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[ { "sents": [ { "text": "Helicopters are also subject to metal fatigue and there have been accidents attributed to it but the primary determination is component life times.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0, 1 ] ] }, { "text": "All of the engine, transmission and rotor parts are lifed and most of the control mechanisms.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ -1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Depending on the helicopter, there will be many more lifed components.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Some helicopters also have fixed intervals between major overhauls by the manufacturer.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "For example, the R22 is effectively rebuilt to an \"as new\" standard by Robinson at 2,200 hours.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Corrosion might also play a part.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] }, { "text": "There may be a time when it is just not economical to continue to repair and service the airframe.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/595/Simon", "score": 10 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "I am a Aerospace Systems Engineer and former Royal Air Force.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Although my qualifications and experience are within the avionics arena", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I feel I can answer this question: There are basically 3 types of Helicopter and for that fact any aircraft: Military Civil – Private Civil –", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Commercial", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The military aircraft have the shorter life in terms of flying hours, the Civil Commercial the longest life in terms of flying hours where as the Civil Private / light aircraft have a very long life in terms of years.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A military aircraft can have an airframe file of say 4,000 to 6,000 hours compared to some civil commercial aircraft with an airframe life of 60,000 to even a 100,000 hours.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Now that is for the airframe and ONLY the airframe.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The engines, landing gear and most important in terms of helicopters Gear Boxes, Rotor Heads & Blades all have significantly shorter life.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "One example is that I used to work on the RAF Chinook HC1 i.e aircraft as originally delivered to the RAF by Boeing Vertol.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "These aircraft where returned to Boeing to be up-graded to the RAF HC2 standard and where returned to the RAF as “New” “Zero Hour” airframes.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So, as I say its not always the airframe but the bits that are bolted on to it.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Now, I worked on the RAF HC1 Chinooks from 1988 to 1991.In April 2018", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I went to RAF Odiham on a photography shoot event organised by TimelineEvents.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "ComDuring that photoshoot I saw aircraft that I had worked on", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "whilst I was on 7 Squadron i.e", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "this particular aircraft must originally been delivered to the RAF in about 1986 making it about 32 years old.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "However, I would say that the rotor blades will / must be less than 5 years old.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Again, another however, the Engines (2 off) and gear box’s (5 off)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "will of be an indeterminate age but will / must contain a mixture of bits dating from less than 12 months old all the way through to the 32 years age of the original airframe.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I think though the most remarkable aircraft was ZA671.It was delivered to the RAF as a HC1 Chinook and returned and rebuilt by Boeing as a HC2.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It crashed whilst in the USA sustain what the RAF calls Cat 4 damage –", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Cat 5 being a write off and Cat 1 being scratched paintwork.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Boeing rebuilt this aircraft as a HC3 Chinook", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "and it’s the one I worked on and is still flying", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "and I have to say that seeing the crash report and photos I am surprised that it was not classed as Cat 5 and I really would not have liked to fly in it during its test flight post accident repair.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "But the point is that again it depends on what the aircraft is built for, how it's used, how it's maintained, \"usefulness”, it's value v. cost of next major servicing.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "All of the above will totaled together determine the actual life of an aircraft", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/31149/martin Richards", "score": 6 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Nothing limits the lifespan of a helicopter.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 4 ] ] }, { "text": "There are many bits and pieces that need to be maintained in order for the helicopter to remain serviceable but so long as there is nothing broken on the helicopter and all overhauled items are within their overhaul limits, and all lifed items are within their life limits... keep on flying.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 4 ] ] }, { "text": "An Aircrane (Siskorsky S-64)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I used to work on just rolled 20,000 hours total time on her fuselage.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Still going strong.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I don't know of any machine that has a hard airframe time that puts it out of service permanently.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Sorry...", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "no Commercially manufactured helicopter...", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "there may be a kit machine that has a limited life.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/16619/Howie Murray", "score": 2 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "I am told that the hourly and calendar service life of many military helicopters are established by the OEM.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 5 ] ] }, { "text": "Under certain circumstances, that can be extended when scheduled \"rework events\" are accomplished by the manufacturer or a certified facility.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The military uses industrial rework facilities \"depots\" to ensure many fuselages remain airworthy beyond established service life.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/11616/obx", "score": 1 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Fatigue is a problem that limits, if not the life of the helicopter, at least the working life of some of its key elements, in particular of those subject to strong vibration and made from materials (such as aluminum alloys) that have a fatigue limit.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Vibration is the main culprit, and it usually comes from the rotors.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In rotary-wing aircraft, vibration can be contained, but never fully eliminated.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/16042/xxavier", "score": 1 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Most helicopters will go though some sort of \"Phase\" of \"Depot\" inspections where different components will be replaced due to life-span requirements.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "For example; a uh-60L will require a shock strut replacement every 1500 flight hours to prevent a collapse of the strut due to over use.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/6987/Collin McGuire", "score": 0 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "OK - a couple of comments on the Chinook again based on artices from James 360 and Flight International.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The RAF is buying another 16 Chinook's.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I gues", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "these will be Mrk 7's ?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Any way the on-line articles correctly point out that some of the Aircraft ar over 40 years old !", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This is true.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Our 1st Chinooks where built and delivered before the Falklands War which was in 1982 !", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "On a recent trip to RAF Odiham i say a few aircraft that i had worked on when i was there from Oct 85 to Nov 88.There where also some newer aircrfat.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "However, they where all built to the Mk 3/5 stnadard and a few years ago i had the opertunity to see some of the Mk 6 aircraft.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "on each rebuild the aircraft are stripped in fact the aircraft rebuilt to the HC2 standard from HC1 where return to the RAF as Zero Hour Airframes (less test flights i hope).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "But nothing lasts for ever unless its a brush that has had two new handles and 4 new heads !", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "p.s", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "yes I am dyslexic.....", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/31149/martin Richards", "score": 0 } } ]

{ "question": "The lifespan of aircraft is generally limited by metal fatigue . This is true for fixed wing aircraft; is it also true for helicopters? What is the determining factor for helicopter useful life?", "title": "What limits the lifespan of helicopters?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<helicopter><airframe>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/11967", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/679/vasin1987" }

[ [ "Fatigue is a problem that limits, if not the life of the helicopter, at least the working life of some of its key elements, in particular of those subject to strong vibration and made from materials (such as aluminum alloys) that have a fatigue limit. Helicopters are also subject to metal fatigue and there have been accidents attributed to it but the primary determination is component life times. There are many bits and pieces that need to be maintained in order for the helicopter to remain serviceable but so long as there is nothing broken on the helicopter and all overhauled items are within their overhaul limits, and all lifed items are within their life limits... keep on flying. ", "Metal fatigue can be a problem for helicopters too. It can affect the working life of certain components and has been thought to cause some accidents. The main determining factor though is the life of the components. Various components may need to be replaced as a result of life-span requirements. However, although components may need to be maintained to keep the helicopter operational, nothing actually limits the life of the helicopter, provided that all components are within their required limits. Some manufacturers set fixed intervals for major overhaul of helicopters. In addition, corrosion may play a part. It has been said that the OEM establishes the service life of many military helicopters." ] ]

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[ 3 ]

[ [ "Metal fatigue can also be a problem for helicopters. It can affect the working life of certain components and has been thought to cause some accidents.", "The main determining factor is the life of the components. Various components may need to be replaced as a result of life-span requirements.", "Some manufacturers also set fixed intervals for major overhaul of helicopters.", "Corrosion may play a part.", "Although components may need to be maintained to keep the helicopter operational, nothing actually limits the life of the helicopter, provided that all components are within their required limits.", "It has been said that the OEM establishes the service life of many military helicopters." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "Once your engine fails the airplane is the property of the insurance company, your only goal at that point should be to survive.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Using a whole-airframe chute increases your chances of survival whether over land or sea.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "The things that kill people in forced landings of any kind are high-g deceleration and post crash fire.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A parachute decreases the chances of both as you have very low lateral speed and much less chance of fuel tank leaks.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A parachute also will increase the chance the airplane will remain upright, so escaping the aircraft will be much easier - very important in a water landing!", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1, 2 ] ] }, { "text": "The only reason for a \"normal\" ditching procedure is that you have no other choice, using a parachute if you have one will almost always be the right option.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] }, { "text": "The only time I would consider otherwise is if I had enough altitude to glide to a safer emergency landing spot.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If pulling the chute would mean landing in water or dangerous terrain but gliding would mean reaching land where a forced landing was reasonable", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I'd probably opt for gliding.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1791/GdD", "score": 33 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "First, according to one operating handbook for the Cirrus SR-22 (there are several versions out there), pulling the chute is the correct ditching procedure (CAPS is the parachute system): Ditching Radio ............................................", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Transmit (121.5 MHz)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "MAYDAY giving location and intentions Transponder........................................................... SQUAWK 7700 CAPS ............................................................................. ACTIVATE Airplane.........................................................................", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "EVACUATE Flotation Devices ............", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "INFLATE WHEN CLEAR OF AIRPLANE Second, the conditions were", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "reported to be windy with high waves:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Weather conditions at the time of the rescue were seas of 9 to 12 feet and winds of 25 to 28 mph.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Those would be tough conditions for ditching in.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I've read several times that when light aircraft ditch, the pilot and passengers usually survive the impact but they often struggle to exit the aircraft successfully.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2, 3 ] ] }, { "text": "This article and video explain in detail how difficult it can be to exit an aircraft in the water, even in good conditions.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If the aircraft flips or cartwheels then exiting would be extremely tough and the rough sea would make it much worse.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Since the parachute lowers the aircraft straight down in a more or less level attitude, the chance of flipping over is greatly reduced.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1, 2 ] ] }, { "text": "The downside is that you no longer have control of where you touch down relative to the waves, so you might land just in front of one but that still seems like a good option compared to the risk of flipping the aircraft on impact.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/62/Pondlife", "score": 33 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Maybe pulling the chute is the normal ditching procedure for a cirrus with an airframe chute.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] }, { "text": "The splash down looks to be very gentle compared to a normal gliding ditch with fixed gear.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It's also less prone to pilot error; once you are dangling there is not much the pilot can mess up.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I imagine the checklist being something like: pull chute when aircraft stabilizes open door put on life vest and prepare raft should plane roll and sink get out and on the raft", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/609/ratchet freak", "score": 9 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The odds of survival with the chute are currently at 100% (Per Cirrus) and the odds of surviving a ditching are much less.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0, 3 ] ] }, { "text": "The plane was lost in the Pacific either way.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The correct thing to do is pull the lever and ride it down, live to be a great pilot another day.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "The real question is what did the pilot do wrong to end up in that situation?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/7004/duttoncpa", "score": 5 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The proper response to losing the engine would be to follow the emergency procedures checklist.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In that you will find it says to deploy the ballistic parachute.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "While a better option, the ballistic parachute has its own drawbacks.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I recall when getting checked out in a Cirrus years ago by an approved training provider that I was told the impact with chute deployed can be up to 8 G's.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So I would say not 100% survivable.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Actually I know of a Cirrus that went down near Sanford Florida a few years back that deployed the chute and the occupants died.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/7188/Brian", "score": 1 } } ]

{ "question": "In this incident near Hawaii , a Cirrus SR22 had fuel problems and deployed its airframe parachute . My question is why did the pilot deploy the parachute rather than perform a \"normal\" ditching procedure in the ocean? For reference, here's the video .", "title": "Why did this Cirrus deploy the parachute while ditching over Pacific Ocean?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<emergency><ditching><airframe-parachute>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/12048", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/700/Keegan" }

[ [ "When the engine fails on a light aircraft the correct thing to do is use the parachute. This gives the pilot a greater chance of survival and als helps to prevent the plane from flipping over. Apparently, many people survive the impact of a light airplane crash but have difficulty getting out of the aircraft when it lands on water.", "When light aircraft ditch, the pilot and passengers often struggle to exit the aircraft. A parachute makes it more likely that the aircraft will remain upright rather than flipping over. This makes it much easier to exit the aircraft. The objective in this situation is survival. Using a whole-airframe chute increases the chance of survival compared to ditching. A ditching procedure would only be used if there is no other option. Using a parachute will normally be the right choice and will increase the odds of survival. " ] ]

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[ 3 ]

[ [ "The objective in this situation is survival. Using a whole-airframe chute increases the chance of survival compared to ditching. ", "A parachute also makes it more likely that the aircraft will remain upright rather than flipping over. This makes it much easier to exit the aircraft.", "When light aircraft ditch, the pilot and passengers often struggle to exit the aircraft. Escaping the aircraft is much easier with a parachute landing.", "A ditching procedure would only be used if there is no other option. Using a parachute will normally be the right choice and will increase the odds of survival. " ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "Yes, it has been done before in an even larger aircraft, the Boeing 367-80, very famously by \"Tex\" Johnston on August 7, 1955 .", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "This aircraft was the prototype for the Model 707.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "When a barrel roll maneuver is properly performed the aircraft remains in a positive-G state, so no \"inverted flight\" is experienced by the aircraft.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "According to the International Aerobatic Club , The Barrel roll is a combination between a loop and a roll.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You complete one loop while completing one roll at the same time.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The flight path during a barrel roll has the shape of a horizontal cork screw.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Imagine a big barrel, with the airplanes wheels rolling along the inside of the barrel in a cork screw path.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "During a barrel roll, the pilot always experiences positive Gs.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The maximum is about 2.5 to 3 G.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The minimum about 0.5 G.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/7443/Porcupine911", "score": 27 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Yes, and its happened at least once in a -80 which eventually became the 707.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "It became so legendary that rumor has it", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Boeing Chief Test Pilot John Cashman stated that just before he piloted the maiden flight of the Boeing 777 on June 12, 1994, his last instructions from then-Boeing President Phil Condit were \"No rolls.\"", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3677/Dave", "score": 12 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Yes, it is possible.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "We experienced this possibility using a simulator on a 747/400.You have to take a very high angle at the beginning like 25° nose up to avoid exiting with an important nose down and overspeed.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Of course doing it with passenger is stricly forbiden.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/28515/Pierre FONDER", "score": 5 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Here is a video of a stolen Q400 Dash-8 doing a barrel roll.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "That's not quite as large as a B737, but I think it's close enough for the purposes of the question, especially given it was accomplished by an amateur.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It's fair to assume that a trained pilot could do at least as well in a much larger plane--if they were willing to risk their job/license.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/35166/StephenS", "score": 3 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Yes it is possible.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "It happen in a Brazilian plane hijack in September 1988 on flight VSP375 from Vasp flight company. .", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "The plane was a Boeing 737-317 (# 23176, serial #Boeing 1213, Brazilian register PP-SNT).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The hijacker wanted to throw the plane on Brazilian president official home , the pilot tried the maneuver and succeed with 105 passengers onboard.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/47051/Hugo Cibien", "score": 2 } } ]

{ "question": "Can the bigger planes like B737 do barrel rolling kind of stunts like fighter jets do? I'm sure if it's full of passengers or cargo it would be very difficult and dangerous, but is it possible with an empty aircraft? I remember an All Nippon Airways incident where the co-pilot did a 131 deg roll by mistake but I don't know if a complete barrel roll is actually possible in large planes?", "title": "Is it possible to do a barrel roll in a large aircraft like a B737?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<boeing-737><aerobatics>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/12261", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/5694/NitinG" }

[ [ "It is possible for large aircraft to do a barrel roll. It has been done on a number of occasions including during a hijack in Brazil in 1988. It has also been tried in a simulator. Evidently it is strictly forbidden to try this with passengers onboard.", "Yes, it is possible and it has happened before - in a Boeing 367-80 in 1955 and in a Brazilian plane that was hijacked in 1988. It has also been performed in a simulator. As you would expect, performing the maneuver with passengers on board is strictly prohibited." ] ]

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[ 3 ]

[ [ "Yes, it is possible and it has happened before - in a Boeing 367-80 in 1955 and in a Brazilian plane that was hijacked in 1988. It has also been performed in a simulator.", "Performing the maneuver with passengers on board is strictly prohibited." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "Boarding takes a long time, true.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "There are more efficient strategies (.pdf) which have been proven to speed up boarding by between 20% and 50%, still they are not adopted.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Why?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You need to load the baggage, too.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Also the catering.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "And fuel.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You need to inspect the aircraft, run through checklists and brief the new crew.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This all takes up time, too.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Airlines do not see a big saving by loading passengers faster, and then waiting for all other jobs to be completed.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Your radical idea of containerizing passenger transport would certainly speed up things, but it would cost a lot of payload.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "The most efficient pressure vessel is a sphere, and the next efficient is a cylinder with spherical ends.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Pressurizing a boxy container is structurally very inefficient.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Loading passengers on palettes first and sliding those palettes through a narrow opening takes time in itself.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "And the palettes have their own weight, their own floor, their own support structure for the baggage racks, their own cabeling for the entertainment system.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "They would, however, not need their independent pressurization, so their weight impact would be moderate.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A possible \"flatbed\" airliner which could attain the shortest boarding times has only half as much fuselage height (or less) to transmit bending loads along its length.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "See here for an example of buckling in a fuselage skin due to bending loads.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Now consider that reducing height by 50% will need four times more cross section in the longerons to keep stiffness constant.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "That will make the fuselage much heavier.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In the end, airlines go with the solution which maximizes their profits.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "By using a hollow cylinder and let their \"cargo\" self-load, they can maximize their payload and get tolerable boarding times.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Tolerable for them, that is.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "That better loading procedures could allow you to come to the airport later is of no interest to them.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If they would see an advantage in shorter boarding times, there would be ample of opportunity by improving strategies, even with existing airplane designs.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1961/Peter Kämpf", "score": 41 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The system you propose would be extremely heavy compared to existing aircraft.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "More weight means more fuel and more fuel means even more fuel to carry that fuel through the air, and even more fuel to carry that fuel and so on.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Fuel is one of the biggest expenses an airline faces.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It would also be extremely expensive.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "To gain any time, you'd have to have the departing passenger capsule loaded and ready before the arriving passengers have left their capsule.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "That means you need twice as many capsules as planes.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "And the time saving wouldn't be all that great.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "You'd still have to refuel the plane and load and unload the cargo.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Manoeuvring a fuselage-sized capsule into the plane would be a long job.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "I'm far from convinced that it would be faster than getting however many hundred people through the door.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/946/David Richerby", "score": 17 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The first and biggest concern would be the weight of the container.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "They need to have walls, floor and a ceiling and be able to lock in place on the plane.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Also each division between containers would remove some room available for another row of seats in the traditional method.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/609/ratchet freak", "score": 7 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Passenger crates were envisaged a long time ago.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Apart from the above objections, may I add this: A passenger crate in a plane is a box in a box.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This would worsen claustrophobia which is already a problem.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] }, { "text": "A view outside would alleviate this, but requires windows.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Crate windows would need to be aligned with fuselage portholes.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The psychological problem is doubled by a physical problem which is emergency evacuation.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Any project would need a highly standardised crate compatible with competing aircraft types.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This standard would later become a constraint for future design innovation.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It would also limit customisation of planes by constructors for specific customers.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/7118/paul_wi11iams", "score": 6 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "I wouldn't want all of the connections for pressurisation, air conditioning, lighting, water, IFE etc etc connected and disconncted every flight.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A maintenance and safety headache.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/595/Simon", "score": 4 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Something even more radical has been considered!", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Airbus filed a patent on replacing the entire upper fuselage - seats, passengers and all - during a layover.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The structural problems inherent in that idea look pretty hard though.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/13709/FLHerne", "score": 2 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "My suspicion is that delays in loading passengers onto aeroplanes come from two sources: 1) Security & border concerns since the hijacking of aircraft became common in the 1970s; 2)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Airports' desire to make money from passengers being forced to wait in airports, where they buy things from retailers who are paying tenants of the airport.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "On the topic of (2) a British airport group (Heathrow is one of their properties) told shareholders around 15 years ago that they were not in the transport business, but in the retail business, pointing out that over 60% of their revenues came from rents paid by airport retailers.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It's elementary economics that while this is the case, airports and airlines have no incentive to make aircraft boarding quicker, even if a solution for (1) were found.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Were airports to shift their revenue model away from retail, this entails airlines paying more for landing slots, so the two groups have a common interest in wasting the time of travellers by keeping them in airports for as long as possible out of their travel time.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A saner approach to speeding up the loading of passengers would be - rather than loading them in boxes like freight - to simply cut the airport out and have passengers board special buses in town, check their bags and travel documents with a couple of officials who are also travelling on the bus, and have those buses drive straight onto the tarmac and up to the aeroplane.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This is after all how very rich people travel.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Someone drives them straight to the aeroplane.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Airports earning 60% of revenues from in-airport retail tenants are unlikely to support this simple idea, however.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/7138/Mark Griffith", "score": 0 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "I for one would jump at the chance to arrive earlier, \"board\" earlier and sit in cramped airline seating even longer so the airline can save money.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If you didn't pre-load the passengers in your capsules before the plane was ready to depart, there would be no time savings.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "No thanks.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It's bad enough they hold you prisoner on the plane when there are hour + long delays in departure.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/12116/Greg Taylor", "score": 0 } } ]

{ "question": "Apparently, the time for boarding and deboarding an airplane is a large cost factor and something airlines try to minimize but have trouble controlling because the passengers do it themselves.A solution would be to have passengers board a passenger cabin outside of the airplane and then slide that cabin into the plane via a nose-hatch, much like large volume freight. Has this been considered? If yes, why was it not pursued?", "title": "Why don't airlines load their passengers like freight?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<airliner><commercial-aviation><passenger><economics><boarding>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/12300", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/935/yippy_yay" }

[ [ "Loading passengers in the same way as freight is not really advantageous to airlines. It would not be much faster than current boarding times, the container would add a considerable weight to the aircraft and passengers would possibly suffer greater claustrophobia, which is already a problem during flight. ", "Although this process might speed up boarding, it could also be quite a time-consuming process in its own right. It would also be very expensive and could significantly increase the weight of the aircraft. " ] ]

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[ 3 ]

[ [ "Although this concept might speed up the process, it would be very expensive.", "This concept in itself would be time-consuming.", "The proposed system would be very heavy.", "This would worsen claustrophobia." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "I can relate to you the true story of my uncle who successfully landed a large WWII aircraft with no flight training.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "He was the flight surgeon on board a large aircraft that got heavily shot up.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Hostile fire killed or severely injured every crew member.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "He moved the pilot out of his seat, and contacted a control tower.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "With the expert help of the control tower operators, he successfully landed the aircraft.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "After the war, he had a private practice in his home where he saw patients.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "For patients too ill to come to him, he performed house calls.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "He continued to perform house calls until a short time before he passed.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I have always thought his life story would form a compelling foundation for an inspiring movie.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/4095/RockPaperLz- Mask it or Casket", "score": 9 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Yes.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The question will have subjective answers and this is my opinion.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The basics of flying an airplane doesn't change from a single engine airplane to a big airliner.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "The concept of lining up on final, flaring into the touchdown attitude and setting it down is exactly the same.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "There are some things that are different; for example, retractible landing gear, leading edge slats, spoilers and thrust reversers.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Many of the differences can be overcome by talking with ATC and an instructor / pilot trained to fly that airplane through the radio.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The biggest challenge would be knowing when to flare as you are sitting much higher in an airliner than in a single engine airplane.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "This can be overcome with listening to the radar altimeter and flaring as directed by the instructor.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/9491/wbeard52", "score": 8 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "I'd share a personal experience: a few years ago I got the chance to fly a Boeing 737 simulator (the real thing, not the PC simulator!)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "At that time the only real aircraft I've flown was a Cessna 172.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I managed to land on Kai Tak airport in the simulator on my very first attempt to land a (simulated) 737.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I was so nervous that I totally forgot to call for the landing checklist, and the instructor helped me with the gear and flaps, but I was the sole manipulator of the controls", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "and I landed with no automation whatsoever, not even ILS.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "How?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "There were a few factors that came into play:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I learnt how planes fly in ground school.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Big planes fly just the same way as smaller planes, only with larger wings and more powerful engines.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I knew how to manipulate the flight controls.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It came as a bit of a surprise that the controls feel heavier than I'd expect, but they behaved the same anyway.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "My enthusiasm in aviation meant I have learnt beyond the Cessna 172 from books, online articles and PC simulation experience.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I was not able to identify every single switch and knob in the cockpit, but I knew enough to fly the plane in that situation.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "My answer?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If it's a perfectly flyable aircraft (no failures), calm weather, then", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Yes, definitely!", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Here's what I'd do if it happens in real life: Aviate, navigate, communicate.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "No matter what happens, always remember that.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "That means the first thing to do after entering the cockpit is not to find the radio buttons and call for help; the first thing is to access all primary flight instruments and make sure we're flying.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Radio for help .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Declare an emergency on the last radio frequency.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If no one responds, tune to 121.5 and try again.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Request a long runway with calm weather.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Unless it's something like a A380 or Boeing 747, chances are there would be a runway long enough", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "so you don't have to worry about hitting the touchdown spot.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Setup autoland , if available.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Autoland requires suitable equipment both on the plane and on the ground.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If it's not available, given a long enough final (say 20 miles), I think I'd feel comfortable hand flying the aircraft down.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Have the emergency trucks standing by .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In the event I crashed during landing, gear collapsed or whatever, everyone'd be ready to help.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3386/kevin", "score": 5 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "My dad, an experienced pilot, was once given the chance to fly a 727 simulator (full motion, the works).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "He stalled it 40 feet over the runway and the simulator came down hard enough on the stops to hurt his back and scramble the gyros.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "That's only one data point, but any rate, the crash would have been survivable, so there's that.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/87/Edward Falk", "score": 4 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Like anything in aviation, it depends, There, to date, have been no documented cases of this happening.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "There have been a few \"talk down landings\" in smaller aircraft with low time or inexperienced pilots.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Similarly there is at least one documented case of an air force B-1B Pilot assisting in landing an airliner", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "he had no experience flying but", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "you can argue he had plenty of jet time.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "People have tried it in simulators of course but a sim is a sim.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Of course things like cross winds and runway length will play into the success rate of an event like this.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I will say that the margin of error on these things is small and on a calm day", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I'm sure it's possible.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I would hesitate to give a hard yes to this question since there are far to many factors to take into account", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "but I do feel under the correct circumstances it could be done.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "On a small side note, since this question is about Quad Engine planes (747, A380 etc) considering the distances those planes typically fly it's more than likely that there is one if not two relief crews on the plane so the chances of everyone becoming incapacitated and requiring a passenger step up to the plate is slim to none.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3677/Dave", "score": 3 } } ]

{ "question": "I'm assuming that almost everyone on this website has seen the movie Airplane at least a few times... Last time I was watching it I was wondering how plausible the actual act of having a single engine prop pilot, with a lot of training (maybe comparable to a modern day aerobatic pilot), land a quad engine passenger jet?", "title": "Could a single engine pilot land a passenger jet? (from Airplane)", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<landing>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/12303", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/700/Keegan" }

[ [ "Landing a plane of any size is basically the same so a trained pilot could land a jet liner. The biggest challenge would be the position that is much higher in a commercial aircraft. There are no documented cases of such incidents, however.", "There are no known cases of this happening. The basic principles of flying an airplane do not change - whether it's a single engine plane or a large airliner. One difference would be that in an airliner, you are sitting higher up so knowing when to flare would be the biggest challenge." ] ]

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[ 3 ]

[ [ "The basic principles of flying an airplane do not change - whether it's a single engine plane or a large airliner.", "In an airliner, you are sitting higher up so knowing when to flare would be the biggest challenge.", "It depends. There are no known cases of this happening." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "This stopped after the World Trade Center attacks.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "You might be able to get a kid in briefly before the plane takes off.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1378/Tyler Durden", "score": 17 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Generally speaking, you will not get very lucky unless you are a pilot yourself and are carrying your license with you (and even then, this is airline dependent).", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "If this is the case, you might even be able to ride in the jump seat for a portion of the flight", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "On the ground a lot of pilots/cabin crew are friendly and would be happy to show you around.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Use common sense though and ask to go after landing for the best chance - before take off the crew will be quite busy with pre-flight checks.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/7409/mccdyl001", "score": 8 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Usually the cockpit is restricted during any phase of flight besides boarding/de boarding.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "This is usually the case with major airlines with any destination in Europe, or the U.S., not sure abut Asia though", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/7373/woakley5", "score": 6 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Can I ask to go to the cockpit during a flight ?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Of course you can.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The answer will be a firm \"No\" and you will be watched very closely by the cabin crew and any plainclothes security onboard until you land.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It's possible the police will be waiting for you.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Can I ask to go to the cockpit after a flight ?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Of course you can.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If it's a longer stop the crew are often happy to show off their office.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If it's the end of a 12 hour intercontinental flight with a bad-weather landing they might decline.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/2590/paul", "score": 5 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "It's a security and/or safety risk to allow any persons in the cockpit these days.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "This accident happened as a pilot allowed his children to take control during flight.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "With the autopilot active, Kudrinsky, against regulations, let the children sit at the controls.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I've seen flight crashes, in which persons in the cockpit have interfered with the flight in one way or the other.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] }, { "text": "Based on these experiences, unauthorized persons in the cockpit is totally not allowed these days.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/7407/KhoPhi", "score": 3 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "About 30 years ago I did this during flight when I was a kid.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "These days I manage to do it for my daughter but only while boarding.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/100/Jamiec", "score": 3 } } ]

{ "question": "As a kid, I remember going to the cockpit of a plane with my mom (I believe the airline was AOM French Airlines ). Is this still possible now? I understand the answer might differ with different airlines/countries, I'm mostly interested in European and Asian airlines/countries, specifically Japanese. Is there some specific regulations for international flights, or does it depends on departure/arrival locations?", "title": "Can a passenger request to visit the cockpit during a flight?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<safety><commercial-aviation><pilots><cockpit><regulations>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/12863", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/4105/Antzi" }

[ [ "Allowing passenegs in the cockpit was stopped after the Wordl Trade Center attacks. Allowing anyone in the cockpit is a security risk, even licenced pilots may or may not be allowed depending on the airline. It may be possible while the plane is on the ground. There have been crashes caused by people in the cockpit.", "The main issue here is safety and security. Access to the cockpit is restricted during flights except for boarding and disembarking. The practice of letting people into the cockpit stopped after the World Trade Center attacks. There have been instances of flights crashing as a result of people interfering with the flight while in the cockpit. \n\nWhen the plane is on the ground, the pilots/crew may be happy to show you around. A child may be able to enter the cockpit briefly before take-off. Most of the time, you are unlikely to be allowed into the cockpit unless you are a pilot carrying your license." ] ]

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[ 3 ]

[ [ "The main issue here is safety and security. Access to the cockpit is restricted during flights except for boarding and disembarking. The practice of letting people into the cockpit stopped after the World Trade Center attacks. ", "When the plane is on the ground, the pilots/crew may be happy to show you around. A child may be able to enter the cockpit briefly before take-off.", "Most of the time, you are unlikely to be allowed into the cockpit unless you are a pilot carrying your license.", "There have been instances of flights crashing as a result of people interfering with the flight while in the cockpit." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "Yes It's true.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "And yes it's related to pressure.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Have you heard of \"The bends\" or decompression sickness ?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "As divers go deeper the pressure increases.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The longer you dive and deeper", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "you go the more nitrogen is absorbed into your blood as a dissolved gas.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "As you return to the surface the pressure reduces and the nitrogen reverts to a gas.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This decompression needs to be done slowly so the nitrogen can pass back out through your lungs.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If you ascend too fast the nitrogen can form bubbles in your blood (Just like when you open a bottle of coke.)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "which can be painful and possibly fatal.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Even once you have finished diving you will still have residual nitrogen in your blood which will take time to release.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Air pressure reduces further when you fly.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If you finished a dive and got in a plane the rapid climb in altitude would result in a drop in pressure similar to a rapid ascent while diving.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "So you would run the risk of getting the bends.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Small planes aren't pressurized.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "But even pressurized planes might not maintain atmospheric pressure when flying.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This topic should have been covered if you have taken a dive course.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/7647/Sir Swears-a-lot", "score": 51 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "To add a reference to Peter's answer, from PADI , one of the institutions that releases Scuba diving certificates: Flying after Diving Recommendations For Dives within the No-Decompression Limits Single Dives: A minimum preflight surface interval of 12 hours is suggested.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Repetitive Dives and/or", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Multi-Day Dives:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A minimum preflight surface interval of 18 hours is suggested.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "For Dives requiring", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "decompression stops :", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A minimum preflight surface interval of greater than 18 hours is suggested.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1467/Federico", "score": 10 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "It's not just blood, but soft tissue generally.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "48 hours is extremely conservative - recreational (single tank of air, 40metre maximum depth)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "diving guidelines say only 24 hours.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Don't forget", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "altitude (lakes at > 300metres) diving also affects No-Decompression Limits .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/7652/PADI DM", "score": 9 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "When diving, your body absorbs nitrogen gas.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "As you ascend towards the surface, your body releases that gas.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If it is released too quickly, you'll get \"The Bends\".", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Modern dive computers model the body as a series of different tissues: fat, muscle, liver, cartilage, brain/nerves, bone marrow, etc.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Different dive computers will model different tissues, typically between 8 and 20 tissues.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Each of these tissues absorbs, retains, and releases nitrogen at different rates.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The dive computer will track a number of different tissues, but show you only the most critical of the tissues (eg, the one that will take the longest to off-gas to a safe level).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Depending on how long you've spent at various depths, the critical tissue will change.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This is guidance for just returning to the surface safely.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Other factors affect each individuals off-gassing rates, such as BMI, general health, specific metabolism, and alcohol consumption.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "When you later fly, you're going to even less pressure, and your tissues will off-gas even more.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If you're flying in a typical pressurized commercial jet, you'll be at around 8,000 ft pressure-altitude.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "But if you're in an un-pressurized charter flight, you could easily hit 10,000 - 16,000 feet.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Many people have trouble understanding that a \"small\" plane will actually hit a higher pressure-altitude at 14,000 feet, than a \"big\" jet at 30,000 feet.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If you haven't been doing extreme diving, and are flying pressurized, then 24 hours is safe for a normally healthy person.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If you're flying un-pressurized above 10,000ft, then 24 hours may be safe.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "But because The Bends depends on many subtle factors and is unpredictable, 48 hours is considered much safer.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This leads to the typical dive planning advice that you should begin with your most aggressive (deepest, longest) dives first, and use your easier dives later in the trip.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Your body can continue to off-gas from your most deepest dive even during your subsequent, shallower dives.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This is a little contrary to human nature, as many people want to begin at an easier level, and get more aggressive with each dive as their comfort level grows.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "But that only sets up the body for a high N 2 load, adding more and more with each dive.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If you have any aggravating factors, such as poor health, significant fat (BMI), alcohol consumption, or a prior incident with decompression, then I would avoid the more aggressive dives and plan on as much time as practical before even a pressurized flight.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "For many recreational divers, this simply translates to \"no diving and no drinking on the last day of a trip:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Just go sightseeing, or stay on", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "the beach\" Credentials : Certified NAUI, PADI, and SSI; Trained Recuse Diver; Experienced with Deep, Night, Dry Suit.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "(but mostly retired and above the surface now).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/43/abelenky", "score": 2 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "By every recommendation I've ever seen 48hrs is extremely liberal for recreational divers.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I went on my first dive trip with my parents when I was 12 years old and our rule was to quit diving at least 24 hours before your flight.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It is related to pressure and it all depends on how much time you've spent and at what depth.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "The deeper you go, the quicker you build nitrogen in your tissues and the more time you'll need to allow for that nitrogen to dissipate.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "If you spend enough time at depth there is even a recommendation to make a safety-stop during your dive (typically 5-15 minutes at about 30ft for recreational diving) as a best-effort to avoid the bends and surface decompression.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The U.S. Navy created classification charts that indicate your relative nitrogen absorption.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Here are some resources hosted by NOAA, one of them being a PDF specifically covering this topic. http://www.ndc.noaa.gov/dp_forms.html http://www.ndc.noaa.gov/pdfs/USNDeco3.pdf", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/7669/smokes2345", "score": 1 } } ]

{ "question": "Is this rule even true and why is it? I'm going to assume it has to do with pressure but can someone give me a good explanation?", "title": "Why must one wait 48 hours to fly, after scuba diving?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<safety><medical>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/13269", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/7624/Genocide" }

[ [ "It is true that you should not fly within 48 hours of diving. This is a pressure issue. The deeper you dive the more nitrogen is absorbed in the blood and the more time you need to clear it. Going up in a plane and the drop in pressure would be like making a too rapid ascent from a deep dive.", "Yes, it's true. This rule relates to pressure and depends on how much time you've spent underwater and at what depth. Nitrogen builds up in your tissues more quickly as you descend deeper underwater. As a result, you need to allow more time for the gas to be released. If you do not leave enough time between finishing a dive and flying, the rapid increase in altitude would lead to a drop in pressure similar to the one experienced if you ascend too quickly from a dive." ] ]

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[ 3 ]

[ [ "Yes, it's true.", "This rule relates to pressure and depends on how much time you've spent underwater and at what depth. If you do not leave enough time between finishing a dive and flying, the rapid increase in altitude would lead to a drop in pressure similar to the one experienced if you ascend too quickly from a dive. ", "Nitrogen builds up in your tissues more quickly as you descend deeper underwater. As a result, you need to allow more time for the gas to be released." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "Pilot here (with Cessna 152 hours) as well as an engineer who made it most of the way to an Airframe and Powerplant technician license at one point in life.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "There are several reasons that conspire to produce 'unusable fuel':", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Fuel tanks on airplanes have complex shapes - they include baffles and other walls (with holes in them) to prevent oscillations from building up during in-flight movement.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Sometimes these baffles are even engineered into the tanks late in the design cycle as testing finds oscillation issues.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "These baffles result in 'geometric trapping' of fuel in nooks and crannies.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Drawing fuel from a fuel tank is more complicated in a plane - cars", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "are pretty much flat with minor tilts while airframes can have all sorts of odd and sustained directions that the fuel wants to go due to acceleration.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Imagine an extended tilted spiral while descending - that fuel experiences far more lateral acceleration over a longer time period that a car would have.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Getting the fuel system to pull fuel out from these different angles is challenging (note that I've picked a non-aerobatic maneuver for which the Cessna 152 of your question is qualified here).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "All of this is a cost/complexity tradeoff - solutions exist for 1 and 2 above - fighter jets use fuel bladders that have pressure bladders arranged to squeeze the fuel out so that they can get almost all the fuel even at high G-forces and unusual angles.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Aerobatic planes have similarly more expensive and complicated systems than the old and cheap Cessna 152.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "There are other considerations as well, but mostly it comes down to whether the plane in question can justify the cost and effort to get every last drop of fuel.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Things get even more complicated in rockets - the moon rockets (properly the Saturn 5 although it was an upper stage specifically) had special extra engines called ullage motors whose only job was to give the stage a little boost in space to push the fuel towards the rear of the rocket so that the main motors could draw fuel and start.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Addendum edit: @supercat below -", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "the definition of unusable fuel is set by federal aviation regulation part 23, section 959 ( FAR 23.959 ) and basically is the worst case under \"intended operation\" for the particular plane.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Since the Cessna 152 is not aerobatically rated, for example, the unused fuel is defined as the fuel level where SOME intended maneuver would be capable of causing a fuel system error.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In practice, especially in flat level flight, some of that unusable fuel would be available for use although you are not supposed to plan to use it in your flight planning.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/7688/Ezekiel Kruglick", "score": 67 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "especially since water contamination of fuel is a concern?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "That's one of the reasons.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Fuel floats on water, so water collects in the bottom of the tank, along with other gunk.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "By not taking the last dregs of fuel from the bottom of the tank you avoid putting this stuff into the engine", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1576/NobodySpecial", "score": 15 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Almost any system that moves liquid around will retain a certain volume.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In your case, there are various bends in the pipes and some of those bends go up.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Yes, it's gravity-fed but notice the shutoff valve on the floor.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Now notice the level of the carburetor.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Any fuel below the level of the carb bowl is unusable, as we have no way to push it through the rest of the plumbing without more liquid behind it.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If we turn to things with a pump the unusable quantity can go up, a lot.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The volume of liquid between the pump and the final destination would be considered unusable for the same reason - once the pump is dry we can't move it along anymore.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "One restaurant manager I used to know installed a metered drink dispensing system.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "All the booze is in the (locked) storage room, the bartenders push a button and exactly one ounce comes out of the tap.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The only complaint he had was that the system cost $500 to prime, per item , and he had to keep thousands of dollars of \"unusable\" alcohol on the books.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1632/paul", "score": 13 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The term \"unusable\" is a very special definition.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It comes from a specific test described in FAA FAR Part 23.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It is not the same as the common sense meaning of the word \"unusable\".", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "For single engine light planes like Cessna 152, FAA FAR Part 23 requires the available fuel flow to be 125% of max engine consumption.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "150% for pure gravity feed systems.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "At certification test the fuel flow is measured while the level is dropping in the tanks.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "As soon as the flow rate goes below 125 or 150 % all remaining fuel is declared unusable.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This shall be done with the plane supported in climb nose up atitude.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So, the formal term \"unusable\" means this last amount of fuel might be unavailble in a nose up attitude at full engine power.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In level cruise you can normally empty the fuel tanks to the last drop.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/7892/Wirewrap", "score": 4 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "I pitch in blind here, but I believe in some instances fuel is circulated for heat exchange.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/7708/PCARR", "score": 2 } } ]

{ "question": "I learned from this question that a Cessna 152 holds 5.6 litres of fuel that it can't use. Why would it be designed to hold fuel that it cannot burn, especially since water contamination of fuel is a concern?", "title": "Why do aircraft have an unusable amount of fuel?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<aircraft-design><fuel-tanks>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/13326", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/5517/FreeMan" }

[ [ "It seems planes may hold more fuel than they can use because some fuel is circulated for heat exchange.", "Fuel is sometimes circulated for heat exchange." ] ]

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[ 3 ]

[ [ "Fuel is sometimes circulated for heat exchange." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "Airplanes are much more efficient, much faster and scale better.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Helicopters are limited to around 150 knots because when flying forward the tip of the advancing blade must not exceed the speed of sound while the retreating blade must still move aft fast enough to produce lift.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Helicopters are also difficult to make large, because for efficiency the rotor disk needs to be large, but the diameter is again limited by the tip speed having to remain subsonic.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "And the material requirements to make the blades strong enough without making them too large to keep drag low.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/524/Jan Hudec", "score": 42 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Jan Hudec's answer has already detailed why helicopters are not widely used for mass transportation or have been scaled up to ferry passengers more often.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The few exceptions exist where landing space is limited and the helicopter's maneuverability is more advantageous.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Offshore Oil & Gas Rigs", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "(Image Source: www.wn.com )", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Where transport by ship is not fast enough or not possible due to heavy swell, the use of helicopters allows quick access to the offshore platforms.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "New York", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Helicopter Taxi", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "(Image Source: www.americanbestgetaways.com )", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The New York Helicopter Services allow quick access to the airports around New York for business travelers who would otherwise take more time to arrive in Manhattan.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/572/SentryRaven", "score": 21 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Spending years being ferried off and on shore by helicopters, I'd say the biggest problem is noise.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Even with a pair of decent ear defenders on it's not exactly quiet.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "OK, so a commercial 'air bus' is never going to match a Mercedes or even a plush executive helicopter for levels of NVH, but there's nothing particularly attractive about the experience other than getting somewhere much quicker than you might otherwise.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "The noise also means the 'go anywhere' ability of helicopters is severely curtailed if noise means they can't actually go many places.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Add to that the high cost", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "and it's pretty much a non-starter except for edge cases as in SentryRaven's answer where an increase of speed of an order of magnitude or more, or the circumvention of otherwise impossible access outweigh these concerns.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1563/Lunatik", "score": 15 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "There are a few commercial passenger flights, but not so many because of the costs.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] }, { "text": "In Sao Paulo, Brazil, there are about 500 registered helicopters , with about 700 flights per day, which include transporting CEOs and politicians from one part of the city to another.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] }, { "text": "Several factors contribute to this: Frequent traffic issues leading to unpredictable delays in major roads; Presence of an elite having enough money to afford such flights; Availability of a sufficient number of helipads.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Some might also cite safety concerns, but this is unlikely to play a major role.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/7782/anol", "score": 6 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "There was regular helicopter service between Tallinn, Estonia and Helsinki, Finland during the mid-2000's.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] }, { "text": "It was mainly used by business travellers between the two cities.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I think the flight time was something like 20 minutes and the heliport was on both sides conveniently in the middle of the city.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The regular plane service has a flight time of 30 minutes with additional time spent for airport procedures and taxi rides to and from the airport, so there definetely was a business case there.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "However there was an unfortunate crash and the company never quite recovered from that.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "They use their copters for oil rig flights now, if I am not mistaken.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "See Wikipedia Copterline Flight 103 .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/5581/Tarmo R", "score": 4 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "When I took flying lessons, I looked into a helicopter certification.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The rental cost was 2-3 times more than a fixed wing aircraft at the time.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I don't know what it costs now, but I assume it's still really expensive.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "There are passenger helicopters, usually used by corporations or very wealthy individuals.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] }, { "text": "Some companies maintain their own fleet or charter when needed (which is probably cheaper).", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] }, { "text": "One company I worked for early in my career maintained an intra-site fleet of helicopters (if your manager would approve it and the weather held, an hour drive became a 20 minute helicopter ride).", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] }, { "text": "I never got to use it because this was one of the first things to go when the company went into decline and needed to cut costs.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3837/Tim", "score": 3 } } ]

{ "question": "I've observed helicopters being used often in the military for medical flights for other special use purposes, such as sightseeing and news reporting Why aren't there any commercial passenger transport helicopter flights? Or are there any examples of this? Are airplanes simply that much more efficient?", "title": "Why aren't there more passenger helicopters?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<commercial-aviation><helicopter>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/13460", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/6886/digitgopher" }

[ [ "Helicopters are not practical for passenger use. They cannot be made big enough to hold large numbers of people, they are very noisy and their range is limited. Planes are faster and more efficient.", "There aren't more passenger helicopters because airplanes are more efficient and faster. Helicopters have a top speed of approximately 150 knots. Airplanes are also easier to scale up for passenger use. Moreover, helicopters are much noisier. The noise also means there are some places they can't go. In addition, there is nothing overly appealing about helicopters as a mode of transport other than getting somewhere more quickly. \n\nAlthough there are some commercial passenger flights, the number is fairly low due to the costs involved. Passenger flights are often for business travellers, corporations or wealthy individuals. Helicopters are used for these purposes in Sao Paulo and New York, for example. In the mid-2000s, there was also a regular helicopter service between the capital cities of Estonia and Finland." ] ]

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[ 3 ]

[ [ "There aren't more passenger helicopters because airplanes are more efficient and faster. Helicopters have a top speed of approximately 150 knots. Airplanes are also easier to scale up for passenger use.", "Helicopters are much noisier. The noise also means there are some places they can't go.", "There is nothing overly appealing about helicopters as a mode of transport other than getting somewhere more quickly.", "Although there are some commercial passenger flights, the number is fairly low due to the costs involved. Passenger flights are often for business travellers, corporations or wealthy individuals. Helicopters are used for these purposes in Sao Paulo and New York, for example. In the mid-2000s, there was also a regular helicopter service between the capital cities of Estonia and Finland.", "Some companies have their own fleet of helicopters or they charter them when they need them. " ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "Aviation always uses UTC time .", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "This is from the FAA's AIM, but other countries do the same for obvious reasons: 4-2-12.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Time a. FAA uses Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) for all operations.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The word \"local\" or the time zone equivalent must be used to denote local when local time is given during radio and telephone communications.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The term \"Zulu\" may be used to denote UTC.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This question covers in much more detail why UTC is used in preference to GMT , and this question explains why pilots need to know the time in the first place, at least under IFR (which applies to almost all airline flights).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/62/Pondlife", "score": 28 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Does daylight saving time affect local airspace?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Yes", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "and No.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In aviation Flight plan information, weather, etc.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "all use Zulu Time (UTC).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This provides a single time standard everyone in the world can use, and avoids misunderstandings based on various national rules for \"Daylight Saving Time\", \"Summer Time\", etc.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The airline / airport / travel agent / etc.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "are responsible for properly converting UTC times to the local timezone for passenger convenience.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Similarly active times for restricted airspace, TFRs, etc.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "are all published as UTC times to eliminate any possible ambiguity in this regard.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Not everything is based on UTC however:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The (FAA-operated) tower at the field I fly from operates from 0700–2300 Local Time .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "When the United States messes with the clocks twice a year the UTC hours of operation/effective hours for the Class D airspace will change to remain aligned with the same \"local time\" operating period.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/64/voretaq7", "score": 11 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Air Traffic Control uses UTC or Zulu time which is the same, all the time, the whole world over.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Local only flights will use local time.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/595/Simon", "score": 10 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Yes it does, some Major international airports, notably SYD, have a curfew in place.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "Commercial passenger aircraft land between 0600 and 23:00 AEST or face sanctions.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This in turn affects patterns in Dubai, Singapore, KL, LAX, DFW etc.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This is a \"must depart by\" issue for some of these.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This is a politically motivated rule to appease voters in the flight path and is tied to \"local\" time.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Aircraft arriving early are slowed and fly laps over suburbs, sharing the joy.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/7597/mckenzm", "score": 6 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "It does have an effect, look in St-Hubert, they have to work an hour longer in the summer!", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "That might be true anyway, but when reading times in the CFS there are always adjustments for the time change.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Essentially the airport (or parts thereof) opens and closes at the same local time but the zulu time changes.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "TWR St-Hubert 118.4 352.5", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "(E) 1045-05Z‡ Apr-Oct; 1045-04Z", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Nov-Mar You may think that doesn't happen in Sask., but look- TWR Saskatoon 118.3 244.7 (E) 1200-0445Z", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Mon-Fri Mar 11-Nov 3, 1245-0445Z", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Sat-Sun", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Mar 11-Nov 3, 1245-0445Z", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Nov 4-Mar 10 They also have to make adjustments to their times to accommodate traffic from other provinces.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "They also work longer in the summer.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This is from an old CFS I found online, don't land and say I said they would be open.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/7897/brian", "score": 5 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "In all air traffic control systems, all time is UTC (called \"Zulu time\"), which doesn't have daylight savings.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Local time is only used when communicating with passengers (departure/arrival boards, announcements, boarding tickets, etc).", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3170/raptortech97", "score": 3 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Some class D towers are only open part time based on local time.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1, 2 ] ] }, { "text": "So yes, daylight savings time will impact when the tower and class D airspace is active.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1520/Steve Kuo", "score": 0 } } ]

{ "question": "Only some countries use Daylight Saving Time. In Canada, some provinces use and don't use DST (such as Saskatchewan). However, in remote and local regions where this is not observed, what would happen? What happens when areas that do not observe DST are controlled by areas that do. (Cleveland controls parts of Southern Ontario). How does this affect local airspace? Does it affect global airspace as well? What are the safety implications? How does it affect Air Traffic Controllers operating these different spaces?", "title": "Does Daylight Saving Time affect local airspace?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<regulations><time>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/13657", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/7670/Zizouz212" }

[ [ "Aviation always uses UTC time so it is not affected by daylight saving. However, local airports may be affected and announcements to passengers are made in local time, thus according to daylight saving. However, it appears that some airports work different hours according to the daylight saving.", "All air traffic control systems use UTC (Zulu) time, which does not have daylight savings and is the same everywhere in the world. Local time is used on local flights or when communicating with passengers. Daylight savings does affect local airspace, as opening times of airports and towers may differ and some airports may have a curfew." ] ]

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[ 3 ]

[ [ "All air traffic control systems use UTC (Zulu) time, which does not have daylight savings and is the same everywhere in the world.", "Local time is used on local flights or when communicating with passengers. There are some class D towers that only open part-time based on local time.", "Daylight savings does affect local airspace, as opening times of airports and towers may differ and some airports may have a curfew." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "They can climb vertically, but this works best if they are several tons below their maximum take-off mass.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Fighter jet engines need a lot of fuel, and at the beginning of the flight the aircraft will be too heavy for vertical climb.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Also, the landing gear would need to be rearranged if the plane is to take off from any airport.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Even a thrust/weight ratio slightly above 1 at maximum take-off mass will not be enough, because the aircraft needs some airspeed for its control surfaces to become effective.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If no thrust vectoring is installed, the aircraft will be uncontrollable in its initial ascent.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The Harrier VTOL jet uses bleed air which is ducted to nozzles at the extreme ends of fuselage and wing for low-speed attitude control.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It is conceivable that the fighter will hang vertically on a wall, with its wheels locked in clutches which will release it when the needed thrust is reached.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "With thrust vector control the aircraft could be controlled over the full trajectory until it transits to horizontal flight, and could even land vertically.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "But this would need specially prepared airfields and use much more fuel than a conventional take-off, leaving less fuel for the mission.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1961/Peter Kämpf", "score": 25 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Yes, they can accelerate straight up (even at max weight in some cases), but to accelerate straight up from 0 airspeed requires some kind of control to keep the aircraft stable.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "All of the aircraft's normal control surfaces only work with air flowing across them, so if you stood it up and pushed the throttles forward it would simply tip itself over.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This is why VTOL aircraft always have more than one point creating thrust, they use thrust to stabilize the aircraft as it rises.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The other consideration (as Peter mentioned) is that it's less efficient to climb this way, meaning less fuel for the mission, lower takeoff weight, or some other tradeoff.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/7752/Joel M.", "score": 11 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The closest the US ever got to it is the ZEL program for the F-100 Super Sabre.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "Basically, put the F-100 on a cruise missile launch rail, strap one hell of a big rocket booster to its arse, and run for cover.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Used to have a 90 minute VHS tape about the project, they got so far as to design underground launch ramps with nuclear blast proof doors to launch the fighters after Soviet bombers.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Never went operational though, by the time it had progressed to where it could work in practice", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "the Nike SAM system was mature enough the ZEL program was no longer needed.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/900/jwenting", "score": 5 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Well they sometimes do.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A pilot or flight lead can request an unrestricted climb to cruising altitude for the purposes of practicing intercepts or other training maneuvers as this F-22 Raptor demonstrates.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "But this does employ a conventional takeoff and accelerating the jet to a pre-determined speed before going vertical.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In regards to an engine thrust greater than 1:1, this applies to static conditions at sea level, generally using full afterburning.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "As you increase in altitude, the rated thrust that the engines can produce degrades with decreasing air density.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The idea of a pure VTOL fighter has been explored with the \"tail sitter\" designs such as the Convair XFY-1 Pogo or Lockheed's entry .", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "These designs were feasible for a proposed cruiser based fighter interceptor, but the configuration made it difficult to land and the project was abandoned shortly after a series of test flights.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Both the Harrier series of attack aircraft and the new F-35B can take off and land vertically, but at a greatly reduced fuel an dpayload required for hovering; These aircraft prefer short take-off operations from ship with a warlord, then land vertically once this is depleted with completion of a mission.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/15637/Carlo Felicione", "score": 2 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "One other factor to consider: if a fighter with a thrust to weight ratio of greater than one can launch vertically off of a ship, how does that fighter land back on the ship?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Being out in the ocean, there's no where else to land, and if the ship has a flight deck for landing, may as well use it for a much safer conventional takeoff with a much higher combat load.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This was the issue faced with the three tail sitters the US financed in the 1950's, from Convair, Lockheed, and Ryan.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The bottom line: landing on the tail, with the pilot looking over their shoulder in the attempt, turned out to be far too difficult, on stationary land, with a huge landing pad, and no battle damage.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Trying to land a tail sitter on a moving ship after carrying out a combat mission would have been even more difficult.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "All three efforts were abandoned as being impractical in military conditions.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/22436/tj1000", "score": 1 } } ]

{ "question": "I've heard the claim repeated many times that some modern fighter jets have an installed thrust greater than their weight, so theoretically they could accelerate straight up. I've never actually heard of this being done, however. It sounds useful, though, especially on the deck of an aircraft carrier. Imagine: we could take out the whole catapult system, and replace it with some sort of a system to pick up an aircraft and turn it vertical. Why is this not done?", "title": "Why don't fighter jets take off vertically?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<takeoff><fighter><jet><aircraft-carrier><vtol>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/13764", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3170/raptortech97" }

[ [ "Fighter jets can take off vertically but with a reduced payload. Also vertical take-off requires some kind of stabilizer. The Harrier and F-35B usually take off non-vertically and then land vertically as the reduced fuel reduces the payload.", "There have been designs for VTOL fighter jets. There are also existing aircraft that are able to take off and land vertically but they prefer short take-offs from a ship. Moreover, fighter jets are actually able to climb vertically but they will be too heavy at the start of a flight. " ] ]

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[ 3 ]

[ [ "Fighter jets are able to climb vertically but they will be too heavy at the start of a flight. A vertical climb is most successful when the jets are significantly below their maximum take-off weight. ", "Vertical acceleration from 0 airspeed requires control to ensure stability.", "There have been designs for VTOL fighter jets. There are also existing aircraft that are able to take off and land vertically but they prefer short take-offs from a ship." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "pilots need to be able to do work during turbulence.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "passengers don't really like to be fully restrained.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1289/RedGrittyBrick", "score": 30 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "They're required.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "ICAO Annex 6, Part 1", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "states: 6.2.2", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "An aeroplane shall be equipped with: ... c) 3) a safety harness for each flight crew seat.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The safety harness shall incorporate a device which will automatically restrain the occupant's torso in the event of rapid deceleration", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It also confirm's Ben's comment that they are also meant to restrain an incapacitated pilot: Recommendation.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "– The safety harness for each pilot seat should incorporate a device to prevent a suddenly incapacitated pilot from interfering with the flight controls.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/6919/Erich", "score": 17 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "I recall early in my glider training when I was about 17 before Id gone solo.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "My instructor used to keep his shoulder straps loose", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "so I started doing the same.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "On my 1st actual cable snap on the winch tow", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I whacked the stick forward and the glider went into -ve", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "g.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It was an open-cockpit glider with no canopy", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "and I was half hanging out and only just managed to reach and get fingertips of one hand onto the joystick to pull myself back into the plane.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I stabilised the glider, pulled my straps tight, but then found out my instructor behind me was not responding.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I landed safely and then found out he was unconscious.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "He had bashed his head on the wing above him and passed out.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I always had my straps fastened properly after that incident.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/7998/brianp", "score": 15 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "There have been some \"unusual attitude\" instances where the crew have recovered the aircraft but would have possibly been thrown from their seats or unable to reach the controls through excessive G if not fully restrained.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/595/Simon", "score": 9 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "In airliners, shoulder harnesses are not installed for passengers because: it is not not mandated by law", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "it is too much for average passengers to deal with it requires money to install", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "it is superfluous in a crash when compared to the same safety from a lap belt Flight crew is required to use the shoulder harness (when installed) as it is the law ( 14 CFR 91.105 ):", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "(a)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "During takeoff and landing, and while en route, each required flight crewmember shall— (1) Be at the crewmember station unless the absence is necessary to perform duties in connection with the operation of the aircraft or in connection with physiological needs; and (2) Keep the safety belt fastened while at the crewmember station.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "(b)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Each required flight crewmember of a U.S.-registered civil aircraft shall, during takeoff and landing, keep his or her shoulder harness", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "fastened while at his or her assigned duty station .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This paragraph does not apply if— (1) The seat at the crewmember's station is not equipped with a shoulder harness; or (2)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The crewmember would be unable to perform required duties with the shoulder harness fastened.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/65/Farhan", "score": 8 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "If the plane is in turbulence, and the passenger is jostled about, injured, or even knocked unconscious, well, sucks for him, but he will recover.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The more extreme the situation, the more important it is that the pilot be conscious, uninjured, and stable.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1973/Malvolio", "score": 5 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "For passengers, while flying I feel fully restrained around the hips by a lap belt fully tightened- it would be more comfortable to have the belt load spread out.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A full car seat belt compared to a lap belt allows you full motion.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Its more likely the cost and difficult of having more anchor points on all seats especially when they spread them across the plane- a place to join the belt to the seat at higher point.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "They might also have to design the seat to handle its load being more spread out.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Let alone having to work out if having such \"improved\" belts actually helps survivability with the greater risk of being unable to unclip.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/2671/user2617804", "score": 2 } } ]

{ "question": "On airliners, passenger seatbelts are simple lap belts. However, flight crews seem to have at least shoulder straps, and often five-point harnesses. Why do flight crew have more restraints?", "title": "Why do airline pilots have shoulder harnesses?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<safety>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/13805", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/923/cpast" }

[ [ "Pilots need to be able to work during turbulence and there have been instances where crew have recovered the aircraft but would have not been able to do so if not fully restrained. Moreover, it is a requirement. Passengers, on the other hand, do not really like being fully restrained.", "Flight crew have more restraints because it is a requirement. They need to be restrained so they are not thrown from their seats during turbulence or an unusual attitude. Passengers have fewer restraints because they do not like to be fully restrained." ] ]

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[ 3 ]

[ [ "Pilots need to be restrained so they are not thrown from their seats during turbulence or an unusual attitude.", "Passengers don't like to have lots of restraints.", "It is a requirement." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "Yes.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Ignoring companies that used to exist but are now bankrupt/merged into Airbus or Boeing, you have companies from countries that aren't historically too friendly with the US and Western Europe.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "For instance, Tupolev makes the Tu-204 , which is currently in production and seats over 175 passengers.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The Ilyushin-designed Il-96 is a widebody in current use some places (Russia, Cuba).", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "Before the Cold War ended, Russia had more indigenous airliners; Aeroflot now largely uses Boeings and Airbuses, but there are still Russian aircraft that see use.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "In addition, you have newer manufacturers starting to enter the market:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Bombardier with their CSeries , Comac (in China) with their C919 (in development), and Irkut with their MC-21 (in development).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Embraer makes planes of more than 100 seats (although they're shorter-range, and you might consider them regional jets).", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/923/cpast", "score": 36 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Being used but out of production: Ilyushin Il-62 (up to 195 seats):", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "last one built in 2010.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Totally built 287, 13 remain in service Tupolev Tu-154 (up to 176 seats):", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "last one built in 2013.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Totally built 923, 61 remain in service Ilyushin Il-86 (up to 350 seats):", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "last one built in 1995, since 2011 only in military use.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Totally built 106, 4 remain in service Ilyushin Il-18 (up to 120 seats):", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "last one built in 1985, but still in use by several airlines.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Totally built 678 (other sources say 850+), 92 remain in service Yakovlev Yak-42 (100/120 seats):", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "last one built in 2003, still in use.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Totally built 187, 55 remain in service", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In production: Ilyushin Il-96 (300/436 seats), the 436-seat variant was never built, but freight variant can be converted to use 436 seats upon customer's request.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2, 3 ] ] }, { "text": "Totally built 28 (incl freght variant), 15 remain in service Tupolev Tu-204 (up to 210 seats).", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "Totally built 76, 46 remain in active service.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Sukhoi", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "SSJ-100 (98-108 seats).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Totally built 77, 60 in active service Antonov An-158 (up to 99 seats).", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "Totally built 6 (excluding the An-148 variant which has less seats), all 6 in active service.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/4382/Anixx", "score": 28 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Boeing = Historic Boeing, not McDonnell Douglas, or plain Douglas Airbus = Historic Airbus.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Commonly used= ?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A reputable source would be http://www.airliners.net/aircraft-data/", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "From there", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "and comments here", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": ", I have edited the following list of manufacturers, for a concise answer, and below that, a list of the aircraft which I believe have more than 100 seats, or can be configured with 100 or more seats, and are in revenue service today, 2015: Aircraft Manufacturers", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Antonov Bombardier British Aerospace/AVRO Douglas, McDonnell-Douglas Embraer Fokker Ilyushin Sukhoi Tupolev Yakovlev Aircraft Type Antonov An-124", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Ruslan Heavylift freighter Antonov An-140", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "New!", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Turboprop regional airliner Antonov An-225 Mriya", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Extra-Large cargo aircraft Bombardier CRJ-1000 (& C-100, C-300, when deliveries start) BAE Systems Avro RJX100 Regional airliner British Aerospace Avro RJ85/100 Regional airliner British Aerospace BAe-146-200 &-300 Regional jet airliner Douglas DC-7 Piston engine airliner and freighter Douglas DC-8-60/70 Long range medium capacity airliner and freighter Embraer ERJ-195 108 seat regional airliner Fokker 100", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "100 seat regional jet", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Ilyushin Il-18 Medium range turboprop airliner Ilyushin Il-62 Medium to long range medium capacity airliner Ilyushin Il-76 Medium to long range freighter Ilyushin Il-86 Medium range widebody airliner Ilyushin", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Il-96-300 Long range widebody airliner Ilyushin Il-96M & Il-96T Long range widebody airliner and freighter McDonnell Douglas DC-10 & Boeing MD-10 Medium to long range widebody airliner", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "McDonnell Douglas", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "DC-9-40/50", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Short to medium range airliners McDonnell Douglas MD-11 Long range widebody airliner McDonnell Douglas MD-81/82/83/88", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Short to medium range airliner McDonnell Douglas MD-87 Short to medium range airliner McDonnell Douglas MD-90", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Short to medium range airliner Sukhoi Superjet", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "SSJ-100", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Regional jet airliner Tupolev Tu-154 Medium range airliner Tupolev Tu-204 & Tu-214 Medium range airliner Yakovlev Yak-42 Short range airliner Once common, now mostly or all retired: Aerospatiale-British Aerospace Concorde Medium range supersonic airliner", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Antonov An-22 Antei", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Large capacity", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "turboprop freighter Avions Marcel Dassault (AMD) Mercure BAC 111 One-Eleven -500.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Short haul airliner Canadair CL-44 & Yukon Medium to long range airliner and", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "freighter Convair 880 and 990 De Havilland Comet Medium range airliner Douglas DC-6 Piston engined airliner and freighter Douglas", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "DC-8-10/20/30/40/50 Medium to long range airliner and freighter Hawker Siddley Trident Lockheed 1049 Super Constellation & 1649 Starliner Lockheed", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "L-100 Hercules Medium range freighter Lockheed L-1011", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "TriStar 1/50/100/150/200/250 Medium to long range widebody airliner Lockheed", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "L-1011", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "TriStar 500 Long range widebody airliner Lockheed L-188 Electra Turboprop airliner and freighter McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30 Short range airliners", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Sud SE-210 Caravelle Short range airliner Tupolev Tu-104A Medium to long range airliner Tupolev TU-114 long range airliner Tupolev", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Tu-334", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Short to medium range airliner prototype", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Vickers VC10 Medium to long range airliner", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "These are the Boeing and Airbus planes excluded: Airbus A300-600 Medium range widebody airliner Airbus A300B2/B4 Medium range widebody airliner Airbus A310", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Medium to long range widebody airliner Airbus A318 100 seat regional airliner Airbus A319 Medium range airliner Airbus A320", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Short to medium range airliner Airbus", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A321", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Short to medium range narrowbody airliner Airbus A330-200 Long range widebody airliner Airbus A330-300 Large capacity medium to long range airliner Airbus A340-200/300 Long range", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "widebody airliner", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Airbus A340-500/600 Long range widebody airliners Airbus A380 High capacity, long range, twindeck, widebody airliner Boeing 707 Medium to long range airliner and freighter Boeing 717", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Short to medium range airliner Boeing 720 Medium range narrowbody airliner Boeing 727", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Short to medium range narrowbody airliner Boeing 737 Short to medium range narrowbody airliner Boeing", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "747 Long range high capacity widebody airliner Boeing 747SP Long range high capacity widebody airliner Boeing 757 Medium range narrowbody airliner Boeing 767 Medium to long range widebody airliner Boeing", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "777 Long range high capacity widebody airliner Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner Long range widebody airliner Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter Freighter", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1897/Bill IV", "score": 11 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The MD-80 series is still in fairly widespread use, and it wasn't made by Boeing or Airbus either.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "The MD-11 is getting harder to find in passenger service, although it's still used for cargo.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2, 3 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/7532/Ralph J", "score": 6 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Bombardier make regional jets but their new C series is a 737/A320 class 80-120 seat aircraft", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1576/NobodySpecial", "score": 4 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Yes , of course.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Tupolev, Antonov, Douglas(I thinks at least they made earlier) and Ilyushin have made many.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "While Boeing and Airbus are the most common, Russia, China , India etc.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "do use (or may be used) other airlines.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/8100/Mathsman 100", "score": 2 } } ]

{ "question": "Are there any commonly used passenger aircraft larger than regional jets (100+ seats) that aren't Boeing or Airbus? If so, what are they and where are they used?", "title": "Are there any airliners not made by Airbus or Boeing?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<airliner><boeing><airbus><airlines>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/14014", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/6886/digitgopher" }

[ [ "There are other companies manufacturing aircraft apart from Airbus and Boeing. These include Tupolev, Antonov, Douglas, and Ilyushin. The MD series aircraft are not made by Airbus or Boeing. Many of these companies are from countries that historically are not very friendly with the US and Western Europe.", "Yes, there are airliners that are not made by Airbus or Boeing. Some of these are made by companies in countries that have not always had good relations with the West. Companies that have produced airliners include Ilyushin, Embraer, Tupolev and Antonov. In some cases, a freight model can be converted for passenger use. There are also some models that were previously used for passengers but are now largely used for cargo." ] ]

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[ 3 ]

[ [ "Yes, there are airliners that are not made by Airbus or Boeing.", "There are airliners made by companies in countries that have not always had good relations with the West. ", "Other companies that have produced airliners include Ilyushin, Embraer, Tupolev and Antonov.", "In some cases, a freight model can be converted for passenger use. There are also some models that were previously used for passengers but are now largely used for cargo." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "Modern high-bypass turbofan engines work by pulling in immense volumes of air and accelerating it.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A screen as proposed would make that task far more difficult, which would ruin the efficiency of the engine.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It's also pretty well unnecessary.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Jets worldwide take plenty of birdstrikes every day.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Unless the pilots see it (hitting the windscreen will do that) or hear it (hitting something near the cockpit) or the bird goes into the engine core (which causes the smell of burned bird in the air conditioning), the chance that the crew knows about it before the next walk-around inspection is pretty slight.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The vast majority of birdstrikes are utterly inconsequential.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "(Except for the bird -- ruins his day pretty thoroughly!)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Yes, there are a small number of very highly visible events where birds do disable an aircraft -- the \"miracle on the Hudson\" and the loss of an AWACS in Alaska come to mind, and there are others.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "And it's possible for a birdstrike on an engine to cause significant damage IF the bird is large enough", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "AND it goes into the core, but in the big picture, that is actually pretty uncommon.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Thus, the aircraft manufacturers and operators end up accepting the risk of a catastrophic birdstrike, because the alternative of protecting the engine as suggested is too expensive when the effects on the efficiency of the engine are considered.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "One other point, bird flesh is pretty easy for an engine to chop up and digest.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If a big bird hits a metal shield at high speed, there would be the risk that the shield could be damaged enough that some of the metal would break apart and go into the engine as well, and THAT would cause far more damage than just the bird.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Fun video of stuff being shot into an engine during testing", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/7532/Ralph J", "score": 59 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Screens were actually used on the first prototypes of the Me-262 , but soon abandoned when they were found to be more of a burden than a help.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "If you look carefully at the picture of the Me-262 V3 below, you can see the spherical screens on both engine intakes.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Today, screens are used only in ground tests.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "See the picture below for the Rolls-Royce version: The big surface of the sphere reduces aerodynamic losses, which are small under static conditions anyway, but this contraption would obviously be totally impractical in flight.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1961/Peter Kämpf", "score": 18 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "A few Russian/Soviet fighters had retractable FOD screens on their engine intakes (MiG-29 and Su-27 IIRC).", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "The assumption was that they would operate from damaged runways or roads and the engines would need protection against Foreign Object Damage (FOD).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Right air intake of a MiG-29 with main doors closed and louvres on the wing root opened.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1576/NobodySpecial", "score": 17 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "There are three problems with this idea: (1) To make a screen strong enough to withstand the body of a 15-to-20 pound bird hitting it at 500 miles per hour, would require thick wire which would significantly block air flow.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "(2)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Such a screen would be very liable to collect ice, so it would have to be heated to high temperature.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This would be expensive and would increase the maintenance burden for the aircraft.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "(3)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If part of the screen failed and broke off for any reason and went into the rotors, it would destroy the engine.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1378/Tyler Durden", "score": 16 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "When flying any surface that is exposed to the air will generate drag.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "That screening, although full of holes, will create significant drag when exposed to the air that is entering in the airplane.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Also, it will distort the air entering the engine reducing the efficiency of the engine and increasing fuel comsuption.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Globally, the extra drag and the higher fuel consumption is more costly than the increase of weight needed for generating extra protection on the engine nacelle.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/6979/Trebia Project.", "score": 9 } } ]

{ "question": "Why isn't there a protective screen with large diameter holes (approx 2') mounted in front of the jet engine intake to protect the turbine blades? This would keep larger birds and large ground debris from getting sucked in, which can cause serious internal engine damage.", "title": "Would it be viable to install a screen in front of jet intakes to prevent them from sucking in birds?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<turbine><bird-strike><foreign-object-damage>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/14342", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/8247/garyv440" }

[ [ "Most birdstrikes are inconsequential and a screen breaking on impact with a bird may potentially cause more damage. Screens were used on Me-262 prototypes but later abandoned, however, some Russian fighter jets do have screens.", "Screens are not generally used because most bird strikes are insignificant. In the event of a bird strike, the damage caused to the shield could be a bigger problem than the bird strike itself. Having said that, there are examples of screens being used on aircraft or on aircraft prototypes. " ] ]

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[ 3 ]

[ [ "Most bird strikes are not significant.", "In the event of a bird strike, the damage caused to the shield could be a bigger problem than the bird strike itself.", "There are examples of screens being used on aircraft or on aircraft prototypes. " ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "There's no mention that I can find of \"landing long\" (\"landing deep\" is sometimes used outside the US) in the FAA's P/CG , AIM or ATC procedures .", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "So it's fairly safe to say that it's an unofficial instruction (assuming I didn't miss it somewhere).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The main reason for doing it is to avoid a long taxi after landing, but I suppose there could be other reasons too, like coming in too high on a long runway or avoiding wake turbulence.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "The point of requesting it - and not just doing it - is that it may mess up sequencing at a busy airport because you take more time to clear the runway, with the result that the tower has to instruct the aircraft following you to go around.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "As my first instructor said, \"once you're cleared to land", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "it's your runway\".", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I've never been asked by ATC to do it", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "but I have been asked by the tower to \"land short\", to minimize my time on the runway and let an airline flight take off ASAP.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "However, it was clearly phrased as an informal request, not an instruction; something like this: N12345", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Clear to land 36L, appreciate a short landing if you can manage it", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So I think the conclusion is that landing \"short\" or \"long\" is simply an informal way for pilots and ATC to make things work a bit more smoothly.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/62/Pondlife", "score": 18 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "When you are cleared to land, you own the entire runway until you exit.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Use it all if you must.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "(One exception to this is at Oshkosh, during the annual AirVenture when as many as three airplanes are cleared to land on the same runway at the same time:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "one short, one medium, and one long as demarcated by colored dots.)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Having said that, at a busy airport you are expected to land reasonably close to the arrival end, and to exit the runway promptly.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This is an important component of keeping traffic moving smoothly at a busy airport, so if you want to land long you should inform the tower of your request.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A good reason to land long:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If the controller has positioned you too close behind a large airliner so that wake turbulence is an issue, tell the controller that you want to land long.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Wingtip vortices stop as soon as the aircraft lands, and you want your touchdown point beyond the large airliner's touchdown point.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/291/Skip Miller", "score": 11 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "I don't think it is documented anywhere that you must inform the controller if you want to land long.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "But you should state your intentions clearly as a courtesy to the controller and by effect other aircraft that you share the airport with.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The controller will expect a small aircraft to take the first runway exit.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "They plan the arrival stream accordingly.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "From experience they know it will take a Cessna 150, for example, 40 seconds between overflying the threshold and vacating at the first exit.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Thus they can space the next aircraft appropriately so that they can give a landing clearance in time after you vacate.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "When you unexpectedly fly all the way to the second half of the runway before landing it will take much longer between overflying the threshold and vacating the runway.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This will make the margins for giving the landing clearance to the aircraft behind you much smaller and may even force the controller to order the big jet on your tail to go around.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "For screwing up somebody else's plan and causing others to go-around you get shouted at sometimes.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/19/DeltaLima", "score": 7 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Long landings are requested mostly by GA pilots (although airlines can do it too) on longer runways.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "ATC is informed about it.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If the aircraft is parked near the end of the runway, or needs to get there, long landing is used as it is faster to fly at 80 knots than to taxi at a much lower speed.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "I'm not sure why ATC didn't like it in your particular situation.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It could be that they were expecting you to get off the runway sooner, which you didn't.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This PDF explains this.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I couldn't find any regulations related to it.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/65/Farhan", "score": 6 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "ATC doesn't like unannounced long landings because unless they are informed of what you're doing, they will be concerned that you're just too fast or too high and might run off the end of the runway.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3504/rbp", "score": 5 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "In EASA land, you can also be asked to make a long landing because the controller will want to clear another aircraft to land behind you, although you are still occupying the runway.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "This tool is called Reduced Runway Separation and requires the preceding aircraft to be beyond a certain distance measured from the runway threshold, before the subsequent approaching aircraft can be cleared to land.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Related question:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "When is an aircraft cleared to land?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/572/SentryRaven", "score": 5 } } ]

{ "question": "I fly in/out of a small international airport occasionally, the runways are quite long. It is not unusual to land half-way or even three-quarters down the runway. When doing this, pilots request long landings from ATC. I once did not request a long landing and did anyway and got chewed out a bit from ATC. My question is: Is it mandatory to request a long landing or is it more of a courtesy? Where is this information documentated?", "title": "Why should I request a long landing?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<faa-regulations><air-traffic-control>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/14360", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/553/fbynite" }

[ [ "It does not seem to be a requirement to request a long landing. However, there aare a number of reasons for doing so to help the air traffic controller organise other planes. The main reason for landing long is to avoid a long taxi after landing. ", "Long landing is usually performed on long runways so that aircraft do not have to taxi for a long time after landing. Although it is not a documented requirement, you should nevertheless request a long landing, as it may affect other aircraft coming in to land behind you." ] ]

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[ 3 ]

[ [ "Requesting a long landing is not a documented requirement.", "Long landing is requested on long runways so that aircraft do not have to taxi for a long time after landing.", "The reason a long landing should be requested first is that it may affect other aircraft coming in to land." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "Yes, Niki Lauda , former Formula 1 pilot and ATPL holder, founded Lauda Air , for which he also worked as PIC .", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Lauda returned to running his airline, Lauda Air, on his second Formula One retirement in 1985.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "During his time as airline manager, he was appointed consultant at Ferrari as part of an effort by Montezemolo to rejuvenate the team.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "After selling his Lauda Air shares to majority partner Austrian Airlines in 1999, he managed the Jaguar Formula One racing team from 2001 to 2002.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In late 2003, he started a new airline, Niki.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Lauda holds a commercial pilot's licence and from time to time acted as a captain on the flights of his airline.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Lauda Air ceased operations in July 2013.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/572/SentryRaven", "score": 33 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Although not an airline Howard Hughes was a test pilot for some of the Hughes Aircraft planes including the famous XF-11 that he crashed.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I can't find any information on if he ever flew any of the Hughes/Air West planes in a commercial situation or if he had a CPL but its worth mentioning.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Edit: After some searching I did find this article which states", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The only real job Hughes ever had also came in 1933.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "He signed on as a co-pilot for American Airways.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "He applied under the name Charles W. Howard.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The ruse was quickly discovered, however, and Hughes resigned.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So it seems he did at least try to be a commercial pilot at some point although this was long before the Hughes/Air West Days.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Edit 2:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I forgot about it, but Joe McBryan the owner of Buffalo air a small freight and passenger airline in Canada and the focus of the History Channels show \"Ice Pilots NWT\" fly's some of the flights for the airline.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "It also seems that Willie Walsh the CEO of Aer Lingus and then British Airways was a 737 captain however it does not seem that he held these positions while being a captain.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Collett Everman Woolman one of the founders of Delta Airlines (and eventually the CEO) did fly for them when them when they were a crop dusting business (and legally an airline)", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "but I cant find any info on if he flew passenger or mail flights for them.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Walter Varney", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "the founder of both Continental and United Airlines was an airmail pilot for United at one point (possibly also during passenger operations.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Leon D Cuddeback another founder of United Airlines is credited as flying the first airline flight in the country", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ -1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "so I'd say he makes the list.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Felix duPont one of the founders of Allegheny Airlines (eventually US Airways) was a test pilot for Focker and an aviation enthusiast as well as serving during WWII for the Air Transport Command although it does not seem that he flew commercially.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "His brother Richard Chichester duPont was also an aviation enthusiast and founder of Allegheny Airlines although its unclear if he ever flew for them he does hold some aviation awards.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You can find a list of US based airlines here and the rest of the world here if you want to continue cross referencing owners who were also possibly pilots.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "It seems that a lot of the early founders/pioneers in aviation were also founders of airlines.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3677/Dave", "score": 13 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Niels Sundberg, the founder, owner and CEO of EZ (Sun Air of Scandinavia, a franchisee for British Airways) was also a captain for his airline with over 13,000 hours.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "He was forced to retire from flying paying passengers at 65 under EU regulations, which he describes as big blow.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "http://delightmagazine.dk/niels-sundberg-the-sky-is-my-passion/&prev=search", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "(In Danish)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/8565/Calchas", "score": 4 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The Discovery Channel TV series Flying Wild Alaska included COO Jim Tweto who would fly some flights as well (as I remember, mostly bush plane flights).", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/14931/Eugene Styer", "score": 4 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "King Willem-Alexander of The Netherlands occasionally moonlights as a pilot for KLM.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Does that count?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The royal Fokker has just been purchased by Alliance Airlines of Australia and replaced by a B737, I presume king Willem will continue to pilot KLM 737s every now and then.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/21091/Koyovis", "score": 3 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "David Eyerly was a cofounder of Surf Air in California.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "He was a graduate of Embry-Riddle held multiple ratings, and frequently flew the company's Pilatus PC-12s as PIC.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/8344/Random Guy", "score": 2 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Bruce Dickinson, Iron Maiden's singer is a qualified Boeing pilot (and a champion fencer).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "He co-founded Astraeus Airlines, which was a charting and wet/dry leasing company.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Bruce flew for them, and when Iron Maiden rented one of their 767s (christened Ed Force One), he flew it. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Maiden#Ed_Force_One", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/16212/CSM", "score": 1 } } ]

{ "question": "Do you know any airline company owner who holds ATPL licence and flies one of the company's aircraft occasionally in normal operations just because (s)he likes to do it?", "title": "Is there any airline company owner who also works as a pilot?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<airline-operations><airline-pilot>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/14470", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/8337/Çağatay Gürtürk" }

[ [ "There have been a number of airline owners who also pilot for their airline. These include Niki Lauda for Lauda Air, Willie Walsh CEO of Aer Lingus and British Airways and Niels Sundberg of EZ.", "Yes, there are multiple examples of airline owners who also flew the company's aircraft." ] ]

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[ 3 ]

[ [ "Yes, there are multiple examples of airline owners who also flew the company's aircraft." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "In the modern day and age, it is very difficult to put a numerical value to this type of question, simply because the chance of something happening is so incredibly remote.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "This is not a clear-cut equation and is dependant on several factors.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "A few thoughts:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The impact of loosing one engine will be less significant on a four-engined aircraft than a two-engined aircraft.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You only loose 25% of thrust as compared to 50%.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "However, two engined jets are built with greater safety margin and are able to handle an engine failure at any phase in the flight.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Four engined jets are certified to be able to fly on two engines on one side of the wing.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In theory, you are twice as likely to suffer an engine failure with four engines, since you have twice as many engines.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "While the lost thrust would be less significant, very rarely damage can propagate to cause damage to other parts (See QF32 and ELY1862 ).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In general, it is easier, cheaper and faster to maintain two engines than four.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Should a complete engine swap be necessary for instance, you only need to do it twice instead of four times.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Every extra step is an step where something could theoretically could go wrong.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The GE90 (Boeing 777) is certified to handle 'large' birds (4kg) as compared to the CFM56 (Airbus A340) only being able to handle 'medium' birds.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Hence, the Boeing 777 engines are likely to be a bit more robust.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "From a human perspective, pilot workload will be lower with two engines rather than four.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Should something happen in a time-critical emergency, there will be more systems you need to keep an overview of.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "See CAL006 .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Furthermore, not every engine-related incident is spared simply cause you have four engines.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "BA Flight 9 lost all four engines due to volcanic ash.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "On BA Flight 38 , the engines failed in unison due to ice in the heat exchanger on the engines that were operating in identical conditions.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Despite ETOPS being around for several decades and applying to thousands of aircraft", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I have not heard about a single accident involving commercial jets operating in that domain.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/790/Thunderstrike", "score": 15 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "From a strictly \"engine cut out\" point of view in todays day and age you are not getting your self very much.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "There is a great article here that talks quite a bit about this point from a GA stand point.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "There is of course the simple fact that for some planes you need more thrust to simply fly.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "There has also been lots of research done on if servicing an engine frequently makes it safer or actually adds to the problem.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Again from a GA (mainly piston) standpoint there is a case to be made.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3677/Dave", "score": 3 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The more engines you have, the better off you are if one engine fails; however, the more likely it is that one will fail.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Engines, like many things, are rated in terms of \"mean time between failures\" or MTBF.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "For aircraft engines, MTBF is relatively high (tens of thousands of hours when properly maintained), but they do still fail in relatively unassuming situations.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It's simple probability that, given a nonzero chance for a given engine to fail, the chance that at least one engine will fail is the combined chance for each particular engine to fail.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So if the engine type used on a 747 has a 1/1000 chance to fail on a particular flight (the actual chance is much lower, in the tens of millionths), there is a 4/1000 = 1/250 chance of at least one engine on the plane failing during that flight.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If the two engines on a 737 each had the same chance for failure, the chance of one engine failing on the flight are half those of one engine failing on the 747, because there are half the number of engines that could fail.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In MTBF terms, we can say the mean time between single engine failures on a 747 is half that of a 737.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So, we see that increasing the number of engines, all other things being equal, actually increases the chances of something going wrong.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "However, the pilot of a twin-engined craft, though he may be twice as likely to experience an engine failure compared to the pilot of a single-engine craft, is going to have a much better day when it happens than the single engine pilot will.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The big question that really has to be asked is, how many engines can the plane fly on, and how many more than that number does it have?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Jets like the DC-10 and 727 were marketed for their relatively high fault-tolerance; they could maintain level flight at low altitude on only one engine, having lost the other two, and on the 727 it didn't really matter which one was still running as they were all so close to the centerline.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The 747 requires at least two of its four engines to maintain level flight (see British Airways Flight 9 in 1982, during which all four engines quit mid-flight due to ingestion of volcanic ash; restarting one engine slowed the rate of descent but", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "it took two to level off).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Now, primarily for fuel efficiency reasons, passenger jets are designed with as few engines as they need; engines are most efficient at a specific point in their power curve, and you design the aircraft to cruise efficiently at that power output of its engines.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This is why the 737 (and newer jets like the 777 and 787) doesn't have four engines; it doesn't need them, because the 737 is a fifth the weight and", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "the engines it does have are more efficient than the 747's.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/7629/KeithS", "score": 3 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "If an engine fails, the fraction of loss of thrust is smaller for an aircraft with four engines than for one with two.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If other things happen, for example loss of rudder, yaw control is easier with three remaining engines than with one.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So in terms of %-loss of thrust and what this entails, a 4-engine plane is safer than a 2-engine plane.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/None/", "score": 2 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "ICAO regulations allow two-engine aircrafts to fly over oceanic routes (they must have a Ram Air Turbine - RAT)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "so such a plane - certified as ETOPS, Extended-range Twin-engine Operational Performance Standard - must be safe.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Anyway I can agree with other answers stating that if you have to loose an engine it is better to have 3 other.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/8399/Davide", "score": 2 } } ]

{ "question": "For example, the Boeing 747 has four engines, whereas the Boeing 737 has 2. Does this means that the Boeing 747 would be safer if one of the engines fail?", "title": "Does adding more engines to commercial aircraft increase safety?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<safety><commercial-aviation>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/15037", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/8482/anshabhi" }

[ [ "It is difficult to answer this question because the more engines you have, the better off you are if one fails. However, the more engines you have, the greater the chance that one of them will fail. That being said, engine failure is very uncommon.", "This is not a straightforward question to answer and depends on several factors. Generally speaking, if an aircraft has more engines, it is in a better position if one fails. However, it is also more probable that one of them will fail." ] ]

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[ 3 ]

[ [ "This is not a straightforward question to answer and depends on several factors. ", "If an aircraft has more engines, it is in a better position if one fails. However, it is also more probable that one of them will fail." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "Propellers in some form are really the only option.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "It is currently the only efficient way to generate thrust with air as a medium.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Even jet engines are in some sense just a very elaborate system of propellers.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The reason for the turbine is to create an environment to efficiently burn fuel ( suck, squeeze, bang, blow ) to generate as much thrust as possible.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Hence, in an electric aircraft this is irrelevant.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You might be interested in the Airbus E-Fan , which uses ducted propellers increase efficiency.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "However, it is still 'just' a propeller with an electric motor in the middle.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/790/Thunderstrike", "score": 15 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "You may choose whatever propulsion you prefer, but need to accept the consequences.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "An electrical turbine is easy to build, but will need a lot of power for heating the core flow.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "Instead of burners you will need to install heater elements, which will necessitate a longer flow path and more volume between compressor and turbine, but by and large", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "the electric turbine engine will look much like a fuel-burning one.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You can also remove all the turbo machinery and only drive the fan with a big electric motor.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "But that would have lower efficiency than turning a propeller instead, so only when your flight speed will cause supersonic propeller tips might an electrically powered fan be a better alternative.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Therefore, at speeds below Mach 0.7 propellers will give you more thrust per kW of power, and their efficiency is best at low speeds .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The much lower energy density of electric storage will demand flight at low speed, or your flight time will be very short.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Therefore, propellers are the best, but by no means the only solution.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A potentially even more efficient method might be ionic thrusters where a high voltage is used to ionize and accelerate air in order to produce thrust.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] }, { "text": "Designs using ionic thrusters would use the whole airframe for thrust creation and would need to be run at tens of thousands of Volts, but their potential efficiency surpasses even that of low-speed propellers - in theory.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The linked article, however, is an embarrassment to MIT.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A 1 kW jet engine that produces only 2 N thrust has to fly very fast (500 m/s, to be precise) while the 110 N cited for the ionic thruster at the same power mean that it could not had moved faster than 9 m/s.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1961/Peter Kämpf", "score": 8 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "You do not have hot combustion gases in an electrically powered engine.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The only gas available to you is the air around you, and some form of propeller is the most logical way to accelerate that air.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The nozzle you're imagining can be used to turn a large, slow stream of air into a faster but smaller air stream.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This can't provide thrust by itself as it isn't a powered engine part.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1956/MSalters", "score": 4 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Ducted fans rather than external propellers increase the performance at high speeds, so gets round most of the problems.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] }, { "text": "You aren't really going to want to carry fuel AND batteries, so some sort of ducted fan is the best solution for a high speed aircraft.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] }, { "text": "While they do look somewhat like Jet engines, they are basically just prop engines in a tube, so they can better control the air-flow, which at high velocities, can cause issues for exposed props.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/8669/Drenzul", "score": 4 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "For your requirement to use a battery for silent takeoff and landing, electrically driven propellors (or ducted fans) would certainly be good enough.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] }, { "text": "The requirement you mentioned for 350 mph to 550 mph is really only for cruise, which presumably would use a turbofan (or possibly turboprop) - and recharge the battery at the same time.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So I would guess what you want is a fairly high performance ducted fan which can be driven by either electric motor for silence or by a conventional turbine at cruise - a bit like a turboprop.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The question is then how do you arrange for an exchange between the two power sources.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "(I assume two sets of engines wouldn't be possible, though perhaps they could be?)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "(Edited to add...", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "your electric motors still need full power to takeoff.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So why not run the motor all of the time, and use an auxiliary turbine engine to provide the electrical power at cruise?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Not unlike a hybrid car.)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/8417/Andy", "score": 2 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The main difference between air and water is that the second cannot be compressed, while the first can and when you do, you heat it up loosing a cospicuous amount of energy.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The more you compress it and the more time you wait before releasing it, the more energy you loose.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A propeller also compresses the air: this is necessary to accelerate it, but it allows to achieve high air velocities with the minimum amount of compression.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It is also a very simple and light design, moreover one of the motivation to have an internal water compressor is the possibility to filter it, which is not required with air.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/2345/DarioP", "score": 0 } } ]

{ "question": "This is for an electric airplane (so no fuels for combustion): Are propellers the only option? Is there a turbine-jet possible with only air intake, electrically compress, and a turbine and nozzle and get equal or more thrust than a propeller like a water-jet but then with air?", "title": "For an electric airplane are propellers the only option for propulsion?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<aircraft-performance><propeller><turbine><electric-engine>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/15163", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/8664/Arturo" }

[ [ "Propellers are an option for an electric plane. Other options include ionic thrusters and ducted fans.", "There is some disagreement here. Some think that some form of propellor is the only viable option whereas others cite alternatives. Whichever form of propulsion you choose, there may be consequences. An electrical turbine, while easy to build, would require a lot of power. Other alternatives include ionic thrusters and ducted fans." ] ]

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[ 3 ]

[ [ "Some form of propellor is the only viable option.", "Any form of propulsion may have consequences.", "Although easy to build, an electrical turbine would need a lot of power.", "Alternatives include ionic thrusters and ducted fans." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "I could not find a definite definition of congested area .", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "As mentioned here : [...]", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "neither the FAA nor the NTSB has ever provided [...] a precise definition of [...] a \"congested area.\"", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Rather, a \"congested area\" is determined on a case-by-case basis.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "According to the Board, \"the determination must take into consideration all circumstances, not only the size of an area and the number of homes or structures, but, for example, whether the buildings are occupied or people are otherwise present, such as on roads.\"", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The same is echoed here : [For the definition of congested area,] FAA and the NTSB have opted for taking a \"case-by-case\" approach in determining how to apply certain terms.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "AOPA states that : Congested areas .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "\"Over any congested area of a city, town, or settlement, or over any open air assembly of persons, an altitude of 1,000 feet above the highest obstacle within a horizontal radius of 2,000 feet of the aircraft.\" The FAA does not define congested area in the FARs or in the Aeronautical Information Manual.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Interpretations in low-flight enforcement cases are not consistent for purposes of drafting a precise definition.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Such a determination is usually decided on a case-by-case basis, and in the cases that we've seen, congested has been interpreted rather broadly.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "For example, a highway with moderate traffic was found to be \"congested,\" as was a seaside area where 200 to 300 persons were sitting on the beach or bathing in the water.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The same can be seen here , and here , and here .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/65/Farhan", "score": 12 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "It is not explicitly defined in the FAR Definitions and it seems the explicitly do not define it.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "I would interpret ( please keep in mind", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "this is my interpretation and not law )", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "a congested area/assembly of people, as anywhere you could not safely land the aircraft in the event of an emergency without endangering others and or yourself.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This may better by explained with an example.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Lets say you are flying low over main street at rush hour, your engine goes and you are forced to make an emergency landing.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You have limited distance and direction to go and can not safely land the aircraft with out hitting either a building, people or vehicles on the road thus endangering them.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "With that being said, you are correct that class B generally lies around the big cities in this country, and other cities may reside in class C, you can still have a congested area or open assembly of people (concert, state fare etc) in class G airspace.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3677/Dave", "score": 6 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "If a regulatory authority does not define the word, then by default it is the common definition of the word.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Un-congested vs congested.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Think of the phrase Open space and occupied space.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If flying over occupied homes or businesses it is by definition congested.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If you are flying over open land it is un-congested.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In reality, the FAA uses many words and phrases with out providing what their definition is and leaves it to the common understanding rather than a unique definition.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Simple English...but not to those who push the limits.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/34117/Randy D Andrews", "score": 2 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "While getting my Aerospace Engineering degree a \"Regulations and Legal Interpretations\" class was mandatory.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "As part of that we studied cases against pilots such as flying low over farm houses.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The judges have been persuaded to accept 2 or more people as \"Congested\" or an \"assembly\" based on existing automobile traffic laws that fines people for violating speed limits for crowds or people (plural).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "For example, \"when children (pl 2 or more) are present\" .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Take this at face value.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I don't agree with it", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "but it seems to be a case where the Government feels more successful by being vague then being reasonable.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "To me something like \"more than 25 people in a 1 mile radius\" would be more quantifiable.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/25735/jwzumwalt", "score": 2 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "You can fly over a city which is congested, by following railroad tracks, etc, those areas are uncontested.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "But, you must be in class E or G airspace, unless you have clearance from the controlling agency.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The FAR 103.11(b) is only for flying with strobes, during civil twilight.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You must be in uncontrolled airspace, which is class G, generally, but not always, starting at 700 or 1200 feet AGL.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Where I live ..0", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "-500 feet is class G and class B starts at 500' ago.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So I could fly my ultralight at 400', 20 minutes after sunset, along railroad tracks thru a major city.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A bad decision is called pilot error, your job is to keep others safe from your stupidity. :)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/35094/William", "score": 1 } } ]

{ "question": "FAR 103 .15 states: No person may operate an ultralight vehicle over any congested area of a city, town, or settlement, or over any open air assembly of persons. I'm wondering what is meant by \"congested area\". It sounds like you can fly over a city, town or settlement so long as it's not congested but...how is that defined?", "title": "What is meant by a \"congested area of a city/town/settlement\" in FAR 103?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<faa-regulations><faa><ultralight>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/15611", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/511/Jay Carr" }

[ [ "Congested area is not defined in the FAR Definitions.", "Interpretation of a \"congested area\" is subjective. There is no explicit definition. " ] ]

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[ 3 ]

[ [ "Interpretation of a \"congested area\" is subjective. There is no explicit definition. " ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "Retrofitting is (as the comments to your post have already stated) rather difficult and unusual.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "In addition, the quality of service from such an aircraft you could expect to get would most probably not be great.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Analogy:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Try changing your minibus for 9 people into minivan for freight and industrial work.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It is also worth mentioning that the difference in operation is substantial between bombers and commercial jets.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "You would be better off using something that is not that complicated, like a Cessna Caravan for instance.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I think that energy, time and money would be better spent on building more dedicated aircraft.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Changing the commercial ones is also not trivial and will require engineered changes.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It is however fully possible to design a military derivative of a commercial jet.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The Boeing P-8 Poseidon is an example of this, being based off the Boeing 737 with the necessary modifications.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The armament is also fairly extensive: 5 internal and 6 external stations for AGM-84H/K SLAM-ER, AGM-84 Harpoon, Mark 54 torpedo, missiles, mines, torpedoes, bombs, and a High Altitude Anti-Submarine Warfare Weapon system[", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/790/Thunderstrike", "score": 11 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "It should be noted that some civilian aircraft do have military systems fitted (and not just radars like AWACS).", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "The Israeli airline has a laser-based missile defense system fitted to its airliners.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "(They wanted to use flares", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "but apparently you can't drop flares at a commerical airport due to fire risk, so they got a laser-based system instead).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The package is slightly different from the one sold to the miltiary as it has to be completely self-contained: it can't use the interfaces - for example to the missile warning systems - on a warplane as the airliners don't have them.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If you were going to use bombs", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I suspect you might roll them out of the back of a cargo plane.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "During the Falklands War (1980s) there was some talk about Argentina possibly attempting it, but I don't think they ever did.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/None/", "score": 8 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Converting pretty much any passenger hauler into a bomber would be quite an exercise.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "You would have to add pressure bulkheads aft of the flight deck, rebuild the bottom of the fuselage to allow for doors, add considerable structure to hold the (very heavy) bomb racks, and probably remove the floor - rather tricky if the floor is also holding the fuselage together.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Missiles on the wings would be comparatively easy - they are not as heavy and don't require major mods to the pressure hull.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A \"serious emergency\" indicates urgency, and that gets met with existing aircraft.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The time taken to modify a 777 into a bomber would be fairly close to building a new bomber.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Although if it's a protracted war of attrition* I would expect Boeing would quickly design a new one based around the 777's tooling so they can get them out the door quickly.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It is very easy (and common) to use passenger haulers as troop transport.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "Conversion to AWACS is nowhere near as complex, I suspect someone already has plans in a file somewhere to do just that.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "And the USAF already uses DC-10 freighters as tankers - the boom is a not-overly-complex conversion and probe-drogue systems are almost bolt-ons.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Before anyone comments about it, the DC-10 used as a water bomber is very different from dropping explosives.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Water is a distributed load, and releasing it doesn't require half of the bottom of the plane to open up - it flows out through ports that can easily have structural members running across them.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "* World War II would be a good example.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Evenly-matched belligerents, whoever has more resources usually wins.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If WWIII goes nuclear it will be over in an hour or two.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1632/paul", "score": 6 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "While commercial aircraft can obviously be used for transport missions (transporting troops or military cargo) unchanged, I believe the question is really about using commercial airliners for combat missions.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I am not entirely sure if light business jets like the Learjet 35 meet the definition of a 'commercial airliner' in the question, but these civilian aircraft have been pressed into service for military missions during the Falklands war.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "Learjet also make military versions of 35 series; the primary change being the addition of hard points under the wings allowing the carrying of military payloads including weapons.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Similar conversions include the older turboprop Fokker F27 conversion: http://www.combataircraft.com/en/Military-Aircraft/Fokker/F-27-Enforcer/", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So aircraft can be lightly modified to perform combat missions if they have the ability to carry external loads and some avionics to support the loads.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "However such aircraft would lack features found in military aircraft such as ejection seats.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/8905/GrantB", "score": 3 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "For what its worth Air Force One is operated by the United States Air Force and is built on the common 747 airframe.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Although the plane is highly customized and lets be honest only servers a single military purpose it is, for what its worth a civilian plane (in a sense) that has been converted to a military function.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3677/Dave", "score": 3 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Aircraft development seems to go the other way more often.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Example: the Boeing 377 Stratocruiser was developed (indirectly) from the WWII B-29 bomber.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It's expensive to develop a new platform; military budgets seem to be large enough for such undertakings on a frequent basis.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Not so in the commercial world.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Revolutionary designs like", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "the B-707", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "and B-747 come along, but even they were started with military contracts in mind as much as civilian markets.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3218/Anthony X", "score": 3 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "In the 1980s there was a proposal for a Cruise Missile Carrier Aircraft (CMCA) version of the Boeing 747, which could have carried and launched around 70-100 AGM-86 ALCM cruise missiles with nuclear warheads.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This was actively considered by the USAF but rejected in favour of continuing development of the Rockwell B1 bomber.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/26711/J. Southworth", "score": 1 } } ]

{ "question": "Is it possible that in case of some very serious emergency, a commercial airliner such as the B777F could be used for dropping bombs or to serve some other fighting purpose? I am simply asking about this from a technical standpoint.", "title": "Can a commercial airliner be used for military purposes?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<airliner><military>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/15763", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/8482/anshabhi" }

[ [ "It would be a large task to convert a civilian aircraft into a bomber. However, civilian aircraft have been used for transporting military personnel.", "There are considerable obstacles involved in converting commercial airliners for military use. A better option would be to build more dedicated aircraft. However, there are some examples of passenger aircraft being used for military purposes, such as transporting troops, and some passenger aircraft are equipped with military systems. " ] ]

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[ 3 ]

[ [ "There are considerable obstacles involved in converting commercial airliners for military use. ", "A better option would be to build more dedicated aircraft.", "There are examples of passenger aircraft being used for military purposes, such as transporting troops, and some passenger aircraft are equipped with military systems. " ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "In normal operations there are regulations against this sort of thing (as Dave has said).", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "But there have been a few emergencies where the First Office or the Captain have become incapacitated (due to medical emergencies), and the remaining pilot has declined to ask if there is another pilot on board to help fly the plane.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Here is an example from 2011 of a Ryanair flight having this occur", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "**, I have heard of others but can't find references.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So, admittedly, that may be the only actual occurrence.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So, to finally answer your questions: Very rarely, in an emergency situation, there can be a single pilot on a commercial airliner.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Granted, there were passengers on board, so I'm not sure it fits your narrow definition of \"solo\", but it's about as close as it's going to get.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "For completeness (though I don't think it counts), there have been a few instances of a single pilot stealing a commercial jetliner.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "For example this 727 .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "There were actually two people involved, one was a mechanic, the other had a private pilots license (hence the pilot was \"soloing\").", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The aircraft has not been seen since...", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "so it's assumed it ended badly, and, for the record, it's also assumed the pilot was coerced (if indeed he was even flying the plane).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "There are a couple more incidents, namely this Antonov-26 , which was stolen by a mechanic, circled for an hour, then crashed.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "And also this ATR-42-320 , which was actually stolen by a Captain form Air Botswana.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "He circled the airport for a couple of hours demanding to speak to everyone from his girlfriend, to his boss to the President of Botswana.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "They were actually arranging to have him speak with the president when he crashed his plane into two other Air Botswana ATR-42-320s that were parked on the ground.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "He was the only one killed.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Again, though, I'm not sure if these fit the criteria you are looking for.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "But in that last one, at very least, he was the only person on board the aircraft, it was a commercial aircraft and he was in fact a Captain.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "But to say all this an irregularity would be an extreme understatement...", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "** For clarification:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The reason I state", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "this is", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "the only example I could find is because it's the only one where I could find a report where it was specifically stated the remaining pilot had no help.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "To quote from the report:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Once the initial Cabin Crew assistance was complete, the Captain indicated that he did not need assistance in operating the aircraft, although this was suggested in the operator’s procedures for pilot incapacitation.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The First Officer took no further part in the operation of the aircraft.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "No inquiries as to the possible presence on board the aircraft of either medically trained personnel or qualified pilots were made.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "All other examples I saw either specifically stated that a new co-pilot was found, or they skipped that detail entirely.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "All of that being said, I somehow doubt this is the only case", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": ", it's just the only one I could explicitly verify.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/511/Jay Carr", "score": 20 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "One more example of a single pilot for at least part of the flight: Discovery Channel did a special that involved actually crashing a jetliner.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "I do not recall the crew configuration at takeoff", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "but I do recall that the bailout was handled in two stages, the pilot only going once everyone else was away.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The plane was being flown by remote control once he abandoned the controls.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This did", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "not happen in the USA, as others have said it would be illegal.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Mexico allowed it with restrictions, though.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/2897/Loren Pechtel", "score": 12 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Airplanes are certified to be operated with a particular amount of crew.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "From a regulation standpoint there are jets certified for single pilot operations but they tend to be on the smaller size", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "(Citation Mustang comes to mind).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "That being said I cant say that these planes have never been flown in a single pilot situation.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This EU EASA document states that the minimum crew for a 737 is two Minimum Flight Crew: Two (2):", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Pilot and Co-pilot, for all types of flight The US type cert for the 737 says Minimum Crew for All Flights: 2 (Pilot and Copilot) which applies to all the following 737 models DATA PERTINENT TO MODELS 737 Original Series -100, -200, -200C and 737 Classic Series -300, -400, -500:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So you could not do it in any kind of regular situation.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It is possible that some of the planes were test flown with only a single pilot", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "but I dont know for sure.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3677/Dave", "score": 7 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "There has been a televised test crash of a Boeing 727 that took place in Mexico.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "The airplane took off from General Rodolfo Sánchez Taboada International Airport in Mexicali, with the flight crew and a small group of passengers, as well as a number of crash dummies, and with a chase plane following close behind.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "As the flight progressed towards the Sonoran Desert of Baja California in Mexico, its occupants parachuted to safety.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Slocum was the last one to leave the jet, four minutes before impact.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Shanle then flew the jetliner by remote control, from the chase plane.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This started out fully manned, but ended with the pilot being the last to leave the craft, after handing control over to a remote operator in the chase plane.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "There was a precursor to this flight: a crash of a Boeing 720 (courtesy of Peter Kampf from the comments), conducted by NASA in 1984.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "However, this likely does not fall into the criteria of your question, since the documentation seems to indicate that the entire flight was remote controlled.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Or at the very least does not explicitly state solo piloting.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3860/Obsidian Phoenix", "score": 3 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "In summer 2018, 29-year-old Richard Russell, an airline ground agent, stole a Q400 twin-engine turboprop (which at least USA Today calls an \"airliner\"), flew it solo, and pulled off some impressive maneuvers before crashing the plane, in an apparent suicide.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/7911/WBT", "score": 2 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "British_Airways_Flight_5390 An improperly installed windscreen panel separated from its frame,causing the plane's captain to be blown partially out of the aircraft.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The co-pilot took control and performed an unassisted landing.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1699/CodeShane", "score": 0 } } ]

{ "question": "As per subject has anyone flown an airliner (737, A319 etc etc or bigger) solo? (meaning only 1 pilot alone with no passengers?) Tried to google search but did not find any reference. Question applies to any of modern airliners era with and without flight engineer.", "title": "Have there been any solo flights on airliners?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<airliner>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/15791", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/770/Fabrizio Mazzoni" }

[ [ "There are regulations against pilots flying a jetliner alone. However, there are accounts of this happening. Discovery Channel did a special that involved actually crashing a jetliner and, in 2018, a man stole a plane and flew it alone before crashing it.", "Regulations prohibit pilots from flying solo on airliners. However, there have been occasions where aircraft have been stolen and flown solo. In addition, a televised test crash was carried out in Mexico, which involved a pilot flying solo for part of the flight." ] ]

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[ 3 ]

[ [ "Regulations prohibit pilots from flying solo on airliners.", "There have been occasions where aircraft have been stolen and flown solo.", "A televised test crash was carried out in Mexico, which involved a pilot flying solo for part of the flight." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "The Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) is a modified 747 that has an 5.5 m x 4.1 m door that is opened during flight for the installed in infrared telescope.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "But the door is usually closed during takeoff and landing.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "But according to this story there are emergency procedures to land with an open door and it had to do so once, when it became stuck half open.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Images courtesy Wikipedia", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/8891/sietschie", "score": 48 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Aloha Airlines Flight 243 proved that it's possible for a plane to fly with about 25% of its roof missing.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The door, however, appears to have remained closed until landing.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Image courtesy Wikipedia", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/5517/FreeMan", "score": 43 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Check out my answer here to a similar question (about what would happen if you open a door in flight).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In short it depends largely on the plane but in the most general way of looking at it.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You could do it up until you would need to pressurize the plane (or you would have wear O2 masks or something to be able to breathe).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "UA Flight 811 was able to make a safe decent and return to airport after its door blew out so large planes are maneuverable with out door.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Planes like the DC-3 used in WWII for paratrooping regularly ran with their doors open.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "If you consider rear cargo ramps doors, the C-130 can open its rear ramp for HALO jumping at high altitudes .", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "In typical HALO/HAHO insertions the troops jump from altitudes between 15,000 feet (4,600 m) and 35,000 feet (11,000 m)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "There is at least one other powered glider I can think of that can open its doors mid flight...", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3677/Dave", "score": 27 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Since comments mentioned that not all of the outcomes from Aloha 243 were exactly safe, here's another example that actually was quite safe: Southwest 812 had a large hole open in the roof during flight at cruise altitude, resulting in rapid depressurization at 34,000 ft. 2 of the 123 people on board (a flight attendant and a passenger)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "suffered minor injuries.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The plane diverted to Yuma, Arizona and landed safely about 26 minutes after the depressurization.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "As with the other cases, the doors were technically shut, but I'm not so sure that that made much difference.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Furthermore, this was not the first time this had happened.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Less than 2 years before this incident, Southwest 2294 had a similar incident (though with a smaller hole) and safely diverted to Charleston, WV with", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "no injuries at all.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "What's more:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "according to the FAA's registry and airfleets.net , it looks like both of these aircraft were returned to service and are still actively flying for Southwest!", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So, it looks like both the \"you can walk away from it\" requirement and the \"the aircraft is reusable\" preference were met in both instances.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The Boeing 727 Another case that actually doesn't involve any structural damage at all is the 727 and its airstair.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In the famous case of D.B. Cooper's hijacking , this occurred while the aircraft was pressurized.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "According to the wiki on the incident, the result was the following: The crew soon noticed a subjective change of air pressure, indicating that the aft door was open.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "At approximately 8:13 pm the aircraft's tail section sustained a sudden upward movement, significant enough to require trimming to bring the plane back to level flight.[33]", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "At approximately 10:15 pm Scott and Rataczak landed the 727, with the aft airstair still deployed, at Reno Airport.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Additionally, some skydiving clubs even offered dives from the 727 for many years, though these presumably didn't pressurize the cabin.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I'm not sure whether this is still offered.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/755/reirab", "score": 17 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Yes they can, here's a Convair 880 with cargo door open.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "DC-8 with cargo door open.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/2341/Sports Racer", "score": 13 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "For the whole flight envelope, maybe not.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Depends on the door design.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Gear doors frequently have speed limits before they fly off on their own.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Large openings create substantial drag, so we may find that the envelope is self-limiting: the aircraft can no longer reach speeds and/or altitudes where the opening is a big problem.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "There are too many variables for a simple answer.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1632/paul", "score": 9 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Biplanes and ultra-lights don't have any doors at all.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In general, for any plane the wing, the empennage and, to a lesser extent, the surface area on the lower part of the fuselage is all that is important.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If you installed structure-reinforcing crossbars you could remove the entire fuselage wall of a commercial jet and it would still fly.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1378/Tyler Durden", "score": 1 } } ]

{ "question": "From another question asks about the possibility of dropping bombs from converted airliners. My question: is it possible to safely fly aircraft with a door open for the whole flight envelope? Would the aerodynamics be affected if we did not close the door? I am not asking about the need of oxygen for the crew, just about the aerodynamics involved. I know the plane would not be pressurized.", "title": "Is it possible for an airliner to safely fly with doors open?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<aerodynamics><airliner>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/15813", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/679/vasin1987" }

[ [ "Planes can fly with open doors as cases have been documented and some planes are meant to have an opening, for example planes used for paratroopers. It should be noted that large openings create substantial drag therefore speed/altitudes where big openings are a problem cannot be reached.", "A yes or no answer to this question is not possible because there are too many variables. One consideration is that a large opening would produce a lot of drag. As a result, the aircraft would not reach a speed or altitude where the opening would cause major problems. Examples are cited of aircraft flying with doors open, either intentionally or as the result of an accident. " ] ]

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[ 3 ]

[ [ "There are known examples of aircraft flying with doors open, either intentionally or as the result of an accident. ", "A large opening would produce a lot of drag. As a result, the aircraft would not reach a speed or altitude where the opening would cause major problems. ", "A yes or no answer is not possible because there are too many variables." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "No . Definitely try more than one CFI and ideally, more than one school .", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "This is the smart choice and one I recommended regularly when I was an active flight school CFI.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You're about to spend a ton of money - do the due diligence and spend more up front to make sure you don't waste time and money with someone whose teaching style or personality clashes with you as a student.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0, 1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/39/egid", "score": 26 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "My first flight instructor was kind of a jerk.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You know the kind: First flight, \"Let's take the plane for a SPIN\", \"How about a BREAKFAST ROLL?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "\"", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "After a few hours into my training, there was a scheduling conflict", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "and I got a different instructor - a military pilot with many thousands of hours of flying time and a very different attitude.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Professional.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "He worked me harder than the other instructor ever had.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The flight school eventually canned my first instructor.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "He moved across the field and took on new students at a different school.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Then there was the day one of his students almost ran over me in the pattern.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "They were flying a Cessna", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "and I was flying a Grumman.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The tower had cleared them AFTER me, but they apparently never even saw me and pulled into the pattern on the downwind right underneath me.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Fortunately, both I and the tower realized what was happening, so I just maintained altitude and extended the downwind leg and the tower cleared the Cessna ahead of me.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "When I called up the flight instructor to tell him about the near mishap, his attitude was quite cavalier.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "He seemed to think it was funny.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Shop around.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If you can find a military instructor with thousands of hours of flight time, odds are you'll find a very serious teacher.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/8992/BambiB", "score": 17 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "As mentioned it's a good idea.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "You will be spending a lot of time with this person in a very confined space, not only should you trust their abilities but should at least get along with them.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "FWIW", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I would not consider this a waste of time as the hours will count towards your total and you will be learning new things while trying new instructors.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3677/Dave", "score": 12 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "I think many instructors is a good idea, since you see their differentcharacteristics and each has their own sweet spot.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "I had at least10 different instructors for my PPL, and learned a lot from the differences aswell as their similarities.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3212/copper.hat", "score": 11 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "There is no harm trying out different instructors.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Note that instructors have different strengths.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Some may be better at teaching tailwheel and others at instruments.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "One problem is that you will not really be able to tell the difference between a good instructor and a better one in one flight, unless it is a personality issue.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] }, { "text": "From a technical point of view it will be hard to tell.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Better instructors tend to get booked up and are hard to schedule.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If your instructor's schedule looks really full, that is a good sign he is a good one.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Also, look at their flying experience.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I notice that the better instructors tend to have more flight hours.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Once you start flying be sure to get \"check rides\" from other instructors once in a while.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Different instructors have completely different styles and areas of emphasis, so it can be very useful to get \"alternative points of view\" from time to time.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A new instructor will usually teach you new stuff.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In this sense, even a bad instructor can be good sometimes because they can teach things maybe your usual instructor does not know.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Beware of \"easy\" instructors that just soft shoe everything.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "They are the nicest instructors, but they are slow teachers and they can be derelict and just \"go with the flow\" when they should be correcting you.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If one or two instructors tell you that you should not fly and are not cut out to be a pilot, the dumbest thing you can do is to find an easy instructor who will just collect your money, even though he knows you are not pilot material.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1378/Tyler Durden", "score": 3 } } ]

{ "question": "My local airport has a Part 61 flight school and gives students the option of selecting among three Certified Flight Instructors. Farhan and others have posted excellent explanations of characteristics to look for in instructors. Other than wasted time and money, is there any downside to doing an \"Introduction to Flying\" lesson with each of the three instructors and seeing which one I like best? Similarly, am I likely to offend CFI's that I'm \"looking around\" other options?", "title": "Is there a downside to trying multiple flight instructors?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<flight-training><flight-school><cfi>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/16086", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/8389/Peter" }

[ [ "There is no harm in trying different instructores. To get a pilot licence you have to spend a lot of money, best to make sure you are spending it on quality. Different instructors have different styles: finding the one right for you is important as you spend a lot of time with this person in a small space. Moreover, the hours spent flying go towards your total.", "It is a good idea to try more than on instructor. Not only will you learn different things from different instructors, you also need to make sure you have an instructor you can get along with. A potential problem is that one flight will not be enough to distinguish a good instructor from an excellent instructor." ] ]

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[ 3 ]

[ [ "It is a good idea to try more than on instructor.", "Personality is important, as you will be spending a lot of time with this person.", "You will learn different things from different instructors.", "One flight is not enough to distinguish between a good instructor and an excellent instructor." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "It is not only the mass that affects the landing speed.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Wing area plays an important role as well.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A larger wing can lift more weight at the same speed than a smaller wing.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If you compare the wing loading of these aircraft the differences are smaller: A388:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Maximum landing weight:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "391000 kg Wing area: 845 m 2 Wing loading: 463 kg/m 2 B744: Maximum landing weight:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "295000 kg Wing area: 525 m 2 Wing loading: 468 kg/m 2 F-16A: Estimated landing weight:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "13000 kg Wing area: 28 m 2 Wing loading: 464 kg/m 2", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/19/DeltaLima", "score": 26 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Landing speed varies depending on several factors.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "For airliners you have to take into account that the wing airfoil is radically different than the wing airfoil from a fighter jet: airliners have flaps that modifies the airfoil and doing so the lift and trail (not sure of this word in English) modifying the speed range of the wing (reducing the stall speed) and so allowing slower speed for landing.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In the case of a fighter jet the wing is in general a delta wing without flaps, so in order to reduce the speed for landing they have to increase the angle of attack to augment the trail without loosing too much lift.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "That why in this phase they cannot lower too much the engines and the speed, because their wings are not suited for low speeds.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If you look at the Concorde (a good example of delta wing) they had to put down the nose during landing phase to be able to see the runway because of the high attack angle requested to be at the right speed (about 180-190 kt).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/9128/Inounx", "score": 11 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Because they are lighter, they have less kinetic energy", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "so there is less to dissipate.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This is easier on the brakes.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Remember kinetic energy is $E_k=\\frac{m \\cdot", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "v^2}{2}$.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Also fighter jets aren't as good gliders as jumbo jets.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This sacrifices lift for maneuverability, so they have better acrobatic performance.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "While airliners will spend most of their airtime going straight ahead at high altitude so they benefit the most from being good gliders.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/609/ratchet freak", "score": 4 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "To simplify, the differences are similar to comparing a dart to a glider -- it all gets back to the wings.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The delta wing provides the best overall flight characteristics in terms of lift and control surface efficiency.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A delta wing will allow you to come in low and slow and in control, but is that always what you need if you are flying a fighter jet?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The aerodynamics of fighter jets are designed to provide lift, stability, and control at a much wider angle of attack.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Comparing the wing characteristics between the two planes in a wind tunnel, notice how the wing thickness (airfoil) of the fighter plane is much less (relatively flat) at the leading edge.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Although the fighter plane provides less lift at the same angle of attack and requires a faster airspeed to stay aloft without stalling, the control over a wider range of airspeeds is worth the tradeoff for the fighter jet performance and maneuverability.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Shut down a fighter plane engine, and it will drop like a yard dart.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The intake on a fighter plane is designed to receive as much air as possible, and will cause turbulence at the inlet if the blades are not turning fast enough.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "There simply is a minimum speed range to keep the plane in flight and under control as it is coming in for a landing.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The power to weight issue has a downside -- the fighter plane is less efficient in fuel consumption -- it is even less efficient if the inlet has nacelles or ducting to mask a thermal signature.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The power to weight ratio of the fighter plane is much higher than a commercial aircraft, and the answers above from the other posters regarding thrust cover the topic well.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The best fighter jets provide the most maneuverability over the widest range of speeds.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Both types of aircraft would technically benefit from a lower landing (and stalling) speed, but in both cases, other flight characteristics are a higher priority.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/9150/miniscule", "score": 4 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Here's another factor in approach speeds -", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "the military fighter/trainer aircraft I flew used 1.2 Vso (20% above landing configuration stall speed) for approach.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Airliners are required to use 1.23 Vso and each model uses a different multiplier which often changes with different flap settings.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The previous generation 727/757/767 mostly used 1.3 Vso while the newer airliners use 1.25-1.28 Vso.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "That difference reduces a fighter's approach speed by 4-8% vs what an airliner would use.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Light airplanes use 1.3 Vso, or 30% above stall speed, for their approach speed.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/44827/Bert Booth", "score": 2 } } ]

{ "question": "From my own understanding, the bigger (and heavier) aircraft, the higher approach speed it needs to keep itself from stalling. According to this site , the approach speed of an A380 is 140 knots, and 160 knots for a 747. In contrast, the F-16's landing speed is 141 knots, and 135 knots for the F-35C. Doing mass-to-speed ratio, it doesn't make any sense to me. Could you explain why do fighter jets land faster while they are lighter than large commercial aircraft?", "title": "Why do fighter jets land faster than Jumbo commercial aircraft?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<approach><airspeed>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/16427", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/9126/TBBT" }

[ [ "Landing speed varies depending on several factors, not only the mass of the aircraft. Technically, a lower landing speed may be beneficial but other flight characteristics are a higher priority.", "Landing speed is dependent on several factors, not just mass. Both types of aircraft would actually benefit from a lower landing speed, but other flight characteristics are deemed more important." ] ]

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[ 3 ]

[ [ "Landing speed is dependent on several factors, not just mass. Both types of aircraft would actually benefit from a lower landing speed, but other flight characteristics are deemed more important." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "In the early days of aviation it was simply easier to have the gear fixed.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The landing gear adds drag, but so does a second wing and wire braces .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Airplanes generally did not fly very fast or far, so the drag from the landing gear (and that other stuff) was not a big issue.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The first design with retractable gear dates to 1911 .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Since then, retractable gear has been a design decision each airplane must make.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Retracting the gear into the airplane allows for a cleaner form, which reduces drag.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "However, this is at the expense of added weight.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The retract system, which is usually hydraulic, must be added, and the plane must be designed to make room for the gear somewhere at least mostly inside the aircraft.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The plane must also be designed to handle situations where some or all of the gear does not extend properly.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "For planes that need to be fast and/or efficient, retractable gear is worth the reduction in drag.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The additional drag has to be supported by the structure as well.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Aircraft with retractable gear will have a maximum speed at which the gear can be extended.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Even gear with proper fairings would add significant drag at the speeds airliners fly at.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This would be much more critical at supersonic speeds.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In these cases the weight of reinforcing the gear could be even higher than the weight of the retracting system.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Particularly smaller general aviation planes tend to not have retractable gear.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The retract system adds extra weight and complexity (and therefore cost), which will be fairly significant in a small plane.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Fixed gear is simple and can be designed to minimize drag as much as possible.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "These planes do not typically need to fly fast or have large range, so the added drag is less of an issue.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Other small planes do have retractable gear, which will allow for greater speed and range.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The PA-32 type shown in Dave's answer was later produced in a retractable gear version as well.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1696/fooot", "score": 28 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Short answer: It allows them to fly faster and further.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Long answer: Hapag-Lloyd Flight 3378 demonstrated this impressively on July 12, 2000.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Destined for Hannover, they did not retract the gear after take-off in Chania, Crete.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The fuel was sufficient for the planned distance plus reserves, but the extended gear increased fuel consumption so much that they ran out of fuel while approaching their diversion airfield near Vienna.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Fuel consumption enroute was twice as high as it would had been with the gear retracted.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Drag is composed of a lift-related component (induced drag, blue line below) and a constant component (zero-lift drag, red line below), and both depend on the dynamic pressure, which is the product of air density and the square of airspeed.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "While the lift-related component goes up with reduced dynamic pressure, the constant component will go up with increased dynamic pressure.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Thus, extending the gear will increase the constant drag component, and while flying slower helps to reduce its contribution, it will drive up the lift-related drag component .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In the end, the drag will be higher at all speeds.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Typical drag contributions over speed for a glider.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The physics for airliners is the same, only the numbers are bigger.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In cruise, all airliners try to fly as close to the minimum drag as possible.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The only reason for a fixed gear are cost, weight and simplicity.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Performance will always suffer from it.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1961/Peter Kämpf", "score": 20 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Because its a drag to leave it down(pun intended).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Some smaller GA planes (and big planes too) can extend the landing gear through a wide range of their operating speeds and use them as a pretty effective speed break.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The DA42 comes to mind in this regard.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "For what its worth there are many general aviation planes that have fixed gear.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Retracting gear in a small plane has always been an interesting topic.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Some older piston singles have manual retracting gear like the early Mooney M20's which used a Johnson bar to retract the gear.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This some what dated system is, by some very sought after for its simplicity.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "(the big silver bar in the middle is the gear lever)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Folding gear also has little to do with aircraft size.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The Mooney", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "M-18 \"Mite\" which is a tiny plane by anyones standards had retractable gear (also Johnson bar operated).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "One way to reduce drag on a fixed gear plane is through the use of gear fairings.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "while they do help with speed they can also cause an issue if the plane touches down hard.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In some cases (if the wheel is improperly inflated) a hard touchdown or bounce will cause the wheel to balloon out while also spinning which could chafe or seriously damage the fairing.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3677/Dave", "score": 15 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Why do all the airplanes have to retract their landing gear, once they reach some specific height?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Why can't they simply leave their landing gear deployed all through the flight?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Both questions are false on their premise: All airplanes do not have to retract their gear; many planes are fixed-gear, and cannot retract gear.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Some planes retract their gear.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Planes can leave their gear deployed all through flight, provided they remain slow enough that the extra airflow drag doesn't damage the airplane and landing gear.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Planes that have retractable gear generally retract their gear for improved performance.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Not having wheels and struts hanging down streamlines the plane, improves fuel efficiency, enables them to fly faster and higher, and makes for a quieter, more comfortable ride inside the cabin.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "So, retracting gear is generally desirable.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "But, as your question suggested, it is not required, and it is not based on a specific height.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "(if anything, it is based on an airspeed)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/43/abelenky", "score": 4 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Simply retractable landing gear is made so as to reduce extra drag which created by the fixed landing gear and hence heavier than air aircraft(airplane)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "can improve in speed and travel at high speed at higher altitude", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/13368/Denis Charles", "score": 1 } } ]

{ "question": "Why do all the airplanes have to retract their landing gear, once they reach some specific height? Why can't they simply leave their landing gear deployed all through the flight?", "title": "Why do airplanes have to retract landing gear?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<landing-gear>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/16437", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/8482/anshabhi" }

[ [ "Retracting the landing gear makes the plane more streamlined so it can travel further and faster. It also make the cabin ride more comfortable. Cost, weight and simplicity are the only reasons for a fixed landing gear.", "The only benefits of a fixed gear are its cost, weight and simplicity. By contrast, retracting the landing gear improves performance, allowing planes to fly faster, further and higher." ] ]

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[ 3 ]

[ [ "Airplanes retract their landing gear to improve performance. It allows them to fly faster, further and higher.", "The only benefits of a fixed gear are its cost, weight and simplicity." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "Zulu means the letter Z in radio communication.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The letter Z designates UTC time.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "There is actually a list of time zones for each letter of the alphabet (except J ):", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Alpha time zone:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "UTC + 1 Bravo time zone: UTC + 2 ... India time zone: UTC + 9 Kilo time zone: UTC + 10 Lima time zone: UTC + 11 Mike time zone: UTC + 12 November time zone: UTC - 1 ... X-ray time zone: UTC - 11 Yankee time zone", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": ": UTC - 12 Zulu time zone:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "UTC + 0 However, the other time zones are seldom referenced in aviation.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Why do we use UTC time instead of local time?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Because flights often cross time zones.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Imagine this: the time now is 11:59.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "We will takeoff at 12:30 and fly west.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Afterwards, at around 11:48, we will be 15 nautical miles away from the airport.....................", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Huh?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Even more confusing", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": ": We takeoff at 12:30 and land at 13:00 ==", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "> we only need 30 minutes of fuel.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Wrong!", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "We actually cross a time zone and the actual flight time is 90 minutes.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "But we've taken off with 60 minutes less fuel than we need.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "What do we do?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3386/kevin", "score": 31 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Zulu time, as others have pointed out, refers to UTC.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "We use this time in aviation (and meteorology and surely others) because it is easier and it is standard.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "It's the same time everywhere on earth.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If you are flying along the border between Arizona and New Mexico in the summer and given a hold:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Cessna 1234 hold at FIX, right turns, 10 mile legs, expect further clearance at 1630, time now 1602 If that were local time, you'd have to now determine if that fix is over AZ or NM, because NM observes daylight saving time and is in MDT/-0600 and AZ does not observe daylight saving time and is in MST/-0700.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This is a needless check that is distracting and can cause confusion all due to using a local time.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Instead, we know the times given are Z/UTC time and \"1630\" has an unambiguous meaning no matter where on earth our plane is located.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It is a similar situation when checking pre-flight weather.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Weather is reported in Z time and this makes it easy to calculate when you will get to your destination and what forecast is valid for that time.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If it were in local time you'd have to know additional information about time zones, which again could be a source of error and is needless.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Adding to potential confusion are regions of earth that keep odd adjustments.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "For example, St. Johns, NL, Canada is GMT-0330 in the winter and GMT-0230 in the summer.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "There are even a few that are off by 15 minute adjustments (e.g. Nepal).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Combine this with knowing where DST is observed and where it isn't, and more importantly when it is", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "(USA DST has different start/end dates than other places)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "then it becomes very complicated to work in local time.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Working in universal time solves these problems.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/258/casey", "score": 21 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Zulu time is UTC time .", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "The reason for the name zulu is because there is a hour shift of Zero sometimes denoted with a Z and in the nato alphabet Z is Zulu.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Many times a route will cross timezone so to avoid confusion about which timezone a time is in controllers and pilots will use zulu time by default.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "It also avoids daylight savings issues.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/609/ratchet freak", "score": 11 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Zulu time, used in aviation quite often, is another name for UTC (Coordinated Universal Time (French: temps universel coordonné)).", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "It is the primary time standard by which the world regulates clocks and time.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It is, within about 1 second, mean solar time at 0° longitude; it does not observe daylight saving time.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It is one of several closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, but GMT is no longer precisely defined by the scientific community.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Edit", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "To answer the second part of your question : Its called Zulu time as UTC does not have daylight savings, hence Zero hour shift.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Now Zero starts with Z and NATO call-sign for Z is Zulu.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Hence the name. Source", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/8547/Victor Juliet", "score": 5 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Zulu time, sometimes called Greenwich Time or UTC time, is the local time at the Prime Meridian, that is on the 0° Line of Longitude, which also happens to run through Greenwich, England.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "This local time has been adopted as International Standard Time and used as the official time on Earth.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Other local times are utilized by local principalities or nations as a relative standard time for that area of the Earth.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It is offset a certain number of hours from Zulu time.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "As aircraft may be operating over several time zones during a cross country or international flight, it makes sense to file flight plans with departure and arrival times listed in Zulu time for easy reference.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/15637/Carlo Felicione", "score": 1 } } ]

{ "question": "When reading aviation literature, it's common to find references to Zulu Time . What is Zulu Time ? Why does aviation use Zulu Time instead of the local time?", "title": "Why does aviation use Zulu time instead of the local time?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<time>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/16818", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1700/Gabriel Brito" }

[ [ "Zulu time is UTC or GMT. It is used for easy reference as planes often fly across timezones. ", "Zulu time is another way of describing UTC time. It is used in aviation because it is standard around the world and therefore easier, particularly as flights may cross time zones." ] ]

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[ 3 ]

[ [ "Using Zulu time is easier as flights may cross time zones. ", "Zulu time is another way of describing UTC time. ", "This time is used because it is standard around the world and therefore easier." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "The reason 1 pilot goes around may also be the reason the next pilot goes around, The second pilot would like to know before hand whether the runway is safe to land on.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "For example if it is wind related he can delay landing until it dies down.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If it is debris related then the tower can dispatch a cleaning crew.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/609/ratchet freak", "score": 40 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Pilots are not required to give a reason for a go-around, just to say that they are going around.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A go-around is a busy time for the pilot(s) of the aircraft - power, flaps, trim, must be set, gear raised in some cases.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The pilot needs to aviate first.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The tower wants to know why the go-around was initiated by the pilot as it may be relevant for safety and/or operations.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "If the pilot is going around because of a botched approach then that won't impact other flights, however if there is a problem with the aircraft the tower can organize emergency resources.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If the go-around is due to a situation on the ground then the tower can look to clear that up.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1791/GdD", "score": 32 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The only reason for a go-around is that the pilot or ATC thinks that landing is not safe or possible for this approach.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "When the pilot does that, they follow the 5 Ups memory aid ( Power Up, Nose Up, Gear Up, Flaps Up, Speak Up ).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You can see that by the time a pilot is ready to inform ATC about go-around, he is already going around.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Commonly, when ATC requests a go-around, it is if there is an unsafe condition such as an aircraft, vehicle, or object on the runway.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "When the pilot decides to go-around, it can be one of the following reasons : the aircraft is not lined up it is not configured properly for a safe landing an aircraft, vehicle or other object has not cleared the runway no landing clearance was received (at a towered field)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "the landing gear is not properly extended a dangerous meteorological condition is experienced on final approach (e.g., poor visibility, excessive cross-winds, windshear, etc.)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "excessive energy (too high or too fast) or any other unsafe condition is detected", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/65/Farhan", "score": 14 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Short answer: because first you're disrupting the traffic pattern (especially at larger airports that don't use a circular pattern and coordinate direct approaches instead) and the tower will want an explanation, and second because if there is a problem outside the cockpit causing you to execute the missed approach, other craft might have the same problem, and if the tower knows about it they can take steps to resolve it, or at least advise other incoming craft.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0, 1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/7629/KeithS", "score": 10 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "I've only got about 300 hours logged", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "but I have not once been asked WHY I am going around.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "However if you \"intend\" to do a touch-and-go or an abort", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "/go around", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "you must inform them, because it's their job to know where every aircraft is going.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I usually tell the tower before takeoff", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I'll be flying a \"closed pattern\" if just practicing TnGs.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Makes it much easier for ATC.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "When I intend to stop, I will say landing \"Full Stop\" when turning final.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "But, as Farhan said, if anything is off on approach or you bounce on touchdown, miss the touchdown zone, wind starts kicking your ass or if ANYTHING isn't perfect, it's full throttle, flaps up once +ROC, and figure out what u did wrong.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The tower can wait, they are all in there watching, laughing at your pathetic attempt anyway.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If something is wrong, do insist on priority access!", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "POC is in charge after all.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "My alternator 172SP died on climbout once", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "and I didn't say a thing, just rushed to mid field and dove vertical out of downwind pattern, slipping the hell out of it to slow her down.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Per protocol, I didn't say a word to ATC until I was clear of the runway.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "But always be nice to the ATC.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Fantastic guys that would do ANYTHING to keep their pilots safe.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The FAA/NTSB tho", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": ".... they are the best reason to keep your mouth shut unless you are out of options!", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/9367/TooTHPiCK", "score": 4 } } ]

{ "question": "Why does the tower ask pilots what the reason is for a go-around? This seems to be standard for commercial flights.", "title": "Why are pilots asked to provide a reason for a go-around?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<safety><air-traffic-control><commercial-operations><go-around>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/16832", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1696/fooot" }

[ [ "The tower needs to know why a pilot has initiated a go around because it may affect other air traffic especialy at busy aairports that do not operate a circular pattern. If there is a safety issue, other planes need to be informed and the tower would want to take steps to resolve it.", "Pilots are asked to provide a reason for a go-around because it may affect other pilots coming in to land. Moreover, the tower needs to be aware of any problems so that it can take action if necessary." ] ]

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[ 3 ]

[ [ "The cause of the go-around may also affect other aircraft coming in to land.", "The tower needs to know the reason for the go-around so that they can take appropriate action if needed." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "In the early years of the jet age, which followed closely on the introduction of pressurized hulls , there was much fear of stresses specifically in the area of the window openings due to the loss of two DeHavilland Comets .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Subsequent Comet hulls had different shaped, rounded, smaller windows and that trend continued in other pressurized, typically jet-powered, aircraft.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Only with modern CAD systems and new materials knowledge could windows be made larger again.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The newest aircraft designs reflect that progress.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/354/dotancohen", "score": 32 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "I think engineering knowledge is an important factor, going from the time of the first 737 to the A380, there was a huge development in engineering techniques.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Better material knowledge, more advanced modeling methods (such as Finite Elements) and better knowledge of structural optimization have improved the situation.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Especially with windows, where a lot is happening due to stress concentrations, this improved knowledge makes a difference.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This means that bigger windows might still lead to an increase in weight, but there will be a less severe weight penalty than the same windows using B737 age techniques.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/4197/ROIMaison", "score": 14 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "It is the use of composite materials in the aircraft body structure that has enabled larger windows.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Metals are a crystalline structure that over time tend to fracture along crystal structure defects.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Some key areas (e.g. turbine blades in the engine) are actually created by growing a single crystal to obtain higher failure points.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This is not possible over a structure the size of the aircraft frame.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "When an aircraft is at altitude, it is like a pressurised balloon.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "its skin is under tension, and when it on the ground, that tension is removed.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This is like constantly flexing a metal paper clip.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The cross sectional area of the aircraft skin that carries this tension is reduced by windows - bigger windows put bigger strain on the airframe structure which tends to concentrate at corners.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "making corners rounded helps to spread this stress.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The composite materials used in new planes are fibrous in structure.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This greatly reduces the risks from the repeated flexing, allowing larger windows (and as the rust risk is reduced, cabin air is allowed to be more moist with also aids in flight comfort of passengers)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/9378/Michael Shaw", "score": 8 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Let me answer with a car analogy: In most cases, the next car model is larger than the one before.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Similarly, the aircraft manufacturers make the windows a little bigger with every new model, just to have another argument why the new model is better than all the competition.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This costs a little weight, but seems to be worth it for the airlines.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1961/Peter Kämpf", "score": 7 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "One of the important things I'd like to add to the previous answers is that the old air-crafts used to have smaller windows to accommodate for the rate of cabin depressurization in case of an emergency.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The old airplanes had much smaller windows to control the cabin depressurization rate in case of some emergency (some window actually breaking to cause hull breach).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "But with advancement in the design methods and manufacturing process and with the introduction of the newer materials for airplane manufacturing, it has become possible to increase the size of the windows without increasing the risk factor.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In addition to this, creating an ambient atmosphere for the passengers inside the airplane without increasing the cost of the flight has always been a priority.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So, while decreasing the seat spacing to accommodate more passengers is being done to reduce flight cost, the increase in the size of the windows does not have determinal effect on the travel cost, and hence is favored to create a less claustrophobic atmosphere inside the plane.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/8547/Victor Juliet", "score": 5 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "As well as the advances in engineering, it is worth considering the comfort of the passengers.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It is often thought that the more natural light in the cabin the better the experience for the passengers.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "More light increases the feeling of space, and can even reduce the fatigue experienced as a result of air travel.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Whether or not there is much science in this I do not know.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Some Aircraft manufacturers use the window sizes as a big selling point.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "Gulfstream aircraft, for example, allow in more light than any comparable aircraft due to their oval shaped windows.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In an attempt to compete Dassault are putting more windows on their newer Falcon 8x and Falcon 5x models.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Both companies have also introduced windows in the galleys in some models (Dassault famously with the 'sky light') as this is typically the darkest and narrowest part of the cabin.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In the cabin configurations most typical in Europe, the galley is at the very front of the cabin and is the first thing you see when you enter the aircraft.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I think it is safe to say that it is much nicer to walk into a bright, airy space than a dark, narrow corridor.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Gulfstream 650 window details: Sixteen large Gulfstream panoramic windows, each 28 by 20.5 inches/71by 52 centimeters, allow abundant sunlight into the cabin, even in thegalley.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Every window has been repositioned higher on the fuselage tomaximize viewing comfort* http://www.gulfstream.com/aircraft/gulfstream-g650 Falcon 5X window & 'skylight' details: Increased natural light does more than improve the view.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It elevatesyour mood and enlarges your perspective.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The 28 large, expansivewindows of the 5X provide unbeatable luminosity.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The Falcon 5X offers an unprecedented direct view of the sky overheadthrough its skylight ceiling window.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This unique window on the skytransforms your perception of space while providing natural light fromabove. http://www.dassaultfalcon.com/en/Aircraft/Models/5X/Pages/overview.aspx", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/9867/Minnie", "score": 4 } } ]

{ "question": "Modern airliners like the Airbus A380 and Boeing 787 have bigger windows than older designs, like the Boeing 737 and Airbus A320. What factors have led to this change of window size, opposite to the trend of almost every other thing in the interior of the plane becoming smaller in size (like the seats).", "title": "What are the factors behind increasing aircraft window sizes?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<aircraft-design><airliner><commercial-aviation><cabin-design><windows>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/16862", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/8482/anshabhi" }

[ [ "The huge development in engineering techniques and knowledge of materials have allowed windows to be made bigger. Bigger windows increase the amount of natural light which is thought to improve passenger experience. They also create a feeling of space and may even reduce fatigue. Some airlines use them as a selling point.", "There are a couple of different factors behind the increase in window size. One is the advancements made in engineering, including the use of composite materials in the body of the aircraft. Another is the passenger experience - more natural light makes for a more pleasant flying experience." ] ]

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[ 3 ]

[ [ "One of the factors behind increased window sizes is the advancements made in engineering, including the use of composite materials in the body of the aircraft. Window size is used as a selling point by some manufacturers.", "The experience of the passenger is a factor. More natural light makes for a more pleasant flying experience.", "The size of the windows is used as a selling point by some manufacturers." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "Of course yes .", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Crosswind landings , like the one in the video you linked, are very common.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In fact, landings with no wind or only headwind are rare.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "There are", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "several techniques pilots are taught during their extensive training to land aircraft when there is crosswind.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The Wikipedia article I referenced above lists them.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Since your question isn't about them, we won't discuss them.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Certainly, extreme weather situation are not very common.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Some parts of the world experience extreme weather more than other areas.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Diverting to other airports is not always an option and in some cases, once an airplane is on the approach, going around becomes impossible .", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/65/Farhan", "score": 16 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "In the US it is required by law to be trained in cross wind landings.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "For large aircraft that require a type rating... §61.31 Type rating requirements, additional training, and authorization requirements... ...", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "(2) Received a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor who has found the person proficient in the operation of the aircraft and its systems.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "(i)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Normal and crosswind takeoffs and landings ; (ii) Wheel landings (unless the manufacturer has recommended against such landings); and (iii) Go-around procedures.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "On a side note cross wind landings are very important since not all airports have 2 runway options.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Some large commercial airports will have 2 crossing runways which will allow you to pick the best one for the days winds (they are usually built to the general prevailing winds in the area).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This does not mean there will be no cross wind", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "but it does allow you to mitigate it.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Smaller airports may only have a single runway (or 2 parallel runways) which means you have no method of mitigation for the crosswind.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "There are even some big airports that are only single runway due to space or geographic restrictions.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It should also be noted that airplanes them selves have a demonstrated cross wind component to which they are tested to be safe to land in a cross wind of said velocity.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This is not necessary a maximum (although it can be) but it is often used as such.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "As for how often this happens that is largely a factor of the airport and the local weather.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "For example I used to fly out of KPNE", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "they have 2 runway options (6-24 and 15-33)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "they would use what ever was the best runway for the wind that day unless you needed the precision approach on 24.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This made landing there easy (150 x 5000 or 7000 helped as well) as there was never really more than a 15 degree crosswind.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I now fly out of KDYL which is a single runway airstrip that almost always has a crosswind, really keeps you on your toes.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Cross wind approaches are perfectly safe and are not out of the ordinary.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] }, { "text": "I have seen some people mistake the phrase Uncoordinated Flight as meaning a sideslipped crosswind landing is unsafe which is incorrect.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The plane can be uncoordinated because it is side slipping to the landing which is done deliberately by the pilot.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3677/Dave", "score": 12 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The answers so far deal with commercial flying, from a recreational perspective pilots are only as well trained as the amount they practice.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Commercial organizations generally train their pilots for crosswind landings in simulators, and they usually fly enough to get real crosswinds often enough to keep in practice.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Private pilots are trained in crosswind techniques in initial training, keeping good crosswind abilities is up to the pilot once they pass their test.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "I personally practice crosswind take-offs and landings as often as I can, however I know many pilots who won't fly if there's more than 5 knots across the runway.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1791/GdD", "score": 4 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Yes, pilots are trained for crosswind landings.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "I trained on a Cessna 172 as Paso Robles.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The video was completely normal.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A roll of < 10 degrees is not serious at all, well within a competent pilot's operational abilities.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The news story was written by someone who doesn't fly, thought it looked 'scary' and filled 90 seconds with nonsense, IMO.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/9551/J Presper Eckert", "score": 2 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "I'm a little late to the party, but here is my take.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In that landing I see turbulence", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "but I don't see an obvious crosswind component.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In any case, dealing with crosswinds is something that happens more often than not when landing (at least at many airports and airfields).", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] }, { "text": "So every single pilot has dealt with this since the very first days of basic training.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "As for the wing rocking, correcting an off-level wing is probably the very first thing a student learns when getting acquainted with the aircraft's controls.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It is completely intuitive for every single pilot.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/690/Martin Argerami", "score": 2 } } ]

{ "question": "A YouTube footage of a KLM Boeing 777 landing at Schiphol airport in the Netherlands is certainly scary as the plane bumps and weaves and rolls from side to side. Are pilots generally trained to handle such eventualities (or are such landings common in certain regions of the world?) or was everyone involved including the pilot taking a risk in this case without diverting the aircraft to a nearby safe location?", "title": "Are pilots generally trained for crosswind landings?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<landing><flight-training><crosswind>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/17302", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/6833/Chethan S." }

[ [ "Of course commercial pilots are trained in crosswind landings. In fact in the US this is a legal requirement. In many parts of the world this is a regular climatic condition at airports. Simulator training is also given and working as a pilot, they experience these landings on a regular basis.", "Yes, pilots are trained for crosswind landings. This is a legal requirement in the US. \n\nCrosswind landings are safe and they are performed frequently, particularly in parts of the world where extreme weather is more common. Diverting to a nearby location is not always possible.\n\nCommercial pilots tend to get plenty of practice with crosswind landings, whereas private pilots may have to work harder on their ability to land in crosswinds." ] ]

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[ 3 ]

[ [ "Yes, pilots are trained for crosswind landings. This is a legal requirement in the US. Commercial pilots tend to get plenty of practice with crosswind landings, whereas private pilots may have to work harder on their ability to land in crosswinds.", "Extreme weather is more common in certain parts of the world.", "Diverting to a nearby location may not always be possible.", "Crosswind landings are common and safe." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "They still want to get into the low cost segment but want to market themselves differently for better penetration.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "You can only present so many images of a brand to customers: You can't show both the super-cheap prices with happy youth on them and posh first class at the same time.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "They do not want to tarnish a nice brand by mixing it with a low cost carrier and what that is perceived to entail.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "For instance, Germanwings got a somewhat infamous reputation recently, and Lufthansa is probably happy their name was not more frequently used in media.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Low cost is also associated with less good customer service and hidden fees.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Crew are often less well paid, and they are sometimes put under a separate working agreement and company to try to prevent conflicts.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "Some legacy carriers have very good pay which is difficult to reduce.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Management does not want to be bound by these when expanding or adjusting their business.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Each case is pretty specific depending on exactly they are trying to do and achieve.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "For many American Carriers and Lufthansa, the last one is probably the principle reason.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/790/Thunderstrike", "score": 37 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "As mentioned there are lots of branding issues around this", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "but there are also lots of corporate and legal reasons to do so.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Business Isolation : If you want to start out a bunch of new routes and you are not sure how well they are going to do a large airline", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "my not want to book that kind of loss or risk having to cover it.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Thus they can incorporate a \"new\" airline and protect their existing and profitable business interests should the \"new\" airline go under.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Likewise it also makes it easier, should it be very profitable, to potentially sell it off (or absorb it as well).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Taxes/Fees :", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Tax law changes from place to place so this may differ depending on where they are based but if there are different taxes as a result of company size or specific aviation taxes they may be able to take advantage of them by splitting up.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] }, { "text": "Legal Isolation : I am no lawyer", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "but I am sure that how ever they set these up", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "it isolates the parent airline should anything happen to the other carrier.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Image/", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Branding", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": ": this has been touched on already but as mentioned you may not want the image that comes with running a low cost brand associated with your luxury brand.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3677/Dave", "score": 23 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "I would imagine this has to do with branding.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Kind of like how some car companies have both \"regular\" and \"premium\" brands.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Eg., Chevy v. Cadillac or VW v. Audi, etc etc.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It allows for companies to have a more exclusive version of their product for people who are just the premium, exclusive sorts...", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Granted", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "there are other cost considerations, and other branding considerations, and I could probably sit here and go on for hours with that", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "but I think it would be a little bit outside of scope.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So, to just give a basic explanation:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Different brands have different associations with them.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Some are seen as premium, exclusive, indulgent.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Others are seen as just hitting the basics.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "And some companies will avoid mixing the two just for the sake of brand identity in marketing.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/511/Jay Carr", "score": 10 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "As mentioned in earlier answers, branding and management (pay, collective bargaining agreements, etc.) are certainly two major factors.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0, 2 ] ] }, { "text": "And legacy airlines are mindful of the risk to see their profit cannibalised by the new cheap fares so they need to maintain as much segmentation/price discrimination as possible.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Interestingly, the two strategies are not exclusive.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Air France/KLM has several low-cost subsidiaries (Transavia, Transavia-France and HOP!)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "but also introduced many low-costs tactics (no meal, surcharge for hold luggage…) on short-haul European routes on both legacy airlines.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The thing is that some elements of the low-cost model (paid refreshments, quick turnaround, routes to cheap airports or use low-cost terminals at major airports, single-class cabin with as many seats as possible, identical aircrafts…) can only be introduced for the whole airplane or even the whole fleet.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "And for a highly price-sensitive market segment, merely using some elements of the model to offer lower prices is not enough, you need to go all in to ensure your fares are as low as those of your direct competitors (say Easyjet, not necessarily Ryanair).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3018/Relaxed", "score": 6 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "A business reason no-one has mentioned yet is the original reason the big names started: Because low cost airlines began flying routes cheaply and created a market If the big names hadn't joined in, all that revenue would have gone to the low cost airlines, who would have grown to the point they could potentially compete in the existing markets, so it was essential that the big players joined in.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 4 ] ] }, { "text": "It is not possible to run a low cost airline in the structures of a major airline (the cost model is entirely different - passenger demographics, services on board, pre-flight hospitality, additional benefits etc.)", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 5 ] ] }, { "text": "so the only way to do it that makes financial sense is to run it as a separate logical entity.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It has proven to be a difficult change for some of those big airlines, with various attempts at creating budget versions failing, but some have managed to compete successfully.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/59/Rory Alsop", "score": 4 } } ]

{ "question": "There are various full service carriers (FSCs) who have a separate low-cost carrier (LCC) subsidiary. For example: Germanwings by Lufthansa Air India Express by Air India JetKonnect by Jet Airways Why do the FSCs prefer to launch a separate LCC, rather than providing seats at a cheaper rate with reduced comforts within their existing structure?", "title": "Why do full service airlines prefer to run a separate low-cost carrier?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<commercial-aviation><airline-operations><low-cost-carrier>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/17340", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/8482/anshabhi" }

[ [ "Brand and imaging are major factors in large airlines running a separate low-cost airline. The two types of airline offer very different services and appeal to a different target group. If large airlines did not run a low-cost airline, they would have lost all those customers to other players in the market. Low-cost airlines are typically structured completely differently from major airlines and thus it would be impossible or undesirable to run the two sides as one company.", "The main reason seems to be branding. It makes more sense to separate an exclusive brand from a low-cost brand\n\nManagement is also a factor. The structures of large airlines do not lend themselves to low-cost models. Separating the companies may be beneficial in terms of salary and taxes. From an industry perspective, it made sense for the larger airlines to become involved in the low-cost segment so that low-cost airlines didn't dominate the market. " ] ]

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[ 3 ]

[ [ "It comes down to branding. It makes more sense to separate an exclusive brand from a low-cost brand rather than attempt to combine the two.", "Low-cost airlines are associated with lower-quality customer service and hidden costs.", "Management is a factor - low-cost airline crew are often less well-paid, and separate companies may help to prevent conflict.", "From a tax perspective, it may be beneficial to have two separate companies.", "From an industry perspective, it made sense for the larger airlines to become involved in the low-cost segment. If they hadn't, the low-cost airlines may have been able to dominate the market.", "The structures of large airlines do not lend themselves to low-cost models." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "The central cargo hold is usually pretty big and open, if cargo was placed in loosely then it might shift in flight which can cause the center of mass to shift or damage the walls of the hold.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Putting them in containers and fixing those down will prevent that.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The containers can also be weighed before hand and their position set to ensure the center of mass ends up where it should be.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "With loose cargo the pilot would need to rely on the intuition and experience of the loaders to ensure that they don't put all the heavy stuff on one side.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Loading loose luggage requires that the loader in the cargo hold handles each bag while stacking them.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "The hold also needs to be full enough that the luggage can't shift around.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The smaller forward and rear cargo holds (or on smaller planes) can still accommodate loose luggage (or", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "more precisely they are too small for the containers to fit).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "They will also have netting to provide barriers against shifting.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/609/ratchet freak", "score": 22 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Why is this required to be done?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "As far as I know, this is not required by law, it is an operational practice by airlines.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "According to Wikipedia \"It allows a large quantity of cargo to be bundled into a single unit.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Since this leads to fewer units to load, it saves ground crews time and effort and helps prevent delayed flights.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "\"", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Why don't they simply keep the luggage in the luggage compartment?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "baggage can be loaded into ULDs while the aircraft they are intended for is still in flight.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This reduces turn-around time.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Aircraft only earn money when they are in the air, on the ground they bleed money from the airline's shareholders.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Airlines try to keep aircraft in the air and avoid having them on the ground as much as possible.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Why is loading the luggage piece-by-piece time consuming Because luggage is not of uniform size, shape and strength.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Therefore it is a labour-intensive process not especially amenable to full mechanisation.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It simply takes longer to load 50 (say) randomly shaped objects than it does to load one object of standardised shape and size. at the end, in second photo mentioned there, the luggage is being loaded piece-by-piece.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "What is that?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I don't know, but it seems plausible that some passengers are willing to pay for their luggage to be carefully hand loaded.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I.e. first-class.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This allows those passengers to pay for an express boarding process and spend less time in the airport.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1289/RedGrittyBrick", "score": 12 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Well there are several advantages of loading the luggage in unit load devices (ULDs) such as: In ULD, the luggage suffers much less shock than it would, if left alone.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] }, { "text": "Else, the incidence of baggage manhandling would increase several times.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "We are already losing \\$2.58 bn/year due to this.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "ULDs lead to better use of aircraft cargo space.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 4 ] ] }, { "text": "Stacking the luggage one over the other would be a very time consuming and tiring job, and if it is not done, then a lot of cargo space of aircraft would be wasted.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 4 ] ] }, { "text": "ULDs help prevent this.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "ULDs are cost effective.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 5 ] ] }, { "text": "Compare the cost of 100s people busy in stacking the luggage, and one conveyor belt doing the job.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "ULDs are safer, in the way they prevent unauthorized access to the luggage.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 6 ] ] }, { "text": "And, in the second picture shown there, the luggage is being loaded into luggage hold.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Which has several Pallets/Nets for storing small ammount of luggage.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Usually, they are used to store some small cargo belonging to first class passengers.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/8482/anshabhi", "score": 7 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Think about the benefits of containerisation.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Ships could take days to unload if they carried many different items like lumber, sacks of corn etc.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Along came containers and now you can unload a ship in hours.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The labour intensive part of loading", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "/stacking is distributed toward the containers themselves, and thus frees up the expensive capital item such as a ship or plane to be turned around more quickly.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It all makes economic sense.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "so is it required?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "yes, if you wish to stay competitive and in business it is.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/9710/pirate joe", "score": 4 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "There are some safety and security aspects to containing luggage within containers.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "When content leaks, goes bad, or even explodes , the container may serve to limit the damage to other luggage within the aircraft, along with the aircraft itself.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/995/CJBS", "score": 3 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Also, if the airline is feeding flights to other destinations, baggage can be pre-sorted.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "For example, a flight into CMB (Colombo, Sri Lanka) is commonly used as a feeder service for onward travel to MLE (Male, Maldives).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If all the MLE-destination bags are separated from the CMB-destination bags at the time of loading and are in their own ULDs, those ULDs can be simply moved into the MLE aircraft, saving the time to offload all bags, re-sort and separate the MLE ones, and then reload.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/19784/Andrew", "score": 2 } } ]

{ "question": "Luggage is loaded into containers, in Wide Body airliners (as mentioned here ). Why is this required to be done? Why don't they simply keep the luggage in the luggage compartment? Why is loading the luggage piece-by-piece time consuming, and at the end, in second photo mentioned there, the luggage is being loaded piece-by-piece. What is that?", "title": "Why is luggage required to be loaded in containers?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<airliner><baggage-handling-system>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/17612", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/8482/anshabhi" }

[ [ "Cargo is loaded onto aircraft in containers for several reasons. Firstly, it prevents the luggage from moving around during the flight, causing the center of mass to shift. Secondly, it localizes and spills or breakages. Thirdly, it provides for a better use of the cargo space. Finally, the luggage itself is protected from the shocks involved with moving around during the flight. Containers are also cost effective and prevent unauthorized access to the luggage.", "This not a legal requirement. One of the reasons for placing luggage in containers is so that the weight can be evenly distributed. Its also minimises the risk of damage and means that the cargo space is used more effectively. Using containers is also more cost-effective, less labour-intensive and safer, as it prevents unauthorized access." ] ]

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[ 3 ]

[ [ "Placing luggage in containers ensures that the weight can be evenly distributed.", "Loading the luggage piece by piece is more labour-intensive.", "This not a legal requirement.", "Loading the luggage in containers minimises the risk of damage to the luggage and to the aircraft.", "Loading the luggage in containers means that the cargo space is used more effectively.", "Using containers is cost-effective.", "Using containers is safer, as it prevents unauthorized access." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "Where would you get the compressed air from?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Jet engines \"contain\" compressed air because the engine itself compresses it using the energy from burning fuel.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Asking if you could power the engine by that compressed air is like asking if you could power a car engine by the rotation of the gearbox: it's confusing cause and effect.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/946/David Richerby", "score": 8 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "A typical modern turbofan engine produces about 85% of its thrust from bypass flow, i.e. \"compressed air\", that never goes through the actual jet core.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "However, as others have mentioned, in order to get the compressors spinning and sucking air in to begin with, you still need an energy source of some kind to turn them and, for lack of a better alternative, current designs still rely on jet core flow to turn both sets of turbines and, by extension, their associated compressors.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/7568/habu", "score": 8 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The engine is compressing air to more efficiently burn fuel.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If you remove the fuel, there is no reason to compress the air.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Other systems that run off of the engine bleed air only do so because it is a convenient source.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The 787 uses a bleedless model that runs off of electric power instead of engine bleed air.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Electric airplanes are certainly an option, but a propeller is a better option than a turbine engine .", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "You could however keep the duct around the prop .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1696/fooot", "score": 5 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "No.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Air is compressed because we have jetful to run the compressor in the first place.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "No fuel, no compressed air (or very very few, from to drag induced by windmilling the engine).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Have a look at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_engine for more informations", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A plane with compressed air tanks would also not be possible, as it requires A LOT of air to move an aircraft", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/4105/Antzi", "score": 3 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "In modern aircraft's jet engines (both turbojets and turbofans), compressed air is used: For starting the engine, spooling it up until the shut-off valve is opened and the fuel starts to enter and burn in the combustion chamber; For running auxiliary systems, like de-icing and pressurizing equipments; This is not true for some newer engines like the General Electric's GEnx that use an electric starter or little jet engines (including APUs) and sometimes turboshafts (turboprops).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In aviation it's common to refers to the systems running/producing compressed air as 'pneumatic' systems or 'bleed-air'.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This, for instance, is the part of the overhead panel of a Boeing 737 used to manage pneumatic systems (taken from http://www.b737.org.uk/pneumatics.htm ):", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/9656/Marco Sanfilippo", "score": 3 } } ]

{ "question": "I was just curious because the air is very compressed in the engine and some things do run on compressed air. And what if the engine was powered all by electricity?", "title": "Can an engine on a Boeing 737 fly just using compressed air instead of jet fuel?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<jet-engine>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/17648", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/9716/Ethan" }

[ [ "Jets canot fly using compressed air in place of jet fuel. For an electric plane, a propeller would be a better option than a turbine.", "The answer to the question is no because the air is only compressed because there is fuel to power the compressor.\n\nElectricity would be an option but a propellor would be better than a turbine engine." ] ]

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[ 3 ]

[ [ "No. The air is only compressed because there is fuel to power the compressor.", "Electricity is an option but a propellor would be better than a turbine engine." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "Are you asking about the rear support wheel?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It is for supporting the aircraft and avoiding tilt on the ground.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Image from wikimedia commons.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Autor:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "M Radzi Desa", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "As the aircraft had four engines in the aft, the cg would've been aft too; so they added a tail prop to prevent tilt on ground.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Interestingly, this doesn't seen to be unique for Il-62.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Another aircraft with rear mounted engine, Sud Aviation Caravelle, has something similar to this.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Image from wikimedia commons.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Author: Eduard Marmet", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/9731/aeroalias", "score": 19 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The 'tail prop' is more accurately described as a tail support.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I remember seeing these on Il-62s at Heathrow in the 70s.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "They were deployed as the aircraft arrived at the gate, and retracted just before pushback.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Anecdotally, the aircraft had a propensity to tilt backwards and strike the tail on the ground during loading and unloading operations as the CG moved.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The tail support eliminated this possibility.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/None/", "score": 18 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "They're called \"tail stands\" for planes such as the Cessna Caravan.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "During loading and unloading the CG can be tail-heavy enough that the aircraft would otherwise fall back on its tail.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/2055/Spehro Pefhany", "score": 13 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "I found an Aircraft Operations Manual for IL-62 and IL-62 M of former GDR carrier Interflug (in German language): http://www.interflug.biz/IL-62%20Flugbetriebsdokumentationen.htm http://www.interflug.biz/Flugzeuge/IL-62/Handbuecher/FZH_Il62.pdf", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "According to this manual, the \"tail prop\" supports several functions.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Supporting parked airplane while centre of gravity isn't controlled: The manual requires to extend the tail prop when parking, before opening any door.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Tail prop shall be retracted only after closing all doors and only when centre of gravity is within limits (4.2.5.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "No. 2., tab.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "4.2.5./1).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Taxi with extended tail prop is allowed, speed limit is 25 km/h.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "(4.2.2.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "No. 1)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "When towing an empty plane the tail prop must be extended, speed limit is 15 km/h.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "(4.2.2.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "No. 2)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Moving the plane backward by utilizing reverse thrust: Tail prop must be extended, speed limit is \"walking pace\".", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "(4.2.2.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "No. 4)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "U-turn on a narrow runway (min.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "45 m) by utilizing reverse thrust: Tail prop must be partly extended.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "(4.2.2.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "No. 5,", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "fig.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "4.2.2./2)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The tail prop features two self-steering wheels and a suspension system.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "No brakes, no active steering.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It is extended and retracted by an electric motor, backed by a hand crank.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "(4.1.8.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "No. 1.3, fig.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "4.1.8./5)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Probably, the tail prop is also designed to provide some protection in case of a tail strike (since it's wheels partly remain outside fuselage), but this function isn't mentioned in the manual.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Btw.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": ", this plane features a 3700 ℓ water tank (just behind the front landing gear bay), for adjusting centre of gravity in some low-load situations.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "(4.1.24., 4.3.2.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "No. 2.5, fig.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "4.1.2/2 item 5)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/50687/Bernd", "score": 8 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "It's a tail stand -- it prevents the airplane from tipping up and back onto its tailfeathers in a most embarrassing fashion, even if you have to load it back to front or unload it front to back (image from Aerospaceweb's question on landing gear ):", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3825/UnrecognizedFallingObject", "score": 6 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Improvised tail-props were a feature of early, tricycle landing gear, military aircraft.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Grumman's F7F Tigercat, certainly.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "There are photos with 55 gallon drums + assorted odds and ends as props, in place, and also photos of unsupported planes sitting with nose-wheels off the ground...", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "At that point in Grumman's history, nobody would have expected resting the tail on the ground would do any damage to the airplane...", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1897/Bill IV", "score": 2 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "This is a very interesting take on CG vs Clift, in this case while the aircraft is not moving!The wheels are holding the aircraft up.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It would take a relatively small amount of force to tip the plane onto its tail while loading or unloading.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A little like a table with 3 legs instead of 4.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "While taking off, the aircraft has to be able to rotate, which means the main gear need to be only slightly aft of the CG when fueled and loaded for flight.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "On the ground this creates the potential for it to go \"tail dragger\" if cargo is removed from the front or added to the back.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Moving people from front to back was actually used in airships to help trim CG.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "But it is very, very important to realize this is not done \"because engines are heavy\" and the designed CG is somehow unsafely aft.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Jet engines are actually (lb weight per lb thrust) much lighter than their piston counterparts.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Aircraft with swept wings who must, by necessity, mount the landing gear closer to the fuselage (or in the fuselage) would have a greater tendency for \"ground Clift\" issues.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The B52 designers solved this by mounting the wing at a higher AOA than the fuselage and taking off WITHOUT rotating, relying only on speed to lift the aircraft off.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This also fits well in pilot training not to \"pull up\" a large aircraft, as shear mass would make recovery of precious airspeed difficult, even with lots of excessthrust available.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The \"tail pogo\" is strictly a safety precaution while passengers, cargo, and fuel are being loaded or unloaded on the ground,", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/32094/Robert DiGiovanni", "score": 2 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Many smaller turboprops and piston twins use 'tail props' or 'pogo-sticks' as they are known here.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Certainly Twin Otters, BN Islander and Trislanders use them.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Can't comment on the Caravan.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The last one I was son a few weeks ago had floats ;-)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/15698/Allan Copland", "score": 1 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Robert DiGiovanni's response is correct.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "While the empty IL62 is a bit tail heavy, once the airplane is laoded with passengers/bags and cargo the CG will be moved forward.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Look at how much longer the fwd fuselage is compared to the aft section, its around 4 times longer!", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The MD11 has a similar proportion where the forward fuselage is much longer than the front.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I've done the load-sheet for MD11 freighters and while the empty CG is VERY tail heavy, with a full load the CG is usually at the fwd limit.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/26171/Anilv", "score": 1 } } ]

{ "question": "I read somewhere that the Ilyushin Il-62 had a \"tail prop\". What was this device and why was it needed on this aircraft?", "title": "What was the purpose of the \"tail prop\" on the Ilyushin Il-62 and why was it necessary?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<aircraft-design><il-62>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/18884", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/2923/Brinn Belyea" }

[ [ "The tail prop was used as a safety precaution to prevent tilt on the ground when passengers or cargo were being loaded.", "The tail prop is a safety measure to ensure that the aircraft doesn't tilt during loading and unloading on the ground. " ] ]

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[ 3 ]

[ [ "The tail prop is a safety measure to ensure that the aircraft doesn't tilt during loading and unloading on the ground. " ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "Planes as early as the wright glider (1902) had a rudder, it appears from pictures that the 1900 and 1901 variants did not have rudders but its hard to tell from the photos.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Depending on your definition if you are talking about powered flight the Wright Flyer (1903) had 2 rudders much like its earlier glider predecessor.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "In the lighter than air category, the Giffard Dirigible (1852) had a sail like rudder in the aft of the ship.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "So that may take the cake if you have consider it a true rudder.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Side Note: Patented in 1930", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "the V-Tail design could be argued as the first design that did not (as far as I know)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "employ a rudder.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The earlier Beechcraft Bonanza's are the most common plane of that design in commercial production.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "There is quite a bit of debate as to the safety of ruddervators and the general theme seems to be that they are not perfect and do require some care to fly properly.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3677/Dave", "score": 6 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Rudder itself was used before the Wright.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It was just the idea of a rudder on a boat.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Otto Lilienthal flew a glider which had a tail with a modern look in 1894: Source", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Actually the whole airplane has a modern look, like the cambered wing, Lilienthal was an aerodynamicist, he invented the polar curve .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Note: The rudder is not meant to control the aircraft direction", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "--this is done by rolling the wing,-- but to counteract the adverse yaw which develops when the wing is rolled (more drag on the upper half of the wing).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This effect can be obtained even with a fixed rudder (the turn will not be coordinated , but this tends to prevent a spiral dive).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Adverse yaw in a roll ( source , more in this answer )", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So the size of the rudder is proportional to this force, which is smaller on small wings.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3201/mins", "score": 4 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "1785 ,when Jean-Pierre Blanchard crossed the English Channel in a balloon equipped with flapping wings for propulsion and a birdlike tail for steering according to pages 26-27 of L. Winter and G. Denger's \"Minute Epics of Flight,\" published 1933.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "We don't have photos, but we do have a woodcut .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/31425/Camille Goudeseune", "score": 4 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The Wright Flyer had two rudders.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "That flew in 1903.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Some of the wright bros. earlier gliders also had rudders ...", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "To test the technology and to determine the optimum size.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/9823/Emiller", "score": 3 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The 1785 balloon answer is interesting.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "However, we might note that flapping wings would be extremely ineffective at propelling a balloon, and a rudder will have no significant effect on a free (unpropelled) balloon.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "With that in mind, we might conclude that George Cayley was the first to suggest the use of a rudder in a practical way on an aircraft.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In 1799 George Cayley inscribed a coin with a picture of a design for a glider that appears to include a movable rudder.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "By 1804 he had built a flying model glider that included a cruciform tail that could be adjusted on the ground both in the pitch and yaw dimensions.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "By 1848 he had created an illustration of a full-scale glider that included a similar tail that could be adjusted in flight.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "He tested a full-scale glider built along these lines in 1849, and a larger similar glider in 1853.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Here is one link that covers Cayley's work: http://www.flyingmachines.org/cayl.html", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "More recently, the Wright brothers first used a moveable rudder on their 1902 glider, and also used one on their famous 1903 airplane, generally recognized as the first airplane capable of sustained, controlled flight.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Having said all that, I wouldn't be surprised if someone located an earlier example of a rudder in a drawing or even an operational (small) model airplane or glider.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It is a fairly intuitive concept, deriving directly from naval technology--", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "in fact, the naval precedents might well have tended to lead early inventors to overestimate the advantages and results of having a movable rudder on an airplane.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/34686/quiet flyer", "score": 1 } } ]

{ "question": "I have seen pictures of World War I-era airplanes that have rudders much smaller than today. When did the first rudder come out?", "title": "When was the first rudder on an aircraft used?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<aviation-history><rudder>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/19173", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/9716/Ethan" }

[ [ "The first rudder appears to have been used in 1785 when Jean-Pierre Blanchard crossed the Channel in a ballon. On a plane, the earliest rudder was used on the Wright glider in 1902.", "The Wright aircraft seem to be the earliest planes with a rudder. However, other earlier aircraft, including a dirigible and a balloon, also had rudder-like components." ] ]

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[ 3 ]

[ [ "The Wright aircraft seem to be the earliest planes with a rudder.", "Other earlier aircraft, including a dirigible and a balloon, had rudder-like components." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "The remarks field, also called ITEM 18 field on ICAO flightplans can take a lot of information that you as the pilot deem necessary for controllers or authorities to know about your IFR flight.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "The list of possible items in an ICAO flightplan ITEM 18 field is available over at the Skybrary , but here are a few examples that are commonly used: (c)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "“TYP/” followed by type(s) of aircraft, proceeded if necessary by number(s) of aircraft, if “ZZZZ” is inserted in Item 9 Example: TYP/2 DE HAVILLAND HERON.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Up to 60 characters may be used.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "(e)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "“ALTN/” followed by the name of alternate aerodrome(s) or bearing and distance to navaid/navigation point closest to alternate point, if “ZZZZ” is inserted in Item 16.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Up to 100 characters may be used.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Example: ALTN/MEDIUM AIRPORT (k) “OPR/” followed by name of the operator, if not obvious from the aircraft identification in Item 7.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Example:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "OPR/BIG COMPANY (o)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "“RMK/” followed by any other, plain language, remarks when required by the appropriate ATS authority or deemed necessary.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "There is no limit in number of characters to be used.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Example:RMK/TRAINING ILS APPROACH", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "AT SMALL AIRPORT RMK/STUDENT SOLO FLIGHT", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/572/SentryRaven", "score": 6 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "No SID/STAR if flying a small airplane and can't make the required climb gradients.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/9491/wbeard52", "score": 5 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Put anything that you believe would be relevant for the controllers to know, but not recorded in other fields.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "For example, you are filing from XYZ to XYZ to shoot practice approaches.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You can put that in the remarks, noting airports where you want to practice.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This will help ATC handle your flight.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/11456/Dmitry Z", "score": 5 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Around the Great Lakes it is common to put \"NO OVERWATER\" if you don't want to be routed over the lakes.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/2696/Brian", "score": 3 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "In helicopters, IFR flights can often terminate in S-VFR.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In this example, one might add \"Request S-VFR from HELOG to Downtown\"", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3504/rbp", "score": 1 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "First, ATC does see the remarks section of your flight plan.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You should use it for anything that you, as the pilot, deem relevant to your flight.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "As a 34-year retired Chicago Center controller and lifelong flight instructor, I have taught students to use this on every flight.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "NO SIDS/STARS;", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "NO", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "OVER WATER;", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "VFR GPS; NEW INSTRUMENT PILOT, etc.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In the controller world, a new instrument pilot is held to the same standard as a veteran airline pilot because we have no way of knowing the difference - unless you tell us.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Controllers are always trying to be efficient by turning aircraft onto final as close to the \"approach gate\" as possible.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This works great for seasoned IFR pilots but for new guys - not so much.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The localizer is flight checked to 18 NM.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A longer final for a new IFR pilot offers an opportunity for a more stable approach.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Why not put \"REQUEST EXTENDED FINAL APPROACH\" in the remarks section?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Just a thought.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/26682/Guy Lieser", "score": 1 } } ]

{ "question": "When filing an IFR flight plan, what information might go in the \"Remarks\" section?", "title": "What information might go in the remarks section of an IFR flight plan?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<instrument-flight-rules><flight-planning>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/21383", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/11402/jskypilot" }

[ [ "The pilot can put any information not included in other fields in the Remarks section. For example, you can state you do not want to be routed over water. ", "The remarks field can be used for any information about the flight that the pilot thinks may be relevant for the controllers or authorities. Specific examples include no SID/STAR and \"no overwater\"." ] ]

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[ 3 ]

[ [ "The remarks field can be used for any information about the flight that the pilot thinks may be relevant for the controllers or authorities.", "Specific examples include no SID/STAR and \"no overwater\"." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "South African Airways flights to 'less developed' locations in Africa often carry a mechanic and some spares on board.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "If there are no suitable repair facilities, supplies or maintenance personnel available at the destination, then their own guy can fix any minor mechanical issues.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If there's a major problem then they would have to fly in additional repair supplies and staff (and fly out the stranded passengers).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I found this out on a flight from Johannesberg to Lilongwe (Malawi).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A seat was broken in the passenger cabin and SAA's on-board mechanic was able to fix it after a short delay.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The captain explained briefly why he was on board.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I assume that other airlines or operators who operate in undeveloped areas would do the same.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It's a lot cheaper to carry a mechanic and a few spares than it is to have an aircraft, crew and passengers stranded.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If anything on the MEL is broken then an airliner isn't airworthy so even a 'minor' issue can ground it.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I guess that the military might do the same for similar reasons, but I have no idea at all about that.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/62/Pondlife", "score": 43 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "All of the 747-100/200 freighters I flew in the 1990s had FAKs (Fly Away Kits) aboard.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "I just checked a couple of the weight & balance data sets I still have from having done weight & balance work for one of them up until 2013, and the weights were 1967 and 1939 lbs.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If the aircraft was a nose loader, the FAK was usually along the side of the in the vicinity of the retractable ladder used to get from the main deck to the upper deck.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If the aircraft was not a nose loader, the FAK was always up against the main deck forward bulkhead.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The FAKs were constructed of heavy duty plywood and opened from the top.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "One of the airlines had two BOW configurations for each aircraft, one with its FAK, one without, to expedite weight and balance calculations with or without its FAK.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/394/Terry", "score": 27 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "I've heard what you're describing called a \"Fly Away Kit\" or FAK.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "After some brief googling, it seems the exact contents vary depending on the aircraft, operator, and the manufacturer of the FAK, but most seem to contain tools, spare tires, and other items for simple repairs.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Smaller kits are designed to fit behind a panel in the main cabin, while some larger ones are designed to fit in a Unit Load Device in the cargo hold.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I found a brief description here .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A fly away kit is a bunch of small spare parts and some tools and fluids to get the plane out of a place you don't have any support for the airplane.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "We have one on all of our 727's because we operate into remote places that would take forever and a day to get a simple part to us that is a show stopper for the flight, it allows us to swap the part and fly away.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Things like spare landing light bulbs, radar altimeters, instruments, gyros, gauges and things like that are generally what I have seen and used from in there.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In addition we usually have a spare tire and sometimes a brake assembly somewhere in the belly.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Example of kit from airliners.net :", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3337/GeneralMike", "score": 21 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Yes.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If a US-registered aircraft is to be operated at night, it must carry: §91.205", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "(c)(6)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "One spare set of fuses, or three spare fuses of each kind required, that are accessible to the pilot in flight.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Now, as far as other types of spares go - no clue!", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "But some spares must be carried if certain requirements are met - eg, your airplane has fuses accessible from the cockpit.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In the event of an electrical problem, the flight crew can replace the fuse as required.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/39/egid", "score": 9 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "When I flew C-130 transporters in the RAF, we always carried a FAK and a 'Ground Engineer', but then the extra weight was of little consequence compared to the delay of the mission in some remote location.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "I now fly Business Jets, where there is significantly less room, less available (spare) payload weight, and certainly no-one qualified to make the repairs on board, so the only thing carried is a small set of wheel chocks, a couple of cans of oil and clamps for the trust-reversers.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0, 1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/11538/Linasses", "score": 1 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Normally planes don't have major spare parts.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Instead of parts they have redundancy in almost every flight system, which under certain circumstances an experienced pilot can take advantage of in order to keep operating the plane safely.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Have in mind that the weight issue in a plane is very important.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "That's why a popular phrase between pilots says: Every takeoff is optional, but landing is mandatory", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/11490/user11490", "score": 0 } } ]

{ "question": "I was curious to know, are there (or were there) any aircraft that regularly carry spare parts to be used for replacement or repairing the aircraft itself? If so, what are those spare parts? I'm not talking about built-in redundant systems like a second radio, but rather actual physical spare parts. For example, a car carries a spare tyre.", "title": "Do any aircraft carry spare parts for making repairs?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<commercial-aviation><aircraft-maintenance>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/21396", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/9966/Lucky" }

[ [ "Planes do not normally carry major spare parts. However, South African airlines carries spares to \"less developed\" locations in Africa. RAF planes and transporters in the 1990s carried a \"Fly Away Kit\". Nowadats there is little room for anything major.", "Major spare parts cannot usually be carried on board due to space and weight requirements. However, planes do tend to have what is known as a \"fly away kit\". There are some instances in which there will also be an engineer or mechanic on board." ] ]

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[ 3 ]

[ [ "Planes do not usually have major spare parts but they do tend to have what is known as a \"fly away kit\". There are some instances in which there will also be an engineer or mechanic on board.", "Major spare parts cannot be carried on board due to space and weight requirements." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "This really depends on the type of aircraft and the seating position of the pilot.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "In smaller aircraft, you will have a good view of the area around you, depending on the canopy.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "In larger aircraft, the instrument panel and cockpit design can restrict your outside view a bit more.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Below", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "you will find two pictures taken from the cockpit of a Super Dimona HK36, used for VFR general aviation flights.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Both are approximately at eye level.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "(Source:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Own Work - SentryRaven) (Source:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Own Work - SentryRaven)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/572/SentryRaven", "score": 18 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "In a document A319/A320/A321 Flight Deck and Systems Briefing for Pilots (can be found in many places on the net, e.g. on slideshare as presentation ), or page 16 Airbus shows following diagram of visibility from cockpit: 17 or 20 degrees below horizon is not that bad.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It is probably a little less than you see from a typical car , but not by much (of course since the pilots are sitting much higher, the nearest point on pavement is correspondingly further away).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Note, that whether the above is actually true depends on how the pilot adjusts their seat.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The recommended height for eyes is marked on the post between the forward windows.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/524/Jan Hudec", "score": 18 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "In general, the pilots are required to have good visibility to execute any maneuvers during normal operation of the aircraft.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "According to Federal Aviation Regulations Part 225, Section 773- Pilot Compartment View , during non-precipitation conditions, Each pilot compartment must be arranged to give the pilots a sufficiently extensive, clear, and undistorted view, to enable them to safely perform any maneuvers within the operating limitations of the airplane, including taxiing takeoff, approach, and landing The FAA advisory Circular 25.773-1", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Pilot Compartment View design considerations gives certain guidelines for ensuring pilot visibility.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Pilot compartment view from FAA AC 25.773-1 Pilot Compartment View design considerations", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The figure shows a pilot compartment view for optimum collision avoidancewhen seated in the left (port) seat.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "For the starboard side, all left/right dimensions are reversed.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Usually, the aircrafts offer better visibility compared to the guidelines.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "For example, the A330's visibility (from Flight deck and system's briefing ) is given here.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Image from A 330 Flight deck and system's briefing", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The actual visibility of the pilots will vary according to the seat position For example, the following figure shows the variation in pilot visibility in Boeing 727 when seat position is adjusted.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Image from Airplane Design-", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Layout Design of Cockpit, Fuselage, Wing and Empennage by Jan Roskam", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Of course, the pilots can see things which is normally not visible though the windows through cameras mounted on the outside, like on top of vertical tail in A380.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/9731/aeroalias", "score": 13 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "This might be a stupid answer, but you can see a lot of take-off, landing videos from cockpit in YouTube.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Here's one:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/12424/shanecp", "score": 7 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "I'll illustrate some aspects which I think even the best flight simulation today cannot compensate: Peripheral vision Telling distances and relative positions is much easier.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "For example, you can tell a certain building is 1000 feet away.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "When you are landing, you can take a quick glance to either side of the runway and judge whether it is time to flare.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Sitting in the cockpit of a 747 feels rather like standing on top of a 3-story building.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The best part is, this building moves!", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It's truly amazing.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Detailed view", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I know this sounds obvious, but I have to put it as number two.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Even when you are on final, you can see the little cars with people moving around the ramp and terminal.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "The cockpit glass is just like the windshield in your car; if you can see something directly, you will see it in the cockpit.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "You will also see the small cracks in the windshield, especially when sunlight is directly shinning at it.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "This is a natural property of the material used.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If you're flying a single-engine propeller plane, your view will be slightly obstructed by the spinning propeller.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "Other planes Spotting other planes in a real cockpit is a bit tricky.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "If the plane is below you, and you're flying over residential areas with lot of houses, it can be hard to spot.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3386/kevin", "score": 6 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "As stated in the comments, the view you get in a PC based flight simulator is not representative of the real thing.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] }, { "text": "To get a decent approximation of what you actually see from an airliner cockpit you'd need at least 6 screens in 2 rows of 3 screens each.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This of course requires quite a bit of hardware to accomplish :(", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Using the virtual cockpit feature of some flight simulator software, and cranking up your viewpoint a bit from the default settings, you can get a much more authentic experience already", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "but it's still limited by the tiny viewport offered by even a larger widescreen computer monitor (let alone a 17\" 4:3 display which is what many of them are programmed for as it's the smallest common denominator).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Of course that virtual cockpit has its own drawbacks in that the instruments are often a bit blurry and buttons and knobs less responsive than in the 2D view (let alone reality).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It's a set of compromises we have to live with as PC flyers, dictated by the limitations of our hardware and budgets.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/900/jwenting", "score": 0 } } ]

{ "question": "As I have never flown inside a cockpit, but only played with simulators I find that the dashboard takes most of the field of view(or am I wrong?). So what actually can pilots see given good weather conditions, especially during critical parts of a flight, like take-offs and landings ? I'm generally interested in big airliners. P.S. I am not asking if they could takeoff/land without visual contact.", "title": "What do pilots actually see through the windows?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<airliner><pilots><cockpit>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/23138", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/11787/Phantomazi" }

[ [ "What a pilot sees in through cockpit windows depends on the type of plane. In general pilots see what is normally visible plus the cracks in the windscreen, Of course, in commercial airliners, pilots can also see what is not normally visible through the mounted cameras. In smaller aircraft, you have a good view of the area around, depending on the canopy.", "What the pilot can see is dependent on the type of aircraft and the pilot's seating position. In smaller aircraft, pilots tend to have a good view of the surrounding area. External cameras also allow pilots to see more. Difficulties include spotting other planes. In propellor planes, the pilot's view may also be obstructed by the propellor." ] ]

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[ 3 ]

[ [ "What the pilot can see is dependent on the type of aircraft and the pilot's seating position.", "In smaller aircraft, pilots tend to have a good view of the surrounding area. External cameras also allow pilots to see more. Pilots may also see the small cracks present in the windshield.", "It can be difficult to spot other planes. In propellor planes, the pilot's view may be obstructed by the propellor." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "Because air travel is the best option in those places.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "The shortest commercial route in the world is between Westray and Papa Westray in the Orkney Islands, a distance of 1.7 miles.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If you see the list of short routes , almost all of them are between islands.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "That instantly rules out buses and the like unless a bridge is built, which in most cases is not commercially viable.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "One can use a boat or ferry, but in most cases, the sea may not be deep enough or calm enough.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/9731/aeroalias", "score": 40 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Most very short distance flights are flown between Islands.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "If you have a look at the list of such flight you can see they are places which are not or highly unlikely to be connected by a bridge which may be uneconomical.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Also the flights that are used on these routes are not the average airliners.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "They are aircrafts like De Havilland Twin Otter and Cessna Caravan propeller planes which are very efficient at relatively slow speeds and low altitudes.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The ATR42 & ATR72 are examples of large propeller planes in service.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "They are meant for short trips with the 72 having a max range of 1500km.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "They are also able to land in very short distances.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Ideal for these island destinations", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/None/", "score": 22 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Fjords are also a reason these short routes exist, e.g. the trip from KKN to VDS takes less than 10 minutes, vs. driving 165 km (2h 16min according to Google: https://goo.gl/ev5dya )", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/12817/thebjorn", "score": 16 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "One point not yet mentioned is that most of these short flights are not just between islands, but in archipelagoes.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So an aircraft may be dearer to run than a ferry, but the aircraft can do six or seven journeys a day (e.g. Westray to Papa Westray and back, Westray to Mainland, Mainland to Hoy...) and save the costs of three or four ferries.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/12807/Tim Lymington", "score": 10 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "One other rational for unusually short overland flights is that the short hop is a layover to connect two small airports to a larger one.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "A few years ago it was possible to fly between Johnstown PA (JST) and Altoona PA (AOO);", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "which are ~30 miles/60 minutes apart by road.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It wasn't because the airline expected significant amount of traffic between the two towns.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The main route was between Johnstown and Washington-Dulles Airport (IAD) which was flown 3(?)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "times a day; one of those flights stopped in Altoona with the primary intent of offering a connection from it to DC.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This stop was cancelled in 2014, and only the direct flight is still offered.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Both airports are very small rural locations and commercial traffic is partially funded with Federal Subsidies , so simple economics aren't the only consideration in the route planning.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1396/Dan Is Fiddling By Firelight", "score": 4 } } ]

{ "question": "I was impressed to read here that some passenger airline routes are even below 60 km in length. Even assuming that the passengers are already in the airport past the security check, probably a good bus could depart from the same gate and arrive to the destination gate in a very comparable time, as the plane still needs to taxi before and after the flight. Why these short haul flights are reasonable?", "title": "What is the rationale behind very short distance flights?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<airline-operations><short-haul>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/23970", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/917/h22" }

[ [ "Most very short flights are in places where flying is the best option, for example between islands or across fjords. The other rational is a layover to connect between small airporats and a larger one.", "Very short-distance flights take place when they are the most practical travel option. Most very short-distance flights are between islands or fjords. Another reason for very short-distance flights may be if a stopover is involved." ] ]

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[ 3 ]

[ [ "Very short-distance flights take place when they are the most practical travel option.", "Most very short-distance flights are between islands or fjords.", "Another reason for very short-distance flights may be if a stopover is involved." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "The C-124 had a opening in the rear, through which cargo (or paratroopers) could be dropped.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "From globalsecurity.org : The C-124 was also used for airdrops. ...", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In the back of the plane, the underneath of the airplane had elevator doors that opened up and the crew could drop cargo out, or paratroopers could jump out.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Here is an image of the elevator doors in open position The rear elevator opening of the Douglas C-124 Globemaster II where an elevator platform could be lowered or raised for bulk cargo operations (often the platform was removed so an interior hoist could directly move cargo) —", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "photo by Joseph May; image from travelforaircraft.wordpress.com Here is a C-124 using that door for an airdrop, presumably in Antarctica (I've put the image as I came across; I'm pretty sure that it's rotated) Image from antarctica.recollect.co.nz", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The crew must've used the rear door rather than the front one for jettisoning the nuclear weapon.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The text of the official report reads:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The C-124 aircraft was en route from Dover AFB, Delaware, when a loss of power from the number one and number two engines was experienced.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Maximum power was applied to the remaining engines, but level flight could not be maintained.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "At this point, the decision was made to jettison cargo in the interest of safety of the crew and aircraft.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Three weapons and one nuclear capsule were aboard the aircraft, and nuclear components had not been installed in the weapons.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The first weapon was jettisoned at 4,500 feet altitude.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The second weapon was jettisoned at approximately 2,500 feet altitude.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "With the difficulties the crew was experiencing in keeping the aircraft level, it would only be logical that the rear doors were used, not the front.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/9731/aeroalias", "score": 12 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "As a loadmaster on c124s in the 50s", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "the the cargo elevator platform can be jettisoned and cargo can be jettisoned out the opening.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The flight manual tells you the clamshell front loading door will never be operated in flight.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It has 4 safety large pins installed all the time unless it is in use to load or offload on the ground.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I know as I have over 5000 flight hours as a loadmaster on c124s.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If you have oversized items, they go down with you and the aircraft.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "We did carry parachutes if we needed them.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The flight Manuel tells you the clamshell door will never be operated inflight", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "it has 4 safety large pins installed all the time unless it is in use to load or offload on the ground.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I know as I have over 5000 flight hours as a LOADMASTER on c124s.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/29921/Ernest Gonzalez", "score": 7 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The front doors on the C-124 could NEVER be opened in flight.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Doing so would cause catastrophic failure.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The door hinges could not take the wind and would certainly take out the two inboard props, and probably the aircraft vertical and/or horizontal stabilizers.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If some miracle occurred and the doors flew off without hitting anything else, the drag of that huge open maw would be so great that the only way to fly would be at maximum power, and in a very steep dive.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In addition, the skin of this airplane is riveted for outside pressure, not inside pressure.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The wind pressure of that 200+ mph wind inside the aircraft would blow out the skin, leaving, at best, an aircraft skeleton.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "And since the aircraft was semi-monocoque construction, relying on the aircraft skin for a significant part of the integrity of the fuselage, the loss of the skin would certainly cause the fuselage to break in two.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Paratroops exited via two troop doors on the side of the aircraft toward the rear.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "There were also two troop doors above these, for troop drops using the upper troop floor platforms.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "However, I have never dropped airborne from the second level, and don't think that it was ever done except, perhaps, in tests or shows.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I was with the last Troop Carrier Squadron in MATS/MAC, the 63rd Troop Carrier Wing, which folded Hunter AFB, Savannah, GA, and its use of the C-124, in 1967.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The elevator platform is approximately 8x12' (olllllld memory).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The elevator platform was part of and level with the cargo compartment floor, and is held in place by large locking bolts/pistons.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The platform is moved up-down, for-aft with two electric winches, which can move the platform down to the ground, and once inside the cargo compartment, to the front and rear of that compartment.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The elevator could not be used when the upper troop deck floors were in place.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "We carried the upper deck floors on most missions except when the mission order called for their removal.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "However, when Viet Nam got hot and heavy, I seem to remember not carrying them any more from about 1966 until I left the 61s ATW when they folded their C-124 mission in late 1969.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Not carrying the decks yielded a couple of thousand pounds more useful load, and a little bit more room for cargo.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/30714/Chick", "score": 6 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "We jettisoned the cargo elevator (with pallets) in flight over the North Atlantic.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "On another flight while coming in to Sondestrom AFB in Greenland, the upper hinge on the right front clamshell door (viewed from inside while airborne) sheared in flight.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "We already had 1 engine shut down due to malfunction.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I remember loosing altitude at a controlled rate wondering if we would make the coast, and if so, would the door completely fail on impact of landing and foul the main landing gear.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "We made it to Sondestrom and landed without further incident, but I also remember the pilot stopping on the runway short of smoking the tires as the fire-equipment raced up and surrounded us.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "We deplaned on the runway.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/37489/Jim Hightower", "score": 2 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "If you are desperate enough, even front cargo doors can be opened in flight.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "C-124 Globemaster II being unloaded (picture source )", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Note that the hinge line is almost in flight direction.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "When flying slowly, the aerodynamic loads are small enough to crack the doors open.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Actually, their shape will result in a suction force over most of their length, so the hard part is closing them again.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Once the doors are slightly open, the load can be pushed out without much change in the center of gravity since the forward edge of the cargo floor is only slightly forward of the wing's leading edge.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1961/Peter Kämpf", "score": 1 } } ]

{ "question": "I was reading about a C-124 that was carrying three nuclear weapons over the Atlantic, and developed engine trouble. The article said that two of the weapons were jettisoned into the ocean for safety reasons. I was wondering how you can drop something from a C-124 in flight? Unless they were small enough to push out the back side doors. This happened on July 28, 1957.", "title": "How can cargo be jettisoned from a C-124 in flight?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<aircraft-design><safety><military><emergency>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/24471", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/11931/Howard Miller" }

[ [ "The C-124 has a rear opening for dropping cargo or paratroopers. In a desperate situation, even the front cargo doors can be opened during flight. ", "There was an opening at the back of the plane. And if the situation is extreme enough, even the front cargo doors could be opened during flight." ] ]

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[ 3 ]

[ [ "There was an opening at the back of the plane.", "If the situation is extreme enough, even the front cargo doors could be opened during flight." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "Airports already have several ways to move aircraft along taxiways Aircraft engines (least economical but always available) Tugs (often used for pushback from terminals)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Aircraft wheel-motors (some makers are at least planning for electric taxi) A system of fixed chains along a complex network of intersecting taxiways would be expensive to install and maintain and might be unreliable (e.g. icing up in cold weather).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "See also Does it make sense towing airplanes to the head of airstrip by external means?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1289/RedGrittyBrick", "score": 12 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "An airport has taxiways that cross other taxiways and runways, so any chain system would require breaks in the chains at these points.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Airplanes would need some sort of motive power to cross these breaks, it's impractical and slow for an airplane to spin up its engines for 20 seconds to cross a break in the chain.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A chain system would also be very expensive to install and run, probably more expensive than the fuel it takes to taxi the airplanes.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1791/GdD", "score": 8 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "They don't do it for roughly the same reasons that they don't install such systems in roads.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Expensive modifications would be required to every aircraft of a vast array of aircraft types.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This alone would probably mean that you'd never recover the costs over the entire expected life of the system.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "And getting modifications approved by the relevant regulatory agencies for airworthy aircraft designs is even more of a pain than getting them approved for road-worthy car designs.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The systems themselves would be quite expensive for initial install, especially if they were designed to operate in all weather conditions in which airports can currently operate.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Being able to drive where you want is much more flexible (which is somewhat less of a concern at an airport than on roads, but still a concern.)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Stopping or turning suddenly to avoid a collision (like when you're cleared to taxi across a runway and suddenly realize that there's a Learjet taking off on it ) might not be possible or would at least be slower.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "In short, there are already cheaper alternatives that don't suffer these drawbacks, such as tugs (manual or automated,) electric motors on the gear, and, of course, aircraft engines, as mentioned in RedGrittyBrick's answer .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/755/reirab", "score": 3 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "One point has been missed in the other fine answers.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "On an aircraft carrier, the nose gear of each aircraft has a pull bar installed that links with the catapult sled.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This pull bar is manually engaged by a deck crew member for each aircraft that is to launch.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In order to do this at an airport, there would need to be a ground handler stationed at each runway turn-off point to engage the pull bar to get the aircraft moving.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I pity the poor souls who would have to stand next to a runway at KBOS or KJFK in the wonderful weather they are expecting this weekend.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It's possible that this system could be automated, but that's another very expensive design element that has to be brought into play, tested, and receive CAA certification.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/5517/FreeMan", "score": 3 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "In addition to all the 'minor' drawbacks already discussed, there is one huge, basic problem with this idea.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "What has to be moved is an airplane, weighing less than about 600 tonnes, designed to move, with a manageable rolling resistance.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A chain or cable system extensive enough to take its payload everywhere", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "it should go adds many tonnes of metal to move with a lot of friction, that will only grow as water and dirt enter the trench.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The whole thing will need enormous horsepower just to get moving even without an aircraft attached.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Compared to a tug, or even compared to an aircraft taxiing under its own power, this will simply need too much energy to be feasible.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The only place where this system can make money is in some streets in San Francisco.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3353/Rob Vermeulen", "score": 3 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Also, note that the modifications to fighter planes (Air Force vs Navy) are fairly significant, as the forces on the plane (and humans inside) are significant when using the arrestor (sp?)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "cables on aircraft carriers.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "And yes, reducing the force is possible, but reducing it so that all existing planes flying could use it may (mostly) eliminate its benefit.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/13087/Jake Peters", "score": 2 } } ]

{ "question": "I am referring to the mechanism used in aircraft carriers, which help in catapulting fighter aircraft. What I had in mind is a milder version of the same concept. It would massively save cost, due to it being operated by electric power, save energy and time of the pilots, less exertion. Would such a system be feasible?", "title": "Would a chain strip built in the airport taxiways, help airlines in saving money and time during taxi?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<taxiing>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/24479", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1678/Firee" }

[ [ "A chain system would be quite expensive to install and run. Moreover, it would require breaks where taxiways cross other taxiways or the runways. Stopping or turning suddenly to avoid a collision might not be possible or would be slower.", "Several potential disadvantages are cited. Such a system would be very expensive. In addition, a chain system would need breaks in the chains where taxiways cross one another. Moreover, it would be much harder, or potentially impossible, to stop or turn in order to avoid a collision." ] ]

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[ 3 ]

[ [ "A chain system would need breaks in the chains where taxiways cross one another.", "Such a system would be very expensive.", "It would be much harder, or potentially impossible, to stop or turn in order to avoid a collision." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "You can, but you have to live with the consequences.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "There are several things that can happen: Depending on the vertical gusts ahead, you might not even get close to v$_{NE}$. There is another speed limit for gusty weather called v$_B$ , and exceeding this will run the risk of overstressing the wing structure.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Going above v$_B$ will overstress the wings in a gust of more than 50 ft/s, and more than 25 ft/s", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "when flying above v$_D$.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The exact values can be found in the flight envelope diagram of the flight manual.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "On a calm day, you can fly v$_{NE}$ and even a little faster, but once you fly fast enough, flutter will become very likely.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Note that flutter needs some initial excitation , so you might fly well into the flutter speed range before flutter occurs.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "When it does, control surfaces will be ripped from their fittings which will make the aircraft pitch up.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "At that point the wings will break off.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The engine on a C 172 is not powerful enough to sustain level flight at v$_{NE}$. You need to dive the aircraft, which requires some altitude.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Maintaining the speed will mean that you dive into the ground, so you need to pull out of the dive in time.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "On really fast aircraft the pitch trim will get more nose-heavy when the aircraft approaches the speed of sound.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You don't run that risk in a C 172, but faster aircraft found themselves locked into a dive which they could not end .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1961/Peter Kämpf", "score": 40 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "You can exceed the never exceed speed $V_{NE}$, but doing so will most likely result in damage to the structure.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "From FAA handbook of pilot knowledge : $V_{NE}$ —the speed which should never be exceeded.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If flight is attempted above this speed, structural damage or structural failure may result.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/9731/aeroalias", "score": 19 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Because above that airspeed, the airframe is increasingly likely to fail.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Failure would likely start with control surfaces like the ailerons, elevator and flaps, then the wings and tail are likely to separate, resulting in total catastrophic failure.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/43/abelenky", "score": 5 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Think of $V_{NE}$ as the speed at or beyond which the structural integrity of the airframe is not guaranteed.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "In other words, parts of the airframe - which is critical for controlled flight cannot be guaranteed to perform as designed.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1049/Burhan Khalid", "score": 4 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "There are both aerodynamic and structural reasons for Vne.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0, 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Aircraft controllability is impacted (for specific impacts on a specific make and model, consult with the manufacturer and perhaps they will share their findings from testing) and you may encounter difficulties with control authority (your ability to move control surfaces), airflow (e.g. the Clark-Y airfoil is designed for its lifting capability far more than it is designed for speed), and you may exceed the structural limits of aircraft components (control surfaces, wing spars, windshield, landing gear.)", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Operating above Vne now places you in the role of de-facto test pilot and any damage you cause to your aircraft may manifest itself that same flight or many hours later when the results of stresses you induced on the airframe or cables, pulleys etc.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "cause a failure of the aircraft structure.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/33426/Taurus69", "score": 2 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The answer depends on how much you exceed V_ne.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I do not have the information for this particular aircraft in front of me, so I can not say what will happen at a specific airspeed.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Cessna spent a lot of money and time on engineering and flight testing to come up with the maximum airspeed (V_ne).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "There is a safety factor built in to this calculated and tested speed.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "One situation is flying level at a high altitude, then go in to a steep dive.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This may cause an overspeed condition.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "One of the first problems as a result of overspeed, will start out as a vibration of control surfaces and controls.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The chance for loss of control by the pilot due to mechanical failure or metal fatigue will increase exponentially, as does the airspeed.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The C172 has airfoil designs meant for low speed.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Depending on the exact plane and loading this could differ slightly, but the stall speed is 49 KIAS.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "With its straight, high lift wing structure, the airfoil may actually completely loose its lift at a very high airspeed.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "As the airspeed increases, farther above the V_ne, the craft will basically start to tear apart and disintegrate.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/13886/user13886", "score": 1 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "As stated in another response the stock engine in a C172 isn't powerful enough to sustain Vne in horizontal flight.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Establishment of the various speeds is part of the aircraft certification process and usually includes a safety margin of 10 to 15 percent and there are many factors that go into determining these numbers.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "For example, I have a Beachcraft Baron and one of the important speeds is Vr or V Rotate.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It's not that the aircraft cannot take off at a slower speed", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "it's just that if you have a critical engine failure at takeoff power and a slower speed you don't have enough control authority to compensate.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "There are many factors that go into determining these numbers and structural integrity", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "is just one of them.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/13910/ChuckIvie", "score": 1 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "To add to previous answers, Vne is usually set at near ideal conditions, therefore the 10% - 15% mentioned above really becomes nothing if there are air pockets or other phenomena usually not meaningful, let alone minor fatigue or skin imperfections, hence, as the name implies, never exceed this speed with standard issue airplanes.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/33419/Daniel Treves", "score": 1 } } ]

{ "question": "The airspeed indicator has a red marking that means: \"never exceed this speed\" ($V_{NE}$, around 160 KIAS). Why can't you exceed that speed?", "title": "What happens if you exceed the maximum speed on a C172?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<aircraft-performance><airspeed><cessna-172>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/25861", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/13197/kepler22b" }

[ [ "Although the never exceed speed can be exceeded, it would result in damage to the structure. It would also lead to the aircraft becoming more difficult to control.", "Exceeding this speed is likely to cause structural damage or even failure of the airframe and may impact the ability to control the aircraft." ] ]

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[ 3 ]

[ [ "Exceeding this speed is likely to cause structural damage or even failure of the airframe. ", "Exceeding this speed may impact the ability to control the aircraft." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "Ex-Royal Air Force helicopter force here, spent a lot of time around Chinooks.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I think the main answer is \"because I can\", but I can think of a legitimate combat use.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You are heavy, and forced to land downwind into a narrow strip because there is a hazard on the upwind side of the landing zone.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "There is not enough room to turn around.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You could hover taxi backwards like this to pick up some inflow into the rotors from the relative airflow (and therefore increased lift), then climb away backwards until you do have enough room to transition into normal forward flight, more or less as shown in the video.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This is where team work kicks in - you've really got to trust your load master who is telling you exactly where you are.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Never seen it done though.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/595/Simon", "score": 50 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "What you are seeing is whats called a Pinnacle Landing or Pinnacle Maneuver .", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Why its practiced is much cleared from the below image.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The Chinook has a large base that may prevent it from safely landing in circumstance that require an evacuation from a small raised area.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/None/", "score": 27 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "It looks like it's done to showcase the impressive level of skill & control that the pilot is able to achieve w/ this aircraft.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Sort of like the Ken Block Gymkhana video series, where he's showing off amazing car control, but you would never want to drive like that except in a drifting contest.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Stretching the definition of 'practical', if you needed to tow something a short way & you had no pickup truck available, but somehow you did have a Chinook helicopter w/", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "a world-class pilot....", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "this would kind of be an option Source: I just enjoyed the mental image of someone using a Chinook as a pickup truck", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/14424/Nathan Smith", "score": 5 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "When our CH- 46 (PHROG) pilots are moving the aircraft on the runway they were directed by ground crew like myself, there are plenty of times we would taxi them forward and backward", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "so I don't believe it would be \"just because\" or \"showing off\".", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It's part of every pilots training as is the rear wheel landing or \"pinnacle landing\" which is used to land on rooftops and mountain tops hence pinnacle.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/19788/Jay", "score": 2 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "My guess is that if you need to get into and out of a 'hot' strip this approach would minimise the time (and position in the sky) that you would be exposed to enemy fire.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "Just the sort of flying that might be needed on special ops.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/14445/Robert Loft", "score": 1 } } ]

{ "question": "At 4:30 in this YouTube video, a Chinook traverses the runway on its rear wheels. The text on the video lists \"Emergency landing and take-off\". Is there any reason for the pilot to do this other than \"because I can and it's an airshow\"? The pilot then proceeds to back down the runway on the rear wheels, a maneuver that I can only imagine is showing off, but again, is there a legitimate flying need to do this?", "title": "What would the reason be for this helicopter maneuver?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<landing><helicopter><ch-47>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/26826", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/5517/FreeMan" }

[ [ "This maneuver is called a Pinnacle Landing. It could be used tominimise the time you would be exposed to enemy fire. It also showcases the impressive level of skill and control the pilot can achieve with this aircraft. ", "While some believe that this maneuver is being performed to showcase the pilot's skills, others state that it would be performed if an evacuation was required from a small raised area. Another possible reason for performing such a maneuver would be to reduce exposure to enemy fire in a hostile situation" ] ]

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[ 3 ]

[ [ "This maneuver, known as a pinnacle maneuver, would be performed if an evacuation was required from a small raised area. ", "The maneuver is being performed to showcase the pilot's skills.", "This maneuver would reduce exposure to enemy fire in a hostile situation." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "I will answer your question with what we can see in Brazilian Airspace and its rules.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In Brazil, there are some airports - non towered, operated by radio stations - which give information such as wind direction/intensity and temperature and QNH.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Based on this information, the pilot decides on which runway they will land or take off, and relays this message to the radio operator.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The operator will only relay these pieces of information to pilots monitoring the radio frequency.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Those airports are not controlled, then, if there is any strike, flying visually, no control will be effective.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "For example, ARU/SBAU is a non towered airport, and TAM Airlines operates the A320F there.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/14354/eduardoguilherme", "score": 15 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The Canadian Arctic has B737 scheduled airline operations to many uncontrolled airports that have no control tower.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/12589/Mike Sowsun", "score": 15 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "American Airlines operates an A319 seasonally from DFW to Gunnison (KGUC), which is an uncontrolled airport .", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "There are probably many other similar examples.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "An airline flight arriving at an uncontrolled field operates just like any other aircraft: it will almost certainly be IFR and fly an instrument approach, or a visual approach if conditions allow it.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Radio calls, pattern etc.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "should be the same as for any other aircraft arriving IFR at an uncontrolled airport.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The airline's OpSpec might have some specific procedures for uncontrolled airports, but otherwise it's just another aircraft.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Controllers going on strike is a totally different scenario; you might want to ask about that separately.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/62/Pondlife", "score": 12 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Any plane can land at any airport as long as the runway is long enough.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "There is no regulation saying that a 737 cannot land at a non-controlled airport.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "All of the commercial pilots that have had their training in the private sector have had to land at non controlled airports.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I say all, but I'm sure there are some exceptions.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Let's just say most.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It is no big deal.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Here at our local airport, KLBX, there is no tower and there are four large jets that come and go every single day, even when the weather is IFR.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "There is so little realistic understanding of aircraft and air travel due to the continued misrepresentation by the media and movies.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "There was the incident of the control tower guy falling asleep and the commercial flight had to land without the tower control.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It was all over the news as though it was a miracle that the plane didn't just crash all over the place.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "As though a pilot cannot land a plane without the tower saying \"Cleared to land 13R.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "\" That's all they do anyway.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The pilot is still responsible for looking and seeing if the runway is really clear and ready to take the plane.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In IFR conditions there is still what's called the minimums.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If you can't see the runway when you reach the minimums you are not allowed to land there.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Again, there is an exception, but it won't be available at non-controlled airports because of the cost.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I don't know about Brazil or Japan or any other country.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I fly in the US only, and most of it in Texas.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You'd be surprised how many non-towered airports there are where you even have to turn on the runway lights from your plane at night.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/8228/ScottinTexas", "score": 8 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Usually any airport with enough traffic that it would attract a big commercial jet will merit a tower.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] }, { "text": "However, there are a few weird exceptions here and there and some of the other answers have described these.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I think you may be thinking that a tower would be necessary somehow or that flying a heavy into an airport without a tower would be dangerous, and that is not necessarily true.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Pilots can self-organize and land themselves just fine without a tower.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "The tower is mostly there to speed things up and enable large volumes of aircraft to land as quickly as possible.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 4 ] ] }, { "text": "If an airfield is busy and there is no tower, then the aircraft will tend to spread themselves out more, approach from longer distances and do things more slowly.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "With the tower there it speeds everything up.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If an airport is out in the middle of nowhere and does not get any traffic, then there is no need for a tower and it does not really matter whether the plane is big or small.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0, 4 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1378/Tyler Durden", "score": 6 } } ]

{ "question": "Are there any airports with scheduled services where big jets (say 737 or A320) or wide bodies regularly operate without control tower? Are there any rules (EASA FAA) for this? If controllers go on strike can commercial air transport continue to operate?", "title": "Can commercial air traffic operate from uncontrolled airport, airspace?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<faa-regulations><air-traffic-control><airline-operations><easa-regulations>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/26848", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/8466/Andrius" }

[ [ "Commercial aircraft can operate into and out of uncontrolled air fields. Air fields have towers when they have a large volume of traffic, it is nothing to do with the size of planes using the field. Pilots can organise take off and landing without the tower. The tower serves to organise traffic on busy airfields. Air Canada and American Airlines are examples of large airlines that fly in and out of uncontrolled airports.", "There is no regulation stating that a 737 is not allowed to land at an uncontrolled airport. Aircraft can land safely without a tower, provided that there is a long enough runway. Pilots are able to organize amongst themselves and if an uncontrolled airfield is busy, they will take action to compensate. \n\nThere are many examples of airports without a control tower. If an airport is in a remote location and does not get a lot of traffic, there is no need for a tower. The purpose of the tower is to speed up the flow of traffic. If an airport does not have much traffic, there is no need for a tower. However, if an airport gets enough traffic to attract a large jet, it will usually also have a tower." ] ]

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[ 3 ]

[ [ "There are many examples of airports without a control tower. If an airport is in a remote location and does not get a lot of traffic, there is no need for a tower.", "Aircraft can land safely without a tower, provided that there is a long enough runway. Pilots can organize amongst themselves and if an uncontrolled airfield is busy, they will take action to compensate.", "There is no regulation stating that a 737 is not allowed to land at an uncontrolled airport.", "If an airport gets enough traffic to attract a large jet, it will usually also have a tower.", "The purpose of the tower is to speed up the flow of traffic. If an airport does not have much traffic, there is no need for a tower." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "Military transports are designed to be operated from unpaved runways- by extension, any of these converted to civilian use can operate from unpaved runways.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "For example, the Antonov Airlines operates a number of Antonov An-124 'Ruslan' , which can and do operate from unpaved runways regularly.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "The Volga-Dnepr group specifically states: Multi-leg landing gears equipped with 24 wheels allow to operate the aircraft on unpaved runways ...", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/9731/aeroalias", "score": 43 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The H-4 Hercules (Spruce Goose) should easily win this contest.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "That plane was ridiculously huge and, in fact, couldn't use a runway,", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "rather it was a \"flying boat\" that took off from the the water.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So I'd say it's the one...", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Granted, if you mean a grass or gravel strip aeroalias is probably correct.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The only other major planes that I know were designed to land on gravel were the early 737 and the 727 .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "They both had special landing gear guards that keeps the front gear from kicking gravel into the engines and both", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "have specific instructions for preparing the landing gear for touch down on gravel.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Here's the guard, if you were curious, on a 737:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Source https://www.flickr.com/photos/capnmikesphotos/14891693505 , Author: Mike Pearson", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/511/Jay Carr", "score": 42 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "It's not quite as big as the Antonov An-124, but honorable mention would have to go to the Lockheed LC-130 .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It's designed to resupply scientific and military operations in polar regions, and so it has a dual wheel-and-ski landing gear setup that allows it to take off from and land on snow and ice.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "(Image source: Wikimedia Commons)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/13297/Michael Seifert", "score": 21 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "These oldies seem worth mentioning...", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If you loosen your definition of \"airplane\" to \" the longest class of flying machine and the largest airship by envelope volume \" you could think of a Hindenburg-class airship that was in regular commercial service.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "They landed in fields", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "They're more comparable in size to buildings or very large boats, rather than other airplanes Hindenburg in green compared to Blue: The Pentagon building, Pink: Queen Mary 2,", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "ocean liner", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Yellow: USS Enterprise, supercarrier Dark blue:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Yamato, WWII Japanese warship", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Grey:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Empire State Building", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Red: Mont, a supertanker Compared to other airplanes (Hindenburg in orange): Or the Spruce Goose (* Not acutal Spruce) .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "(Just noticed it mentioned in another answer, after posting this) Originally designated HK-1 for the first aircraft built by Hughes-Kaiser, the giant was re-designated H-4", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "when Henry Kaiser withdrew from the project in 1944.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Nevertheless, the press insisted on calling it the “Spruce Goose” despite the fact that the plane is made almost entirely of birch.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Apparently it is \"the largest flying boat ever built and has the largest wingspan of any aircraft in history\" at 320 ft 11 in (97.54 m).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Not strictly a \"regularly used\" airplane, but Hughes retained a full crew to maintain the mammoth plane in a climate-controlled hangar up until his death in 1976.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/4506/Xen2050", "score": 19 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Going off on another direction if ice counts as \"unpaved\", a Boeing 757 was landed in Antarctica in November 2015, the first commercial airliner to do that.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Source is from the link above.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/12220/SMS von der Tann", "score": 15 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Another option might be the Soviet Ekranoplan: these are aircraft that use the ground effect to fly just off a surface of water.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "For example we might have the Lun-class (73m): or the experimental Caspian Sea Monster (92m): Sadly neither of these are flying any longer.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "(source:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Wikipedia Ground effect vehicle and Lun-class ekranoplan )", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/14510/user1908704", "score": 12 } } ]

{ "question": "Since we don't need a control tower for instrument landings I was wondering what else that is thought to be needed could be skipped. I know some small general aviation is done on grass runways and I was wondering what is the biggest airplane that does not need a paved runway? Examples of manufacturer-approved usage or regular (e.g. daily or weekly) usage are preferred.", "title": "What is the biggest airplane that does not need a paved runway?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<aircraft-design><runways><aircraft-limitations>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/26906", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/2910/hildred" }

[ [ "Military transports are designed to be operated from unpaved runways- by extension, any of these converted to civilian use can operate from unpaved runways. Examples of these would be Antonov An-124, Ekranoplan and the H-4 Hercules. ", "Military transport aircraft that can be adjusted for civilian use, like the Antonov An-124 'Ruslan' planes or the Soviet Ekranoplan that can take off a surface of water, are considered the largest. However, if we broaden the definition of \"airplane\", then Hindenburg-class airships like the H-4 Hercules (Spruce Goose) would definitely come first." ] ]

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[ 4 ]

[ [ "Military transport aircraft that can be adjusted for civilian use, like the Antonov An-124 'Ruslan' planes or the Soviet Ekranoplan that can take off a surface of water, are considered the largest.", "If we broaden the definition of \"airplane\", then Hindenburg-class airships like the H-4 Hercules (Spruce Goose) would definitely come first." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "When dealing with crosswinds and drift, I find the easiest way to understand the concept is to imagine a fast flowing river of water.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If you tried to swim straight across a fast river you will end up downstream.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You don't \"feel\" the current.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You just keep swimming and the current carries you.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Any time you have wind it is like a river of air flowing over the earth.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Traveling through a river of air is exactly like traveling through a river of water.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You don't go where you are pointed, you go where the current carries you, plus the direction you are swimming.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/12589/Mike Sowsun", "score": 24 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The main reason is that you are, in fact, flying straight through the air, and the air is moving sideways.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "So the plane isn't really being pushed sideways or anything, it's just flying straight through something that is moving...", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "As a simple example, if you are flying north at 150knots (the red line below) and the wind is blowing east at 20 knots (the blue line), you are going to end up flying", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "just every so slightly North East at about 151knots (roughly).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "But, to your plane, you're just traveling north at 150 knots, the wind is adding the last 1 knots.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The bottom line is that your plane flies in a straight line through the air mass, and the air mass moves as well.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "You have to add these two velocities/directions together in order to find your true velocity/direction relative to the ground.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This is normally called a \"vector\" in the aviation world, and if you do a bit of study into those, I think you'll have a much easier time understanding those charts.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/511/Jay Carr", "score": 14 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "A change of reference frame may help to understand.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So you sit in the plane and fly as usual, the only effect of wind is drifting the ground in the direction where it comes from.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Headwind moves the ground forward, tailwind backwards.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Sidewind to the side, so you compensate not by applying continuous rudder, but just by pointing the nose slightly to the side.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/2345/DarioP", "score": 4 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "As for your question about why no rudder is required, there are two methods for handling a crosswind.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "One is \"crabbing\" and the other is \"slipping.\"", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "When you crab, you point the nose of the airplane into the wind as described in the other answers and in your pictures.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This is an efficient way to deal with a crosswind over long distances, such as when cruising.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "During landing, if you are still crabbing when the wheels touch down, it's very hard on the airplane and is called \"side-loading\" the landing gear.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Instead, a slip is used.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In a slip the ailerons are held towards the wind and the rudder is held away from the wind just enough to keep the nose from turning.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In this way the longitudinal axis of the airplane is still kept in line with your flight path, but some of your lift is being used to \"pull\" you up-wind and thus counteract the crosswind.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "On most airplanes this is the method used right before touchdown.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "On the final/short final phase, pilots have different preferences for crab or slip technique.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/14651/wurzel", "score": 2 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "In general: as Jay Carr visualized with his interactive graphic, velocities (speeds) are vectors (this is rather physics than aviatic, but if pilots consider physics they tend to live longer).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Vectores have a value and a direction.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So you can visualizes them by an arrow (lenght visualizes the velocity).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Contrary to e.g. temperature which is a scalar measure, it has only a value but no direction.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So to add speeds you must consider values and directions.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Now to your questions ... ad Image 1)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The wind is blowing from the left.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If the aircraft would aim to the north (\"heading north\"), the cross wind would move it to the right, so it would pass the city more to its right (if map is oriented \"north up\" than it would pass the city east).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "BUT, the pilot is smart: he compensates for the crosswind by pointing the aircraft's nose slightly \"into the wind\" (look, where the aircraft's noise is pointing to).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Durign his flight planning he might have calculated the \"offset\" comparing desired track and forecasted wind.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Once in the air he could also find out by applying a heading into the wind and check whether the aircraft moves along the desired track.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "ad image 2)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "the plane is sliding (well, it does not touch the ground) because its air speed (caused by the propulsion of the prop and being straight - visualized in the image by the wake vortices and its wing tips ) points to its noise (the prop is mounted without pivot), plus (plus in a sense of vector addition)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "the wind from the left result here in a track following the railways.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "ad image 3)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "the wind from the left moves the whole air which surrounds the aircraft (a static wind, no gusts).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So the while the aircraft moves through this air mass, the air mass itself (and with it the aircraft)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "moves along the wind direction.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So you do not need rudder to hold that direction (heading).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You only have to apply rudder to change the direction.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So the pilot did apply rudder for some seconds when he noted that he needs to compensate for the crosswind, just until the aircraft changed its direction from north to slighly north-north-west.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The author says \"the aircraft does note feel the crosswind\" -", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "yeah, due to its static effect you could not tell without any reference (to the ground, to your GPS or whatever navigation aid) that there is a wind at all.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "To bring Wurzel's answer into the context: yes, if you want to land then you could use the same maneuver as shown in the 3 images (called crab, because this animal walks sideways), - or if you could fly straight along the runway direction but compensate for the crosswind by lowering the windward wing.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Hope it helpsHolger", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/14658/Holger", "score": 1 } } ]

{ "question": "Apologies for multiple pictures but I thought they would depict my question more clearly than a lengthy description. Image 1: Why does the aircraft still follow the straight path even if the wind is blowing from left to right? Image 2: Why does it appear that the aircraft is sliding? Image 3: Why is there no need to apply any rudder in the presence of a cross wind?", "title": "Why does the airplane not 'feel' the crosswind?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<wind><crosswind>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/27158", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/11517/user2927392" }

[ [ "The main reason is that you are, in fact, flying straight through the air, and the air is moving sideways.", "The airplane is flying in a straight line, while the air mass is moving sideways, thus creating the feeling that the airplane is being \"pushed\". You cannot feel the crosswind because a reference point is needed (ground, GPS, etc.) due to the static effect." ] ]

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[ 4 ]

[ [ "Because the airplane is flying in a straight line, while the air mass is moving sideways, thus creating the feeling that the airplane is being \"pushed\".", "You cannot feel the crosswind because a reference point is needed (ground, GPS, etc.) due to the static effect." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "From a luxury round the world flight on several different models of aircraft on several different airlines, a traveler used the exact same sound meter at his seat in either business or first class to measure ambient noise level during cruise.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Here is a chart I made of his measurements, including carrier and age of aircraft.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "As you can see, long haul aircraft are quieter than short.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Carrier and age of aircraft also seem to make a difference.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "For this set of measurements, the b773 is 3db (or 25%)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "louder than the a380.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/30468/Pilothead", "score": 8 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "As a passenger: In the forward bulkhead section of economy class (lower deck) there is almost no engine noise in the A380.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If you listen carefully, you can hear it.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I was actually surprised at how quiet it was that I didn't need my noise cancelling headphones.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In the upper deck, there is no engine noise to speak of.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In the forward section of the 777 (normally this is business class)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "the noise is a loud but muffled (think of a speaker under a pillow), but not as loud as in the entire economy class cabin.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In economy class the noise is atrocious on the 777.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Note that both flights were on Emirates.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1049/Burhan Khalid", "score": 6 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "I can tell you that in economy, the 777 noise was, in my opinion, almost unbearable.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "The A380 was almost silent.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "I have been on both on long haul to the uk, and their is a world of difference in the noise levels.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Will never fly 777 again.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/15252/paul Wiles", "score": 5 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "This is a very difficult question to answer, but lets assume that you're flying during cruise, eliminating as much airframe noise as possible (landing gear, flaps, slats and spoilers) then the position of you in the aircraft is of importance as well.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The further you go to the front the more silent your flight will be.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Since the A380 also has an upper deck this will be even more silent.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Then during the flight it is important to know if the crew is doing some catching up so flying faster than normal, this will indeed be more noisy.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So with this I can give you only my opinion and then overall the A380 is a bit more silent on board, further more I found it harder to notice that we were in fact flying than in the 777.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Every movement feels more dampened which contributes to the overall feel on board.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In business class", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "the 777 is more quiet than the 787 in business class when the crew is making up for lost time by flying at a higher speed.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "To conclude: It greatly depends on your position in the aircraft, aft equals more noise Cruising speed, higher speed than normal equals more noise Engine type, airlines have for most the option to choose between 2 or 3 engine manufactures.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Personal perception, during the night you're maybe less tolerant to noise than during the day and during the night there is less noise from the cabin to muffle the engine noise.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/15202/Brilsmurfffje", "score": 2 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "In my recent travels, I have been lucky to get a host of aircrafts.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "777-300ER", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "X 2 (9W)&(SIA), A330-300 X 2 (QANTAS), A350-900", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "X 1 (SIA), A380-800 X 2 (SIA) seated at various positions.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I must say that the A380-800 is a class apart!", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "take a bow Airbus!", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I had always been partial to the Boeing, but the A380 had taken my heart away.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I was seated at the lower deck the 1st time I boarded an A380.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Honestly, I had no clue when the aircraft was at rotate speed and through out my 6 hours in it, I could virtually feel no sound at all.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Note that I was at the front aft of the economy section.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I could enjoy a great view of the Changi airport while the A380 banked almost 360 during a summer sunset.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I surprisingly found no difference between the noise levels of the 777-300ER & the A350-900 (shocked)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I was rather hoping to find the same db levels on the A350-900 as the A380-800 since conceptually it was a newer aircraft but was bitterly disappointed.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "On my way back I was at the upper deck and re-lived that experience of a virtually noise free cabin!", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Thank you Airbus and thank you Singapore Airlines.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "My next would be an A380-800 on Qatar airways!", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Looking forward to it already. -Nik", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/22424/Nik S", "score": 1 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "I have just returned B/Class from the UK and both the 380 and the 777 were used.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The 777 for 14 hrs and the 380 for 6hrs.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The difference between the two aircraft was amazing", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "the 380 noise levels are only a quarter of the 777, in the 380 ear plugs were not needed however in the 777 you did plus the audio head phones further reduced the noise in the 777 was unbearable and sleep was not at all possible.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/34034/Gary Thornton", "score": 0 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Not a frequent flyer but", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I've done quite a few SYD-LHR-SYD flights over the years (all economy).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "No matter the carrier (SIA, BA, EK) the 777 regardless of model is my least favourite thing to fly on - the noise just does not stop", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "and it isn't a pleasant noise either.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Give me an A380 any day or night.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/50055/taxus750", "score": 0 } } ]

{ "question": "I couldn't find any official comparison for noise level (dB) in Airbus A380 versus the Boeing 777 300 ER. Does anyone have some info about it? Which one is better in terms of acoustic isolation?", "title": "How do the cabin noise levels of the A380 and the 777 300 ER compare?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<airbus-a380><noise><boeing-777><cabin>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/28014", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/15266/faf" }

[ [ "The A380 is far quieter than the Boeing 777, especially in economy class.", "The noise depends on many factors, like aft, cruising speed, higher speed than normal, engine type, etc. That said, the A380 clearly has much lower cabin noise levels; they are only 1/4 the noise levels of the 777. It is almost silent, there is no need for earplugs and it is not that noticeable that you are flying. On the other hand, the cabin noise of the 777 300 ER is often described as unbearable, making it almost impossible to sleep." ] ]

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[ 4 ]

[ [ "The A380 clearly has much lower cabin noise levels; they are only 1/4 the noise levels of the 777. It is almost silent, there is no need for earplugs and it is not that noticeable that you are flying. On the other hand, the cabin noise of the 777 300 ER is often described as unbearable, making it almost impossible to sleep.", "The noise depends on many factors, like aft, cruising speed, higher speed than normal, engine type, etc. " ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "It is mostly standardized procedures.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "I take as example Amsterdam airport (AMS), but the following is applicable to most, if not all, major commercial airports.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Let's look at the departure charts , in particular", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "this one: as you can see, if an airplane is departing via that runway, it MUST follow one of the two specified paths to exit the airspace of the airport through the \"ANDIK\" waypoint.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It has different paths for the other exit waypoints, but they are similarly defined and limited in number.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In the link you will find similar charts for each of the runways.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Within restrictions due to factors like terrain, noise abatement over populated areas (as Dan's mentions in his answer ), areas restricted due to security and safety (over city centres, government and military installations, nuclear power plants and such) or used for other purposes (military operations, space launch and such), these routes are defined so they don't intersect (much).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This ensures arriving and departing aircraft", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "don't come close to each other, which greatly reduces the risk of collision and allows responsibility for different routes to be split among several controllers who can each handle their assigned routes mostly independently of the others.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Weather conditions and other factors will dictate which runways are used, but the runway will dictate how the airplane will exit the airport's airspace, after the appropriate exit waypoint has been selected (you generally would not use a waypoint on the north side if you have to go south).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So, to summarize: you have a limited amount of exit waypoints", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "you have", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "a limited amount of runways weather will restrict your choice (well, the airport's tower will do this for you) of runway", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "your destination will restrict your choice of exit waypoint for each runway-waypoint pair you will have one or two possible routes", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This results in the kind of behaviour you have observed.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1467/Federico", "score": 28 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Aircraft are routed based on all manner of different things.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Just off the top of my head, here are some of the more common reasons: Standardised routing.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It's much easier for controllers to manage aircraft if everyone is following a similar route, and so there are generic routes defined.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "This is especially true in and out of", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "airports - imagine", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "if dozens of planes were simply arriving in any direction they like, it would be very chaotic to deal with.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Noise Abatement.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "Many areas have noise abatement procedures, where aircraft are either restricted from flying over or the number or flights is limited.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "It's not uncommon for aircraft to have to fly around certain places.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Weather Avoidance.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] }, { "text": "For comfort and safety, aircraft will sometimes be routed around certain types of weather.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/2160/Dan", "score": 13 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "This isn't an answer, just an addition to @federico's answer.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The following image shows departing aircraft from international airports near my location, Düsseldorf (red) and Cologne (blue).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The data was recorded over 24h from flightradar24 and put on a map together with some beacons.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The dotted lines indicate the angles mentioned below.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Looking into the departure charts for Düsseldorf , one finds for take-offs to south-west this, in layman’s words:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Turn hard right and fly away from NOR at 0° Turn right to LMA (Roughly, there are more points not shown in the map, and more than one route), then depending on destination turn", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "left to 203° or 209°.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Turn left and fly to NOR at 174°, then turn left to GMH at 86° Finally, there's a chart showing all this together, though this is more about noise:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "For cologne it's obvious that there are similar rules.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It's also clear that the flights from Düsseldorf to south-east are guided around Cologne by flying a little towards GMH first.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So, not an answer, just to show that aircraft fly as they are intended to do, though there are a few exemptions.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/4170/sweber", "score": 11 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Just like you can't drive your car straight from point A to point B because there might not be a direct road between the points, aircraft can't necessarily fly from point A to point B because there might not be airways that directly connect the points.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Also, most traffic between major airports will follows established procedures.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "These are either Standard Information Departure (SID) - for flights departing or Standard Terminal Arrival Route(s) (STAR or STARS), for flights arriving.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "These standard departure and arrivals procedures are put in place based on the geography, weather or other restrictions at or near the airport and don't have to coincide with the flight's arrival or departure direction.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3363/DeepSpace", "score": 5 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Just one clear answer why it is also done on short trips", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "(so not depending on the earths curvature that much): Airplanes have the allowance to fly on a flight level (FL), given in feet / 100 AND refering to an imaginary surface level where the standard pressure of 101325", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Pa is located.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So FL 130 is 13000 feet above the level with 101325Pa ambient pressure.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Some turns are only allowed at that FL to avoid collisions with other airplanes.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/15518/Scotty1-", "score": 2 } } ]

{ "question": "I have seen that flights will make a turn, after traveling some large distance (say after some kilometers), but that can be done before. Why not flying directly like in 2 ? I am not expecting a passenger flight to do like fighter jets and perform nearly vertical take-offs, or some other manoeuvrers. Are these flights restricted to do so, or is there any reason to behave so? Or did I misunderstand something?", "title": "Why do some flights make turns shortly after takeoff?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<airline-operations><flight-planning>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/29481", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/15491/NANDAKUMAR" }

[ [ "There are a number of reasons why planes turn after take off. The ease of controlling traffic at the airport is one: aircraft take off in the same direction and then turn to follow their airway. Noise abatement is another issue, some areas cannot be flown over constantly. Planes also turn to avoid certain weather conditions.", "The main reason is that there are some generic routes for pilots and standardized procedures to be followed. Also, similar to driving and roads, aircraft cannot reach a certain point from another if there doesn't exist an airway connecting them. Another reason is that in many regions there are noise abatement procedures in place, restricting the possible routes or number of flights. Finally, sometimes this happens to avoid certain types of weather." ] ]

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[ 4 ]

[ [ "The main reason is that there are some generic routes for pilots and standardized procedures to be followed.", "Similar to driving and roads, aircraft cannot reach a certain point from another if there doesn't exist an airway connecting them.", "In many regions there are noise abatement procedures in place, restricting the possible routes or number of flights.", "Sometimes this happens to avoid certain types of weather." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "Not likely.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Pilots wear headphones, so we cannot hear the idle prattle of the pax in the hold.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "In any case, we don't take orders from passengers.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Think about that for a second: would you like it if aircraft pilots followed the instructions of a crazy screaming passenger?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "What if there were TWO crazy screaming passengers giving contradictory commands?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Which one should we obey?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In any case, nowadays cockpit doors are closed during flight anyway.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1378/Tyler Durden", "score": 49 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Unless he’s shouting “cow on the runway”, I don’t even hear my copilot on finals as he mutters “too fast/slow”, “too high/low”, “left a bit”, etc., but I hear fine as we taxi", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "and he says “Coffee’s on me”.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/15859/Bolter", "score": 18 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "No, but the passenger is likely to be arrested for causing such a disruption and face serious charges.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "The authorities don't react kindly to that kind of crap in a post 9/11 world.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/15637/Carlo Felicione", "score": 17 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The chosen answer is correct so far, no doubt.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "But in my eyes, it lacks some generality and an important point: While it is certainly true for a 737 that a pilot won't hear you and therefore take no action, I'd add that is can be true for smaller aircrafts when you hear the passenger as they may even can speak over the intercom (say a Cessna 172).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "As a pilot, you have to decide, if you realize that it was a passenger screaming \"go around\", if you take action.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You train a lot of things as a pilot, one of the most important one is to make a go around as fast as possible if anyone screams it (normally co-pilot, flight student etc) and you do not think about whether it is right or not", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "(you assume he had a good reason) because there is no time, you better focus on the maneuver.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The conclusion is nearly the same as mentioned in other answers with the small addition that, if the pilot hears you, you may trigger it's trained reflexes and he will make a go-around.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/15845/Mayou36", "score": 6 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "If there is a legitimate need for a go-around like an emergency that the pilots can't see but the passenger can or landing at the wrong airport, then it might influence the pilots.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "However, that might not happen because of the conditions described by @Tyler", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Durden's answer.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/12220/SMS von der Tann", "score": 1 } } ]

{ "question": "Sorry if this question is too stupid, but I wonder what would happen if a passenger on the first row just behind the cockpit (ie. on a 737) starts screaming \"GO AROUND\" when the plane is about to touch down. Can it confuse the pilots?", "title": "Can a passenger force a Go Around?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<go-around>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/30005", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/13096/rupps" }

[ [ "It is unlikely a pilot will make a go around because a passenger shouted it ou. Pilots wear headphones so they cannot hear the passengers. A passenger doing this may face serious charges. There could be a legitimate reason for doing this if the passenegr could see a safety issue that the pilot could not.", "Since they wear headphones and generally do not listen to passengers, no, they would not go around. However, the passenger is likely to face legal trouble. There is only a small chance that the pilot will listen to them due to reflexes honed during training or if there is a legitimate reason, e.g. an emergency that isn't in the pilot's line of sight or it's the wrong airport." ] ]

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[ 4 ]

[ [ "Since they wear headphones and generally do not listen to passengers, no, they would not turn around. However, the passenger is likely to face legal trouble.", "There is only a small chance that the pilot will listen to them due to reflexes honed during training.", "Only if there is a legitimate reason, e.g. an emergency that isn't in the pilot's line of sight or it's the wrong airport." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "As a private pilot, I have heard \"Tally-ho\" and other pseudo (British?)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "military phrases used when talking to ATC.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I understand \"Tally-ho\" to be equivalent to \"target(s) in sight\" or \"inbound\" or even in some cases \"affirmative\", and that's the problem.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It is important to be clear and precise when communicating on the radio, however, the folks working at ATC seem to understand these phrases.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "FAA:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I've read the AIM - Aeronautical Information Manual and Pilot's handbook of aeronautical knowlage", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "(Both available for free download from the FAA's website) and I don't remember seeing these phrases anywhere.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Other texts caution against using these colorful phrases instead of standard phraseology because problems stemming from varied interpretations.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It is important to be clear and precise when communicating on the radio.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I think the correct terminology is: \"Traffic In Sight\" and \"Negative contact\"", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/15801/benglish", "score": 14 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "No, they aren't considered acceptable although you do hear them from time to time.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Neither term is in the P/CG and the AIM 4-2-1 says: Good phraseology enhances safety and is the mark of a professional pilot.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Jargon, chatter, and “CB” slang have no place in ATC communications.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "The Pilot/Controller Glossary is the same glossary used in FAA Order JO 7110.65, Air Traffic Control.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "We recommend that it be studied and reviewed from time to time to sharpen your communication skills.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In other words, if it isn't in the P/CG then don't use it.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Of course in reality some pilots do use military terms for whatever reason (force of habit?)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "but it's definitely discouraged.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Apart from anything else, many pilots have no military background (or are foreigners) and have no idea what these or other slang/military phrases might mean.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/62/Pondlife", "score": 13 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "NO.Not an acceptable term.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "As stated earlier by others - the term has no official recognition and would only serve to confuse.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Only a tiny (and rapidly diminishing) number across the globe appreciate its original 1930's context.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Some commonsense and logical", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "analysis:\"Land", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Ho\" means \"land in sight!\"", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "\"Tally\" is another word for a score - or for a count of sorts.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It follows that somebody announcing \"Tally Ho\" is excitedly anticipating racking up a score.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This could be foxes or Messerschmitts.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Of course, this only makes sense in the context of a heart-felt outburst in the heat of the moment in old England - or a place influenced by old English culture.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Use of \"Tally Ho\" in civil aviation makes no sense at all.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "How would you intend to \"rack up\" the score?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Tally Ho is believed to be based on a French expression from way back: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tally-ho", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It is the nature of humanity to bend language out of shape...", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "What do you call an AERObatic machine designed by AEROnautical engineers?Not an AEROplane?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/30430/John Gibbs", "score": 7 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "\"No Joy\" or \"Tally-Ho\" are not acceptable when talking on aviation bands.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Worse yet, they are not even true military terms.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "While \"Tally\" does mean you have the enemy in sight, notice there is no \"Ho\" attached to it.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Since you are up there and NOT shooting at people you should use the term \"Visual\" when you can see the aircraft being referenced.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Visual is not only a military term, meaning you see a friendly but it is also used in civilian aviation and means EXACTLY the same thing.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "But!", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It's just easier to say, \"Tower, traffic in sight.\"", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Roger, Wilco (will comply) are great words that mean things.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I use them all the time.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Telling ATC", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "your fuel is \"Bingo\" will get you killed, declare an emergency instead.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Fly safe!", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Blue skies!", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/41223/John Bryant", "score": 4 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "\"Tally Ho!\" was adopted by US military pilots during WWII, from British fighter pilots.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Who in turn had adopted it from fox hunting.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The US pilots must have just liked the sound of it, although it was an official part of the lexicon of British pilots .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "They used lots of other lovely quaint terms.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "\"Angels\" for flight level, \"Bogeys\" for enemy aircraft.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "And the Navy had a particular anti-submarine manoeuvre they called \"Raspberry\"!", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Nothing like some jolly fun during a war old boy.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You still hear \"Tally Ho\" used by military pilots on both sides of the Atlantic, with the same meaning it had in WWII.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3846/Maxcelcat", "score": 1 } } ]

{ "question": "I keep meaning to ask this question. I heard \"Tally-ho\" used for the first time by a pilot on Liveatc.net. I know these are pretty standard phrases in military aviation but I wondered if civil pilots use them. Are they acceptable under either FAA or ICAO standards? If not, what's the likelihood a controller will know what you mean?", "title": "Are \"Tally-ho\" and \"no joy\" acceptable ATC terms for civil operations?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<faa-regulations><air-traffic-control><terminology><phraseology><icao-recommendations>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/30019", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/8730/TomMcW" }

[ [ "\"No Joy\" and \"Tally-Ho\" are not considered acceptable when talking to the tower. Clear communication is vital. However, it seems these phrases are heard occasionally and the ATC understand them", "The people working at ATC understand these phrases, but that does not mean they should be used. They are not acceptable, standard terms and have no place on aviation bands, they would only confuse." ] ]

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[ 4 ]

[ [ "The people working at ATC understand these phrases.", "They are not acceptable, standard terms and have no place on aviation bands, they would only confuse." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "They do in fact exist, though they often use smaller helicopters.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "A Google search on the term \"heli taxi\" yields thousands of results, and while a lot are probably irrelevant, the first few pages give hundreds of operators around the world, ranging from companies ferrying passengers between airports and major cities to companies servicing oil platforms at sea, islands too small to have airfields, etc.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/900/jwenting", "score": 41 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Air Greenland is a good example of a company that uses helicopters in scheduled air traffic.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Unlike many of the other examples mentioned here, a large part of Air Greenland's helicopter operations take place as scheduled traffic, and not charter flights.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "They operate the following: 2x Sikorsky S-61N with 19 seats 9x Eurocopter AS 350 with 5 seats 8x Bell 212 with 8 seats to and from multiple small cities and towns on the coast of Greenland.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/14957/expeditedescent", "score": 35 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The other answers demonstrate that there are several helicopter airlines, but I don't think that really answers the question.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Why aren't there more?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Simple economics.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Compared to other kinds of powered aircraft, helicopters are small, slow and expensive to run.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "They do have the advantage that a helipad takes up much less space than a runway which means you could fly your helicopters right into the middle of the city, rather than to large airports in the suburbs or beyond.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "However, helicopters are also very noisy, so that would be very unpopular with everybody else who used that part of the city.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "This means that your heliport actually has to be out in the suburbs anyway, and you've just lost your only advantage.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "All of this makes it very difficult to be a profitable helicopter airline.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "All of the examples in the other answers are cases where special circumstances mean that helicopters can still work.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Taking people to oilrigs by air is much faster than by ship, but you can't land a fixed-wing plane on an oil rig.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Small, widely spaced communities might not be accessible by road and might not have the resources to maintain an airport, but might be willing to pay enough to support a helicopter service when it's their only option.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If you just want to transport \"10–20 people a short distance\", a bus is going to be almost as fast, much more comfortable and orders of magnitude cheaper in almost all non-special circumstances.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/946/David Richerby", "score": 16 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "We do: Helijet International .", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Helijet International is a helicopter airline and charter service based in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "They operate regularly scheduled flights between: Vancouver Harbour Heliport and Victoria Harbour Heliport Vancouver Harbour Heliport and Nanaimo Harbour Heliport (Monday-Friday) Vancouver International Airport and Victoria Harbour Heliport(Monday-Friday, limited flights)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I'm sure there must be other services where the geography and economy can support it.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/17559/Spaig87", "score": 13 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "There are helicopter airlines.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Definition: airline is a company that transports people by air and in so doing", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "makes a profit (or tries to).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "PHI , Bristow , and CHC are three of numerous companies who transport people to and from oil platforms as passengers, for a profit.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "(At least, that's their aim).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/17262/KorvinStarmast", "score": 3 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Erickson Aviation operates a regular helicopter service from Nome, Alaska to Little Diomede Island, Alaska.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Little Diomede sometimes makes it onto lists of the most remote towns in the USA and is more or less a small rock in the middle of the Bering Strait with a fishing village on it.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/17532/Robert Columbia", "score": 3 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "New York Airways used to operate a helicopter taxi service until they closed in 1979.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "They operated a number of helicopters, including the tandem rotor BV107-II.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If you ever watch the Clint Eastwood film Coogan's Bluff (1968), you'll see at least two of them operating off the Pan-Am building.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "New York Airways", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/17576/Nathan", "score": 2 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The helicopter option is popular with Hong Kong's high rollers, looking to hit the tables in Macau.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "http://www.skyshuttlehk.com/", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/17611/William Avery", "score": 2 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "In the UK, British International Helicopters (formerly British Airways Helicopters ) is a helicopter airline, although they do not currently fly any regular public routes.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "BIH fly for offshore (e.g. North Sea oil) and defence industries.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "They also offer training and sightseeing tours from London (Redhill) and Coventry.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "BIH operated a regular Sikorsky S-61 service from Penzance Heliport to St Mary's Airport and Tresco Heliport on the Isles of Scilly from 1964 until 2012, when Penzance Heliport was sold to the supermarket Tesco.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "There are plans to reinstate the service if a suitable new site can be found.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "BIH jointly operated the Airlink shuttle service between Gatwick and Heathrow between 1978 and 1986.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The service ended because its licence was revoked after the M25 motorway had been completed.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/14762/keith jackson", "score": 2 } } ]

{ "question": "Just a curious thought. Why isn't there any helicopter airline? Airlines that operate large helicopters that can transport 10 or 20 people a short distance?", "title": "Why don't we have helicopter airlines?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<airline-operations><helicopter>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/32428", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/9126/TBBT" }

[ [ "Helicopter airlines do exist. Some examples include Air Greenland, New York Airways. However, helicopters are small, slow, expensive and noisy which explains why they are not used more widely.", "In fact, there exist many helicopter airlines like Helijet, Erickson Aviation, British International Helicopters, Air Greenland and, formerly, New York Airways. They mainly connect remote locations and service oil and defense industries or high profile customers, although their helicopters are usually smaller. They are not so common because it is not profitable and helicopters make a lot of noise, so they are not preferred." ] ]

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[ 4 ]

[ [ "In fact, there exist many helicopter airlines like Helijet, Erickson Aviation, British International Helicopters, Air Greenland and, formerly, New York Airways. They mainly connect remote locations and service oil and defense industries or high profile customers, although their helicopters are usually smaller.", "They are not so common because it is not profitable.", "Helicopters make a lot of noise, so they are not preferred." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "Strictly speaking, there is no need to set a particular angle of incidence-", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "the wing will decide that for itself depending on the conditions (speed, weight, altitude etc.).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "What we are deciding is the The mounting angle, which is set for various reasons and is not variable in flight (except for some rare cases) including: Mostly this is set so that the fuselage is (nearly) horizontal during cruise.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This is especially important for airliners- DC-10, especially flew at a pronounced nose high attitude requiring the cabin crew to walk uphill.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Setting the wing at an incidence helps improve the visibility- this is important especially for carrier aircraft, where the pilot requires good visibility and also higher angle of attack (for keeping t/o and approach speeds low).", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Setting the wing at an angle helps in keeping the drag low for the given lift.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "Having the wings at an angle and fuselage horizontal means that the drag is minimized, while the wing has the required angle of attack.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "Though the angle of incidence is usually fixed, it can be varied in response to specific requirements.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A good example is the Vought F-8 Crusader , which allowed the wings to be pivoted 7° out of the fuselage on takeoff and landing, resulting in a high angle of attack -- reducing the approach and take-off speed -- while keeping the fuselage level and giving the pilot a good forward field of view.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "F-8 Crusader with the wing pivoted up during landing.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "By USN - U.S. DefenseImagery photo VIRIN: DN-SC-88-06695, Public Domain, Link", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Another example is the Martin XB-51 which had a variable incidence wing to reduce the takeoff run.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/9731/aeroalias", "score": 22 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The wing will pick the angle of attack that is appropriate for the given speed, air density and the needed lift.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If it is too high, the aircraft will accelerate upwards which will reduce the angle of attack, and vice versa.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The wing's angle of incidence will then define the angle at which the fuselage sits during flight.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] }, { "text": "What a proper angle is depends on the aircraft: On transport airplanes, it makes sense to have a horizontal floor during cruise so the flight attendants don't have to push their carts uphill .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This will result in a slightly positive incidence angle.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "On high performance airplanes the incidence is set to optimise the lift to drag ratio.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "On aerobatic airplanes it is set to zero", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "so the aircraft can be inverted without elevator input .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "On crop dusters, it might be important to give the pilot the best possible view", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "so he/", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "she can fly safely while manoeuvring close to the ground.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The next important detail is the height of the tail surface relative to the wing's vortex sheet.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If the tail is too far above, it will sink into the wing's wake during stall and become less effective.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A deep stall stability condition might be the consequence.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Only by defining the angle of incidence can the airplane be built and operated as designed.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 4 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1961/Peter Kämpf", "score": 17 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "My understanding is this.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "One of the design consideration of fuselage design is to avoid flow separation.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "And another important thing is that usual looking fuselage is not very efficient at providing lift because both above cases produce huge amount of drag.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So it is important to avoid the fuselage from separating flow and non-lifting/less lifting in normal configuration in cruse condition.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "To do so its important to keep the fuselage nearly horizontal Secondly to produce max L/D or nearly max", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "L/D wing has to operate in some positive AoA. This can be achieved by introducing this incidence angle.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/15731/ABCD", "score": 10 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Let us denote $\\delta_{wing}$ the incidence of the wing.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "For moderate values of the angle of attack of the airplane $AoA$ the lift coefficient of the wing has a linear behavior :$$Cl_{wing}=\\frac{dCl_{wing}}{dAoA}(AoA+\\delta_{wing}-AoA_0)$$Where $AoA_{0}$ is the value of $AoA+\\delta_{wing}$ for which the lift coefficient is zero.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "$AoA_0$ is a constant.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Basically the incidence of the wing increases the effective angle of attack of the overall wing.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/17217/H.C. Lefevre", "score": 2 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "You understand that lift is generated by the action of the wing pushing air molecules down as it moves forward, requiring an angle of attack to the air passing under the wing?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So if you don't tilt the wing with respect to the body of the aircraft, then to get the angle of attack required to generate lift, you would need to tilt the body as well, greatly increasing the (non-lift generating) surface area and so greatly increasing the drag.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/2233/Paul Smith", "score": 1 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Angle of incidence is required to generate lift if the roll axis is parallel to the airflow.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "Otherwise the fuselage would also be required to present AoA in order to generate lift.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The wing's AoA =", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "AoA of roll axis + angle of incidence and AoA is the primary creator of lift, not the shape of the wing, contrary to popular belief.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Otherwise how could planes fly inverted?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/21266/user21266", "score": 0 } } ]

{ "question": "I know that the angle of incidence is the angle between the chord line of the wing and the longitudinal axis of the fuselage. I know that it doesn't change in flight because it is fixed. And usually, there is a positive angle of incidence on airplanes, which means that the wing kinda looks like this: credits: Naval Aviation Schools Command aerostudentguide(dot)pdf My question is, why is there a need to incline the wing like that? Why is there a need for Angle of Incidence?", "title": "What is the reason of having an Angle of Incidence on an airplane?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<aerodynamics>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/32573", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/17649/Trekslofar" }

[ [ "There is no need to set a particular angle of incidence, However, the angle of incidence mimimises drag. It also generates lift. If the wings were not at angle, the body would have to be tilted which would increase drag. The angle of incidence must be defined to allow the plane to operate as designed.", "Strictly speaking, a certain angle of incidence is not needed. However, the angle of incidence helps with visibility. In addition, setting the aircraft wings at an angle of incidence helps with the lift, minimizing the drag and acquiring the correct angle of attack, and it also determines the angle of the fuselage. In general terms, the definition of the angle of incidence makes the aircraft operate as intended." ] ]

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[ 4 ]

[ [ "Strictly speaking, a certain angle of incidence is not needed.", "The angle of incidence helps with visibility.", "Setting the aircraft wings at an angle of incidence helps with the lift, minimizing the drag and acquiring the correct angle of attack.", "It determines the angle of the fuselage.", "The definition of the angle of incidence makes the aircraft operate as intended." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "FORTRAN is not used much that I'm aware of in aviation , but it is significantly used in aeronautical engineering .", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "I work with people that use Mark Drela's 'xfoil', 'xrotor' and 'aswing' programs on a daily basis for the design and analysis of airfoils, propellers and aerostructures.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "And I've used the 'CHARM' model of rotorcraft dynamics.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "All of these are written in FORTRAN and you often need to know the language to debug them or integrate them into other programs e.g. for global design optimization.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3417/pericynthion", "score": 25 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Fokker Services and DynamicSource AB have jointly developed an iOS Application to run FORTRAN Take Off and Landing SCAP (Standard Computerised Airplane Performance)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "modules on the Apple iPad®.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The app allows an operator to make the performance calculations shortly before take-off and therefore allows the opportunity to incorporate last minute changes with respect to aircraft loading and runway conditions.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "OEM take-off and landing performance calculation modules are complying with the IATA SCAP interface specification.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "They are written in Fortran.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Normally Fortran programs do not run on iPad® , but the software engineers from DynamicSource AB managed to make this possible.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The OEM-supplied SCAP module is combined with a calling program and an airport/obstacle database.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Via a user-friendly Graphical User Interface (GUI) relevant data like aircraft-weight, wind, and runway condition are fed into the app.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Within seconds the take-off and landing data like V1, V2 and flap setting are presented on the screen of the iPad", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "®.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Fortran at 59 Notes for \"Fortran at 59", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1289/RedGrittyBrick", "score": 10 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "FORTRAN is still in active use for AT LEAST the following reasons, not all of which I have seen spelled out here:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "FORTRAN has a huge legacy base of code that just works and has stood the test of time.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Sure, you can pipe the source through a FORTRAN-to-C converter (which is how some modern FORTRAN compilers actually work behind the scenes), but then you largely ruin any self-documenting nature of the code -- which for many programs and algorithms is the only documentation that exists or is complete and reliable.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The syntax and control flow of FORTRAN is relatively simple compared to many modern languages and thus can be used as the \"lingua franca\" for distributing calculation algorithms that demonstrably work.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "As a corollary to the immediately preceding point, the fact that FORTRAN is a relatively \"dead\" language that will not be revised can be seen as a good thing.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If you publish a scientific finding, and include the FORTRAN source of the algorithms used to extract the critical data and perform the analyses that support the finding, there is no question that in 50 or even 100 years, scientists and researchers will still be able to run your code somewhere.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Can the same claim really be made for something like MATLAB?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I think not.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You'd be crazy, of course, to try and write a GUI framework or really anything beyond pure number-crunching code in FORTRAN.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "But what it does, it still does very well.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/17873/Tom H", "score": 7 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Yes, Fortran is still being used.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "However, don't get too worried if you find your class less than exciting: Most Aerospace engineers don't do much (if any) computer programming.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "However, if you intend to go on to graduate school, pay attention in you Fortran class!I think your first priority (regardless of your grad school plans) should be Matlab.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Everyone uses it today, especially if you publish.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The power of Matlab (and Mathematica) is in their ability to do algebraic equation simplification and producing pretty (publish ready) output.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Mathematica used to be the king of the hill in this area, but Matlab has pretty much pushed them out (although Mathematica is seeing resurgence due to the free Raspberry pi version).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "These are both great tools, but if you need to crunch big data, the tools of choice in Aerospace are Fortran or c/c++.Fortran is preferable when dealing with complex numbers and has many built-in vector, matrix, and mathematical functions.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "However, it falls short when trying to deal with pointers or interfacing with low level operating system functions (where c shines).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "But, only a small percentage of Aerospace engineers write code in these languages.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Most of the Fortran at Boeing runs on their massively parallel machines performing electromagnetics and fluid dynamics calculations in research areas.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The c languages are primarily used in embedded systems (avionics).My recommendation: You should be proficient in Matlab but know you way around (be able to read and understand) both Fortran and c...", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/17874/John K", "score": 3 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "My current employer in the flight simulation industry still uses it on new work.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "We are trying to move away from it, but its simply not possible (or sensible) to do 100% when we have a lot of fully-debugged reusable code written in it, and we still occasionally get flight models from vendors that employ it.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "(That right there is your big huge clue that yes, the Aviation industry is still using it)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I believe most other major players in the flight simulation business are in the same boat.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Even when we do move away from it, its mostly to other non-VM procedural compiled languages like C++, which I suspect a lot of college students also consider \"old languages\" these days.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Even if we could get rid of Fortran in all our new jobs, we have a lot of delivered systems that use it, and those periodically need bug fixes or upgrades (obsolescent hardware replacement efforts, etc.).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So we would still have to support Fortran for another couple of decades.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/12523/T.E.D.", "score": 3 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "I've been told directly by a director of UAV development for the U.S. that Fortran is still used in their UAVs.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/17899/user724067", "score": 0 } } ]

{ "question": "I am an aeronautical engineering student at Istanbul Technical University and our course plan includes Fortran as a programming language. I have some doubts about that because Fortran is an old language. Is Fortran still being used in aviation?", "title": "Is the Fortran language still being used in aviation?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<aircraft-systems>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/32888", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/17864/Oğuz Özdoğan" }

[ [ "FORTRAN is not used much in aviation but it is used in the aeronautical industry. ", "Yes, FORTRAN is still being used, mainly in aeronautical engineering, in the flight simulation industry and in UAVs." ] ]

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[ 4 ]

[ [ "Yes, FORTRAN is still being used, mainly in aeronautical engineering, in the flight simulation industry and in UAVs." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "Usually not.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "It depends on various factors, most importantly the available fuel.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "If the pilot decides that enough fuel is available even after accounting for the extra drag due to extended landing gear, he can decide to continue, though this will rarely be the case as the drag penalty is too high and the aircraft speed is limited.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "A case in point is the Hapag-Lloyd Flight 3378 , which crash landed due to fuel starvation caused by the extended landing gear (which was kept that way as a precaution).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The pilot was criticized for his decision to keep on flying instead of diverting to another airfield, and given a suspended prison sentence .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/9731/aeroalias", "score": 12 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Unless it's a (very) short hop with sufficient fuel onboard and anticipated maintenance services at the destination airport, no.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0, 1 ] ] }, { "text": "As mentioned above extended gear restricts speed and increases parasite drag on the airframe.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The most likely scenario would be to report this to ATC, thence divert to a hold to either dump or burn off your excess gas until you're below the maximum landing weight, thence return to the departure airport or divert to an alternate.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ -1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/15637/Carlo Felicione", "score": 6 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "A flight can continue, there's no regulations to prevent it", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": ", it's the judgement of the pilot in command.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In most cases the drag penalty will mean the flight will run out of fuel short of its destination, but a flight could theoretically continue.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "If the airplane has a short hop, plenty of fuel and the emergency facilities at the destination are better than the originating airport then continuing to the destination may be the best choice.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1, 2 ] ] }, { "text": "That would be very rare though, usually a flight would divert to a much closer airport or return to the field it took off from depending on the emergency facilities available.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1791/GdD", "score": 5 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Another factor would be the facilities available at the origin/dest/enroute airports.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "For landing gear issues a gear-swing may be required and that would require aircraft jacks/stands.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Example, I worked in an airline which operated a short sector from KUL-CGK vv.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "On departure KUL the landing gear would not retract.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The pilots discussed this with MCC (maintenance control) and decision was made to divert to SIN where there was full capability for any landing-gear work.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Basically, an aircraft with its gear down is still safe, it will not fly as fast nor as far as planned but it is not a 'land immediately' situation.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/26171/Anilv", "score": 5 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Gear down invokes two penalties: increased drag and reduced speed.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "On modern airliners, gear down can add up to 50% more drag, so that's not an inconsequential number.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Also, the landing gear doors being open, or even partially open in the case of airliners that have some streamlining of gear in the down position, limits the maximum speed to a very low number, beyond which the doors will be torn off by the slipstream, possibly doing some nasty damage to the aircraft in the process.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "That also limits the pilot's options in an emergency situation, like needing to descend quickly, or accelerate to avoid a dangerous condition, like stalling.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Finally, one has to ask... if the gear fails to retract, what else is wrong?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Maybe nothing, maybe something.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Could be a bad switch, could be a hydraulic leak that might also affect the flight controls, could be a piece of metal digging into the wiring harness that might later affect critical systems or start a fire.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "For sure, the aircraft has a problem that's out of the ordinary.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In the end, it's up to the pilot to make the call, but a failure of the gear to retract on a commercial airliner usually means getting the plane landed as soon as practical...", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "i.e. dumping enough fuel to get down to a safe landing weight and getting clearance.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It's a lot easier to change planes or find and fix the problem, than to lose the aircraft and its passengers.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/22436/tj1000", "score": 3 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "This happened to me while working as a flight attendant some years ago.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "On a late night flight from Columbus to Cincinnati the pilots left the gear down because they saw a cockpit indication after take off that left them concerned that if they retracted the gear, they might not be able to get them back down and locked safely.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The flight was low and slow, but otherwise unremarkable.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "We had a maintenance facility in Cincinnati", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "so they wanted the plane on the ground there as opposed to returning to Columbus where there was no maintenance support.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If an airplane can land and take off with the gear extended, it's certainly air worthy for a short flight with gear extended.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "Low and slow would be a given, but otherwise there shouldn't be any problem.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/9161/PJNoes", "score": 3 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "If the gears failed to retract after take off, an aircraft could carry on with its flight, but with limitations to its airspeed, cruising altitude and ATC (Air Traffic Control) would need to be informed of decreased cruising speeds and altitudes.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] }, { "text": "The flight time may also be affected as increased drag from the landing gear will mean the amount of fuel may not be enough to reach the flight destination.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "But due the fact that most airline routes are quite far, most wouldn't be able to be completed if the gears refused to retract.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/16812/anonymous", "score": 1 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "It depends on circumstances if pilot have sufficient fuel, to counter increased parasite drag due to landing gear, for endurance and flight is important (due to any prospect like reputation of airlines or emergency flights etc.)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "than they continues their flight.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In such cases pilot must have to inform ATC for their low cruise speed and altitude.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ -1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "But generally airlines do not prefer to fly with extended landing gears and used to divert to nearby airstrip.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "because this also restrict the airspeed and it causes delay in schedule, but there is no regulation on this.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/17914/santosh", "score": 1 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Although not a general FAA regulations, some aircraft type certifications restrict their max airspeed with gear down.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] }, { "text": "That will also restrict their service ceiling, probably so much that the original flight plan can't be flown.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/29781/Bob Jacobsen", "score": 1 } } ]

{ "question": "So after take-off, due to any reason, the landing gear does not re-tract, is there any standard procedure to be followed? Or can the airline continue with its flight? Also, I would like to know any FAA regulation on the same (if any), which deals as to the procedure to be followed in such situations.", "title": "Can a commercial airline continue its flight if its landing gear fails to retract after take-off?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<faa-regulations><takeoff><landing-gear>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/32947", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1678/Firee" }

[ [ "Planes do not usually continue their flight if the landing gear fails to retract. There are several reasons for this. Firstly, the landing gear increases drag and hence fuel consumption. Second, there may not be maintenance services at the destination. Theoretically, it is possible to continue but in practice it rarely happens, unless the flight is just a short hop.", "It depends on many things, mainly the available fuel after taking into consideration the additional drag and the facilities at the airport they are headed to. If the aircraft can land and take off under these circumstances, it should be able to complete the flight, albeit flying lower and more slowly. As far as regulations are concerned, there are certain limitations in cruising speed and altitude and ATC should be informed. However, airlines usually do not prefer to fly under these circumstances and will land as soon as possible. " ] ]

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[ 4 ]

[ [ "Usually not, airlines do not prefer to fly under these circumstances and will land as soon as possible. ", "It depends on many things, mainly the available fuel after taking into consideration the additional drag and the facilities at the airport they are headed to.", "If the aircraft can land and take off under these circumstances, it should be able to complete the flight, albeit flying lower and more slowly.", "As far as regulations are concerned, there are certain limitations in cruising speed and altitude and ATC should be informed." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "(Source: wikimedia.org )", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Guiding is called progressive taxi and can be requested.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "A follow-me car can also be used to guide the plane.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "In some airports the follow-me car is mandatory , along with its fees.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In most cases the pilots use charts.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] }, { "text": "Either paper or electronic.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Some electronic charts offer a moving map feature, whereby the crew can see their position on the map.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Lastly, there's the new follow-the-greens ( video link ), in which the ATC programs the taxi route and the crew are then guided by smart green lights.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Follow-the-greens cockpit video / ATC audio in Singapore Changi can be seen here .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In all cases, except for follow-the-greens, the route is given.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It's worth mentioning that the taxiways are marked by signs as well.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "Coming soon by 2020 is the taxi route display for pilots , in which the cockpit displays draw the taxi route via ATC datalink.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "See possible interface here (Boeing).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/14897/ymb1", "score": 45 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Almost always pilots use a chart, ie a map which shows the airport from the air.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] }, { "text": "Runways are numbered according to their magnetic bearing (runway 22 is roughly aligned to 220 degrees magnetic for example) while taxiways are lettered.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "As an example see the chart for La Guardia.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A pilot would be given a taxi clearance which gives an end destination and a set of taxiways to take in the order they should be taken.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] }, { "text": "For example, a pilot parked near the fire station might be given a taxi clearance like \"US123 taxi to runway 31 via Foxtrot, Alpha, Lima, Bravo and Zulu.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "\" The pilot would look at the map and see the paths to take. While taxiing there are signs on the ground which assist the pilot in navigating the taxiways.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Some give directions, some indicate places where ATC have to clear a crossing.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Occasionally a pilot will need additional guidance in which case they can ask for a progressive taxi, where ATC will guide them through the airport, but this is rare as it is very labor intensive for ATC.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "There are also vehicles with \"Follow Me\" signs and lights which can be sent as well (these vehicles need clearances too).", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "It is good practice for pilots to study the ground plan for any airport they plan to visit", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "so they know what to expect when they get there, and have the plans available in the cockpit.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1791/GdD", "score": 28 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "'follow-me' cars, and progressive taxi can be used, but at a towered airport, ground control will give you that with your taxi clearance.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0, 1 ] ] }, { "text": "\"United 2133, Laguardia Ground, taxi from the commercial ramp to runway four using taxiway alpha, echo, and bravo.\"", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Using a taxiway diagram from the A/FD, you would locate your position on the plate, the taxiways in question and from there determine the route you will take.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] }, { "text": "In this case you'll turn left from the ramp heading northwest on taxiway A, then take a right on taxiway", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "E, then take a left on taxiway", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "B.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If you are unfamiliar with the airport, you can then request a progressive taxi.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "\"", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "\"LaGuardia Ground, Beech 2375 X-Ray, Unfamiliar with the airport layout.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Request progressive taxi.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "\"", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "NOTE:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This will annoy controllers at busy airports if you habitually do this as it is expected that you have this information ready at hand before you call ground requesting a taxi clearance.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The 'follow me' vehicles are usually used for quickly routing VIP or special use aircraft to a section of the ramp e.g. Trump's 757 to a section of the ramp cordoned off for a campaign rally, etc.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/15637/Carlo Felicione", "score": 6 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Very often, the instruction is in the form \"Taxi to holding point RWY 24 via H, L, cross RWY 13,", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "K, B.\" The letters are the names of the taxiways.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The pilot then looks into the airport chart and follows exactly as instructed.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You must hold short before crossing runways, unless they are used as taxiways.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It is easier when the instruction is followed by \"Follow the follow-me car.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "\", then you just follow the car.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3189/Vladimir F", "score": 5 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "They have the charts in the cockpit, either in electronic or in printed format.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] }, { "text": "As an example, see page 83 of this pdf , showing the charts for Amsterdam's airport (AMS/EHAM).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "ATC will not only tell them to which runway to go, but also which taxiway(s) to use to go there.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1467/Federico", "score": 4 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "In pilot training, it is taught to have a diagram of the airport and to study it before flight.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] }, { "text": "The tower is usually willing and able to help (as described in other answers: progressive taxi) but depending what airport you're at, you may have to act like the pilot in command and know what ATC is talking about.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "You'd need to know where to taxi and you'd need to do it fast.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Having the diagram of the airport is necessary but you also need to know it.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3, 4 ] ] }, { "text": "Sometimes taxi instructions change midway through taxiing.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You get the point.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The bottom line: pilot in command has to know where and when to taxi.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 4 ] ] }, { "text": "The rest of it is nice-to-haves.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/16677/user6035379", "score": 3 } } ]

{ "question": "When the aircraft is readying to taxi, the ATC asks them to proceed to some runway number, say runway 09. In big airports, how do the pilots identify the correct path to their runway? Does the ATC guide them? Or do they get a map of an airport chart?", "title": "How do pilots identify the taxi path to the runway?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<air-traffic-control><runways><taxiing>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/33042", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/17524/New one" }

[ [ "Pilots have charts in the cockpit showing the airport with taxiways marked. They are also marked on the ground. Some help is also available from the tower, this is called progressive taxi. Professional pilots know to study maps of an airport before a flight to get to know the lay out. Pilots will be given information about the destination before the flight so they can plan their route and taxiways to use.", "Usually, the pilots use charts, either digital or in print, and follow the taxi clearance given based on these resources. However, apart from having the relevant chart, the most important thing is for the pilot to be able to tell where and when to taxi. \"Follow-me\" cars are often used to guide the aircraft and guiding from the tower (progressive taxi) can be requested, but may not be available. There is also signage marking the taxiways." ] ]

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[ 4 ]

[ [ "Guiding from the tower can be requested, but may not be available.", "\"Follow-me\" cars are often used to guide the aircraft.", "There is signage marking the taxiways.", "Usually, the pilots use charts, either digital or in print, and follow the taxi clearance given based on these resources.", "Apart from having the relevant chart, the most important thing is for the pilot to be able to tell where and when to taxi." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "Can a wide body airliner land with a full fuel tank?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Yes!", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "But it is safer to land an aircraft below its published MLW.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Wikipedia has the relevant specifications for the B777 and the A330 Using the B777-200 as an example.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Maximum take off weight: 545,000 lb / 247,200 kg Maximum landing weight: 445,000 lb / 201,840 kg", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So this particular aircraft may have to drop roughly 46,000 Kg of weight if taking off at its maximum before it can land safely.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "That's not to say it's impossible to land without doing so, but it's certainly not advisable.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "When an emergency presents itself, what is \"advisable\" is getting on the ground as quickly as possible , and if that means landing overweight then so be it.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "There have been plenty of times when an overweight landing has caused no damage - and even if the aircraft is damaged by an overweight emergency landing, that's still often a better outcome for the people on board than would be the case if the aircraft waited to get below its MLW before landing.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "However, with that said, just because you are taking off with a full load of fuel it does not imply that you must be at MTOW.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You could be taking off with a full load of fuel but no cargo/passengers, in which case it is entirely possible that you may be below MLW.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "And in which case the answer would be yes", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": ", it's entirely possible to land with full fuel tanks.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/100/Jamiec", "score": 31 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "They can land safely with full tanks but they will need the gear checked before they can take off again.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "It's not unheard of, if you search for \"overweight\" on avherald", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "you can see a list of them", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "They will be marked as A38* or B77", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "* .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "For example this flight landed with a weight of 523t while the max landing weight of that aircraft is 394t.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If possible they will prefer to dump fuel or stay in the air to burn it off.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/609/ratchet freak", "score": 30 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "If there's a serious time-sensitive emergency, landing overweight is likely to be a far better plan than waiting around while burning off or jettisoning fuel.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "As others have noted, an inspection, which involves time and money, is required after an overweight landing, as it stresses components, but aircraft are designed with structural tolerances to allow such a landing when necessary.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You might be interested in reading this Boeing AERO article (from 2007) on factors to consider when deciding whether to land overweight or to delay landing until below maximum landing weight: Landing overweight and fuel jettisoning are both considered safe procedures: There are no accidents on record attributed to either cause.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In the preamble to Amendment 25-18 to FAR Part 25, relative to fuel jettison, the FAA stated, “There has been no adverse service experience with airplanes certificated under Part 25 involved in overweight landings.”", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Furthermore, service experience indicates that damage due to overweight landing is extremely rare.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Obviously, landing at weights above the maximum design landing weight reduces the normal performance margins.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "An overweight landing with an engine inoperative or a system failure may be less desirable than landing below maximum landing weight.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Yet, delaying the landing with a malfunctioning system or engine failure in order to reduce weight or jettison fuel may expose the airplane to additional system deterioration that can make the situation worse.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The pilot in command is in the best position to assess all relevant factors and determine the best course of action.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Ultimately, it's a judgement call where the crew needs to assess the severity of the emergency, the likelihood of the situation to get worse, available runway length, and all other available information to decide whether an overweight landing is the best course of action.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/5568/Zach Lipton", "score": 15 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Not a general answer, but in the book Flight Testing of the A380 by Claude Lelaie 1 , the main test pilot of that aircraft, he clearly states that during the test period, they landed the aircraft several times well over the MLW without any problems.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "But, of course, these were test pilots...", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The MLW is designed as a general limit that ensures that safe landing will be possible whatever the weather, runway length... and pilot performance!", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I assume this must be the same for all contemporary airliners.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "1 amazon.fr link (French), amazon.com link (English).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/8641/kebs", "score": 10 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Yes, you can safely land with full fuel.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "There are many Boeing 767 and Airbus A300, A310, and A330 that no not have fuel dumping capability.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "They just land overweight in case of an emergency and then do an overweight landing inspection.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/12589/Mike Sowsun", "score": 3 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "I recall watching a documentary on the development of one of the newer larger jets - either B777 or A380 in which extreme braking tests were performed as part of the certification process.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The test was to evaluate gear/brake performance for either a rejected takeoff at MTOW or overweight landing, using brakes only (no thrust reversers).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Heat accumulated in the brakes transferred to the tires (not unexpectedly), either initiating fires or at least overheating them to the point that several burst.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Part of the test protocol was that firefighting had to stand by for several minutes before engaging the fires in order to represent a typical response time.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It demonstrated that although the aircraft could stop safely and the brakes had the capacity to do so, the amount of heat produced was almost certain to cause damage and posed a significant fire risk.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3218/Anthony X", "score": 1 } } ]

{ "question": "Can a commercial double-aisle jet aircraft (e.g., 777, A330) land safely with a full fuel tank (minus the fuel spent on taxing and takeoff)? Has that ever happened?", "title": "Can a wide body airliner land safely with a full fuel tank?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<commercial-aviation><fuel-tanks><fuel-dumping>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/33252", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/18125/Raw N" }

[ [ "Aircrafts can land with full fuel. Landing overweight is generally better than waiting around for the fuel level to drop or jettisoning fuel. However, it is obviously safer to land a plane below its published MLW.", "It is safer to land an airplane below its MLW but if the circumstances call for it, it can land safely but will need to be gear checked after. It is often preferable to make an overweight landing than waiting for the fuel levels to drop." ] ]

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[ 4 ]

[ [ "Yes, if the circumstances call for it, it can land safely but will need to be gear checked after. It is often preferable to make an overweight landing than waiting for the fuel levels to drop.", "It is safer to land an airplane below its MLW." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "Yes, there are.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "The Boeing B-17 FLying Fortress is one example of an aircraft designed with a retractable tailwheel.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Source: USAAF via Wikimedia , Public Domain (USGOV-PD)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Another example would be the Vought F4U Corsair : Source:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Wikimedia , cc-by-sa-2.0 Doubtless", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "there are also other examples of aircraft similarly equipped with retractable tailwheels.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/12720/J Walters", "score": 14 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Concorde!", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Actually a \"bumper\"", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": ".Obviously it was there to protect against over-rotation on takeoff, but the relevant item on the checklist was four greens, not three.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/18164/Plucky Underdog", "score": 11 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "As others have mentioned, yes.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Later in World War 2, speed and range became more important than weight and mechanical complexity; an extended tail wheel may be mechanically simpler to build, but adds quite a large amount of drag, affecting range and speed.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "There are too many examples to list with links/", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "photos of them all, but a short list of examples include: Mitsubishi Zero.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "P-51 Mustang.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "P-40 Thunderbolt.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Later marks of the Supermarine Spitfire (around the MkVIII", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "from memory; I spent 6 years working on a MkV restoration).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Some models of Messerschmitt BF.109.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The F models were 'cleaned up' aerodynamically with retracting tail wheels, while the subsequent G models had a fixed wheel due to a bigger tyre for better ground handling, which didn't retract as on the F models.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Later G and K models again used a retracting wheel to lessen the drag.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Notable for being an oddball in that it's a jet tail dragger and also equipped for aircraft carrier landings would be the Supermarine Attacker .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "There's an in-flight photo with the wheels up here .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/24443/nathan", "score": 8 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "In addition to the military fighters listed above numerous civilian airplanes with conventional landing gear had retractable tailwheel, including the Beech Staggerwing, the Boeing 307, the Curtis C-46 and many others.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/15637/Carlo Felicione", "score": 3 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "the friedrich models, earlier gustav models of the 109 and kurfurst had retractable gear", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/38921/Crazy", "score": 1 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The Bf-109E-4's did not have retractable tailwheel, but the Friedrich which came after the E did have retractable tailwheel.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "The G had a larger tailwheel to improve the on ground handling that was difficult because of the narrow track undercarriage.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This made the tailwheel unretractable.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The P-51s, many variants of spitfires, Fw-190, many P-47s, the P-36s, (which were not in service with the US but were with the French), most Yakolev fighters as mentioned above, the F4U, the Zero, the Ki-84 and many others.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "The Stuka had no retractable landing gear but part of the reason was that the huge landing gear was used to reduce the airspeed in a dive.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In conclusion, most fighters and many aircraft of WWII had retractable tailwheels.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/47514/J Lopez", "score": 1 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "A few more examples are the Soviet Tu-2 front line bomber (fully retractable) and the Il-10 attacker (partially retractable, i.e.: it folded into the fuselage but did not have a fairing).", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Tu-2, note the tailwheel bay doors: Il-10, note the folded tailwheel:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/23223/AEhere supports Monica", "score": 1 } } ]

{ "question": "This comes from a slightly related question about drag from landing gear . A tail-dragger is the old-school layout of aircraft, particularly WW2-era fighters. It's also known as Conventional Landing Gear . The first two landing gear is usually retractable, but the tail wheel is not. At least, I have never seen such a configuration with a retractable tail wheel. Has there ever been one? Note: question excludes now more common tri-cycles.", "title": "Has there ever been a tail-dragger with retractable tail-gear?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<aircraft-design><landing-gear><drag><tail-dragger>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/33282", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3674/DrZ214" }

[ [ "There are a number of examples of a tail dragger with a retractable tail gear. One of these was Concorde. Many WWII planes had this feature as do many other fighter planes. Moreover many civilian planes had this feature in the past.", "Yes, there exist many models with retractable tail-gear: the Boeing B-17 FLying Fortress, the Concorde, the Beech Staggerwing, the Boeing 307, the Curtis C-46, the friedrich models, earlier gustav models of the 109 and kurfurst, the P-51s, many variants of spitfires, Fw-190, many P-47s, the P-36s, most Yakolev fighters, the F4U, the Zero, the Ki-84, the Soviet Tu-2 front line bomber, the Il-10 attacker (partially retractable) and many more." ] ]

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[ 4 ]

[ [ "Yes, there exist many models with retractable tail-gear: the Boeing B-17 FLying Fortress, the Concorde, the Beech Staggerwing, the Boeing 307, the Curtis C-46, the friedrich models, earlier gustav models of the 109 and kurfurst, the P-51s, many variants of spitfires, Fw-190, many P-47s, the P-36s, most Yakolev fighters, the F4U, the Zero, the Ki-84, the Soviet Tu-2 front line bomber, the Il-10 attacker (partially retractable) and many more." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "consider if you Google a flight number you can see the flight status, imagine if the number was from a past crash, you might for a moment think the one you're looking up had crashed", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/18519/CloudMeta", "score": 56 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Retiring flight numbers after crash is mainly done to prevent the flight evoking negative emotions among future passengers.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "You don't want the flight number to conjure up images of crash while booking tickets, especially in when you type the flight number and google shows up the wreckage just below the flight data.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Also, it would be quite insensitive, with friends and relatives being reminded of their loved ones every time they hear about the flight.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "However, it is not necessary that the airlines have to retire the flight numbers because of a crash.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A number of them are being used, a few examples being: Air Canada Flight 797 Delta Airlines Flight 723 Air Asiana Flight 214", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/9731/aeroalias", "score": 42 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "You answered your own question, they retire numbers because of the emotional context.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Some people think that using such a number again shows a lack of sensitivity to the dead and their families, others might think that getting on a flight with the same number would be bad luck.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "It's irrational, but many people would feel uncomfortable getting on a flight with the same number.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1791/GdD", "score": 20 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "It's also done for calming passenger superstitions about such things as well.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Kind of the same reason that many skyscrapers do not have or list a 13th floor or nobody would board a flight listed as \"United 666\" or that left handed people are possessed by demons, etc.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You would like to believe modern people would not be influenced by such nonsense, yet how many people did you see reading horoscopes on the train on your way to work this morning?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/15637/Carlo Felicione", "score": 5 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "I am a retired airline employee, the reason for retiring a flight number is for the respect of any fatalities.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "No other secret reason.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "(At least the “original” Airlines)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "it was ALL ABOUT RESPECT AND NOTHING ELSE.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/40682/Katie", "score": 1 } } ]

{ "question": "Perhaps it seems obvious, but I couldn't find a plausible reason why they do so other than that it evokes negative emotions among passengers and crew. Could there be other reasons to do so? For example, flight number MH370 was retired as a \"mark of respect\" for the passengers and crew. And out of interest, is there any case where an airline company reused a retired number for any reason or in certain circumstances?", "title": "Why do airlines retire the flight number after a crash?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<airline-operations><accidents><airlines>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/33766", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/18218/clueless007" }

[ [ "Flight numbers are usually retired after a crash out of respect for the dead and also because passengers in the future may be reluctant to take a flight with tha same number as a crashed plane. There are a few examples of where flight number are still being used after a crash, for example Air Canada Flight 797 Delta Airlines Flight 723 Air Asiana Flight 214 .", "The main reason flight numbers are retired is out of respect for the victims and their relatives, in order to calm the superstitions of the passengers and to avoid the negative context that inevitably comes with a crashed flight. Also, they are often retired to avoid confusion when looking up the flight number. However, there are some flight numbers of crushed flights still in use." ] ]

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[ 4 ]

[ [ "They are often retired to avoid confusion when looking up the flight number.", "The main reason flight numbers are retired is out of respect for the victims and their relatives, in order to calm the superstitions of the passengers and to avoid the negative context that inevitably comes with a crashed flight.", "There are some flight numbers of crushed flights still in use." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "There are actually two separate coding systems in play here.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "IATA (International Air Transport Association) codes are 3 letters and are used for commercial bookings etc.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "They are assigned only to commercial airports throughout the world.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "ORD is the IATA code for Chicago O'Hare.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Pilots and ATC use the four letter ICAO (International Civil Aviation Authority) codes, which are assigned to every public-accessible airfield in the world.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "These are systematically allocated with the first one or two letters indicating the country.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "K is used as the first letter of airfields in the continental US (with separate codes for Alaska, Hawaii & territories in the Pacific/Caribbean matching regional standards).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Commercial airports in the continental US tend to have the two codes in matching pairs such as ORD/KORD, LAX/KLAX etc", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "but this is not the case in other countries.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Manchester, UK has IATA code MAN but ICAO code EGCC.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Meanwhile smaller airfields in the US may only have an ICAO code, where the corresponding IATA code (minus the K) could belong to an international airport elsewhere in the world (for instance KPRG is Edgar County Airport, Illinois and PRG is Prague Václav Havel Airport, Czech Rep.).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Finally, the very smallest airfields in the US (typically private/restricted access fields, in any case not large enough to warrant an ICAO code) are given a 3- or 4-character code by the FAA which extends the ICAO system by allowing digits as well as letters.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Small public fields have a 3 character code (eg 9S2 or C97) while private fields have 4 characters which typically include the state abbreviation eg TX05.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "For more details of the exact determination of which code type a US airfield is assigned by the FAA, see reirab's excellent self-answered question: How does the FAA determine which format of location identifier to assign to an airport?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/4162/IanF1", "score": 29 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The other answers have lots of excellent context & background info, but to give the direct answer to the direct question, *no, you don't use the \"K\" * with ATC under normal circumstances.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "The (rare) exception will be when it is necessary for some reason, but that is almost never.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In voice communication, \"direct Midland VOR\" or \"direct Midland airport\" are used, rather than \"direct MAF\" or \"direct KMAF\".", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Obviously, printed NOTAMS and flight planning work differently.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If you were to be cleared \"direct MAF\" (which is both the 3-letter FAA ID for Midland, and also the non-colocated VOR), it would be appropriate to query \"is that the airport or the VOR?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "\" if you aren't sure.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "(If you are navigating VOR to VOR to MAF & beyond, you could safely assume the VOR; if your destination is Midland, asking the controller would be appropriate.)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "But when asking you to \"say destination,\" it's understood you're landing at the airport rather than the navaid out in the field!", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/7532/Ralph J", "score": 8 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The \"K prefixed\" and the \"non-K prefixed\" codes are actually different designation systems.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The former is used by ICAO and the latter by IATA , and each have specific use cases by different authorities.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Not all airports in the world have their ICAO and IATA codes differentiated by leading K (an airport might not even have both).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This is usually holds true only to the larger airports and only in the US.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In case of airports in the rest of the world this is not true: some airports' ICAO and IATA codes are totally different from each other, while others' do bear some varying degree of similarity.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You can get an idea by looking at these lists: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_by_IATA_and_ICAO_code http://www.flugzeuginfo.net/table_airportcodes_country-location_en.php", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3363/DeepSpace", "score": 6 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Usually, yes, and in particular when using the airport for position reporting.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Sometimes there will be a VOR or VORTAC which uses the same three letter identifier nearby but collocated on the airport so it can cause confusion for a controller.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/15637/Carlo Felicione", "score": 3 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "When programming your GPS or FMS you need to distinguish between airports and VORs e.g. KLAX is an airport and LAX is a VOR on the airport.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "But controllers rarely say the letters and instead use the names for airports and VORs.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It is usually clear from the context and the destination that the pilot has filed.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A typical clearance from my airport might be Crepe Three departure, Morro Bay transition, San Marcus then as filed.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The pilot knows to follow the CREPE3 departure which terminates at MQO and then direct to FLW and from there whatever was filed.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "When asking for VFR flight following, pilots usually just give the name of the destination airport unless there are multiple airports in the same city.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "For example, Bakersfield has two airports so to make sure the controller knows where you want to go you would give the identifier, either BFL or L45.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Also, if you are going to a small airport outside of the local area the controller may not have heard of it and will ask for the identifier.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I don’t recall hearing anyone say the identifier with a K when talking on the radio.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "But that’s not necessarily something I’d", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "notice.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You might want to listen to some of the clearance delivery channels on LiveATC to get a feel for how pilots and ATC communicate routes.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1110/JScarry", "score": 3 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "In my experience, you usually use the NAME of the airport (or navaid).", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "Center controllers are well familiar with their AOR (and usually adjacent ones just by experience).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Now for longer VFR flights where you may be crossing multiple centers, they may not recognize the named airport, so giving them the identifier can be helpful.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This is not an issue for IFR where they already have your full plan.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Finally, a 'little secret' is that the name an airport is called locally is often different than the name in your AFD.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "For example, Lewis A Jackson Regional Airport (I19) in Xenia Ohio is \"Greene County\" (not \"Jackson Regional\").", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Calling the FBO on the phone before flight will uncover that, or listening on the radio as you approach.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If unsure, go ahead and append the identifier to the name you guess it should be called.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] }, { "text": "Yeah, you're chewing bandwidth, but that's more efficient than the back and forth and better than a mistaken ID.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/18893/AJ88V", "score": 1 } } ]

{ "question": "I'm a new student, and I see the US airport codes on charts with the K prefix, e.g. KORD for Chicago O'Hare. I have always seen on commercial flight booking sites, only the last three, letters such as \"ORD\" are displayed. Are pilots meant to pronounce the full code or just the letters after the prefix, assuming the K prefix, when talking with ATC?", "title": "Do you say prefix K for airport codes in the US when talking with ATC?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<air-traffic-control><airport><general-aviation>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/34194", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/18867/Sharkie" }

[ [ "Apparently there is some debate about whether K is used whentalking to ATC in the US. It is, nevertheless, considered acceptable to use it.", "When talking on the radio, the \"K\" is not used under normal circumstances. However, some would argue that you should usually use it when reporting position. Another opinion is that most often, the name of the airport is used. In any case, if in doubt, append the identifier to the name of the airport." ] ]

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[ 4 ]

[ [ "When talking on the radio, the \"K\" is not used under normal circumstances.", "You usually use it when reporting position.", "Most often the name of the airport is used.", "If in doubt, append the identifier to the name of the airport." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "It depends how you define the airport.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "I don't think your Google Maps method is sound, however; it depicts built-up areas, not the airport boundary.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You couldn't draw the same map around LAX , say.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The standard for measuring the area of an airport appears to be the total land owned by the airport.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "And jet age airports, with their expansive noise buffers and office park reservations, tend to take as much as they can get.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "DEN is reckoned the largest airport in the U.S., at 33,531 acres (~136 km²), though only a fraction of this is developed.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The numbers for total land are easy to find, the numbers for improved land less so, but I found an informative Globe and Mail article about Montreal-Mirabel.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "When originally created, the land seized for the airport was larger than the city of Montreal itself— around 97,000 acres (~392.5 km²).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The article notes that the airport perimeter itself was only about 5,200 acres (~21 km²).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Still, it's the former number that is commonly bandied about, and the measure by which Mirabel was considered the largest airport in the world.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "According to Kable , a London-based business information firm, King Khaled International Airport covered an area of 225 km² when it opened in 1983.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "In 1999 it was surpassed by King Fahd International Airport , which occupies 776 km².", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This is roughly the figure given by the 2013 Guinness Book of World Records .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/9256/choster", "score": 7 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "It might help to have citations for the claims you mention - perhaps there's missing context.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "That said, you're right.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The comparisons sound utterly false, based on Google Maps' measurement tool: Click to embiggen the images, but they're not remotely close: Bahrain's total area is around 700km²; OERK airport", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "according to Google measures closer to 37km².", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It's not even necessary to closely follow the Bahrain coastline to get a precise figure, the numbers are so far off.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "That said, Wikipedia has an uncited claim that: The airport occupies an area of 375 square kilometres (93,000 acres).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It seems likely but not guaranteed that this could be due an omitted decimal (37.5km², not 375km²) or to unscrupulous edits.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Even so: if it were 375km², it would only be larger than the administrative center of Paris (105km²) ; it would remain smaller than Bahrain.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "EDIT: that seems likely.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Back in 2013 an anonymous user added that its area was 300km² and the airport's size has, at least in print, steadily increased since then.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I imagine if you did some more forensics you'd find that this is all random IPs.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/39/egid", "score": 6 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Not a complete answer, but possible airports limits, based on zoning data, may be these one: Source Other clues may be discovered in the same page.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The cadastral information is handled by MOMRA .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The company that surveyed this area may be Twozan .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This is a \"community answer\", so feel free to improve it.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3201/mins", "score": 4 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The King Khalid International Airport (234 km^2) is larger than Paris proper (160.0 km^2).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The King Khalid International Airport is not larger than Bahrain (762.8 km^2).", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "To arrive at this answer I used some data from various sources.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Mostly non-official but dependable sources as I do not have the language skills to navigate Arabic websites.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I pulled street data from OpenStreetMap and using the very good find by the community wiki response georeferenced the future land use map with points using the polyline data.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Georeferencing is used to correctly orientate and scale raster images to geographical locations.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I then created a new feature using the rubbersheeted/georeferenced land use map to draw the rough outline of the land that could be used for airport activities; this is the land dedicated to airport use not necessarily the actual size of the facilities.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This should give us a rough idea of the size and shape of the airport.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "234 square kilometres.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Using data of the administrative districts for Paris, I summed the area of the 80 districts for Paris proper. 160.0 square kilometres.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Using ESRI's shapefile for world nations, I found the area of Bahrain.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "762.8 square kilometres.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If you enjoy maps, come on over to the https://gis.stackexchange.com/ .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It is probably the closest to pure geography on SE yet.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/19029/RomaH", "score": 2 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "It really depends on how you define 'big.'", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In terms of size of the terminal and movement areas, it's not very big at all for an international airport.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Even medium-sized passenger airports in the U.S. are commonly larger than Riyadh's airport.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It has only 2 parallel runways and 24 boarding bridges.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "By comparison, the medium-sized airport I usually fly out of in the U.S. has 36 boarding bridges, 3 parallel runways, and an additional crosswind runway.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The busiest airport - Atlanta International - has over 200 boarding bridges and 5 parallel runways in simultaneous use.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In terms of land area, especially land area owned by the airport rather than just what it actually uses , it is indeed quite a bit of land, though that's not necessarily unusual, especially for newer airports built in places with a significant amount of available land.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Airports generally like to buy up as much land as feasible in order to have room for future expansion.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Many of today's large airports are now space-constrained as the cities they serve have built up around them since the airport was originally built.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Airports that can try to buy up land that they might possibly need in the future in order to prevent running out of space to expand.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In terms of passengers per year, Riyadh's airport is relatively large, but nowhere close to the world's largest hub airports.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "In 2015, Riyadh served 22.5 million passengers .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "By comparison, Atlanta had 101.5 million.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The 50th-ranked airport was Minneapolis/St.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Paul International at 36.6 million.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So, by passenger traffic, Riyadh is probably somewhere around 100th worldwide, though exact rankings below 50th aren't made public by ACI .", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/755/reirab", "score": 1 } } ]

{ "question": "Apologies in advance if this is in the wrong place, there isn't a geography StackExchange so this was the next best option I could find. I've read multiple things about the huge size of King Khalid Internaional Airport (IATA: RUH, ICAO: OERK) in Riyadh, one source said it was bigger than Paris and others have said it's larger than the entire country of Bahrain. Judging from Google Maps, it really isn't particularly big. What's the deal with that?", "title": "Is King Khalid International Airport in Riyadh actually very big?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<airport><airport-design>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/34420", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/19011/yogalD" }

[ [ "In terms of the land owned, King Khalid Airport is quite big. However, in terms of the terminal size and movement areas it is not very big at all. Bahrain airport is bigger. In terms of passengers, the airport is quite large but does not compare with really large airports.", "It all depends on the definition of the size of the airport, which is usually all the land owned by it. As far as the land area of King Khaled airport is concerned, it is indeed quite big at 225 km², though not bigger than Bahrain and not one of the biggest international airports. In terms of passenger traffic, it holds the 100th place worldwide." ] ]

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[ 4 ]

[ [ "It all depends on the definition of the size of the airport, which is usually all the land owned by it.", "As far as the land area of King Khaled airport is concerned, it is indeed quite big at 225 km², though not bigger than Bahrain and not one of the biggest international airports.", "In terms of passenger traffic, it holds the 100th place worldwide." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "The LearAvia LearFan 2100 used two separate PT-6B to drive a single pusher propeller through a common gearbox.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "LearFan 2100 in flight (picture source )", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If you want to know why its official first flight date is December 32, 1980, read here .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "LearFan 2100 engine arrangement (picture source )", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This engine arrangement was the LearFan's eventual undoing when the FAA denied it a proper certification because of concerns that the single gearbox constituted a single point of failure.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1961/Peter Kämpf", "score": 34 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Well multi engine helicopters like the Bell 430 or the Westland EH101 do it all the time.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "I don't recall any current production fixed wing aircraft using multiple engines to drive a single propeller, but the ill fated LearAvia LearFan used this propulsion arrangement, using two PT-6 engines to drive a gearbox connected to a pusher prop.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/15637/Carlo Felicione", "score": 19 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Yes, see Soloy's Dual-Pac concept.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "Image courtesy of Soloy", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The Soloy Pathfinder 21 is powered by the Dual Pac", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "PT6D-114A.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It is essentially an extended and redesigned Cessna 208 with exactly what you describe: two PT6 engines geared to one prop hub.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I understand that the project has not progressed beyond the prototype built.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Image courtesy of Soloy", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The Dual-Pac was also tested on a DeHaviland DHC3 Otter platform: Image courtesy of Soloy Quoting from the Dual-Pac page :", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Soloy Dual Pac – Twin Engine reliability with single propeller symmetry.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The Dual-Pac was designed, patented and Certified by Soloy to safely combine the output of two independently operating Pratt Whitney PT6D-114A engines for a single propeller output.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The system was developed with extreme redundancy so that single engine operation is not only safe, but able to be done intentionally under certain conditions.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The Ayres LM200", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Loadmaster was a similar design concept, though a clean sheet design using a different powerplant and also ultimately unsuccessful for economic reasons. See also the rotorcraft applications of the P&WC PT6T Twin-Pac , such as those that Carlo Felicione mentions.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/12720/J Walters", "score": 15 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Well, there is the Armstrong Siddeley Double Mamba engine.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] }, { "text": "It powered the Fairey Gannet", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It wasn't a true single prop, but rather a contra-rotating prop (which amaze me).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Found a few more, some being single contra-rotating, others......multi-multi-engine? Aircraft powered by the Allison T40", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "There is one example of the twin turbine to single shaft Allison T40 powering a single propeller aircraft...", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "the Republic XF-84H", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 4 ] ] }, { "text": "The thing was apparently as loud as the Tu-95, due to having a prop that spun at supersonic speeds on its outer edges.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "And the prop created a continuous visible shockwave..", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Personally, I am not sure if you would classify this as an aircraft, or more of a shock/awe weapon.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/18803/NZKshatriya", "score": 14 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "A similar concept was adopted on a bomber used by the German Luftwaffe in WWII.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ -1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The bomber, named Heinkel 177", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "\"Greif\" was a four engine but had just two propellers since a pair of engines was mechanically coupled in each of the two nacelles.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "However coupling mechanically two engines on a single propeller revealed as a source of troubles (e.g. overheating occurred frequently on the rear engines) and the design proved to be unsuccessful.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This probably explains why it has not been used any more since then.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/19376/Corrado", "score": 4 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Depending on how strict you are about \"single rotor\"", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The AH-64 Apache has 2 engines and one main rotor.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 4 ] ] }, { "text": "From Wikipedia \"American four-blade, twin-turboshaft attack helicopter\"", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/19034/user7358648", "score": 2 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Kamov Ka-26 (1969, 816 built) is powered by two 325 hp (239 kW)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Vedeneyev M-14V-26 radial piston engines mounted in off-board nacelles, connected by a transverse shaft which drives the co-axial rotors.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "According to Wikipedia , the reciprocating engines, although more responsive than modern turboshafts, are relatively maintenance intensive.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The Ka-26 is underpowered with its two radial engines, especially when used in cropdusting role, where excess payload is common.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "No other helicopter exists in the world that runs at constant 95% engine power for most of its flight regime.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This leaves the pilot with little power reserve for emergencies.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Due to frequent overloads, the interconnect shaft which joins the two engines is prone to breakage and requires frequent inspection.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "NOTE", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "An edit to the question makes this answer nonresponsive.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/453/A. I. Breveleri", "score": 1 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The Fairey Rotodyne probably counts, depending on your definition of \"single rotor\".", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 4 ] ] }, { "text": "In level flight it was essentially an autogyro, driven by twin turboprops on short wings, deriving a fraction of its lift from these and the rest from the undriven rotor.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "To achieve vertical takeoff and landing, the rotors were spun by tip jets, fed from bleed air from the turboprops, augmented by fuel burnt in the tip jets.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Although it seems to have been technically successful both in lifting capability and speed records for rotorcraft, the tip jets made it unacceptably noisy at takeoff and low altitude, precisely where noise was most objectionable.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I wonder if bleed air alone could work nowadays (given higher pressure ratio turbines) to reduce the tip jet noise.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/4068/Brian Drummond", "score": 0 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The CH-53 uses 2 jet engines to power one rotating wing.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 4 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/19394/zuzu", "score": 0 } } ]

{ "question": "Has a fixed-wing aircraft ever been conceived, prototyped or built that features multiple turbines powering a single propeller? The concept of a twin-engine aircraft with a single propeller is intriguing to me. Picturing something like a Pilatus PC-12 with two engines under the hood and a single prop might have some advantages. I come from a fixed-wing background and know little about helicopters, but if something exists I suspect it is a rotor wing.", "title": "Has a fixed-wing aircraft ever been built that featured multiple turbines powering a single propeller?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<aircraft-design>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/34899", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/8490/ryan1618" }

[ [ "A number of planes with multiple engines and a single propeller have ben built. These include LearAvia LearFan and Republic XF-84H . There are also helicopters with multiple engines. There do not seem to be planes currently built in this design.", "The LearAvia LearFan 2100 used this type of setup. Also, there are many multi-engine helicopters like this, like the Bell 430 or the Westland EH101. On another note, there is Soloy's Dual-Pac concept and as far as engines are concerned, the Armstrong Siddeley Double Mamba is a good example. Other examples are the Republic XF-84H , the AH-64 Apache, the Fairey Rotodyne, the CH-53, although their classification may depend on the definition of \"single rotor\"." ] ]

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[ 4 ]

[ [ "The LearAvia LearFan 2100 used this type of setup.", "There are many multi-engine helicopters like this, like the Bell 430 or the Westland EH101", "There is Soloy's Dual-Pac concept. ", "As far as engines are concerned, the Armstrong Siddeley Double Mamba is a good example.", "Other examples are the Republic XF-84H , the AH-64 Apache, the Fairey Rotodyne, the CH-53, although their classification may depend on the definition of \"single rotor\"." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "PPL is Private Pilot License May fly for pleasure or personal business.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Private pilots cannot be paid, compensated to fly, or hired by any operator.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "CPL is Commercial Pilot License Can be paid, compensated to fly, or hired by operators and are required to have higher training standards than private or sport pilots.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "ATPL is Airline Transport Pilot License ATPs, as they are called, typically qualify to fly the major airliners.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "ATPs must qualify with a range of experience and training to be considered for this certificate. — Wikipedia", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/14897/ymb1", "score": 17 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Nobody has mentioned experience specifics.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You can get a PPL in about 35 flying hours.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It is really a licence to learn how to fly, but without being paid to do so.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You can get a CPL in about 250 flying hours.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This also is a licence to learn how to fly, but while being paid to do so.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This is also much more difficult to earn, involving much higher precision flying and a ton more knowledge.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You can get an ATPL in about 1,500 flying hours.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It is a licence that tells professional pilots you have now learned the basics of how to fly an airplane.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Having said that, a pilot never stops learning, every type they add requires extensive training, and MOST commercial pilots come close to killing themselves about five times during their career.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Commercial pilots also have to prove they still have their skills - and their health - every six months.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/19459/Jim Lynch", "score": 7 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "PPL is a \"Private Pilots License\" and is a qualification which allows you to act as Pilot in Command in an aeroplane [PPL(A)] or Helicopter [PPL(H)] without remuneration.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It is the most common license held in general aviation, and is the first step to all the other licenses that you mentioned in your question.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "CPL is a Commercial Pilots License, and allows you to act as Pilot in Command of a charter or corporate flight.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "ATPL (or ATP Certificate) is an Airline Transport Pilots License and is the highest level of pilot certification.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/100/Jamiec", "score": 6 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "PPL Private Pilot License.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "You may fly your own plane or rent one to fly.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You can fly families and friends.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You can not be paid to fly.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "CPL Commercial Pilot License.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ -1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You can be paid to fly, but usually in small planes only.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Typical activities include aerial photography, banner towing, dropping sky divers, etc.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "ATPL Airline Transport Pilot License.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "You can act as captain of a large airliner.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "To give a rough perspective, PPLs usually fly small single-engine propeller planes ; CPLs fly slightly larger planes that carry maybe 20~50 people, ATPLs are the ones that fly Airbus and Boeings.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0, 0, 1, 2 ] ] }, { "text": "Note that the pilot license restricts which kind of aviation activity a pilot can fly, but does not restrict the size or speed of the aircraft.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Technically you can fly an A380 with a PPL if you fly it privately, but very few people (if any!)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "do that.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In the simple sense, PPL must be acquired before CPL, and CPL before ATPL.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It is like driving licenses: you must get an ordinary driving license before you can drive a bus, and you better can drive a bus before you want to drive a semi-trailer.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The higher privilege licenses require better precision, better proficiency and handling more complex aircraft systems.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Obviously, pilot and driving licenses vary country by country, but I feel this answer address the OP's concerns.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3386/kevin", "score": 4 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "PPL - PRIVATE PILOT CERTIFICATE", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "This is the lowest grade of pilot certificate which allows a user to operate an aircraft in all areas of the National Airspace System with limited provisions.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Along with a Third Class Medical Certificate, it allows the holder to act as PIC in all categories and classes of aircraft, or on type rated large or turbojet powered aircraft.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Use of a PPL along with a Basic Med is permissible as well, provided operations are restricted to the limitations in §61.113(i).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A PPL also allows the holder to tow gliders, conduct factory test flights, and demonstrate aircraft to prospective buyers under the limitations in Part 61.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "It also has limited provisions available to serve as PIC for compensation or hire as detailed in §61.113. CPL - COMMERCIAL PILOT CERTIFICATE", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This is the next grade of pilot certificate up from Private Pilot.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It allows all the privelages of a PPL plus, when combined with a valid Second Class or higher Medical Certificate, a CPL allows the holder to serve as PIC while carrying persons or property or to fly for compensation or hire under the areas listed in §119.1(e).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It does not permit the holder to fly in operations which involve holding out for common carriage such as a part 121 scheduled air carrier or a part 135 charter or commuter operation.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Along with an instrument rating for either airplane, helicopter, or powered lift, it is also a pre-requisite to apply for either an Airline Transport Pilot or Flight Instructor Certificates.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "ATPL - AIRLINE TRANSPORT PILOT CERTIFICATE", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "This is the highest grade of pilot certificate issued in the United States.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "They are only issued for the Airplane, Helicopter or Powered lift categories of aircraft as well as specific type ratings.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In addition to all the privileges of a CPL and, when combined with a First Class Medical Certificate, it allows the holder to exercise privileges of PIC and SIC in scheduled air carrier, charter and commuter services if either the holder or the holder’s employer also holds a valid Part 121 air carrier certificate or Part 135 charter or commuter certificates.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It also permits limited flight instruction within the holder or holder’s employer’s Part 121 or 135 certificates on an aircraft the holder is type rated on under the operation.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/15637/Carlo Felicione", "score": 1 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Uk & Europe minimum number of hours for a PPL is 45 with most people taking around 60 to pass plus 9 written exams.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Commercial PL is 200 hours which includes 150 pilot in command - most people now do the ATPL additional exams when qualifying for cpl and have them frozen.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/27556/Dean Harding", "score": 0 } } ]

{ "question": "What are hiding under these letters?What do they stand for?I have read many others, but I could never understand what they mean and the pilot's career on each of them.If possible, can anyone post a brief list and their tasks and responsibilities, please?", "title": "How do PPL, CPL, and ATPL compare?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<pilot-certification><career>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/35001", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/14354/eduardoguilherme" }

[ [ "PPL is for flying for pleasure or personal business and may fly singe engine propeller planes. CPL allows you to fly slightly larger planes that carry 20-50 people. Finally, ATPL allows you to fly Airbus and Boeings.", "PPL stands for Private Pilot License, the holder of which may fly for personal matters in small, single engine propeller planes and can also tow gliders, perform factory tests and demonstrate aircraft for sale. CPL stands for Commercial Pilot License, the holder of which can be remunerated for flying and can be hired. They can act as pilot in command for charter/corporate flights of up to 20-50 people in slighly bigger planes. ATPL stands for Airline Transport Pilot License, the holders of which can fly for major airlines; it is the highest level certificate." ] ]

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[ 4 ]

[ [ "PPL stands for Private Pilot License, the holder of which may fly for personal matters in small, single engine propeller planes and can also tow gliders, perform factory tests and demonstrate aircraft for sale.", "CPL stands for Commercial Pilot License, the holder of which can be remunerated for flying and can be hired. They can act as pilot in command for charter/corporate flights of up to 20-50 people in slighly bigger planes.", "ATPL stands for Airline Transport Pilot License, the holders of which can fly for major airlines; it is the highest level certificate." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "The NOTAM format is from the time when people still would call the value of individual bits over a phone line.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Ok, that may not have happened, but my point is that data transfer was incredibly slow compared to current day standards.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Therefore a compact format saved significant transmission time and cost without losing any information.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "The format didn't change since.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/19/DeltaLima", "score": 15 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "1 - It's always been done that way.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "2", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "- You'd be surprised", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "how many government computer systems are still using ancient hardware and operating systems.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/36690/Steven Brame", "score": 5 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "As I understand your question is mainly about line E of a NOTAM, right?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Well, this one is in fact meant to use 'plain' English language, in contrast to all other lines, where location and reach as well as type and urgency and duration is encoded.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Just, as it already has been mentioned, NOTAMs originate in a time when transmission speed was unimaginable slow by todays standards.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "So the answer is rather IT related ... stone age IT that is.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Standard transmission speed back then was 45 Baud, that's 45 bit per second -", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "with lots of pauses added for feed and other functions, resulting in an effective transmission speed of less than 8 characters per second (*1).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Already the lines before line E contain anywhere between 150 to 200 characters, thus requiring some 25 seconds to transmit.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The E line you cite is another 60 characters, or 8 seconds.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The suggestion made would now increase that to 129 characters or an additional 9 seconds.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "With no increase in information transmitted.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "For a rough calculation it may be safe to assume 1 minute of transmission time per NOTAM.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "That's barley 60 per hour.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "And 60 is a rather low number of active NOTAMs within the reach of an aerodrome to be kept at hand for its pilots.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Keep in mind, there was no internet and instant access to remote data bases at all.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Everything had to be transmited ahead of time - and there where people collecting all incoming NOTAMs and filing them into folders (that's what line A supports) to be up to date and ready for flight planing.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So short message length was an essential must to make it transmitable.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It wasn't until the 1970s that the situation relaxed a bit due faster transmission - still not much, as at the same time air traffic, and related NOTAMs rose in number.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The other limit was introduced by early data processing.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The E line is limited to 1200 characters at all.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This (back then unimaginable hucht) limit was introduced by the size of disk block on the mainframe system used by.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "2048 characters was the limit for a whole block, minus some organisational data, minus all other lines, this left 1200 bytes per NOTAM.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Since some even needed more, block chaining for up to 12,000 characters was allowed -", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "not realy liked though.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Bottom line, abbreviation was a must due the hardware available.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "At the same time, these abrevations helped in understanding, the very same way we use extreme codified radio sequences for fast exchange and clear interaction.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "There is no doubt about the meaning, as every day language may create.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "This might seam strange, but it's like with any other formalized communication.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "No matter if its about debates in the commons or ATC communication - or in this case NOTAMs.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/36468/Raffzahn", "score": 5 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "There used to be a good technical reason (transmission time over low-rate modems), so everyone learned how to decode things.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "That original reason has long since gone away, but nearly everyone affected has already learned the code, so the short-term benefits of changing are minimal--and accrue mainly to new entrants (who have little/no power) whereas the costs would be borne by everyone.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "There's also a possible \"hazing\" effect: if the old timers had to go through something unpleasant, then it can become a ritual part of joining the tribe, regardless of what (if any) practical value it has to newbies.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/35166/StephenS", "score": 3 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Because the FAA imagines that we are still in the teletype age, and thus believes that every bit of text not actually burned into the the paper scroll (or perhaps we should say every byte of information not transmitted over the wires) is a precious saving of some sort.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "It's exactly the same misguided reason that airport weather reports (METARS) are still formatted in the near-unintelligible condensed manner as they are.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/34686/quiet flyer", "score": 1 } } ]

{ "question": "I'm currently getting thru a PPL course book and I don't understand this. Is there any purpose of sending NOTAMs in this format: \"RWY 08R/26L DUE WIP NO CENTRELINE, TDZ OR SALS LIGHTING AVBL\" instead of plain language \"For runway 08/26, due to work in progress, there is no centreline, touchdown zone or simple approach lighting available\" Why do they force pilots to learn common ICAO abbreviations when they could simply send the text message without encoding it? The same questions goes for TAFs and METARs.", "title": "Why do NOTAMs consist of code instead of plain language?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<metar><notam><taf>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/36923", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/20679/super jet 100" }

[ [ "NOTAMs originate in a time when transmission speed was unimaginable slow by todays standards. At that time abbreviation was essential because of the hardware. No one it seems has yet decided to update things to suit current technology.", "The NOTAM format is a remnant of the time when hardware and IT were much older, so communications were much slower and this format helped save money and time. It could also be argued that the coded language cannot be misinterpreted like every-day language can. Also, to some extent, it has become a ritualistic part of becoming a pilot, despite not having practical value." ] ]

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[ 4 ]

[ [ "The NOTAM format is a remnant of the time when hardware and IT were much older, so communications were much slower and this format helped save money and time.", "The coded language cannot be misinterpreted like every-day language can.", "It has become a ritualistic part of becoming a pilot, despite not having practical value." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "Well, the 3 points you make are easily demonstrable to be true, and also a fairly unique feature of all three if looked at side-by-side.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The 747 is the only one with an obvious hump towards the front of the aircraft.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This upper row of windows is unlike either of the other two Photo Aldo Bidini:: source: http://www.airliners.net/photo/Alitalia/Boeing-747-243B/1200648/L?sid=f499b3169d12a0d4f410846e6512443a", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The A380 has an entire upper row of windows - it does indeed have 2 full decks.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Richard Vandervord source: http://www.airliners.net/photo/Etihad-Airways/Airbus-A380-861/2574151/L", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If it has 4 engines, but neither a half upper deck and hump or a full upper deck (and it's an airbus!)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "then yes it is an A340 Aero Icarus source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/46423105@N03/5445375360/", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "However, that is not all the 4 engine passenger aircraft.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ -1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The BAe 146 is a 4 engine regional airliner, and you could add to your distinguishing features \"has a T-tail, must be a 146\".", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "It is also the only one of the bunch with a high wing.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Adrian Pingstone source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lufthansa.rj85.arp.jpg", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "And then we're into the Ilyushins.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The Il-96, is easily distinguishable from the similar(ish)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A340 as it is considerably smaller - hard to tell from a close-in photo, but in real life if one were parked next to the other the IL-96 is smaller.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Anna Zvereva source:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/130961247@N06/31268448486/", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The Il-86 has 4 engines but does not fit your criteria, as it only remains in service with the Russian Military, but the Il-62 is still in commercial service.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It's very easy to distinguish by having its 4 engines mounted on the tail Tim Rees source: http://www.airliners.net/photo/LOT---Polish/Ilyushin-Il-62M/1033235/L", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/100/Jamiec", "score": 42 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "You can add the BAe 146 to the list.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/21881/user45726", "score": 5 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Boeing has B747 with 4 engines.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Airbus has A380 and A340 with 4 engines.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Antonov has an-124 with 4 engines and an-225 mriya with 6 engines.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/21882/Kennie Roy", "score": 5 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Well... we should not forget legacy aircraft still in use.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "You might also spot some Douglas DC-8 still in use.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "In this link I have been able to find 8 planes still in use.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This figure via wikipedia :", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In order to identify this old model just look to the engines, old fashion slim hets and look to the wing tips, there is no wing tip device.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/6979/Trebia Project.", "score": 4 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "There's still John's 707 flying around - not commercially granted.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "There's the VC-10 that could be confused with the IL-62.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Only military now but was commercial.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "And the Avro 85/100.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Same but different from the BAe 146.Bit too picky?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/6754/stuart barkley", "score": 3 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "As stated in other answers, there are quite a few more 4 engined jet liners than just the three types stated in your claim.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "Identification of the 747 and A380 is pretty simple indeed and correctly asserted in the claim.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Other types will all have their own characteristics, which would have to be found by studying photos and/or drawings of the aircraft in question (and possibly knowledge of which types can be expected at a specific airport, e.g. you're not going to find Il-62s in western Europe because they're banned there for noise abatement reasons).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/900/jwenting", "score": 1 } } ]

{ "question": "Just heard following somewhere: It is easy to distinguish four-engine passenger jetliner type, because there are only three of them: if it has \"hump\" upper deck then it is Boeing 747, if it has two decks then it is Airbus A380, otherwise it is Airbus A340. Is this statement true? I'm asking about commercial passenger jetliners only. So no cargo, no military etc.", "title": "How many four-engine commercial passenger jetliner types are currently in use?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<multi-engine>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/38109", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3230/trejder" }

[ [ "There are a number of 4-engine jetliners in use in addition to the Boeing 747, Airbus 380 and Airbus 340. These include the Bae 146, which can be identified by its T-tail.", "Apart from the three models listed, the BAe 146 is another commercial 4-engine aircraft. Also, there are some legacy 4-engine aircraft that fit the criteria still in use, like the Douglas DC-8. Thus, this list is not exhaustive and there are more 4-engine jet liners." ] ]

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[ 4 ]

[ [ "Apart from the three models listed, the BAe 146 is another commercial 4-engine aircraft.", "There are some legacy 4-engine aircraft that fit the criteria still in use, like the Douglas DC-8.", "This list is not exhaustive and there are more 4-engine jet liners." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "The Gossamer Albatross is a human-powered plane with a top speed of 29 km/h (18mph).", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "It was used to cross the English Channel and seems to meet the criteria of the question.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/22749/Michael Schumacher", "score": 90 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The Antonov AN-2 has no stall speed quoted in the operating manual and can fly under full control at about 30 mph.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Thus if the headwind is sufficiently large the aircraft will move backwards with respect to the ground.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/15202/Brilsmurfffje", "score": 61 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The Harrier , Yak-38 , Yak-141 , XV-15 , and V-22 are all fixed wing aircraft.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "All can hover in mid air, controlled.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So they are in controlled flight at 0 velocity.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "At least the Harrier can even be in controlled flight flying backwards, so with negative velocity.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The others may as well, I don't know.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/900/jwenting", "score": 45 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "now, if you're looking at modern, more commonly used transportation, powered paragliding would probably take the cake.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "CC BY 3.0, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?curid=13110495", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Powered paragliders usually fly between 15 and 50 mph (25 and 72 km/h) at altitudes from 'foot-dragging on the water' up to 24,000+ ft (5400 m) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powered_paragliding", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The beginners equipment are often the slowest, and with proper skill, and the right weather, can have a stall speed of zero .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Whilst being lifted by a thermal, the only thing that will push the glider forward is the natural tilt.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "naturally, on a still day, the slowest of equipment will stall at below 10mph .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Disclaimer: this is not an airplane, but it is a fixed wing vehicle, made to primarily move forward to generate lift, akin to most airplanes.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/11387/tuskiomi", "score": 21 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "If you are including historical aircraft, the Wright Flyer averaged 10 fps (approx 6.8 mph or 11 kph) over", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "it's first 120 foot flight in 1903.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Reference: https://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/wright-brothers/online/fly/1903/triumph.cfm", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/22751/user112358", "score": 18 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Building it just for very slow speed does not look practical (if you really need this, use helicopter).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Some old planes may be slower, but they do not use the newest technologies and may not be built for slow flight anyway.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Some patrol, agricultural planes may benefit from slow flying, but we need something more extreme.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I expect such aircraft to be some specific machine that has a huge wing and low weight for other reasons, and should be recently built to benefit from latest technologies.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Solar impulse looks like a good candidate.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "It has take-off speed of 35 km/h (22 mph) only.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Looks like", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "its minimal speed is about 20.67 mph only.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Its large wing holds the solar batteries.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It has a wingspan larger than Boeing 747 and the weight close to Cessna 172 !", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "(picture from Wikimedia Commons ).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/917/h22", "score": 14 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The Ruppert Archaeoptrix Electro ( Wikipedia , official website ) apparently has a stall speed of 30 km/h (19 mph / 16 kn) , and I think that makes it a candidate for the current \"slowest\" fixed wing aircraft.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "It is a relatively new glider that can be foot launched, but there are also wheeled and motorless configurations, and it can also be launched by towing. For the motorized version:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/17739/flawr", "score": 14 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Gossamer Condor , the first human powered airplane capable of basic maneuvered flight.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "When it finally won the Kremer prize for a 1 mile figure 8 course", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "it did that course in 7 minutes and 22 seconds.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The later Gossamer Albatross that crossed the English Channel had to be faster.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This assumes that the question criteria was AIRSPEED (not groundspeed) for a fixed-wing, man-carrying aircraft that could take off and land under its own power and", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "maneuver both into and out of the wind (figure 8 maneuver).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/22756/pbm", "score": 14 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "You should check out planes with custer wings.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custer_CCW-5", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It was claimed that the aircraft could fly under control at 11 mph (18 km/h) and that it could take off with a 1,500 lb (680 kg) load at 70% power in 90 ft (28 m).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/22771/Foo", "score": 11 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Slepcev Storch", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "(A 3/4-size replica of the Fieseler", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Fi", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "156 Storch , a German WW2 reconnaissance aircraft well known for its slow-speed performance) 36 km/h or 40 km/h (19kn/22kn) Picture Source Performance according to Wikipedia :", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Maximum speed: 150 km/h (93 mph; 81 kn)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Cruise speed: 133 km/h (83 mph; 72 kn) Stall speed: 40 km/h (25 mph; 22 kn) Rate of climb: 6 m/s (1,200 ft/min) Performance according to ulm.it : Maximum speed: 150 km/h VNE: 182 km/h Stall speed: (flaps out) 36 Km/h Climb rate: 9,1 m/s (1800 ft/min)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/790/Thunderstrike", "score": 7 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "I was at the Biggen Hill airshow many years ago where not one but two different aircraft flew backwards.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "One was the AN-2 which was able to nose up into the headwind so far that it actually flew backwards for a short distance down the runway.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The other was a Russian super jet, (possibly a Sukhoi 27 or Sukhoi 35 ?)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "that did a vertical climb on afterburners that shock the ground then slowed to a stop before falling on its tail while still vertical.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It flew tail first towards the ground before lowering the nose.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/2233/Paul Smith", "score": 2 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Alaskan Bush Planes are modified to fly very slowly for short landings: Features include:\"Short runway requirements, typically gained through high aspect ratio wings and high-lift devices such as flaps, slots and slats to improve low speed flight characteristics, allowing shorter ground rolls on landing or takeoff.\"", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_plane", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This might be helpful too: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_STOL_aircraft", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/22813/Gues", "score": 1 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Here is a video showing that the Gossamer Albatross flew at lowest speed, 7mph (11.2kmph).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Very slow.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "But the save speed will be 10mph (16.1kmph), as mentioned in that video.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It lasted 2 hours to cross England strait from England to France.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/34998/AirCraft Lover", "score": 1 } } ]

{ "question": "It's easy to find information about the fastest airplanes, in different categories (e.g. X-15 , SR-71 , the Concorde etc), but what is the slowest one? Which powered, manned airplane is capable of sustained level flight at lowest velocity?", "title": "What is the slowest fixed-wing airplane?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<aviation-history><airspeed><fixed-wing>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/39327", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/8195/el.pescado" }

[ [ "There are a number of candidates for the slowest fixed-wing airplane. Candidates include the Antonov AN-2, the Solar impulse, Alaskan Bush planes and the Gossamer Condor.", "Without there being a clear winner, the candidates that have been built with these specifications in mind are: the Gossamer Albatross, the Antonov AN-2, Solar impulse, the Ruppert Archaeoptrix Electro, the Gossamer Condor, the Slepcev Storch and Alaskan Bush Planes." ] ]

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[ 4 ]

[ [ "Without there being a clear winner, the candidates that have been built with these specifications in mind are: the Gossamer Albatross, the Antonov AN-2, Solar impulse, the Ruppert Archaeoptrix Electro, the Gossamer Condor, the Slepcev Storch and Alaskan Bush Planes." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "It's for wing bending relief (for cantilevered wings ).", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "As the generated lift bends the wings upward, the weight of the fuel will counter that.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "As the plane loses weight in-flight due to burning fuel, so does the need for wing bending relief (less weight → less lift), that's why the wing tanks are the last to be used.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "For context, a Boeing 777-200ER can hold 29 tonnes of fuel in each wing, and each wing measures ~27 metres and is self-supported.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Example:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Let's say in our airliner each wing tank holds 100 units (200 total for both tanks), and the center tank holds 200 units, and you have a flight that needs 200 units of fuel.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Correct scenario: By filling only the wing tanks, the weight of fuel in the wings will counter the bending of the lift.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Incorrect scenario: By filling only the center tank, the wings will bend a great deal (maybe even beyond their design limit).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This is not good, and even if it is within the design limits, the repeating [avoidable] stresses will shorten the plane's lifespan .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Example for order of use (schedule):", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Our flight needs 300 units, based on the above, we will fill the wing tanks, and fill half the center tank.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Correct order: By emptying the center first, we have extended the duration of the wing bending relief.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Incorrect order: By emptying the wings first, we lose the wing bending relief, while the plane is still heavy.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Related:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "How is fuel stored and routed on a trijet with one engine at the tail?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/14897/ymb1", "score": 88 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Having all the payload of a plane concentrated at the fuselage creates a large bending load on the wings in order to support that weight.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Storing fuel in the wings allows some of that weight to be placed at the same place where it's being supported, in the wings.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Distributing the weight into the wings reduces the loads where the wings meet the fuselage.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1696/fooot", "score": 48 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "A minor point - keeping less of the flammable fuel in the body has a safety benefit.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "Using up what's in the body first helps keep it further away from the crew and passengers.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "In a crash you'd prefer the fuel to not ignite, but of the two locations, its better burning out by the wings than inside the main fuselage.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/12591/Criggie", "score": 11 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Probably the main reason why fuel is put into the main wing tanks first is because on some airliners (if not most) the engines are fed directly from the wing tanks.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Some airliners have to pump the fuel from center tanks into the wing tanks before the engines can utilize the fuel.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So for example, if the flight requires 10,000 pounds of fuel, and each wing can hold 5,000 pounds, plus the center tank holds an additional 5,000 pounds, then you don't want to start in the belly tank, because you'll end up with 5,000 pounds in the belly, and 2,500 pounds in each wing.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Then the flight crew will have to do a fuel transfer in flight of 5,000 pounds from the belly tank into the wings.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Imagine if the flight only required 5,000 pounds and you started in the center tank.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You would end up with the full fuel load in the center tank.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "When the flight crew arrives to take the plane they will have to transfer fuel into the wing tanks before take-off.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If you are topping off the aircraft, it won't matter if you fuel the belly or wings first.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "However, another consideration, which is not part of your question is weight and balance on the ground when the aircraft is empty.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Some aircraft like the older DC8 has like 8 or 10 fuel tanks in various locations, some are forward of the CG and some are aft of the CG.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "However, the fuel tanks in the root of the wings are usually slightly forward of CG which helps to prevent tail tipping.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/22661/Devil07", "score": 8 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The simplest explanation is that the wings are designed to be the load bearing structure in the air and on the ground.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "So, you want the most weight to be in/on the wings.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "In other words, you want to keep the weight stress on the wing structure as opposed to the fuselage because the wings are designed to carry weight.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Wing tanks are loaded first because:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "That keeps the most weight on the wings.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "They will always be loaded.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Center tanks may not be fueled at all on shorter flights.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Fuel is then consumed from the center tanks first to keep the most weight on the wings through the flight.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/21835/Johns-305", "score": 7 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The weight from the fuel will counter the upward bending of the wings, as nothing but the wings alone must bear the load of the cabin, and all of its passengers/cargo.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Using fuel from the wings last will decrease stress on wings, and the joints between the wing and cabin.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/24673/rshah", "score": 3 } } ]

{ "question": "When fueling airliners, why is fuel filled first in the tanks in the wings and then the center tanks? And why do they use fuel from the center tanks first and then from the tanks in the wings? From my research I've found the purpose is not to give too much stress to the structure of the wings, but I don't understand exactly how it works. How does having fuel first in the wings and leaving it last in the wings help protect the structure of the wings?", "title": "Why are fuel tanks in the wings filled first, and why are they used last?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<airliner><fuel-tanks><refueling><fuel-systems>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/42613", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/20179/lemonincider" }

[ [ "Having all the payload of a plane concentrated at the fuselage creates a large bending load on the wings in order to support that weight. Storing fuel in the wings allows some of that weight to be placed at the same place where it's being supported, in the wings. Distributing the weight into the wings reduces the loads where the wings meet the fuselage. the weight stress should be kept on the wing structure as opposed to the fuselage because the wings are designed to carry weight. ", "The main reason is because wing bending relief is necessary, so the wings must carry most of the weight as opposed to the fuselage, as they are designed to do. The wing tanks are filled first because in some airliners, the engines use directly the fuel from the wing tanks. Another reason is safety; if there is an accidents and the tanks ignite, it is best that the main fuselage is as empty as possible." ] ]

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[ 4 ]

[ [ "The main reason is because wing bending relief is necessary, so the wings must carry most of the weight as opposed to the fuselage, as they are designed to do.", "The wing tanks are filled first because in some airliners, the engines use directly the fuel from the wing tanks.", "Another reason is safety; if there is an accidents and the tanks ignite, it is best that the main fuselage is as empty as possible." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "She kept the Squadron Leader updated as much as she needed to, but she preferred to keep comms chatter to a minimum when she was... Military-related terms: ... on patrol ... on station ...on a sortie ...on a shout [ British English, specifically used for search and rescue ] ... on recce/on recon [ British and American English, respectively ] General terms: ...in the air ...", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "airborne ...", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "at the controls ...flying ...in flight ...on a mission ...", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ -1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "doing (her) rounds ...", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "aloft", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "There might be other, more technical terms in use in the military for specific operations or missions", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "but I have no experience there.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/62/Pondlife", "score": 27 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Mostly when a pilot is busy in flying, the phrase used it in the air .", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "In your example, it will appear as: ...", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "she preferred to keep comms chatter to a minimum when she was in the air ...", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/65/Farhan", "score": 5 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "I've used the term \"wheels up\" before.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/26551/Evan Krueger", "score": 5 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Since you've had many in-atmosphere answers, here are a few for not-in-atmosphere flight: In /", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "On orbit Weightless Parabolic", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "(Usually used to say that something is above the Karman line but has not achieved orbital velocity)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Off-planet", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/354/dotancohen", "score": 5 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Here is one more that might help... aloft", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/26549/Henry Taylor", "score": 3 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Another option not yet mentioned, from U.S. military jargon, is in country , though this carries some contextual baggage.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "It's similar to in enemy territory and might be used by, for example, a carrier pilot while in an assigned combat or patrol area.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It might contextually suggest to the reader that radio silence or strict concentration is important to the specific mission at hand.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It would be less fitting if you want to suggest to the reader that this pilot's general, personal preference is simply to avoid chit-chat in the cockpit.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "There's also the phrase sterile cockpit which just means a policy of avoiding distractions in the cockpit.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This is a common phrase among pilots and would be used as in \"She preferred to keep a sterile cockpit.\"", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "(Of course, these nuances will only matter to readers familiar with the jargon.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "There's always a balance to be struck between impressing those who know the jargon and alienating those who don't.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Everyone understands \" ...", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "while airborne \" and pilots won't look at you funny for saying it.)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/909/TypeIA", "score": 1 } } ]

{ "question": "I'm writing a sci-fi story involving aircraft and space craft. I'm struggling to get the terminology right for referring to a pilot being 'in the air' either on a mission or a training exercise. I have a feeling there is a phrase for this but I'm struggling to think of it. The context would be military, as in the following sentence: She kept the Squadron Leader updated as much as she needed to, but she preferred to keep comms chatter to a minimum when she was in the air.", "title": "What would be a technical or slang term for 'in the air'?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<terminology>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/45247", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/26541/tommypyatt" }

[ [ "Aloft, wheels up, on patrol, on recce, airborne and off-planer are all terms used to mean \"in the air\".", "There are many alternatives to \"in the air\", although there is nothing wrong with it and it could be used in this context: \"on patrol\", \"on station\", \"on a sortie\", \"on a shout\", \"on recce/on recon\", \"airborne\", \"at the controls\", \"flying\", \"in flight\", \"on a mission \", \"doing (her) rounds\", \"aloft\", \"wheels up\", \"in country\", \"on orbit\", \"weightless\", \"parabolic\", \"off-planet\"." ] ]

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[ 4 ]

[ [ "There are many alternatives to \"in the air\", although there is nothing wrong with it and it could be used in this context: \"on patrol\", \"on station\", \"on a sortie\", \"on a shout\", \"on recce/on recon\", \"airborne\", \"at the controls\", \"flying\", \"in flight\", \"on a mission \", \"doing (her) rounds\", \"aloft\", \"wheels up\", \"in country\", \"on orbit\", \"weightless\", \"parabolic\", \"off-planet\"." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "When military and civilian aircraft of similar speeds are compared, their engines differ mostly by their names.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "It is simply too expensive to develop a civilian type in parallel to a military type when later both are used in the same way.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Examples: The B-52 engine is called J57 and was made by Pratt & Whitney.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The same company called this design JT-3C", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "when it was mounted to the Boeing 707 and the DC-8.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Later models used a turbofan development of the J57, the Pratt & Whitney TF33, which was called JT3D in civilian use.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The C-5A Galaxy pioneered large bypass ratio turbofans with the General Electric TF39 , which was used on the Boeing 747 , DC-10 and A300B as the CF6 later.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Even the same aircraft will sometimes use a different name for basically the same engine, depending on the use:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The T-39 Sabreliner used the J60 engine while the civilian Sabreliner called the same engine JT12 .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "But even when the flight regime is different, component reuse is common between civilian and military engines: The core of the General Electric F101 (installed in the B-1A bomber, the supersonic first version of the B-1) became the CFM-56 turbofan which is used in the Boeing 737 or the Airbus A320.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Supersonic flight requires a high nozzle velocity, therefore high bypass ratios are unsuitable.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "However, the differences between sub- and supersonic engines disappear the closer you move towards the gas generator core.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "High-pressure compressor, combustion chamber and high pressure turbine look and work the same.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Civilian engines add a large fan in front while supersonic military engines sometimes add an afterburner.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The biggest difference, however, is in the intakes (large pitot intake with blunt lips for subsonic aircraft versus adjustable spike or ramp intakes for supersonic flight) and the nozzle (fixed for subsonic flight versus a complex, adjustable convergent-divergent nozzle for supersonic flight).", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ -1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1961/Peter Kämpf", "score": 24 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Two reasons: age and speed.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "High bypass turbofans have only been in existence since the 70s -", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "the B-52 was one of the first mass-produced jet powered military aircraft, and turbofans were simply not around at the time.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Same for the U-2. Many fighter aircraft go supersonic, and jet engine thrust T is defined as $T", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "= \\dot{m}", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "\\cdot", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "(V_e - V_0)$, with $V_0$ the airspeed.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Exhaust velocity $V_e$ must be higher than true airspeed in order to generate thrust, and turbojets have a much higher exhaust flux velocity than the cold stream of the turbofan.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Image source Pure turbojets are noisy and thirsty, and modern fighters use low bypass jet engines with mixed exhaust streams, like the one depicted above.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This configuration still allows for the use of afterburners:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "take-off thrust is where high bypass turbofans are particularly strong.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/21091/Koyovis", "score": 17 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "I agree with all of the answers posted so far, particularly regarding supersonic speed.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Let me add another perspective: Differences in priorities.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "The major factors influencing engine design are: cost, weight, fuel efficiency, and response time (how long from when the pilot moves the throttle to when you have full thrust), and maintainability.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Both military and commercial operators care about all of these, but they differ on which one is most important.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "To a commercial operator, fuel efficiency trumps everything else, hands down.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "The fuel bill for a large airline can run in the billions of dollars per year, so saving even 0.1% fuel efficiency is worth a lot to them.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "That's why you see high bypass turbo fans on all commercial jet liners.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "That configuration is the most fuel efficient.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The tradeoff is that once the pilot pushes the throttle, it takes a couple of seconds for that huge fan to spin up.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Airlines are willing to live with that in exchange for better fuel efficiency.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The military does care about fuel efficiency, but they also care about response time.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "When a fighter pilot wants thrust, he wants thrust", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "right now and the cost is secondary.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Waiting a few seconds for the engine to respond could be the difference between life and death.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "That's why you see afterburners on fighter jets.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Afterburners are great at giving you a huge amount of thrust very quickly.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "But they are huge gas guzzlers", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "so you would never put them on a commercial jet liner.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/18736/Daniel K", "score": 16 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "It isn't universally true that military and commercial aircraft use different engines.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "The military and commercial versions of the Boeing 707/C135 used similar engines as do the military and commercial versions of the DC10.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Combat aircraft however are usually powered by low bypass turbofan engines rather than the high bypass turbofans used in commercial jetliners.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The low bypass engines are less fuel efficient but are more compact and have a higher thrust-to-weight ratio than the high bypass engines as well as including an afterburner which can be used to increase thrust at critical periods although at the expense of even greater fuel consumption.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The design of the Lockheed SR71 \"Blackbird\" reconnaissance aircraft featured turbo-ramjet engines which at high speeds generated most of their thrust in the bypass ducts surrounding the central turbojet engine, using the ramjet principle in which the incoming air is compressed by ram pressure alone without the use of a compressor.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The requirement for supersonic maximum speeds has traditionally been a major factor determining the choice of engines for combat, although such speeds have in practice only been routinely used by reconnaissance aircraft, most notably the SR71.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Most manned fighters use so much fuel in afterburner that this capability is rarely used except for takeoff and when manouvering at high g factors, when the extra thrust is needed to counteract drag induced at high angles of attack (AOA).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The F22 Raptor however has a \"supercruise\" capability of achieving supersonic speed without the use of afterburner.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/26711/J. Southworth", "score": 6 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The B-52 and U-2 are not the best examples, both are 60 year-old designs which use 60 year-old engine designs.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The first turbofan flew in 1952 , but it took a while for turbofans to become common.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In 1961, the B-52H became the first B-52 to have turbofans.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "By the 1970s , turbofans were used in fighters too.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Modern supersonic fighters use turbofans, for example the F-22 uses the P&W F-119 engine which has a bypass ratio of 0.25.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This engine can drive the F-22 at supersonic speeds without using its afterburner.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/11395/Hobbes", "score": 5 } } ]

{ "question": "Why do most military aircraft and helicopters use different engine technology (fighters, B52, U2, etc) than most commercial aircraft?[I removed the use of axial terminology]", "title": "Why do most military aircraft use different engines than commercial aircraft?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<jet-engine>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/46674", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/25735/jwzumwalt" }

[ [ "It isn't universally true that military and commercial aircraft use different engines. When military and civilian aircraft of similar speeds are compared, their engines differ mostly by their names. But even when the flight regime is different, component reuse is common between civilian and military engines: The core of the General Electric F101 (installed in the B-1A bomber, the supersonic first version of the B-1) became the CFM-56 turbofan which is used in the Boeing 737 or the Airbus A320. It is simply too expensive to develop a civilian type in parallel to a military type when later both are used in the same way.", "It is not entirely true that they use different engines: sometimes military engines are reused in commercial aircraft, or their engines differ only in name. However, where there is a difference, it is due to the age and speed. Military aircraft must reach supersonic speeds, so they must have the appropriate engines. Also, these two types of aircraft have different priorities. For commercial airlines, fuel efficiency is their main concern. The military cares more for response time than for fuel efficiency." ] ]

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[ 4 ]

[ [ "It is not entirely true that they use different engines: sometimes military engines are reused in commercial aircraft, or their engines differ only in name.", "There is a difference due to the age and speed. Military aircraft must reach supersonic speeds, so they must have the appropriate engines.", "These two types of aircraft have different priorities. For commercial airlines, fuel efficiency is their main concern. The military cares more for response time than for fuel efficiency." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "Quite a few, actually.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "British Airways is the largest operator of B747-400 and flies a number of routes: Where does the Boeing 747-400 fly?", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "The aircraft operates on a variety of routes, including: Beijing Boston Cape Town Dubai Lagos Las Vegas Mexico Miami New York (JFK) Phoenix San Francisco Toronto Air China operates both 747-400s and 747-8s KLM does so but is phasing the 747-400 out Korean Air, Lufthansa, Thai Airways, Virgin, El Al, Saudia operate 747s, among others.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Wikipedia lists 489 747s in service as of July 2017 though around half of them are cargo and the numbers would have reduced still further by now.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The latest data that I could lay my hands on lists the following airlines (less than twenty, sadly): Air China Air India Asiana Airlines Atlas Air British Airways China Airlines Corsair El Al Iraqi Airways KLM Royal Dutch Airlines Korean Air Lufthansa Mahan Air Qantas Rossiya Airlines Thai Airways Virgin Atlantic Wamos Air", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/9731/aeroalias", "score": 36 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "There are many airlines still operating the 747 in passenger service.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Lufthansa has bought the 747-8, the last delivery was in April 2015, so I'd expect that the 747 will be in passenger service for at least another 20 years.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ -1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Here's your choice: KLM Lufthansa (both the Boeing 747-400 and 747-8) British Airways Thai Airways Virgin Atlantic Iran Air (747-200, probably the oldest passenger 747 still in commercial service) China Airlines Air China", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ -1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Korean Air Qantas Air Atlanta Icelandic El AL Corsair Dubai Air Wing Saudi Airlines Royal Air Maroc Wamos Air Rossiya Airlines Atlas Asiana ...", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ -1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Probably more, but this is a start.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/19/DeltaLima", "score": 28 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "There are still lots of 747's in scheduled passenger service and at least a few dozen of them will almost certainly remain so for the next 20+ years.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ -1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "747-400 British Airways has 36 of them with retirement scheduled for 2024 .", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Virgin Atlantic has 8 of them with retirement beginning in 2019 .", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "KLM has 14 of them Qantas has 10 of them China Airlines still has some El Al still flies them , but is planning retirement in 2019.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Several others around the world There were deliveries of passenger 747-400s all the way up through 2005 , so the newest ones are only about 12-13 years old.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The U.S. airlines, however, were among the first customers and had some of the oldest ones.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In Delta's case, they literally had the oldest one, as Northwest (which Delta acquired several years ago) was the launch customer of the 747-400.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So, while Delta and United's 747s were mostly over 20 years old (some over 25,) many other customers operate much newer ones.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "747-8I", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "While the 747-400s are on their way out, the 747-8Is are mostly only a few years old and should still be flying for decades.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "These are currently flown by 3 airlines in scheduled passenger service, as well as several others in charter and/or VIP service.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Lufthansa has 19 of them", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Korean Air has 10 of them", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Air China has 7 of them While the Delta 747-400s with their lovely 14-seat 1-1 business-class configuration upstairs are unfortunately no more, if you're looking to ride upstairs on a 747, my personal recommendation would be Korean Air's 747-8s.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Other Commercial Operations", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "There are lots of 747s in cargo service and this doesn't appear likely to change any time soon.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The 747-8F is still in production and has accounted for almost all of the recent new 747 orders.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It appears that it will remain in production for at least the next few years and possibly quite a bit longer than that.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "UPS ordered 14 of them a little over a year ago, so that will keep the line going for at least a couple more years by itself.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Aside from the numerous 747-400 cargo and charter operators, the following operators all fly the 747-8F and, so, will likely continue flying it for a couple more decades: UPS (14)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "AirBridgeCargo (7)", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ -1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Silk Way Airlines (5) Saudi Cargo (5) Korean Air Cargo (7) (in addition to the 10 747-8Is operated by Korean Air) Cathay Pacific Cargo (14) Volga-Dnepr Airlines (5) Atlas Air (10)", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ -1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Nippon Cargo Airlines (8) Cargolux (14)", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ -1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Additionally, 8 747-8Is are being operated as business jets or VIP jets, not counting the 2 recently purchased by the U.S. Air Force for use as the next Air Force One fleet.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If the past is any indication, the Air Force One 747-8s will likely still be in regular service (though technically not commercial service) even longer than most of the other recent 747 deliveries, due to the relatively low number of flight cycles that they get.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "They could possibly remain in service 30 years from now or more.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "For comparison, the current Air Force One fleet is composed of modified 747-200s, which have long been retired from airline service.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/755/reirab", "score": 28 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "I took this photo in July 2016 at the Frankfurt airport.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So at least in 2016 Lufthansa did indeed operate Boeing 747.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/2857/jnovacho", "score": 6 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Delta just retired their last 747, but plenty of others still use them.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "If you are in the Dallas area, you can see several 747's (mostly cargo, but BA operates the DFW->LHR->DFW route with a 747-400 - we call her \"The Queen\")", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/28177/Amy", "score": 1 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Looking at the older models, even the 747-200 is in commercial use, here is a complete list .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Some days ago a 747-200 of Fars Air Qeshm was damaged in an accident.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Boeing is not allowed to deliver repair parts.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "But mins asks actually about flying as passenger.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I'm not sure, but a 747SP is some kind of 747-100?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So it is maybe possible to fly as passenger with one from Las Vegas Sands .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "But I'm afraid you have to spend a lot of money.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1084/Peter", "score": 1 } } ]

{ "question": "No American airline flies it anymore, but the Jumbo has been mythic for decades: ANA B747-400. Wikimedia , photo by Kentaro Iemoto Is it still possible for a passenger to board a Jumbo Jet? Which airlines are still operating the B747 in 2018?", "title": "Are there any Boeing 747 still flying for commercial use?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<airlines><boeing-747>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/47380", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3201/mins" }

[ [ "Many airlines are still usingthe 747 Jumbo jet even though Delta have retired their last one. Moreover, the 747-81 is quite new and should be fluing for many decades more.", "There are actually a lot of airlines that operate them for passenger use, mainly the 747-8Is. A list of the airlines still using them: British Airways, Air China, Air India, Asiana Airlines, Atlas Air, China Airlines, Corsair, El Al Iraqi Airways, KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, Korean Air, Lufthansa, Mahan Air, Qantas, Rossiya Airlines, Thai Airways, Virgin Atlantic Wamos Air, and one can even be seen in the Dallas area." ] ]

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[ 4 ]

[ [ "There are actually a lot of airlines that operate them for passenger use, mainly the 747-8Is.", "A list of the airlines still using them: British Airways, Air China, Air India, Asiana Airlines, Atlas Air, China Airlines, Corsair, El Al Iraqi Airways, KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, Korean Air, Lufthansa, Mahan Air, Qantas, Rossiya Airlines, Thai Airways, Virgin Atlantic Wamos Air, and one can even be seen in the Dallas area." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "The plane would be lighter.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Not by much.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It cannot be hard to dedicate different planes to different routes.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This adds to the logistics difficulties in scheduling the airframes.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It's MUCH easier if all the airframes can be used on all the routes.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Returning the life jackets each time the plane has to fly over water.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This involves extra down-time/logistics before the airframe can fly the next trip.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You've used the phrase, \"large bodies of water\"; think about if the airplane needed to ditch in a \"small body of water\".", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It would be preferrable that all people had life jackets and thus a chance to live.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/25728/RAC", "score": 56 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Why do airlines not remove the life jackets from planes that fly over land?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "They do, at least some of them.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I fly on intra-European routes regularly (mainly Eurowings) and have never seen life jackets on flights that don't cross the Mediterranean.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Obviously, the safety instructions don't include the life jacket demonstration either.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I would guess that especially for low-cost carriers, the weight advantage makes a difference.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/16080/dasdingonesin", "score": 19 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Because this can still happen.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "That’s US Airways Flight 1549 on the Hudson River.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "They made a movie about it starring Tom Hanks.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "There’s no way to predict disasters, and had the plane been “efficient” having no life jackets", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": ", I suspect it could have meant a lot of people drowning.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "[But see comments.]", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So it’s better to plan for contingencies, especially when it’s a cheap solution (Like life jackets or floating seats).", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "In other words, planning for anything and everything going wrong is just something pilots and aerospace engineers (and lawyers) are in the habit of doing, ideally.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/15400/NonCreature0714", "score": 17 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Why do airlines not remove the life jackets from planes that fly over land?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The plane would be lighter and the safety demonstration shorter.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Some do.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "As a specific example, if you fly Delta from Minneapolis to Lincoln, Nebraska, you'll be on a Canadair RJ-something (actually run by Sky West) that will only have a couple of infant lifejackets on board.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Everyone else can use their seat bottom cushion to help float – there are straps on the bottom to help you hold onto it.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "However, it only makes sense to do this on planes that won't be used over any significant body of water.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "For example, the lack of lifejackets prevents Sky West using those particular planes for something like a Minneapolis–Detroit flight, which would either pass over Lake Michigan or take an uncompetitive detour to the south.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "They probably couldn't be used on Minneapolis–Chicago flights, even, since those can be routed out over the lake to approach O'Hare from the east.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Similarly, a European carrier that decided not to carry lifejackets would be unable to fly that plane to the UK without spending the time to put the lifejackets back and replace all the safety cards.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/946/David Richerby", "score": 11 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The Airbus A380 seats around 850 passengers 4 .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "American Airlines has a fleet of about 950 aircraft of various models 2 .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The Cadillac of Wal-mart life-vests, purchased individually, costs \\$30 1 .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Outfitting a fleet of 950", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A380s with", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "life-vests purchased individually at Wal-mart comes in a $24,225,000 USD.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Even though I outfitted one of the largest fleets consisting of the largest aircraft with the life vests purchased using idiotically low business-sense, if I managed the rest of the business with some sense then the cost is (optimistically) about a day's worth of profits (American Airlines had a net profit of \\$7.6B in 2015, though 2016 was a little slower at \\$2.7B 3 ) for a once-in-an-aircraft's-liftime purchase (though there's no reason to retire them with the aircraft).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Regardless, your question was \"why\", not \"why not\"; what incentives are there for doing having life vests?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "One possible incentive for airliners to go ahead and equip all aircraft with them is to take out any restrictions on the aircraft's serviceable zone that would be in-place if not equipped with life vests.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Maybe airports such as New York require life vests because it's so close to a large body of water that traveling over it is practically unavoidable?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Maybe it's economically advantageous to be able to re-route aircraft without the luxury of predictability.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Still I apologize I still have not fed you with any true answers, only supposition.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Maybe there is a regulation...", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Otherwise, maybe the CEO of American Airlines will respond and tell us why the hell he blankets the life vests.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "(Edited for coherence).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Mins raised a point about cost of maintenance being a significant cost (possibly larger than the cost to supply).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So maybe the there isn't much strength in the \"why not\" court.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "References:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/28245/iklln6", "score": 3 } } ]

{ "question": "According to this question, life jackets are not mandatory in planes that do not fly over large bodies of water. However, I have never been on an airline flight without life jackets (and the corresponding safety demonstration). Why do airlines not remove the life jackets from planes that fly over land? The plane would be lighter and the safety demonstration shorter. Moreover, it can not be hard to dedicate different planes to different routes and avoid returning the life jackets each time the plane has to fly over water.", "title": "Why do all airliners have life jackets?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<safety><commercial-aviation><economics><weight>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/47445", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/28204/Steven Mathey" }

[ [ "One possible incentive for airliners to go ahead and equip all aircraft with them is to take out any restrictions on the aircraft's serviceable zone that would be in-place if not equipped with life vests. Moreover, planning for anything and everything going wrong is just something pilots and aerospace engineers (and lawyers) are in the habit of doing. It’s better to plan for contingencies, especially when it’s a cheap solution (Like life jackets or floating seats). However, some people say they fly on intra-European routes regularly (mainly Eurowings) and have never seen life jackets on flights that don't cross the Mediterranean.", "Some airlines remove the life jackets for flights that do not pass over bodies of water, especially low-cost companies for which the advantage of the reduced weight is important. That said, most carriers avoid it, because it is more convenient if all aircrafts can be used on all possible routes without restrictions. It is preferable to prepare for contingencies, just to be safe in the event of an emergency." ] ]

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[ 4 ]

[ [ "It is more convenient if all aircrafts can be used on all possible routes without restrictions.", "Some airlines remove the life jackets for flights that do not pass over bodies of water, especially low-cost companies for which the advantage of the reduced weight is important.", "It is preferable to prepare for contingencies, just to be safe in the event of an emergency." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "There are really two reasons.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "First, fighter tactics have evolved over time, and second, the role of the B-52 has evolved over time.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0, 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Fighter tactics Fighters used to depend (heavily) upon getting fairly close to an enemy, and shooting it down with a machine gun.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Over the years, guns have become less and less dominant, and instead fighters tend to use missiles from outside a machine gun's effective range.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Role Change", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The B-52 was designed from the beginning to carry nuclear weapons.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Nonetheless, it's never been used to actually bomb an enemy with a nuclear weapon.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Early in its life, the B-52 was used to drop conventional bombs on enemies though.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "During the Vietnam conflict (in particular)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "B-52s were used to drop thousands of conventional 500 pound bombs on various targets.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The Linebacker II campaign was, perhaps, especially notable.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "During Linebacker II, 15 B-52s were lost--all of them to surface to air missiles (SAMs) not enemy fighters.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Linebacker II did see some limited success from tail guns as well: two B-52s shot down two MiGs.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "No B-52 (nor any other aircraft of similar size) has shot down an enemy fighter since.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Now, B-52s act as an aerial platform for launching stand-off weapons.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Its normal operation is to fly in low (where it's difficult to detect on radar), and launch from a substantial distance from the target.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Since it can be a substantial distance from the target, an enemy would need to defend a much larger perimeter (e.g., a large number of fighters basically blanketing a large area) to stand a decent chance of intercepting it.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Even if we assume an enemy fighter were to intercept the B-52, we get back to the situation with fighter tactics outlined above--", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "they'd be unlikely to get within range of its tail gun anyway.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/4021/Jerry Coffin", "score": 48 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "I was in the United States Air Force (USAF) working B-52's when the tail gunner position was retired.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The reason was that it was deemed ineffective.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "As the answers here point out, fighter aircraft evolved such that medium and long range air-to-air missiles were the primary weapons.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "This kept fighters out far enough that the tail gun cannot hit.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "But another very important reason was that the electronic countermeasures on the B-52s evolved such that it became the primary defense and was very effective.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Another major factor was that the fire control system was dependent on a radar transmitter/receiver.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "That in itself is a problem, because the radar signal could be detected and identified.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "When you are flying into enemy territory, you really don't want to do it with a radar transmission signal that says \"BUFF OVER HERE WITH", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "LARGE PAYLOAD THAT WILL DO MASSIVE STRATEGIC DAMAGE IF WE GET THROUGH\".", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It needed to be re-engineered to be more stealth, and the USAF didn't assess the time and cost to do that would pay off.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/28313/Thomas Carlisle", "score": 31 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Flexible gunnery is useless against surface-to-air and air-to-air missiles.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Which is the backbone of today's air defense systems.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Instead bombers have other means to distract said missiles.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "( Source )", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Flares and such.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/14897/ymb1", "score": 12 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Because the defending nations stopped sending fighter planes at them to shoot them down at close range (where those guns were effective) and instead launched Ground to Air or Air to Air missiles at them from a larger distance.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "This meant that it's more important to defend against missiles than against fighters.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/609/ratchet freak", "score": 10 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Gun turrets are for defending against aircraft that are within gun range.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "However, modern fighters will usually lock on and fire missiles long before the fighter is within the range of a gun turret.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/22661/Devil07", "score": 8 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Nowadays, you can lock onto planes that you can barely see or even not see at all.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "On the other hand, you have a very limited effective range with machineguns.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Also, keep in mind that shooting down a plane from another plane is very hard (check videos on gunner training in WWII).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Now imagine trying to do so on very fast planes like nowadays fighter jets.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "To sum things up, most of the time, you won't even be in range to be able to use your machine guns and, even if you were, it would probably be really hard to defend yourself effectively.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Keep in mind that adding these machineguns weights down the aircraft and might even hinder the installation of more important equipment like flares or jammers.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] }, { "text": "There was a tailgunner on the B-52 because the use of canons by jet fighters back in the Vietnam war was more common than nowadays.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/24929/Hawker65", "score": 0 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Modern fighters are usually armed with missiles, with which they can engage from far beyond the range of guns.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ -1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "At least one North Vietnamese fighter was shot down by a B52D's rear gun armament during the Vietnam War, however.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/26711/J. Southworth", "score": 0 } } ]

{ "question": "I know that for a period of time the B-52 had a tailgunner, but nowadays many heavy bombers lack any turret defense.Why?", "title": "Why don't modern heavy bombers have gun turrets?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<military><bomber>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/47607", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/27442/TheSleepingInsomniac" }

[ [ "Nowadays, the main weapons against bombers are ground-to-air missiles, machine guns would be useless against these, hence no need for a gun turret.", "The main reason is that fighter tactics have changed; guns are much less used and instead fighters use long range air-to-air missiles. Guns are useless against either those, or surface-to-air missiles. The guns do not have the necessary range to be effective. The role of the B-52 changed together with its electronic countermeasures and it became the primary defence, losing the gun turrets in the process. Another reason is that the fire control system operated using a radar. These machineguns weighted a lot and left no room for more important equipment, i.e. flares, jammers, etc." ] ]

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[ 4 ]

[ [ "Fighter tactics have changed; guns are much less used and instead fighters use long range air-to-air missiles. Guns are useless against either those, or surface-to-air missiles. The guns do not have the necessary range to be effective.", "The role of the B-52 changed together with its electronic countermeasures and it became the primary defence, losing the gun turrets in the process.", "Another reason is that the fire control system operated using a radar.", "These machineguns weighted a lot and left no room for more important equipment, i.e. flares, jammers, etc." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "Short-field take-off techniques often achieve a shorter ground run by hurting climb performance.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "While having more runway is great for safety, planning to use less of the runway is not a huge benefit: you always plan to have enough runway left if you need to abort during the take-off roll.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "It's much better to have more height quickly in the climb-out: it gives you more margin against obstacles after the runway's protected area, and it gives you more height to land in case of an engine failure after take-off (EFATO).", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "The numbers for a normal take-off optimise for a good rate of climb, which has the greatest benefit to safety.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "A short-field take-off gives you an extra option when the runway length is too short for that - at the cost of some margin if there's a problem in the climb-out.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/998/Dan Hulme", "score": 39 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "First off as the pilot in command, you are free to do this if you feel it is the safe way to operate the aircraft in a given situation even if runway does not dictate it.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "According to the FAA's handbook the short field take off requires a high degree of control of the aircraft, The pilot should be aware that, in some airplanes, a deviation of 5 knots from the recommended speed may result in a significant reduction in climb performance; therefore, the pilot must maintain precise control of the airspeed to ensure the maneuver is executed safely and successfully.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "While an experienced pilot may be ok with this student pilots and newly minted ticket holders may feel less comfortable and thus choose to only fly from runways where this is not required, although it should be noted this is part of the ACS and thus part of getting at least a PPL here in the US.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Due to the degree of precision the maneuver may be used less than a standard takeoff.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "There is an interesting article here worth reading on the topic.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3677/Dave", "score": 18 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Short field takeoffs are more complicated than simple takeoffs.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ -1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "That is why they are taught later, once you are familiar with normal takeoffs.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Depending upon the plane, there are several steps you need to take for a short field takeoff:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "add flaps, line up before the piano, press brakes, full power, check engine gauges, release brakes, etc.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This is simply more complicated than full throttle/check engine gauges.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "There are a thousand things that you need to keep in mind while flying.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It is best to keep simple things simple.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Of course you can always do short field takeoffs if it pleases you.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Most runways you will takeoff from will be long enough from a GA perspective.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In case the runway is short, you should of course use the short field technique. :)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/23144/Prashant Saraswat", "score": 10 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "As Dave and others have already mentioned, short-field takeoffs result in taking off with significantly less airspeed than usual.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Your goal in a short-field takeoff is essentially to fly the plane just slightly above the point where it is not flyable.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "As a result of this, the margin for error in a short-field takeoff is considerably smaller than in a normal takeoff.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In addition to the relatively poor climb-out performance mentioned in Dan's answer, you're intentionally trying to fly just beyond stall speed.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Relatively small wind gusts can put you back on the ground in a hurry, as could momentarily pitching up too much.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "All-in-all the short-field takeoff is just a relatively more dangerous way to take off if you have sufficient runway for a normal takeoff.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "You'll have less control authority and, so, less ability to correct the plane's attitude in gusty conditions.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ -1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You'll have less airspeed and be more susceptible to stalling at low altitude (whether due to gusty winds, accidental excess pitch, or a combination of the two.)", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "You'll also be less able to climb clear of obstacles at the end of the runway.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "The flaps will also be providing additional drag, so you'll use up more horizontal distance in order to get up to speed for the climb-out.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Your only real gain for all of these trade-offs is that the wheels will have a shorter roll across the ground, so it's just not worth it unless you really don't have the runway to spare.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/755/reirab", "score": 10 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "I used to fly a 4-seater Rallye Minerva, and, if I recall correctly, the recommendedshort field take off involved putting on full flaps (30°) just before liftoffspeed (the flaps were operated by a handbrake sort of affair) and then basically flying level until an appropriate speed was attained.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "While no takeoff was relaxing, this procedure was a little unnerving (it tookquite a bit of effort to latch the flaps in, and there wasn't always a secondchance), and certainly not one I would use on a regular basis.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A crosswind added tothe tension as the liftoff speed was fairly slow (something like 42KT).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This was a lot more work than I would want to do when operating from a busyairport, and generally reserved for shorter 'fields' (100m, yep, you read thatright).", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3212/copper.hat", "score": 6 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Furthermore, you want to minimize the time of full power to the engine to reduce the chance of its failing.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You also want to keep fuel burn down so there's more reserve at the end - or less to be loaded to start, allowing more payload.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A \"normal\" takeoff improves all the above along with airspeed margins, visibility over the cowling, cooling airflow to the engine and more.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "All of which are benefits it offers compared to a short (or soft) field takeoff.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/31011/JimHorn", "score": 0 } } ]

{ "question": "Depending on the airframe, there are a number of techniques to reduce the Take Off Distance required. For example, deploying flaps. What advantage is there to NOT using short field take offs, even when runway length is sufficient? Surely it's always advantageous to require the minimal amount of runway, thereby adding a larger margin for error?", "title": "Why don't we treat all takeoffs as short field in GA?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<general-aviation><pilot-technique>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/48480", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/2160/Dan" }

[ [ "Normal runway length provides for optimum climb when the aircraft takes off and allows a margin for error in case something goes wrong. A short runway take-off reduces this margin for error and therefor is less safe. ", "You can always perform a short-field take-off if you prefer, there are no restrictions against it. However, with short-field take-off, climb performance is diminished, so there is less margin against obstacles or stalling. Due to the flaps, there is also additional drag. Short-field take-off is much more difficult and complicated and, as a result, more dangerous." ] ]

{ "rel_sent_not_in_cluster": [ true ], "cluster_sents_not_matched": [ [ "That is why they are taught later, once you are familiar with normal takeoffs." ] ] }

[ 4 ]

[ [ "With short-field take-off, climb performance is diminished, so there is less margin against obstacles or stalling. Due to the flaps, there is also additional drag.", "You can always perform a short-field take-off if you prefer, there are no restrictions against it.", "Short-field take-off is much more difficult and complicated and, as a result, more dangerous." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "In the aerobatic community we would call that the beginning of an Aileron Roll .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It's harder than it looks.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/52/Dan Pichelman", "score": 21 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "You do a roll change maneuver.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "In German it is a \" Rollwechsel \", and the time it takes to do this from -45° bank to 45° bank is an important measure for the agility of a glider.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "The maneuver is meant to teach you how to quickly change the direction of circling, and for most gliders it limits the minimum size of their vertical tail surface.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The European certification regulations for gliders demand in section CS 22.147: Using an appropriate combination of controls it must be possible to reverse the direction of a turn with a 45° bank in the opposite direction within b/3 seconds (b is the span in metres) when the turns are made at a speed of 1·4 V$_{S1}$ with wing-flaps in the most positive en-route position, air brakes and, where applicable, landing gear retracted and without significant slip or skid.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Note the speed (v$_{S1}$ is the stall speed):", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The faster you fly, the easier it is.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Since induced drag is highest at low speed, the adverse yaw resulting from the aileron deflection is impossible to overcome if you fly slowly.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Glider designers try to make the tail just big enough", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "so CS 22.147 can be fulfilled (the condition \"without significant slip or skid\" is crucial here!).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If you want to start an aileron roll this way: Please don't!", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It takes a little more to roll a glider properly.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1961/Peter Kämpf", "score": 16 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Here at the University we call it a \"Perfect Roll\", it is commonly used to assess the turning characteristics of an aircraft.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/15202/Brilsmurfffje", "score": 3 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "In Argentina we used to call it \"coordinación\" (coordination).", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/690/Martin Argerami", "score": 2 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "It sounds like the process of doing a slow roll, though the pilot usually does the role until they are at the 180 mark, that is inverted.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/15637/Carlo Felicione", "score": 1 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "In addition to being (mistakenly) called a Dutch roll, I hear that maneuver called \"rolling on a point\" or \"rolling on a heading.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "\" This is probably the most unambiguous description, as you are rolling the plane while using coordinated inputs to keep the heading constant.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/40136/Shamtam", "score": 0 } } ]

{ "question": "My instructor made me do an exercise that consists of banking the sailplane left and right around 30 degrees without moving from the axis. I need to aim for a specific point, and start with the exercise. This is a coordination exercise but does it have a name? It's like a dutch roll but I need to stay in the roll axis without moving.", "title": "What is it called when you roll without yawing or pitching?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<terminology><roll>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/49205", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/29440/Santiago Flores" }

[ [ "A roll without yawning or pitching is called a rool change maneuver, Roolwechsel in German, Perfect Roll, Coordinacion in Argentina, Rolling on point or Rolling on a heading.", "Although it is often mistakenly called a \"Dutch roll\", in English it is more correctly called a \"roll change maneuver\", a \"Perfect roll\" or \"rolling on a point\". It is also similar to the \"slow roll\", though inverted. The German equivalent is called \"Rollwechsel\" and in Argentina they call it \"coordinación\" (coordination)." ] ]

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[ 4 ]

[ [ "Although it is often mistakenly called a \"Dutch roll\", in English it is more correctly called a \"roll change maneuver\", a \"Perfect roll\" or \"rolling on a point\". It is also similar to the \"slow roll\", though inverted. The German equivalent is called \"Rollwechsel\" and in Argentina they call it \"coordinación\" (coordination)." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "Short answer:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "the US government agreed with you 3 years after her record flight.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In the FAA reauthorization act of 1996 , the following clause was added to 49 U.S. Code § 44724 - Manipulation of flight controls: (a)Prohibition.—No pilot in command of an aircraft may allow an individual who does not hold— (1) a valid private pilots certificate issued by the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration under part 61 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations; and (2) the appropriate medical certificate issued by the Administrator under part 67 of such title, to manipulate the controls of an aircraft if the pilot knows or should have known that the individual is attempting to set a record or engage in an aeronautical competition or aeronautical feat, as defined by the Administrator.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Per 14 CFR 91 (can't find the exact text right now, but I know this is true from my flight training)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": ", you cannot obtain a student pilot's license until age 14 (so, no soloing until then, let alone a long-distance trip) and a private pilot's license until age 16 (for gliders).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You can't get a private pilot's license for your typical single engine aircraft until age 18.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "A sport pilot's license is possible by age 17, but is limited on the aircraft you can fly (that said, a coast-to-coast trip has been flown in a Piper J-3 Cub, which fits under the sport pilot license) and conditions you can fly in.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Hence, it would not presently be legal to do what Vicki did in 1993.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "According to a NY Times article covering another young pilot, Jessica Dubroff (aged 7 at the time of her fatally unsuccessful attempt at a coast-to-coast flight): Jessica was breaking no aviation rules when she flew.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The plane had dual sets of controls, meaning that the flight instructor was legally considered in charge and had the ability to take control instantly, though the plans called for Mr. Reid to take over only in an emergency.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "But within hours of the crash, Federal authorities announced that they would re-examine existing regulations on underage pilots.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This would have preceded the addition to the USC quoted above.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/14720/Marius", "score": 64 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "I can't give an authoritative answer because I doubt one exists, but one huge difference between cars and planes is that all aircraft used for primary instruction can be flown from either seat.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Both legally, and physically.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It's almost always entirely possible for a pilot to conduct an entire flight by themselves from the second seat, save perhaps some small logistical issues with the location of a switch or two.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "To that end, it's not possible to fly in the front seat of a trainer without being at the controls.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Therefore any passenger, in either seat, is sat in a position of being able to take control of the aircraft.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In addition to that, while aircraft are often designed with one primary seat in mind (normally the left hand seat), there are rarely any legal restrictions that say a training aircraft can't be commanded from the right.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "This differs hugely from a car which, firstly, is designed specifically to be driven from one side or another.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "An instructor in the passenger seat may have a SUBSET of controls, but sometimes not and therefore can't fully control the vehicle from that seat.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/2160/Dan", "score": 23 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Driving requires a much faster reaction time.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "Look at how the consensus process works inside a cockpit under healthy CRM.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Just having a brief \"My airplane\" /", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "\"Your airplane\" is far too slow for typical driving events.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Even if we set aside those formalities and simply have the Co-driver \"leap in when needed\", events don't unfold that way.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Actually what happens is the Co-driver sees the emerging problem (truck pulling into their path) and the first thing she does is presume", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "the Driver is going to handle it correctly.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If the Co-driver leaps in too soon, 99% of the time she ends up needlessly wrestling the driver for control.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So the co-driver intervenes quite late, only when it's clear the Driver isn't doing the job.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "At this point, usually, your goose is cooked.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A classic example of this was the first fatal crash of someone letting the computer drive : the co-driver was attentive and not watching a Harry Potter movie .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Things unfold in rail operations slower than they do in cars, and yet still, discovering the driving mistake happened too late to prevent it.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "All this to say... events in an airplane typically happen a lot slower, giving pilots a lot more time to use CRM to work solutions.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Once the solution is agreed, the hard part - the use of judgment is done, and it's down to execution.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/22864/Harper - Reinstate Monica", "score": 18 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Regarding the comparison of the \"set of principles that flying has as opposed to driving\": It's not necessarily the difference in the principles that matters;both kinds of vehicles have ways to control how fast you go and the direction in which you go, and in both vehicles it is possible to lose control (and sometimes also to regain control).But the principles of flight and the principles of driving are typically exercised under vastly different sets of conditions.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If pilots routinely flew along routes where there were solid obstacles just a few meters from the wingtips on either side (like the trees lining a country road) or if there were typically other aircraft flying in the same direction three seconds ahead of you and three seconds behind, and sometimes someone passing you in the same (or opposite) direction just a few meters away, I imagine the rules of flight would be somewhat different than they are now.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "But those are not the usual conditions under which people fly.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3831/David K", "score": 7 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "A very large part of the population drives, which means that a large part of the population consider themselves authorities on driving, and qualified to tell other drivers what to do.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Far fewer people are pilots, which means that the average person more or less trusts the professionals to know what they're doing when it comes to flying.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This results in different regulatory environments.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3402/hobbs", "score": 3 } } ]

{ "question": "I read an autobiography about Vicki Van Meter, who, with her instructor, flew across the United States at age 11 in 1993. Why could someone of that age not drive with the instructor?Does it have to do with a different set of principles that flying has as opposed to driving?", "title": "Why does flying not have any age restrictions like driving does?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<faa-regulations><pilots>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/49610", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/24489/HeavenlyHarmony" }

[ [ "Driving a car required much faster reaction times than flying a plane. There are more obstacles to avoid, other traffic very close on the road and the errors of other drivers to react to. In general, these issues do not occur during flight. However, there is a younger end age limit as you cannot get a pilot licence until you are 18.", "In fact, in 1996 the legal framework changed so it is no longer possible to fly at such a young age. You need to be 18 to get a pilot's license (17 for sport pilot's license). That said, one reason for this difference that used to exist is that planes can be flown from both seats, so the instructor can always completely take over. Also, when driving, obstacles are much closer and distances are shorter, so faster reaction times are required." ] ]

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[ 4 ]

[ [ "In fact, in 1996 the legal framework changed so it is no longer possible to fly at such a young age. You need to be 18 to get a pilot's license (17 for sport pilot's license).", "One reason is that planes can be flown from both seats, so the instructor can always completely take over.", "When driving, obstacles are much closer and distances are shorter, so faster reaction times are required." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "There is a discussion on it here that's worth reading but in short the requirements were just different.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A few of the key points, The black color on the SR-71 offered some night camouflage in addition to its heat dissipation", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The Concorde had an Aluminium airframe while the SR-71 had a primarily titanium airframe which could lead to different coating types.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "The Concorde was a commercial aircraft many of which are often painted white thermal benefits aside they may have simply been keeping with what they usually did.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "The SR-71 flew substantially faster than the Concorde and had different thermal requirements.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The hottest point on the Concorde was the nose 127°C which was actually cooled by fuel being pumped through as a coolant.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The hottest point on the SR-71 was the cockpit window which cooked in at 327°C again, very different requirements thermally.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3677/Dave", "score": 43 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Concorde's average skin temperature was 92°C (365K).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Calculating the black body radiation using the Stefan Boltzmann law we get 1006W/m².", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This the maximum heat flux possible with perfect radiation, and very similar to the heat flux of solar radiation, which is also about 1kW/m² at the earth's surface in the absence of clouds (and a bit higher at Concorde's typical cruising altitude.)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "However, as others have pointed out, at these temperatures Concorde would radiate in the far infra red, and it is perfectly possible to have a selective paint that appears white in the visible region (reflecting much of the heat of sunlight) while also radiating in the infra red region.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1952/Level River St", "score": 18 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The Blackbird was black so it could absorb radiation, not so it could emit radiation.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Look at the Blackbird's predecessor, the A-12, it is fairly easy to find pictures of the A-12 with polished or partially polished finish.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The Blackbird and A-12 moved to a radar absorbent black finish for reasons of observability, flying at the edge of space means a darker surrounding than lower in the atmosphere so the camouflage requirement is different than say a fighter jet.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Any thermal emissions that do occur do so well outside the visible spectrum.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "To reach the point at which it is beneficial to thermally dissipation for the aircraft to be painted black is to reach the point that the aircraft emits more energy as radiation than it absorbs in the visible spectrum.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "At that point the black aircraft would be brighter than a white aircraft.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/30879/XRF", "score": 6 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Good question.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "There are two main reasons for the Concorde's specific coloring:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Heat absorption and heat emission.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "The key to its color scheme is in the materials used in construction of each plane.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "The Concorde was made of aluminum, which emits heat far more quickly and effectively than the SR-71's titanium skin.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Contrary to popular belief, the plane will become ductile and lose structural integrity at far lower temperatures than the metal's melting point, and preventing the metal from reaching these temperatures is a key reason for the paint colors of each aircraft.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Aluminum becomes ductile and unacceptably weak at higher temperatures, but would rarely reach them at the Concorde's cruise speed, as the metal reflects/releases sufficient heat so that the paint can can do a more proactive job of keeping heat absorption at a minimum.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If titanium had similarly good heat dissipation capabilities then I am confident that it too would have been white.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "However, titanium at speeds around the Blackbird's cruise range would absorb far too much heat for it to release, so the black paint would actually be superior in terms of heat dissipation to compensate for titanium's natural characteristics.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Short answer shorter, the aluminum on the Concorde didn't get hot enough for the aluminum to lose integrity, so white was the better option in terms of preventing the metal from reaching those critical temperatures.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "The SR-71 however could not release heat as quickly as aluminum, so the paint was designed to aid it in that regard.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Hope this helps,", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "sorry about the formatting I am in a rush so if there was anything conceptual I left out then please comment.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/29026/Jihyun", "score": 5 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Concorde was a civilian commercial vehicle.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It's mission is not 100% flying, but also embarking and disembarking of passengers, waiting for ATC permission, etc.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This means, it spend considerable time, on the ground, on low power, not heated by the airflow - but heated by the sun.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "For this part of the mission, white paint is vastly superior.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "SR-71 was a military aircraft and it was optimized for one thing only - the flight.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Sunbathing at the airport was not an issue, it was kept in a hangar for as long as possible anyway.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3903/Agent_L", "score": 2 } } ]

{ "question": "It's well-known that the stated reason the Concorde was painted predominantly white was to mitigate heating problems . However, given that the source of the Concorde's thermal woes wasn't excessive exposure to solar radiation, but, rather, direct conduction and convection of compression heat, I'm confused; in that case, shouldn't the Concorde have been painted black (or nearly black), like the SR-71 , to better radiate heat away?", "title": "Why was the Concorde painted white and not black?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<concorde><livery><paint>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/51268", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/22726/Sean" }

[ [ "S2: The Concorde had an Aluminium airframe while the SR-71 had a primarily titanium airframe which could lead to different coating types. The aluminum on the Concorde didn't get hot enough for the aluminum to lose integrity, so white was the better option in terms of preventing the metal from reaching those critical temperatures. Moreover, the Concorde was a commercial aircraft many of which are often painted white thermal benefits aside they may have simply been keeping with what they usually did. ", "The main reason is the heat absorption and heat emission of each material. Concorde's aluminium airframe is favoured by a lighter color scheme. It is more advantageous to paint an aircraft black only when it emits more energy as radiation than it is able to absorb, within the visible spectrum. Another reason is perhaps that the Concorde was a commercial airplane, which are usually painted white." ] ]

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[ 4 ]

[ [ "The main reason is the heat absorption and heat emission of each material. Concorde's aluminium airframe is favoured by a lighter color scheme.", "It is more advantageous to paint an aircraft black only when it emits more energy as radiation than it is able to absorb, within the visible spectrum.", "The Concorde was a commercial airplane, which are usually painted white." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "The FAA AIM and ATC (7110.65) documents don't mention the ICAO equivalent.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "But I found it in the US AIP : 34.1", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "(...)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "At times a clearance may include the word “IMMEDIATE.”", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "For example: “ CLEARED FOR IMMEDIATE TAKEOFF. ”", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In such cases “IMMEDIATE” is used for purposes of air traffic separation.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "It is up to the pilot to refuse the clearance if, in the pilot’s opinion, compliance would adversely affect the operation.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/14897/ymb1", "score": 7 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Assuming US/FAA: The Pilot/Controller Glossary only has one instance of \"no delay\": MINIMUM FUEL − Indicates that an aircraft’s fuel supply has reached a state where, upon reaching the destination, it can accept little or no delay.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "This is not an emergency situation but merely indicates an emergency situation is possible should any undue delay occur.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "\"Immediate takeoff\" doesn't exist, either, but we do get IMMEDIATELY − Used by ATC or pilots when such action compliance is required to avoid an imminent situation.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "We can cross-reference this with the Skybrary entry for Immediate Takeoff :", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "When given the instruction ‘cleared for immediate takeoff’, the pilot is expected to act as follows: At the holding point: taxi immediately on to the runway and begin a rolling take off without stopping the aircraft.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If it is not possible to begin taxiing onto the runway at once or if take off performance calculations mean that a standing start is necessary, then the clearance must be declined If already lined-up on the runway: commence take-off without any delay.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If this is not possible for any reason, the pilot must advise the controller immediately.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So that suggests that \"immediate takeoff\" is more standard.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "My experience has always had the clearance be \"no delays\".", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If the P/CG doesn't technically define either phrase then I can suppose that they use \"no delays\" to avoid the knee-jerk \"I must do something\" to \"immediately\".", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "For \"no delays\" you can always easily respond \"unable\" and wait until the next plane lands.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/15703/bartonjs", "score": 5 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "According to the ICAO Doc 4444", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "14th ed.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "(Procedures forAir Navigation Services - Air Traffic Management )", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "They mention a clearance for \"immediate take-off\" in section 7.8.3.4: 7.8.3.4", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In the interest of expediting traffic, a clearancefor immediate take-off may be issued to an aircraft before itenters the runway.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "On acceptance of such clearance the aircraftshall taxi out to the runway and take off in one continuousmovement.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I don't see any reference to \"take-off, no delay\" or \"cleared for immediate take-off\" in the FAA ORDER", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "JO 7110.65W (air traffic control procedures and phraseology).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I believe both are correct with ATC opting to use \"Cleared for take-off, no delay.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "\" to shorten their transmission to save time.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/30939/TK252", "score": 3 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "There's also the option of expedite .", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "EXPEDITE− Used by ATC when prompt compliance is required to avoid the development of an imminent situation.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/media/pcg_4-03-14.pdf", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/31010/CaptObvious", "score": 1 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Here's one from the field ,", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "TOWER:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Southwest 3828, Midway tower, runway 31C, line up and wait.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Don't plan on stopping .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "SWA3828:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "31C line up and wait, Southwest 3828.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "TOWER:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Southwest 3828, traffic holding in position on the crossed runway, traffic on 3-mile final for the crossed runway, no delay please .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Turn left heading 250, Runway 31C, cleared for takeoff.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The wind 060 at 9. SWA3828 and DELTA1328: Heterodyne", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "What follows the heterodyne is what makes this one famous, but the answer to your question as plays out here, is the controller intentionally used informal language in his advisory \"don't plan on stopping\" and the admonishment \"no delay please\".", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/22864/Harper - Reinstate Monica", "score": 1 } } ]

{ "question": "Just wondering - what's the correct ATC phraseology for a takeoff where a plane does not stop first after lining up with the runway centerline before starting their takeoff roll? Redwood five-two-six-three, runway three-zero cleared for takeoff, no delay. Redwood five-two-six-three, runway three-zero cleared for immediate takeoff.", "title": "What is the correct ATC phraseology in the US for an immediate - no delay takeoff?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<air-traffic-control><usa><takeoff><phraseology>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/51456", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/25068/slantalpha" }

[ [ "\"Immediate\", \"Expedite\" and \"minimum fuel\" are terms used to indicate a no delay take off.", "Usually, \"IMMEDIATE\" or \"IMMEDIATELY\" is used by ATC or the pilots for air traffic separation. \"EXPEDITE\" can also be used when quick compliance is vital to avoid an imminent situation. Finally, in the Pilot/Controller Glossary there is only one instance of \"no delay\": MINIMUM FUEL − for when an aircraft is almost out of fuel and upon arriving, there needs to be no delay." ] ]

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[ 4 ]

[ [ "Usually, \"IMMEDIATE\" or \"IMMEDIATELY\" is used by ATC or the pilots for air traffic separation.", "\"EXPEDITE\" can also be used when quick compliance is vital to avoid an imminent situation.", "In the Pilot/Controller Glossary there is only one instance of \"no delay\": MINIMUM FUEL − for when an aircraft is almost out of fuel and upon arriving, there needs to be no delay." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "The Dunne D.8 used a pair of levers , each controlling one elevon.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/30468/Pilothead", "score": 37 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The early wright glider (1902) had its rudder connected to the wing warping system.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "they connected the rudder control cables to the wing-warping hip cradle, so a single motion by the pilot operated both controls.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "They also changed the original double rudder to a single rudder, as shown here.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The wrights also used a hip cradle to move the wing warping system (early aileron system) as well as the cross connected rudder which I cant say exists any more.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The Wrights steered their 1903 Flyer with a hip cradle, which the pilot controlled by sliding his hips from side to side.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ -1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Similarly the elevator had a dedicated independent control.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This lever, operated by the pilot's left hand, was connected by a pulley system to the plane's elevator.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Early aircraft that sported a rotary engine , the style where the entire engine spins and the crank remains stationary generally had no effective throttle.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Instead the throttle was controlled with a \" blip switch \" that grounded the magneto temporarily and cutting the engine out.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] }, { "text": "This is far different than our modern throttle systems.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "See the answers to this question r.e. steering wheels", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3677/Dave", "score": 17 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The Wrights themselves experimented with a variety of frankly scary control arrangements after their elevator-lever-and-hip-cradle arrangement in the original Flyer.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The Flyer III had three levers: the lever on the pilot's outside right turned the rudder, the one to the inside right warped the wings, and the lever on the left controlled the elevator; the first Model A was also so equipped [ 1 ].", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Wilbur found this difficult, blaming a crash in the Flyer III on it, and for the Model", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "they took to France", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "he used two levers:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "the left hand controlled the elevator, while the right hand controlled wing-warping with a fore-and-aft motion, and the rudder with a lateral movement.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "For a while, you could order a Model A with either 'Orville' or 'Wilbur' controls, though the 'Orville' system was modified to more resemble the 'Wilbur' system by creating a jointed lever, controlling the wing-warping by moving the whole assembly fore-and-aft, and rudder by moving the upper section laterally.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This stick was placed between the seats, while an elevator lever was put to the left of the left seat and the right of the right seat - so if you switched seats, the handedness of the controls also switched (to be fair", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": ", that is also the case today with center-mounted throttles.)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "There were undoubtedly other variants wherever experimental aircraft were built.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In 1909, Baron Pierre de Caters was using a foot-operated rudder bar, and the invention of the conventional stick-and-rudder arrangement is generally credited to Esnault-Pelterie and first used by Bleriot.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 4 ] ] }, { "text": "Then there are helicopters: collective pitch, cyclic pitch, torque pedals, and throttle (this last often twist-grip).", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 5 ] ] }, { "text": "Various near-space aircraft (X-15, NF104A ...) were fitted with thrusters for attitude control at altitudes where aerodynamic controls are ineffective.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In the case of the NF104A (an F104 with a rocket motor added), control was through a separate 'stick' [ 5 ]: Shaped like a pump handle of a yard spray tank, the RCS controller was rotated in the desired roll direction, pushed left and right for corresponding yaw and raised to nose up for increased alpha or down to lower it.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 6 ] ] }, { "text": "Any and all command combinations were possible.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The rate of rotation around an axis was a function of how long the thruster had been activated, and continued after the control was centered, giving a very different feel than aerodynamic controls.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It was not anticipated that the shut-down jet engine would continue to spin for some time in the very thin air, and would cause gyroscopic precession when the aircraft was rotated in pitch and yaw.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "To add to these difficulties, the thruster controller had been miswired for the first high-altitude flight, which nevertheless was flown successfully.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1981/sdenham", "score": 10 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The Wright Flyer used a simple wooden lever in the left hand to control the forward mounted elevator for pitch control.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "A sliding body cradle was used to transmit left and right body movements to simultaneously control both the wing warping for roll control, and the rudder for yaw control.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This was the first 3 axis control.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "With the Wright Flyer III the roll and yaw controls became 2 separate control inputs and the flight controls quickly evolved into the conventional stick and rudder that is still in use today.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/12589/Mike Sowsun", "score": 9 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Pre WW2 French Aircraft had the throttle reversed - i.e. Moving the throttle rearwards INCREASED engine power, and moving the throttle forwards DECREASED engine power.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 7 ] ] }, { "text": "American Curtiss H-75 Hawks exported to France had the modifications made on re-assembly in France - something for any American company test-pilot in France to remember....", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/45380/Nova", "score": 2 } } ]

{ "question": "Back in the early days, what kind of control schemes were invented for aircraft, other than the modern one? (pedals to yaw, yoke to pitch and roll). I'm only interested in control schemes that can be done from the cockpit and control relatively small surfaces. So no weight-shifting, no wing-warping. Hypothetical examples: 2 yokes (1 for each aileron and elevator), a steering wheel?, one-axis yokes?", "title": "In the early days of flight, were there any cockpit control schemes other than the modern one?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<aircraft-design><aviation-history><flight-controls><control-surfaces>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/52132", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3674/DrZ214" }

[ [ "Various devices have been used for cockpit control in the past. These include levers, throttles, hand and foot operated rudders, hip cradle, pedals and sticks. These can be found on a variety of early planes and helicopters.", "First kind of control system referred were levers controlling an elevon on Dunne D.8 and more specifically, three of them controlling the Flyer III. As for the Wright brothers, they were also using a wooden lever. Another example is the connection of the rudder with the warping system of the wings in 1902. Moreover, a hip cradle was used for the movement of the wings by the Wrights. Another independent control system was a \"blip switch\" controlling the throttle and in 1909, a foot-operated rudder was added. As for the helicopters, pitches, pedals and throttles are added. On the NF104A, the control system was a sort of a stick. Last but not least, a reversed throttle to increase power was used before the WWII from French. " ] ]

{ "rel_sent_not_in_cluster": [ true ], "cluster_sents_not_matched": [ [ "The wrights also used a hip cradle to move the wing warping system (early aileron system) as well as the cross connected rudder which I cant say exists any more." ] ] }

[ 4 ]

[ [ "First kind of control system referred were levers controlling an elevon on Dunne D.8 and more specifically, three of them controlling the Flyer III. As for the Wright brothers, they were also using a wooden lever.", "Another example is the connection of the rudder with the warping system of the wings in 1902. ", "There was also a hip cradle, a rudder or a wooden lever used by the Wrights seperately. ", "A blip switch was controlling the throttle.", "We can add a foot-operated rudder bar.", "Pitches, pedals and throttles are added in the category of helicopters. ", "On the NF104A, the control system was a sort of a stick. ", "A reversed throttle to increase power was used before the WWII from French. " ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "I would want to build in a way for the plane to try and save itself if possible (to save money) by auto-landing", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Had the situation allowed saving the airplane the human pilot would definitely have tried that first.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The fact that a trained fighter jet pilot decided to eject from an aircraft knowing that the ejection was a last resort and could be deadly, signifies that the plane was not able to be flown safely anymore.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "On top of numerous irrecoverable problems at that point, one of the most significant issues is the fact that ejection destabilizes the flight path and the increased drag (because there is no longer a canopy on top) makes it even harder to safely glide that jet, let alone land it somewhere.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "There is nothing much autopilot can do at that point.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "There have been two famous incidents that are related to your question but afaik neither of them involve Auto Pilot.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "1989 Belgian MiG-23 crash Cornfield Bomber", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It's just like saying", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I know the airplane can be saved but my computer will take care of it", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": ", I'm outta here.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "See you at the Court Martial.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Some commentators have noted that I did not answer one basic question: Don't forget to answer the question \"If a pilot ejects, what is the autopilot programmed to do?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "\", even if the question seems moot This question is too broad: there are numerous models of fighter jets all around the world, built by a number of manufactures and internal details of which are closely guarded secrets.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You are not going to generally find out a manual on the web listing all the actions that the autopilot software will perform after a bail out.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If the OP can narrow down the question to a certain model one can research and try to find something", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "but I don't believe its going to be an easy find.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Hence I'm sorry I don't have an answer to that question.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I hope someone more knowledgeable goes ahead and posts an answer to that.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1048/Hanky Panky", "score": 103 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "To add some context to the other answers...", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Ejection is not a safe thing to do.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The two most popular ejection systems today, the ACES II and Martin-Baker, have around a 90-92% success rate...", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "the definition of success being the person lived.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Most ejections result in some injury to the person, as it is a fairly violent activity, with a brief 20g impact when the seat fires. FALSE", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Almost all ejection occupants will suffer some form of spinal compression, typically they'll lose half an inch of height.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If the person doesn't follow protocol exactly, they may lose an arm on the way out.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If the head isn't perfectly in line with the spine, the neck can be broken.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Ejection is a measure of last resort, to be used only if the only other option is certain death.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So it's pretty much a given if the crew member fires the ejection seat, there is no other viable option, and the aircraft is uncontrollable, or will very soon be uncontrollable, by a pilot or an autopilot.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Also, if the aircraft is gyrating wildly, the seat can malfunction, or the occupant can be struck by parts of the aircraft, so waiting until the aircraft is completely out of control isn't a wise move, either.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/22436/tj1000", "score": 59 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Whatever it was programmed to do at the moment the pilot ejected.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Ejection seats are complex enough without integrating special processing of the event into the autopilot.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Since the autopilot can't land even an intact plane on its own, there's nothing it could do to save the plane.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Some ejections are indeed performed from aircraft that could potentially be saved, and have been landed with similar damage.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It's a matter of avoiding excessive risks from a gamble for an 80% chance of a safe landing and 20% a violent crash that sets the deck park on fire.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "For certain historical reasons, many navies maintain an understandable bias against fires on the deck, and would prefer just ditching one plane.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "On dry land, there's more latitude for crash landings.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "As for preventing (or causing) collateral damage on the ground, the only way is for the pilot to point their plane somewhere and pray.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The autopilot is a reactive system - it doesn't concern itself with what's wrong or model the aircraft, just corrects what happens, so, possibly counterintuitively, it's often not too bad at controlling a damaged plane.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Since fighter control surfaces are large enough to counteract a lot of damage-induced drag, a working autopilot has a chance to maintain its last heading even with a damaged craft.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "And that's as good as you could get with the current level of flight automation.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/30268/Therac", "score": 46 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "It generally does nothing.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "When a pilot ejects from the plane, that bird is screwed beyond saving.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "There is no autopilot in the world which is sophisticated enough to fly a military plane even when it's fully intact, let alone when it's on fire and going down.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "However, as I heard, there was a Su-27 model (or some descendant of the Flanker, maybe just a prototype?)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "which had a peculiar easter egg: after ejection the onboard voice announcement system (the female voice which warns the pilot to certain things) talked for the last time: \"", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Good bye, and thank you on behalf of the fleet.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "\" There was nobody to hear it, and the pilot's helmet has already been disconnected by this time, so it was really just some engineer's idea of a joke.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I don't know if it's an actual feature in current Russian naval Flankers.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/31783/Tamás Polgár", "score": 3 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "I imagine there's probably a switch such that over enemy or unknown territory the plane self-destructs.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "But you don't want this over your own training areas such that some kind of controlled landing may be programmed in when in training mode.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/31819/Testerson5", "score": 1 } } ]

{ "question": "If a pilot uses his ejector seat during flight, what is the autopilot programmed to do? As a developer myself, I would want to build in a way for the plane to try and save itself if possible (to save money) by auto-landing, or at the very least, calculate the nearest least-populated area for a crash-landing. So I'm wondering if anything like this is even written into the software.", "title": "If a pilot ejects, what is the autopilot programmed to do?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<military><autopilot><software><ejection-seat><autoland>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/52862", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/27677/Cloud" }

[ [ "There is little an autopilot can do when a pilot ejects. It will continue to do what it was programmed to do when the pilot ejected.", "According to one answer, at the moment of the pilot's ejection, the autopilot cannot do anything more. According to another view, the autopilot could only do whatever it was programmed to do according to its software, prior to the ejection. " ] ]

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[ 4 ]

[ [ "At the moment of the pilot's ejection, the autopilot cannot do anything more. ", "The autopilot could only do whatever it was programmed to do according to its software, prior to the ejection. " ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "It's for keeping the boundary layer flow from entering the intake, it's called a splitter plate .", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "I think it's done to prevent turbulence inside the turbine (prevent compressor stall) and to make sure the intake doesn't ingest slow air, to maximize efficiency.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/31182/Francis L.", "score": 27 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "EDIT: I'd just finished writing out my own answer when I stumbled across this answer to a different question, which nevertheless explains the function of the small intake in greater detail.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I've included my answer below anyway.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A couple of people have mentioned the splitter plate, but failed to address the smaller intake set between it and the fuselage.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It's very difficult to find any references to this in particular, but my first instinct was that it's probably to do with either engine cooling (Concorde has additional intakes beneath the engines for this purpose) or engine bleed air.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "After a bit of reading I resorted to Wikipedia, and found the passage below: ...", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "the Hornet uses bleed-air vents on the inboard surface of the engine air intake ducts to slow and reduce the amount of air reaching the engine.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So it seems to be a simple intake for bleed air which has the additional effect of slowing the air entering into the main intake.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Incidentally, this bleed air is redirected to a slots just above over the wing, to improve the performance of the aircraft.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/17355/Cooper", "score": 12 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The intake is for the primary heat exchanger.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "secondary is on the other side, Same location.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The ambient air flows across a large rectangular heat exchanger.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Basically a air to air radiator for the Bleed air system used for most functions on the F/A-18.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Air conditioning,", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Wave guide pressurization, cabin pressure, avionics cooling, Gun,Etc.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It cuts the air temperature in half and water is sprayed on the face of the heat exchangers that is extracted in the cooling process.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Aids in cooling especially while sitting on the deck at idle.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Otherwise you get a AVAIR hot code.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The ACACS system has a water separator in it.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "That's where the water comes from.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The Spent air and water exits on top of the aircraft.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Basically without this system the Bird wont fly!", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If you ever see a F/A-18C throttle up on the deck you will see the water exit on top.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It appears to be smoke but it is a water mist.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I hope that answers some of the questions.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/40875/Shawn", "score": 7 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The rectangle in the center is the housing for the primary heat exchange.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "There is another heat exchange on the right side.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The two \"ramps\" on top and bottom is to bleed off air during transonic/ supersonic flight.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/33644/Mark Corbin", "score": 5 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "If I remember correctly, bleed air from those tiny intakes is used for defogging the cockpit, blowing air across the front of the canopy to increase visibility under heavy rain, and pressurising the external fuel tanks.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/31841/Raven", "score": 2 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "As suggested above it not an intake but rather a aerodynamic plate that keeps the boundary layer out of the engine.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "This is normally required for supersonic flight since the engines have to carefully manage the shock waves entering the engine.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Most engine designs are not capable of operating under supersonic conditions and require that the inlet is carefully designed to create a series of shockwaves that slow down the air to an appropriate Mach number before it reaches the compressor.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/30879/XRF", "score": 0 } } ]

{ "question": "I think I read once that they served to cool the on-board computer systems, but I'm not sure.", "title": "What is this F-18 Hornet \"air intake\" for?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<aircraft-design><feature-identification><inlet><f-18>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/52912", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/11221/XF-91" }

[ [ "It's for keeping the boundary layer flow from entering the intake, it's called a splitter plate . The intake is for the primary heat exchanger. It cuts the air temperature in half and water is sprayed on the face of the heat exchangers that is extracted in the cooling process. iT Aids in cooling especially while sitting on the deck at idle.", "The air intake questioned is made for preserving the boundary layer flow from entering. According to another view, The intake reduces the temperature in half and cools the area. Finally, the intake reduces the temperature in half and cools the area. " ] ]

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[ 4 ]

[ [ "The air intake questioned is made for preserving the boundary layer flow from entering.", "The intake reduces the temperature in half and cools the area. ", "It defogges the cockpit and improves visibility." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "Placing the top wing ahead of the bottom wing in biplanes is called (positive) stagger.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It is mostly used in small biplanes and improves pilot vision.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In order to accommodate a variation of pilot weights and to reduce accelerations in maneuvers, it is advisable to place the pilot very close to the center of gravity.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "If the upper wing were in the same lengthwise location, it would obstruct the forward and upward vision of the pilot.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Why is upward vision so important?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Because of the bank angle, in turns you need to look up in order to see what is ahead.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A high mounted wing right at the center of gravity would rob the pilot of forward vision in turns.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Therefore, in small biplanes the top wing is moved forward while the bottom wing is moved back correspondingly, so lift is created close to the center of gravity, but the top wing is out of the way.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Large biplanes do not need this arrangement because the pilot sits ahead of the wing.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The Antonov 2 below is an example ( source ):", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In many designs, the center wing has a cutout at the rear in order to give the pilot a better field of view.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Even more interesting is what had to be done to improve pilot vision in parasol monoplanes.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The Focke-Wulf 56 used slight wing sweep in combination with a reduced root chord in order to reduce the obstruction to the pilot's field of view of the rear wing center (picture source ).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1961/Peter Kämpf", "score": 44 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "It's called a staggered wing and is done to reduce aerodynamic interference between wings in certain circumstances.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "A wing with positive (forward) stagger is most common because it improves both downward visibility and ease of cockpit access for open cockpit biplanes.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/28200/MadMarky", "score": 13 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Wing efficiency.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Here is an analysis of biplane wing efficiency relative to separation as a percent of chord.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The reference states that positive stagger (upper wing ahead of lower) by 0.4 chord gives 5% better efficiency, so advancing the upper wing 0.4 chord would be beneficial compared to the vertical stacking shown.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/30468/Pilothead", "score": 6 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "In the case of the agricultural plane, pictured, the stagger increases the nominal CG range, a bit.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Finally, the upper wing will have a slightly greater angle of incidence, enhancing its stall and stall recovery characteristics.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/31335/Walker", "score": 4 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Remember that a wing works by having high pressure below it and low pressure above it.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So, looking at the top wing, it has low pressure above it - OK.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "And it has high pressure below it, BUT... that high pressure is then affected by the low pressure of the bottom wing.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Now looking at the bottom wing: it has high pressure below it - OK.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It has low pressure above it, but that is affected by the high pressure below the upper wing.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So the high/low pressure areas of the two wings interfere with each other if they're mounted vertically above each other.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "But if you move one wing foreward or aft of the vertical, then the high/low pressure areas affect each other less.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ -1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You can move the top wing forward, which is normal.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Or you can move the top wing backwards as on the Beech Staggerwing.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Either way works.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/25728/RAC", "score": 1 } } ]

{ "question": "In most of the biplanes, the top wing is located a little forward of the lower wing. What is the use of this? Also, how does this affect stability of the aircraft.", "title": "Why do most biplanes have their top wing slightly forward of the lower wing?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<aircraft-design><aerodynamics><stability><biplane>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/53379", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/26285/Vinodh Raaj" }

[ [ "The top wing is forward of the bottom wing for wing efficiency. It's called a staggered wing and is done to reduce aerodynamic interference between wings in certain circumstances. A wing with positive (forward) stagger is most common because it improves both downward visibility and ease of cockpit access for open cockpit biplanes. Finally, the upper wing will have a slightly greater angle of incidence, enhancing its stall and stall recovery characteristics.", "The slightly forward position of the top wing location is explained because of its usefulness to dicrease aerodynamic accelerations and to impove the efficiency if the wings, because of the improvement of visibility and cockprit access that it offers and the enhancement of stall recovery. Finally, the desired lift of the biplane comes from its center and this offers greater safety. " ] ]

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[ 4 ]

[ [ "It is useful so as to dicrease aerodynamic accelerations and to impove the efficiency if the wings. ", "The desired lift of the biplane comes from its center in a safer way. ", "Improvement of visibility and cockprit access. ", "Enhancement of stall recovery. " ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "Not likely.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Consider how food products normally make it to you.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Any competent US maker of soda or chips will design their product to be shipped on Interstate 70 or 80, via Sherman Summit (8650') or the Eisenhower Tunnel (11,158') or more likely by rail , via again Sherman Summit (8015') or Moffat Tunnel (9239').", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "*", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Aircraft are pressurized to a pressure altitude of 8000'", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "typically, so Sherman Summit (rail).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If a food manufacturer were to botch their packaging, they wouldn't have your problem of a soda can bursting, they'd have an entire container load of sodas or chips burst and ruined for sale.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "That is simply unacceptable, so manufacturers have a big incentive to get this right.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Other markets will have similar issues - the EU has the Alps, and China and India have the Himalaya.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It does not apply to regional sellers in flatland areas, so", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "a regional/indie Florida chipmaker, all bets are off.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It does, however, apply to soda manufacturers, whose cans must endure extreme temperature (e.g. solar loads in a car) also in high places.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "*", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Tennessee Pass (10221') doesn't count, it is weedgrown, rusty and cut in several places, being held for future capacity needs.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/22864/Harper - Reinstate Monica", "score": 28 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "I can confirm that bagged snacks can pop from the pressure difference.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Climbing through 7,000 feet (on our way up to 9,000) in an unpressurized PA32", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "we heard a quite loud POP.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In and out of clouds at the time we were busy in the front seat, didn't observe any flight control or systems issues.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Fortunately had a person in the back that looked around there for us.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "After trying to look outside at airplane surfaces for awhile", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "she turned her attention inside and found a bag of popcorn (the already popped, snack style) had exploded...", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/49/Brian Knoblauch", "score": 12 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "I brought a bag of chips on a Quantas A380 flight recently and it ruptured during ascent.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Sitting very close to the bag, I thought the sound was quite loud.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Nobody else noticed it.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Results may vary from bag to bag.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Chip bags are pressurised relative to the atmosphere.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "As the plane climbs, the pressure in the cabin drops, which increases the pressure difference.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This pressure difference may exceed the strength of the bag, causing it to break.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ -1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/20174/Anonymous Physicist", "score": 5 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Soda cans are designed to withstand much larger amounts of pressure from the inside.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Ever tried to squeeze a soda can that has just been shaken?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Taking away outside pressure can only increase the inside pressure by 1atm - and that would mean placing the can in a vacuum.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Simply shaking a can will increase the inside pressure much more than that and a can is supposed to survive even more than just shaking.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You can make a soda can burst by heating it up, but that'll require quite a bit of heat.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Bags of chips are not designed to withstand large amounts of inside pressure because chips to not generate any pressure like a carbonated liquid does.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Depending on the pressure at the time of packaging and the packaging itself, they usually do \"inflate\" a bit on a flying aircraft and in rare circumstances they may even burst.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "[edit]I decided to dig out some numbers, so here we go: https://hypertextbook.com/facts/2000/SeemaMeraj.shtml", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A cooled soda can have an internal pressure as low as 1atm (~100kPa) up to more than 2atm.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "At room temperature this goes up to around 4atm.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So taking a can out of the refrigerator and putting it on the table increases the pressure more than placing a (cooled) can inside a vacuum .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "As has been pointed out in the comment, shaking may not significantly increase pressure.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "(I was expecting a more than minor increase because a bottle that has recently been shaken certainly feels \"harder\", but OTOH you need to be really careful when it comes to \"feeling\" things like pressure!)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Temperature, however, does increase pressure significantly and I would expect a soda can to be designed to withstand the pressure of a hot summer day in the shade - i.e. 40°C/100°F.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "(It's not trivial to predict the pressure at that temperature, so I'm not trying.)[/edit]", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/15980/Thomas", "score": 3 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "I have never had a bag of chips pop in a commercial flight (although I've had bags that seemed to be right on the verge).", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "On the other hand, in a single engine non pressurized Beechcraft Bonanza we had a bag of chips explode in the cabin as we were climbing to our cruising altitude.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It's been too long for me to remember our altitude, but it can and does happen.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Scared the crap out of me as it was near me when it happened and", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "it was quite loud.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Can of soda?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Haven't had one explode in the air.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "I have had cans of soda explode due to heat though in the summer in the trunk of my car, on several occasions.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Luckily in my case they were all seltzer water.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/33186/xcr", "score": 2 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The only reason it might pop is if the cabin pressure were to suddenly disappear.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] }, { "text": "That's explosive decompression and if it happens you've more serious problems than having some soda or crisps soil your clothes or whatever is in the bag it popped in.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I did once get the advise to open any cans or bottles containing carbonated drinks I was planning to consume during a flight before takeoff, but that was on board an old Soviet era aircraft with a faulty pressure cabin.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In such cases the sudden release of pressure can cause the liquid to spill out, similar to shaking a bottle of soda violently before opening the lid would do on the ground (or, as my aunt once did mistakenly, freeze cans of soda so they'd be nice and cold for next day's road trip, then leaving them out in a hot car where they built up so much pressure they ruptured).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/900/jwenting", "score": 1 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Definitely.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "I have seen it on older aircraft at medium altitude chips bags can pop easily.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Altitude at which no cabin pressure is even required.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/33170/user3481141", "score": 1 } } ]

{ "question": "I've heard some conspiracy theorists claim that if you were to bring a soda can or a bad of chips onto an airplane, they would pop? Is this true? If so, why?", "title": "Is it true that a soda can or a bag of chips will pop in a plane at high altitude?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<cabin-pressure>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/53538", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/None/" }

[ [ "There is debate as to whether a can of soda or packet of chips will pop at high altitude. Some observers claim it has happened while others do not think it is likely to happen.", "Some support that chip bags can definitely pop on a high altitude and that they have seen it happening. However, some support that an explosion of this type is not possible and they have never seen it happening. On the other hand, some others say that this phenomenon is quite rare, but it could happen depending on the pressure standards while packaging. Finally, there is the view that if the cabin pressure could totally disappear, only then cans and bags could pop, that is an impossibility." ] ]

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[ 4 ]

[ [ "Some support that chip bags can definitely pop on a high altitude and that they have seen it happening.", "Some support that an explosion of this type is not possible to happen and they have never seen it happening. ", "Some others say that this phenomenon is quite rare, but it could happen depending on the pressure standards while packaging. ", "If the cabin pressure could totally disappear, only then cans and bags could pop. " ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "Qantas Flight 32 Enroute to Sydney, Engine Number 2 of the A380 disintegrated explosively.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "The shrapnel of the explosion destroyed many systems, including a hydraulic system, the anti-lock braking system, flaps and electronic controls.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "After emergency landing, the pilots were unable to stop engine number 1, because the controls had been destroyed by shrapnel.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Emergency services had to douse the engine until flameout was achieved.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Source", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/12629/Noah Krasser", "score": 52 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Cathay Pacific flight 780 on 13 Apr 2010 Fuel contaminated by super absorbent polymer jammed fuel valves caused engine control problems.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The aircraft eventually landed with one engine at about 70% N1 at significantly higher than normal airspeed, burst some tires from the increased braking necessary and was evacuated.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/524/Jan Hudec", "score": 29 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Etihad Airbus A340-600", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "This famous crash happened on the acceptance engine run-up test.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "The causes were unrelated to engine problems, but after the crash, due to damages, two engines couldn't be shut down.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "One of them ran for 9 hours (!)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "after the incident, until it ran out of fuel, creating obvious hazard for the emergency crew.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "(Luckily, there were no passengers to evacuate).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/13666/Zeus", "score": 20 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "There is this business jet with two engines that didn't quit for 20min after it overran the runway and splashed around in a Bay.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] }, { "text": "Investigators found it attempted the landing with a 10kt tailwind on too short of field and the touchdown too far beyond the threshold.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "May 15, 2005, in Atlantic City, NJ , USA", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/25735/jwzumwalt", "score": 18 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Air France 72.12 Sept 1993.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 4 ] ] }, { "text": "Aircraft (747-400) went off the runway in Papeete.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Due to electrical damage (aircraft nose was in the water)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "the engine could not be shut down from the cockpit and AFRS had to 'drown' the engine by hosing a lot of water into the inlet.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 5 ] ] }, { "text": "My understanding is that the failure mode of engines is to be fail-safe, ie to minimise the impact of failure.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "With FADEC (full authority digital engine control) the problem is what would be the best action if signal were to be lost from the control box to the engine?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It was explained to me that the lesser of two evils will be to have the engine running rather than shutting down so the protocols were designed accordingly.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "While this does not answer your question on backup..", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It is more sense if you look at it from a different angle..", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "\"what is the backup in case control of engines is lost\".", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In this case the backup would be the engine would continue to run rather than shut down..", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If this happenned in the air you would be better off with a working (albeit uncontrollable) engine rather than a dead one.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/26171/Anilv", "score": 15 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "What sort of backup systems are in place to avoid this kind of scenario?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "As I understand it airliners normally have a \"fire handle\" for each engine which is independent from the normal engine controls.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This handle can be used to cut off fuel to the engine and optionally discharge the fire extinguishers.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I can't seem to find an official source but", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "from what I can gather the fire handle did not work in the Quantas case, likely due to the severe damage from the uncontained failure of the other engine on the wing.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/11774/Peter Green", "score": 7 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "In addition to the posts above, it is worth pointing out that this exact scenario is part of the flight testing of any new aircraft.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If you can find it, there is a whole episode of the PBS show on the B777 that shows this test being carried out.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It was an especially odd one, because the aircraft had P&W engines and brakes designed to handle that, but they wanted to test the performance as if it was equipped with the more powerful RR engines.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The chief pilot originally said no, but as the engineers at the various companies said ok, he relented.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The test required the aircraft to go to maximum power, in this case higher than the official rating so they could test the RR case.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "After it reached a certain speed, they put on full brakes, with the engines still at max power.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "When it finally came to a stop, the brakes were bright yellow.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It then had to sit for a time (5 minutes IIRC) to simulate the emergency vehicles arriving, which then sprayed the brakes with water.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It was quite impressive.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "As they were careful to say, the idea of the test is not to pass some requirement, but to simply give future pilots an understanding of what to expect in the case it happened.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/25483/Maury Markowitz", "score": 2 } } ]

{ "question": "I read many items on the avherald.com site where it says \"engine shut down during flight\" or words to similar effect. I'm wondering if there are any instances where an engine could not be shut down or the pilots had trouble shutting down the engine when commanded. What sort of backup systems are in place to avoid this kind of scenario?", "title": "Have there been any incidents caused by an inability to shut down an engine?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<safety><jet-engine><engine-failure>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/53928", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/9259/user871199" }

[ [ "There have been a number of incidents when engines could not be shut down: Qantas flight 32, Etihad Airbus A340-600 a business jet with 2 engines that wouldn't shut down and Air France 72 on 12 Septemebr 1993.", "An incident that provoked the explosive disintegration of engine, was the one on Qantas Flight 32. At another case, evacuation was needed and tires were burst after the aircraft was landed with one engine still working partially. Moreover, another example of relevant crash was the Etihad Airbus A340-600.To add on the question, a business jet overrun the pathway and its engines were working for 20 minutes before the final crash and a relevant incident happened on 12 Sept 1993 with Air France 72.Finally, a strange case was the one when The engine of the aircraft had to be drawn in water, because it could not be shut down. " ] ]

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[ 4 ]

[ [ "Explosive disintegration of engine on Qantas Flight 32.", "Evacuation and tires burst after the aircraft was landed with one engine still working partially. ", "Another example of relevant crash was the Etihad Airbus A340-600.", "Business jet overrun the pathway and its engines were working for 20 minutes before the final crash.", "Another relevant incident happened on 12 Sept 1993 with Air France 72.", "The engine had to be drawn in water because it coul not be shut down. " ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "I will take this from a more general perspective.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A Cessna 172 is part of the CS-23 category (in EASA land, see the equivalent Part 23 for FAA land).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In the relevant document , point CS 23.143, we find the maximum forces a pilot might be required to exert on the control columns so that the aircraft can be certified.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "As the Cessna 172 is certified, we then know that it respects these requirements, so the maximum forces required to pilot a Cessna 172 (and any other CS-23 aircraft) are: \\begin{array}{l|c|c|c|}\\textrm{Values in Newton applied} & & & \\\\\\textrm{to the relevant control} & \\textrm{Pitch} & \\textrm{Roll} & \\textrm{Yaw}\\\\\\hline\\", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "\\", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "\\", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "\\ \\textrm{For", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "temporary application –} & & & \\\\\\textrm{Stick} & 267 \\textrm{ N} & 133 \\textrm{ N} & \\\\\\textrm{Wheel (two hands on rim)} & 334 \\textrm{ N} & 222 \\textrm{ N} & \\\\\\textrm{Wheel (one hand on rim)} & 222 \\textrm{ N} & 111 \\textrm{ N} & \\\\\\textrm{Rudder pedal} & & & 667 \\textrm{ N}", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "\\\\\\hline\\", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "\\", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "\\ \\ \\textrm{For", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "prolonged application –} & 44.5\\textrm{ N} & 22\\textrm{ N} & 89\\textrm", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "{ N} \\\\\\end{array}", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1467/Federico", "score": 33 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "It depends on what you mean by \"strength\".", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In general, it is \"not much\".", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "I've flown a lot of sims and also flown a real Cessna 172.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It is true that most sim controllers (especially joysticks) require almost no effort to move at all.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In that perspective, then yes, flying a real airplane takes some strength, especially if you compare the force required to achieve max deflection (not recommend in flight!!!).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The flight controls of a light aircraft are still light enough that a healthy adult can manipulate them very easily.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "In fact, the correct technique is to use two or three fingers on the yoke.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Most first-time students grab the yoke firmly in their hands, this is wrong because you cannot feel the airplane.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If one has the strength to drive a modern-day road car, one can certainly fly a light airplane.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "I have also spent some time in a B737 training simulator (not PC simulators -", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I mean the real sims used for training).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I was surprised to find the controls much heavier.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I would describe the feeling as solid and fluid.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "They are still easy enough to manipulate such that my mind can focus on elsewhere instead of the physical movements of the control.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3386/kevin", "score": 22 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "I've never flown a 172, but I fly a Piper Warrior which is in the same ballpark.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You definitely need to apply a lot more force than with a flight sim yoke and provide positive pressure (Remember, you're fighting the airflow ultimately), but you don't need to be \"strong\".", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 5 ] ] }, { "text": "I'd imagine anyone who can drive a car would have the strength to fly a plane.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Remember, most flying is one handed and most pilots will use their less-dominant hand (Left hand)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "so it can't be that bad!", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I do find the Warrior needs a lot of backpressure to rotate and flare.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I've struggled to find any mathematics to add to this, but I've found a few quotes which imply you need approximately 1lb of backpressure to hold the plane level for every 6kts without trim", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "(The whole point of trim is to avoid this and make life easier)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So, at 100kts that's 16lbs / 7kgs.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ -1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/2160/Dan", "score": 13 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "I taught people of all sizes to fly for about 30 years.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I taught my commercial students how to take off and land without even touching the yoke.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So it is possible to control a c- 172 with no yoke force whatsoever.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 4 ] ] }, { "text": "Just rudder, throttle and trim.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So by the use of proper trim use, one can control the aircraft using the yoke with only ounces of force.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 4 ] ] }, { "text": "Don't let people discourage you.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/33703/Anthony", "score": 7 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "I have several hundred hours in a 172, while it's a bit heavier on the controls than a 152 it isn't much.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If you have normal movement then you can likely fly a 172.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "A benefit to control force in real aircraft vs Sims is the feedback you get through the controls with renders Sims largely ineffective in many cases.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "OK for some stuff mostly instrument related but it will never replace actual flying.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The 172 was a lot easier to fly than the turbine modified Grumman Goose I flew, that thing was like trying to fly a dump truck with manual steering.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/33702/Dick foster", "score": 3 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The amount of physical exertion required while flying a 172 depends largely on what you're trying to accomplish; for example, cruising in a trimmed attitude requires almost no effort whatsoever.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "However, purposely inducing an aggravated stall/spin action then recovering requires considerably more effort.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Since recovering from all situations is important while flying as a PIC, one should give it a try before pursuing training in earnest.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Personally, the most exertion required is climbing up to manually check the fuel levels in the wing tanks.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "But once I got the hang of it, it became quite easy.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/33708/Steve Woods", "score": 3 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "I fly both Cessna and piper aircraft.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The flight controls on a 172 require a lot less force.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "The flight controls on a piper feel much heaver..", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "you feel like your flying a much bigger airplane.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So to answer your question it does not take a lot of strength to fly one.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/33706/Robert costa", "score": 1 } } ]

{ "question": "I have heard a number of folks tell me that one needs a certain amount of physical strength to be able to control the Cessna 172. Is that true? I'm flying sims now, just wanted to know.", "title": "How much physical strength is required to control a Cessna 172?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<flight-controls><cessna-172>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/54237", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/33647/lpydawa" }

[ [ "Flying a 172 requires only the same amount of physical strength as driving a car. Any able-bodied adult should be able to do it. ", "For some people, it does not take a lot of stength to fly a Cessna 172, but only a normal amount is needed. More specifically, it needs as much stength as to drive a modern car. According to an answer, the calculated result of the strength is 16lbs / 7kgs. While more force than when using a flight simulation yoke is required, it is still not a difficult task. Finally, for some people the strength needed depends on what the pilot tries to accomplish during the flight." ] ]

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[ 4 ]

[ [ "Generally, it does not take a lot of stength to fly one. A normal amount of stength is needed. ", "It needs as much stength as to drive a modern car. ", "The strength needed depends on what the pilot tries to accomplish during the flight. ", "The calculated result of the strength is 16lbs / 7kgs. ", "While more force than when using a flight simulation yoke is required, it is still not a difficult task." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "It depends on the final product presented to the airline.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "If an airline had two candidates, one of whom soloed in 10 hours and did well in a Sim Eval but was self absorbed, didn't like to follow procedures if he/she knew better, and didn't work well with people, and a candidate who took 30 hours to solo but was a team player, can get along with anyone, was an eager learner and was emotionally mature, and did a passable job in the Sim Eval", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": ", they'd take the \"slow learner\" in a heartbeat if they were confident the candidate could get through the type course.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In the airline world, raw flying skills are an important baseline, but big picture personality related issues are just as important and personality problems with crews are a bigger long term problem than how long it took someone to catch on at the start.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/30504/John K", "score": 21 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The honest answer: nobody cares or would even ask you that question during a professional pilot interview.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "Aside from a military pilot job where they can wash you out during pre-solo training, it doesn’t matter.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "Primary checkride failures can be dings against you if you have a long string of them without a solid explanation.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "But everyone fails a primary checkride now and then.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Now they will care about initial and recurrent type rating checkride fails for part 121 work.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "There are a couple of exceptions these days.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Many Chinese airlines who send new pilot recruits to flight schools in the states set time limits for soloing.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Exceed those and you will not become a pilot with them (that", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "and you’re", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "obligated to work in another role within the airline for ten years or so) but the majors or regionals here in the states?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "They don’t care.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "What will kill an airline career are: Part 121 checkride failures DUIs Felony or drug convictions Bad driving records History of aircraft accidents or incidents FAA violations, certificate suspensions or revocations Cheating on FAA exams or logbook doctoring or Lying about any of the above on a job application.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Basically the airlines want to see that you’re a safe, trustworthy, reliable individual at the controls of an aircraft or other motor vehicle.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "They’re also looking to see if you can fit into company culture and fly the way they want you to fly.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Similar to school, the airlines look to your last employer.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Each subsequent increase in responsibility will be what matters.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If you have 3000 hours PIC in a ERJ175 with a good reputation and references from the firm you work for, do you think they will really care that it took you 30 hours to solo in a 172?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/15637/Carlo Felicione", "score": 16 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Great question as it illustrates how the job applicant can improve their chances of employment by knowing what the employer wants.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Years ago some flying schools were advertising 10 hours to solo courses.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I took 40, but had no previous flying experience.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The major concerns were thoroughly knowing the slowflight characteristics of the plane, building confidence, learning and following landing check lists, handling cross winds, and go around procedures.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "While it seemed easier to grease a plane in modulatingthe throttle, I was always worried about the turn base to final under power.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "More time was taken learning tocome in high and land by adding drag to the plane with flaps and forward slipping.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This seemed better because the runway could always be made.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I also liked it because it was similar to the engine out emergency landing procedure.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Everybody has their own comfort level.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "But now nearing retirement, my advice would be to not worry about what is on the resume, but how you would answer a question about it.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "\"I took the time to practice until I could safely do it\" might be worth considering.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/32094/Robert DiGiovanni", "score": 7 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Although they give some good information, neither of the two answers actually answer your question.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "would the person who soloed in 10 hours have an advantage?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Yes.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "All other things being equal, soloing after 10 hours shows on paper you are either a faster learner or just a more focused learner to me if I was looking at potential job applicants in a hiring manner.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "John K makes the point there are other factors we look at too (obviously) but to answer your question, 10 hours is more impressive than 30 hours (this kind of difference is significant).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It's like college GPA on your resume.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Yes extracurriculars, and how well you get along in the interview is definitely important, but if two candidates are pretty much identical in all other factors, why would anyone choose the lower GPA candidate.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/34415/aero plain", "score": 3 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "It's not a factor, to be honest, unless your time to solo was extraordinarily long.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Solo endorsements vary a lot based on the instructor in addition to the student.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You could have an overly careful CFI that won't let you solo until 30 hours, or maybe you have some crazy cropduster type that'll sign you off at 10.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If an airline is comparing two pilots that have very similar backgrounds, and they start comparing times to solo, they will surely take a step back and figure out a way to see each pilot from a bigger picture perspective.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I am speculating on this, but I see a major airline asking an extra personality question before looking at time to solo.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "One guy said time to solo is like GPA on a resume.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It's more like a fine detail on your transcript showing you took Math 1, 2, and 3 while the other guy skipped 1 and just took 2 and 3.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Sure, he was better at math than you at one point, but you could also argue that you understand the underlying concepts better than him.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Don't fret about time to solo.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "Fret about which tie you're going to wear.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/31903/BluegillPrime", "score": 1 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "If an airline pays too much attention to such difference, I would be worried.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Very few accidents are caused by improper handling of the controls; the majority are due to poor pilot's decisions and discipline, so I expect airlines to focus on the latter.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/690/Martin Argerami", "score": 1 } } ]

{ "question": "I've heard that on job applications for airline pilots that they ask the question: \"How many hours to Solo?\". If it took someone 30 hours to solo but they had more logged flight time than someone who took 10 hours to solo, would the person who soloed in 10 hours have an advantage?", "title": "Does a long time to solo hurt your chances of becoming an airline pilot?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<logging><airline-pilot><career>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/55224", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/30160/DLH" }

[ [ "It seems that the only airlines that are concerned about time to solo are Chinese airlines who set a time limit for this for the students they send to flight schools in the US. Nobody else seems to care except maybe the military.", "There are different perspectives on the issue. First of all, there are those who support that the answer depends, not so much on the actual time of the solo, but on your presentation and on the explanation that you give to the company, taking for granted that the referred time is not extraordinary long. Secondly,others say yes and the confirming example is that most chinese companies that recruit according to the solo time. Finally, there are those who believe that time to solo is not an important factor for companies to hire you as a professional airline pilot. " ] ]

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[ 4 ]

[ [ "The answer is that it depends: not so much on the actual time of the solo, but on your presentation and on the explanation that you give to the company, taking for granted that the referred time is not extraordinary long. ", "The answer is yes and the confirming example is the one of most chinese companies that recruit according to the solo time. ", "The time to solo is not an important factor for companies to hire you as a professional airline pilot. " ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "Normally with aircraft there is a sensor called a weight on wheels switch.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "This tells the computer that the aircraft is on the ground.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The computer (or a system of relays for older air frames) will prevent any system that was designated by the owner, or required by regulations, from activating while in the ground.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Also as a secondary preventative measure certain mechanical systems are also pinned in place after landing to help prevent ground actuation.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "However if it happened during maintenance it is very likely these systems were disabled to perform system maintenance on the cannon.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/34917/Darren Dobelman", "score": 11 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The article quoted implies that there is a sensor in the F16 to detect when the undercarriage is lowered, which functions as a a gun safety switch, but there is presumably provision for overriding this in order to perform gun testing.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A variety of technical and procedural measures are designed to ensure safety with aircraft gun armament, the details varying with the specific type of weapon.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "The M61 20mm cannon will not function without electrical power, it is electrically rotated (when internally mounted) and fires electrically primed ammunition, so switching off the power should prevent accidental firing with this gun.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "Other types of cannon with reciprocating mechanisms, such as the 30mm DEFA 550 series have to be cocked or armed before they will fire, a common procedure is to prohibit pilots from doing this until the aircraft is airborne.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 4 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/26711/J. Southworth", "score": 5 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "There are also physical safety switches, that date back to when weapons were first mounted on aircraft.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] }, { "text": "Still present on modern armed aircraft.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "On the F16, a switch on the joystick controls selection of missiles or gun.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] }, { "text": "One of it's positions is 'safe'.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Obviously, that switch on the Belgian F16 wasn't in the safe position.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "During WW2, there was a real problem with aircraft landing on a carrier, and the guns being discharged accidentally when the jolt of the landing and arresting caused the pilot's hand to hit the trigger on the joystick.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Consequently, landing on a carrier with the gun switch not in the safe position was a serious transgression that would land a pilot in real trouble...", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "you could kill a lot of deck crew if you discharged six .50 cal machine guns across the deck.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Even so, accidents can happen.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "On July 29, 1967, the USS Forrestal was seriously damaged when a Zuni air to ground missile was accidentally discharged from an F4 Phantom, striking an A4 Skyhawk waiting to take off.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Piloting that Skyhawk was a young navy Lt, John S McCain.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "While the missile didn't detonate, it did tear open the Skyhawk's fuel tanks, starting a major fire, which led to a 1000 pound bomb detonating.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "134 sailors died as a result, and hundreds were injured.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It is believed that a short circuit of the firing mechanism led to the missile being discharged.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Aircraft carriers in particular can be quite dangerous.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "They combine high performance aircraft, high speed takeoffs and landings, plus all the fuel and munitions that the aircraft will carry, in a fairly small space.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The fact that aircraft carriers don't blow up more often is a testament to the quality and discipline of", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 4 ] ] }, { "text": "it's crew.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 4 ] ] }, { "text": "Since the Forrestal incident, there have been no repeats of missiles being accidentally discharged on a carrier deck.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Whatever measures were put in place after that, appear to have been effective.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/22436/tj1000", "score": 4 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "According to the article you linked: the use of the onboard weapons (including the gun) is usually blocked by a fail-safe switch when the aircraft has the gear down with the purpose of preventing similar accidents.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It seems it isn't quite so \"fail\" or \"safe\", at least in this instance.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/5517/FreeMan", "score": 1 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "A lot of fighters have some kind of a \"Master Arm\" switch that brings the weapons live as well as activates some other related functionality.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] }, { "text": "As discussed by this former F-15 pilot in the podcast 224 – Flying the F-15 Eagle its flown in the off position 99% of the time .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "There is also some discussion about HUD functionality related to the master arm options in this thread (but its Reddit so take it with a grain of salt).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In this article about refueling the F-15 As the fighters approach, they will be asked to “check nose cold andswitches safe.”", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "That simply means that all emitters are off, toinclude the IFF system, any ECM pods, and the radar is placed instandby mode.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If the approaching receivers were in a fight prior tothe rejoin, it’s critical for them to have their Master Arm switch tothe OFF position and thereby safing any remaining stores aboard .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Depending on the airframe, they may slo simply unload the ordinance to prevent accidental discharge.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3677/Dave", "score": 1 } } ]

{ "question": "Recently the 20mm cannon of an F-16 was accidentally fired on the ground by maintenance personnel at Florennes Air Base in Belgium, resulting the the destruction of another F-16 and damage to a third. https://theaviationist.com/2018/10/14/f-16-completely-destroyed-by-another-f-16-after-mechanic-accidentally-fires-cannon-on-the-ground-in-belgium/ What measures do military aircraft have to prevent their weapons from being fired while the plane is on ground?", "title": "What measures prevent a military aircraft's weapons from being fired on the ground?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<safety><military>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/56064", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/34916/Argenti Apparatus" }

[ [ "A variety of technical and procedural measures are designed to ensure safety with aircraft gun armament, the details varying with the specific type of weapon. There are also physical safety switches, that date back to when weapons were first mounted on aircraft. The crew also ensure weapons are not fired. ", "To begin with, a typical measure taken is a sensor on the aircraft. Moreover, techical, procedural and mechanical measures are taken depending on the weapons that are carried by the aircraft. As for some specific types of weapons, switching off the power of the military aircraft is enough, while for other types of military aircrafts there are physical safety switches in the form of joysticks or \"master arms\". Finally, an important measure of protection is the quality and discipline of the aircraft's crew, since the pilots are prohibited to arm cannons that work with reciprocating mechanisms." ] ]

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[ 4 ]

[ [ "A typical measure is a sensor on the aircraft.", "Techical, procedural and mechanical measures are taken according to the type of the weapon.", "Switching off the power of the military aircraft is enough for some cannon types.", "Physical safety switches in the form of a joystick or a \"master arm\".", "An important measure of protection is the quality and discipline of the aircraft's crew, since the pilots are prohibited to arm cannons that work with reciprocating mechanisms." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "There are two main factors.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The law One, as other answers have mentioned, is the law .", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "There are strict regulations that cover everything in aviation, from the way people speak to the training they must have and the specifications and audit trails of almost every piece of equipment they use.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Now it's true that people, especially unscrupulous ones who are keen to save money and might be willing to take a few risks in order to do that, don't always obey they law or follow regulations to the letter.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "And after all, there are laws against murder with much more significant penalties than for (for example) flying with a bit less fuel than the regulations say you should, and yet people persist in murdering.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The culture", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 5 ] ] }, { "text": "However, the other factor is the culture .", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 5 ] ] }, { "text": "A low-cost airline exists in the culture of aviation, not independently, and the culture puts safety first.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Each person working for the airline will have trained and may have worked outside the airline, and will already have acquired attitudes and ways of thinking that prioritise safety and adherence to regulation.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Each person working for the airline will be working with and encountering aviation industry individuals from outside the airline, on a daily basis - if they didn't share similar attitudes and ways of thinking, they'd stand out a mile, and so would a corporate culture that similarly failed to embrace the industry's culture of safety.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/14197/Daniele Procida", "score": 9 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Why can't low-cost carriers compromise for the safety of their passengers?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Because there are laws and regulations which keep passengers safe, and low-cost carriers are not exempt from those regulations.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/8114/Terran Swett", "score": 6 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Beside all the regulations that require certain maintenance action to be done on aircraft in order for the aircraft to remain air worthy, the simple answer is if LCC compromise safety in order to cut cost no one will want to fly with them and they will lose business.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/679/vasin1987", "score": 4 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "An airline will need to have an 'Air Operator Certificate' (AOC) or something similar issued by the state.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In order to have such a certificate it has to show that its operations are in compliance with the national laws of the country.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "There is also an 'Operations Specification' which details the type of operations the airline can carry out.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The respective manuals will need to be checked by the authorities and the actual operation will be audited.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "For operations into other countries, the other country may require you to undergo a 'foreign operator air license' which will require a check of the manuals and possibly an audit.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The list of checks is endless and usually in the long run it is easier to follow than try to cut costs related to safety and security.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The airline can have its AOC suspended for unsafe operations until they fix the operations.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "Other countries can ban certain countries from operating in their airspace if there are security concerns.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] }, { "text": "The EU, for instance, maintains a blacklist of airlines banned from entering their airspace.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/26171/Anilv", "score": 2 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Along with being illegal and potentially looking bad, generally, people's lives are in the balance but historically this has not always stopped the more unscrupulous airlines in the past.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Arguably Alaska Airlines cut corners that ultimately lead to the fatal crash and deaths of 58 people on flight 261 .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "From the NTSB report: Alaska Airlines' maintenance and inspection of its horizontal stabilizer activation system was poorly conceived and woefully executed.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The failure was compounded by poor oversight...", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Had any of the managers, mechanics, inspectors, supervisors or FAA overseers whose job it was to protect this mechanism done their job conscientiously, this accident cannot happen Cutting corners on training, improper cargo loading and generally poor handling of hazardous materials also lead to the fatal crash of ValuJet Flight 592 killing 110 people.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "There is some interesting info on it in this paper from the FAA There has been push from various low cost carriers to introduce what is effectively standing room only aircraft or sections of aircraft for an even lower fare.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "However this does not pass the seating requirements that the FAA/EASA generally have so no one has yet to actually bring it to market.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It will be interesting to see if they can ever push the regulation through.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3677/Dave", "score": 2 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "What prevents low-cost carriers from cutting corners that might compromise the safety of their passengers?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Airlines are required by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) to implement formal aviation safety management systems (SMS) .", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "This mandate came from November 2006.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It is up to each member state's civil aviation authority (FAA, Transport Canada, CASA, EASA, etc.) to provide oversight of all airlines' SMS.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Oversight is provided by audits that follow an industry-accepted SMS audit checklist .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "When there are audit findings coming from their civil aviation authority (CAA), the airline has a limited number of days to return to compliance else their operating certificate may be revoked.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Fines may also be employed to urge the airline toward compliance and to reduce the chances that the operator will return to non-compliant behavior.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 4 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/12542/Chris Howell", "score": 0 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "While not technically an answer: I just want to point out that (most) LCCs do not have the financial means and public image credit to survive even a single minor incident or crash.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 4 ] ] }, { "text": "A simple runway overrun or engine fire might be enough to literally bankrupt the company within days, and (most) LCC managers are painfully aware of that.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The incentive is therefore quite high to avoid any incidents and keep safety levels way above the minimum required by law.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/419/Radu094", "score": 0 } } ]

{ "question": "I was reading an article about LCCs and here is an excerpt that got me thinking. While budget airlines cut other corners to keep fares low, they do not — actually cannot — compromise the safety of their passengers in the process. What prevents low-cost carriers from cutting corners that might compromise the safety of their passengers?", "title": "What prevents Low Cost Carriers (LCCs) from cutting cost that compromise safety?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<safety><low-cost-carrier>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/56508", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/35156/hi there" }

[ [ "The two main factors stopping Low Cost Airlines from undercutting to the extent they compromise safety are the law and aviation culture. The law ensures safety standards and countries can refuse airlines if they believe they are undercutting safety standards. Moreover, there is a culture of safety in the aviation industry and staff would not accept a situation where safety was compromised. An additional factor is that even one incident could be the end of the airline, as nobody would fly them anymore.", "The first reason that restricts LLCs on this matter is the law. Moreover, LLCs' reputation and the fact that people will not want to travel with them constitutes another reason. Suspension of AOC and frequent audits could also restrict them. Another possible reason is a possible ban from other countries, as well as the fines imposed that could put LLCs financial sustainability in danger. Finally, the culture of respect towards human life could also prevent LLCs from doing so. " ] ]

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[ 4 ]

[ [ "First reason is the law that restricts all airlines.", "LLCs reputation and the fact that people will not want to travel with them. ", "Suspension of AOC and frequent audits. ", "A possible ban from other countries.", "Fines and financial sustainability. ", "The culture of respect towards human life. " ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "Presuming you're referring to the ICAO Alphabet* , (alpha, bravo, charlie, delta, echo, etc.)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "the easiest way (in my experience, from learning it as a disambiguator for phone work) is repetition, same way you learned the alphabet as a child, or the same way you'd memorize a poem. Get a written list of the letter names, read them through several times a day, and over time, start reciting without reading.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Do this several times a day for a week, you'll be close if not there.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "A second week", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "and you should start to think in phonetic alphabet.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A third week", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "and you'll wonder why everyone doesn't think in phonetic alphabet.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "*corrected from comments, originally International Phonetic Alphabet, which is a whole different thing.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/31630/Zeiss Ikon", "score": 22 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Study like it's schoolwork!", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "I've found that quizzing yourself in a similar way to studying for a test is the best way to learn.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "I've had to learn a few different alphabets for different reasons, but there's always good resources online.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I'd recommend two tests that I always give to beginners.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Beginner Quiz: https://www.sporcle.com/games/g/alpha_en Intermediate Quiz: https://abg.ninja/alphabet", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Ignoring the childish UI, these are actually great ways.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Begin with the first link, and type in all of the letters that you know.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This will very quickly show you which ones you know, and which you don't.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Once you've figured out the ones you don't know, check a chart, attempt to memorize them, and try the test again.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "Rinse and repeat until you've memorized it fully, and can do it an hour after looking at the chart (so the information isn't remembered solely for being fresh in your mind).", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "After you've done this, use the second link I sent you to improve your usage, and to string multiple letters together.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Continue until you're comfortable.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It's incredibly helpful to read the letters out loud while doing these tests.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/34932/M28", "score": 9 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "My favorite method for memorizing that kind of stuff is to create flash cards with a picture that can be associated with the word.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 4 ] ] }, { "text": "You might have to use your imagination for find a suitable image for each letter, but once you do, the memorization efficiency goes way up.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Another option is to make flash cards with the letter and its phonetic word in a huge font so it takes up an entire page.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 4 ] ] }, { "text": "You will find you are able to recall the \"image\" of the word more easily than just the information itself.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I use that method for memorizing operating limitations where it's just a numerical value you have to store in your head.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/30504/John K", "score": 2 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "I can recommend the (free) site http://radioalphabet.com/ , specifically the Flash Cards tab.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It provides you with a word, listed vertically with an input box besides each letter, and requires you to write the second and third letter of the word for each letter (which are unique amongst the words).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It then automatically jumps to the next box, allowing you to practice quickly recalling the words for each letter.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "After you have used it for a little, the Statistics tab provides you with hit and miss rates for each letter, so you can know which ones to focus on memorizing.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I personally schedule repetitions in my calendar, using the principle of spaced repetition learning mentioned in insysions answer, so I increase the time until next repetition if I get everything right.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/35235/Jacob Bundgaard", "score": 2 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Make drawings (it doesn't matter how good you can draw).", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 5 ] ] }, { "text": "Use whatever comes to your mind first.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "For example: for Charly I think of Charly Brown.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "For Mike its another comic figure called Mike, but unlike Charly he is very tall, so these two side by side look very funny.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "They together (funny view remember) are visiting Quebec in November... ... where they meet Romeo and Juliet who are dancing Tango.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Take just a few at a time.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Make each of them tell a little story.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 6 ] ] }, { "text": "Stick them where you can see them several times a day.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Bathroom for example.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If your brain has something to visualize its more likely that you will remember.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 5 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/5692/user2567875", "score": 1 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "I had the same problem.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The easiest way to me to remember all the letters is with the car plates.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 7 ] ] }, { "text": "It's fun and also keeps you practice the alphabet without a specific order, that's important too.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/35238/Juan Ignacio Alterio", "score": 0 } } ]

{ "question": "I want to learn the aviation alphabet , and when searching the Internet on how to, I see a plethora of approaches, so I thought of asking here! If it's primarily opinion based, let me know.", "title": "Best way of learning the aviation alphabet?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<general-aviation><radio-communications>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/56632", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/8887/gsamaras" }

[ [ "A number of methods are siggested for learning the airline alphabet. These include constant repetition, quizzing yourself, reading the letters out loud, using flash cards, making drawing and making little stories. ", "Some of the best methods proposed in order to memorize more easily the aviation alphabet are: study repetitively, study it like a homework after school, check a chart and memorize it, read each letter out loud, create flash cards with each letter, draw each letter and vizualise the alphabet, create a brief story with the letters or finally, use car plates." ] ]

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[ 4 ]

[ [ "Study repetitively.", "Study it like a homework after school. ", "Check a chart and memorize it.", "Read each letter out loud.", "Create flash cards with each letter.", "Draw each letter and vizualise the alphabet.", "Create a brief story with the letters. ", "Use car plates. " ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "You don't have to have permission to fly in IMC in uncontrolled, class G, airspace.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "However, you must have an instrument rating and be in an IFR-certified aircraft.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "In uncontrolled airspace, you may fly into IMC as you like and perform whatever maneuvers you want.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It's a very good idea to get flight following in order to receive traffic warnings from ATC if you decide to fly within IMC in uncontrolled, class G, airspace.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You do need to get permission to fly in controlled airspace (all classes except for G) if you are operating under IFR , regardless of actual meteorological conditions.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Note:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Classes A-D require permission under both IFR and VFR; classes E and G do not require permission under VFR.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If you want to practice in IMC within controlled airspace, you must explain your mission to ATC and obtain a clearance to operate under IFR.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "If ATC has the space and the time, they may give you a clearance for a specific area and perhaps a block altitude if you want to climb and descend.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "There aren't officially designated areas for practice, but if you ask local instructors, they will tell you where they usually go.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Most of the time, the preference is to get out of controlled airspace if possible; it's just easier.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1791/GdD", "score": 15 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Yes.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] }, { "text": "You can requests a local IFR, or quadrant clearance and then receive a clearance for a region, such as: CLEARED TO FLY (general direction from NAVAID)", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] }, { "text": "OF (NAVAID name and type) BETWEEN (specified) COURSES TO/BEARINGS", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "FROM/RADIALS (NAVAID name when a NDB)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "WITHIN (number of miles)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "MILE RADIUS, And an example:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "“Cleared to fly east of Allentown VORTAC between the zero four five and the one three five radials within four zero mile radius.”", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Both are from FAA Order JO 7110.65W 4-1-1", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/4405/Adam", "score": 10 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "\"Maneuvering at will\" within a particular area is called \"work\".", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This is particularly common for news/police helicopters, which often need to wander around above some event in class B/C airspace.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I've only heard it done as VFR, but I don't see a reason why ATC wouldn't allow it for IFR if there's nobody else around.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Be clear about the horizontal and vertical boundaries you want in your request, and let them know when you're done working and want to resume normal control.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You may want to call the relevant ATC unit ahead of time to see when/where will give you the best chance of approval and what exactly to put on your flight plan since this is obviously not a standard request.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/35166/StephenS", "score": 7 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "You might have better luck working with a controller at a Class D tower near you, or maybe Class C. Find an intersection or something identifiable from an approach plate that's in their airspace, request the maneuvers you want.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 4 ] ] }, { "text": "They can have you report in as you maneuver, and yet still have control if they need room for some one actually landing, or keep you clear of transiting traffice, etc.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/28945/CrossRoads", "score": 4 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "I have done this while operating under IFR in IMC several times.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Just ask for a block airspace and tell them what you want.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "I've found ATC to be very accommodating.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/8531/Pugz", "score": 4 } } ]

{ "question": "In the US, is there a way for a pilot to legally \"maneuver at will\" in actual IMC? Let's say you want to practice a series of reversing 360-degree turns and not have to communicate every change in heading to a controller or follow a controller's step-by-step instructions. For example, is there such a thing as an IMC \"practice area\" where only one aircraft at a time is allowed to operate under IFR? Also, is there a distinction between controlled and uncontrolled airspace in this regard?", "title": "In the US, is there a way for a pilot to legally \"maneuver at will\" in actual IMC?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<faa-regulations><flight-training><instrument-flight-rules><instrument-procedures>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/56680", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/34686/quiet flyer" }

[ [ "If you want to practice in IMC within controlled airspace, you must explain your mission to ATC and obtain a clearance to operate under IFR. However, you must have an instrument rating and be in an IFR-certified aircraft. You might have better luck working with a controller at a Class D tower near you, or maybe Class C. Find an intersection or something identifiable from an approach plate that's in their airspace, request the maneuvers you want. ", "In order to maneuver in an actual IMR, a pilot should not have permission as far as he is in an uncontrolled airspace. Another answer claims that an instrument rating and a certified aircraft is needed. Finally, the pilot should contact ATC to give the details of his flight and ask for permission or should contact a local IFR and get clearance or should contact a controller of a class D tower, closeby. " ] ]

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[ 4 ]

[ [ "A pilot can maneuver at will without permission in uncontrolled airspace. ", "An instrument rating and a certified aircraft is needed. ", "You should contact ATC to give the details of your flight and ask for permission. ", "You should contact a local IFR and get clearance.", "You should contact a controller of a class D tower closeby. " ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "When it comes to the AME, you must disclose everything fully and completely.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Failure to do so may void any license and insurance and expose you to extraordinary civil and criminal risk.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "When it comes to your flight instructor, who is not a medical professional, you do not need to disclose the specifics of your situation.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Saying, \"", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I have concerns about passing a Class III Medical Exam due to certain conditions\" is sufficient, and is not the same thing as lying.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Do not claim you are healthy when you know you are not.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Your instructor may decide not to continue training until a physical is passed, or he may decide just to be a little extra vigilant during training, and delay certain elements or maneuvers depending on the information you choose to provide.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "For example: If you choose to disclose vertigo problems, he may avoid steep turns until medical clearance.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If you choose to disclose vision issues, he may avoid night-flight.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Regardless, you will need a medical before your first solo flight.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Do not lie to your instructor, but that is not the same thing as disclosing full details of your health with a non-medic.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/43/abelenky", "score": 54 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "There's no legal or regulatory obligation to tell your instructor about medical conditions as others have said.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "There may be rare cases where there are insurance considerations the flight school must take into account, in which case they should explain that.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "There's good reasons to be open, however: -", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Not disclosing a medical condition could increase the risk to both you and your instructor, depending on what that is.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "The more the instructor knows about you the more they can look out for the specific issues a medical issue may raise - Training works better if there is a rapport and trust between the instructor and student.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Lying to an instructor is a breach of trust, and could damage the relationship.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Think of it this way", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": ": how would you like it if you were an instructor and found out a student wasn't telling you", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "he/", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "she was prone to panic attacks?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "And you found out on final approach when the student suddenly went rigid, or worse pulled back on the controls and put you both in a life threatening situation?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You'd want to know", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "so you could make an informed choice on whether to take that student on, and if you did you'd probably elect a different training regime, one with more gradual steps.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1791/GdD", "score": 17 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "There is no obligation to disclose anything to your CFI, just your AME.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "That said, your CFI may have useful advice about common problems, if you're willing to talk about them, and they may suggest delaying relevant parts of your training until thosr problems are resolved by your AME.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If a CFI (or anyone besides your AME) asks a question you don't want to answer, then tell them that , rather than evading the question or lying (even if only by omission), and they should respect your privacy.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Just knowing there's something they don't know is good enough.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If your flight school requires medical forms, then IMHO, find a new one.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "All they need to know is whether or not you have your medical certificate.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/35166/StephenS", "score": 4 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "At this stage, when you are just talking about maybe starting to learn to fly, this person is not acting as your flight instructor.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "He's just a person giving you information about a process.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You aren't under any legal obligation to disclose anything to him.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "On the other hand, flight instructors often have a decent knowledge of the medical requirements to fly, and might have been able to give you a good opinion on whether any particular condition is disqualifying.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "At a later stage, when you are actually taking instruction, it's probably a bad idea to withhold useful information from your instructor.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "It is likely that a flight school will make you fill in a form which asks about medical conditions, and lying on that would be a very bad idea.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/289/DJClayworth", "score": 3 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The reason he asked that is because he thinks you asked an XY question, and thinks the \"X\" is \"I have a medical problem that I fear might fail me on my medical \".", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So he is asking only to answer your query , and he's not wasting time on the Y, and taking the shorter path to X. Not his first rodeo...", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "As such, he's listening for relevant medical concerns likely to fail you, i.e. That could affect your safety to fly.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It would be an \"overshare\" to mention your excema, HIV status, enlarged prostate, well-managed cancer, eidetic memory, gluten allergy, or need for Viagra.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "So answer the X", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": ": say why you think you'd have trouble with the medical.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You can always trot out the old \"asking for a friend\"...", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "But then, expect to have an instructor who takes precautions against you having that problem in flight with him.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Really, a lying relationship is not one you want to have in the cockpit of a plane.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/22864/Harper - Reinstate Monica", "score": 1 } } ]

{ "question": "When talking with a local flight school about my interest in starting training, I started asking questions about how the AME process works. The flight instructor then asked me if I had any specific medical issues. Are you required to disclose any health information to your flight instructor? What about if the issue(s) could be disqualifying? Would you get in trouble for lying to the instructor (to avoid judgement or maintain privacy) but NOT lying during the AME?", "title": "Are you required to disclose medical conditions to your flight instructor?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<faa-regulations><medical><flight-school>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/57455", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/35587/Programmer" }

[ [ "There is no need to give details of your medical condition to your flying instructor. What is needed is a medical certificate stating you are fit to fly. However, it is better not to hide things that may affect your flying as that might pose a safety risk to both you and the instructor.", "The first point of view is that one is not obliged to disclose any medical conditions to his flight instructor, since he is not a medical professional. However, it is underlined that one has to avoid lying to him regarding his medical condition. Last but not least, do not overshare private medical data since all the instructor needs to know is if you have a medical certificate." ] ]

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[ 4 ]

[ [ "You are not obliged to disclose any medical conditions to your flight instructor, since he is not a medical professional.", "Avoid lying to your flight instructor regarding your medical condition. ", "Do not overshare private medical data since all he needs to know is if you have a medical certificate." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "Yep, the critical commands are repeated 3 times.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This ensures there is ABSOLUTELY zero doubt in anyone's mind (especially on a big crew airplane) of what needs to be done in a critical situation.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "It also standardizes these criticalities across different aircraft and aircrew cultures.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] }, { "text": "\"Bail out, bail out, bail out\" \"Eject, eject, eject\" \"Abort abort abort\" \" Pan-pan, pan-pan, pan-pan .\"", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I was 27 years a USAF pilot, and this is how the training has worked for over 50 years.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I only saw these terms used 2-3 times, but it certainly gets your attention and amps up the sense of urgency.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A little history:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "back in the day of very poor radio communications, it was necessary to repeat to \"get someone's attention\" or in the event", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "a single \"mayday\" didn't come across when the transmit button was pressed.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/36591/Scotty", "score": 55 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Procedure calls for the mayday distress signal to be said three times in a row so that it won't be mistaken for another word or phrase that sounds similar under noisy conditions.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "The use of Mayday dates back to 1923 when it was first used because it sounded like the French word m'aider, which means “Help me.\"", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In those early days of radio it was necessary to repeat things sometimes because of interference on the frequency from various potential sources.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "The \"rule of three\" is rooted in research conducted in 1890 by Hermann Ebbinghaus, a German psychologist.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Ebbinghuas studied how many rehearsals were necessary for his test subjects to memorize a list of nonsense syllables.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "He came up with three as the optimal number, and that became a rule of thumb in many other things, such as advertising.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Here's a cool video that adds information on Mayday and Pan Pan .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/36621/Clint Kearns", "score": 38 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "There are no instances in normal conversation where the same word is repeated three times consecutively.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In order to prevent a critical command or order from being issued or heard accidentally, a command is given three times in order to verify that it is being given intentionally.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Going to the moon?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "“Launch!", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Launch!", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Launch!”", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/36589/Paul Willett", "score": 6 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "I assume it's for redundancy.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "Assuming the voice signal is very noisy, the listener might hear two different things, the first and second time.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The third repetition can then be used to decide which of the two versions heard is more likely to be the correct one.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "Majority voting with three signals is very common in redundant systems.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In computing it is called TMR (triple modular redundancy).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_modular_redundancy", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/36605/user1323995", "score": 5 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Because human brains are slow and easily distracted?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The first time you heard it - you started listening.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The second time you heard it - you started listening properly, because you know it's important", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The third time confirmed you heard what you thought you heard?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This is just my unresearched perception of what's going on, and why we naturally settled on saying thing 3 times when it's imperative that it's heard properly.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/20323/djsmiley2kStaysInside", "score": 2 } } ]

{ "question": "Repetition is a key characteristic of communication in the control tower, cockpit, and control room. Some phrases, like \"Mayday\" get repeated. The speaker says the same thing three times. We know this is for redundancy. Why exactly three times ? Why not twice or four times? Is there research suggesting three is the most effective number, or is there a historical reason for the convention?", "title": "Why do we say certain things three times (e.g., \"Mayday, Mayday, Mayday\"), rather than two or four?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<safety><radio-communications>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/59006", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/27883/Mark Jones Jr." }

[ [ "Repeating a command three times is for redudency. If a command was misheard the first or second time, the third acts as confirmation. It is also a standardised practice across airlines and aircrew cultures.", "The 3 times repetition works in order to eliminate any possible doubt. It is also for redundancy and reassurance. Another practical reason was for certainty due to the quality of radio transmission back then. And finally, it works as a manner of intercultural standardization." ] ]

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[ 4 ]

[ [ "In order to eliminate any possible doubt.", "It was necessary for certainty due to the quality of radio transmission back then.", "It is for redundancy and reassurance.", "It works as a manner of intercultural standardization." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "Because wings work on air moving past them, not ground moving below them.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Heck, in a 35 knot headwind, the Antonov-2 could be rolling backwards at 2 knots and still take off!", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/22864/Harper - Reinstate Monica", "score": 81 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Because what determines the amount of lift generated is the indicated airspeed, not the ground speed.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "As usual, it is always easier to think about an extreme case.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If you have an aircraft with V R (speed at rotation for takeoff) of 90 knots, and there is an 80 knots head wind, in theory it will rotate with ground speed of 10 knots even though the indicated airspeed will be 90 knots.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3363/DeepSpace", "score": 43 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Airspeed is always important as it determines lift which keeps you in the air.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "At the moment of take-off or landing, airspeed is critical because it is the point at which you transition to or from flight; you need to be going fast enough but not too fast so that the transition is positive without being abrupt or overly stressful on aircraft components.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "This is why there are specified take-off and approach speeds.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Ground speed matters in navigation because it determines flight time which affects fuel required to get from A to B. Ground speed is a consideration for take-off and landing (ideally kept to a minimum), which is why it's always preferable to do so into the wind, but ultimately it is airspeed that matters and ground speed is what it is at the moment of take-off or landing.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3218/Anthony X", "score": 11 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The Wikipedia article on indicated airspeed has a good description.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "An airspeed indicator is actually more of a \"dynamic-pressure\" meter, with the dynamic pressure converted to airspeed.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Dynamic pressure is $q=\\frac{1}{2}\\rho V^2$ where $\\rho$ is density and $V$ is airspeed.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The Wikipedia article on the lift coefficient explains that lift is proportional to dynamic pressure, the area of the wings, and the lift coefficient, which in simplified terms can be considered a function of the angle of attack.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "$L=\\frac{1}{2}\\rho V^2 S C_L(\\alpha) =", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "qS C_L(\\alpha)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "$", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The takeoff speed is the speed at which you will have enough lift to get the airplane off the ground at the angle of attack that the airplane will have post-rotation.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So, for a given aircraft at a given weight, wing area, post-rotation angle-of-attack, and lift curve, you will be able to take off at a particular dynamic pressure.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In fact, all the aerodynamic forces on the aircraft are proportional to the dynamic pressure.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So that's why stall speed, never-exceed-speed (above which the aerodynamic forces could start damaging the aircraft structure), etc.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "are all given in indicated airspeed - because it's a proxy for dynamic pressure.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "True airspeed is the speed of the aircraft relative to the air mass it's flying through and can be calculated from indicated airspeed by correcting for density and temperature.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Your ground speed is then the true airspeed added to the wind speed.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/29021/moink", "score": 5 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The IAS includes factors such as Wind Component (Tail, Head or Cross), Pressure and Temperature.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "All these have an influence on your takeoff.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The takeoff Speed Vr is calculated as Indicated Airspeed.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Imagine you have a Headwind Component of +50.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You Groundspeed would be way lower than your Airspeed.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "What counts is the amount of air that flows over the wing in order to takeoff, not the speed relative to the ground.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/38007/Windshear", "score": 3 } } ]

{ "question": "My instructor asked me this question during my lesson and I couldn't come up with any answers. He asked why do I need to look at the indicated airspeed rather than ground speed when in takeoff roll or as soon as we touchdown? It would be great if you could give me the reference to back it up.", "title": "Why is indicated airspeed rather than ground speed used during the takeoff roll?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<takeoff><airspeed>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/61271", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/38049/Steve" }

[ [ "At the moment of take-off or landing, airspeed is critical because it is the point at which you transition to or from flight; you need to be going fast enough but not too fast so that the transition is positive without being abrupt or overly stressful on aircraft components.", "The lift is ultimately determined by the amount of air moving past the wings, not the speed of ground moving below the aircraft. Therefore, airspeed is more important because it will determine how smooth the lift will be. Ground speed determines flight time and the amount of required fuel, and whileit myst be taken into consideration, it is airspeed that matters for the take-off." ] ]

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[ 4 ]

[ [ "The lift is ultimately determined by the amount of air moving past the wings, not the speed of ground moving below the aircraft. Therefore, airspeed is more important because it will determine how smooth the lift will be.", "Ground speed determines flight time and the amount of required fuel, and whileit myst be taken into consideration, it is airspeed that matters for the take-off." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "That scenario only makes sense if your airplane stays at cruising altitude: although taxi and takeoff does use up fuel", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "it's really the ascent to cruise that takes the most.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You aren't really going to be able to drop cargo accurately from cruising altitude, so you'll have to descend pretty low, then you'll need to climb up again, and that would suck up lots of fuel and make it much less efficient a method of delivery.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Add to that the weight and cost of the parachute mechanisms as well as the massive protective packaging the cargo would need to survive the jolt (2-3 Gs when it hits the ground) and the whole thing becomes pretty uneconomical.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The military only air drops cargo when there's no other alternative -", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "now you know why.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1791/GdD", "score": 49 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Looking purely at operational cost of the aircraft, yes.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "You save time, burn less fuel, don't have to pay for the landing etc.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "But dropping the cargo makes the cargo more expensive.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "You have to provide parachutes (and return them after use, inspect them etc).", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "You have to combine cargo into parachute loads.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "You have to package the cargo for a hard landing, getting pulled over on its side by the parachute after landing etc.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "You have to use an aircraft suited for airborne dropping (i.e. with a tail ramp).", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "Commercial cargo aircraft usually don't have one, so you have to switch to more expensive military aircraft (Hercules, C-17).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "And occasionally a parachute won't work and the cargo will dig a crater.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "You can also go for low-altitude horizontal extraction , but that also has its cost, and entertaining failure modes .", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/11395/Hobbes", "score": 34 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The main advantage of landing is that the plane can then carry another cargo on the return journey.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Flying an empty plane back home is extremely inefficient and halves the range of the plane.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Air dropping might make sense for a large number of relatively small but urgent packages with lots of destinations along a route, but even then the plane would be mostly empty towards the end.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Dropping a load by parachute is fairly difficult, but loading a plane in the air is a real challenge!", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/40081/Robin Bennett", "score": 24 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Outside of any of the difficulties associated with dropping cargo out of a plane at altitude, the answer is still 'it depends'.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "For long distance flights, a large part of the initial weight of the plane is due to the fuel load, not the cargo.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This fuel weight imposes a penalty on both climb- and cruise performance.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It may be beneficial to land halfway and refuel, so that on both legs of the journey, less fuel has to be carried.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This is also why refuelling is typically done at every stop (unless poor availability or high fuel costs forces 'tankering' - landing with enough fuel left to do a return flight or the next leg as well).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The only use case for commercial cargo drops seems to be if you need to deliver cargo at a number of closely spaced airports (in which case the short hops would be fuel-inefficient).", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "However, in that case you might as well use road or rail transport.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The only remaining use case, which is unsurprisingly the only use case in reality, is to drop cargo if no other means of delivery are available - for example, conflict zones, disasters, etc.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/4108/Sanchises", "score": 10 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Depends entirely on the constraints.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "So: \"Sometimes\" or \"maybe\".", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "There are a few effects that make landing more fuel efficient: On long trips refueling midway", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "is fuel efficient, even if it involves landing.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Saving a second trip by loading new cargo midway is even more fuel efficient.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Having lower weight cargo due to absence of air drop packaging is fuel efficient.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Saving a trip due to tightly packed cargo is fuel efficient.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Related: Dropping a parachute over a runway from high altitude can disrupt air traffic for a significant amount of time.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Dropping a parachute over a runway from low altitude means having to climb again, which is not fuel efficient.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "There are many (contrived?)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "scenarios where none of these arguments come into play - in those scenarios air drop is indeed more fuel efficient.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "These scenarios would usually involve short distances, inherently air droppable cargo, runways that see very low amounts of traffic, and machines that will stay at relatively low altitude during most or all of the trip.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/12665/Peter", "score": 2 } } ]

{ "question": "Is it more fuel efficient to drop cargo onto a runway from the air en route to a final destination than to land and unload it using a more fuel efficient plane?", "title": "Is it cheaper to drop cargo than to land it?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<fuel><efficiency>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/63794", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/38881/Muze" }

[ [ "Dropping cargo is really only useful in areas where it is the only option, i.e. in conflict zones and zones with difficult terrain. If cargo is dropped the plane canot pick up new cargo and therefore becomes continually emptier. Flying empty planes is not cost-effective. Moreover, the plane would have to descend to drop the cargo and then climb back to cruising altitude, hence burning a lot of fuel and thus another disadvantage. There are also problems related to the cargo itself: preventing it from being damaged, returning parachutes after the drop, preventing incidents on the ground from dropping loads, etc.", "Air-dropping is considered more efficient only under certain circumstances: e.g. for a lot of small, urgent packages to aiports within short distance. Other than that, it is discouraged. Having to descend low to drop the cargo more accurately consumes a lot of fuel. Although some would argue that strictly speaking, it is more efficient, they need to consider that flying an unloaded plane back is much less fuel efficient all in all. The cargo becomes more expensive due to the measures that need to be taken to ensure its safe delivery during a hard landing. Also, you have to use a specific kind of aircraft and type of cruising." ] ]

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[ 4 ]

[ [ "Air-dropping is considered more efficient only under certain circumstances: e.g. for a lot of small, urgent packages to aiports within short distance. Other than that, it is discouraged.", "Having to descend low to drop the cargo more accurately consumes a lot of fuel. Although some would argue that strictly speaking, it is more efficient, they need to consider that flying an unloaded plane back is much less fuel efficient all in all.", "The cargo becomes more expensive due to the measures that need to be taken to ensure its safe delivery during a hard landing. Also, you have to use a specific kind of aircraft and type of cruising." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "They do have temporary liveries.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This is very common in wet lease operators, where an aircraft is flown for an airline during a peak period or when their planes are down for maintenance.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0, 3 ] ] }, { "text": "Airlines want customers to feel they are getting the brand-name product they are paying for; they don't want customers to board a generic white jet.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "An airplane will be painted and decals applied only for several months.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Just like motor vehicles, 3M makes aircraft film wraps, including models specifically for short-term use .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It is also common to have a livery for a special event, say the Olympics.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "You can expect ANA's jet for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics to be returned to normal shortly after the Olympics are over.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You can see Lufthansa and Egyptair dressed their planes up for the World Cup.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Egyptair's photographic livery can only be done by printing onto a decal.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This video shows Alaska Airlines paint essentially an ad for Disneyland and the Cars movie franchise.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "They paint the simpler parts like the clouds and the large solid areas, but at 1:28 you can see them apply decals of the characters' faces.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "They say it took 29 days to paint.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This is another video where they're simply applying a decal to advertise another movie.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So, no, there is no technical reason not to have a temporary livery and such schemes are done regularly.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "It's merely an issue of marketing and customer impressions.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/11113/user71659", "score": 31 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The time needed to apply and remove the advertisements would cost too much money.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "As long as the aircraft is on the ground, it cannot earn revenue.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Better to forgo the small profits from ads for larger profits from operating the aircraft.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1961/Peter Kämpf", "score": 13 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "1)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "For a typical urban bus, that plastic foil has to stay on at maybe a max of around 60 mph.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "For a commercial jet, it'd have to stay on at 600 mph.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "And suppose it starts ripping off and gets tangled in the elevator... 2)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You could repaint the plane at a cost of $50-200", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "K", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "How much does it cost to give an airliner a fresh coat of paint?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "but the ad would only be seen by the small number of people at the airports, so hardly cost-effective.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/6968/jamesqf", "score": 8 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Building upon jamesqf answer, I'd like to add: 3)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The number of people seeing bus on the streets while moving between stops could be simplified as sum of traffic size + population working and living along its route.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "For every bus you get a very rough estimate of a thousand potential advertisement targets every minute.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "And who sees the plane?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Only its passengers when they're boarding.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "People waving their goodbyes usually are too far to read the advertisement, not to mention ppl seeing the plane inflight.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "That amounts to one to several hundred advertisement targets per several hours, or even whole day in case of longer routes.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The increased cost leads to a fraction of market penetration.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Totally not worth it.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/40782/vonzgred", "score": 6 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "They have been using temporary liveries for decades.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "Rock group Yes famously had one produced on film for their US tour in 197x and half way across the Atlantic it started peeling off and flapping towards one of the engines.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "YouTube for Rick Wakeman telling this story as he does it so well in his inimitable style", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/40787/MikeDB", "score": 4 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Part of the reason is branding.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ -1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A city bus is a city bus, but an airline wants to advertise its own brand with its own livery.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] }, { "text": "Some people dislike ads, so that could create a negative perception of the airline.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] }, { "text": "Part of the reason is cost.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "An airplane is much larger and more expensive to have out of service.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "There's also lower benefit.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Buses with advertisements spend most of their time in the city and on roads, surrounded by people they can advertise to.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Airplanes spend most of their time in the air, where nobody else gets close enough to see them very well for very long.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "They do get some exposure near the airport as they are landing or departing, and to people in the terminals.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "However, some airlines do put advertising on their planes.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "It's usually something with a connection to a flag carrier's country, as with Air New Zealand and The Hobbit, or a partner of the airline.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Airlines will commonly have some aircraft painted in a livery of their alliance.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "ANA has had many special liveries, such as Star Wars and Pokemon.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "The airline tries to make it as appealing as possible, because in addition to advertising something, they are also drawing attention to their own brand.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] }, { "text": "There are certainly outliers, though.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Ryanair is famous for eking out every bit of revenue that they can come up with, and advertise throughout the cabin.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "They have a history of advertising on their planes , and did announce in 2013 they would be selling advertising space on their planes,", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "but I couldn't find any recent examples other than partners.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1696/fooot", "score": 1 } } ]

{ "question": "For buses, it’s quite common to have plastic foil with advertisements on them, but I’ve never seen that on an aircraft. Looking at how aggressively some airlines try to save money, they probably already came up with the idea to sell the space on the side of their aircraft for advertisement purposes – so why did they not do it? Is there any technical reason to not have temporary liveries?", "title": "Why don’t airliners have temporary liveries?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<commercial-aviation><economics><livery>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/65007", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/27070/Florian" }

[ [ "There is not technical reason why advetising cannot be put on a plane. In fact some airlines do carry advertising for special events like the Olympics for example. However, advertising on the side of a plane is not cost effective. Planes need to fly to make money not stay on the ground being painted. Moreover, planes do not have the visibility of buses as they spend most of their time in the air.", "Painting the airplane takes a lot of time, so advertising is often avoided because it is more profitable to keep the plane operating rather than take it out of service to apply the decals. The airlines are also very picky about what they advertize, because it reflects heavily on their brand image. Another reason is that not that many people will be able to see the ad on the plane, so it is not worth the cost on a marketing level. Dispite all this, many airlines put advertising in them, there is no technical reason to forbid it. Sometimes they are painted with their alliance's livery, sometimes they have a special event's or a brand's livery." ] ]

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[ 4 ]

[ [ "Painting the airplane takes a lot of time, so advertising is often avoided because it is more profitable to keep the plane operating rather than take it out of service to apply the decals.", "Not that many people will be able to see the ad on the plane, so it is not worth the cost on a marketing level.", "Many airlines put advertising in them, there is no technical reason to forbid it. Sometimes they are painted with their alliance's livery, sometimes they have a special event's or a brand's livery.", "The airlines are very picky about what they advertize, because it reflects heavily on their brand image." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "TACA Flight 110 made a deadstick landing on a grass levee.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Engines got replaced and it took off using a nearby NASA facility. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TACA_Flight_110", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/38505/Devilscomrade", "score": 74 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Sure!", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "An Ex-Interflug Ilyushin Il-62 was landed on the 900 m runway of Stölln/Rhinow airport (EDOR) in the German countryside in 1989 to be turned into a tourist attraction.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Here is a short video of the event.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "As can be witnessed from the clouds of dirt, the pilot Heinz-Dieter Kallbach wasn't too concerned about using reverse thrust -", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "the engines were not meant to run ever again.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If the Dornier Wal counts as a large aeroplane (it certainly did in its time), the two Amundsen airplanes N-24 and N-25 qualify also, one even twice: Both were used in 1925 for an attempt to reach the north pole by air but had to make an emergency landing on ice near the 88th parallel.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Since N-24 had suffered damage during take-off (it had sprung a leak), it was left on the ice when Amundsen and his crew flew back with N-25 after having built an emergency runway in weeks of hard work in which they moved an estimated amount of 500 tons of snow.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "N-25 went on to make a historic East-West atlantic crossing in 1930 and was again landed successfully in a location from where it could not take off in 1932 - this time on the snowy banks of Isar river in Munich in order to be put on display in a museum (picture source ).", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ -1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Another memorable example is the Spantax pilot Rodolfo Bay who in 1967 mistook the Finkenwerder airport for Hamburg Fuhlsbüttel airport.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "He landed his Convair Coronado 990 on a runway (1360 m) which was technically too short for the landing (1650 m according to the flight manual).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "He even managed to fly the empty bird to Fuhlsbüttel - again with less runway than technically required.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1961/Peter Kämpf", "score": 52 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The various Space Shuttle Orbiters did this all the time.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "They mostly got piggyback rides back to their launch facilities.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/35876/Roger", "score": 44 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "An Aerolineas Argentinas' Boeing 737-200 was hijacked by terrorists in 1975 and made to land in a farm.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "The government took 10 days to unstuck the aircraft from the mud and to move and install a makeshift aluminum runway (a mesh-like thing that was usually used for ice operations) and take-off at less than minimum weight.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The first officer was a glider pilot (I knew him personally, although we never spoke about this episode), so he was used to landing on random fields.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A bit different than with a glider, though!", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/690/Martin Argerami", "score": 44 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "A war-surplus B-17, named \"Lacey Lady\", was landed on an Oregon highway to be converted into a roadside restaurant and fuel station.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "I suppose it could have taken off from there again, if anyone had been suitably inclined… There have also been several incidents where an airliner made an emergency landing on runways or fields that were below normal minimum standards, but by careful management of takeoff weight and other risk factors, was successfully flown out again.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Notable examples include TACA Flight 110 and the wrong-airport landing of the Dreamlifter at Jabara .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/30313/Chromatix", "score": 25 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "A B52 is pretty big right?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "When a B52 was acquired by the Imperial War Museum, Duxford (a former second world war airbase now museum with a 1500m runway).", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ -1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "They had to use chutes and a few practice flybys before landing.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It's now on permanent display.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "They had to do the same with a Concorde I believe!", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Video:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/41302/Crazy Dino", "score": 25 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The Alraigo Incident https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alraigo_incident Harrier had to land on a container ship after running out of fuel.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Could potentially have flown it off if refueled and re-watered (for engine cooling in VTOL) but would also have had to be recovered to a suitable position as it slid and landed on top of a van.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Ship ended up sailing into harbour with the jet still on board.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/20952/Baldrickk", "score": 20 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Qantas landed 747 for a museum on a 1800x30m runway.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-03-08/qantas-jumbo-arrives-at-wollongong/6288748", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/37796/busdriver", "score": 16 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "KLM flew a Fokker 70 to Lelystad (EHLE) airport to become part of the museum collection there.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "It wasn't legal to take off from there, though it probably could have managed (business jets use the field at times).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "They for a while considered flying a 747 there to the same museum", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "but this was not done because the runway wasn't strong enough to take the aircraft's weight.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It could have landed within the runway length (damaging the runway in the process), but could never have taken off again.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In the end the 747 was dismantled and transported on barges and trucks, then reassembled at the museum where it still stands today (and can be rented out as a venue for receptions).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/900/jwenting", "score": 11 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Not sure if \"large\" enough, but most planes from an aircraft carrier need to be \"catapulted\" in order to takeoff, not just \"flown\" (although they also usually land with aid from an arrestor)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3557/user2813274", "score": 11 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "A Boeing 727-100 was landed at Meigs Field in Chicago (runway length 1,189 m) in 1992.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It was then loaded onto a barge and (eventually) installed as an exhibit at the Museum of Science and Industry, where it remains to this day.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It is not clear whether the 727-100 could have taken off again from this runway.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In one of the news interviews linked above, the pilot who landed the plane jokes that if he had to try it, he'd want to chain the airplane down at one end of the runway, run up to full power, and then cut the chain.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/13297/Michael Seifert", "score": 6 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Boeing 747 G-BDXJ (wikipedia link) landed in Dunsfold Airfield on 25 May 2005.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Dunsfold runway is listed as 5,496ft (1,675m).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I suppose it may be feasible to take off on that runway, but that wouldn't be easy.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "That 747 was never intended to fly again anyway.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/35311/Aleks G", "score": 3 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "How large is \"large\"?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I grew up just south of E.W. \"Cotton\" Woods Airport , a 2400' runway in Columbia, MO.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "My father told me some time in the 1970s that a jet-powered aircraft (I remember him saying a Learjet, though that could have been him using the name generically) had made an accidental or emergency landing at the airport, and needed to be hauled out on a flatbed after having the wings removed.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A Google search just now did not turn up anything about this, and I don't know how or where to search official incident reports to confirm.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/36619/Craig S. Cottingham", "score": 2 } } ]

{ "question": "And, what was done with them subsequently?", "title": "Have any large aeroplanes been landed — safely and without damage — in locations that they could not be flown away from?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<landing><aviation-history>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/65994", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/14197/Daniele Procida" }

[ [ "A number of planes have been landed in locations from which they could not take off. Some of them were to be converted into building for other uses such as a museum or tourist attraction. One hijacked plane was made to land in a farm.", "There are many instances of such incidents, mainly in cases of planes flown to museums in order to be exhibited or other places where they would be repurposed, or in emergency landings." ] ]

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[ 4 ]

[ [ "There are many instances of such incidents, mainly in cases of planes flown to museums in order to be exhibited or other places where they would be repurposed, or in emergency landings." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "Two reasons:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The airplane is extremely versatile, while having adequate performance, and is a good choice when a small airforce needs a do-everything airplane to replace multiple types.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Being designed for carriers, it's overbuilt for normal land operations in many key areas, which means a longer airframe structural life in its much easier life landing on runways.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] }, { "text": "For an air force with a limited budget and the need to run the airplane a long time, it's worth giving up some of the speed/payload/range that was sacrificed by the structural needs of carrier ops.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/30504/John K", "score": 31 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Wanting to replace the Dassault Mirage III , and after considering multiple fighters from multiple nations, it boiled down to the F-16 and F/A-18.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The F-16 had engine issues, inferior radar, no long-range missiles and BVR capability, single engine, and was technologically immature at the time.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Note: There were concerns that the larger more sophisticated F-15 could destabilize the region.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The F-16 and F/A-18 by comparison are light fighters .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Further reading on the selection process:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet in Australian service (Wikipedia)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/14897/ymb1", "score": 23 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Selection of the replacement of the Mirage III was of course carefully considered by the RAAF, and the most suitable airframe was considered for the mission and circumstances typical for a vast, distant and sparsely populated continent:", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ -1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The fact that it was designed for carrier operation actually was a plus, since it results in a more robust airframe with lower expected corrective maintenance costs.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] }, { "text": "It was a twin-engine design, and the most suitable one at the time.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 4 ] ] }, { "text": "The distances between airfields are vast in Australia, and the experience with the single engine Mirage III was that too many were lost after an engine fail.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/21091/Koyovis", "score": 16 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Why a carrier-capable plane over a land-based plane?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Australia has a history of operating carrier craft beginning in the 1920s.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "At the moment there are two helicopter carriers in the Royal Australian Navy, but no full-deck carriers since the retirement of HMAS Melbourne in 1982.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "However, Australia is surrounded by a lot of water, and lacks land borders with any other nation.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "(map below)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It is possible that carriers may return.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The F/A 18 had an estimated service life of 20 to 30 years (depends on the source) based on 100 carrier landings a year Source .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So its not unreasonable that a carrier could be ordered and delivered and commissioned while FA-18 were still serviceable.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The FA-18 order was announced on 20 October 1981, source which overlaps the in-service years of the HMAS Melbourne .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/12591/Criggie", "score": 5 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "For the \"and others\", the documents from Finland have become public as the secrecy period of 25 years has recently been passed.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In a major military deal, there are always technological, economical and political aspects.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "There were five candidates: Russian MIG-29 Swedish JAS 39 Gripen French", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "MIRAGE 2000", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "-5 General Dynamics F-16 (USA) McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet (USA) The Finnish Air Force tested all candidates between summer 1991 and winter 1992.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The Hornet was considered clearly better than the others.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It had the best range, mission time and could carry the biggest missile load.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "These are important factors for Finland, which is geographically a large country.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Air Force saw Hornet as modern and it had good development potential.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Development costs were shared by many nations.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "F-16 did not fulfill all the performance requirements from the Air Force.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In addition, proposed participation of the Finnish aviation industry was not seen as adequate.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "At the time of decision, the production line of F-16 was closing.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Gripen and especially many of it's critical components were still in prototype stage.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The system was seen as too immature and hence the JAS was rejected as being too risky.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Swedes expected that Finland would take part in the development costs, though it was not known how much costs there ultimately would be.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Mirage did fulfill Air Forces requirements and was considered as a really good plane for the pilot.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "However, the maintenance system was seen as difficult and it was feared that maintenance costs would be high due to low number of users.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "MIG-29's electronics and maintenance systems did not fulfill requirements.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Lifetime of the plane was half from that of the others.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "MIG-29 was by far most expensive considering both purchase price and operating costs over 30 year period.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Politically, buying the MIG would have meant co-operation between Finland and Russia, and this type of co-operation was seen as undesirable by the government.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Selecting the F-18 was a decision and signal towards co-operation with the west.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "During the cold war Finland was not part of the eastern block, but being a neighboring country of Soviet Union, did experience quite a bit pressure from the east.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The Russian economic crash following the collapse of Soviet Union was a major issue, too.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "There was no guarantee that the country would be able to deliver the planes.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In hindsight, the decision to choose F/A-18 has been considered as excellent.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "Especially, the risks with JAS did realize, the offered B-version of the plane has been considered as a failure.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Source: https://www.iltalehti.fi/kotimaa/a/201707022200238131 (in Finnish)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/12227/Tero Lahtinen", "score": 3 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "There is a very limited selection of affordable 2-engined fighter aircraft (and the selection was even more limited in the time frame of these acquisitions).", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 4 ] ] }, { "text": "Some countries (Canada, Australia) have large uninhabited areas and their air forces prefer the added safety of a second engine.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "This limited Australia's choices to F-15 or F-18.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/11395/Hobbes", "score": 2 } } ]

{ "question": "Why did the Royal Australian Air Force (and others) procure the F/A-18 despite being purpose-built for carriers?", "title": "Why did the RAAF procure the F/A-18 despite being purpose-built for carriers?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<military><australia><aircraft-purchase><f-18>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/67513", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/41328/Yudhi G." }

[ [ "The airplane is extremely versatile, while having adequate performance, and is a good choice when a small airforce needs a do-everything airplane to replace multiple types. Some countries (Canada, Australia) have large uninhabited areas and their air forces prefer the added safety of a second engine. Selection of the replacement of the Mirage III was of course carefully considered by the RAAF, and the most suitable airframe was considered for the mission and circumstances typical for a vast, distant and sparsely populated continent. ", "In areas like Australia where there are big distances to be covered over sparsely populated areas, this type of aircraft is more efficient and since the F-18 is so versatile, it can replace multiple other types of aircraft. Also, the fact that it was designed for carriers makes it more robust, with lower maintenance cost and added convenience benefits. In some European countries, it was a way to turn to the west. It can also be argued that there was a limited selection of twin-engine aircraft and it was the most appropriate choice. All in all, it is considered a good decision to pick F/A-18s." ] ]

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[ 4 ]

[ [ "In areas like Australia where there are big distances to be covered over sparsely populated areas, this type of aircraft is more efficient and since the F-18 is so versatile, it can replace multiple other types of aircraft.", "In some European countries, it was a way to turn to the west.", "It was a good decision to pick F/A-18s.", "The fact that it was designed for carriers makes it more robust, with lower maintenance cost and added convenience benefits.", "There was a limited selection of twin-engine aircraft and it was the most appropriate choice." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "Yes.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "During and after WW2 several aircraft were converted to serve as \"Dumbo\" aircraft, dropping boats or rafts near people in distress.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Other models were used as well, but the B-17 were among the most prominent.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Most were retired when the helicopter gradually took over rescue operations.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/13485/bjelleklang", "score": 44 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "It is quite common for float planes to carry canoes & kayaks, e.g.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/6968/jamesqf", "score": 29 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Large enough helicopters do it.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "Above example is a Boeing CH-47 Chinook ( businessinsider.com )", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "But since you have tagged it seaplane , not to my knowledge.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It's often the other way around, seaplane tenders tending to seaplanes (or used to).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "(I take it by boat", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "you don't mean the inflatable and/or small type, as those are not hard to transport.)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Catalina launching beaching gear ( pinterest.com )", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/14897/ymb1", "score": 27 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "I would like to suggest the \"Landseaire\" flying yacht which carried boats under the wings as per this question.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/16638/dalearn", "score": 22 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "It was one of the main roles for the Vickers Warwick in WWII.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "From Wikipedia: From 1943, Warwicks were loaded with the 1,700 lb (770 kg)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Mk IA airborne lifeboat and used for air-sea rescue.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The lifeboat, designed by yachtsman Uffa Fox, laden with supplies and powered by two 4 hp (3.0 kW) motors, was aimed with a bombsight near to ditched air crew and dropped by parachute into the sea from an altitude of about 700 ft (210 m).[36]", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Warwicks were credited with rescuing crews from Halifaxes, Lancasters, Wellingtons and B-17 Flying Fortress, and during Operation Market Garden, from Hamilcar gliders, all of which ditched in the English Channel or North Sea.[37] More on airborne lifeboats...", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "(also source for image above)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Of course, many WWII bombers carried inflatable dinghies, but I think the answer is looking for something more substantial.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/4068/Brian Drummond", "score": 21 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The Fernic T-9 of 1929 was prepared for an Atlantic crossing and as a precaution had removable upper engine nacelles which could double as a life raft, including an outboard engine.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A less planned use of an airplane part as a boat occurred when in 1932 the Junkers W-33 of Hans Bertram and Adolf Klausmann crashed in a remote part of Western Australia.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "They removed one of the floats and made it into a boat for fishing and excursions.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1961/Peter Kämpf", "score": 19 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Took me a while to find this photo, from my personal archive from the East Fortune Airshow 2015 of a Royal Norwegian Airforce Lockheed Orion.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "As I recall, the commentator stated that the orange object visible in the 'bomb bay' is an air-droppable lifeboat, for their search-and-rescue missions.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/40162/Mike Brockington", "score": 4 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The Boeing C-17 Globemaster III can deploy boats.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "There are some videos on YouTube ( example ) that show the process:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/43894/alexpresland", "score": 1 } } ]

{ "question": "A small boat could be part of general cargo, but that would typically just mean it's unloaded at an airport and transported to the nearest body of water by land infrastructure. This is not what I'm looking for. Instead, is there any aircraft that can directly deploy a boat to (or retrieve one from) water? I would imagine there are cases when moving a boat by plane could be useful, especially when there's little or no infrastructure available on land. Does such an aircraft exist?", "title": "Do any aircraft carry boats?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<cargo><seaplane>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/68497", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/42832/SE - stop firing the good guys" }

[ [ "During WW2 many planes carried boats for various purposes. The Boeing C-17 can also deploy boats. Moreover, it is quite common for float planes to carry canoes and kayaks. Finally, large helicopters also can carry boats.", "There are aircraft that can carry boats; at the time of the 2nd World War many models did it, mainly B-17 or the Vickers Warwick. The \"Landseaire\" also served that purpose and even the Boeing C-17 Globemaster III can deploy boats. Also, float planes often carry small boats like canoes, etc. It must be noted that large helicopters are used for this task as well." ] ]

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[ 4 ]

[ [ "There are aircraft that can carry boats; at the time of the 2nd World War many models did it, mainly B-17 or the Vickers Warwick. The \"Landseaire\" also served that purpose and even the Boeing C-17 Globemaster III can deploy boats.", "Float planes often carry small boats like canoes, etc.", "Large helicopters are used for this task." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "Their primary wing feathers have an unusual structure incorporating a fringed, comblike leading-edge, which reduces wind noise.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "The wing feathers also have an overall softness or flexibility.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "The trailing-edge of the wing is also dominated by soft, fringed edges.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Even the underwing lining (covert) feathers have an unusual softness that plays a role in sound suppression.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "See for example --", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "https://www.owlpages.com/owls/articles.php?a=7n , https://animals.howstuffworks.com/birds/owl-fly-silently1.htm .Google \"owl feather structure\" for more.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I'll leave it mostly unsaid, as to whether any of these features are worth incorporating into a jet-powered aircraft.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Maybe some of these features might be applied to the intake or exhaust areas, in a more rigid metallic form?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/34686/quiet flyer", "score": 41 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "In addition to quiet flyer's excellent answer: Owls have large wings in relation to their body size and weight.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "One might think that no, their bodies are quite large, but actually owls are kind of fluffy flying feather balls: what you percieve as their bodies, is mostly air.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "This leads to two things: Low wing loading.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Their large wings do not need to create as much lift per area unit as, say, with pigeons.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This leads to less turbulence, which in turn means less sound.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Because of low wing loading they also can fly with very little wing movement, also leading to less sound generation.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "The fluffyness (for lack of a better word) suppresses turbulence in wing - body attachment area, and any other turbulence around owl body.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "This means, of course, less sound.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "When combined with wing structure described in q f's answer, all these factors create a pretty much absolutely silent flight.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Check out this excellent BBC Earth clip comparing", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "the sound different birds make when they fly, and why so.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "As for the aplicability of these features in stealth aircraft, not likely, athough I strongly second PerlDuck's vote for fur covered wings on aircraft.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The fact is, however, that there is no sense in making the wings or the airframe more silent, when the sound of the propulsion is orders of magnitude louder than any other part of the aircraft.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "P.S.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It's actually quite eery to encounter an owl in flight when it's dark.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You can hear other birds when they fly in your vicinity, but owls, no", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": ", they just blast right by you totally silently, without a warning.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "They've scared me sh__less a couple of times out in the wild, and I'm pretty sure they enjoy it...", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/42636/Jpe61", "score": 37 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Stealth aircraft are built to reduce their observability in 3 main areas, with the goal of reducing the warning time an enemy has: radar optical and IR", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "sound", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This is in order of detection range:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Radar can find an aircraft potentially at hundreds of km, optical systems go to a few tens of km, and sound becomes a factor only when the aircraft is very near (at low altitude and high speed, you can get within 100 m of the target before you become audible).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The detection range also gives you the order of importance.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Radar takes priority.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The sound produced by an aircraft is dominated by its engine noise.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The air rushing over the skin makes some noise, but that's generally only audible when the engines are shut off.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This means there's no benefit to reducing skin noise.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In addition: a fringed, comblike leading-edge", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This is a nightmare for radar stealth.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You want the structure to be as simple and smooth as possible, because when you have a large number of surfaces in many directions, you get many radar returns.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Improving audio stealth would compromise radar stealth.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/11395/Hobbes", "score": 30 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Owls' bodies are optimised for silent unpowered flight;", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "even when owl flight is powered flight, it's powered by wing flapping (rather than jet engines or turboprops).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "At most I suspect you'll be able to help silence the noise from a body passing through the air; as gliders are rather quieter than light aircraft, I suspect this is the minority of the sound, at least until speeds get very fast where the aerodynamic and acoustic models will be very different anyway.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "However, as \"aircraft\" is widely defined, perhaps they would be useful for a drone that for portions of its flight mostly glides silently at low-ish (owl-like) speeds, for covert photography, covert small payload delivery, or some other likely nefarious purpose.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Heck, it could actually be disguised visually as an owl.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/9005/abligh", "score": 6 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "If the other excellent answers roll off you like water off a duck 's back, this may convince you: What owls had to give up in exchange for quieter (not silent!)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "flight, is fast flying and flying on rainy days.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Their feathers miss (most of) the oils that make other flying birds able to take quite a drenching without much trouble (and water birds even more so).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Planes crashing because of wet wings would be frowned upon, of course --- but the fixed wings would not have that problem; however any moisture would defeat this noise reduction.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Only during landing & take-off noise reduction is really wanted (cruising altitude is too high to care); the added drag throughout the flight is (and added weight+drag when wet during takeoff+landing) will surely rule it out.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "However, you can consider applications where it would be justified : If there's a large premium for silence, no need for high speed?", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Sounds like e.g. a specialized drone for observations to me.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Then: If it's raining, take out the regular spy-drone (as the rain covers the drone noise); if it's dry, your special 'owl-drone' goes out...", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This more or less doubles your cost-of-ownership as you need two not one drone.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/28040/user3445853", "score": 3 } } ]

{ "question": "I was wondering about the ability of owls to fly so silently. Is it because they flap gently, they flap less often or do is their structure responsible? I was thinking their principle of stalking can be applied to stealth aircraft. Is it possible?", "title": "Could the principle of owls' silent flight be used for stealth aircraft?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<aircraft-design><wing>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/70667", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/44513/Pratham Shah" }

[ [ "S12: Owls' bodies are optimised for silent unpowered flight. The fact is, however, that there is no sense in making the wings or the airframe more silent, when the sound of the propulsion is orders of magnitude louder than any other part of the aircraft. However, as \"aircraft\" is widely defined, perhaps they would be useful for a drone that for portions of its flight mostly glides silently at low-ish (owl-like) speeds, for covert photography, covert small payload delivery, or some other likely nefarious purpose.", "The feathers and overall \"fluffy\" wings of the owl are perfect for silent flight because they supress turbulence and noise. Owls are optimized for this type of flight. As for the application of the owl's characteristics to an aircraft, it would not be practical to do so. Perhaps it would be useful for drones that need to be silent but not necessarily very quick." ] ]

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[ 4 ]

[ [ "The feathers and overall \"fluffy\" wings of the owl are perfect for silent flight because they supress turbulence and noise. Owls are optimized for this type of flight.", "As for the application of the owl's characteristics to an aircraft, it would not be practical to do so. Perhaps it would be useful for drones that need to be silent but not necessarily very quick." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "Not only is it possible but it happens.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "This is formally called a \"runway incursion\" and it does happen like 2005 Logan Airport runway incursion or the B733 / vehicle, Amsterdam Netherlands, 2010 .", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Skybrary has a full list you can find here which is quite lengthy and includes a full section for Vehicle Incursion .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3677/Dave", "score": 47 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "In 1978 a B737 aborted a landing due to a snow plow on the runway.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "The aircraft crashed during the go around because one thrust reverser did not stow properly.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Western_Airlines_Flight_314", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/12589/Mike Sowsun", "score": 23 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Yes.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "I was on final once when a taildragger in front of suddenly turned around to backtaxi and turn off on the taxiway he had just passed, thinking to do me a favor and get off the runway quicker.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Unfortunately, I had been catching up to him on final anyway, so I just powered up and went around.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/28945/CrossRoads", "score": 5 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "If you don't quite abort... Plane Collides with SUV While Landing at (Texas)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Northwest Regional Airport (52F)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/11572/Streak", "score": 3 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "I can remember one evening quite some years ago when there was a sudden extremely loud noise.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Not quite an explosion -- much too protracted and no shock, but you get the general idea.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Since there was no flying debris, no visible columns of smoke, no sign of anything else out of the ordinary, I ignored it apart from paying more attention to the news that evening.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The news reported that Concorde had aborted a landing at Heathrow because somebody had strayed onto its runway.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This required afterburners!", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The emergency services lines closer to Heathrow were jammed for quite some time, with people trying to report the \"explosion\".", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/22146/nigel222", "score": 2 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "I personally witnessed one at EWR (Newark International).", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "The runways in EWR run parallel to New Jersey Turnpike, only meters away.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I was driving on NJ Turnpike northbound when a flight (looked like a B737, but", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I'm not sure) touched down parallel to", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "the I-95 just at my level and moments later powered up and went around.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A few more moments later I noticed another, much smaller, plane further along the same runway.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This was in 1998 or 1999.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/35311/Aleks G", "score": 2 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "I am but a meager low time private pilot, but I'm sure this happens all the time as it has happened to me.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Before I got my certificate, I departed my home (towered) airport solo planning to buzz over to a nearby very small uncontrolled airport and practice some landings.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "When I arrived, the city mower was working around the runway, apparently not listening to CTAF.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I aborted the first landing as he crossed the runway just in front of me.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Fortunately, he was just finishing the area around the runway", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "and I was able to continue practicing without any further issue.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "From a safety standpoint, it was never a big deal.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I saw the mower, was aware of his location, and watched to see if he would depart the area before I got close to the ground.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "He didn't, so I performed a go around.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I was surprised that he seemed not to notice me, but it was more inconvenient than unsafe.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/25328/izzy", "score": 2 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "On my first flight I flew into LAX and we were coming into land and suddenly went up again.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Looking out of the window and there was another plane on the runway.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The captain confirmed over the intercom that was the reason for the aborted landing.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I would guess this was in 1977.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/44714/Bonzo", "score": 1 } } ]

{ "question": "I came across a fake video of an A380 closely avoiding a fuel truck. More details at Snopes including a link to the YouTube video. While this video is not real, I'm interested in finding out if it's a realistic situation and if there are any real instances where accidents have been avoided because crew decided to abort takeoff or landing as a result of an unexpected runway intrusion as seen in the video.", "title": "Are there any real life instances of aircraft aborting a takeoff or landing to avoid a vehicle?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<safety><runways><accidents><incidents>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/70877", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/9259/user871199" }

[ [ "It is not onlythat a plane aborts a landing for a vehicle on the runway but it happens. This is formally called a \"runway incursion\" and it does happen like in 2005 Logan Airport runway incursion or the B733 / vehicle, Amsterdam Netherlands, 2010 . In 1978 a B737 aborted a landing due to a snow plow on the runway.", "This has indeed happened numerous times and many people report having seen/done it, under various conditions with the main problem being another vehicle being an obstacle to their landing." ] ]

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[ 4 ]

[ [ "This has indeed happened numerous times and many people report having seen/done it, under various conditions with the main problem being another vehicle being an obstacle to their landing." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "They are both internal combustion engines that have a turbine in their exhaust that is used to power a compressor to pressurize the air before it is used for combustion.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "In the turboprop, the turbine also powers the prop.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In between the compressor and turbine, the fuel/air mixture is burnt without significant moving parts.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Without the turbine and compressor, a turbine engine is essentially a tube with heating element in it.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In a turbocharged piston engine, you have an otherwise normal piston engine which turns the prop.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The turbine is in the exhaust from the piston engine and powers the compressor pushing air into the piston engine.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The turbine and compressor are not connected to the prop though.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Here they are as diagrams along with some other types of engine.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3550/smithkm", "score": 38 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "No, a turboprop is more like a jet engine with a propeller in the front instead of a fan: Source:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Wikimedia", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In its simplest form a turboprop consists of an intake, compressor, combustor, turbine, and a propelling nozzle.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Air is drawn into the intake and compressed by the compressor.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Many turbo props have a gear box (as shown in the image above, the black part to the left) which drives the prop from the engine.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Whereas a turbo piston is simply a normal piston engine with a turbo charger attached:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Source:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "BoldMethod", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You can learn more about how a turbo piston works on BoldMethod: How a turbocharger system works .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The basics is that it uses the exhaust gases from the engine to drive a compressor which increases the pressure (and oxygen content) going into the intake.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "More oxygen (and fuel) means more power.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "For turbo-pistons it also means that you can get sea-level performance at altitude.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "As far as fuel is concerned, a turboprop runs off of Jet-A (Kerosene) fuels and (most)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "turbo charged pistons run on av-gas.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Some diesel turbo pistons also run off of Jet-A and it is very important that you don't put Jet-A in an av-gas piston or av-gas in a turbo prop.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/12623/Ron Beyer", "score": 22 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "A turbocharged engine is a common gas engine with pistons", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The limiting factor on a gas engine is how much air can get into the pistons.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It is supercharged - that is, an air pump forces more air into the engine than it would draw naturally.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The mechanically driven variety is seen on Mad Max .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "If you use exhaust flow to spin the pump, it is turbo supercharged.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "People shorten \"turbosupercharge\" to \"turbocharge\".", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A turboprop engine is a jet engine.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Fullstop.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The jet engine makes lots of thrust.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "They stuck some extra turbine blades in the jet blast, which spin another shaft.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "That makes it a \"turboshaft engine\" because it makes rotation instead of thrust.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "You put something useful on that shaft, like a generator , helicopter rotor , naval screw , air compressor , fan , propfan , or in this case, a prop.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "That's a turboprop!", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The advantage of a jet-based instead of piston-based engine is power-to-weight - after all you have nominally 2 moving parts, the spindle of the jet engine", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "proper and the added turboshaft, and nothing reciprocates.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/22864/Harper - Reinstate Monica", "score": 5 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "They are completely different things, a turboprop is similar to a jet engine as it has compressors, the main difference is that there's a shaft that spins a propeller instead of turning a fan.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "A turbocharger is device for piston engines, it uses pressure coming from the exhaust manifold of a piston engine to compress air going into the intake manifold.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It's the same technology used on car diesel and gasoline engines, and it works the same way.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "There are vanes that can be adjusted to manage the boost level, on cars these are computer controlled but in many airplanes turbo speeds are have to be manually adjusted by adjusting boost pressure in the exhaust (keyword: wastegate).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Recent aero-diesels have modern computer controls though.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Turbos on piston aero engines can either be turbochargers, in which case they add extra power to an engine by increasing the compression in the cylinders, or they can be turbo-normalizers, which maintain sea level air pressure to the engine even at higher altitudes.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "There are superchargers as well, these are also compressors for piston engines", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "the difference is they use engine power directly to compress the air rather than exhaust pressure.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1791/GdD", "score": 3 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "No, one is https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_cycle one is https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brayton_cycle , thermodynamicly extremely different", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/6854/Sam", "score": 2 } } ]

{ "question": "Simple question, and I've always assumed that they are the same thing, but I'd like feedback from someone who knows more than me :)", "title": "Is a turbocharged piston aircraft the same thing as turboprop?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<piston-engine><turboprop>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/71173", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/25068/slantalpha" }

[ [ "They are both internal combustion engines, however, they are completely different things, a turboprop is similar to a jet engine as it has compressors, the main difference is that there's a shaft that spins a propeller instead of turning a fan. ", "They are both considered internal combustion engines with a turbine in their exhaust that powers a compressor and pressurizes the air before its use in the combustion process. That said, they are totally different things, with turboprop being essentially a jet engine and the main difference being if a shaft is spinning the propeller or a fan." ] ]

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[ 4 ]

[ [ "They are both considered internal combustion engines with a turbine in their exhaust that powers a compressor and pressurizes the air before its use in the combustion process. ", "They are totally different things, with turboprop being essentially a jet engine and the main difference being if a shaft is spinning the propeller or a fan." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "This is borderline as an aviation question but I will answer it anyway.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "They didn't use those weapons because they did not have them at the time:", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Conventional cruise missiles did exist but most were nuclear, and the UK didn't possess any conventional ones.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "ICBMs with conventional warheads", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "did not and probably still do not exist because they are not a good idea:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Their capacity is low: A sub launched ICBM has somewhere around 2.5 to 3 metric tons' throw weight, much of that would be taken up by warhead guidance, thermal protection and other necessities", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "so your actual warhead would be maybe 1000kg, or 2200lb.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "That's not that big a conventional bomb, and it could only launch one.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "A fighter bomber could drop 2 of those.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The Vulcan bombers on the raid carried 21 1000 pound bombs.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "They aren't accurate enough: a nuclear weapon can be a bit off and still destroy its target utterly, a conventional weapon needs a great deal of precision.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The Polaris missile had an accuracy of 3000ft (900m).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "That's okay for a nuke, it' still ruin someone's day, but completely inadequate for a 2000lb bomb.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "More modern ICMBs have more like a 100 meter accuracy, which is a lot closer but still not good enough for a conventional bomb", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "They are expensive: that's a lot of cash for a 2000lb bomb that probably will miss Launching one", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "could start", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "WW3 : If you launch an ICBM someone is going to see it and", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "if they think it might be directed at them a retaliatory strike could be the answer.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The world has come perilously close to this more than once, it simply isn't worth the risk!", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/1791/GdD", "score": 38 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Because all of Britain's adversaries were either nearby (Warsaw Pact) or too far to economically fight (China).", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "Since Britain's weapons only needed to reach the Caucasus, they simply never developed ultra-long-range assets like the Tu-95 Bear or B-52 Stratofortress.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Unfortunately no-one was willing to provide any of those under Lend-Lease.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Honestly, even if the British had appropriate cruise missiles (they did not), they would have no reason to own ones with the range to hit the Falklands from Ascension.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Nor would they have any reason to need ICBMs with the range to hit Falklands from the UK", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "(they wouldn't have ICBMs in Ascension, who would they nuke?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The Congo?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Guyana?)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Again the enemy is in Europe, so everything is sized and positioned to go just that far.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Your question takes for granted the pre-existence of weapons systems like the \"down a chimney\" Tomahawk.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Honestly, the British inability to do anything but have their SSN crews shake their fists at the islands, was a major impetus in developing those new families of weapons.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Every major force watched with keen interest and thought \"", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Gosh, what if we had to deal with one of these?", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "\"", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "However, they certainly did have relevant weapons:", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Aircraft carriers.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This type of mission is the reason carriers exist.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "They could project power from the Spratleys to, indeed, the Falklands.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Further, there'd be little point to using cruise missiles or ICBMs before", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "the main force was in position to make good on the advantage.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "And once the main force was in place, they could strike from there, and did not need long-range weapons.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/22864/Harper - Reinstate Monica", "score": 27 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "The UK needed a surgical strike to neutralize the Port Stanley airport in the Falklands so that Argentine airplanes based there couldn't attack the coming UK convoy or the impending UK ground attack.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "An attack by carrier airplanes wouldn't work because the carriers, and the accompanying task force, would also be in range of the Argentine planes based in Port Stanley.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] }, { "text": "Using nukes against the airport at Port Stanley would have destroyed Port Stanley and all the UK citizens there.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 3 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/12023/MaxW", "score": 10 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "This hasn't been explicitly said, so: The UK didn't have cruise missiles or ICBMs with conventional warheads at the time.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "The Trident II D5, the UK's only ever ICBM, entered service in 1994: BBC .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "As for cruise missiles, the BGM-109 Tomahawk has been introduced in 1983 (US) and 1998 (UK): Royal Navy .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/37704/kraligor", "score": 4 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Someone mentioned the harrier wasn't able to carry a bomb heavy enough to crater the runway.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The Vulcan's dropped 21x1000lb bombs on the Falklands.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The Harriers in the Falklands dropped 1000lb paveways (Laser guided).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "They could carry 2 normally perhaps even up to 4.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So they could and did drop the same size of bomb, probably more accurately.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Though there was radar controlled guns and SAM that would have been made it very hazadous for low flying aircraft.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Though the harriers did raid the airport on occasion.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Some of have suggested there was inter service political rivalry.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The Vulcan raid was a another means for the RAF to contribute to the war.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Though the Harrier GR3 pilots were RAF.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It was probably a combination of a lot of these factors.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/44855/SeaCatS", "score": 1 } } ]

{ "question": "There is a lot of information about this complex operation. But can anybody explain why they chose to use an aircraft? They could easily shoot cruise missiles from a ship or ballistic missiles from a nuclear submarine. The easiest and quickest option would be just to shoot an ICBM directly from the UK using a conventional warhead. Just put the coordinates in and task done. No risk to anyone! I think the UK had all the needed technology by that time.", "title": "Why was the Vulcan bomber used for the Falklands raid?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<military><avro-vulcan>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/71179", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/8466/Andrius" }

[ [ "The British did not have cruise missiles with conventional warheads at the time of the Falklands war. They couldn't use nuclear warheads which would have killed all the British citizens in Port Stanley so they used to most appropriate bomb available.", "The main reason they did not use conventional cruise missiles, nuclear weapons was that they did not exist at the time or the UK did not possess them for that range and also because the position of Britain's adversaries did not permit it. They did drop a bomb of the same size with accuracy, but the truth is that neither a carrier attack, nor a nuclear strike would work because the first would be shot down and the second would have tremendous consequences for the area." ] ]

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[ 4 ]

[ [ "The main reason they did not use conventional cruise missiles, nuclear weapons was that they did not exist at the time or the UK did not possess them for that range.", "They dropped a bomb of the same size with accuracy.", "Because the position of Britain's adversaries did not permit it.", "Neither a carrier attack, nor a nuclear strike would work because the first would be shot down and the second would have tremendous consequences for the area." ] ]

[ { "sents": [ { "text": "The small wings make it fly like a brick.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Without the wings it would fly like a stone.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Seriously, you are taking the expression too literally.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "The Space Shuttle is landing like a glider plane with a (not so good) glide ratio of about 4.5:1 (see What was the Space Shuttle's glide ratio? ).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "No brick would be able to achieve that.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Designing the Space Shuttle as a lifting body ( ≠ brick) was actually considered.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It appears that a lifting body design was not able to comply with the flight envelope requirements.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/17780/bogl", "score": 80 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "As everyone has pointed out, it's a joke.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Others have answered the lifting-body question (it didn't meet design requirements), so I just wanted to expand some thoughts on the spirit of the \"flying brick\" nickname.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I suspect whoever came up with the term didn't spend a lot of time analyzing it.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "However, I think it's significant that the nickname is flying brick - not falling brick.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It doesn't imply that the shuttle doesn't have wings or can't fly.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Instead, it implies that the vehicle has blunt and non-smooth surfaces which creates tremendous drag (like a brick) and limits its glide ratio.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "For my talk on how to land the space shuttle, I created this visual, which I think captures the spirit of the nickname: Unfortunately, even though I think you knew this was a joke, a lot of people take jokes and analogies too seriously and turn them into conspiracy theories.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I get lots of comments on my talk from people who think that, if the shuttle flies like a brick, it can't possibly be a glider and therefore...", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "space is fake.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "‍♂️ (/facepalm)", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "So... I don't think having serious answers to a question like this is a bad thing.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/6/Bret Copeland", "score": 38 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "In addition to its poor glide ratio the shuttles name also stems from the materials its made from as much as it does its poor glide performance.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1, 2 ] ] }, { "text": "The Space Shuttle's heat shield was made out of LI-900 Silica tiles that strongly resemble bricks and thus the shuttle was sometimes called the \"Flying Brickyard\" .", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 2 ] ] }, { "text": "If you would like to know why NASA chose a wing design over another capsule or lifting body they actually published an explanation here as to their choices.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In short it was a mix of socio-political pressures and old school \"airplane\" mentality where many of the engineers came from, a large chunk of Air Force requirements driving the original designs and hard engineering reasons that lead to the Delta Wing vehicle that was ultimately built.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In response to the other portion of your question, A lifting body could be used and that is basically the design of Sierra Nevada Corporation's new Dream Chaser .", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3677/Dave", "score": 21 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "\"Flies like a brick\" is merely a figure of speech.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "It comes from personal feelings of the pilot when comparing it to an actual plane.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It's just like the saying that someone is \"dumb as a rock\".", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Obviously, even the most stupid person (or even animal) is much smarter than rock.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The saying merely expresses the frustration of the speaker when dealing with a person that stupid.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "\"Flies like a brick\" was coined most likely because of combination of its abysmal glide ratio (1:1 at its worst, 4.5:1 at it's best) with simultaneous (and counter-intuitive) reliance on it.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 1 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 1 ] ] }, { "text": "Compare it to a 747 which has quite poor glide ratio of 17:1 and it's not supposed to glide.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Sailplanes have over 50:1, so that's the kind of performance a sane person would expect from a vehicle that's meant to do nothing but glide.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "An actual brick has glide ratio of about 1:10.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "In fact, the Space Shuttle flies more like the best sailplanes (11× difference) than like a brick (45× difference).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Surprisingly, it's marginally better than Concorde at take-off (4:1), but not at speed (12:1).", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "I couldn't find the glide ratio of an X-24, but it must have been considerably better than 1:1 (to be considered flying instead of falling), so that's still more than 10× better than a brick.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/3903/Agent_L", "score": 11 } }, { "sents": [ { "text": "Adding to other answers, yes space shuttle is a brick that flying not just a brick.", "label": [ 1 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ 0 ] ] }, { "text": "Body-lifting can not be disregarded in hypersonic flight during the reentry, it is not just the wing creating the lift, it is the whole bottom section hitting the atmosphere.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Looking at another famous spacecraft, Appollo, it doesn't have any conventional wings but NASA uses only CG shift and altitude control to achieve atmosphere skipping because the body lifting from its bottom side.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "This documentary explains how it is done: The wing also gives the shuttle huge landing flexibility, or what called the \"cross-range\" which brings to my third point.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "Changing direction in orbit takes a crazy amount of energy and in orbit, you are on \"rail\" sort of speak.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "The Earth rotates below you and to return you have to wait until you got a close passage across your landing site.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "However, with Shuttle's relative big wings, it has a huge of cross-range(it is actually a design goal originally from the Air Force), the shuttle can make big direction change during reentry just like a normal airplane.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] }, { "text": "It has about 1100 nautical miles in cross-range, which means the closest approach to Cape Canaveral could be as far out as in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean and still be able to glide back.", "label": [ 0 ], "label_summ": [ 0 ], "cluster_id": [ [ -1 ] ] } ], "answer_details": { "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/45043/Matthew Wang", "score": 4 } } ]

{ "question": "I have seen the Shuttle named a \"flying brick\" multiple times. However a brick, as understood in the building industry, is a simple rectangular shape without wings and without any adaptation of the form. If the Shuttle was only capable of that much, why could not it be a lifting body like Martin Aircraft X-24?", "title": "If Space Shuttle flies \"like a brick\", why does it need the wings?", "forum": "aviation.stackexchange.com", "question_tags": "<aerodynamics><space-shuttle>", "link": "aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/71452", "author": "aviation.stackexchange.com/users/917/h22" }

[ [ "Flies like a brick was not meant to be taken literally, it was coined most likely because of combination of its abysmal glide ratio (1:1 at its worst, 4.5:1 at it's best) with simultaneous (and counter-intuitive) reliance on it. In addition, the Space Shuttle's heat shield was made out of LI-900 Silica tiles that strongly resemble bricks and thus the shuttle was sometimes called the \"Flying Brickyard\" .", "\"Flies like a brick\" is a figure of speech and should not be taken literally. They reason this expression is common is because the Space Shuttle has a really bad glide ratio, to which it relies a lot, thus making it \"fly like a brick\". Another reason is that the material of the Space Shuttle resembles bricks." ] ]

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[ 4 ]

[ [ "\"Flies like a brick\" is a figure of speech and should not be taken literally. ", "They reason this expression is common is because the Space Shuttle has a really bad glide ratio, to which it relies a lot, thus making it \"fly like a brick\".", "The material of the Space Shuttle resembles bricks." ] ]