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allenai
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quartz

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QRQA-10166-5-flip
As we dig less deep in the search for fossils the fossils get
{ "text": [ "younger", "older" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Fossils found at the lowest layer of rock would be the oldest, as these would have been buried for the longest time, whereas fossils found closer to the surface would be buried more recently and therefore be younger.
QRSent-10166
{ "effect_prop": "age", "cause_dir_str": "lowest", "effect_dir_str": "oldest", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "depth" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "older", "less_effect_dir": "younger", "less_cause_prop": "in the search", "more_effect_prop": "fossils", "less_effect_prop": "fossils", "less_cause_dir": "fossils" }
QRQA-10279-3
Ivan and Rita weighed themselves. Ivan weighs more than Rita. Who has a larger gravitational pull?
{ "text": [ "Ivan", "Rita" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The greater the mass of the objects, the stronger the gravitational pull between them.
QRSent-10279
{ "effect_prop": "stronger the gravitational pull", "cause_dir_str": "greater", "effect_dir_str": "stronger", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "mass of the objects" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "larger", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "gravitational", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10369-1-flip
Water will be moved _____ if there are weak winds.
{ "text": [ "less", "more" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The stronger the winds are blowing, the larger the waves are and the more energy they have.
QRSent-10369
{ "effect_prop": "waves", "cause_dir_str": "stronger", "effect_dir_str": "larger", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "wind" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "More", "less_effect_dir": "Less", "less_cause_prop": "winds", "more_effect_prop": "moved", "less_effect_prop": "moved", "less_cause_dir": "moved" }
QRQA-10113-2
If Mona shines a light through both wool and cotton and determines that cotton is less dense then wool, which material will the light move faster through?
{ "text": [ "wool", "cotton" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
The more dense the medium, the slower the light moves.
QRSent-10113
{ "effect_prop": "the light moves", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "slower", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "dense the medium" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "move faster", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "dense", "more_effect_prop": "light", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10295-2-flip
When a magnet is weak it has
{ "text": [ "more force", "less force" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
The more charged the objects are, the stronger the electrostatic force between them.
QRSent-10295
{ "effect_prop": "force", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "stronger", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "charge" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "magnet", "more_effect_prop": "force", "less_effect_prop": "force", "less_cause_dir": "force" }
QRQA-10229-3
Katie is looking at solid reactants, and is wondering how they will react. The reaction rate is increased in surface areas which are
{ "text": [ "larger", "smaller" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Therefore, increasing the surface area of solid reactants increases the reaction rate.
QRSent-10229
{ "effect_prop": "reaction rate", "cause_dir_str": "increasing", "effect_dir_str": "increases", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "surface area" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increased", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "surface areas", "more_effect_prop": "reaction rate", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10081-1-flip
A village is gathering food for the winter. The less food they gather the likelihood of survival being high is
{ "text": [ "great", "small" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
New farm machines were invented. They increased the amount of food that could be produced. With more food, people were healthier and could live longer.
QRSent-10081
{ "effect_prop": "healthiness", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "healthier", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "amount of food" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "great", "less_effect_dir": "small", "less_cause_prop": "food", "more_effect_prop": "likelihood of survival", "less_effect_prop": "likelihood of survival", "less_cause_dir": "likelihood of survival" }
QRQA-10309-1
An elephant, compared to a dog, will have a number of electrons that is
{ "text": [ "larger", "smaller" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Bigger atoms have more electrons.
QRSent-10309
{ "effect_prop": "electrons", "cause_dir_str": "bigger", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "size" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "larger", "less_effect_dir": "smaller", "less_cause_prop": "dog", "more_effect_prop": "number of electrons", "less_effect_prop": "number of electrons", "less_cause_dir": "number of electrons" }
QRQA-10150-5-flip
Water that is far from a lot of plants has
{ "text": [ "few nutrients", "many nutrients" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Most nutrients are washed into ocean water from land. Therefore, water closer to shore tends to have more nutrients.
QRSent-10150
{ "effect_prop": "nutrients", "cause_dir_str": "closer", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "distance from shore" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "many", "less_effect_dir": "few", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "nutrients", "less_effect_prop": "nutrients", "less_cause_dir": "nutrients" }
QRQA-10245-4-flip
The pulling force of a rubber band will _____ when you move your hands together.
{ "text": [ "increase", "decrease" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
The farther apart you move your hands, the stronger the force of the rubber band pulling your hands together.
QRSent-10245
{ "effect_prop": "pulling force of the rubber band", "cause_dir_str": "farther apart", "effect_dir_str": "stronger", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "distance between hands" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increase", "less_effect_dir": "decrease", "less_cause_prop": "hands", "more_effect_prop": "pulling force of a rubber band", "less_effect_prop": "pulling force of a rubber band", "less_cause_dir": "pulling force of a rubber band" }
QRQA-10232-2
Jupiter has a much larger orbit around the Sun than the Earth does. This means that which planet takes more time to go around the Sun?
{ "text": [ "Jupiter", "Earth" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The planets further from the Sun will have bigger orbits, and therefore take longer to revolve around the Sun.
QRSent-10232
{ "effect_prop": "to revolve around the Sun.", "cause_dir_str": "bigger", "effect_dir_str": "longer", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "orbits" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "time to go around", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10008-2
A small object displaces _____ water than a larger one.
{ "text": [ "more", "less" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
So more water is displaced by a bigger body than a smaller one.
QRSent-10008
{ "effect_prop": "water displacement", "cause_dir_str": "bigger", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "body size" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "object", "more_effect_prop": "water", "less_effect_prop": "water", "less_cause_dir": "water" }
QRQA-10026-4
When particles get close together what happens to the amplitude?
{ "text": [ "increases", "decreases" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The closer together the particles in a longitudinal wave are, the greater the amplitude.
QRSent-10026
{ "effect_prop": "amplitude", "cause_dir_str": "closer", "effect_dir_str": "greater", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "distance" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increases", "less_effect_dir": "decreases", "less_cause_prop": "together", "more_effect_prop": "amplitude", "less_effect_prop": "amplitude", "less_cause_dir": "amplitude" }
QRQA-10173-2-flip
If Mona downgrades her old computer to a less powerful model, what happens to the amount of work her computer can do?
{ "text": [ "decrease", "increase" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Compared with a less powerful device, a more powerful device can either do more work in the same time or do the same work in less time.
QRSent-10173
{ "effect_prop": "more work", "cause_dir_str": "more powerful", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "powerful device" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increase", "less_effect_dir": "decrease", "less_cause_prop": "powerful model", "more_effect_prop": "amount of work", "less_effect_prop": "amount of work", "less_cause_dir": "amount of work" }
QRQA-10363-5-flip
Rita works out for half an hour while Quenton sits on the couch. Who's muscles have likely shrunk in size?
{ "text": [ "Quenton", "Rita" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Muscles that are exercised are bigger and stronger than muscles that are not exercised.
QRSent-10363
{ "effect_prop": "size of muscles", "cause_dir_str": "exercised", "effect_dir_str": "bigger", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "muscle exercise" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "Rita", "less_effect_dir": "Quenton", "less_cause_prop": "exercise", "more_effect_prop": "muscle", "less_effect_prop": "muscle", "less_cause_dir": "muscle" }
QRQA-10204-1-flip
Compared to a field represented by lines spaced every inch on a sheet of paper, if another field were drawn at the same scale with lines spaced every two inches, the second field would be
{ "text": [ "described as stronger", "described as weaker?" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
The closer the field lines are drawn together, the stronger the field being described.
QRSent-10204
{ "effect_prop": "distance between lines drawn to represent the field", "cause_dir_str": "stronger", "effect_dir_str": "closer", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "the strength of a field being described" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "spaced every two inches", "less_effect_dir": "spaced every inch", "less_cause_prop": "field", "more_effect_prop": "lines", "less_effect_prop": "lines", "less_cause_dir": "lines" }
QRQA-10189-4
Will and Tony are skateboarding and push against each other with force. As the force with they push with increases, the distance they travel away from each other
{ "text": [ "decreases", "increases" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
When two skateboarders push against each other, it causes them to move apart. The harder they push together, the farther apart they move.
QRSent-10189
{ "effect_prop": "farther apart they move", "cause_dir_str": "harder", "effect_dir_str": "farther", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "push against each other" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increases", "less_effect_dir": "decreases", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "distance they travel away from each other", "less_effect_prop": "distance they travel away from each other", "less_cause_dir": "distance they travel away from each other" }
QRQA-10395-4-flip
Allen is riding his bike on a path. The course ends up 1000 feet lower above sea level compared to the beginning. At which point is the air resistance lower?
{ "text": [ "at the beginning", "at the end" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
At higher elevations, there is less air to press on a given area.
QRSent-10395
{ "effect_prop": "air to press on a given area", "cause_dir_str": "higher", "effect_dir_str": "less", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "elevation" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "", "less_effect_dir": "lower air resistance", "less_cause_prop": "course", "more_effect_prop": "", "less_effect_prop": "course", "less_cause_dir": "course" }
QRQA-10161-2-flip
Lonnie works in a lab. He is studying atoms and discovers that the electrons that are closest to the nucleus are moving
{ "text": [ "less.", "more" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
As you go farther from the nucleus of an atom, the electron levels have more and more energy.
QRSent-10161
{ "effect_prop": "energy in electrons", "cause_dir_str": "farther", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "distance from atom" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "moving", "less_effect_prop": "moving", "less_cause_dir": "moving" }
QRQA-10096-2-flip
If we catch a disease late the chance of curing it is
{ "text": [ "less likely", "more likely" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The sooner cancer is treated, the greater the chances of a cure.
QRSent-10096
{ "effect_prop": "chance of cure", "cause_dir_str": "sooner", "effect_dir_str": "greater", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "time" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more likely", "less_effect_dir": "less likely", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "curing", "less_effect_prop": "curing", "less_cause_dir": "curing" }
QRQA-10019-5
John stretches a rubber band, making it larger and larger. The more he stretches the rubber band will it have _____ elastic potential energy?
{ "text": [ "more", "less" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The more an elastic object is stretched or compressed, the greater its elastic potential energy is.
QRSent-10019
{ "effect_prop": "elastic potential energy", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "greater", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "elastic" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "elastic potential energy", "less_effect_prop": "elastic potential energy", "less_cause_dir": "elastic potential energy" }
QRQA-10405-2-flip
If there is more food in a place then more people will
{ "text": [ "live there", "die" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Low food supply or a lack of space can lower birth rates, increase death rates, or lead to emigration.
QRSent-10405
{ "effect_prop": "death rates", "cause_dir_str": "low", "effect_dir_str": "increase", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "food" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "", "less_effect_dir": "More", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "", "less_effect_prop": "People", "less_cause_dir": "People" }
QRQA-10300-1-flip
If Jim lengthens the wavelength of the electromagnetic waves his machine is producing, what happens to the energy output?
{ "text": [ "it increases", "it decreases" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Electromagnetic waves with shorter wavelengths have higher frequencies and more energy.
QRSent-10300
{ "effect_prop": "energy", "cause_dir_str": "shorter", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "wavelengths" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increases", "less_effect_dir": "decreases", "less_cause_prop": "wavelengths", "more_effect_prop": "energy output", "less_effect_prop": "energy output", "less_cause_dir": "energy output" }
QRQA-10278-2-flip
Officer Ricky points a radar gun at a car. A slow car likely has _____ frequency waves bouncing off of it.
{ "text": [ "higher", "lower" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
A: As the car approaches the radar gun, the reflected microwaves get bunched up in front of the car. Therefore, the waves the receiver detects have a higher frequency than they would if they were being reflected from a stationary object. The faster the car is moving, the greater the increase in the frequency of the waves.
QRSent-10278
{ "effect_prop": "frequency of waves", "cause_dir_str": "faster", "effect_dir_str": "increase", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "faster car is moving" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "higher", "less_effect_dir": "lower", "less_cause_prop": "car", "more_effect_prop": "frequency of waves", "less_effect_prop": "frequency of waves", "less_cause_dir": "frequency of waves" }
QRQA-10344-2
If Mona is measuring atoms and she finds out that one atom is larger then another, what does that imply about the distance of electrons from the nucleus of that atom?
{ "text": [ "closer together", "farther away" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
In bigger atoms, valence electrons are farther from the nucleus.
QRSent-10344
{ "effect_prop": "electrons are farther from the nucleus", "cause_dir_str": "bigger", "effect_dir_str": "farther", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "bigger atoms" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "farther away", "less_effect_dir": "closer together", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "distance of electrons", "less_effect_prop": "distance of electrons", "less_cause_dir": "distance of electrons" }
QRQA-10229-4
Eric added more and more reactants to his mixture. The reaction rate will now be
{ "text": [ "slower", "faster" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Therefore, increasing the surface area of solid reactants increases the reaction rate.
QRSent-10229
{ "effect_prop": "reaction rate", "cause_dir_str": "increasing", "effect_dir_str": "increases", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "surface area of solid reactants" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "faster", "less_effect_dir": "slower", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "reaction rate", "less_effect_prop": "reaction rate", "less_cause_dir": "reaction rate" }
QRQA-10092-3-flip
Jeffrey subtracted more and more dough to the recipe. As he subtracts more, the force of attraction the dough is capable of
{ "text": [ "increases", "decreases" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
The greater the objects mass, the greater the force of attraction; in addition, the greater the distance between objects, the smaller the force of attraction.
QRSent-10092
{ "effect_prop": "force of attraction", "cause_dir_str": "greater", "effect_dir_str": "greater", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "objects mass" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increases", "less_effect_dir": "decreases", "less_cause_prop": "dough", "more_effect_prop": "force of attraction", "less_effect_prop": "force of attraction", "less_cause_dir": "force of attraction" }
QRQA-10056-1
Dana has diabetes, and her insulin is low, so her blood glucose levels have
{ "text": [ "increased", "decreased" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
As blood glucose levels decrease, less insulin is produced.
QRSent-10056
{ "effect_prop": "insulin produced", "cause_dir_str": "decrease", "effect_dir_str": "less", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "blood glucose levels" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "", "less_effect_dir": "low", "less_cause_prop": "blood glucose levels", "more_effect_prop": "", "less_effect_prop": "insulin", "less_cause_dir": "insulin" }
QRQA-10198-4-flip
Eric decreased the heat of the molecules. They now vibrate
{ "text": [ "faster", "slower" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Warmer molecules vibrate faster than cooler ones.
QRSent-10198
{ "effect_prop": "vibrate faster", "cause_dir_str": "warmer", "effect_dir_str": "faster", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "Warmer molecules" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "faster", "less_effect_dir": "slower", "less_cause_prop": "heat of the molecules", "more_effect_prop": "vibrate", "less_effect_prop": "vibrate", "less_cause_dir": "vibrate" }
QRQA-10388-3-flip
Dana had long nails that she clipped. When her nails were the short length, Dana noted that the number of cells within them must have
{ "text": [ "decreased", "increased" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
As the nail grows, more cells are added at the nail bed.
QRSent-10388
{ "effect_prop": "cells added", "cause_dir_str": "grows", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "growth" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increasd", "less_effect_dir": "decreased", "less_cause_prop": "nails", "more_effect_prop": "cells", "less_effect_prop": "cells", "less_cause_dir": "cells" }
QRQA-10218-1
As the telephone line fell down and the line's resistance went down, the current was
{ "text": [ "greater", "smaller" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
We can say that resistance and current in an electric circuit areinversely proportional, because as the one increases, the other decreases, and vice versa.
QRSent-10218
{ "effect_prop": "current", "cause_dir_str": "increases", "effect_dir_str": "decreases", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "resistance" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "greater", "less_effect_dir": "smaller", "less_cause_prop": "resistance", "more_effect_prop": "current", "less_effect_prop": "current", "less_cause_dir": "current" }
QRQA-10252-3-flip
Tommy was assigned to work with alkene compounds for his science project. When he took them out he noticed that they were in solid form before he even worked with them. This means that the alkenes were
{ "text": [ "small alkenes", "large alkenes" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Larger alkenes have lower boiling and melting points, so they are liquids or waxy solids at room temperature.
QRSent-10252
{ "effect_prop": "boiling and melting points", "cause_dir_str": "larger", "effect_dir_str": "lower", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "alkenes" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "large", "less_effect_dir": "small", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "alkenes", "less_effect_prop": "alkenes", "less_cause_dir": "alkenes" }
QRQA-10319-1-flip
If John cools a gas in his bunsen burner, what would happen to the gas particles?
{ "text": [ "they would move faster", "they would move slower" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
If the gas is heated, the particles will move faster as they gain more energy.
QRSent-10319
{ "effect_prop": "particle movement", "cause_dir_str": "heated", "effect_dir_str": "faster", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "gas temperature" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "they would move faster", "less_effect_dir": "they would move slower", "less_cause_prop": "a gas", "more_effect_prop": "gas particles", "less_effect_prop": "gas particles", "less_cause_dir": "gas particles" }
QRQA-10290-4
John was looking at a refractive index and observing the light. The more speed the light had, it would bend
{ "text": [ "More", "Less" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
In refraction of light, the greater the change in speed, the more light bends.
QRSent-10290
{ "effect_prop": "bends", "cause_dir_str": "greater", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "speed" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "bend", "less_effect_prop": "bend", "less_cause_dir": "bend" }
QRQA-10333-3
If Mona is measuring the size of a glacier at the North Pole and she notices that it has been getting smaller over the years, what can she conclude about the Earth's temperature?
{ "text": [ "decreasing", "increasing" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
The glaciers on Earth are getting smaller and smaller as Earths temperature rises.
QRSent-10333
{ "effect_prop": "glaciers on Earth", "cause_dir_str": "rises", "effect_dir_str": "smaller", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "Earths temperature" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "", "less_effect_dir": "smaller", "less_cause_prop": "Earth's temperature", "more_effect_prop": "", "less_effect_prop": "size of a glacier", "less_cause_dir": "size of a glacier" }
QRQA-10207-2-flip
Mary loves to observe the Sun. If she's looking at the Sun one day and notices less sunspots then she usually sees, what is happening to the amount of solar energy reaching the Earth?
{ "text": [ "increasing", "decreasing" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
When there are more sunspots the Sun is more active and there are more solar storms and more of the Sun's energy reaches the Earth.
QRSent-10207
{ "effect_prop": "energy", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "sunspots" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increasing", "less_effect_dir": "decreasing", "less_cause_prop": "sunspots", "more_effect_prop": "solar energy", "less_effect_prop": "solar energy", "less_cause_dir": "solar energy" }
QRQA-10165-4-flip
Mona lives in a country that experiences high levels of sunlight. If she moves to a less sunny country, what happens to her chance of getting skin cancer?
{ "text": [ "increases", "decreases" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
More UV rays increase skin cancer rates.
QRSent-10165
{ "effect_prop": "skin cancer rates", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "increase", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "UV rays" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "Sunnier", "less_effect_dir": "Less", "less_cause_prop": "Risk", "more_effect_prop": "Country", "less_effect_prop": "Sunny", "less_cause_dir": "Sunny" }
QRQA-10194-4-flip
If we tested a substance and the number was low on a pH test then the item is
{ "text": [ "acidic", "basic" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Bases have pH values above 7. The higher the pH value, the more strongly basic the substance.
QRSent-10194
{ "effect_prop": "basic", "cause_dir_str": "higher", "effect_dir_str": "more strongly", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "pH values" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more basic", "less_effect_dir": "more acidic", "less_cause_prop": "substance", "more_effect_prop": "substance", "less_effect_prop": "substance", "less_cause_dir": "substance" }
QRQA-10221-4-flip
A farmer, using old fashioned farming practices, can expect to grow _____ crops.
{ "text": [ "more", "less" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
More advanced farming practices allowed a single farmer to grow food for many more people.
QRSent-10221
{ "effect_prop": "food", "cause_dir_str": "more advanced", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "advanced farming practices" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "farming practices", "more_effect_prop": "crops", "less_effect_prop": "crops", "less_cause_dir": "crops" }
QRQA-10034-1-flip
As a boy grows to a man and his larynx grows smaller, his voice gets
{ "text": [ "deeper", "higher." ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
The voice becomes deeper as the larynx in the throat grows larger.
QRSent-10034
{ "effect_prop": "voice", "cause_dir_str": "larger", "effect_dir_str": "deeper", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "larynx" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "deeper", "less_effect_dir": "higher", "less_cause_prop": "larynx", "more_effect_prop": "voice", "less_effect_prop": "voice", "less_cause_dir": "voice" }
QRQA-10059-2
Stars that are hotter are also
{ "text": [ "dimmer", "brighter" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
The hotter a main sequence star is, the brighter it is.
QRSent-10059
{ "effect_prop": "brightness", "cause_dir_str": "hotter", "effect_dir_str": "brighter", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "heat" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "brigher", "less_effect_dir": "dimmer", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "stars", "less_effect_prop": "stars", "less_cause_dir": "stars" }
QRQA-10349-1
If Mona moves her baseballs closer together, what happens to the gravitational pull between them?
{ "text": [ "increases", "decreases" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The closer objects are, the stronger the gravitational pull between them.
QRSent-10349
{ "effect_prop": "gravitational pull", "cause_dir_str": "closer", "effect_dir_str": "stronger", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "closer objects" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increases", "less_effect_dir": "decreases", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "gravitational pull between them", "less_effect_prop": "gravitational pull between them", "less_cause_dir": "gravitational pull between them" }
QRQA-10240-5-flip
As he was standing on the beach and watching the boat, it began to drift away. As the distance shrunk between him and the boat, the ship got
{ "text": [ "Smaller", "Larger" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
If you are standing on the shore and a ship is going out to sea, the ship gets smaller as it moves further away from you.
QRSent-10240
{ "effect_prop": "ship", "cause_dir_str": "further away", "effect_dir_str": "smaller", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "distance" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "Larger", "less_effect_dir": "Smaller", "less_cause_prop": "distance", "more_effect_prop": "ship", "less_effect_prop": "ship", "less_cause_dir": "ship" }
QRQA-10017-2
If Mona is standing in the sun and it begins to shine brighter, what happens to the amount of energy the photons are emitting?
{ "text": [ "decreases", "increases" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
In electromagnetic waves with higher frequencies, photons have more energy.
QRSent-10017
{ "effect_prop": "energy", "cause_dir_str": "higher", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "higher frequencies" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increases", "less_effect_dir": "decrases", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "energy the photons are emitting", "less_effect_prop": "energy the photons are emitting", "less_cause_dir": "energy the photons are emitting" }
QRQA-10194-5
Will measures water at a pH of 7, while a bleach solution measures at 12. Which substance is more basic?
{ "text": [ "water", "bleach" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Bases have pH values above 7. The higher the pH value, the more strongly basic the substance.
QRSent-10194
{ "effect_prop": "basic the substance", "cause_dir_str": "higher", "effect_dir_str": "more strongly", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "pH value" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "basic", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10340-5-flip
Chris is studying two countries. He finds that China has half as many factories putting out fossil fuels into the air than the United States. Based on this information, the factories in _____ are causing more air pollution.
{ "text": [ "United States", "China" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Because richer nations use more fossil fuels, they also cause more air pollution and global warming than poorer nations do.
QRSent-10340
{ "effect_prop": "air pollution", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "fossil fuels" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "factories putting out fossil fuel", "more_effect_prop": "air pollution", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10134-3
When you are talking to someone in the snow the sound will travel
{ "text": [ "faster", "slower" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
For a given medium such as air, sound has a slower speed at lower temperatures.
QRSent-10134
{ "effect_prop": "air", "cause_dir_str": "lower", "effect_dir_str": "slower", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "temperature" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "faster", "less_effect_dir": "slower", "less_cause_prop": "you", "more_effect_prop": "sound", "less_effect_prop": "sound", "less_cause_dir": "sound" }
QRQA-10073-4-flip
As we start sleeping our hearts pump slower which means blood flow
{ "text": [ "increases", "decreases" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Warming up exercises increases the blood flow to the muscles and increases the heart rate.
QRSent-10073
{ "effect_prop": "blood flow", "cause_dir_str": "", "effect_dir_str": "increases", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "warming up" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increases", "less_effect_dir": "decreases", "less_cause_prop": "pump slower", "more_effect_prop": "blood flow", "less_effect_prop": "blood flow", "less_cause_dir": "blood flow" }
QRQA-10375-4-flip
If Milo is adjusting the strength of his microwave in the kitchen and he sets it to a lower frequency, does the energy output of the microwave
{ "text": [ "increase", "decrease" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
With higher frequencies, the microwaves also have more energy.
QRSent-10375
{ "effect_prop": "energy", "cause_dir_str": "higher", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "higher frequencies" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increase", "less_effect_dir": "decrease", "less_cause_prop": "frequency", "more_effect_prop": "energy output", "less_effect_prop": "energy output", "less_cause_dir": "energy output" }
QRQA-10318-4-flip
When you send less power to a magnet it becomes
{ "text": [ "weaker", "stronger" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The more current, the stronger the electromagnet.
QRSent-10318
{ "effect_prop": "electromagnet", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "stronger", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "current" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "stronger", "less_effect_dir": "weaker", "less_cause_prop": "power", "more_effect_prop": "magnet", "less_effect_prop": "magnet", "less_cause_dir": "magnet" }
QRQA-10109-4-flip
Kevin has a hybrid car and Steve has a large truck. Which car likely pollutes more?
{ "text": [ "hybrid", "truck" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Plug-in hybrids run for a longer time on electricity and so are less polluting than regular hybrids.
QRSent-10109
{ "effect_prop": "polluting", "cause_dir_str": "longer", "effect_dir_str": "less", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "time on electricity" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "truck", "more_effect_prop": "pollutes", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10391-4-flip
John was looking at the rock layers at the top of the cliff. He saw that as the layers became shallower, they also became
{ "text": [ "Newer", "older" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The main law is the law of superposition. This law states that deeper rock layers are older than layers closer to the surface.
QRSent-10391
{ "effect_prop": "layers", "cause_dir_str": "deeper", "effect_dir_str": "older", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "deepness" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "older", "less_effect_dir": "newer", "less_cause_prop": "rock", "more_effect_prop": "layers", "less_effect_prop": "layers", "less_cause_dir": "layers" }
QRQA-10281-5
Suppose Jim was decided to use less electricity in his day to day activities. What would happen to his pollution output?
{ "text": [ "reduced", "increased" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
We need to reduce our electricity consumption in order to reduce pollution.
QRSent-10281
{ "effect_prop": "pollution", "cause_dir_str": "reduce", "effect_dir_str": "reduce", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "electricity consumption" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increased", "less_effect_dir": "reduced", "less_cause_prop": "use electricity", "more_effect_prop": "pollution output", "less_effect_prop": "pollution output", "less_cause_dir": "pollution output" }
QRQA-10403-4-flip
When there are less people to drive cars the rate of global warming
{ "text": [ "increases", "decreases" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
For example, more people on the Earth means more people contributing to global warming and pollution.
QRSent-10403
{ "effect_prop": "global warming", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "contributing to", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "people" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increases", "less_effect_dir": "decreases", "less_cause_prop": "people", "more_effect_prop": "rate of global warming", "less_effect_prop": "rate of global warming", "less_cause_dir": "rate of global warming" }
QRQA-10277-1-flip
David spent very little money to buy a few things for his house, and he ended up with a lot of things that were
{ "text": [ "wasted", "saved" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Increased resource use generally means more waste; electronic waste from developed nations is a growing problem in the developing world.
QRSent-10277
{ "effect_prop": "waste", "cause_dir_str": "increased", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "resource" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "wasted", "less_effect_dir": "saved", "less_cause_prop": "saved", "more_effect_prop": "saved", "less_effect_prop": "saved", "less_cause_dir": "saved" }
QRQA-10043-2
If Milo is adjusting the pH level of his pool and he brings the pH towards 14 does the solution become more or less basic?
{ "text": [ "more basic", "less basic" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The closer to pH 14, the more strongly basic the solution.
QRSent-10043
{ "effect_prop": "basic the solution", "cause_dir_str": "closer", "effect_dir_str": "more strongly", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "closer to pH 14" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "basic", "less_effect_prop": "basic", "less_cause_dir": "basic" }
QRQA-10164-5
If Milo is hiking up a mountain and taking atmospheric density readings, what will happen to the readings as he gets closer to the top of the mountain?
{ "text": [ "increase", "decrease" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
The density of the atmosphere decreases with an increase in the height above sea level (altitude).
QRSent-10164
{ "effect_prop": "altitude", "cause_dir_str": "decreases", "effect_dir_str": "increase", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "density of the atmosphere" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "up", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "density", "more_effect_prop": "mountain", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10272-2
When the temperature goes up the rate that cells respirate
{ "text": [ "increases", "decreases" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Temperature affects the rate at which photosynthesis, cellular respiration and decomposition take place. The rate of reaction increases with increasing temperature and decreases at lower temperatures.
QRSent-10272
{ "effect_prop": "cellular respiration", "cause_dir_str": "increasing", "effect_dir_str": "increases", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "heat" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increases", "less_effect_dir": "decreases", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "rate cells respirate", "less_effect_prop": "rate cells respirate", "less_cause_dir": "rate cells respirate" }
QRQA-10055-5-flip
Compared to an item with many carbon atoms an item with few carbon atoms will boil
{ "text": [ "faster", "slower" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Alkanes with more carbon atoms have higher boiling and melting points, so some of them are solids at room temperature.
QRSent-10055
{ "effect_prop": "boiling point", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "higher", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "carbon atoms" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "slower", "less_effect_dir": "faster", "less_cause_prop": "carbon atoms", "more_effect_prop": "boil", "less_effect_prop": "boil", "less_cause_dir": "boil" }
QRQA-10403-1
What will happen to the levels of pollution on Earth if the population increases?
{ "text": [ "they will rise", "they will fall" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
For example, more people on the Earth means more people contributing to global warming and pollution.
QRSent-10403
{ "effect_prop": "pollution", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "contributing to", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "population" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "rise", "less_effect_dir": "fall", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "levels of pollution", "less_effect_prop": "levels of pollution", "less_cause_dir": "levels of pollution" }
QRQA-10313-2-flip
If Mona is comparing two containers and she knows her jelly jar is larger then her baby food jar, which one contains less space?
{ "text": [ "jelly jar", "baby food jar" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
In the larger container we will still have the same number of gas particles, but now they are filling a much larger space.
QRSent-10313
{ "effect_prop": "larger space", "cause_dir_str": "larger", "effect_dir_str": "larger", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "larger container" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "", "less_effect_prop": "space", "less_cause_dir": "space" }
QRQA-10132-4
A person with light skin can absorb how much vitamin D?
{ "text": [ "a lot", "a little" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Pigments in the skin act like a filter that can prevent the skin from making vitamin D. As a result, people with darker skin need more time in the sun than people with lighter skin to make the same amount of vitamin D.
QRSent-10132
{ "effect_prop": "vitamin D", "cause_dir_str": "darker", "effect_dir_str": "prevent", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "pigment" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "a lot", "less_effect_dir": "a little", "less_cause_prop": "skin", "more_effect_prop": "person", "less_effect_prop": "person", "less_cause_dir": "person" }
QRQA-10153-4
Tom raised the temperature of a reactant in a lab. The particles in the reactant now have _____ energy.
{ "text": [ "less", "more" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
At higher temperatures, particles of reactants have more energy, so they move faster.
QRSent-10153
{ "effect_prop": "energy", "cause_dir_str": "higher", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "temperatures of particles" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "energy", "less_effect_prop": "energy", "less_cause_dir": "energy" }
QRQA-10198-1
Carl boiled water for hot tea, and knew that as the water boiled, the vibrations would
{ "text": [ "increase", "decrease" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Warmer molecules vibrate faster than cooler ones.
QRSent-10198
{ "effect_prop": "vibrations", "cause_dir_str": "warmer", "effect_dir_str": "faster", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "warm" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increase", "less_effect_dir": "decrease", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "vibrations", "less_effect_prop": "vibrations", "less_cause_dir": "vibrations" }
QRQA-10032-1
If Jim's pupil gets bigger, what will happen to the amount of light that enters his eye?
{ "text": [ "more light will enter", "less light will enter" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The pupil automatically gets bigger or smaller to let more or less light in as needed.
QRSent-10032
{ "effect_prop": "light", "cause_dir_str": "bigger", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "pupil" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more light will enter", "less_effect_dir": "less light will enter", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "his eye", "less_effect_prop": "his eye", "less_cause_dir": "his eye" }
QRQA-10100-4
An electromagnetic wave is traveling. Ned notices that the wave has changed from its origin. As it travels, it is
{ "text": [ "more diluted", "less diluted." ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
However, the energy is diluted as an electromagnetic wave travels farther from its source because it spreads out over an ever-larger area.
QRSent-10100
{ "effect_prop": "dilution of energy", "cause_dir_str": "farther", "effect_dir_str": "diluted", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "distance" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "diluted", "less_effect_prop": "diluted", "less_cause_dir": "diluted" }
QRQA-10032-3
Jim looked at his cat's eyes on a bright sunny day, then he looked at the eyes when the cat was in very low light inside the house. In the low light condition, the cat's pupils well be
{ "text": [ "smaller.", "larger" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
The pupil automatically gets bigger or smaller to let more or less light in as needed.
QRSent-10032
{ "effect_prop": "let more light in", "cause_dir_str": "bigger", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "gets bigger" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "low light", "less_effect_dir": "sunny", "less_cause_prop": "pupils", "more_effect_prop": "inside the house", "less_effect_prop": "day", "less_cause_dir": "day" }
QRQA-10102-2
When we look at DNA records we find that older organisms are
{ "text": [ "dissimilar", "similar" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
In general, fossils in older rocks are less similar to modern organisms.
QRSent-10102
{ "effect_prop": "similarity", "cause_dir_str": "older", "effect_dir_str": "less", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "age" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "similar", "less_effect_dir": "dissimilar", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "organism DNA", "less_effect_prop": "organisms DNA", "less_cause_dir": "organisms DNA" }
QRQA-10166-2-flip
Jonathan is digging at a site, trying to uncover young rocks. In order to find the youngest rocks, Jonathan needs to dig
{ "text": [ "deeper", "less deep" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Fossils found at the lowest layer of rock would be the oldest, as these would have been buried for the longest time, whereas fossils found closer to the surface would be buried more recently and therefore be younger.
QRSent-10166
{ "effect_prop": "age", "cause_dir_str": "lowest", "effect_dir_str": "oldest", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "depth" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "", "less_effect_dir": "young", "less_cause_prop": "dig", "more_effect_prop": "", "less_effect_prop": "rocks", "less_cause_dir": "rocks" }
QRQA-10242-3
Sinclair is looking at the effects that factories are having on developing countries natural resources. He studies one country that is building a lot of factories. In that country, the natural resources are likely experiencing _____ demands because of more factories being built.
{ "text": [ "less", "more" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Developing nations will also increase demands on natural resources as they build more factories.
QRSent-10242
{ "effect_prop": "demands on natural resources", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "increase", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "factories" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "demands on natural resources", "less_effect_prop": "demands on natural resources", "less_cause_dir": "demands on natural resources" }
QRQA-10170-5-flip
Will removes salt from the pot of water. The water's volume is now
{ "text": [ "less dense", "denser" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
If salt is added to a volume of water, there are more molecules in the same volume, so the water is denser.
QRSent-10170
{ "effect_prop": "denser water", "cause_dir_str": "added", "effect_dir_str": "denser", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "salt added to water" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "denser", "less_effect_dir": "less dense", "less_cause_prop": "salt", "more_effect_prop": "water's volume", "less_effect_prop": "water's volume", "less_cause_dir": "water's volume" }
QRQA-10269-1-flip
A person with a low body temperature will have _____ of the blood vessels in the skin.
{ "text": [ "narrowing", "widening" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
When your brain senses that your body temperature is increasing, it sends messages to the blood vessels in the skin to increase in diameter.
QRSent-10269
{ "effect_prop": "diameter of blood vessels in the skin", "cause_dir_str": "increasing", "effect_dir_str": "increase", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "body temperature" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "widening", "less_effect_dir": "narrowing", "less_cause_prop": "body temperature", "more_effect_prop": "blood vessels", "less_effect_prop": "blood vessels", "less_cause_dir": "blood vessels" }
QRQA-10231-3
David is getting ready to fly into space on a rocket. As the rocket shoots upwards, part of the mass falls away, allowing the rocket to go
{ "text": [ "higher", "lower" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
By using multiple stages, empty fuel containers could drop away. This reduced the mass of the rocket so that it could fly higher.
QRSent-10231
{ "effect_prop": "flying height", "cause_dir_str": "reduced", "effect_dir_str": "higher", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "mass" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "higher", "less_effect_dir": "lower", "less_cause_prop": "part of the mass", "more_effect_prop": "rocket", "less_effect_prop": "rocket", "less_cause_dir": "rocket" }
QRQA-10033-5-flip
Tom is flying at the top of the thermosphere while Rita is flying near the bottom. Who experiences the lowest temperature?
{ "text": [ "Tom", "Rita" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
In the thermosphere, temperatures increase as altitude increases.
QRSent-10033
{ "effect_prop": "temperatures", "cause_dir_str": "increases", "effect_dir_str": "increase", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "altitudes" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "", "less_effect_dir": "lowest", "less_cause_prop": "the thermosphere", "more_effect_prop": "", "less_effect_prop": "temperature", "less_cause_dir": "temperature" }
QRQA-10174-2
Using a truck instead of carrying things does what to physical labor
{ "text": [ "Increases it", "Decreases it" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Machines make work easier by increasing the amount of force that is applied, increasing the distance over which the force is applied, or changing the direction in which the force is applied.
QRSent-10174
{ "effect_prop": "physical work", "cause_dir_str": "", "effect_dir_str": "easier", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "machines" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "Increases", "less_effect_dir": "Decreases", "less_cause_prop": "things", "more_effect_prop": "physical labor", "less_effect_prop": "physical labor", "less_cause_dir": "physical labor" }
QRQA-10262-3
Eric measures 20 hydrogen ions per 100ml in one solution. Another solution has 30 hydrogen ions per 100ml. The solution with more hydrogen ions is _____ acidic.
{ "text": [ "more", "less" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
With a higher concentration of hydrogen ions, a solution is more acidic but has a lower pH.
QRSent-10262
{ "effect_prop": "acidic", "cause_dir_str": "higher", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "concentrations of hydrogen ions" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "acidic", "less_effect_prop": "acidic", "less_cause_dir": "acidic" }
QRQA-10211-2
Barry is connecting new wires to his speakers. His new wires are thinner than the old ones, therefore, he should expect that the electrical current will display _____ resistance than his older, thicker ones.
{ "text": [ "more", "less" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The thinner the wire, the more resistance it offers.
QRSent-10211
{ "effect_prop": "resistance", "cause_dir_str": "thinner", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "wire" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "wires", "more_effect_prop": "resistance", "less_effect_prop": "resistance", "less_cause_dir": "resistance" }
QRQA-10015-3
If a farmer learned better farming techniques, they could expect to produce _____ food.
{ "text": [ "more", "less" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Better farming techniques and machines increased the food supply and the distribution of food.
QRSent-10015
{ "effect_prop": "food", "cause_dir_str": "better", "effect_dir_str": "increased", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "farming techniques" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "food", "less_effect_prop": "food", "less_cause_dir": "food" }
QRQA-10028-2
If Mona is playing with a rubber band and she decides to stretch it out very far, what happens to the elastic potential energy of the rubber band?
{ "text": [ "increases", "decreases" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The farther the object is stretched or compressed, the greater its elastic potential energy is.
QRSent-10028
{ "effect_prop": "elastic potential energy", "cause_dir_str": "farther", "effect_dir_str": "greater", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "stretched" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increases", "less_effect_dir": "decreases", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "elastic potential energy", "less_effect_prop": "elastic potential energy", "less_cause_dir": "elastic potential energy" }
QRQA-10245-3-flip
As you pull on a string the softer that you pull it the _____ the force.
{ "text": [ "greater", "weaker" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
The farther apart you move your hands, the stronger the force of the rubber band pulling your hands together.
QRSent-10245
{ "effect_prop": "force", "cause_dir_str": "farther apart", "effect_dir_str": "stronger", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "distance" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "", "less_effect_dir": "Softer", "less_cause_prop": "Force", "more_effect_prop": "", "less_effect_prop": "Pull", "less_cause_dir": "Pull" }
QRQA-10018-5-flip
Ron went to the gym and lifted weights as usual. If he stops lifting weights, his muscles will likely
{ "text": [ "grow", "shrink" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Anaerobic exercises cause muscles to get bigger and stronger.
QRSent-10018
{ "effect_prop": "muscles to get bigger", "cause_dir_str": "", "effect_dir_str": "bigger and stronger", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "Anaerobic exercises" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "grow", "less_effect_dir": "shrink", "less_cause_prop": "lifting weights", "more_effect_prop": "his muscles", "less_effect_prop": "his muscles", "less_cause_dir": "his muscles" }
QRQA-10025-2-flip
The US is richer than Uganda, so it likely uses _____ fossil fuels compared to Uganda.
{ "text": [ "more", "fewer" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Richer nations use far more energy resources, especially fossil fuels, than poorer nations do.
QRSent-10025
{ "effect_prop": "use energy resources, especially fossil fuels", "cause_dir_str": "richer", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "richer nations" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more fossil fuels", "less_effect_dir": "less fossil fuels", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "US", "less_effect_prop": "US", "less_cause_dir": "US" }
QRQA-10298-3
If Milo is measuring isotopes and he notices that they seem to decay slower then average, what does that mean about the age of the specimen he is examining?
{ "text": [ "younger", "older" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Because these isotopes decay more slowly, they can be used to date much older specimens.
QRSent-10298
{ "effect_prop": "older specimens", "cause_dir_str": "more slowly", "effect_dir_str": "older", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "isotopes decay" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "older", "less_effect_dir": "younger", "less_cause_prop": "decay", "more_effect_prop": "specimen", "less_effect_prop": "specimen", "less_cause_dir": "specimen" }
QRQA-10312-5
When we add resistors in series to a computer what happens to the resistance?
{ "text": [ "decreases", "increases" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
In a series circuit, the resistance increases as more resistors are added in series.
QRSent-10312
{ "effect_prop": "resistance", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "increases", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "resistors in series" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increases", "less_effect_dir": "decreases", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "resistance", "less_effect_prop": "resistance", "less_cause_dir": "resistance" }
QRQA-10081-3
A decrease in food will likely lead to _____ lifespans.
{ "text": [ "shorter", "longer" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
New farm machines were invented. They increased the amount of food that could be produced. With more food, people were healthier and could live longer.
QRSent-10081
{ "effect_prop": "lifespans", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "longer", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "food" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "longer", "less_effect_dir": "shorter", "less_cause_prop": "food", "more_effect_prop": "lifespan", "less_effect_prop": "lifespan", "less_cause_dir": "lifespan" }
QRQA-10402-2-flip
If Mona lowers the density of her water by adding chemicals to it, what happens to the space it takes up inside of her pesticide bottle?
{ "text": [ "increases", "decreases" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
More dense water takes up less space than less dense water.
QRSent-10402
{ "effect_prop": "space", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "less", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "dense water" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increases", "less_effect_dir": "decreases", "less_cause_prop": "density", "more_effect_prop": "space", "less_effect_prop": "space", "less_cause_dir": "space" }
QRQA-10309-5
As atoms get larger they are able to attract
{ "text": [ "more electrons", "less electrons" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Bigger atoms have more electrons.
QRSent-10309
{ "effect_prop": "electrons", "cause_dir_str": "bigger", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "size" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "Larger", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "atoms", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10405-2
If there is less food in a place then more people will
{ "text": [ "live there", "die" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Low food supply or a lack of space can lower birth rates, increase death rates, or lead to emigration.
QRSent-10405
{ "effect_prop": "death rates", "cause_dir_str": "low", "effect_dir_str": "increase", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "food" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "Higher", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "Living people", "more_effect_prop": "Fatality", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10079-5
Mona loves to see how far she can slide things. If a basketball has more mass then a baseball and Mona decides to slide both items, which will have greater momentum?
{ "text": [ "baseball", "basketball" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
The more mass a moving object has or the faster its moving, the greater its momentum.
QRSent-10079
{ "effect_prop": "momentum", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "greater", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "mass a moving object has" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "greater", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "momentum", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10136-5
If Mona increases the temperature of her stove while cooking a roast, what happens to the amount of energy being used?
{ "text": [ "increases", "decreases" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The temperature of matter increases with the added energy.
QRSent-10136
{ "effect_prop": "energy", "cause_dir_str": "increases", "effect_dir_str": "added", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "temperature of matter" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increases", "less_effect_dir": "decreases", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "amount of energy", "less_effect_prop": "amount of energy", "less_cause_dir": "amount of energy" }
QRQA-10132-1-flip
A dark skinned man and a light skinned man are being tested to see who produces vitamin D faster. The dark skinned person will have vitamin D in amounts that are
{ "text": [ "greater", "lesser" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Pigments in the skin act like a filter that can prevent the skin from making vitamin D. As a result, people with darker skin need more time in the sun than people with lighter skin to make the same amount of vitamin D.
QRSent-10132
{ "effect_prop": "time to make vitamin D", "cause_dir_str": "darker", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "dark skin" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "greater", "less_effect_dir": "lesser", "less_cause_prop": "skinned", "more_effect_prop": "vitamin D", "less_effect_prop": "vitamin D", "less_cause_dir": "vitamin D" }
QRQA-10105-4
Jimbo was sitting at the beach watching the waves. He noticed the waves were increasing in size. What does this mean for the amount of erosion that the waves will cause?
{ "text": [ "decrease", "increase" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
The bigger the waves are and the more sediment they carry, the more erosion they cause.
QRSent-10105
{ "effect_prop": "erosion they cause", "cause_dir_str": "bigger", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "bigger the waves" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increase", "less_effect_dir": "decrease", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "erosion", "less_effect_prop": "erosion", "less_cause_dir": "erosion" }
QRQA-10156-1
What happens to John's risk of contracting a disease as he gets older?
{ "text": [ "it decreases", "it increase" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
The older a person is, the greater their chance of developing a cardiovascular disease.
QRSent-10156
{ "effect_prop": "risk of disease", "cause_dir_str": "older", "effect_dir_str": "greater", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "age" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increase", "less_effect_dir": "decreases", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "risk of contracting a disease", "less_effect_prop": "risk of contracting a disease", "less_cause_dir": "risk of contracting a disease" }
QRQA-10003-3
If Mona is studying the galaxy and she notices that the universe is expanding more then it used to, what does that mean is happening to the galaxies in the universe?
{ "text": [ "moving closer together", "moving further apart" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
As the Universe expands, galaxies move further and further apart.
QRSent-10003
{ "effect_prop": "galaxies move further", "cause_dir_str": "expands", "effect_dir_str": "further and further", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "Universe expands" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "moving apart", "less_effect_dir": "moving closer", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "galaxies", "less_effect_prop": "galaxies", "less_cause_dir": "galaxies" }
QRQA-10183-5-flip
When people leave an area what happens to the land?
{ "text": [ "cleared", "kept the same" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
More people also means more clearing of land for agriculture and development.
QRSent-10183
{ "effect_prop": "land clearing", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "people" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "cleared", "less_effect_dir": "kept the same", "less_cause_prop": "an area", "more_effect_prop": "land", "less_effect_prop": "land", "less_cause_dir": "land" }
QRQA-10170-1
Peter added salt to his juice one morning. The mixture became _____ dense.
{ "text": [ "more", "less" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
If salt is added to a volume of water, there are more molecules in the same volume, so the water is denser.
QRSent-10170
{ "effect_prop": "More density", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "denser", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "Molecules" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "dense", "less_effect_prop": "dense", "less_cause_dir": "dense" }
QRQA-10387-5
If Bob stops exercising, his heart muscle should become
{ "text": [ "stronger", "weaker" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
When a person exercises regularly, and is fit, the heart undergoes certain long-term adaptations. The heart muscle gets stronger, and expels more blood with each contraction.
QRSent-10387
{ "effect_prop": "strength of heart muscle", "cause_dir_str": "regularly", "effect_dir_str": "stronger", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "regular exercise" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "stronger", "less_effect_dir": "weaker", "less_cause_prop": "exercising", "more_effect_prop": "heart muscle", "less_effect_prop": "heart muscle", "less_cause_dir": "heart muscle" }
QRQA-10090-2-flip
Dean wants to melt chocolate to drink in his milk. He puts a big piece of chocolate in, and a small piece of chocolate in. The piece with less surface area, which will melt second, is the piece that is
{ "text": [ "bigger", "smaller" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
It would be hard to get a big chunk of chocolate to dissolve in your milk or hot water. Maybe you could make hot chocolate from some smaller pieces like chocolate chips, but it is much easier to add a powder to your milk. This is because the smaller the pieces are, the more surface area they have.
QRSent-10090
{ "effect_prop": "surface area", "cause_dir_str": "smaller", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "pieces" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "piece", "more_effect_prop": "", "less_effect_prop": "surface area", "less_cause_dir": "surface area" }
QRQA-10184-5
What happens to the rate at which waves move past a particular spot if Jim decreases the wavelength of a sound wave?
{ "text": [ "increases", "decreases" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
This means that as wavelengths get shorter, more waves move past a particular spot in the same amount of time.
QRSent-10184
{ "effect_prop": "waves move past a particular spot in the same amount of time", "cause_dir_str": "shorter", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "wavelengths" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increases", "less_effect_dir": "decreases", "less_cause_prop": "wavelength", "more_effect_prop": "waves move past a particular spot", "less_effect_prop": "waves move past a particular spot", "less_cause_dir": "waves move past a particular spot" }
QRQA-10162-1-flip
Jorge and Rian were diving in the ocean. If Jorge dove 10 feet and Rian dove 20 feet, who experiences more pressure?
{ "text": [ "Jorge", "Rian" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
A fluid exerts pressure in all directions, but the pressure is greater at greater depth.
QRSent-10162
{ "effect_prop": "depth", "cause_dir_str": "greater", "effect_dir_str": "greater", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "pressure in all directions" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "20 feet", "less_effect_dir": "10 feet", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "deep", "less_effect_prop": "deep", "less_cause_dir": "deep" }