linguistic mix, as the word “fart” is an indecent word for breaking wind.
That disparity of meanings between Norwegian and English apparently arose centuries ago. Initially, both Old Norwegian and old English shared two old Germanic words for expelling a flatus, fertan and fisa, respectively meaning to do so loudly or quietly. Thereafter, the two words evolved in differing ways in the two languages.
In English, fertan evolved to “fart,” first used by Chaucer in 1386 in “The Miller’s Tale.” About a hundred years thereafter, it acquired an additional meaning of “something worthless,” and in 1937 it was first used to designate a contemptable person. The word fisa evolved to “fist,” which was in everyday use in Medieval times, but thereafter faded into obscurity, being last used in print in the 17th century.
In Norwegian, fertan evolved into words concerned with speed and motion and with time became the root word for the verb farte (to wander about) and the noun fart (motion, speed) as well as for associated words, such as fare (travel) and ferd (movement, voyage). It also became the root of the modern words for loudly expelling a flatus, the verb fjerte and the noun fjert, which in everyday usage were displaced by the verb prompe and the noun promp. The word fisa for quietly expelling a flatus evolved to the modern Norwegian verb fise and the noun fis.
So both English and Norwegian started with two words for breaking wind and with time lost one of the two. We can only guess why the lost word differed between English and Norwegian. In any case, if English and Norwegian had retained both words through the years, today’s sign on the footbridge in Kragerø most likely would be of lesser interest for English-speaking tourists.
Originally published in Norwegian on the Clue Dictionaries blog on language at blogg.clue.no.
This article also appeared in the Aug. 12, 2016, issue of The Norwegian American. To subscribe, visit SUBSCRIBE or call us at (206) 784-4617. | <urn:uuid:df5b8839-20c4-4472-8f6c-622d6e855f35> | {
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The objective of the proposed study is to examine the effects of various breathing patterns on heart rate variability. Heart rate variability (HRV) is the variation of the interbeat intervals or the time between one heart beat and the next, in milliseconds. HRV is considered to be an adaptive function and has been shown to serve as a quantifiable indicator of autonomic balance and homeostatic control. A breathing pattern is the within-cycle respiratory time or the ratio between the inspiration and expiration of breath, including the pause time at the top of the inspiration and at the bottom of the expiration. Very little research has been done to research the effects of breathing patterns on HRV- despite the fact that past examinations do suggest that the within-cycle respiratory times of breath do affect autonomic activity. This study intends to reveal the most effective breathing pattern in relation to one's psychophysiological state. | <urn:uuid:74e19065-8427-4c6c-b5db-fde497616ec4> | {
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Visit the Ranger Journal Blog for articles about this and other memorials in the National Mall and Memorial Parks!
Franklin Roosevelt remains intimately connected to the National Park Service. During a speech in 1936, President Roosevelt noted the special quality of national parks by stating that "there is nothing so American." He captured the essential truth of the agency by declaring, "the fundamental idea behind the parks...is that the country belongs to the people, that it is in process of making for the enrichment of the lives of all of us."
Last updated: April 10, 2015 | <urn:uuid:b8b443a0-8a90-4fa4-8db5-71198df2e997> | {
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As antibiotic resistance spreads worldwide, the calls get more urgent to stop squandering our most precious medicines, in both human medicine and in livestock. Just released today are new recommendations from the World Health Organization—the leading international public health authority—on how the medically important antibiotics given to food animals can be used better. They’re especially timely, given that next week is Antibiotic Awareness Week.
Resistance is largely a numbers game: The more we use antibiotics, the faster resistance spreads. Already, at least 2 million Americans suffer drug-resistant infections every year, and more than 23,000 die as a result. And the numbers will keep rising without urgent action. Curbing antibiotic overuse is critical.
Experts warn that antibiotic overuse in livestock contributes significantly to the spread of drug-resistant bacteria. With livestock and poultry production expanding in the U.S. and worldwide, that threat will continue to mount. Many livestock antibiotics—perhaps a large majority—are not for treating sick animals. They're given routinely to healthy flocks or herds to promote faster growth or to compensate for crowded or unsanitary conditions. Routine antibiotic use on farms, in other words, is avoidable.
Here in the U.S. about 70 percent of all medically important antibiotics in the U.S. are sold for use on livestock and poultry. Just since 2009, those numbers have increased more than 26%. They includes penicillins, tetracyclines, erythromycins and cephalosporins—used to treat things like pneumonia—as well as antibiotics of last resort from the fluoroquinolone class, which can be used when all other antibiotic fail.
The worldwide epidemic in antibiotic resistance is what motivated the World Health Organization to develop and release today their new Guideline on Use of Medically Important Antimicrobials in Food-Producing Animals.
The Guideline may be a game-changer in this fight. It calls for fairly significant changes to how many of the world's biggest food-animal producers now operate, including the U.S. Some of its major recommendations for global livestock and poultry production include the following:
- First, use of medically important antibiotics in food animals should be reduced, overall;
- Second, use of these precious medicines for growth promotion and so-called “disease prevention” (i.e. compensation for unsanitary living conditions) in healthy animals should no longer be allowed;
- Third, the subset of medically important antibiotics previously identified by WHO as being “critically important for humans” (fluoroquinolones, colistin, some cephalosporins, erythromycins) should be greatly restricted in terms of their use for treating or controlling disease in sick animals.
As important as these guidelines are, they are just that—guidelines. To help curb resistance, individual companies and/or countries actually have to take action on them. A policy brief released alongside the Guideline has WHO's vision for how the recommendations can be implemented
By our estimates, close to half of U.S. chicken producers now raise birds with responsible antibiotics use practices, or are under a pledge to do so within the next few years. Changing consumer demand, translated via changing chicken policies at the nation’s biggest restaurant chains, has been a key element, as was described in our latest Chain Reaction report.
The chicken industry can’t do it alone, however, and leadership in the U.S. pork and beef sectors to reduce antibiotic use has been largely absent. No major pig or cattle producer has made a commitment to stop the use of medically important antibiotics in hogs or cattle that aren’t sick, e.g. for disease prevention—as the WHO now recommends.
Stronger leadership at the federal level could change that picture. Sec. Sonny Perdue at the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) recently acknowledged the need to address the resistance crisis, according to Politico Agriculture:
“We need to move faster, we need to be quicker, we need to move more aggressively in attacking this issue so that we don't have the kind of outbreaks” that could spread fear across the country, he said.
We hope Sec. Purdue will put his words into action. A good start would be for the USDA to set a concrete goal for reducing the overall use of medically important antibiotic sales/use across the major food animal species—in pork and beef, as well as in chicken and turkeys. A modest goal of shrinking current use of these precious antibiotics in animal agriculture by 25% would mean a rollback to antibiotic use at 2009 levels.
We know this level of reduction is very doable. Since 2009 the Netherlands, an important European livestock producer, has reduced its overall use of agricultural antibiotics by 64%.
Anyone who has ever needed antibiotics should be concerned about the overuse of antibiotics in our food supply. Let's hope the strong new WHO Guideline spurs more companies and more countries to take the actions that need to happen. Before it's too late.
The WHO commissioned development of its Guideline by a panel of outside experts—including infectious disease physicians, epidemiologist, and animal scientists—using a very structured, evidence-based approach. The result was peer-reviewed by another independent external review group, and then approved by WHO’s own Guidelines Review Committee. | <urn:uuid:2d0f6173-ef8c-4851-b66c-2a30b10802a6> | {
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Vaginal agenesis is a congenital disorder of the reproductive system affecting one in 5,000 females. It occurs when the vagina, the muscular canal connecting the cervix of the uterus to the vulva, stops developing because the vaginal plate fails to form the channel.
Vaginal agenesis affects 1 out of 5,000 to 7,000 female infants. 30 percent of patients with vaginal agenesis would have kidney abnormalities. 12 percent of girls with vaginal agenesis have skeletal abnormalities. Two thirds of those patients experience minor problems with the spine, ribs or limbs.
Vaginoplasty: Most young women, however, will require surgical reconstruction. Techniques vary widely, but the vagina can be constructed using a graft either of skin or a buccal mucosa or using a segment of large bowel. In the first procedure, the surgeon creates a vagina by harvesting a thin piece of skin from the patient's buttocks and placing it over a mold to create a vagina.
Research has been done on female subjects up to the age of 22 who are born with an anomaly of a reproductive organ, including vaginal agenesis. | <urn:uuid:70b9b865-ed4f-4dcd-a00f-43c762756eae> | {
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In southeastern Europe, data helps bolster LGBTI rights
Using polling data, the National Democratic Institute is helping LGBTI groups in southeastern Europe build their activist base.
As countries integrate or associate with the European Union (EU)—which espouses gender equality as a basic human right—Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex (LGBTI) rights in southeastern Europe have gained prominence. LGBTI groups now have an increased profile and more resources to combat physical threats, social ostracism, and economic discrimination. However, these groups have also suffered backlash in the form of discriminatory laws and violent acts. Shaped largely by misinformation, both deliberate and unwitting, on how LGBTI people live and what their equality means for society, public views on LGBTI rights in the region are predictably negative.
On average in Western Balkans countries—according to a 2015 opinion poll funded by USAID—58% of citizens believe homosexuality is a sickness, 54% believe that if homosexuality is normal then religion would approve it, and 50% believe that in a “normal” family, a child can’t become homosexual. There is also a direct correlation between knowing someone in the LGBTI community and having considerably less homophobic and transphobic attitudes—a key to lasting change. The problem is, in the Western Balkans only 1 in 10 citizens know someone who is LGBTI, compared to the US where 9 out of 10 citizens know someone who is an LGBTI community member.
Advocates must go beyond victimization with positive portrayals of LGBTI contributions to society.
Societies in this region also have fundamental problems with same-sex couples adopting children, although one third to one half support gay marriage rights. In addition, in this region three out of four LGBTI members been psychologically tortured and verbally abused, one out of four have been victims of physical violence, and one out of two has been discriminated against, all because of their sexual orientation and gender identity. However, on certain issues like fair treatment in employment and hate crimes protection, and among certain groups—such as youth, urbanites, and the professional class—there is still considerable opportunity to sway public opinion.
The National Democratic Institute (NDI) believes that a key ingredient to advance LGBTI rights is for these communities to clearly articulate demands for their full equality as citizens. At the same time, changing entrenched negative attitudes toward LGBTI issues and citizens means greater public exposure to the problems that LGBTI people face. Advocates must go beyond victimization with positive portrayals of LGBTI contributions to society.
With this in mind, NDI designed and commissioned a public opinion poll together with Civil Rights Defenders, the Victory Institute for gay and lesbian rights and local LGBTI organizations. We conducted this poll first in Serbia in 2014 and later in 2015 in six countries in the Balkans region of Europe: Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia. The goal of the research was to provide partners with unprecedented country-level information about public attitudes on LGBTI issues.
The research included in-person interviews (approximately 1,000 in each country) with the general population, an online survey of the LGBT community (with 655 total respondents), as well as separate sets of focus groups with the general population and LGBT persons (three sets in each of the six target countries). The results revealed low levels of knowledge about the groups comprising the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex communities, and a correspondingly high degree of resistance to conferring equal rights and opportunities based on sexual orientation and gender identity. At the same time, poll respondents roundly disavow physical violence against LGBTI members of society. And for certain demographic groups, among them young and urbanized citizens, there is a small and perhaps growing acceptance of LGBTI rights. The general population perceives discrimination and violence against LGBTI citizens to be far less in frequency and scope than LGBTI members report. The general population also rejects same-sex marriage, but is prepared to see some marriage-related rights extended to same-sex couples.
Press Association Images/Darko Vojinovic (All rights reserved)
LGTBI rights activists hold up a rainbow flag during gay pride march in Belgrade, Serbia, Sunday, Sept. 20, 2015.
In the last two years, civil society organizations (CSOs) have used this research to develop strong messages to engage government officials, MPs, the media and the general public. NDI also presented data from the poll to LGBTI groups, as well as to elected officials and the public at-large, across the Western Balkans. NDI assisted LGBTI groups to begin the long-term work of building their activist base, engaging the public to shift general sentiment, and advocating before legislators.
The immediate results of using this public opinion poll data have been impressive. In some countries, including Macedonia, Kosovo and Bosnia and Herzegovina, LGBTI groups and political leaders met in their first official engagements ever. This provided a unique opportunity for LGBTI organizations and political leaders to learn about the challenges, attitudes and perceptions that LGBTI people face in the Balkans. During our visits to five Western Balkan countries, NDI received affirmative responses from many government officials and political party leaders, many of whom committed to develop and advance policies to improve social and political protections for LGBTI persons. In addition to pride parades in Albania, Montenegro and Serbia, this year was also marked by low key, first-ever LGBTI related peaceful walks in Kosovo and Bosnia-Herzegovina. Activists learned from the poll that framing “Pride” as a peaceful walk resonates far better with society then the pride parade formulation. The presence of Hashim Thaci, President of Kosovo, on the peaceful walk organized in Pristina, demonstrated true progress in the dialogue between state officials and civil society organizations. In other Western Balkans countries, we are still waiting to see country leaders publically supporting LGBTI community members.
The media also picked up on this research, with a number of articles throughout the Western Balkans quoting the polling data. When data is used systematically and strategically, and messages are tailored well, there is indeed an open space in mainstream media for credible information about LGBTI communities and their position in the society. In the past, most mainstream articles were sensationalistic in a negative context, further boosting prejudice and stereotypes. However, from the new polling data, media outlets received credible and trustworthy information as well as well-shaped messages regarding the LGBTI community and their position in society, and we didn’t record a single negative article quoting this polling data.
Despite notable progress, NDI focus groups and interviews with LGBTI communities revealed that fear of publicly identifying as a sexual or gender minority was still a significant challenge. NDI’s public opinion polling in Serbia found that social perceptions of LGBTI persons improve when LGBTI organizations are more active and visible, and when the media covers activity by LGBTI groups in a positive light. Widespread discrimination and violence towards LGBTI individuals and activists often prevent activists from openly identifying their sexual orientation or gender identity, which in turn prevents them from taking part in public efforts to address these and related issues. Assisting LGBTI organizations to engage with citizens safely, and to increase public discourse with the media and political leaders, continues to be an important goal. There has been positive movement, but there is still a long way to go.
Marko Ivkovic is the Belgrade-based Program Director of the Regional Elections Administration and Political Processes Strengthening (REAPPS) Programs in the Western Balkans, run by the National Democratic Institute’s Consortium for Elections and Political Process Strengthening. | <urn:uuid:99096c4b-d1a2-497f-8769-1881802c37ac> | {
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An apple a day keeps the doctor away, and it can also help keep the blues at a good distance, too. What we eat greatly impacts our moods and emotional health, as well as our overall well-being, but food is not the only factor. In fact, several critical non-food factors can greatly improve your health. Just ask a truly healthy person how much time they spend doing the following.
Laughter: We all know it's the best medicine, but it's also an effective preventative. Experts have found that a sense of humor and not taking one's self too seriously can lead to a happier disposition and healthier constitution.
Face Fears: Anticipation is often much more frightening than whatever it is we think we fear. For those who push through fear and resistance and find the thing we thought was so scary wasn't actually all that bad, happiness comes much easier than for those who are too stifled by fear, and so does health. Suppressed fear has been linked to a number of chronic and acute illnesses.
Don't Take it Personally: don Miguel Ruiz's best-selling book The Four Agreements sheds light on a very important key to happiness: not taking other people's shit personally. When we stop worrying about other people's trauma and drama (and somehow making it about us, too), we are lighter and healthier in the long run.
Adventure: Exploring the world keeps us on our toes. It makes us truly present, and more our true selves as we navigate new terrain. This can inspire us with nature's grace and beauty, and also, breaking routine can keep our minds healthier and more active (and our bodies, too!).
Community: People who are active in a community are also more likely to be happy and healthy. When we feel connected and important to others, it can also boost our happiness and joy and our immunity. The same goes for a healthy relationship.
Hobbies: Creative expression is critical for human health happiness. And while many of us might not experience that in our jobs, having a hobby as an outlet for creativity can allow for a healthy release and keep us more balanced.
Pets: Scores of studies have shown that people who own pets live longer, happier and healthier lives. While poop patrol may seem to be a daunting and annoying task, the unconditional love and often silly behaviors intrinsic to our animal friends makes happiness come all too easily. And caring for another is one of the best things for our health.
Nature: We've only moved into these modern dense, polluted and chaotic cities in the last century. And what we've sacrificed—authentic time in nature—is making us less happy and less healthy. Research shows just five minutes in nature (1-2-3-4-5!) can show a markedly improved mood, improve brain function and strengthen immunity.
Keep in touch with Jill on Twitter @jillettinger
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enVisionmath2.0 s a comprehensive mathematics curriculum for Grades K-5. It offers the flexibility of print, digital, or blended instruction. enVisionmath2.0 provides the focus, coherence, and rigor needed to meet your standards. Project-based learning, visual learning strategies, and extensive customization options empower every teacher and student.
Problem-based learning drives student engagement and collaboration. Visual learning strategies, interactive practice, and built-in RtI activities help personalize the experience.
Find all resources, instruction, and assessments at point of use. You can quickly and easily customize content, auto-assign differentiation, and use real-time assessment data. | <urn:uuid:d9240a1a-c28a-4d1c-bff0-d3af3386f69f> | {
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Physical Therapy for Concussions
Written By Andy Zapata
Concussions are a common injury but one that is widely misunderstood. They can be sustained during a fall, a sports injury, or a car accident or in many other ways. Officially considered a traumatic brain injury (TBI), a concussion can affect daily functioning and can sometimes have long-term negative effects if not properly treated. Some common concussion symptoms include:
- Blurred vision
- Ringing ears
- Slurring speech
If you have suffered a head injury, you may have also received a concussion. Every head injury should be taken seriously and treated immediately. Car accidents are a common cause of concussions, sometimes resulting in injuries that the victim does not fully remember. If you have been in an accident where you sustained a blow to the head, seek immediate medical treatment, and ask to be evaluated for a concussion. After diagnosis and medical treatment, contact a physical therapy clinic that offers physical therapy for concussions.
Commonly Believed Concussion Myths
Concussions have received a great deal of media attention in recent years, particularly surrounding the National Football League (NFL) and concussions resulting from this contact support. Because of this, according to the American Physical Therapy Association, many people have become misinformed about the long-term severity and treatment of concussions.
One widely held belief is that a concussion is only a “mild” injury due to the term “mild traumatic brain injury.” This is simply not true. Concussions are still a brain injury and should be treated with the proper precautions. If you have suffered any form of head injury and experience any concussion symptoms, you should seek medical treatment immediately.
Another myth that is rapidly spreading due to media attention is that concussions have debilitating lifelong effects. While in some cases this could be true, this is simply not true. The truth is, concussions are treatable, and it is common for the patient to make a full recovery with no long-term effects.
Physical Therapy Treatments
Medical science research is discovering that physical therapy treatment for concussions is highly beneficial. Working with a team of physical therapists who collaborate with medical professionals is an invaluable resource in concussion recovery.
In many cases, it is important to undergo treatment for longer than previously thought and also to avoid situations where a concussion might have a greater chance at recurring even after the symptoms have disappeared.
There are several treatments a physical therapist will recommend for treating a concussion:
- Rest – Rest has been the most commonly prescribed treatment for concussions. But medical professionals are now learning that too much rest after a concussion can be a bad thing. It is important that you rest your eyes and brain in the early stages, but if your symptoms don’t improve, it’s time to try something else.
- Exercise for Strength and Blood Flow – Some studies in recent years have shown evidence that mild to moderate exercise helps accelerate the brain’s healing process through increased blood flow. It will also help strengthen any injured or weakened muscles and increase mood and focus through produced endorphins.
- Treat Whiplash – In many cases, whiplash and concussions occur simultaneously. If this happened to you, your physical therapist will provide treatment for whiplash while treating your concussion as well.
- Pain Management – You will be treated with pain management techniques specifically designed to treat concussion symptoms and improve your overall health.
Physical Therapy for Concussions
Sports injuries and car accidents are amongst the most common causes of concussions, but they can happen in dozens (if not hundreds) of ways. If you have suffered a concussion, contact Physical Therapy Now to schedule your first appointment and begin working with our trained experts toward a full recovery. | <urn:uuid:c1c5b569-6168-47b0-a51b-248bae71cb07> | {
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Oct 25, 2010
Contamination of British coastal waters with antidepressants is likely changing the behavior of prawns and other marine life, according to a study conducted by researchers from Portsmouth University.
In recent years, scientists have become increasingly aware that pharmaceutical products and byproducts are contaminating the world’s fresh- and saltwater. These come from products washed off human bodies and clothing, partially metabolized drugs given to humans and animals, and unmetabolized drugs discarded from hospitals and pharmaceutical plants.
“It’s no surprise that what we get from the pharmacy will be contaminating the waterways,” researcher Alex Ford said.
“Drugs are partially broken down in the treatment process but what we are realizing now is that a lot more gets through than we thought,” Ford said. “The treatment plants weren’t designed to break down medicines so some inevitably get concentrated [and] released into streams or onto beaches. Effluent is concentrated in river estuaries and coastal areas, which is where shrimps and other marine life live – this means that shrimps are taking on the excreted drugs of whole towns.”
To test the possible effects of this pollution, Ford and colleagues exposed prawns to the same levels of Prozac found in British wastewater. They found that the animals, which normally prefer hiding in dark places, became five times more likely to swim up toward light after drug exposure — thereby placing them at increased risk of being eaten by predators.
“Crustaceans are crucial to the food chain,” Ford said. “If behavior is being changed this could seriously upset the balance of the ecosystem.”
The researchers believe that, as in humans, Prozac is likely affecting the levels of serotonin in the brains of aquatic animals. The effects of other drugs — such as hormones, cholesterol drugs and antibiotics — remains unknown, as does the effect of drugs in combination.
This article was posted: Monday, October 25, 2010 at 3:25 am | <urn:uuid:a59a046c-935b-4688-90cd-535b3461d901> | {
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In the face of increasing demand for more effective and affordable healthcare, the life science industry is continuously battling to develop drugs and therapies to save and improve patients’ lives across the globe. Using the most technologically and scientifically advanced methods of today, pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies are now capable of developing new and innovative ways to treat disease, including many that were previously thought incurable. 2018 and the years beyond bring promise of an exciting period within R&D.
Here are just a few highlights of what’s going on in R&D in 2018:
Alzheimer’s disease is one of the most prevalent challenges of modern medicine. To date, no pharmaceutical company has successfully developed a drug to treat Alzheimer’s, a debilitating neurodegenerative disease and the most common form of dementia in the elderly.
Aducarumab is Biogen’s last remaining Alzheimer’s drug still in development – the others were unfortunately unsuccessful during clinical trials. This experimental drug has been marked as a risky pipeline candidate as it uses a new practice called binding. This binding process has been shown to target and reduce amyloid plaques – responsible for the degeneration of brain cells – in Alzheimer’s patients following long-term and gradually increasing dose therapy.
If Phase III clinical trials continue to go well, Biogen could bring to market the first ever drug to treat Alzheimer’s disease, making it one of the most anticipated drugs currently in development.
Dupilumab could be the world’s first biologic drug for moderate to severe atopic dermatitis, the most common form of eczema. The condition causes the patient’s skin to become dry, cracked, red and inflamed. In the UK alone, 1.5 million adults have this chronic condition, of which 6 out of every 100,000 live with severe cases. Although not life-threatening, the auto-immune disease can seriously affect quality of life, affecting patients’ sleep and increasing the likelihood of anxiety and depression.
The biologic drug, developed by Sanofi Genzyme and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, is a recombinant human monoclonal antibody that blocks the ‘signals’ of two substances thought to be responsible for the inflammatory response in patients. Dupilumab would be a significant breakthrough for patients who do not respond to topical steroids, which is the primary method of treatment for eczema.
In a series of trials, dupilumab showed that more than 75% of patients experienced a significant improvement in their skin; either achieving a score of ‘clear’ or ‘almost clear’. Once the inflammation is under control, the skin can begin to heal itself, improving quality of life for eczema sufferers.
Another R&D project causing a stir in the pharmaceutical industry is Novartis’ first-line treatment of HR+/HER2 advanced or metastatic breast cancer (cancer that has spread from the primary tumour) in post-menopausal women. The drug, LEE011, proved very successful in clinical trials when used alongside letrozole, the main therapy used to treat this type of cancer.
LEE011 works by slowing the progression of cancer by blocking two proteins that when over-activated, cause cancer cells to grow and divide at a fast rate. The drug has proved to significantly extend the progression-free survival in all patient types during clinical trials, reducing risk of progression by 44% - even in some of the most serious and advanced cases.
The success of LEE011 so far has caused the US Food & Drug Administration to grant it Priority Review which will mean a shorter review period, allowing patient’s quicker access to this potentially life-saving cancer treatment. Similarly, the FDA’s European counterpart the European Medicines Agency (EMA) has accepted it for review, and other Health Authorities around the world are also working to authorise LEE011 as soon as possible.
ABP 501 is a biosimilar of adalimumab that is able to treat a wide range of inflammatory conditions including rheumatoid arthritis, chronic plaque psoriasis, Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. The biosimilar, developed by Amgen, has an active ingredient called an anti-TNF-α monoclonal antibody, which has the same amino acid sequence as adalimumab.
Amgen’s Executive Vice President of R&D hails ABP 501 as “a significant milestone for [Amgen’s] biosimilars portfolio and an important step in developing high-quality biologic medicines for patients with chronic inflammatory disease.” Indeed, the creation of biosimilars ensure that more patients are able to gain access to affordable treatments that can significantly alleviate the devastating symptoms of chronic diseases.
A potential breakthrough for rare blood disorders, lanadelumab is another closely watched drug currently in development. Lanadelumab is an investigational drug created by Shire Pharmaceuticals to treat the hereditary blood disorder angioedema (HAE). The condition causes regular, rapid swelling under the skin, most commonly in the hands, feet, eyes and lips. Swelling is caused by a build-up of fluid in the deeper layers of skin, which can sometimes be life-threatening.
The genetic condition is thought to only affect 1 per 50,000-150,000, granting lanadelumab orphan drug status. Following very successful clinical trials, lanadelumab reduced recurrent swelling attacks by 87% in patients, compared to those taking a placebo. If approved, the new drug could offer HAE patients a long-term treatment that significantly reduces the occurrence of attacks and greatly improves their quality of life.
One of the pharmaceutical industry’s hottest topics is CAR-T cancer therapies, which are, an innovative and effective way to treat various types of the deadly disease. JCAR017 is a new CAR-T therapy developed by Juno Therapeutics and Celgene, and is a promising treatment for patients with aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL).
JCAR017 works in the same way as other CAR-T therapies, by stimulating the patient’s immune system, i.e. their own healthy T-cells, to fight the cancer cells. T-cells are a natural defence against abnormal or infected cells but cancer often overrides them, resulting in malignant tumours that the body cannot fight alone. Juno’s JCAR017 reprograms the patient’s T-cells to target a specific protein found in cancerous B-cells, effectively telling the T-cells to track down and kill the cancer.
So far, the overall response rate has been positive at 76%, with 39% of patients achieving complete remission and having no traces of cancer remaining. Clinical trials continue to investigate whether higher doses are more effective, and possible without increased toxicity. As of December 2016, JCAR017 was labelled a breakthrough therapy, making it one of the most anticipated R&D projects today.
Although for many of these drugs the road to market authorisation is long and not without setbacks, the rate of progress in key areas such as Alzheimer’s disease and cancer is remarkable and will undoubtedly lead to many more breakthroughs in 2018 and beyond.
Proclinical partners with many of these leading life science companies that develop live-saving drugs, therapies and devices. If you are interested in working for innovative pharma, biotech or medical device companies, consider engaging with Proclinical for your next job search. To get started, upload your CV or apply directly to any of our current opportunities. | <urn:uuid:3419af7f-387a-4688-b82f-d5bf9a9b34e4> | {
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Catch-Up: Online Education Resources
Online Education Resources
The Catch-up program is designed for refugee and vulnerable newcomer youth ages 14-21, providing them with after school support tailored to their learning and social integration needs. Catch-up has three components. The first is small group after school tutoring sessions focused on helping students catch-up with math and science skills using a hybrid learning environment. The tutor guides the youth in using QED’s Catch-up e-learning resources but also provides one on one support. QED’s innovative e-learning educational resources are there to bridge educational gaps and address the educational challenges of refugees. The second component is workshops for the caregivers to engage them in helping their children catch up at school, access resources and integrate successfully. The third component of the program is information sessions for settlement workers across Ontario to build capacity and bring this program to areas where Catch-up does not run. The program is built on two main components that are tailored to support the students’ learning process and social integration needs.
1. The first component is an introductory workshop for the caregivers, settlement workers, and the actual learners to introduce them to the platform and answer questions around navigation, and usage of platform as a tool to support the learning needs of the student.
2. The second component is the online chat that is available to assist the teachers and students as they use the platform and have questions.
Catch-up session in Scarborough, ON.
Catch Up Circulation Flyer in Rose Avenue Public School, Toronto
The Catch-Up program serves QED’s vision in empowering and connecting communities by providing innovative e-learning educational resources and bridging gaps between communities to further guarantee equity of access to resources for the newcomer and refugee communities. This project has been carried out in various cities across the GTA since its start in partnership with the Arab Community Centre of Toronto (ACCT) and the Syrian Canadian Foundation (SCF). In 2018, the Catch- up has been successfully implemented in Mississauga, Toronto, and Scarborough was hosted at different locations in collaboration with settlement organizations, including Culture-link, Catholic Crosscultural Services, and the Afghan Women’s Organization. | <urn:uuid:daab5adc-a059-4eeb-9955-3e39fec69759> | {
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The Messianic Writings
The Messianic Writings as translated and annotated by Daniel Gruber represent, the first attempt to render the texts about Yeshua (Jesus) into English from Jewish-Greek. Common translations erroneously operate as if these writings were originally written in a Christian, rather than a Jewish, idiom. However, an enormous and continually growing body of scholarship demonstrates that this was certainly not the case. Anyone familiar with the works of David Flusser, James Charlesworth, Daniel Boyarin, David Bivin, Oskar Skarsaune, or other leading researchers in the field will immediately recognize the validity and importance of translating from a first-century Jewish context instead of anachronistically and inappropriately from a Gentile Christian one. Today such an approach is widely accepted, at least in theory -- much more so than a century ago when Yosef Klausner began to urge studying Yeshua in his first-century Jewish context. Nonetheless, until now no one had actually made an English translation from the correct language or dialect: Hebraic or Judeo-Greek.
The book consists essentially of four parts: an introduction; the translation itself; notes attached to the translation; and additional notes or brief essays on specific questions of interpretation, usually related to enigmatic passages.
In his introduction, Gruber explains that the LXX "is an indispensable bridge for understanding the ways in which words are used in the Messianic Writings". He describes his approach to translation in general and to the various manuscripts and textual compilations. He argues that Christian "New Testaments" often distort the original meaning of the texts due to theological bias and misinterpretation. Such errors in interpretation and translation -- such as the infamous "synagogue of Satan" rendering in Revelation -- have often fed into anti-Jewish sentiment and persecution throughout history, including "violent, tragic events". Though no translation is perfect, this one at least has the advantage of starting from a historically defensible perspective on the original language and context. | <urn:uuid:deee1a48-4da1-462e-a8b0-ffe1d9ca370b> | {
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Weaponization(s) of emerging and exponential technologies in not a new phenomenon in human history. From European colonization of the Americas to the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, human beings have sought to dominate each other by any and all means necessary, using whatever technological advances available.
But not all the dangers of exponential and emerging technologies are so obvious. With the evolution of Big Tech, we are all constantly being manipulated, monitored and monetized to the point where most of us are simply overwhelmed by the conversation.
In this article, I’ll talk about some of the legislation that covers the Ethical use of Technology, take a look at the human history of technology abuses and how we can move forward.
- The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is the most important change in data privacy regulation in 20 years. This sweeping legislation issued billions of dollars of fines to Google and Facebook for violations – to date, I can’t find any proof that those fines have been paid.
- Executive branch employees of the Federal Government are upheld to a code of conduct under the Code of Federal Regulations 5 C.F.R. Part 2635. Part 2635. The list of scandals and violations by executive branch employees is so lengthy, it’s 38 pages on Wikipedia.
- The Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal was a major political scandal in early 2018 when it was revealed that Cambridge Analyticahad harvested the personal data of millions of peoples’ Facebook profiles without their consent and used it for political advertising purposes. It has been described as a watershed moment in the public understanding of personal data and precipitated a massive fall in Facebook’s stock price and calls for tighter regulation of tech companies’ use of personal data. Despite the results of this scandal, not much has changed in how companies are collecting and selling our information. As far as I can tell, Facebook’s stock price is doing very well.
- Over 300 data brokerage companies exist that are collecting information on all of us and publishing it on the Internet, with no oversight and no regulation. While some of these companies offer easy opt-out solutions, many of them seem very sketchy. And you must continue to opt out – it’s not a one-time effort.
- Google claims it’s persuasive artificial intelligence is designed to help users have a better Internet experience (a Wellbeing Initiative), but Congress and the American public aren’t convinced.
I’m frequently asked about what the content should be for more laws surrounding the use of technology. Techno ethics, the ethics of technology, is not a new field of study or policy. We have more than enough laws already in place.
- United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Since the 1970’s, UNESCO has an established policy to build ethics into science and technology applications.
- The University of Twente published an ethics policy that identifies applications before the implementation of emerging and exponential technologies.
- Numerous corporate scandals came out in 2018. In each one of these cases, the corporations involved published code(s) of ethics and conduct.
- The California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 goes into law in January 2020. But nonprofit organizations are completely exempt and there is still time for lawmakers to change the language of the law.
We know that emerging and exponential technologies have the power to do harm as well as good. We’ve written any number of laws and policies for government and industry that propose how these technologies should be used.
So, what’s the problem?? Why do we continue to see violation after violation with no real change?? The answer is simple and it’s only two words: ETHICS WASHING. Ethics Washing is derived from “Greenwashing”, and means that an organization or government publishes a policy about ethical use of technologies and business practices, but in fact, does something totally different (and usually opposite).
We don’t need any more laws. We need the ability to enforce the ones we have. And we need to understand that Big Money is the driving force behind the collection and sale of information.
It’s discouraging even writing about these scandals and abuses. But as I think about the Everything Cities™ design and what other local communities are doing, I do see a hope for a better way.
Smart Cities have unlimited potential to make life better for a wider group of citizens, mitigate climate change and environmental concerns and once and for all address the disparity conditions that exist in our societies. But they are also going to be collecting massive amounts of information. From pollution and climate sensors, to water usage to restaurant spending, there is no limit to what information a Smart City CAN collect on its citizen population.
The Barcelona Digital City Initiative has defined a “technological sovereignty” policy: where technology should be oriented to and serve local residents rather than its current primary purpose being to extract profit and municipal technologies should be owned by public commons rather than by private companies.
This technological sovereignty policy is something that citizens can demand from their cities. It’s a new paradigm. I for one haven’t ever really believed I had the power to make change in my community or my government (if you don’t believe me, call your Senator or Congressperson office and ask to speak directly to them – I hope you have a lot of time to waste/wait). But Smart Cities demand Smart Citizens. These citizens will not just eat, play and live all in one place, they will have to contribute. Accountability for government, business and people will be the guiding principles of smart cities – they have to be. Lack of oversight, lack of enforcement, corruption and lack of accountability have gotten us all to this place in human history. Check out the World debt clock. How long does anyone realistically believe this can continue?
Solutions for the Ethical use of Technology
- A commitment to Technological sovereignty.
- Change the apathetical, ineffective government agencies we currently have into pillars of compliance and enforcement, subject to measurement, performance and accountability metrics.
- Stop lobbying of government officials ENTIRELY. When government officials can be influenced by money or favors, they can’t possibly be impartial.
- Citizens committed to holding their governments and their cities accountable by participating in the conversation.
- Take responsibility for protecting your personal data and limit the amount of questions we answer “yes” to:
- Protect your driver’s license It’s become common practice for retailers, medical practices and grocery stores to scan driver’s licenses. ASK – why do you need this information? What are you doing with this information? Your driver’s license magnetic strip contains Personally Identifiable Information (PII) and you have the RIGHT to protect that information.
- Opt out of data broker services.
- Don’t overshare ANY personal information, vacation plans, etc. on Social Media
- Review all the application permissions on your Smartphone. Only allow permissions that are absolutely necessary. WHY do games need access to my microphone????
- “I can’t remember all those different passwords” is not an excuse. “Purple” is not a password. Use a password manager application to protect your accounts and access.
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The workplace is the leading cause of eye trauma with 2000 workers each day suffering some sort of injury. The workplace is also a major cause of vision impairment. In fact, noise pollution is one of the most common workplace hazards. Yet, you have only got one pair of eyes and ears. It is your responsibility to take good care of them.
Never be relaxed about wearing safety goggles and ear muffs when working with machinery and hand held electrical equipment. The noises and vibrations from such equipment are potential health hazards. Always choose power tools that have the lowest vibration, muffle the noise they produce and have the longest trigger. Do not use noisy power tools for more than 30 minutes without a break.
Be sure to wear proper eye protection at all times. There is a wide selection of safety eyewear including safety goggles, glasses, face shields, welding helmets, and full face respirators. If you do suffer an eye injury, you need to know where the wash fountain is located. Clean your eyes as quickly as possible.
You should have your eyesight checked regularly to make sure that your vision is good enough for you to do your job safely. | <urn:uuid:436675ae-1ecb-484e-a306-a2967d9df46e> | {
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Coaxial (Coax) Connectors
Along with the many types of coax cables there are to pick from, there is also an assortment of different coax connectors. When selecting a connector, you need to make sure you select one rated for the cable you are assembling. The back end of the connector that attaches to the coax cable needs to be the right size for installation. If the connector is too small, it will not fit. If it is too big, the connector will not secure properly and can be pulled off or even just fall off.
The type of connector you need will be determined by the equipment used with the coax cable. A television coax connection, for example, uses an F-type connector as the industry standard. Not every connector can be used with every type of coax cable, but all types of coax cables do support multiple types of connectors.
Every connector comes in two versions, male and female. A male connector will have a pin in the center while a female connector has a hole. If you are using an RP (Reverse Polarity) connector, this is switched. Male RP will have the hole while female RP has the pin. The term “reverse polarity” refers to the fact that the hole and pin are switched. They do not change the polarity of the signal going through the cable.
RP connectors were originally implemented by the FCC to try to stop members of the public from using antennas and other equipment to boost their Wi-Fi signals, in violation of federal law. This worked for a few years but now RP connectors are just as available on the open market as their conventional counterparts.
Common types of coax connectors include:
- UHF (PL-259/SO-239)
BNC (Bayonet Neill-Concelman) connectors are available for most types of coax cable. They come in both 50 ohm and 75 ohm versions. Originally developed in the 1980s for military use, today BNC connectors are commonly used on radios and security cameras. They are used at low frequencies, typically below 4 GHz.
TNC (Threaded Neil-Concelman) is an upgraded version of BNC that uses threads to secure itself. These threads minimize leakage and allow the connectors to work at frequencies up to 12 GHz. TNC also has the benefit of being weatherproof and is commonly used for outdoor applications like antennas and cell towers. A reverse polarity version is also available.
F-type connectors are the type of connector seen on the backs of televisions. These connectors are most commonly used on RG59, RG6, and RG11 cable, although there are other options. They can be used for antenna, cable, and satellite television as well as cable modems.
N-series connectors, named after inventor Paul Neill, are a 50 ohm connector originally developed for military use. 75 oh versions do exist today, but they are much less common and incompatible with the 50 ohm version. Modern N-series connectors can handle frequencies up to 18 GHz and are also available in reverse polarity.
UHF connectors are also referred to as PL-259 (male) and SO-239 (female). Originally built for military use during World War II, today UHF connectors are primarily used for amateur radios. At 50 ohms, it is most commonly seen on RG58 and RG8 as well as their LMR equivalents. There is also a Mini-UHF version designed for equipment where space is limited, like a cell phone.
SMA (Subminiature A) is a miniature sized threaded connector that is much smaller than most other coax options. At 50 ohms, it is usually used on RG58 or thinner coax at frequencies up to 24 GHz and is environmentally sealed. They are also available in reverse polarity. SMB (Subminiature B) is used with high-frequency equipment built for a maximum transmission of 4 GHz, with a snap-on connection.
QMA is an upgrade to SMA, being built to connect/disconnect easily and quickly. This is a newer type of coax connector, introduced in 2003, and has not widely caught on yet. Until QMA becomes more widespread, the number of coax cables it is available for will be limited.
FME is another 50 ohm miniature connector that is mainly used with RG58. The small size of FME allows it to be run through holes and conduit that other coax connectors are too large for.
PAL (Phase Alternating Line) is a type of connection used in Australia, most of Europe, and parts of Asia, Africa, and South America. In the United States, the only time you will see PAL is if you need an adapter for connecting to a piece of equipment manufactured to international standards.
MC (Microcoaxial), MCX (Micro Coaxial Connector), and MMCX (Micro-Miniature Coaxial) are all types of downsized coax connectors used in areas where other coax connectors would take up too much space. MC is used for cars, antennas, and GPS. MCX was developed for the Apple Airport Extreme Base Station’s antenna and is also used on GPS. MMCX also sees use on GPS in additional to being used on tuners for computers to connect to Wi-Fi.
DIN/Mini-DIN cables for single line coax come in a few varieties. 1.0/2.3 was developed in the 90s for telecom systems. The 50 ohm version works with frequencies up to 10 GHz while the 75 ohm version supports a maximum of 4 GHz. 4.1/9.5 and 4.3/10 have similar functionality but are larger sizes, for use with thicker types of coax cable. 7/16 is a full-sized 50 ohm DIN that looks similar to an N-series connector. These connectors are German designed and known for their ability to support high levels of power.
TS-9 is a very small connector used in compact devices like cell phones. Its small size means it must be used with very thin cable, such as LMR-100 and LMR-195.
NMO connectors are removable connectors that double as antenna mounts, designed to be used with Motorola products. They are used with RG58 and LMR-195 cable. | <urn:uuid:063b1ae9-ad00-4d03-b705-0be9ece83ddc> | {
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Some Don't Like It Hot
If you’ve lived in Arizona for at least one summer, you are familiar with how hot it can become outside. Since we cannot stop our lives, we occasionally need to be outside under these extreme conditions. Being exposed to such high temperatures, even for a short period of time, can lead to heat exhaustion and eventually heat stroke.
Various types of people are at risk for developing heat stroke and heat exhaustion. Athletes for example, who perform rigorous exercise in these conditions, may be at risk without proper precautions. However, the elderly and those with chronic medical conditions are also at a higher risk. This is due to the fact that as we age the body’s ability to regulate its temperature becomes impaired and those with certain medical conditions may be on medications that blunt these mechanisms. Dehydration, poor physical condition, obesity and not being acclimated to such extreme conditions also leave people more susceptible to developing heat exhaustion and heat stroke.
The mortality rate of those that develop heat stroke is quite high. That is why it is very important to recognize the signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion, so therapy can be initiated quickly to prevent the progression to heat stroke. Early symptoms to look for are: muscle cramps, rapid heart rate or palpitations, fast breathing, headache, lightheadedness, confusion, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. These can symptoms can occur together or individually. Once you start having symptoms, it is imperative to rest and cool down the body right away as delaying therapy can lead to organ damage and even death.
Once symptoms of heat exhaustion are recognized, the treatment is focused on lowering the body’s core temperature. This can be done in several ways such as: spraying oneself with water and standing in front of a fan, seeking out shade or cover, removing any extra clothing, taking a cool shower or bath, drinking cool water and/or sports drinks (to help cool the body internally and replenish lost fluids), and/or place a cold pack or towel around the neck or in the armpits.
I cannot stress it enough; the best way to treat heat exposure is to avoid exposure to extreme temperatures all together. However, if this is not possible, be sure to take frequent breaks when being active in such extreme conditions, make sure to stay well hydrated (even if you are not thirsty), try to perform activities earlier in the day when it is cooler, and wear loose, light-weight clothing.
Dr. Joshua Millstein earned his medical degree at the Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine in Glendale and completed his internship and residency at St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center in Phoenix. He is a board-certified internist who practiced at several Valley locations since 2007 and joined SMGAZ in May 2016. | <urn:uuid:92ffba25-8b99-45a0-9a01-b868cc5b4ab6> | {
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All healthcare providers, at some point in their career, will be called upon to go beyond medical decision-making and traverse into the realm of medical ethics. The intersection of medicine and law has provided physicians with tools to guide this process, especially when attempting to make decisions for patients who cannot make decisions for themselves. This field of advance care planning (ACP) has been defined as “…a process that supports adults at any age or stage of health in understanding and sharing their personal values, life goals, and preferences regarding future medical care.” The essential documents that outline these values, goals, and preferences in one's medical record are too often missing entirely.
Perhaps the most important tool to be aware of when navigating these kinds of situations is the healthcare power of attorney.
What is Power of Attorney?
A general power of attorney may be a person or an organization, known as the agent or attorney-in-fact, that has been given powers to act on another person’s behalf. While this can extend beyond the scope of making healthcare decisions for a specific individual, health care power of attorney will be the focus of the article here.
What constitutes a Health Care Power of Attorney?
Health care power of attorney grants in writing a particular agent the power to make healthcare decisions on another's behalf. This decision is usually in tandem with a durable power of attorney, which is essentially a proviso of the health care power of attorney that safeguards the power of attorney if a person loses the functional capacity to make their own decisions. Given that this is the normal circumstance under which a health care power of attorney becomes activated, the form one fills out to designate decision-making powers is usually headlined “Durable Power of Attorney for Healthcare Decisions” (commonly referred to in the literature in acronym form, DPOAHC). A synonym for a durable power of attorney for healthcare decisions is a health care proxy.
What’s the difference between Health Care Power of Attorney and a Living Will?
A health care power of attorney is as described above. A living will is a written statement by the person in question, whereby specific wishes are stated and made known. It does not designate a particular agent to have decision-making power in certain circumstances; only one’s preferred choices regarding individual decisions should they arise (e.g., if the patient would like resuscitation or intubation as potential life-saving maneuvers). A living will may be used by a designated health care power of attorney to help guide their decision-making.
Can more than one person be designated Health Care Power of Attorney?
Yes, if it is the wish of the patient, multiple people can be selected to have decision-making powers. Additionally, a backup agent should always be designated in the case that the primary agent is unable to serve in their assigned role when needed. It should be clear in these cases if each of the agents can act independent of the others or if they must make joint decisions. While multiple agents allow for checks and balances, and arguably a more reasoned approach to decision-making, it comes at the cost of time and potential disagreements, which can delay the delivery of the necessary care (or lack thereof).
Who should designate a Health Care Power of Attorney?
Everybody should designate a healthcare power of attorney. Studies have shown that the prevalence of ACP participation ranges from a mere 18% to 36% among U.S. adults. Even in younger patients with no medical comorbidities, many unforeseen events can lead to a loss of mental capacity. This preparation is vital to ensure that care delivery is in accordance with your wishes. Studies show that especially with regards to end-of-life care involving life-sustaining treatment, the values and preferences of patients disagree significantly from the wishes of family members. Furthermore, while many ACP documents are web-based, many do not link to the electronic health record (EHR), making an early discussion of ACP crucial to honor the patient’s wishes at the end of life. A power of attorney only has validity if you are of sound mind when signing the document. If you feel that your mental competence may be in question, you can have a doctor verify it for you in writing at the time of signing.
Why should Physicians care about Power of Attorney?
In a survey of ED physicians, only 31% self-reported themselves as very/extremely confident that they could find and use ACP documentation for patients under their care, even though 78% found power of attorney documentation as very/extremely useful, and up to 90% finding the same utility in some form of advance-care planning.
While the EHR is not without its faults, it provides an accessible format with which to obtain, store, and refer to ACP documents such as a power of attorney. Research shows that the presence of an ACP document modality in an EHR has a positive influence on the availability of ACP documents when needed. Along with awareness initiatives at all levels of healthcare, availability of an ACP documentation system should be a directed goal when evaluating an EHR at any institution.
Other initiatives to increase participation in ACP include the use of a patient portal that utilizes electronic messaging with healthcare team members. Recent studies suggest that the use of technology in this way both increases ACP documentation rates as well as the self-reported level of convenience of documentation by patients, a known significant barrier to the creation of these documents.
The performing of medical care against that patient's wishes violates their autonomy and has even been defined as a form of medical error in the literature. From a role of power within the healthcare community, emergency physicians have both the ability and responsibility to advocate for patients and demand a system that elevates their ability to practice in accordance with the wishes of their patients.
What is the difference between mental capacity and competence, and how are these determined?
Historically, a difference between mental competency (a legal determination) and capacity (a functional, clinical assessment) received emphasis; however, recent literature suggests this distinction is less important than initially thought. The evaluation to determine capacity must be by a physician and can be done so by a trusted physician if specifically requested in the power of attorney document. In time-sensitive situations or when the requested physician is unavailable or not designated at all, two licensed physicians must agree on the mental status of the patient in question.
The process of determining capacity is one of the most vital functions of the physician seeking to enact a power of attorney for decision-making. Broadly, this assessment can take place with the following approach:
It is important to remember that capacity is not static and can change from absent to present as a patient progresses through the healing process. Similarly, a patient’s non-capacity to make one decision does not necessarily deem that patient not to have the capacity to make any other decisions regarding their care.
Why is the Power of Attorney Important Clinically in the Emergency Department?
The course of patients that enter the hospital links inextricably to the care they receive within the emergency room, and this has important ethical and financial implications for the patient and patient’s family, the physicians involved, and the hospital. It is often the case that upon initiation of treatment that sustains the life of the patient, be it ventilator support for breathing or vasopressor support for proper circulation, it becomes challenging to adhere to the desires of the patient in question. This situation becomes especially true if doing so would mean direct harm to the patient’s immediate chances of survival.
As frontline providers, emergency physicians are afforded the unique opportunity to broach important ACP questions with patients and their families early, and in doing so can pave the way for all physicians to provide compassionate care that empowers patients to live their last few moments on their own terms. Proactively participating in ACP with families has been shown to fundamentally improve the costs of providing care while also diminishing the likelihood of stress, anxiety, and depression in surviving relatives. Furthermore, ACP was associated with increased quality of end-of-life care, including less in-hospital death and increased use of hospice. The multivariable benefits of ACP availability in patient care should invigorate the moral sensibilities of ER physicians, who carry a fiduciary duty to act per the patient's interests and can better serve these interests by utilizing documentation for power of attorney.
|||Sudore RL,Lum HD,You JJ,Hanson LC,Meier DE,Pantilat SZ,Matlock DD,Rietjens JAC,Korfage IJ,Ritchie CS,Kutner JS,Teno JM,Thomas J,McMahan RD,Heyland DK, Defining Advance Care Planning for Adults: A Consensus Definition From a Multidisciplinary Delphi Panel. Journal of pain and symptom management. 2017 May; [PubMed PMID: 28062339]|
|||Heyland DK,Barwich D,Pichora D,Dodek P,Lamontagne F,You JJ,Tayler C,Porterfield P,Sinuff T,Simon J, Failure to engage hospitalized elderly patients and their families in advance care planning. JAMA internal medicine. 2013 May 13; [PubMed PMID: 23545563]|
|||Detering KM,Hancock AD,Reade MC,Silvester W, The impact of advance care planning on end of life care in elderly patients: randomised controlled trial. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 2010 Mar 23; [PubMed PMID: 20332506]|
|||Austin CA,Mohottige D,Sudore RL,Smith AK,Hanson LC, Tools to Promote Shared Decision Making in Serious Illness: A Systematic Review. JAMA internal medicine. 2015 Jul; [PubMed PMID: 25985438]|
|||Cresswell MA,Robinson CA,Fyles G,Bottorff JL,Sudore R, Evaluation of an advance care planning web-based resource: applicability for cancer treatment patients. Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer. 2018 Mar; [PubMed PMID: 28929291]|
|||Lakin JR,Isaacs E,Sullivan E,Harris HA,McMahan RD,Sudore RL, Emergency Physicians' Experience with Advance Care Planning Documentation in the Electronic Medical Record: Useful, Needed, and Elusive. Journal of palliative medicine. 2016 Jun; [PubMed PMID: 27203483]|
|||Bose-Brill S,Kretovics M,Ballenger T,Modan G,Lai A,Belanger L,Koesters S,Pressler-Vydra T,Holloman C,Wills C, Testing of a tethered personal health record framework for early end-of-life discussions. The American journal of managed care. 2016 Jul 1; [PubMed PMID: 27442309]|
|||Tieu C,Chaudhry R,Schroeder DR,Bock FA,Hanson GJ,Tung EE, Utilization of Patient Electronic Messaging to Promote Advance Care Planning in the Primary Care Setting. The American journal of hospice [PubMed PMID: 27188759]|
|||Fine RL,Yang Z,Spivey C,Boardman B,Courtney M, Early experience with digital advance care planning and directives, a novel consumer-driven program. Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center). 2016 Jul; [PubMed PMID: 27365867]|
|||Allison TA,Sudore RL, Disregard of patients' preferences is a medical error: comment on [PubMed PMID: 23545699]|
|||Bischoff KE,Sudore R,Miao Y,Boscardin WJ,Smith AK, Advance care planning and the quality of end-of-life care in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2013 Feb; [PubMed PMID: 23350921]| | <urn:uuid:a72565fc-189f-4ae8-a3c6-804256f546b1> | {
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Edmund Burke (1729-1797)
Print of Burke after Reynolds, c.1767-1769, Aged 38-40. TCD MS 8402/20
Born at 12 Arran Quay, Dublin on 12 January 1729, Edmund Burke graduated from Trinity College Dublin in 1748. As a student he founded what would later become the College Historical Society, the oldest student society in the world. It was here that he honed his legendary debating skills.
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This foldable fits perfectly in an interactive notebook.
Copy pages 2-3 front to back on the short edge. Fold the paper in half, open it up, then fold the left side in half again. Have students cut on the dashed lines. The flap above the equal and plus sign should be removed. When closed, it should have Slope-Intercept form on the front. Open it one time, and y=,x+b is seen. Then you can open each flap showing what each piece means.
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The year was 2013. Abhishek Verma, who hailed from Kanpur, was pursuing his first-year mechanical engineering at Ghaziabad’s Inderprastha Engineering College.
For the longest time, a big open sewer known as Surya Nagar Nala, flowed beside the student hostel, inconveniencing the students.
While others around him complained about the foul stench from the sewer, scrunching their noses up in disgust when passing by, Abhishek thought of it as an opportunity for innovation.
From a young age, Abhishek was inclined towards science. He would often open up electronic gadgets to decode their working or find innovative solutions to tackle any problem at hand.
So when the dirty water from the Surya Nagar Nala foamed and let out gas bubbles, Abhishek remembered learning about the decomposition process of organic waste within the sewer.
He got another classmate, Abhinendra Patel, on board, collected a sample of this gas, and sent it for testing to IIT-Delhi.
When the lab conducted a Gas Chromatography test, the duo found that the gas being released from the drain had the same composition as gobar gas or biogas, where the percentage of methane was 65 per cent. This made it inflammable.
Speaking to The Better India, Abhishek says, “My immediate thought was–how can we develop a system which can effectively trap and extract this gas and use it for daily purposes?”
The two then worked on a prototype. The gas extracted would help Shiv Prasad, the proprietor of the nearby Ramu tea-stall.
In June 2014, they demonstrated the concept at Shiv Prasad’s stall.
How did it work?
When they found that the drain released 60-70 per cent methane gas, they took a set of six drums, put them in a secondary case, connected them with iron barricades and submerged them into the open drain.
The drums trapped the gas and began to rise, as the pressure inside them increased. This gas was then extracted from the drums with the help of pipes which were connected to the stove, and a valve could tap it as per the requirement.
The system was praised by local media that termed it ‘gutter gas’. It helped Ramu Tea-stall earn four times its previous income without a dependence on LPG.
The six-unit system was set up at the cost of Rs 5,000 and extracted 200 litres of gas.
While some customers were sceptic about the use of gutter gas, the business only grew when the taste or quality of the tea wasn’t compromised. Moreover, it was a sustainable way of turning waste into wealth.
The stall owner, who once made Rs 5,000 a month, made the same amount within a week once his LPG expenses went down to zero.
The students exhibited the project to the Ghaziabad Development Authority (GDA) who rejected the proposal, suspecting the method to be unsafe and possibly leading to a mishap.
After that, graduation led the duo to go their own paths. Abhishek, however, took the project forward and founded PAV Engineers, an LLP firm to commercialise the system.
His work found a special mention in PM Narendra Modi’s speech on world biofuel day, August 10, 2018, at Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi.
“After the Prime Minister mentioned this technology, people across the country came forward to adopt it. It created an awareness about renewable energy sources among common people,” says Abhishek.
After 2013, he started focusing on the parameters that would make it appealing and consumer-friendly to its target audience.
“My focus was to make it low-maintenance, easy-to-install and create a system where the investment could be recovered within a short period. It’s been six years since we built our first prototype and it continues to function well till date. The newer model with some modifications has a durability of 7-10 years.”
When asked about the advantages of the system, he quips,
“It replaces the use of LPG. The setup uses no electricity and it converts methane into a green fuel that can be used for secondary purposes like cooking or even extracting fuel for vehicles, rather than letting it escape into the atmosphere and cause air pollution.”
He further explains, “Methane has 70 per cent more impact on global warming when compared to carbon dioxide. What better way to channelise and recycle it? And since our fossil fuels are burning at a rapid speed, this method could spell hope. The gas generated from the sewer can be used as a substitute for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) for cooking and even Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) to fuel vehicles or automobiles.”
When the demand for the gas generated by the method increased, he decided to make it more portable. “Not everyone can set up a stall near a drain to utilise the gas. So we decide to extract and store it in 5-kg cylinders that can be transported.”
It is also important to note that this gas is first purified before usage. Although the market currently has methane gas purifiers which can be used for the purpose, Abhishek’s team is also working on alternatives of their own.
Despite their initial hesitation in 2014, the Ghaziabad Development Authority is now working with Abhishek to upscale the project.
“We have built a few small-scale projects for people, but I think large-scale implementation can go a long way because it will allow us to extract nearly 70 per cent more gas,” he says.
As we reach the end of our conversation, I ask Abhishek about his next goal.
“There are several innovators in India who are working hard on making sustainable technologies. Not many of them have a platform that allows them to showcase that talent. So I want to create a platform for small innovators to take their technology to people in India who need it the most,” he signs off.
Here’s wishing him the very best!
If this story inspired you, get in touch with Abhishek on +91-8588004943 or write to him on [email protected].
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Sound is produced when an object vibrates. It can travel through solids, liquids, and gases. Sound travels fastest in solids, slower in liquids, and slowest in gases. Light waves and sound waves both carry energy.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
The correct answer is
The smallest number is the one that comes first while counting.
To arrange the given numbers in order from smallest to greatest, find the smallest number among all the given numbers.
21 is the smallest number. | <urn:uuid:c415a5c0-3e6a-4a15-9195-9d53f15c0800> | {
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Kidepo Valley National Park lies in the rugged, semi arid valleys between Uganda’s borders with Sudan and Kenya, some 700km from Kampala. Gazetted as a national park in 1962, it has a profusion of big game and hosts over 77 mammal species as well as around 475 bird species.
Kidepo is Uganda’s most isolated national park, but the few who make the long journey north through the wild frontier region of Karamoja would agree that it is also the most magnificent, for Kidepo ranks among Africa’s finest wildernesses. From Apoka, in the heart of the park, a savannah landscape extends far beyond the gazetted area, towards horizons outlined by distant mountain ranges.
During the dry season, the only permanent water in the park is found in wetlands and remnant pools in the broad Narus Valley near Apoka. These seasonal oases, combined with the open, savannah terrain, make the Narus Valley the park’s prime game viewing location. | <urn:uuid:e9f36136-e122-4acc-9c4b-02efee53c5bc> | {
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Why Do We Need Heat Recovery Ventilation?
Heat Recovery Ventilation isn’t widely used in Australia yet but that doesn’t mean we don’t need it. According to the Australian government’s Your Home website, 15-25% of heat loss from buildings is caused by air leaking out of the building. Air leakage makes buildings more difficult to heat and so they are less energy efficient. Not only is this bad for the environment, heating an unsealed building also costs more money.
As Australians become more energy conscious, they seal more of the little cracks around windows and doors that let the air escape from the building. New buildings are also often built with insulation and efficiency in mind. This makes sense, especially because heating and air conditioning continue to drive up energy bills. Stopping air leakage helps households and businesses take control of their expenses. But sometimes solving one problem creates another. Although sealing the building stops warm air from leaking out, fresh air can’t come in either!
Why We Need Ventilation: A Quick Reminder
Preventing fresh air from entering reduces the air quality in the room, making it stale. This is partly because humans breath in oxygen and breath out carbon dioxide. Sealing a building to increase energy efficiency stops the carbon dioxide from flowing outside and oxygen from flowing in to replace it. This means that a poorly ventilated building will have a higher concentration of CO2 than a building with good ventilation. We breath out moisture as well as carbon-dioxide. Households also create moisture from use of showers, cookers and laundry appliances (just a few examples). As moisture builds up inside, it creates condensation which can lead to mould growth. All of this is bad for the air quality if there isn’t any new air coming in to push the old air out.
Of course, opening a window swaps the old stale air for fresh new air. But this undoes all the time and effort already invested in sealing the building. In Winter months, opening a window cools a space very quickly.
Heat recovery ventilation systems offer a solution by allowing fresh air to enter a building without letting cool air affect the inside temperature.
How does a Centralised (Whole House) Heat Recovery Ventilation system work?
A centralised Heat Recovery Ventilation System has several elements:
- An incoming vent in at least one room of the building
- A corresponding outgoing vent for each incoming vent
- An air handling unit with heat recovery.
The incoming vents bring in fresh air from outside the building.
As the air comes in through the roof, it passes through the heat exchanger.
At the same time the stale (but warm) air is flowing in the opposite direction from inside the house. It also passes through the heat exchange mechanism, but it does not mix with the cool fresh air. Instead the two types of air pass alongside each other in separate pipes. The warm air from inside the building heats the fresh cool air from outside. The fresh air is now warm and flows into the building.
There you go! You can stay cosy and breath fresh air!
How does Decentralised (Single Room) Heat Recovery work?
Decentralised Heat Recovery works to achieve the same aim as a centralised system: providing a source of ventilation without sacrificing heat. Instead of ventilating the house from one central point, it operates on a smaller scale which makes it possible to address energy efficiency room by room. Depending on your property you may choose to install a unit for ventilation from a single point or multiple units for installation at several points. The best choice will depend on the size of your property as well as how you use it.
At present, we carry a decentralised heat recovery unit which doesn’t need a lot of space for installation. This unit works in short cycles which automatically switch over during operation.
On the first cycle, it draws out the stale air and moisture from inside the property. As the air passes through the unit, the unit retains the air’s heat. By operating in cycles, a small unit is able to facilitate air exchange without mixing the incoming and outgoing air streams.
Once it switches to the second cycle, it then transfers the heat to incoming fresh air.
Decentralised heat recovery is a fantastic option for renovations or retrofits, especially for small or older dwellings, because they need less space. Installing several units throughout the property will create a similar outcome to a centralised system. To get the best use out of decentralised heat recovery, you will still need to seal the space your are working on to prevent air leakage.
How effective is a Heat Recovery Ventilation system?
It’s not yet possible to preserve all of the heat energy as it passes through an HRV, but the technology continues to get better. At Universal fans we carry a range of heat recovery units that incorporate the latest technology.
Because they aren’t widely used in Australia yet, it’s difficult to say how the energy savings might translate onto a gas or electricity bill. But HRV systems are already common in Europe. Over there, the general consensus is that they reduce heating costs but it will take time to offset the cost of installation.
It’s also worth remembering that just sealing a building reduces energy costs by up to 20 per cent, according to a 2006 report by the Sustainable Energy Authority of Victoria. But a sealed building without any ventilation is unpleasant to live or work in.
Is an HRV system right for your home or business?
Like any other product, it depends on your situation. First, a building needs good insulation to get the most out of a Heat Recovery Unit. Second, a Heat Recovery Ventilation System works best in airtight buildings where there isn’t any air leakage.
If your home or office is already draughty, then a heat recovery ventilation system won’t stop the cool air coming in through gaps and cracks that are already in the building’s structure. If you are considering an HRV system for an older building, then patching up these gaps is the best way to get the most out of it. Building airtight structures to conserve heat energy is a relatively new practice, so it can be hard to find all of the leakage points.
Heat Recovery Ventilation systems are great for buildings with low air leakage. If you are in the process of making your building energy efficient then contact us to ask about a Heat Recovery Ventilation system. We also take enquiries for new builds.VIEW OUR HEAT RECOVERY RANGE
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Imagine: a giant, table-sized iPhone with applications to help you study, find your way around and edit photos. The Mathewson-IGT Knowledge Center has just that. The Knowledge Center, located on the University of Nevada, Reno campus, is developing a new study tool known as the Microsoft Surface for students. The Surfaces, coffee-table-sized computerized devices that respond not to a mouse, but to fingertips, are in two locations throughout the library for student use. One is in the @One area and one is on the entry-level second floor. Since their introduction to the library at the beginning of 2009, they have been employed as study tables and even as lunch tables, a use encouraged by Applications Development Librarian Will Kurt.
“The idea is to treat the Surfaces as regular tables,” he said. “We want to add computing to everyday tasks to make them easier—to think about what our regular tables can’t do that we wish they could, and then make them do it.”
In the first few months of the Surfaces’ use, the applications included picture storage and manipulation, a global map system, and games such as chess. Users can manipulate the size of pictures, watch news videos, zoom in on a map of campus and leave comments, all with a few fingertip touches.
“Our original intention was just to get it out there and to expose students to new technologies and new ways of interacting,” said Kurt.
This semester, however, a new application has been added that should make study hours for some students much easier. Anatomy students are now given a computerized tag as part of their lab assignments that, when laid on a Surface, will bring up images of the lab diagrams, worksheets and models that the students need to study. Students, with the touch of a fingertip, can flip through pages and turn them as though they were physically there on the table. The Surface can even erase the labels from certain diagrams so students can quiz themselves and then return the labels when they are ready to check their answers—a sort of digital flashcard.
“We want to show that this Surface is not just a novelty,” said Kurt. “It isn’t something that’s simply cool because it’s a touch screen. It is a uniquely useful tool.”
The anatomy application was inspired by watching groups of students working in the Knowledge Center with clumsy models and sheaves of disorganized notes for various labs. Librarians wanted to create an easier way for them to study. This, Kurt says, is what the Surface is all about: not modifying human behavior to fit around a computer, but modifying computing to make human tasks easier and simpler.
“With desktop computers, we have this very specific ‘plug-in’ time,” he said. “We turn on our computers and we’re doing nothing else for however long we’re there. With the Surfaces, computing becomes a part of whatever we’re already doing, so we can treat it as simply another tool.”
The Surfaces seem to be in high demand from students. In the first week of the semester, they were used for 70 hours over just seven days. According to Kurt, part of their strong appeal lies in their multi-user capabilities. Several students can work together on one of them simultaneously.
“It allows for a lot of collaboration,” Kurt said. “And that’s what’s being encouraged in a lot of classes.”
The Surfaces are currently only available to corporations and institutions, and not to individual consumers. The Knowledge Center is one of very few academic libraries to be using and developing the product, making strides in the new trend of what Kurt calls “ubiquitous computing.”
“We’d next like to come up with an easy way for users to browse the library’s media collections,” Kurt said. “There is just so much potential with this.”
For more on the IGT-Mathewson Knowledge Center, visit the Knowledge Center website. | <urn:uuid:ffe49446-dfdc-4bf3-9266-bf1b63d777ce> | {
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Noche de Ciencias or Night of Science is a national program of SHPE and was initiated in 2008 as a way to introduce students and families to science and engineering through hands-on activities and exposure to college and career information in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM). The USPTO, in collaboration with SHPE, is hosting Noche de Ciencias on November 7 and is expecting to draw 400 area students and their families. A panel discussion for parents will take place covering financial aid, college admissions, and scholarships in both Spanish and English will be provided. There will also be hands-on STEM activities designed to help develop problem solving, inventive thinking, and introduce intellectual property concepts—such as invention, patents, and trademarks—to K-12 students.
The USPTO is inviting other STEM-focused federal agencies to exhibit and share information about careers in their respective fields.
Exhibitors are highly encouraged to set up booths introducing K-12 students to possible STEM career paths in their agencies and/or provide hands-on activities that engage the students and promote STEM | <urn:uuid:1c38189b-9890-4955-99da-94174b96fe1a> | {
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What might a bedroom of 2050 look like?
The industrial revolution of the future will take place at home! Below we have sampled some of the technologies we believe will feature in the home of the future...
3D printers will be accessible to anyone and replace industrial manufacturing. Consumers will be able to print specific to their need and will avoid mass production reducing the use of materials and energy. Diverse appliances will be available to print: medicines, electronics, everyday-life objects.
Natural Light Maximisation
New paints and materials will enable the optimisation of natural light and reduce the energy consumed for lighting in the home and/or producing coloured light. Less energy use means lower greenhouse gas emissions, greater fossil fuel conservation and less waste produced by the power industry.
CO2 and algae: a biofuel couple
All the CO2 emitted at home will be used to feed micro algae and produce biofuel. The biofuel in turn will be used to generate heat and power. The CO2 produced from the heat and power generation will be once again used for biofuel production in a closed loop.
To learn more about these technologies please see the downloads below. | <urn:uuid:287cf803-7747-47f2-abea-1abcfde7028e> | {
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Struggling with alcohol addiction is a horrible experience because it can have health, social, and economic consequences in one’s life. Alcoholism is a very serious issue that needs to be treated with professional help before it leads to tremendous consequences that can’t be fixed anymore. It can make you put yourself in many dangerous situations and experience poor overall health, but it can also make you hurt your loved ones.
When you are struggling with substance abuse, you are rarely able to realize how much alcohol hurts your body, mind, and soul. You keep letting your loved ones down because you experience changes in your behavior and way of thinking or may also physically hurt them or yourself because of the lapses in your judgment. Thus, when you realize that enough is enough, you have to start a journey to sobriety and recovery after alcohol addiction. Read on to find out the health consequences and causes of alcoholism and how to succeed in the process of recovery.
Health consequences of alcohol addiction
It comes as no surprise that one of the most dangerous consequences of alcohol addiction is dealing with poor overall health and increased risk in developing serious health conditions. Your health should be your first priority because when you are feeling sick, you are unable to enjoy all the beautiful things in your life. Thus, improving your health should be a reason good enough to make you give up on your toxic habit and head to recovery. Here are the health conditions that may arise as consequences of drinking alcohol for a long time:
- Heart disease- Alcohol raises the risk of higher blood pressure and can lead to heart failure
- Liver disease- Cirrhosis and life-threatening liver failure are some of the most common health conditions that alcohol addicts deal with.
- Poor mental health- Medical specialists have found a strong connection between alcohol intake and poor mental health. Alcoholism can lead to depression, anxiety and mood swings that can affect your mental wellbeing.
- Lapses in judgment- Alcohol addiction often leads to lapses in judgment that can increase the risks for injuries and dangerous situations. Not only that the addict may expose themselves to accidents, falls, or dangerous sexual behaviors, but they can also become a danger to the people that surround them.
- Alcohol poisoning- Excessive drinking can lead to alcohol poisoning which can often be fatal without immediate medical attention.
- Higher risk of cancer- Excessive alcohol intake for a long period of time can increase the risk of developing certain types of cancers such as colon, breast or liver cancer.
Causes of alcohol addiction
The causes of alcoholism are various, ranging from emotional, social, and environmental factors. From drinking to handle psychological traumas more easily to engaging in drinking as accepted social behavior, that later develops into an addiction, many addicts don’t realize their issue until their bodies are already dependent to the substance.
Most people who start drinking and develop addiction are using alcohol as a coping mechanism for their problems. They may be dealing with emotional pain such as depression, job loss, poverty, divorce or the loss of a loved one which triggers powerful negative emotions. Also, addicts can start drinking due to social and environmental factors such as being influenced by the behaviors of their parents, partners or friends.
The process of recovery from alcoholism
Recovering from substance abuse isn’t an easy journey. There are many factors that make addicts give up the battle against addiction and relapse. However, with motivation, professional help, and support from your loved ones, recovering from alcoholism isn’t impossible. Here’s how you can fully recover, mentally and physically, from your addiction:
- Beware of withdrawal symptoms- One of the most difficult parts of the process of recovery is dealing with the withdrawal symptoms. Most past drinkers experience severe anxiety, cramps, shaky hands, vomiting, insomnia, and nausea once they stop their alcohol intake. Usually, the withdrawal symptoms disappear on their own after a short period of time and are rarely life-threatening. However, some individuals may experience more severe conditions such as seizures, confusion, and hallucinations which require immediate medical attention. Thus, if you experience extreme symptoms after you quit drinking, ask for medical help to avoid putting your life in danger.
- Accept professional help- Most alcohol addicts experience emotions such as shame, guilt, and isolation. They are often scared to ask for help, especially because they fear that the people that surround them will judge them for their condition. However, not getting professional help increases the risk of relapse and poor health. Thus, you need to accept the fact that asking for support from specialists from alcohol rehab is the best way to ensure a safe and effective recovery process.
- Take care of your mental health- Taking care of your mental health is one of the most important parts of your recovery process. Dealing with addiction can have a multitude of negative effects on your mental wellbeing. Addicts often experience depression, anxiety, isolation, and even suicidal thoughts. Thus, the recovery process needs to heal both your body and your mind in order to avoid relapse. Surround yourself with people that love and support you, practice meditation to forgive yourself for your mistake and to discover the cause that made you engage in drinking behaviors. Improving your mental health is essential to stay motivated on winning the battle against addiction.
- Find ways to avoid temptation- Relapse is common among past drinkers that don’t get professional help to recover after their addiction. Although they stop drinking for a while, when they try to reintegrate back into society, they often engage in drinking behaviors again. Thus, it is important to know how to avoid temptation and stay sober from now on. First of all, you need to avoid situations that may tempt you to start drinking again such as going to the bar with other drinkers. Also, you can find a new healthy and productive hobby that will help you stay busy and not think about your addiction. | <urn:uuid:7879d592-acee-4ccd-b090-27748d4d3940> | {
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Sites Reservoir, the largest new water storage proposal in California, recently won a commitment of $816 million in state funds to help with construction. It promises to deliver enough water every year, on average, to serve one million homes. But regulatory realities looming in the background may mean the project has substantially less water at its disposal.
Archive for date: October 4th, 2018
You are now in California and the U.S. Media Coverage category.
State law does not currently allow surface water to be used for groundwater recharge if the goal is managing pollution, reversing subsidence or controlling salinity. That could be a problem as local agencies begin trying to make their groundwater use more sustainable. Groundwater depletion is a big problem in parts of California. But it is not the only groundwater problem. The state also has many areas of polluted groundwater, and some places where groundwater overdraft has caused the land to subside, damaging roads, canals and other infrastructure. Near the coast, heavy groundwater pumping has caused contamination by pulling seawater underground from the ocean.
Gardening has a vocabulary all its own, especially when it comes to the materials we use for planting and growing plants: dirt, soil, potting mix, planter mix, mulch, compost and many more. It can be pretty confusing, even for experienced green thumbs. To help, here’s a breakdown of some of the most common terms you’ll encounter along your gardening odysseys: Dirt is what you sweep out of your house or clean off the soles of your shoes. Soil is a complex mixture of minerals, organic matter (see definition below), water, air, living organisms including tiny insects and animals, bacteria, fungi, etc.
While the San Diego County Water Authority halts work on a pilot program for a desalination plant at Camp Pendleton, both the Claude “Bud” Lewis Desalination Plant in Carlsbad, and the North City Water Reclamation Plant in UTC are backfilling the region’s needs. For the past three years, the Water Authority has been planning a small-scale pilot facility to assess seawater intake and treatment technologies at Camp Pendleton with funding from state and federal agencies. The resulting plant would be the first in California to investigate an innovative subsurface intake technology for ocean water.
In Northern San Diego County approximately 7 miles inland from the Pacific Ocean lies the town of Vista, Calif. Vista was founded in 1882 and quickly grew as its Mediterranean climate proved to be excellent for agricultural homesteaders. During the 1920s, Vista was referred to as the avocado capital of the world. But the town faced many hurdles during its growth including severe drought, a problem that Vista, like the rest of California, faces today. As the area increased in population, the Vista Irrigation District was created in 1923 to ensure a reliable source of water for the naturally arid region.
When I started my term as board chair of the San Diego County Water Authority in October 2016, California was mired in drought but the San Diego region had sufficient supplies regardless of the weather. Thankfully, just a few months later, epic rain and snow significantly improved water supply conditions statewide, but not before validating our long-term strategy to develop a drought-resilient portfolio of water resources that protect the region during dry times. In fact, we had enough water to store 100,000 acre-feet of water for the future – a testament to regional foresight, coordination, hard work and investments by ratepayers.
A massive water main break flooded numerous streets in North Park and left many vehicles partially submerged Thursday morning. San Diego water officials said a 24-inch transmission water main broke shortly before 7:30 a.m. in the 4100 block of Idaho Street, near Polk Avenue and the North Park Community Park. Several San Diego water department crews were dispatched to various nearby areas to repair the break. Water flow was shut off by 10 a.m. Officials said repairs were expected to continue through the evening. | <urn:uuid:875a839a-f40f-447a-96f1-bd8a9ee9db41> | {
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Words by Rachel Harvey
Currently there is a huge stigma surrounding mental health and mental health issues. How can you help destroy the stigma and support those who need it?
People with mental health issues face stigma everyday during basic things (eg- going to school, in the workplace, on social media). Stigma occurs whenever there are negative opinions, judgements or stereotypes made about anyone with any form of mental illness. So why does it even exist?
The stigma surrounding mental health and mental illness is based of the lack of education in the area and the negative attitudes or beliefs people have towards these issues. Portraying mentally ill people with inaccurate stereotypes, sensationalising situations through unwarranted references to mental illness and using demeaning or hostile language is all adding to the stigma and the media is the backbone to the stigma.
People with mental illness also take on board the prejudiced views held by others, which can affect their self-esteem which can lead them to not seek treatment, to withdraw from society, to alcohol and drug abuse or even to suicide.
Together, we can beat the stigma and support the people who need it most.
NB: The author did not supply an image for this piece, we chose a humdinger ourselves. | <urn:uuid:69838e9d-dde1-4d47-b2e9-248e2982b72d> | {
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Our book Home Carpentry by John Barnard includes advice and guidance on the basics of woodwork and carpentry for absolute beginners. It is set out in a logical order and provides information and plans for constructing the key elements of simple structures like Dad’s play house – windows and doors for example. After discussing the various types of wood, woodwork tools and how to use them, joints, lathe work, etc., the author begins his section on construction, sensibly enough, with a chapter on how to build the most crucial tool for all carpenters – a work bench.
The next chapter covers ‘Simple and Easy Constructional Woodwork’ and includes detailed instructions for making picture frames, roller blinds and curtain poles, a kitchen table, chairs, household steps and ladders, a clothes horse and flower stands and stages. Having mastered these simple items the amateur carpenter can then move on to the construction of a simple building like a garden shed (or a play house). The author focuses on the construction of simple gates, doors and windows and then goes on to describe the construction of more elaborate designs such as panelled doors and casement windows. Also, reflecting the time at which the book was written (1933) the section on windows includes very useful information on repairing that early form of air-conditioning, invented perhaps as early as the sixteenth century, the sash window (the author does not propose that the amateur carpenter actually constructs a sash window). For more information on the origins and value of sash windows for ventilation see
Tiny homes, garden sheds and other small buildings are very trendy in the USA and UK at the moment – both for living in and as places to pursue hobbies, to work in and, of course, to play in. For those who don’t want to spend what can be a great deal of money on a custom-built tiny home or garden office, there is plenty of inspiration around for those who want to construct their own very individual project in the back garden.
Our two woodwork titles, Woodwork Tools and How to Use Them and Home Carpentry, provide a wealth of practical advice for those who are also keen to use traditional tools and techniques in the construction of their own extraordinary or even eccentric small spaces. After all, the process of building your tiny home or garden retreat is all part of the fun, and working with natural materials is the Wabi Sabi way to wellbeing. | <urn:uuid:ffbdc636-4ceb-4a7d-bed8-3baa4e4d9fcd> | {
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What Color Is Gasoline? Does It Matter?
Last Updated on
All gasoline is the same, right? Wrong! If this is true, all brands or types of gasoline will have the same color. But speaking about color, what is the true color of gasoline?
And more importantly, does the color of the gasoline matter when choosing fuel for your vehicle?
You’ll find the answers right here.
What Is The Real Color Of Gasoline?
Gasoline comes from crude oil. And as we all know, crude oil is not strictly black. Although black and dark brown is the most common color of crude oil, you can also find red or green crude oil depending on what part of the world the oil came from.
But as the crude oil is boiled and distilled to produce petrol byproducts, it loses its original dark color and sticky consistency.
In short, pure gasoline is colorless like water. In some cases, the gasoline should be whiter than or not as clear as water, but the actual fuel you put in your car is colorless in its original state.
Why Do Different Grades Of Gasoline Have Different Colors?
The reason for this is simple. Since gasoline fuel come in different varieties and octane ratings, manufacturers use fuel dyes to give the gasoline some color. This helps prevent fueling mishaps in some applications (aviation, commercial, etc.) and makes it easier to test the fuel for water contamination.
If all the types of gasoline are colorless, it will be harder to test the fuel for water. Since water is obviously colorless or clear, adding fuel dyes will allow the water to stand out in a clear cylinder when testing the fuel.
Back in the glory days of motoring (before unleaded gasoline became mainstream), leaded regular gasoline is dyed yellow while premium fuel has a reddish color. But untaxed gasoline is colorless. In fact, people from back in the day used to call it ‘white gas.’
But now, it’s the other way around. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency mandated the use of red dye to identify fuel with a high-sulfur content for off-road use. In the same manner, the Internal Revenue Service mandated the use of the same red dye for heating oil and other tax-exempt diesel fuels.
And if you need to ask, then yes: heating oil is basically diesel fuel with a red dye. You can theoretically pour red heating oil in your old diesel truck and it will run fine. The only problem is it’s illegal to use red diesel fuel in an on-road vehicle. If the authorities detect red-dyed fuel in your vehicle, you better be prepared for the consequences.
What Color Is Regular, Midgrade, And Premium Gasoline?
It really depends on the manufacturer. Regular unleaded gasoline has a greenish or slightly bluish hue. Midgrade fuel is nearly transparent to yellowish. High-octane premium gasoline has a pinkish color.
But don’t take our word for it. The color of gasoline will vary wildly. In most cases, the color and transparency of gasoline depending on how much or how little additives are added to the formula.
Does The Color Of Gasoline Really Matter?
No, unless we’re talking about stored gasoline. In reality, the color of the gasoline doesn’t matter as long as the fuel is fresh from the pump.
But stored gasoline is a different story. Fresh fuel is clear and transparent like water regardless of the color. But after a couple of weeks of storage, the gasoline will oxidize and change its color from clear to yellowish to a brownish hue. The smell will also change. Where fresh gasoline has a strong odor, stale gas has a sour smell much like rotten fruits. Dark-colored gasoline is not good for your car. It can cause ignition problems, poor acceleration, diminished performance, and even engine damage in the long run.
What really matters is choosing between regular or premium. The primary difference is the octane rating. In the United States, the octane rating of gasoline is expressed as the AKI or Anti-Knock Index. In some parts of the world, the octane rating is expressed as RON (Research Octane Number) or MON (Motor Octane Number). Take note that AKI is usually lower than by 4 to 6 octane numbers than RON or MON.
Is Premium Fuel Better For My Car?
Not necessarily. The answer also depends on the type of vehicle. If the manufacturer recommends regular fuel, you’ll be wasting your money by filling up with premium fuel. Don’t believe what other people say about premium fuel that burns faster and gives your vehicle an added dose of performance. Those claims are unsubstantiated and cannot be proven in the scientific realm
But we’re not saying premium fuel is bad for your car. In truth, the higher octane rating of premium gas will give your vehicle a very slight performance advantage, but it’s not large enough to merit the additional cost. And contrary to popular belief, premium fuel is not much cleaner or purer than regular fuel.
It’s a different story if your car is designed to run with premium fuel. In certain high-performance vehicles, using premium fuel is the only way to squeeze out every last drop of performance from the engine. Using regular low-octane fuel in a car designed to run on the premium will not destroy the engine per se, but it will lead to loss of performance and slower acceleration.
In short, the responsibility of choosing the right fuel is up to you. If you have any doubts, consult the owner’s manual. The recommended grade of fuel is also stamped inside the fuel door of your vehicle.
Because choosing the right color of gasoline is only a small part of the equation, you are better off with choosing the right octane rating for your car.
What’s The Newest Rule In Color-Coded Fuel Containers?
Portable fuel containers should be manufactured and designed in compliance with the regulations of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The portable fuel containers, gas cans, or jerry cans should be color-coded to accommodate various fuels.
Red containers should be used for gasoline and highly flammable liquids. Yellow containers are used for diesel fuel. Green containers are used for storing oil while blue containers should only be used for storing kerosene.
But it’s not just about the color of the gasoline containers. The U.S. EPA also mandated regulations on the design and structure of the fuel container. The container should have a single self-venting opening with no additional vents or openings. The container should also be permeation-resistant and equipped with an automatic closing nozzle when fuel is not pouring from the container.
The color of gasoline will depend on the additives mixed with the fuel. And while it’s good to know the real color of gasoline, it’s not as important as knowing the octane rating of the fuel. Using the right kind of gasoline will not only make your car run cleaner and smoother, but it will also save you some money in the long run. | <urn:uuid:5ce5ad26-62db-4494-94e6-a9d04aac07a9> | {
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‘A Woman’s Question’ was written in the 19th Century and ‘Valentine’ is a modern poem which was written in the 1990s. This fact is fairly obvious from not only the content of the poems, but the style in which they are written, too. It also affects how the women generally view their relationships. Both show evidence of how society viewed women, and despite the different times in which they lived, they both rebel against traditional ideas of the time in certain ways. Procter and Duffy view their respective relationships very differently.
Procter seems to be quite insecure about her partner, and wants to know whether he is going to leave her, and also talks about how she wants him to be completely honest with her. Duffy on the other hand, is very realistic about her relationship and not over-romantic. This does not mean that she does not think love is important; she just does not depend on her partner and does not talk about love using elaborate, romantic phrases. This shows that she has a modern view of love.
Although the theme of ‘A Woman’s Question’ is not actually romantic, as Procter spends most of it talking to him about her insecurities, the language she uses in it is quite romantic and ‘flowery’. She calls her partner ‘her Fate’ and is dedicating her entire future to him. Nowadays, although people do marry with the general idea that they will be staying together forever, they may be less inclined to think that their entire fate depended on the other person. In the present day, women’s attitudes have changed the most, as they are more independent. The moods of the two poems are fairly different too.
In ‘Valentine’, although the mood is not exactly sombre, it is still fairly serious-Duffy talks about the pain of love (she uses the symbol of the knife to represent this) and does not use romantic language. “Not a cute card or a kissogram”. She does not believe in this kind of love, and seems to consider it to be fake and unrealistic. The time in which she wrote the poem will affect her views on romance, obviously. It would make her more jaded and less idealistic-she looks at love in quite a levelheaded way. The way she uses words expresses this well.
The tone of ‘A Woman’s Question’ is quite serious also, as she is acting insecurely about this man. However, this poem expresses feelings in a more loving and devoted manner. As said before, she refers to the man as ‘her fate’. This is partly due to the time in which she lived, as women would have relied a lot more on men. Procter gives the poem rather a negative atmosphere, as she is constantly questioning and talking about ‘pain’ and ‘risk’, and how she would be ’empty’ without him. Procter’s religious beliefs would also be a factor here, as she was a devout Roman Catholic.
This would make finding the ‘right’ man even more important, as she could not have sex before marriage, get divorced or have abortions. Her religious beliefs would also be affected by the time in which she lived-a lot more people in the 19th Century were very religious, and would have taken the ideas mentioned above very seriously. While the poems, in some ways, are not so different in content, they are very different in structure and form. ‘A Woman’s Question’ has quite a strict structure and stanzaic form, which makes it fairly rhythmic and easy to listen to.
Procter uses rhyming words in every stanza. There is some structure within the stanzas, but it is not a very fixed one. With this, she is perhaps trying to show that love is not particularly stable or concrete and you can’t control it. She is doing this subtly, as it is represented in the way she sets the poem out, instead of actually saying anything in the poem. This could also mean she is showing that she is challenging expectations of the then current time (19th Century) with her poem and her beliefs, and showing this through the stanzaic form.
Another way in which Procter challenges expectations is in her use of imperatives. The style of writing in this poem is quite gentle, but there a few commanding phrases, like “Speak now”, which do not fit with the rest of the poem. This effect may surprise the reader, who may have initially thought it was a poem written in a fairly gentle style, e. g. romantic and old-fashioned wording is used. In ‘Valentine’, Duffy does not follow a specific form, and this is referred to as free verse, nor does she use much rhyming language, which means the poem is not very rhythmic.
This style could show that it is a more modern poem-less passionate and exaggerated. This could mean that Duffy, too, is challenging expectations, only she does it in a more obvious way. Her view of love is not at all what someone might expect a woman’s to be. She uses a lot of short statements, and imperatives, such as “Take it”. This is also shown in sentences such as “I give you an onion”, “I am trying to be truthful” and “It will blind you with tears”. This shows that she is not unemotional, but she is sensible and realistic.
In ‘A Woman’s Question’, Procter uses a lot of very expressive language, and also some quite dramatic language, such as ‘peril’. This works in emphasising how important this relationship is to her, as she says, “Before I peril all for thee”, and “I break all slighter bonds”. This poem is quite easy to listen to and sounds more effective, as you can hear the rhyming couplet in each stanza. The poem is well formed, and she uses fairly interesting and descriptive language (such as ‘Wither’ and ‘Decay’.
Both these leave you with a good idea of what she means. ) The poem is also written in the first person to second person, which makes it more direct, and again, easy to listen to. Because it was written in 19th Century, she uses ‘thee’ and ‘thine’, as opposed to ‘you’ and ‘your’, which would be used in a more modern poem. Procter uses some figurative language, which usually represents marriage, as this would have been very important. Some examples are: “Or place my hand in thine” “Withdraw thy hand one day.
She uses the idea of joining and breaking hands, which might also make the reader think of the idea of a parent and child-the joining of hands meaning the child is dependant on the parent, and the separation representing being abandoned. It could also represent just the separation of marriage, which is what Procter’s most afraid of. Carol Ann Duffy uses quite a few adjectives in ‘Valentine’, making it a very descriptive poem. A lot of the adjectives she uses are very straightforward and simple, fitting the rest of the poem, such as “fierce”, “cute”, “lethal”, “possessive” and “faithful”.
Her language is not as dramatic as Procter’s (perhaps due to the fact, that in the 1990s, losing a lover would not be as great a loss as it would have been in Procter’s time, or at least, we accept it more as part of life now. ), but it is still effective. The entire poem is an ‘extended metaphor’. The onion Duffy is talking about is representing love. It talks about the layers that need peeling off, which Duffy refers to as ‘the careful undressing of love’. Duffy’s style of writing is very modern, and there is no vocabulary that is really pre-20th century.
This adds to the realistic element of the poem. It makes the poem easy to listen to in this way, although it does not as sound as rhythmic as ‘A Woman’s Question’. I, personally, prefer ‘Valentine’ by Carol Anne Duffy because I think her style of writing is very direct, and that the poem is easier to read because of the modern style. I find ‘A Woman’s Question’ a bit too romantic, and the vocabulary a little too old-fashioned. I think that ‘A Woman’s Question’ is basically Procter questioning whether her partner is as ready to commit to her ‘Fate’ as she is to his.
I do not get the impression that she believes in fate, and everything happening for a reason, which is why she does not want him, if he deserts her, to blame it on ‘fate’. I think she believes in making the future happen for herself, partly because she is making this huge decision for herself, and not leaving it up to him or fate. It may even be an ‘illicit’ or ‘forbidden’ affair, which maybe why she is so worried. Valentine, I think, is more about the different layers of love, and the complexities.
Duffy is also questioning whether he’s ready to commit to her, but instead of fixating on this one question, like Procter in ‘A Woman’s Question’, she proceeds to tell him about the bad and good points of love. The end of the poem is not particularly final (it ends with ‘cling to your knife’), as it is in ‘A Woman’s Question’, but instead almost leaves more time for him to make up his mind, almost like she has not finished talking to him. She ends with a statement, but it is not one commanding for him to make his mind up about whether he wants to commit to her. | <urn:uuid:b05466e5-489c-4577-a53c-b1e22f6096ec> | {
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Articles 1 - 1 of 1
Full-Text Articles in Economic History
Christianity And Craft Guilds In Late Medieval England: A Rational Choice Analysis, Gary Richardson
In late-medieval England, craft guilds simultaneously pursued piety and profit. Why did guilds pursue those seemingly unrelated goals? What were the consequences of that combination? Theories of organizational behavior answer those questions. Craft guilds combined spiritual and occupational endeavors because the former facilitated the success of the latter and vice versa. The reciprocal nature of this relationship linked the ability of guilds to attain spiritual and occupational goals. This link between religion and economics at the local level connected religious and economic trends in the wider world. | <urn:uuid:30dff813-1bfe-47f8-acc3-a7bac01f683a> | {
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Chemistry All around You
With explosively fun demonstrations, Chemistry All Around You is an exciting, engaging and at times very loud presentation available to Alberta teachers and their students! Delivered by two Edmonton based volunteers, the program provides content that goes beyond what teachers could reasonably and safely show their students in a classroom setting. Presentations are held in school gymnasiums for groups of up to 350 students. The experiments and demonstrations are tailored to be age appropriate for students from grades 3 to 12 with up to 3 or 4 consecutive grades attending a presentation together.
Each presentation includes science curriculum content from many grades and the presenters will customize content for each audience. Topics covered include the properties of solids, liquids and gases, the composition of our atmosphere, the concepts of freezing, melting, evaporation and sublimation, the unique properties of polymers, the fluorescence of selected chemicals, the reactivity of common substances such as sea salt, flour and soda to other everyday materials and chemical compounds. And most importantly how these chemical reactions occur in the world “All Around You”.
Depending on individual school situations and teacher needs the presentation can be from 45 to 90 minutes long. Although presentations are prioritized for Edmonton area schools, ASN volunteers often take the program on the road for two to four days stints.
- Unfortunately the Government of Alberta has cut our grant that supported our school programs (Scientists & Engineers-in-the-Classroom, and Chemistry All Around You).
- In order to continue to offer SEitC and CAAY presentations, we kindly request schools to voluntarily collect loonie and/or toonie donations from participating students. This way we strive to keep this science outreach program as accessible as possible to all schools. Cost should not be a deterrent to receiving this exciting demonstration of chemistry in action!
- Donations can be made online here: https://www.albertasciencenetwork.ca/involved_donate.html (preferred). Or, cheques, made out to Alberta Science Network, can be sent to Alberta Science Network, 70 High Street SE, PO Box 89088, Calgary, AB T2Z 3W3, or given to the presenter. Please let us know if you require a tax receipt
“His presentations certainly have enhanced the understanding of chemistry for our students…students are able to recognize applications between theory, and practical applications in industry and technology.” – high school Department Head of Science
For more information, please contact Jeffrey Newton: . | <urn:uuid:d4fcddc7-0864-4bda-9648-785831642f5b> | {
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Friday, May 16, 2008
Warning Signs in Experimental Design and Interpretation:
When an experimental study states "The group with treatment X had significantly less disease (p = 1%)", many people interpret this statement as being equivalent to "there is a 99% chance that treatment X prevents disease." This essay explains why these statements are not equivalent. For such an experiment, all of the following are possible:
There is no way to know for sure which possibility holds, but there are warning signs that can dilute the credibility of an experiment.
- X is in fact an effective treatment as claimed.
- X is only effective for some people, in some conditions, in a way that the experiment failed to test.
- X is ineffective, and only looked effective due to random chance.
- X is ineffective because of a systematic flaw in the experiment.
- X is ineffective and the experimenters and/or reader misinterpreted the results to say that it is.
The companion paper:
Evaluating Extraordinary Claims: Mind Over Matter? Or Mind Over Mind?The only thing that I quibble with is the term "extraordinary" in the title of the second article. In my experience, "extraordinary" is a word people use to signal that something has challenged one of their beliefs and they're going to run it over the coals, which Norvig does with the efficacy of intercessory prayer in his article (in a very balanced and fair way I think). However, part of the point of Norvig's very evenhanded essay is that these kinds of problems can happen to you on things that you do believe:
A relative of mine recently went in for minor surgery and sent out an email that asked for supportive thoughts during the operation and thoughtfully noted that since the operation was early in the morning when I might be sleeping, thatIt doesn't matter, according to Larry Dossey, M.D. in Healing Words, whether you remember to do it at the appropriate time or do it early or later. He says the action of mentally projected thought or prayer is "non-local," i.e. not dependent on distance or time, citing some 30+ experiments on human and non-human targets (including yeast and even atoms), in which recorded results showed changes from average or random to beyond-average or patterned even when the designated thought group acted after the experiment was over.
I was perplexed. On the one hand, if there really was good evidence of mind-over-matter (and operating backwards in time, no less) you'd think it would be the kind of thing that would make the news, and I would have heard about it. On the other hand, if there is no such evidence, why would seemingly sensible people like Larry Dossey, M.D. believe there was? I had a vague idea that there were some studies showing an effect of prayer and some showing no effect; I thought it would be interesting to research the field. I was concurrently working on an essay on experiment design, and this could serve as a good set of examples.
After reading Tavris and Aronson's book Mistakes Were Made (but not by me), I understand how. Dossey has staked out a position in support of efficacious prayer and mind-over-matter, and has invested a lot of his time and energy in that position. He has gotten to the point where any challenge to his position would bring cognitive dissonance: if his position is wrong, then he is not a smart and wise person; he believes he is smart and wise; therefore his position must be correct and any evidence against it must be ignored. This pattern of self-justification (and self-deception), Tavris and Aronson point out, is common in politics and policy (as well as private life), and it looks like Dossey has a bad case. Ironically, Dossey is able to recognize this condition in other people -- he has a powerful essay that criticizes George W. Bush for saying "We do not torture" when confronted with overwhelming evidence that in fact Bush's policy is to torture. I applaud this essay, and I agree that Bush has slipped into self-deception to justify himself and ward off cognitive dissonance. Just like Dossey. Dossey may have a keen mind, but his mind has turned against itself, not allowing him to see what he doesn't want to see. This is a case of mind over mind, not mind over matter.So, at least as working scientists are concerned, I would suggest Norvig's second essay should be retitled "Evaluating Claims."
Or put another way, with all due respect to Carl Sagan, I think "extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence" is a terrible way to think for a scientist: it prompts you to go around challenging all the things you disagree with. In contrast, I think claims require evidence, and for a scientist you must start at home with the things you're most convinced of, because you're least likely to see your own claims as extraordinary.
This is the most true, of course, for papers you're trying to get published. Time to review my results and conclusions sections... | <urn:uuid:65646b79-03b3-4034-99a0-e46edea85a05> | {
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Wolfram, creators of Wolfram|Alpha, have launched Wolfram Problem Generator. This tool allows students and teachers to create unlimited, random practice problems and answers in subjects such as elementary math, algebra, statistics and even college calculus. It provides hints and step-by-step solutions when needed to help the student learn.
It can also create printable worksheets and answer sheets for offline work. It includes three difficulty levels for each problem areas, accepts a variety of answer input formats and stores previously answered problems for later review.
Wolfram Problem Generator is now available to all Wolfram|Alpha Pro subscribers; there are no limitations or caps on the number of problems that can be generated. In upcoming releases, Wolfram Problem Generator will expand to cover problems in more areas of math and other core subjects like chemistry, which recently received Step-by-step capabilities in Wolfram|Alpha:
If you'd like to know more about Wolfram Problem Generator for your work or your own personal interest, visit: http://www.wolframalpha.com/problem-generatoror:
Wolfram announces Wolfram Education Portal
Wolfram launches iOS app for Geography
Wolfram Alpha has a great contest for educators | <urn:uuid:c207173f-ad08-4a9b-bd3d-902f50e12f2b> | {
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The writer Edward Morgan Forster lived at Rooks Nest House from 1883 to 1893, from the ages of 4 to 14. In later life he returned there often, as the guest of composer Elizabeth Poston.
His novel Howards End was inspired by his childhood home and its surrounding countryside. Forster’s writing is studied in schools, colleges and universities throughout the world. His work is concerned with themes that are still current today, including:-
- human relationships,
- conflicts of loyalty
- the need for connection between apparent opposites such as commerce and culture, poetry and prose,
He is constantly quoted in newspapers and has the distinction that one of his short stories is available in full on the Internet.
In 1946, when he took part in the first campaign to save the countryside around his old home from development, Forster said in a radio broadcast,
“I was brought up as a boy...in a district which I still think the loveliest in England .”
On 19th October 1960, The Guardian newspaper coined the name “Forster Country” for this area north of Stevenage. By this name it is known throughout the world. Students, scholars and the general public come here from Europe, America, Canada, Australia and Japan. In 1979, the centenary of Forster’s birth, over 2,000 people came to Stevenage on account of the Forster connection. | <urn:uuid:4eb33052-d3c8-4a52-b7d2-9fb32a29d6ad> | {
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The United States government began levying a National Gasoline Tax in 1932.
- When did the Federal Government begin collecting the gas tax? – Ask …
Mar 27, 2005 – The bill included a 1-cent per gallon excise tax on gasoline sales, not just on … The Revenue Act of 1932 enacted dozens of taxes, including those …. Gross national product that year was $58 billion, a mere 56 percent of what …
- A Brief History of the Federal Gasoline Tax – Kiplinger
Jul 2, 2014 – As Congress considers raising the federal tax on gasoline for the first time … By 1932, every state and the District of Columbia had followed suit.
- US Federal Government Gasoline Tax Since 1933 – ThoughtCo
Mar 6, 2018 – The gas tax was first imposed by the federal government in 1932 at a mere 1 cent per gallon. It has increased 10 times since President Herbert Hoover authorized the creation of such a tax to balance the budget.
- Federal Gasoline Excise Tax Rate, 1932-2008 – Tax Foundation
Apr 30, 2008 – Potential Colorado Ballot Measure Shows How Not to Design a Sales Tax. State Gasoline Tax Rates in 2017. Indiana Gas Tax Proposal: …
- The Gasoline Tax and the Automobile Revolution – jstor
Vehicle Registration License,” Bulletin of the National Tax Association ….. ‘2An account of proposals for a federal gasoline tax before 1932 is in Rex J. Morth-. | <urn:uuid:c2ef90ea-dac5-4d5d-b752-47621a66116c> | {
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When it comes to battle cancer the most efficient way there is one weapon that is virtually lethal to cancer cells: Vitamin C. This vitamin has been understimated for so many years regarding its incredible power of curing cancer and heart disease. In fact, many cancer patients had been tested for this vitamin. Most of them were seriously deficient in vitamin C. Unfortunately, the deficiency in vitamin C rose the more advanced they had been in their stage of disease. However, until now it has not been possible to take full advantage of the cancer-curing power of vitamin C. Cancer cells live on glucose. So, cancer cells need to be supplied by glucose on a regular basis or they cannot survive. As the molecular shape of vitamin C resembles the molecular shape of glucose, Dr. Riordan has been able to prove that vitamin C makes cancer cells die if this vitamin is given intravenously. It is assumed that this might be the case because cancer cells seem to mistake it for glucose due to its similar molecular shape and thus jump on it as if it were their favorite fuel. However, in fact they absorb vitamin C in great quantities causing them to be gradually destroyed. One could say that Dr. Riordan’s research results make vitamin C act like a Trojan horse to cancer cells in one’s body. The research results were published at the National Institute of Health. Read the following article very carefully so you will not miss the extreme power of using vitamin C this way.
“Vitamin C is one of the most well-established traditional antioxidants we know of, and its potent health benefits have been clearly demonstrated over time, especially for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases.
A perfect example of the healing power of this antioxidant vitamin is the drbiochamatic case of Allan Smith, who contracted a serious case of swine flu, and was brought back from the brink of death using a combination of IV and oral vitamin C.
While most animals have the ability to produce vitamin C internally, three species cannot. Guinea pigs, primates, and humans must obtain their vitamin C from their diet.
Vitamin C has numerous functions in the human body, including acting as an essential cofactor in enzymatic reactions.
In this way, it plays a role in your body’s production of collagen, carnitine (which helps your body turn fat into energy), and catecholamines (hormones made by your adrenal glands).
Vitamin C is also used by your body for wound healing, repairing, and maintaining the health of your bones and teeth, and plays a role in helping your body absorb iron.
A powerful antioxidant, vitamin C also helps prevent damage caused by free radicals. Over time, free radical damage may accelerate aging and contribute to the development of heart disease and other health conditions.
It’s through this antioxidant effect that it’s thought vitamin C may play a role in protecting heart health.
Linus Pauling — ‘The Vitamin C Man’
One of the most famous forerunners of high dose vitamin C treatment for colds and other disease was Linus Carl Pauling (1901-1994), a physical chemist and peace activist who won two Nobel Prize awards; one in chemistry in 1954, followed by a Nobel Peace Prize in 1962.
The New Scientist magazine ranked him as one of the 20 greatest scientists to ever live. He almost won a third Nobel, but Watson and Crick narrowly beat him to the discovery of the structure of DNA.
Despite being a well-respected scientist, his views on vitamin C were all firmly rebuffed by the medical community.
He detailed his discoveries in a series of books, starting with Vitamin C and the Common Cold in 1970, followed by Vitamin C, the Common Cold and the Flu (1976), Vitamin C and Cancer (1979), and How to Feel Better and Live Longer(1986).
Many felt Pauling was too far out of his field of expertise with his research into nutrition, and he was largely ignored by mainstream medicine and nutritional science.2
Was Pauling Right About Vitamin C After All?
While the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for vitamin C had been established at 40 to 60 mg per day — an amount more than sufficient to prevent scurvy — Pauling advocated amounts of 1,000 mg or even higher.
Pauling himself is said to have taken 12,000 mg per day. He noted that veterinarians recommended far higher doses of vitamin C for primates than what was recommended for people.
So he initially extrapolated the dosages from monkeys, and determined that humans likely need a minimum of six grams per day — 200 times more than the RDA.
The video above features the late Pauling and his controversial claims about the curative powers of vitamin C, which included cancer and heart disease — the latter of which he claimed was a form of pre-scurvy.
Pauling died of prostate cancer in 1994 at the age of 93. However, interest in vitamin C certainly did not die with him.
On the contrary, there’s been an explosion of research into the properties of vitamin C, and newer evidence suggests there might be something to Pauling’s heretical claims after all. In fact, a lot of the scientific literature published on vitamin C in the two decades since Pauling’s death support his claims.
UCLA Researchers Confirm Vitamin C Protects Against Heart Disease
For example, the video features Dr. Balz Frei, a researcher at Harvard University’s Department of Nutrition.
According to Dr. Frei, interest in vitamin C was renewed when it became known that many degenerative diseases involve oxidation, “and it is clear that vitamin C can very effectively prevent many of these oxidation processes, because it is a very strong antioxidant,” he says.
A large, decade-long research study led Dr. James Engstrom at the UCLA also found that men who took 800 mg of vitamin C per day — which is more than 10 times the RDA — had less heart disease and lived up to six years longer than those following the conventional guideline of 60 mg/day.
Another study5 that included nearly 11,200 elderly people, published in 1996, found that seniors who took high-potency vitamin C and E had an overall reduced mortality rate of 42 percent.
Low potency “one-a-day” multiple vitamins had no beneficial effect on mortality. About 40 studies have also shown that people who eat vitamin C-rich diets have a lower incidence of cancer.”
To read the rest of the article, check it out on the original source over at Dr. Mercola. | <urn:uuid:58d69aa8-d5af-402e-a4c1-f7c9abd0c7e4> | {
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Allowing the Many Voices of the Treaty to Be Heard
A new book on the Treaty of Waitangi sets out to allow the many voices of the Treaty to be heard. Launched this week at the Stout Research Centre, The Treaty of Waitangi Companion, edited by HistoryWorks directors Dr Vincent O’Malley and Bruce Stirling, along with Professor Wally Penetito of Victoria University of Wellington, tells the story of the Treaty, and wider Maori and Pakeha relations from the time of Tasman to today, in an altogether new way. Since the time of the signing of the Treaty in 1840 it has become a defining document in the history of Aotearoa/New Zealand. From the New Zealand Wars to the 1975 Land March, from Captain Cook to Hone Harawira, The Treaty of Waitangi Companion tells the story of the Treaty, and of Maori and Pakeha relations, through the many voices of those who made this country’s history.
Sourced from government publications and newspapers, letters and diaries, poems, paintings and cartoons, the Companion brings to life the long history of debates around the Treaty and life in Aotearoa. Was the Treaty a Maori Magna Carta or a fraud? A blueprint for partnership or an instrument of annexation and dispossession? In The Treaty of Waitangi Companion we hear from Maori and Pakeha wrestling with those issues, including King Tawhiao’s frustrated pleas to colonial politicians, Te Whiti’s messages of peace, and Sir William Martin’s appeals against the injustice of confiscation.
Kiwis often assume they know all they need to about the Treaty and its subsequent tortuous history. As Dr O’Malley told those gathered at the launch, ‘Treaty fatigue’ might almost be a medically diagnosed condition to judge by many of the comments that sometimes appear in the media and elsewhere. And yet, only a very small percentage of students at NCEA level choose the history option, and of those whose do, an even smaller number go on to study specifically New Zealand history. Meanwhile, since the establishment of the Waitangi Tribunal in 1975, the efforts of successive governments to inform the general public about the claims process and the history arising out of it have been negligible to non-existent.
Instead, it has been left to historians to pick up the slack, and the authors hope that their work will make at least a modest contribution to that cause.
Click here for a link to a recent Te Karere story on the new book. (Tip: use the interactive transcript feature to get the English text). And click here for a review of the book from theListener. [Added 13 November 2010] | <urn:uuid:aa8fc7ba-3e87-44df-9f31-e45e32857f08> | {
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Regular visits to an optometrist are an important part of looking after your overall health. Not only will you be able to discover and treat common eyesight issues like short-sightedness, but your optometrist can also spot the early signs of diseases like diabetes, as several health problems cause visible symptoms in the eyes.
Not all diseases have such an obscure link to optometrist checks, however. There are a number of problems specific to the eyes that need to be discovered early, and one of these is glaucoma.
What is glaucoma?
Strictly speaking, glaucoma is not one specific condition but, rather, a problem whereby the optic nerve is progressively damaged. Although there are various different causes, one of the most common is a build-up of pressure in the eye. This is often because a blockage is preventing the fluid draining away as it normally would.
Because the damage to the optic nerve will worsen as long as the condition is untreated, it can eventually lead to blindness, which is why it's so important to catch it early.
What are the symptoms?
Part of the difficulty with glaucoma lies in the fact that there are no noticeable symptoms for the patient in the early stages. This is why regular eye tests are essential, especially if you're at particular risk.
Having said that, some people do experience symptoms with the onset of glaucoma. If you have any pain in your eyes, loss or distortion of vision, or red or hazy eyes, you should seek medical attention urgently.
Who is at risk?
People of any age can get glaucoma, although it's far more likely in those over 40. It also has a tendency to run in families, so you have a higher chance of developing it if a parent, sibling or child has.
There are other factors that affect your chances of getting glaucoma to some extent, including ethnicity, existing medical conditions, and any regular medication you're taking. Your optometrist will be able to advise you fully if you're in an at-risk group.
What's the treatment?
The treatment varies depending on the precise nature and severity of the case in question but is commonly one of three things. The most simple treatment is administering eye drops to deal with the fluid, either decreasing its production or helping it to flow as normal. If this isn't suitable, lasers can be used to make the fluid flow freely; failing that, microsurgery is an effective treatment. | <urn:uuid:acbce34b-88a3-4b33-830b-ac8b00865077> | {
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In the United States, as well as some other countries, mandating that individuals buy individual health insurance has been proposed as a solution to high numbers of uninsured (in the US, the number stands around 47 million). The proposal is seen as both a way to force people to obtain something that is seen as necessary in a modern society, as unexpected illnesses or accidents can suddenly overwhelm an individual with medical bills and frequently lead to bankruptcy. It is also seen as a way to reduce the burden that the uninsured place on the insured and on taxpayers, who may have to pay higher premiums or taxes to pay for the emergency visits of the uninsured. Supporters also generally see mandates as one of the only ways to ensure universal coverage. Yet, opponents worry about mandates violating individual and constitutional rights. They argue that an individual living in a society should not be forced to buy insurance “just because they are alive”. Additional concerns surround the efficacy of mandates, both in regards to how mandates can compel improvements in individual behavior and in regards to the enforcement of mandates when people do not comply. Should the uninsured and struggling be financially punished when they fail to obtain insurance? Such a prospect strikes opponents as counter-productive, by financially penalizing those that cannot obtain insurance because of poor finances. In 2007, Massachusetts became the first state in the US to implement mandates. California began considering the idea soon after. An individual mandate found its way into the Affordable Care Act. The Trump Administration repealed the ACA and it is unlikely that an individual mandate will be included in whatever replaces the ACA.
exclusion periods for coverage of preexisting conditions, benefit riders that permanently exclude particular types of care, higher premium rates or cost-sharing requirements for people with health problems, and outright denials of coverage. […] If we required that every person obtain at least a minimum package of health insurance benefits — that is, issued a so-called individual mandate — we would eliminate adverse selection, and these barriers would become unnecessary and, in fact, indefensible.”
The uninsured do two things that add to costs. First, when they do go to the hospital, they go to the emergency room, which is paid for by the taxpayers in most cases. Second, by not contributing money to the general risk pool, the insured have a smaller pool of resources to draw on when they get sick, meaning that insurance companies have to increase premiums.
“When a significant number of patients is unable to pay for care, such as the 20 percent of Americans currently in that situation, not only do costs increase for everyone but quality of care decreases, as limited human and material resources are drained to support those unable to financially contribute to the system. […] Evidence strongly supports that these issues already significantly affect all of us, directly or indirectly. When someone without insurance gets sick, we all get to pay the price.”
“While some complain about the loss of personal freedoms for a few, avoiding mandates would lead to further unnecessary yet significant financial burdens for everyone.”
“Mandatory insurance violates the rights of insurers and individuals to act on their own judgment. […] A right is a legitimate freedom of action—a freedom of action necessary for the maintenance and furtherance of human life. The right to act on one’s judgment—which means, the right to act on one’s basic means of survival—is one’s basic right. Mandatory insurance violates this right by forcing insurers to sell and customers to purchase insurance on terms and prices dictated not by their own judgment, but by government decree, thus destroying the very conditions that make insurance a value. This is what has caused the disastrous economic consequences in Massachusetts.”
“Mandatory insurance violates individual rights in several ways. First, it forbids individuals and insurers from contracting voluntarily in a free market. In Massachusetts, individuals must choose between one of only a few government-approved plans.35 The terms of these state plans were not determined by patients and insurers negotiating in a free market. Instead, major elements, such as the prices of the plans and details of prescription drug coverage, were decided by the ten members of the government-appointed “Connector” board after ferocious lobbying from pressure groups including “business, labor, medical professionals and needy patients.”36 This is a classic example of what philosopher Ayn Rand called the ‘politics of pull.'”
“A mandate to buy what? In automobile insurance it’s typically to protect other people against the damage the driver might do to them. The parallel in health is a mandate for me to buy insurance to cover emergency and catastrophic costs that you (taxpayers and insured people) would be stuck with if I can’t pay my hospital bill.”
“how big is the free-rider problem, really? First, we should note that not all free riders are uninsured. In fact, people with insurance consume almost a third of uncompensated care. Second, not all care received by the uninsured is paid for by others. Analysts at the Urban Institute found that the uninsured pay more than 25 percent of their health expenditures out of pocket. […] So how much uncompensated care is received by the uninsured? The same study puts the number at about $35 billion a year in 2001, or only 2.8 percent of total health care expenditures for that year. In other words, even if the individual mandate works exactly as planned, it will affect at best a mere 3 percent of health care expenditures.”
Bradley Herring, a health economist at Johns Hopkins University: “Without an individual mandate, you’re never going to get to universal coverage.”
The Kansas City Star reported in September of 2009: “appears to be the best way to ensure coverage for the most people.”
Senate Finance Committee Chairman Max Baucus, a Democrat who is helping write healthcare legislation, in a March 2009 speech to the Center for American Progress think tank said, “An individual obligation to get health coverage is essential.”
“The Problem of Noncompliance […] of course, the mandate will not work exactly as planned. As anyone who’s ever driven over 55 mph knows, mandating something is not the same as making it happen. Realistically, some individuals will not comply. […] Forty-seven states currently require drivers to purchase liability auto insurance. Do 100 percent of drivers in those states have insurance? No. For states with an auto insurance mandate, the median percentage of drivers who are uninsured is 12 percent.”
Many argue that health care is a right, and thus that universal health care is a necessary provision. This is then used to justify mandates as a means to universal care. But, health care is not a right, as only things that could be consider “natural”, “innate”, or “God-given” can be considered rights, and health care does not qualify as such.
“Although the shortcomings of the system for the high-cost population are many and well documented, most people who are excluded from the current health insurance system have low incomes. Two thirds of the uninsured have incomes below 200% of the federal poverty level (100% being $10,830 for an individual and $22,050 for a family of four in 2009).2 With the average employer premium today running approximately $4,800 for an individual and $13,300 for a family (with estimates based on average premiums for 2006 with adjustment for inflation3), such an expense would amount to 22 to 30% of income for those at 200% of the poverty level — much too high to be considered affordable. For people with lower incomes, such expenses would be even more crushing. As a consequence, the inclusion of everyone in the health insurance system will require substantial government subsidies to Americans with modest incomes. Without such assistance, a requirement to participate in coverage would be unfair and unjustifiable. A requirement for all to enroll in coverage must therefore carry with it a government commitment to make adequate coverage affordable at all income levels.”
The financially struggling, those beneath a certain income level, can be exempted from penalties for lacking health insurance.
Some individuals in certain exceptional cases can also be exempted from the requirement to obtain health insurance. This, at a minimum, is an option that can be used to balance certain considerations, which may include the expense of subsidizing insurance for poor individuals.
“An individual mandate would inject much more government control into our health sector and would require onerous enforcement provisions, like garnishing people’s wages.[4,5] Americans are struggling to afford decent housing, child care, and other necessities. Requiring them to buy health insurance before we address its high costs would further burden the workers and families we’re trying to help.”
“If they will be fined when the healthcare system learns they are uninsured, why would anyone who cannot afford health insurance ever go to a doctor? So really, the problem of folks without health insurance is not fixed by a mandate.”
“A mandate is also extremely regressive. In Massachusetts, mandated insurance and co-payments can amount to nearly a third of income. Income taxes apportion the costs of public services more fairly, and I see no reason not to adopt that approach in paying for health care. To be sure, President Obama has said he would exempt people from the mandate who couldn’t afford to purchase their own health insurance. But aren’t these precisely the people most in need of it? Massachusetts has exempted 62,000 people from the mandate for that reason.”
“‘Insurance, in its simplest form, works by pooling risks: many pay a premium up front, and then those who face a bad outcome (getting sick, being in a car accident, having their home burn down) get paid out of those collected premiums,’ explained Katherine Baicker, a professor of health economics at Harvard’s School of Public Health. […] Insurance works because not everyone will fall sick at the same time, so it is possible to make payments to those who do fall sick even though their care costs more than their premium, by tapping the pooled insurance premiums. Thus, the system is undermined by the uninsured, both healthy and unhealthy. […] when healthy individuals choose to go uninsured, the model breaks down as well, because they are limiting the pool of reserves available for those who are sick. If they wait until they are sick to get insurance, they defeat the purpose of insurance, too. That’s why Massachusetts, one of the states leading health care reform efforts, requires universal participation in its health program.”
“the voluntary insurance system has also distracted insurers from developing incentives and mechanisms for efficiently managing health care costs. Because total health care expenditures are so concentrated — the most expensive 5% of the population accounts for half of aggregate health care spending, whereas the bottom 50% of spenders account for only 3%1 — the gains to insurers of avoiding the sick outweigh any possible gains from managing their care. As a consequence, resources have been devoted to such avoidance at a direct cost to effective care management. National health care costs continue to grow at rates well above inflation, but there has been precious little incentive for the private sector to devote its innovative energies to controlling them. And identifying ways to provide care more effectively and efficiently to people with serious medical needs is the only path to achieving the savings we all seek, since it is on such care that the bulk of the system’s dollars are spent.”
“Bringing everyone into the insurance pool — particularly young, healthy customers — spreads the risk and lowers overall costs. ‘That will make it more affordable for everyone,’ Bradley Herring, a health economist at Johns Hopkins University.”
“Costs to the state government have skyrocketed and are projected to run hundreds of millions of dollars over budget. Because the mandated insurance is so expensive, the government has had to subsidize the costs of the premiums not only for lower-income residents, but also for residents with incomes as high as $60,000 for a family of four—which is three times the Federal Poverty Level.17 The state had expected a ‘significant drop in spending . . . for the uninsured” but has since acknowledged that this ‘is not going to happen to any large extent in 2009.’ Instead, overall costs to the state have risen by more than $400 million, 85 percent more than originally projected.”
“Under any system of mandatory insurance, the government must necessarily define what constitutes acceptable insurance. In Massachusetts, this has created a giant magnet for special interest groups seeking to have their own pet benefits included in the required package. Massachusetts residents are thus forced to purchase benefits they may neither need nor want, such as in vitro fertilization, chiropractor services, and autism treatment – raising insurance costs for everyone to reward a few with sufficient political pull.”
“The Massachusetts plan […] violates the individual’s right to spend his own money according to his best judgment for his own benefit. Instead, individuals are forced to choose from a limited set of insurance plans on terms set by lobbyists and bureaucrats, rather than those based on a rational assessment of individual needs.”
“But the kind of centralized, government-dominated proposals he endorses elsewhere in his letter have a poor track record of producing the savings he needs for this plan to work. And there is no evidence that Congress will significantly cut the growth of spending in Medicare or Medicaid nor will more spending on information technologies, disease management and prevention produce the needed savings.”
President Barack Obama said in September of 2009: “For us to say that you’ve got to take a responsibility to get health insurance is absolutely not a tax increase. Right now everybody in America, just about, has to get auto insurance. Nobody considers that a tax increase.”
“there’s no option with mandatory health insurance. You’d have to get it. The only way you can opt out is to die. So really, it’s like we’re being taxed simply for being living, breathing U.S. citizens living in this country.” | <urn:uuid:d14d2258-2bbb-442c-91a1-979fc3ebc972> | {
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This section aims to assist the teachers by providing them with the most common Islamic terms and phrases
This section aims to assist the teachers by providing them with the most common Islamic terms and phrases
Below you can find some most used terms from the Arabic language and their meanings.
adab: good manners; etiquette.
adhan: the call to congregational prayers. In some Muslim countries this call is issued from a minaret.
A.H.: abbreviation for after hijrah. A.H. refers to the migration of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) and his companions from Mecca to Medina in the year 622. The Islamic lunar calendar starts from this historical event.
akhirah: life in the hereafter.
akhlaq: morals and manners
Alaihi salam: may peace be upon him.
Alhamdulillah: all praise is for God.
alim: a learned, knowledgeable person or scholar in Islam. (pl. ulama)
Allah: The God: Al means The and ilah means god. Together it means "The God" or Allah. In Arabic Bible Allah is used to refer to The God. According to Muslim belief, the true name of God, the Creator of the universe. Allah also has 100 attributes which describe His power, glory and characteristics. Some of His attributes are the Merciful, the Beneficent, the Wise, the All-Knowing, the Protector, the Mighty, the Loving, the First, the Last, the Eternal.
Allahu Akbar: God is the Greatest. These words are repeated by Muslims many times during the course of the day, making them the most frequently chanted words on earth. Muslims say Allahu akbar when issuing the call for prayer, praying, expressing a happy feeling, approving an uplifting statement, and otherwise praising God.
amir: a leader or commander of a group of Muslims.
Amir al-Mumineen or Amir ul-Mumineen: leader or commander of the believers. Historically this title has been reserved for the Muslim caliph.
Assalamu alaikum: peace be upon you; the Islamic greeting for Muslims. Other extended forms are assalamu alaikum wa rahmatullah (may the peace and mercy of Allah be upon you) and assalamu alaikum wa rahmatullahi wa barakatuh (may the peace, mercy and blessings of Allah be upon you).
ayah: a sign; verse of the Quran. In literal Arabic, ayah means miracle or sign. The Quran itself being a miracle, each of its verses (sentences) is called an ayah. The plural is ayat.
C.E.: the Common Era. In Islamic texts C.E. is preferred over the term A.D. to refer to time before Hijrah, the start of the Muslim calendar.
dhimmi: A non-Muslim citizen of an Islamic state. Dhimmis are exempt from military service and zakah (an Islamic alms due) but instead pay a tax called jizyah. Their life and property is protected by the Islamic state.
deen: religion or way of life. Islam is referred to as a deen, or way of life, because it covers every facet of human life.
dua: supplication; calling upon God.
dunya: this life; this world.
faqih: an expert on Islamic jurisprudence. (pl. fuqaha)
fiqh: the body of Islamic jurisprudence or law. In Islam it also means understanding, comprehension and knowledge. A jurist is called a faqih because he or she is an expert in Islamic legal matters. A faqih passes verdicts within the rules of the Islamic Law or Shariah.
fatwa: a legal opinion that is rendered by a person knowledgeable in Islamic jurisprudence.
fitnah: civil strife, war, riots, any trial or tribulation.
hadith: the sayings, actions and approvals of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him); the authentically recorded and reported narrations from the life of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), which is modeled after the teachings of the Quran. (pl. ahadith)
Hajj: one of the five pillars of Islam, hajj is the pilgrimage to Makkah that Muslims must make at least once during their lifetime.
halal: permitted in Islam.
haqq: the truth. One of the attributes of Allah is Al-Haqq.
hanif: People who, during pre-Islamic days, rejected idolatry in their society. These people were in search of the true religion of Prophet Ibraheem (Abraham).
haram: 1 unlawful or prohibited in Islam. 2 sanctuary or sacred territory. Mecca has been declared a haram since the time of Prophet Ibraheem (Abraham). All things within the limit of the haram are protected and considered inviolable. Medina was also declared haram by Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him).
hijrah: migration to seek sanctuary of freedom from religious or other persecution. In Islamic history terms, hijrah refers to the migration of Prophet Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina to escape persecution. This journey took place in the twelfth year of his mission (622 C.E.). The Islamic calendar starts from this historical event. Hijrah can also mean to leave a bad way of life for a good or more righteous way.
ijtihad: To uncover Allah's rulings on any issue by using one's knowledge of the Quran, Sunnah, ijma (consensus of scholars) etc. Only the most knowledgeable about Islamic sources of legislation can engage in ijtihad.
imam: 1 the leader of the Muslim community (also called amir or khalifah); 2 leader of the congregational prayers. An imam is not infallible. He is responsible for his mistakes to all the members of the community and above all he is responsible to Almighty Allah.
iman: literally, belief; Islamically, faith and trust in Allah.
Injil: The revelations that were sent down to Prophet Isa (Jesus); what is referred to by Christians as the Gospels.
insha Allah: if God wills. Muslims say insha Allah whenever they speak about something in the future.
iqamah: call to stand for congregational prayer.
Islam: derived from the Arabic root words of silm and salam, Islam means, among others things, peace, greeting, salutation, obedience, loyalty, allegiance, and submission to the will of Allah. Muslims believe that Islam is the last and final religion for all mankind till the end of time, irrespective of color, race, nationality, ethnic background, language, or social position. The term Mohammedanism is sometimes mistakenly used for Islam. This is a misnomer and is offensive to Muslims.
jahannum: hell; fire.
jama'ah: gathering; congregation.
jannah: paradise; heaven.
jihad: derived from the Arabic root word of jahada, jihad means to strive one's utmost to achieve something good. The first and foremost jihad is against one's own carnal desires and sinful temptations. There is also jihad against a tyrant ruler or oppressor. The jihad of the latter kind is defensive in nature and can only be called by a legal Islamic authority. The term Holy War does not apply to jihad as it cannot be found anywhere in Islamic history. Therefore, Holy War should not be used to describe jihad.
jilbab: a long, loose-fitting garment worn by Muslim women.
jinn: spiritual beings that inhabit the world and are required to follow the orders of Allah. Just like humans, jinn can be good or bad and are accountable for their deeds. The word jinn, in Arabic, means 'hidden,' which indicates that they are invisible creatures. They were created by Allah from fire.
jizyah: a tax paid by non-Muslims living in a Muslim State. Since the non-Muslims are exempt from military service and taxes imposed on Muslims, they must pay this tax. The Islamic state guarantees its non-Muslim citizens security and protection in return for jizyah.
juz: one of 30 parts of the Quran.
Kabah: a cube-shaped structure in the city of Mecca to which all Muslims turn during their prayers. The first house of worship built for mankind, it was originally built by Prophet Adam and later reconstructed by Prophets Ibraheem (Abraham) and Isma'il (Ishmael), peace be upon them all.
kafir: a person who hides or covers up the truth and refuses to submit to Allah (God); a disbeliever in God. (pl. kuffar)
khalifah: successor or representative of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) or one of his successors. This person acts as the head of state for the entire Muslim community of the world. Another title for the khalifah is Amir Al-Mumineen, which means the leader of the believers.
khatib: an orator or speaker; a person who gives sermons, especially at Friday noon prayers.
khutba: a speech or sermon; sometimes used to refer to the sermon given during the Friday noon congregational prayer.
kufr: 1 the act of concealing, denying or refusing to accept the truth about Allah; 2 showing ungratefulness to Allah for His bounties.
malak: angel, one of God's creations. (pl. malaikah)
Masha Allah: whatever Allah wills. Muslims say masha Allah when they hear something good
masjid: called mosque in English, the Muslim place of prayers and worship. The life of the early Muslims used to revolve around the masjid. Meetings would be held there, discussions would take place there.
minbar or mimbar: a pulpit from where a sermon or speech is delivered.
muhajirin: emigrants; Prophet Muhammad's companions who migrated to escape persecution by the nonbelivers.
Muhammad: The name of the last and final messenger of God. The Quran says that the coming of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) was foretold by each one of the foregoing prophets and the people were commanded to follow him when he appeared. His distinguishing feature was that he would confirm the truth of all prophets and revelations that preceded him. While other prophets were sent to a particular nation or tribe, Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) was sent to all mankind.
muazzin: a person who issues the call for the five daily prayers.
mumin: someone who has a sincere belief and faith in Allah and is a righteous person. (pl. muminoon)
munafiq: hypocrite (pl. munafiqoon)
mus-haf: a written, printed copy of the Qur'an in the form of a published book.
mushrik: polythiest; a person who ascribes partners to Allah. (pl. mushrikoon)
Muslim: one who believes in Islam and submits to the rulings of Islam.
muttaqeen: God consciousness. People, whose actions are God conscious because they fear God most.
nabi: A Prophet of God but no Book has been revealed on him. Compare it with Rasool.
P.B.U.H.: abbreviation for peace be upon him, derived from the Arabic words alaihi salam. Muslims traditionally say this after the name of all prophets to show respect and love. (Because Muslims are supposed to say sallallahu alaihe wasallam after the name of Prophet Muhammad and because P.B.U.H. does not accurately convey that meaning, many instead prefer the abbreviation S.A.W.)
qadi: an Islamic judge. A person who gives a hukm, or a binding verdict in a disputed matter that is presented to the Islamic court.
qadr: God's plan; fate; predestination
qiblah: the direction Muslims face when praying. Muslims turn in prayers toward the Kabah, the cube-shaped house of worship that Prophets Ibraheem and his son Isma'il built in Mecca.
Quran: the Muslim book of revelations is called the Quran. It was revealed to Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) from Allah through angel Jibril (Gabriel) over a period of 23 years. There is only one Quran in the whole world and it is in the Arabic language. The Quran has one text, one language, and one dialect. It has been memorized by millions of Muslims in different parts of the world.
qiyaas: a method for deducing or reaching a legal decision in Islam for which there is no clearcut evidence in the Quran, the Hadith, or the consensus of the companions of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) or Muslim scholars. The qiyaas must however be based on some precedents in the above sources.
Ramadan: the Islamic month of dawn-to-dusk fasting. It falls on the ninth month of the Islamic lunar calendar. Fasting is obligatory for every healthy and able Muslim man and woman. It was during this month that the Qur'an began to be revealed to Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). Muslims engage in extra prayers and charity during this month.
rasool: messenger; one who receives revelation from Allah and is commanded to deliver the message to his people. Allah sent many prophets and messengers to mankind. Amongst them, the names of twenty-five are mentioned in the Quran. Five among them are major messengers: Nuh (Noah), Ibraheem (Abraham), Musa (Moses), Isa (Jesus) , and Muhammad, peace be upon them all. Prophet Muhammad is the last messenger.
Rasoolallah: messenger of Allah
rukoo: derived from the root word raka'a, which means to bow down. During prayers (salah), Muslims make rukoo to show respect to Allah. Rukoo consists of bowing forward at the waist level and is different from prostration.
S.A.W.S.: abbreviation for the words sallallahu alaihi wasallam, which means "May the blessing and peace of Allah be upon him." When the name of Prophet Muhammad is mentioned, Muslims show respect to him by reciting this statement of peace. (alternately, SAW, SAAS)
sabr: patience in difficulty
sadaqah: charity beyond that which is obligatory
sahabi: companion of Prohet Muhammad (peace be upon him) (pl. sahabah)
salah: an Arabic word meaning a spiritual relationship and communication between the creature and his Creator. It is commonly understood as ritualistic prayers. Salah is one of the five pillars of Islam and is mandated five times a day: Fajr (dawn), Zuhr (noon), Asr (afternoon), Maghrib (sunset), and Isha (late evening). On Friday noon there is a special congregational prayer called Salatul Jumah that includes a sermon by the imam. Salah is not to be confused with du'a or supplication.
sallallahu alaihi wasallam: peace and blessings of Allah be on him
seerah: the biography of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), which includes his personality, his life story, his prophethood, his leadership, and his ways of handling different situations. The seerah of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) is the highest example and source of inspiration for all Muslims in all phases of their daily life.
shahadah: to bear witness; declaration of faith
Shaitaan: called Satan in Judaism and Christianity, Shaitaan is the source of evil in the world. He always tries to misguide and mislead people. The Quran states that Shaitaan is not an angel but a member of the jinn family. His other name is Iblis. The plural name is Shayatin, i.e., devils.
Shariah: the revealed and canonical laws of the religion of Islam.
sheikh: a title or a nickname for an elderly person or one who is knowledgeable in religion. This title is also given to a leader or a wise person.
shirk: associating partners with Allah; disbelieving in the unity and oneness of Allah and believing that someone else shares authority with Allah or has the same attributes or characteristics as Allah. This is major shirk and it will not be forgiven. There can also be minor shirk, which is to do a good deed with the purpose of showing off rather than to please Allah.
Subhan Allah: glorified is Allah; Allah is pure. Muslims say subhan Allah when they appreciate something.
sujood or sujud: derived from the root word sajada, sujud is the prostration to Allah in the daily prayers. In the position of sujud Muslims praise Almighty Allah and glorify Him. During sujud, Muslims make sure that the forehead, nose, hands, knees, and toes, are all touching the floor. This is the most humble position in the prayer and making supplications is highly recommended.
sunnah: In general, habit, practice, customary procedure, or action, norm, and usage sanctioned by tradition. In purely religious terms, it refers to Prophet Muhammad's (s.a.w.) sayings, actions and approvals as authentically recorded by his companions.
surah: chapter of the Quran. The Quran is composed of 114 chapters. The plural of surah is suwar.
taqwah: love, fear, and awareness of God.
tawheed: confirming the oneness and unity of Allah; to believe that there is no one worthy of worship except Allah, that He does not share His power or authority with anyone, and that He is the Creator. This belief is the foundation of Islam.
Tawrat: the Torah; the revelations that were sent down to Prophet Musa (Moses).
ummah: community or people; used in reference to the community of believers or Muslims.
wudu: the act of purifying (ablution) before daily ritual prayers or before reading the Quran.
Zabur: Psalms; the revelations that were sent down to Prophet Da'ud (David).
zakah: purification of wealth by giving 2.5% in charity; one of the five pillars of Islam. All Muslims who have annual savings beyond a certain amount, or live off farming, are obligated to pay zakah. | <urn:uuid:eeeacddf-e89a-46f4-8cbe-34ea49ca39ed> | {
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Just because you are suffering from oral thrush or candidiasis it does not mean that you are alone in that battle. In fact my dear friend, this type of yeast infection is one of the most common that could affect the young, the middle aged and the elderly. Opposing the common belief that men are actually more susceptible with this type of infection, women can also get oral thrush.
Do you still feel confused and have a much deeper curiosity about candidiasis? Well, you are definitely not alone. Let me start with a few basic, easy to understand facts that you should know about this type of yeast infection.
The medical condition called “Thrush” or “Oral Candidiasis” is a mouth infection that is caused by an overgrowth of a fungus called Candida Albicans. This type of fungus normally exists in every human beings body within normal conditions. With candida albicans’ population kept under control and maintaining a certain PH balance, this fungus isn’t at risk in creating any health problems for an individual. But once a person has a weak immune system or the fungus’ normal environment is altered, this infection can be triggered.
Other factors that may spark this infection are the following:
- Having poor oral hygiene
- People who wear complete dentures
- Being very young (infants) and elderly
- Having an existing medical condition that may weaken the immune system such as (HIV or AIDS)
- Using medications or chemotherapy that may weaken the immune system
- People with diabetes or have high levels of sugar in their blood because the sugar acts as food for the fungus
What are the initial symptoms and what does thrush look like?
Do take note of the initial symptoms of this oral infection. A bad taste in the mouth may be one of the first symptoms you may recognize with a decrease in taste sensation.
What is usually seen in thrush are white and velvety patches that could commonly be seen at the corners of the mouth, the tongue, the gums, roof of the mouth, inside of the cheeks, the throat and even the lips. In a little more severe cases, be cautious in wiping the patchy areas because it may cause bleeding and create a painful wound.
Signs and tests:
Thrush can easily be seen by your doctor or dentist when he/she takes a look at your mouth and tongue. During uncertainty, cultures of the lesions in the mouth can be done and mouth scrapings could also be looked at underneath a microscope.
Infant yeast infections:
Although you’ve probably heard of adults having thrush, infants are actually more prone to this type of infection. Thrush in infants could be acquired during a delivery in which the infant’s mother has an active yeast infection in the vagina. This infection could also be gained through breast-feeding.
In infants, the symptoms of thrush may be seen usually after 7 to 10 days after delivery of the infant. Babies who have thrush may have discomfort all throughout their mouth and could have trouble eating and may appear fussy because of the pain. Be alert and notify the pediatrician if thrush doesn’t get better after 2 weeks.
If you have thrush or you know someone with it, natural remedies for the infection could definitely be a big help:
- Try out natural mouth rinses. (let the mouth rinse swish around the mouth for at least 15 to 20 minutes. No swallong!): rinse your mouth with warm salt water to draw out the infection and allow the sores to heal naturally. All you have to do is get one cup of warm water and add ½ teaspoon of salt
- A special mix to cure. Another type of homemade mouthwash is by mixing together equal amounts of warm water and apple cider vinegar, a pinch of salt or 4 drops of tea tree oil
- Yogurt. Start eating live-culture yogurt that contains a good amount of Lactobacillus acidophilus to help restore the body’s natural balance. Aim on eating 250mL (8 oz) of plain yogurt a day. Avoid yogurts that are sweetened because the sugar in it could worsen the infection and provide a food source for the fungus. This is a popular natural yeast infection remedy.
- Garlic. Eating garlic regularly with meals can also do wonders because garlic has antifungal effects (eating one to two whole clove(s) daily, adding garlic to other foods you eat or you can try rubbing the garlic clove on the sores) while eating onions can help heal the existing mouth sores
- Liquid treatment. To help soothe the discomfort of the mouth sores, I do suggest drinking cool liquids. Water is one of the best remedies because it flushes out toxins in the body. Try taking in at least 8 glasses a day, even aiming for more glasses for maximum benefits
- Baking soda. This is also another natural remedy that you can try out for mild oral candidiasis. Mix a small amount of baking soda and water to create a paste you can use for brushing your teeth
- Avoid carbohydrates. Avoiding complex carbohydrates and sugars to starve the fungus and prevent it from growing
These natural remedies for yeast infection are beneficial and could do wonders. If your yeast infection is mild, natural treatments could be tried out, but in more severe cases make sure to seek medical consultation. But these health tips and natural treatments are proven effective so trying out remedies for yeast infection could make it all worth it without hurting your budget and yourself.
With all the very informative information that I have shared with you in this article on thrush or oral candidiasis, I think that it would be an excellent choice to further enhance your knowledge about the topic and also find out about a clinically proven holistic plan for permanently curing yeast infections naturally and safely with Linda Allen’s best-selling guide. | <urn:uuid:18647b57-6d29-4db4-b626-322c725d7e05> | {
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Join the New York Nineteenth Century Society Parlorcraft Circle for Victorian Valentines! The earliest valentines date to the 15th century, but the tradition reached its peak in the 19th century when paper and materials became affordable. Valentine’s Day was a favorite holiday in the 19th century, and both commercial and homemade valentines were exchanged. They were cherished keepsakes, more important than Christmas cards. The penny post also contributed to the popularity of sending valentines.
Materials, supplies, and instruction will be provided to make a valentine craft such as a heart-shaped paper box, a valentine fan, or and old-fashioned valentine card for your sweetheart.
Tea and light refreshments will be served but you may bring your own treats to share if you wish. Please leave your laptops and modern sewing/craft projects at home for this event – we’re all about the historic hand work!
Donations of tea as well as supplies and materials are always welcome.
Materials for this event also supplied by the generosity of Materials for the Arts.
Moderated by Rachel Klingberg and Morgana Toglia, we heartily invite you to craft and design to your hearts content!
If you have a special craft or skill from history that you would like to share, please let us know: [email protected] | <urn:uuid:290a0d54-3370-4267-8fc0-7b56a030d801> | {
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Measles: know the risks, check your status, protect yourself
Updated March 2018
Measles is a highly contagious, serious disease caused by a virus. In 1980, before widespread vaccination, measles caused more than 2 million deaths each year.
The disease remains one of the leading causes of death among young children globally, despite the availability of a safe and effective vaccine. Approximately 89 780 people died from measles in 2016 – mostly children under the age of five.
This fact file on measles has been created for World Immunization Week (24-30 April) aims to highlight the collective action needed to ensure that every person is protected from vaccine-preventable diseases. This year the theme for the week is Protected Together, #VaccinesWork, encourages people at every level – from donors to the general public – to go further in their efforts to increase immunization coverage for the greater good. | <urn:uuid:4b7eaa35-f34e-48e9-890e-e96d354acdd3> | {
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Several techniques can be used to obtain a respiration signal from an ECG. A popular technique used in bedside patient monitors involves measuring transthoracic impedance using the ECG electrodes. Unlike those described below, this method obtains the respiration signal from the ECG electrodes rather than from the ECG signal. It requires special-purpose hardware and is not suited to recovering respiration from a recorded ECG, but it has the significant advantage (relative to the other methods mentioned here) that a continuous respiration-related waveform can be obtained.
Another well-known method is based on observing the beat-to-beat variations in RR intervals or their reciprocals, which are primarily due to respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) in most individuals. This method works best in young, healthy subjects, in whom RSA is most pronounced.
The EDR (ECG-Derived Respiration) technique is a third approach. It is based on the observation that the positions of ECG electrodes on the chest surface move relative to the heart, and transthoracic impedance varies, as the lungs fill and empty. Thus the lead axes vary at different points in the respiratory cycle, and any sufficiently precise measurement of the mean cardiac electrical axis shows variations that are correlated with respiration. This method is particularly effective if two or more ECG signals are available, but a single lead is sufficient. The EDR can be obtained even in the context of congestive heart failure, in which RSA may be absent.
None of these methods supplies a calibrated respiration signal; for tidal volume and air flow measurements, other techniques (spirometry, measurements from nasal thermistors, and plethysmography) are best. Nevertheless, any of these methods can provide a basis for estimating respiration rate and for detecting apneas.
- a short C program implementing the EDR, which can be used to derive a respiration-related signal from one or two ECG signals (precompiled binaries for Linux and MS-Windows are also available)
- the paper that introduced the technique
- a second paper that describes applications for the EDR
Another paper that describes an application of the EDR is:
Address for correspondence:
George B. Moody
MIT Room E25-505A
Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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Updated Friday, 21-Oct-2016 21:45:42 CEST | <urn:uuid:bee6c965-e249-43d2-bd12-147f5a3f3e96> | {
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There are a number of hybrid coatings being developed for a number of different purposes within different industries. Here are just a few that have been developed greatly over recent years and have become a huge part in innovative products;
This nano coating is a form of reinforced plastic which is composed with many glass fibres to create a textile fabric. There are many applications for this coating in a huge number of industries including; architecture, leisure, automotives, aerospace and sustainability.
This hybrid coating is applied to a surface in order to make surfaces easy to clean to a high standard. There are many applications for this coating but it is especially popular in food industries and medical industries due to its low toxicity levels. This coating comes in a number of different forms and varies in colour and density.
This hybrid was created for the sole purpose of fighting corrosion by increasing adhesion and forming chemical bonds between metals and specially developed coatings. The organic polymers are introduced to a gel network which then achieves the optimum properties. | <urn:uuid:4364fed4-745a-43f2-b172-7e552a47ada4> | {
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The three main classes of microorganisms that can colonise are:
All microorganisms need both water and nutrients and some, like algae, also need sunlight – this depends on what’s developed.
Microorganisms have the potential to grow in liquid before it is applied and also on films after application. Paint manufacturers may use biocides in their products in order to prevent these organisms developing. The biocides that are used for this purpose can be divided into two main classes:-
- In-can biocides designed to prevent the growth of microorganisms during storage.
- Paint film biocides designed to prevent the growth of microorganisms on applied paint films.
These biocides can be further sub-divided into those which have anti-fungal, anti-algal and anti-bacterial properties.
Bio-degradation of Liquid Coatings
The requirement of algae for sunlight means they cannot grow in closed containers of liquid paint. Fungi and bacteria both require water and consequently neither can grow in solvent based coatings. This means that in-can biocides do not need to be added to solvent-borne products.
Water-borne coatings however are potentially prone to in-can attack by both bacteria and fungi . If these organisms develop, they can cause a number of problems including:-
- viscosity loss
- pH change
Fungal Growth on Paint Films
Fungus (otherwise known as mould or mildew) requires no sunlight and only minimal amounts of water in order to grow. Consequently it will develop on any paint surface which is periodically moist and which can provide sufficient nutrients. In practice this means that, in the absence of a fungicide, all external coating films are liable to fungal colonisation unless they are located in very dry situations.
The relatively dry conditions inside buildings do not favour fungal growth and that which does occur is normally restricted to paint surfaces which are periodically wet. Typically this means surfaces in kitchens and bathrooms where condensation forms.
Fungal growth on a paint film normally appears as dark spots on the surface and is sometimes confused with dirt. As well as disfiguring the surface, the organism can actually penetrate the film and make it more permeable to water. Growth can also develop under the film and cause loss of adhesion.
Fungal organisms reproduce by producing spores and these can be a significant health hazard to persons with respiratory allergies.
Algal Growth on Paint Films
In order to grow, algae need sunlight and a surface which can provide nutrients and is almost permanently wet. This means that algal growth does not occur on interior paint films and is normally only seen externally on coatings in very wet environments. In situations outside the tropics, a typical example of a favoured environment would be a paint film in a shaded area of a building which was wetted by a leaking gutter.
Algal growth appears as an unsightly greenish slime. The actual damage that the organism does to paintwork is probably minimal but its presence is a visual indication of very high moisture levels. It is a particularly unwelcome sight on painted wood because the level of moisture present will almost certainly mean that the underlying wood is rotting.
Bacterial Growth on Paint Films
Bacterial growth on a paint film is not visible to the naked eye and it does not cause any significant damage to the film. Consequently, as a general rule, when paint manufacturers add anti-bacterial agents, they do so with the sole intention of preventing in-can degradation.
An important exception to this rule is a relatively new class of paints known as hygienic coatings. These are designed for use in locations such as food preparation areas and hospitals where it is important to limit the growth of bacteria on interior surfaces.
In areas where there is a high level of moisture in the atmosphere, bacteria can multiply rapidly. Even the very act of washing a wall produces a surface that, during the drying period, is susceptible to bacterial colonisation. Hygienic coatings can provide protection under these conditions. | <urn:uuid:31bf1e0e-e4a1-43a4-ba53-a6ec81208a01> | {
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Cladded Equipments & Critical, Exotic Fabrications
Explosion cladding is a solid state welding process that uses precision explosions to bond two dissimilar metals while retaining the mechanical, electrical and corrosion properties of both. The process is most commonly used to clad steel with a thin layer of corrosion-resistant alloy metal, such as stainless steel, brass, nickel, silver, titanium, or zirconium. However, explosion welding can join a wide array of compatible and non-compatible metals; with more than 260 metal combinations possible.
The explosion weld is achieved in milliseconds; therefore, no bulk heating occurs, and the metals experience no dilution. NobelClad is the only company that can deliver high shear strength and high tensile strength across every type of combination we join.
In the world of oil and gas production and refining, corrosion-resistant alloys and explosion welded clad metals offer important economic and environmental benefits. They permit safe containment of oil, gas and related process fluids; ensuring a long useful life, which improves operating efficiencies. Overall, explosion welded clad materials can reduce equipment costs, enhance safety, and provide exceptional durability all while providing peace of mind.
Fossil fuel and nuclear power plants cooled with seawater can benefit from titanium-clad condensers and heat exchangers. Explosion welded clad offers a cost-effective solution for corrosion-resistant alloys required to handle low-quality cooling water. Our clad plates are used extensively for heat exchanger tube sheets, and the largest tube sheets are used in the final low-pressure condensers.
|Lightweight Design||FLAT Plates|
|Composite Strength & Performance||Tube Sheets|
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A magnet, kept in a secured room at Tokyo, exploded by literally cracking the room’s door. This electromagnet is one of the kinds that generates a magnetic consisting of a flow of electrical current in it. The moment the Scientists switched-on the magnet, it propelled the heavy doors which were actually designed for safeguarding it.
The recently published study in the journal – Review of Scientific Instruments showed that the strength of the magnetic field which is measured in a unit of magnetic intensity ‘tesla’ turned out to be as high as 1200, equivalent to more than 400 times powerful than that of an MRI machine.
More than a decade ago, a magnet with an intensity of just 45 teslas was described by the journal named Popular Mechanics magazine as the most powerful magnet, which means a magnet that after turning on does not tear itself into bits. This magnet, however, is as less as 4 percent of the power emitted by this 1200 tesla intense magnet, created by Shojiro Takeyama and his team.
For achieving this level of intensity, Takeyama along with his team has pumped megajoules of energy into a petite electromagnetic coil, which is the inner lining of the magnet that collapses the magnetic field inside gets squeezed into a tighter space.
Discussing one of the experiments, from1960s to 2001, by the Russian and American Researchers in which the electromagnet created an energy of around 2,800 teslas, Takayama said:
“The most similar magnetic-field generation is by chemical explosives. They cannot conduct these experiments in indoor laboratories, so they usually conduct everything in the outdoors, like Siberia in a field or somewhere in a very wide place at Los Alamos, New Mexico.”
He added, “And they try to make a scientific measurement but because of these conditions it’s very hard to make precise measurements.” | <urn:uuid:c7aec7b1-b0cd-4b97-a6f3-845b7f2c2e2d> | {
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A meniscal tear is a common injury of the knee. The meniscus is a wedge-like, shock-absorbing piece of cartilage found within your knee joint. It is shaped like a C and curves inside and outside the joint to stabilize your knee. It also allows your thigh (the femur) and your shin (the tibia) bones to glide and twist over each other with movement, as well as provide cushioning support for the weight-bearing job of your legs.
Injury to the meniscus often happens during sport activity, when a sudden twisting of the knee, pivoting, or deceleration causes a tear in your cartilage. A meniscal tear can also occur simultaneously with injury to other ligaments of the knee (in particular, the anterior cruciate ligament which helps to connect the upper and lower leg bones).
You may hear a popping sound at the time of injury to the meniscus, and you may still be able to bear weight and walk on the injured knee. Pain, swelling, and redness of the joint then develop over the next 12 to 24 hours. In some cases, a piece of cartilage can interfere with knee movement, and you may notice that your knee will “lock” or “pop” with attempted movement. Your doctor may choose to evaluate a possible tear with an MRI scan, a form of imaging that uses a large magnet to view changes in tissue.
Initial treatment of a meniscal tear follows basic home care management — “RICE,” which stands for Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs) are helpful to relieve pain and inflammation. This may be all that is needed for minor tears that have occurred in the outer edges of the meniscus.
Surgery may be recommended for tears that are central, cause locking or instability of your knee, or for injuries that don’t heal on their own. Surgery may involve using a small, pen-sized camera (called an arthroscope) to trim torn flaps in the cartilage and repair any other damaged ligaments. Often, a brace or cast is needed after surgery, and physical therapy is an important part of recovery to relieve pain and strengthen and stabilize the muscles around your knee.
If you suspect that you have signs or symptoms of a meniscal tear, please see your doctor for further evaluation and treatment options. | <urn:uuid:efc231d0-9e0e-4020-ab98-36ac1e67828d> | {
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Sexually Transmissible Infections in Gay Men Action Group (STIGMA), September 2019
Most sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are asymptomatic. Testing and treatment of asymptomatic men who have sex with men (MSM) is the most effective method to interrupt transmission and reduce the burden of illness. In particular, syphilis is increasingly common, is often asymptomatic, and can cause significant morbidity.
The main barriers to STI control are insufficient frequency of testing in MSM, and incomplete testing. For example, chlamydia and gonorrhoea tests should be performed at all three sites (swab of oropharynx and anorectum, and first
pass urine), and syphilis serology should be performed every time a HIV test or HIV treatment monitoring is performed.
HIV is now a medically preventable infection. All men who are eligible under the Australian HIV Pre-Exposure guidelines should be actively offered PrEP: www.ashm.org.au/HIV/PrEP All people with HIV should be advised to commence treatment and, where possible, have an undetectable viral load.
These guidelines are intended for all MSM, including trans men who have sex with other men .
This current version is endorsed by the Australasian Society for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, and Sexual Health Medicine, Australasian Sexual Health Alliance, Australasian Chapter of Sexual Health Medicine of the Royal Australasian College of Physicians and is approved as an accepted clinical resource by the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners. | <urn:uuid:56935eb1-a08a-4e6a-b251-8dd277a5c4b7> | {
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Copyright protects digital items just as it does physical ones. However, in the digital environment it can be very difficult to see what copyright or license applies and even more difficult to track down a creator to ask for permission. So what can you do?
This includes Creative Commons and Public Domain; these works will be clearly labeled so that you understand what you need to do to edit or reuse them.
If you are using these materials in the classroom, as a student or instructor, your work may be subject to different guidelines. Remember, you will still need to provide citation information to give proper credit to your sources.
Thanks to technology, creating your own images and media is easier than ever before.
There are many sites where you can pay to be able to use images, videos, etc. We recommend pursuing the other three options first! | <urn:uuid:e0a58cbb-6bb2-4406-94a2-7c535300ed5f> | {
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Multicomponent phase diagrams
Two-component, liquid/liquid phase diagrams
Two-component, liquid/solid phase diagrams
How to Read a Phase Diagram: This two-phase diagram features two types of curves. Lines separating partially liquid phases from fully liquid phases are known as liquidis lines while the line separating partially melted phases from solids are known as solidus. The point where all three lines meet (point E in this diagram) is known as the eutectic point. Near the eutectic point, a samples behavior is very dependent on its composition. For example, wetting behavior may differ dramatically between the situation of solid a wetting with liquid b vs solid b wetting with liquid a.
The horizontal axis shows the relative composition between the two phases while the vertical axis indicates the temperature of the system. Melting far from the eutectic point may occur over a range of temperatures between solidus and liquidus where both phases are fully melted.
If one has a mixture of composition X at temperature <math>T_2</math>, the percent of A in solid form would be given as the following: % solid A = b/(a+b)*100. The remaining portion of A in the mixture is melted. | <urn:uuid:7fc45944-e899-48e3-b2fa-3f4e8a11addc> | {
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Knowledge of calculus and basic astronomical concepts. In terms of the Leiden curriculum: Praktische Sterrenkunde: basic error analysis, basic photometry & data reduction, 2-parameter linear chi^2 Inleiding Astrofysica: coordinate systems, magnitudes, basic stellar properties, HR diagram Programmeermethoden NA: basic knowledge of Python Modern Astronomical Research and Communication: Finding and reading research articles
Participation in the La Palma observation trip is only open to students who have obtained their first-year diploma (propedeuse) within one year.
In the Astronomy Lab and Observing Project you will learn how to prepare, execute and analyse astronomical observations with a professional telescope.
The scientific question will be conceived by you working in a group and will teach you how to work as a scientist.
The course consists of three parts. Each part is introduced in one or more lectures and carried out with the supervision of assistants during practical classes using computers running Linux. The first part introduces the students to photometry of stellar sources using both synthetic and aperture photometry with special attention paid to practical error analysis. The second part focuses on the fitting of models to observational data while the third part which runs parallel throughout the whole course, focuses on the definition, execution and analysis of observations with the 2.5m Isaac Newton Telescope (INT) on La Palma and is carried out in groups of 3-6 students.
The course is defined by two substantial problem sets covering part 1 and part 2, while the observing project provides substantial freedom to the students.
The following themes are covered:
Telescope proposals, technical and scientific justifications.
Astronomical software (review) – ds9, topcat and python
Matching of black body models to photometry
Error analysis for CCD photometry
Radial velocity modelling for exo-planets
Weighted chi square fitting
Statistical testing (type I and type II errors)
The chi square test
Markov Chain Monte Carlo
At the end of this course you will know how to prepare, and execute your own astronomical observations with a professional telescope and evaluate the results thereof.
After this course, you are able to:
Prepare and present in writing a science case for astronomical observations on a topic chosen by the group.
Execute astronomical observations with a professional telescope.
Analyse and present the results of the astronomical observations.
Apply the techniques of synthetic photometry to spectra of celestial objects.
Analyse images of stellar sources and carry out aperture photometry on this, including practical error analysis.
Combine the knowledge of synthetic photometry with aperture photometry to analyse the energy distribution of stellar sources.
Formulate a model for planetary motion and fit this to observational data including observational uncertainties.
Apply Markov-Chain Monte Carlo techniques to observational data and analyse the results thereof.
At the end of the course you will have been trained in the following behaviour-oriented skills:
Evaluate the scientific proposals of other groups
Ability to construct and analyse a scientific case in a group
Correctly explaining and analysing complex and non-intuitive concepts
Ability to present results clearly in writing both in the form of reports and a poster
Mode of instruction
Excursion to La Palma, one of the Canary Islands (participation is optional and limited to students having obtained their first-year diploma (propedeuse) within one year)
The course is divided in three parts that count equally. The first two parts of the course are done on the basis of an obligatory report and the observing project is evaluated on the basis of the quality of the observing proposal, the preparation and execution of observations at the telescope and the final presentation of results in the form of a poster. The final grade is the average of the grade of the three sub-components to the course.
Lecture notes, additional readings and assignments will be provided on Blackboard. To have access, you need an ULCN account. More information:
There is no textbook associated with the course. The necessary background material will be handed out during the course.
Register via uSis. More information about signing up for classes and exams can be found here. Exchange and Study Abroad students, please see the Prospective students website for information on how to register. For a la carte and contract registration, please see the dedicated section on the Prospective students website. | <urn:uuid:8eb0f6dc-0961-4f8a-8330-e9c0802f525c> | {
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It’s been an eventful couple of weeks for the EE-diots of SSE. We’ve been making a processor these days for the Computer Organization Project. Indeed, leaving the books and the computer labs for the “real” labs has been a pleasant change.
Let’s talk about processors. They are everywhere: calculators, computers, washing machines, cars, TVs etc. Now that we are done motivating the processors (seemed straight out a textbook, that sentence), let us keep our feet on the ground and consider just the very basic one: the one we are actually implementing. As of today, it just adds ANDs and ORs data.
The long and short of a processor is that it executes a series of binary instructions to do some really useful things. For example the 16 bit instruction 0000101111110000 would pick two numbers stored somewhere in our processor (the numbers are stored in what we call “register files”. Visualize a register file as a huge vertical shelf having lots of drawers - the drawers are the registers), adds them and stores them in a specified register.
To put things in perspective, this instruction is stored in the Instruction memory, a ROM for example, which is in itself best visualized as a huge vertical shelf.
The instruction memory is accessed by a Program Counter, as in, the counter increments and we move on to the next instruction. The most typical instructions are add, subtract, multiply and divide using an Arithmetic Logic Unit. But that is just the square one. These are usually just the means to an end. It can also “branch” to higher or lower instructions in the Instruction Memory by evaluating conditions. Like comparing values in two registers and making its move accordingly.
This in effect, is the hardware implementation of the code we write in, say, C++ or MATLAB.
A=B+C would be translated to the 16 bit instruction whereby A, B and C are actually registers. Whatever is in the B and C register would be added and stored in the A register.
And obviously, complexity is just a series of trivial things put together. A complex recursion code in MATLAB or C++ would be implemented using the same arithmetic and branch instructions.
Now moving to the more human aspects of the Project, a lot of our time is spent soldering:
Switching gears: a lot of psychology talk going on these days. Obviously Inception has a role to play in it. Apart from that Dr. Shahid Khan is offering neuroscience next semester. Got me excited until I checked out the pre requisites: BIO 313. No problem. But the pre reqs for BIO 313? BIO 221 and BIO 212. Pre reqs within pre reqs. Recursion slaps you in the face at times.
Parting words: Happy Eid (although I am disappointed that there will be distasteful TV dramas on bakras, trashy talk shows and televised concerts to celebrate what is in actuality a very solemn occasion. So much that riles me in this country of ours). | <urn:uuid:70994930-303f-4e13-871b-7c8d90bfe02b> | {
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Research papers are a common assignment in university classes. As technology becomes more advanced and creeps its way into nearly every aspect of life, it’s only natural that professors would want students to write papers on it.
25 Trending Technology Research Paper Topics
Writing about technology isn’t just for computer science majors or engineers anymore. Medical students, historians, and even business students could find themselves needing to write on the topic. Below are 25 trending technology research paper topics surrounding the newest technological updates of 2019. The following list of topics is willingly provided by a legit research paper writing service and can be used for a variety of classes, from business to nursing to computer science.
- Advancements in Cybersecurity in 2019. Every device that can connect to the Internet can be hacked. What are cybersecurity companies doing to keep up with hackers in 2019?
- Artificial Intelligence and Hospitals. Hospitals need to store a vast amount of information. Could using artificial intelligence help hospitals do this more efficiently? Could it lead to more mistakes?
- Augmented Reality and Shopping Online. In 2019, Amazon launched an app that allows people to see how furniture would look in their home before they bought it. This app uses augmented reality. Could this new technology shape the future of shopping online?
- CGI Advancements in Movies and Videogames. Both in movies and videogames, CGI is becoming more realistic. This can easily be seen in movies like Avengers: End Game, which uses CGI to both age and reverse-age Marvel’s actors. Does advanced CGI make digital content better, or does it take away from them?
- Changes in IT Support in 2019. As technology advances, IT professionals need to brush up their skills. Compared to previous years, what will IT support members need to learn/do to keep the companies they work for running smoothly?
- Digital Voting Machines: Paving the Way for the Future or Encouraging Voter Fraud? Using voting machines makes the voting process faster. However, it can sometimes lead to skewed results. Common mistakes involve voter’s choices switching from one party to the other. Is it worth using these machines, knowing the risk?
- How Much Internet Time Should Children Have? Children seem to be spending more time on the Internet each year. While this can help with homework, it can also lead to increased risk of cyberbullying and internet addiction. What is the ideal screen-time for children who use the Internet?
- How New Technology Affects the Pharmaceutical Industry. New technology allows for more medicine to be made at a faster pace. However, medicine (at least in the USA) keeps raising in price. How else does new technology affect the pharmaceutical industry?
- How Reliable are Medical Apps? How reliable are medical apps? Which apps are reliable, and which aren’t? Not all medical apps are regulated. How can consumers tell the difference?
- How the Internet Makes Outsourcing Easier. Companies often outsource work to other countries, simply because it’s cheaper to hire someone, say from India, rather than from the United States. Write about how the Internet makes outsourcing easier.
- Is Bitcoin Reliable and Safe? The worth of bitcoin fluctuates, much like stocks. It is mostly used on the Internet. Since the price can change, is bitcoin reliable? Argue the pros and cons.
- Managing Healthcare in the “Cloud”. From term papers to medical documents, just about anything can be saved in the Cloud. Does this make personal medical information easier to access or does it just make it more likely to be stolen? Discuss.
- Self-Driving Cars and Safety. While cars are not totally self-driving yet, they are certainly on their way to becoming so. Is driving yourself or being in a self-driving car safer? Here are some statistics to start you off.
- Smart Homes and Video Surveillance. New technologies, like video doorbells, home security systems, and even “smart” thermostats are becoming more popular. Discuss the present and future of home technologies.
- Social Media and Data Privacy. Websites usually list their data privacy policies in the terms and conditions. Does anyone really read that? What are companies getting away with? Or, like Facebook, how is their data usage getting them into legal trouble?
- The Basics of Blockchain Technology in 2019. What exactly is blockchain? How is it used to keep records of cryptocurrency transactions? Is it reliable? Explain it as though the paper is for someone who has never heard of blockchain before.
- The Ethics of Gene Editing. Gene editing can help to diagnose diseases easier, create GMO foods, and even change DNA and RNA. Is this ethical? Why or why not?
- The Future of Artificial Intelligence. Artificial intelligence is everywhere, from games to cars, and even in medicine. Write about artificial intelligence in 2019 and its possible future advancements.
- The Future of Video Streaming Services. Video streaming services like Netflix and Hulu, are becoming more popular. At the same time, Cable TV is dying. Will the trend continue? Why is this happening? Discuss.
- The Rise of Cryptocurrency. The cryptocurrency was first introduced to the Internet in 2009. At the time, it was worth $1000. Now, ten years later, it is worth thousands more. Write about the changes in cryptocurrency in the ten years it has been available.
- Transitioning from 4G to 5G: What Does it Mean? In 2019, 5G networks for cell phones were introduced. Write about the changes from 4G to 5G and what it means for consumers.
- Video Game Addiction in Children. Even children can become addicted to video games. What are the signs and/or symptoms? It is a mental disorder or just bad parenting? Discuss.
- Virtual Reality and Gaming. Virtual reality games are becoming more popular each year. Write about some popular games and how virtual reality is implemented in them. What might the future of VR gaming look like?
- VPNs: Safe or Sketchy? VPNs (Virtual Private Networks) help to encode users Internet activity so it cannot be tracked. Is this totally safe? Do some VPN companies just keep user’s information for themselves? Investigate and write about it.
- Why Aren’t Teenagers Using Facebook? Teenagers aren’t using Facebook as often as they used to. Does this have to do with Facebook’s current user base, or are they just more attracted to other social media websites? Write about possible causes.
Technology is always advancing, which can make it tricky to know what technology research paper topics to write about. Above are 25 great trending technology topics to write about in 2019. Feel free to use any of these topics for a research paper. Don’t forget to use the links provided to get started on finding sources, as well! | <urn:uuid:9ef89d80-e80a-4f67-bd19-9da41fc619a2> | {
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In this era of information sharing and building collaborations through social technologies, learning environments are more “open” than ever before. The idea of openness as sharing and expanding resources has brought about a paradigm shift in many parts of society and especially in higher education. The last 10 years have seen significant advances, including such innovations as open educational resources and massive open online courses abound.
The movement has launched innumerable projects, with global implications.
George Siemens, a professor at the University of Texas at Arlington, created the idea of “connectivism,” a theory of learning that explains how internet technologies have opened up new opportunities for people to learn and share information across the web and among themselves. He argues we should pay more attention to managing knowledge and learning and emphasizes the importance of understanding where to find what we need to know rather than memorizing or otherwise attaining specific knowledge. Learning, connectivism says, is about connecting specialized nodes or information sources, and Siemens describes the flow of information within an organization as the equivalent of “the oil pipe in an industrial economy.”
Despite the analogy, the energy industry hasn’t embraced that flow of information. Across sectors – traditional oil and gas, electric generation and distribution, alternative and renewable energy and energy storage – the industry continues to treat its data as prized, and proprietary . It has not necessarily embraced the concept of data sharing.
Today In: Industry
And energy is increasingly a data-intensive industry, reliant upon advances in artificial intelligence, robotics, data analytics and other techniques and technologies for everything from seismic analysis and subsea safety to carbon management and grid management.
With the proliferation of digital devices and sensors, IoT, or the internet of things, and devices across the value chain, data is being collected at an astounding rate in all aspects of the energy industry. For instance, a single producing oil or gas well generates over 3 terabytes, or 3000 gigabytes of data a day.
Sharing that data, in some form, could lead to increased efficiencies, improved safety and other benefits across the industry.
That’s not to say there aren’t legitimate business, regulatory and litigation risks associated with broad sharing of data. There are, and they have to be addressed. But an industry-accepted agreement about best practices from affiliated high-risk industries – including aerospace, automobile and health, in addition to energy – could identify mechanisms to share data without compromising the corporate entity.
Education and training is an obvious place to start. A recent report from DNV GL, an international risk-management company working in the global oil industry, found that the biggest challenge the energy industry faces in the coming digital transformation will be to find employees with domain expertise and digital skills.
So far, however, aside from a smattering of niche corporate-owned training systems, education and training in the energy field remain separate from the advancements in open educational resources (OER) and the proliferation of massive open online courses (MOOCs). Clearly, we need to bridge that disconnect, creating an alternate paradigm to advance education in energy-related topics that can rely on real-world examples and data.
That applies to in-house training, as well as both industry-specific certificates and general STEM disciplines delivered in universities and other institutions of higher education. As STEM educators get on board with data-sharing and open educational resources, or OERs, they can begin to develop a new cadre of digital native workforce, who will not only transform the energy industry but also be charged with advancing sustainable energy development globally.
That includes ensuring graduates have a broad understanding of how data is used, with deeper dives into discipline-specific areas. | <urn:uuid:a3526f80-f62c-4b55-89fc-8025523e675d> | {
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The Ichneumon wasps are insects classified in the parasitica group of the suborder Apocrita within the Order Hymenoptera. Sometimes incorrectly called Ichneumon flies, they are solitary insects, and most are parasitoids - the larvae feeding on or in another insect which finally dies. As with all hymenopterans, Ichneumons are closely related to ants and bees.
The superfamily Ichneumonoidea (consisting of two families: the Ichneumonidae and the Braconidae) has been estimated to contain well over 80,000 different species. Some members use many different insects as a host, others are very specific in host choice. Various Ichneumons are used successfully as biological control agents in controlling aphids or pests such as flies or beetles.
Ichneumon species are highly diverse - ranging from 1/8-inch to 5 inches long. Most are slender, with many species having an extremely long ovipositor for laying eggs. The female finds a host and lays an egg on, near, or inside the host's body. Upon hatching, the larval Ichneumon feeds either externally or internally, killing the host when they themselves are ready to pupate.
Members of the (usually larger) Ichneumonidae are distinguished from the Braconidae by observing wing structures. | <urn:uuid:3f3a4969-acb6-4660-9f6f-cce61457dfc3> | {
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If you have a new puppy, it is time for the dog to begin the learning process.
There are certain things that every puppy needs to know. Sometimes those things do not coincide with what its owner thinks is important.
Training a pup is based upon building a foundation of skills that are age appropriate. For example, although an owner might want the puppy to learn "Stay," this is not possible for the pup to do under the age of 5 months. This needs to be put aside until the pup is capable developmentally.
It's like teaching a child; a typical 5-year-old is not capable of learning what a 9-year-old can learn, but children can get to a higher level of learning by building a foundation of other skills over time.
Obedience and behavior skills that are best learned under 5 months include:
Potty training: First, decisions need to be made based upon lifestyle, size of dog and daily schedule. If you write down each day when your puppy actually pees and poops in relation to her food, water intake, walking, and active play with other people or dogs and napping, you will understand the effects on her schedule.
If your schedule is not routine, it is more difficult, but you might have other options. These include having someone come in during the day to take the dog out, or using potty pads, so the dog has permission to potty in the house.
Nipping and biting: Biting at hands, arms, feet and clothing has to be addressed when very young or the behavior imprints.
It is natural for dogs to want to play with people just like they play with dogs, using their mouth and paws, but it is not appropriate with sharp teeth.
Trading your flesh for an appropriate chew toy, using bad-tasting deterrents, and exhausting the pup are keys to successful eradication.
Sit: A basic foundation that can be taught at 8 weeks, this skill helps with jumping, greeting, feeding and more. Don't overdo it or the dog will be difficult to train to walk on a leash.
Leash walking: Walking on a standard 6-foot leash, not a retractable, your dog learns to walk by your side in public and be acceptable in the community.
This is critical if your pup is going to be large and strong so the dog doesn't pull you. Ditto for small dogs, as they are not immune from pulling and need to learn to behave.
Come: This skill is important for safety. Having your dog learn that coming to you is rewarding and fun and involves no punishment is all about your attitude, voice and body language. A treat, toy or play reward is helpful.
Dogs should only be off leash in a safe area such as a dog park or places where there is no traffic. Only well-trained adult dogs should be allowed off leash.
If you use positive methods that involve rewards of exercise, training time, touch, play and treats, the bond you develop now will last a lifetime.
Abby Bird is owner of Alpha Dog Obedience Training. [email protected] | <urn:uuid:499e457f-c9d6-41aa-9b66-36fec6954d17> | {
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"My plant has yellow leaves. Am I overwatering it or underwatering it?"
I've heard this question a lot in my career as a horticulturist -- and interestingly, it's not nearly as easy to answer as it sounds. It seems like it should be pretty straightforward, right? But what makes it tricky is that overwatering and underwatering a houseplant starts out the same. When a plant is too dry, its roots start to die because there's not enough water to support them. And when a plant is too wet, its roots start to die because there's too much water and not enough air in the potting mix.
So how do you know? The best way is to feel for soil moisture. The average houseplant likes to be watered when the top inch or two of the potting mix is dry to the touch. And if you have a saucer or dish underneath to catch excess moisture, most plants don't want to sit in water for more than 45 minutes or so.
Happily, you don't have to worry too much. If you forget to water every now and again and your plants get a little dried out, it doesn't cause long-term damage. The same goes if you overwater from time to time. The time to worry is if it becomes a consistent pattern; that's when you start to see more leaves turn yellow and the plant suffer. | <urn:uuid:83eeb465-c8b6-489a-8e72-8db28f8b9b0b> | {
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Put Down the Midnight Burger and Listen Up
Eating during the day instead of at night can help you feel fuller longer.
A new study by researchers at the Perleman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania found that eating during the day helps the body produce a hormone that stimulates your appetite to reduce your cravings for a snack late at night.
Researchers instructed 18 subjects to eat only between 8am and 7pm over an 8-week period. Then the study instructed participants for another 8 weeks to eat between noon and 11pm. As a control, subjects were instructed to sleep between 11pm and 9am. What the study found was that when subjects ate late at night, their weight increased and so did their levels of glucose, insulin and cholesterol.
Namni Goel, lead author of the study, said: "These early findings, which control for sleep, give a more comprehensive picture of the benefits of eating earlier in the day."
"Eating later can promote a negative profile of weight, energy and hormone markers such as higher glucose and insulin, which are implicated in diabetes, and cholesterol and triglycerides, which are linked with cardiovascular problems and other health conditions," added Goel.
"We must define the ideal frequency and timing of meals because how we eat may be as important as what we eat," said cardiologist Dr Ebru Özpelit.
Researchers found that eating late at night has even more adverse affects on the heart than eating a high salt diet.
Eating late at night can also be a key contributor to acid reflux. Most drugs for acid reflux have dangerous side effects and scientists classify the condition as one best addressed through lifestyle changes. Those who eat earlier in the evening and do not go to sleep within 2 hours of eating see their acid reflux problem dissipate considerably. It takes your stomach a few hours to digest a meal. During digestion, your stomach produces acids to help break down food. When you go to sleep shortly after eating, these acids can spill out into your esophagus and cause heart burn, also known as acid reflux.
Late eating can also lead to hunger due to insulin the pancreas produces after a meal. This can lead to weight gain because you will wake up feeling hungrier which can lead to overeating. | <urn:uuid:e76cef10-489d-4e2b-87bf-470debf35047> | {
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Doubling the tempo of a level 2 lesson to creating some fast and rhythmically interesting patterns.
In this lesson you will be learning another sub-divided syncopated 16th grouping, this time using the sixteenth note '33334' rhythm as a basis. Many similar patterns have been covered in different forms and links to these have been included at the bottom of the page. For all fills on this page the fist note of each block in the syncopated rhythm will be split into two 32nd with a single stroke being maintained through the full bar.
We'll start with the syncopated rhythm just played on the snare. On the left this is shown with no subdivision then on the right the 32nds are added in.
The remainder of this page will be common orchestrations of this rhythm so before progressing make sure you can play the part shown above comfortably. In each example fill the rhythm is moved around the snare in toms in various movements. In the last example I have used extra toms, check out the notation guide articles if you aren't familiar with the notation used.
- Learn all examples up to a tempo of at least 130bpm.
- Use different kick and snare combinations in each example.
- Add each example into one of the structures we have covered previously.
- Create fills using simple orchestrations around the kit.
- Combine the ideas given in this lesson to create further fills. | <urn:uuid:fd4daee1-dc2f-436b-83d1-989bb3005416> | {
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A light earthquake with magnitude 4.3 (ml/mb) was detected on Tuesday, 19 kilometers (12 miles) from Parrita in Costa Rica. A tsunami warning has not been issued (Does not indicate if a tsunami actually did or will exist). The earthquake occurred at a depth of 14.71 km (9 miles) below the earth’s surface. The temblor was picked up at 07:34:18 / 7:34 am (local time epicenter). Unique identifier: us2000cjxz. Ids that are associated to the event: us2000cjxz. Exact location of event, longitude -84.4897 West, latitude 9.4667 North, depth = 14.71 km. Date and time of earthquake in UTC/GMT: 16/01/18 / 2018-01-16 13:34:18 / January 16, 2018 @ 1:34 pm.
Epicenter of the earthquake was 68 km (42 miles) from San José (c. 335 000 pop), 71 km (44 miles) from San Francisco (c. 55 900 pop), 68 km (42 miles) from Alajuela (c. 47 500 pop), 80 km (50 miles) from Paraíso (c. 39 700 pop), 68 km (42 miles) from Puntarenas (c. 35 700 pop), 87 km (54 miles) from San Isidro (c. 34 900 pop). Country/countries that might be effected, Costa Rica (c. 4 516 000 pop). Nearest cities/city/towns to hypocenter/epicentrum was Daniel Flores, Río Segundo, San Isidro (min 5000 pop).
In the past 24 hours, there have been one, in the last 10 days one, in the past 30 days two and in the last 365 days nineteen earthquakes of magnitude 3.0 or greater that have been detected in the same area. Earthquakes 4.0 to 5.0 are often felt, but only causes minor damage. Every year there are an estimated 13,000 light earthquakes in the world.
How would you describe the shaking?
How did you react? Was there any damage to buildings? Leave a comment or report about shaking, activity and damage at your home, city and country. This data comes from the USGS Earthquake Notification Service. Read more about the earthquake, Seismometer information, Distances, Parameters, Date-Time, Location and details about this quake, that has occurred near: 19 km WSW of Parrita, Costa Rica.
Copyright © 2018 earthquakenewstoday.com All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:9f9ae88c-3447-4901-8148-3a4b8417ce78> | {
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Subsets and Splits