question
stringlengths 14
399
| distractor3
stringlengths 1
63
| distractor1
stringlengths 1
57
| distractor2
stringlengths 1
62
| correct_answer
stringlengths 1
67
| support
stringlengths 0
3.56k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Involved in balance, the semicircular canals are parts of what organs? | ovaries | eyes | lungs | ears | The parts of the ears involved in balance are the semicircular canals. These are the curved structures above the cochlea in the inner ear in Figure above . Like the cochlea, the semicircular canals contain liquid and are lined with tiny hair cells. As the head changes position, the liquid moves. This causes the hair cells to bend. The bending of the hair cells triggers nerve impulses that travel to the cerebellum in the brain. The cerebellum uses the information to maintain balance. |
Injuries can be prevented by getting proper what? | water and clothing | exercise and training | drugs and food | rest and recovery | Injuries can also be prevented by proper rest and recovery. If you do not get enough rest, your body will become injured and will not react well to exercise, or improve. You can also rest by doing a different activity. For example, if you run, you can rest your running muscles and joints by swimming. |
Some leaves are attached to the plant stem by a petiole. leaves that do not have a petiole and are directly attached to the plant stem are called this? | transverse leaves | sheath leaves | globular leaves | sessile leaves | Structure of a Typical Leaf Each leaf typically has a leaf blade called the lamina, which is also the widest part of the leaf. Some leaves are attached to the plant stem by a petiole. Leaves that do not have a petiole and are directly attached to the plant stem are called sessile leaves. Small green appendages usually found at the base of the petiole are known as stipules. Most leaves have a midrib, which travels the length of the leaf and branches to each side to produce veins of vascular tissue. The edge of the leaf is called the margin. Figure 30.21 shows the structure of a typical eudicot leaf. |
What is water vapor density known as? | ambiance | density | thickness | humidity | saturation vapor density given in the table. Strategy To solve this problem, we need to break it down into a two steps. The partial pressure follows the ideal gas law,. |
What is the name for the transfer of thermal energy between particles of matter that are touching? | convection | activation | induction | conduction | Conduction is the transfer of thermal energy between particles of matter that are touching. Thermal conduction occurs when particles of warmer matter bump into particles of cooler matter and transfer some of their thermal energy to the cooler particles. Conduction is usually faster in certain solids and liquids than in gases. Materials that are good conductors of thermal energy are called thermal conductors . Metals are especially good thermal conductors because they have freely moving electrons that can transfer thermal energy quickly and easily. |
The mean free path for a gaseous molecule will be hundreds of times the what of the molecule? | density | variation | weight | diameter | If you have ever been in a room when a piping hot pizza was delivered, you have been made aware of the fact that gaseous molecules can quickly spread throughout a room, as evidenced by the pleasant aroma that soon reaches your nose. Although gaseous molecules travel at tremendous speeds (hundreds of meters per second), they collide with other gaseous molecules and travel in many different directions before reaching the desired target. At room temperature, a gaseous molecule will experience billions of collisions per second. The mean free path is the average distance a molecule travels between collisions. The mean free path increases with decreasing pressure; in general, the mean free path for a gaseous molecule will be hundreds of times the diameter of the molecule In general, we know that when a sample of gas is introduced to one part of a closed container, its molecules very quickly disperse throughout the container; this process by which molecules disperse in space in response to differences in concentration is called diffusion (shown in Figure 9.27). The gaseous atoms or molecules are, of course, unaware of any concentration gradient, they simply move randomly—regions of higher concentration have more particles than regions of lower concentrations, and so a net movement of species from high to low concentration areas takes place. In a closed environment, diffusion will ultimately result in equal concentrations of gas throughout, as depicted in Figure 9.27. The gaseous atoms and molecules continue to move, but since their concentrations are the same in both bulbs, the rates of transfer between the bulbs are equal (no net transfer of molecules occurs). |
What is the most common fossil fuel? | methane | diesel oil | uranium | coal | Many of the problems with fossil fuels are worse for coal than for oil or natural gas. Burning coal releases more carbon dioxide than either oil or natural gas. Yet coal is the most common fossil fuel, so we continue to burn large amounts of it. That makes coal the biggest contributor to global warming. |
The weather conditions in an area over time is also called a what? | landscape | biome | habitat | climate | |
Chemical symbols are useful to concisely represent the elements present in a substance. the letters usually come from the name of what? | discoverer | month | scientist | element | Chemical symbols are useful to concisely represent the elements present in a substance. The letters usually come from the name of the element. |
Cell transport refers to the movement of substances across what structure? | phloem | cell wall | chloroplasm | cell membrane | Cell transport refers to the movement of substances across the cell membrane. Probably the most important feature of a cell’s phospholipid membranes is that they are selectively permeable. A membrane that is selectively permeable , or semipermeable, has control over what molecules or ions can enter or leave the cell, as shown in Figure below . This feature allows a cell to control the transport of materials, as dictated by the cell's function. The permeability of a membrane is dependent on the organization and characteristics of the membrane lipids and proteins. In this way, cell membranes help maintain a state of homeostasis within cells (and tissues, organs, and organ systems) so that an organism can stay alive and healthy. |
What term describes the rate at which a device changes electric current to another form of energy? | kinetic energy | kilowatts | voltage | electric power | The rate at which a device changes electric current to another form of energy is called electric power . The SI unit of power—including electric power—is the watt. A watt equals 1 joule of energy per second. High wattages are often expressed in kilowatts, where 1 kilowatt equals 1000 watts. The power of an electric device, such as a microwave, can be calculated if you know the current and voltage of the circuit. This equation shows how power, current, and voltage are related:. |
What happens when a sodium atom loses an electron? | combines with hydrogen | becomes calcium | gains a proton | becomes sodium ion | By losing an electron, the sodium atom becomes a sodium ion. It now has one less electron than protons, giving it a charge of +1. Positive ions such as sodium are given the same name as the element. The chemical symbol has a plus sign to distinguish the ion from an atom of the element. The symbol for a sodium ion is Na + . |
When a fluorine atom gains an electron, it becomes a negative what? | potassium ion | hydrogen ion | sulfide ion | fluoride ion | When a fluorine atom gains an electron, it becomes a negative fluoride ion. |
The endocrine system consists of cells, tissues, and organs that secrete what critical to homeostasis? | saliva | antibodies | acids | hormones | CHAPTER REVIEW 17.1 An Overview of the Endocrine System The endocrine system consists of cells, tissues, and organs that secrete hormones critical to homeostasis. The body coordinates its functions through two major types of communication: neural and endocrine. Neural communication includes both electrical and chemical signaling between neurons and target cells. Endocrine communication involves chemical signaling via the release of hormones into the extracellular fluid. From there, hormones diffuse into the bloodstream and may travel to distant body regions, where they elicit a response in target cells. Endocrine glands are ductless glands that secrete hormones. Many organs of the body with other primary functions—such as the heart, stomach, and kidneys—also have hormone-secreting cells. |
What is formed when two dna strands link together in an antiparallel direction and are twisted? | RNA | guanine | anti-helix | double helix | Two DNA strands link together in an antiparallel direction and are twisted to form a double helix. The nitrogenous bases face the inside of the helix. Guanine is always opposite cytosine, and adenine is always opposite thymine. |
Particles of a gas are constantly moving and bumping into things. this gives gases what? | strength | resistance | velocity | pressure | Particles of a gas are constantly moving and bumping into things. This gives gases pressure. |
Which part of a leaf contains openings known as stomata, through which the exchange of gases takes place? | phloem | stoma | cuticle | epidermis | Which layers of the stem are made of parenchyma cells? a. cortex and pith b. phloem c. sclerenchyma d. xylem Like the rest of the plant, the stem has three tissue systems: dermal, vascular, and ground tissue. Each is distinguished by characteristic cell types that perform specific tasks necessary for the plant’s growth and survival. Dermal Tissue The dermal tissue of the stem consists primarily of epidermis, a single layer of cells covering and protecting the underlying tissue. Woody plants have a tough, waterproof outer layer of cork cells commonly known as bark, which further protects the plant from damage. Epidermal cells are the most numerous and least differentiated of the cells in the epidermis. The epidermis of a leaf also contains openings known as stomata, through which the exchange of gases takes place (Figure 30.8). Two cells, known as guard cells, surround each leaf stoma, controlling its opening and closing and thus regulating the uptake of carbon dioxide and the release of oxygen and water vapor. Trichomes are hair-like structures on the epidermal surface. They help to reduce transpiration (the loss of water by aboveground plant parts), increase solar reflectance, and store compounds that defend the leaves against predation by herbivores. |
Which system transports oxygens to cells? | oxy system | vascular system | nervous system | circulatory system | An important function of the circulatory system is transporting oxygen to cells. |
What is the part of a plant whose primary role is to collect sunlight and make food by photosynthesis? | seeds | roots | stems | leaves | Leaves are the keys not only to plant life but to all terrestrial life. The primary role of leaves is to collect sunlight and make food by photosynthesis. Despite the fundamental importance of the work they do, there is great diversity in the leaves of plants. However, given the diversity of habitats in which plants live, it’s not surprising that there is no single best way to collect solar energy for photosynthesis. |
Technically, any redox reaction can be set up to make a what? | skaht cell | Black Cell | blocky cell | voltaic cell | Technically, any redox reaction can be set up to make a voltaic cell. In modern society, however, only certain redox reactions are put to practical use. A portable voltaic cell that generates electricity to power devices for our convenience is called a battery. All batteries are based on redox reactions. The first battery (called a “voltaic pile”) was constructed by the Italian scientist Alessandro Volta in 1800 and was based on the copper/zinc reaction depicted in - ball-ch14_s03_f01. Unfortunately, it was messy, requiring quantities of copper and zinc salts dissolved in water. In 1866, the French scientist Georges Leclanché invented the dry cell, a precursor to today’s modern battery. A schematic of a dry cell is shown in - ball-ch14_s03_f02. The zinc case and the central carbon rod serve as the anode and cathode, respectively. The other reactants are combined into a moist paste that minimizes free liquid, so the battery is less messy (hence the name dry cell). The actual redox reaction is complex but can be represented by the following redox reaction: + 2+ Zn + 2MnO2 + 2NH4 → Zn + Mn2O3 + 2NH3 + H2O A dry cell has a voltage of about 1.56 V. While common and useful, dry cells have relatively short lifetimes and contain acidic components. They also cannot be recharged, so they are one-use only. Batteries that can be used only once are calledprimary batteries. Figure 14.2 Dry Cells. |
What percentage of all species that ever lived on earth have gone extinct? | 93 % | 25% | 50% | 99% | Over 99 percent of all species that ever lived on Earth have gone extinct. Five mass extinctions are recorded in the fossil record. They were caused by major geologic and climatic events. Evidence shows that a sixth mass extinction is occurring now. Unlike previous mass extinctions, the sixth extinction is due to human actions. |
What is the diffusion of water known as? | hemostasis | evaporation | electrolysis | osmosis | Osmosis is the special case of the diffusion of water. It's an important means of transport in cells because the fluid inside and outside cells is mostly water. Water can pass through the cell membrane by simple diffusion, but it can happen more quickly with the help of channel proteins. Water moves in or out of a cell by osmosis until its concentration is the same on both sides of the cell membrane. |
What is it called when plants release water vapor through their leaves? | photosynthesis | eutrophication | evaporation | transpiration | Transpiration is like evaporation because it changes liquid water to water vapor. In transpiration, plants release water vapor through their leaves ( Figure below ). This water vapor rises into the atmosphere. |
Earth goes through regular changes in its position relative to? | mars | the moon | saturn | the sun | Earth goes through regular changes in its position relative to the Sun. Its orbit changes slightly. Earth also wobbles on its axis of rotation. The planet also changes the tilt on its axis. These changes can affect Earth’s temperature. |
A symporter carries how many different molecules or ions in the same direction? | four | one | three | two | Figure 5.17 A uniporter carries one molecule or ion. A symporter carries two different molecules or ions, both in the same direction. An antiporter also carries two different molecules or ions, but in different directions. (credit: modification of work by “Lupask”/Wikimedia Commons). |
Large amounts of fuel are stored in skeletal muscles, adipose tissues and what organ? | kidney | skin | spleen | liver | |
Intrusive igneous rocks cool from magma slowly in the crust and have large what? | coal deposits | pores | atoms | crystals | Intrusive igneous rocks cool from magma slowly in the crust. They have large crystals. |
What is the term used for the ability of salamanders to grow back lost limbs and other body parts? | expansion | extraction | transformation | regeneration | Salamanders are carnivorous , eating only other animals, not plants. They will eat almost any smaller animal, such as worms, centipedes, crickets, spiders, and slugs. Some will even eat small invertebrates. Finally, salamanders have the ability to grow back lost limbs, as well as other body parts. This process is known as regeneration. |
A winter storm is called what? | gale | snow storm | tempest | blizzard | A storm is an episode of severe weather caused by a major disturbance in the atmosphere. Storms can vary a lot in the time they last and in how severe they are. A storm may last for less than an hour or for more than a week. It may affect just a few square kilometers or thousands. Some storms are harmless and some are disastrous. The size and strength of a storm depends on the amount of energy in the atmosphere. Greater differences in temperature and air pressure produce stronger storms. Types of storms include thunderstorms, tornadoes, hurricanes, and winter storms such as blizzards. |
The trochophre, a unique larval form, is found in the life cycle of which animal classification. | sharks | eels | coral | mollusks | Mollusks reproduce sexually. Most species have separate male and female sexes. Gametes are released into the mantle cavity. Fertilization may be internal or external, depending on the species. Fertilized eggs develop into larvae. There may be one or more larval stages. Each one is different from the adult stage. Mollusks (and annelids) have a unique larval form called a trochophore. It is a tiny organism with cilia for swimming. |
Within organs, arteries branch into what small vessels that convey blood to the capillaries? | aeortic vessels | Metarterioles | blood valves | arterioles | |
Diamond is extremely hard because of the strong bonding between ______ in all directions? | liquid atoms | consistent atoms | hydrogen atoms | carbon atoms | Figure 10.43 Diamond is extremely hard because of the strong bonding between carbon atoms in all directions. Graphite (in pencil lead) rubs off onto paper due to the weak attractions between the carbon layers. An image of a graphite surface shows the distance between the centers of adjacent carbon atoms. (credit left photo: modification of work by Steve Jurvetson; credit middle photo: modification of work by United States Geological Survey) You may be less familiar with a recently discovered form of carbon: graphene. Graphene was first isolated in 2004 by using tape to peel off thinner and thinner layers from graphite. It is essentially a single sheet (one atom thick) of graphite. Graphene, illustrated in Figure 10.44, is not only strong and lightweight, but it is also an excellent conductor of electricity and heat. These properties may prove very useful in a wide range of applications, such as vastly improved computer chips and circuits, better batteries and solar cells, and stronger and lighter structural materials. The 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov for their pioneering work with graphene. |
Vertebrates. from the smallest of fish to us. one of the main features we all have in common is our what? | laying eggs | hair | warm blood | backbone | Vertebrates. From the smallest of fish to us. One of the main features we all have in common is our backbone. Vertebrates describes main biological features of fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. |
The fight or flight response and similar responses are controlled by what part of the nervous system? | central nervous system | cells | spinal cord | autonomous | Image copyright CREATISTA, 2014. The autonomous nervous system controls responses such as fight or flight . Used under license from Shutterstock. com. |
Deposition refers to when a gas changes to what state? | plasma | half liquid half gas | liquid | solid | Deposition is the change of state from a gas to a solid. |
Nuclear changes occur with a simultaneous release of what, and a slight drop in mass? | hydrogen | oil | mineral | energy | Nuclear changes occur with a simultaneous release of energy. Where does this energy come from? If we could precisely measure the masses of the reactants and the products of a nuclear reaction, we would notice that the amount of mass drops slightly in the conversion from reactants to products. Consider the following nuclear reaction, in which the molar mass of each species is indicated to four decimal places:. |
The way of learning that involves reward and punishment is called? | pressure | foolish | mixed | conditioning | Conditioning is a way of learning that involves a reward or punishment. If you ever trained a dog to obey a command, you probably gave the dog a tasty treat each time he performed the desired behavior. It may not have been very long before the dog would reliably follow the command in order to get the treat. This is an example of conditioning that involves a reward. |
The sodium-potassium pump is an active transport pump that exchanges sodium ions for what? | chlorine ions | nitrogen ions | oxygen ions | potassium ions | The sodium-potassium pump is an active transport pump that exchanges sodium ions for potassium ions. |
Mass multiplied by velocity equals what force? | inertia | kinetic energy | bounce | momentum | - Momentum equals mass multiplied by velocity. It is a vector, direction must be considered. Always define a positive direction and be consistent. |
How many years ago did early amniotes diverge into two groups? | 20 million years | .175 million years | .416 million years | 320 million years | By about 320 million years ago, early amniotes had diverged into two groups, called synapsids and sauropsids. Synapsids were amniotes that eventually gave rise to mammals. Sauropsids were amniotes that evolved into reptiles, dinosaurs, and birds. The two groups of amniotes differed in their skulls. The earliest known reptile, pictured in Figure below , dates back about 315 million years. |
The intensity or rate of radiation emission _________ with temperature? | does not vary | randomly fluctuates | decreases | increases | Figure 29.3 Graphs of blackbody radiation (from an ideal radiator) at three different radiator temperatures. The intensity or rate of radiation emission increases dramatically with temperature, and the peak of the spectrum shifts toward the visible and ultraviolet parts of the spectrum. The shape of the spectrum cannot be described with classical physics. |
For the most part, cognitive functions reside where? | the limbic system | the spine | the heart | the cortex | |
What is the term for the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels? | blood energy | circulation pressure | heart pressure | blood pressure | The force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels is called blood pressure . Blood pressure is highest in arteries and lowest in veins. When you have your blood pressure checked, it is the blood pressure in arteries that is measured. High blood pressure, or hypertension , is a serious health risk but can often be controlled with lifestyle changes or medication. You can learn more about hypertension by watching the animation at this link: http://www. healthcentral. com/high-blood-pressure/introduction-47-115. html . |
What does the precise pattern of a crystal depend on? | age | chance | mass | compound | A crystal contains a three-dimensional array of alternating positive and negative ions. The precise pattern depends on the compound. A crystal of sodium chloride, shown here, is a collection of alternating sodium and chlorine ions. |
Learning to get used to something after being exposed to it for a while is associated with what kind of learning? | assimilation | association | dissociation | habituation | Habituation is learning to get used to something after being exposed to it for a while. Habituation usually involves getting used to something that is annoying or frightening, but not dangerous. Habituation is one of the simplest ways of learning. It occurs in just about every species of animal. |
Is the digestive tract of many sharks longer or shorter than many other vertebrates? | narrower | heavier | longer | shorter | |
In the case of the thyroid hormone pathway, thyroid hormone itself carries out what kind of feedback? | effective | positive | continued | negative | |
What increases the size of a population's gene pool? | natural selection | mass extinction | microbes | mutations | A gene pool is the complete set of unique alleles in a species or population. Mutations create variation in the gene pool. Populations with a large gene pool are said to be genetically diverse and very robust. They are able to survive intense times of natural selection against certain phenotypes. During these times of selection, individuals with less favorable phenotypes resulting from deleterious alleles (due to mutations) may be selected against and removed from the population. Concurrently, the more favorable mutations that cause beneficial or advantageous phenotypes tend to accumulate in that population, resulting, over time, in evolution. In fact, without any change in the gene pool, without any new alleles added due to new mutations, evolution could not occur. Genetic change is the driving force of evolution. In fact, evolution can be genetically defined as the change allele frequencies over time. |
The heart and the arteries and veins are associated with what system of the body? | respiration | metabolism | digestion | cardiovascular | Cardiovascular System: Arteriosclerosis Compliance allows an artery to expand when blood is pumped through it from the heart, and then to recoil after the surge has passed. This helps promote blood flow. In arteriosclerosis, compliance is reduced, and pressure and resistance within the vessel increase. This is a leading cause of hypertension and coronary heart disease, as it causes the heart to work harder to generate a pressure great enough to overcome the resistance. Arteriosclerosis begins with injury to the endothelium of an artery, which may be caused by irritation from high blood glucose, infection, tobacco use, excessive blood lipids, and other factors. Artery walls that are constantly stressed by blood flowing at high pressure are also more likely to be injured—which means that hypertension can promote arteriosclerosis, as well as result from it. Recall that tissue injury causes inflammation. As inflammation spreads into the artery wall, it weakens and scars it, leaving it stiff (sclerotic). As a result, compliance is reduced. Moreover, circulating triglycerides and cholesterol can seep between the damaged lining cells and become trapped within the artery wall, where they are frequently joined by leukocytes, calcium, and cellular debris. Eventually, this buildup, called plaque, can narrow arteries enough to impair blood flow. The term for this condition, atherosclerosis (athero- = “porridge”) describes the mealy deposits (Figure 20.14). |
What do scientists believe are the oldest eukaryotes? | arthropods | prokaryotes | worms | protists | Scientists think that protists are the oldest eukaryotes. They most likely evolved from prokaryotic cells, as explained by the endosymbiotic theory. This theory is well-supported by evidence. |
What are used to balance chemical equations? | outputs | isotopes | densities | coefficients | Coefficients are used to balance chemical equations. A coefficient is a number placed in front of a chemical symbol or formula. It shows how many atoms or molecules of the substance are involved in the reaction. |
Endothermic and exothermic reactions differ in whether the products or reactants store more of what? | Kinetic Energy | Motion energy | Thermal energy | chemical energy | A: The energy is stored in the bonds of the products as chemical energy. In an endothermic reaction, the products have more stored chemical energy than the reactants. This is represented by the graph on the left in the Figure below . In an exothermic reaction, the opposite is true. The products have less stored chemical energy than the reactants. You can see this in the graph on the right in the Figure below . |
What is the conversion of metals from their ores to more useful forms called? | crystallography | thermodynamics | nanotechnology | metallurgy | Summary The conversion of metals from their ores to more useful forms is calledmetallurgy, which consists of three general steps: mining, separation and concentration, and reduction. Settling and flotation are separation methods based on differences in density, whereas pyrometallurgy is based on a chemical reduction at elevated temperatures, and hydrometallurgy uses chemical or electrochemical reduction of an aqueous solution. In pyrometallurgy, a reductant must be used that does not form stable compounds with the metal of interest. In hydrometallurgy, metals are separated via the formation of metal complexes. |
What is the predominant stage in the life cycle of most scyphozoans? | gamete | hydra | spore | medusa | |
The reaction of an alkyl halide with an inorganic hydroxide base at elevated temperature produces what? | yeast | blood | methane | an alcohol | The reaction of an alkyl halide with an inorganic hydroxide base at elevated temperature produces an alcohol. The molecular reaction to produce methanol from iodomethane and sodium hydroxide is shown below. |
What sequence is the primary structure of a protein? | nucleic acid sequence | processed acid sequence | proteins acid sequence | amino acid sequence | The amino acid sequence is the primary structure of a protein. As explained in Figure below , a protein may have up to four levels of structure, from primary to quaternary. The complex structure of a protein allows it to carry out its biological functions. |
What are used to lift large masses of magnetic materials such as scrap iron, rolls of steel, and auto parts? | screws | Glue | Tape | electromagnets | Electromagnets find use in many practical applications. Electromagnets are used to lift large masses of magnetic materials such as scrap iron, rolls of steel, and auto parts. |
Carbon behaves as a metal because it conducts which two things well? | electricity and oxygen | heat and magnetism | heat and water | heat and electricity | Carbon behaves as a metal because it conducts heat and electricity well. It is a nonmetal because it is black and brittle and cannot be made into sheets or wires. |
What is the first direct action of growth hormone? | stimulation of triglyceride production | stimulation of monoglyceride breakdown | stimulation of monoglyceride production | stimulation of triglyceride breakdown | Hormonal Regulation of Growth Hormonal regulation is required for the growth and replication of most cells in the body. Growth hormone (GH), produced by the anterior portion of the pituitary gland, accelerates the rate of protein synthesis, particularly in skeletal muscle and bones. Growth hormone has direct and indirect mechanisms of action. The first direct action of GH is stimulation of triglyceride breakdown (lipolysis) and release into the blood by adipocytes. This results in a switch by most tissues from utilizing glucose as an energy source to utilizing fatty acids. This process is called a glucose-sparing effect. In another direct mechanism, GH stimulates glycogen breakdown in the liver; the glycogen is then released into the blood as glucose. Blood glucose levels increase as most tissues are utilizing fatty acids instead of glucose for their energy needs. The GH mediated increase in blood glucose levels is called a diabetogenic effect because it is similar to the high blood glucose levels seen in diabetes mellitus. The indirect mechanism of GH action is mediated by insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) or somatomedins, which are a family of growth-promoting proteins produced by the liver, which stimulates tissue growth. IGFs stimulate the uptake of amino acids from the blood, allowing the formation of new proteins, particularly in skeletal muscle cells, cartilage cells, and other target cells, as shown in Figure 37.13. This is especially important after a meal, when glucose and amino acid concentration levels are high in the blood. GH levels are regulated by two hormones produced by the hypothalamus. GH release is stimulated by growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and is inhibited by growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH), also called somatostatin. |
What contains the spore-forming asci? | mushroom cap | flagella | sporozoa | the ascocarps | |
Fruit fly and brine shrimp hox genes have evolved independently for how long? | one billion | 60.000 million years | 100.32 million years | 400 million years | |
Yolk is a very fragile substance found in the eggs of reptiles and needs protection. what serves as protection for the yolk? | eye sac | fish sac | dish sac | yolk sac | |
What do tadpoles change into? | mud puppies | reptiles | toads | adult frogs | Tadpoles go through many changes to become adult frogs. |
Earthworms and segmented worms belong to what phylum? | protazoa | bryozoa | nematoda | annelida | The phylum Annelida is made up of segmented worms such as earthworms . Segmented worms are divided into many repeating segments. There are roughly 15,000 species of annelids. Most belong to one of three classes. A species in each class is pictured in Figure below . See The Cambrian Explosion at http://www. pbs. org/kcet/shapeoflife/episodes/explosion. html for an introduction to annelids. |
What are most stis caused by? | viruses | vaccines | parasites | bacteria | Many STIs are caused by bacteria. Some of the most common bacterial STIs are chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis. Bacterial STIs can be cured with antibiotics. |
What is the term for matter that does not let any light pass through it, whether it absorbs light, reflects light, or does both? | artificial | devoid | obscene | opaque | Opaque matter is matter that does not let any light pass through it. Matter may be opaque because it absorbs light, reflects light, or does both. Examples of opaque objects are solid wooden doors and glass mirrors. A wooden door absorbs most of the light that strikes it and reflects just a few wavelengths of visible light. A mirror, which is a sheet of glass with a shiny metal coating on the back, reflects all the light that strikes it. |
Rain dissolves fertilizer in the soil, what carries it away? | clouds | carbon ? | fossils | runoff? | Rain dissolves fertilizer in the soil. Runoff carries it away. The fertilizer ends up in bodies of water, from ponds to oceans. Nitrogen is a fertilizer in the water. Since there is a lot of nitrogen, it causes algae to grow out of control. Pictured below is a pond covered with algae ( Figure below ). Algae use up carbon dioxide in the water. After the algae die, decomposers break down the dead tissue. The decomposers use up all the oxygen in the water. This creates a dead zone. A dead zone is an area in a body of water where nothing grows because there is too little oxygen. There is a large dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico ( Figure below ). The U. S. states outlined on the map have rivers that drain into the Gulf of Mexico. The rivers drain vast agricultural lands. The water carries fertilizer from these areas into the Gulf. |
Each vertebral body has a large hole in the center through which the nerves of what pass? | steering cord | layers cord | Brain Cord | spinal cord | Each vertebral body has a large hole in the center through which the nerves of the spinal cord pass. There is also a notch on each side through which the spinal nerves, which serve the body at that level, can exit from the spinal cord. The vertebral column is approximately 71 cm (28 inches) in adult male humans and is curved, which can be seen from a side view. The names of the spinal curves correspond to the region of the spine in which they occur. The thoracic and sacral curves are concave (curve inwards relative to the front of the body) and the cervical and lumbar curves are convex (curve outwards relative to the front of the body). The arched curvature of the vertebral column increases its strength and flexibility, allowing it to absorb shocks like a spring (Figure 38.8). Intervertebral discs composed of fibrous cartilage lie between adjacent vertebral bodies from the second cervical vertebra to the sacrum. Each disc is part of a joint that allows for some movement of the spine and acts as a cushion to absorb shocks from movements such as walking and running. Intervertebral discs also act as ligaments to bind vertebrae together. The inner part of discs, the nucleus pulposus, hardens as people age and becomes less elastic. This loss of elasticity diminishes its ability to absorb shocks. The Thoracic Cage The thoracic cage, also known as the ribcage, is the skeleton of the chest, and consists of the ribs, sternum, thoracic vertebrae, and costal cartilages (Figure 38.9). The thoracic cage encloses and protects the organs of the thoracic cavity, including the heart and lungs. It also provides support for the shoulder girdles and upper limbs, and serves as the attachment point for the diaphragm, muscles of the back, chest, neck, and shoulders. Changes in the volume of the thorax enable breathing. The sternum, or breastbone, is a long, flat bone located at the anterior of the chest. It is formed from three bones that fuse in the adult. The ribs are 12 pairs of long, curved bones that attach to the thoracic vertebrae and curve toward the front of the body, forming the ribcage. Costal cartilages connect the anterior ends of the ribs to the sternum, with the exception of rib pairs 11 and 12, which are free-floating ribs. |
Rust consists of oxides of what element? | Aluminum | Copper | Gold | iron | Rust is a combination of several different oxides of iron. The equations below show the steps involved in one of the many processes of rust formation. |
Rising air currents carry water vapor into what? | troposphere | stratosphere | ionosphere | atmosphere | Rising air currents carry water vapor into the atmosphere. As the water vapor rises in the atmosphere, it cools and condenses. Condensation is the process in which water vapor changes to tiny droplets of liquid water. The water droplets may form clouds. If the droplets get big enough, they fall as precipitation —rain, snow, sleet, hail, or freezing rain. Most precipitation falls into the ocean. Eventually, this water evaporates again and repeats the water cycle. Some frozen precipitation becomes part of ice caps and glaciers. These masses of ice can store frozen water for hundreds of years or longer. |
Echinoderms have what type of body symmetry? | Reflectional symmetry | Translational symmetry | Rotational symmetry | radial symmetry | Echinoderms are marine organisms that make up the phylum Echinodermata. They can be found in the ocean from the equator to the poles. There are roughly 6000 living species of echinoderms. They are among the most distinctive organisms within the animal kingdom. Members of the phylum include sea stars (starfish), sand dollars, and feather stars, shown in Figure below . See “Different But Equal” at http://www. pbs. org/kcet/shapeoflife/episodes/ultimate. html for an introduction to echinoderms. |
What is used during filtration to push fluids and solutes, from higher pressure areas to lower pressure areas? | magnesium pressure gradient | constructs pressure gradient | limited pressure gradient | hydrostatic pressure gradient | Another mechanism besides diffusion to passively transport materials between compartments is filtration. Unlike diffusion of a substance from where it is more concentrated to less concentrated, filtration uses a hydrostatic pressure gradient that pushes the fluid—and the solutes within it—from a higher pressure area to a lower pressure area. Filtration is an extremely important process in the body. For example, the circulatory system uses filtration to move plasma and substances across the. |
How many pathways do plants have for carbon fixation? | two | one | four | three | Plants have evolved three pathways for carbon fixation. The most common pathway combines one molecule of CO 2 with a 5-carbon sugar called ribulose biphosphate (RuBP). The enzyme which catalyzes this reaction, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (nicknamed RuBisCo ), is the most abundant enzyme on earth! The resulting 6-carbon molecule is unstable, so it immediately splits into two much more stable 3-carbon phosphoglycerate molecules. The 3 carbons in the first stable molecule of this pathway give this largest group of plants the name “C-3. ”. |
What type of substance is any matter that has a fixed chemical composition and characteristic properties? | seawater chemical substance | physical substance | versatile chemical substance | pure chemical substance | Pure Substances and Mixtures A pure chemical substance is any matter that has a fixed chemical composition and characteristic properties. Oxygen, for example, is a pure chemical substance that is a colorless, odorless gas at 25°C. Very few samples of matter consist of pure substances; instead, most are mixtures, which are combinations of two or more pure substances in variable proportions in which the individual substances retain their identity. Air, tap water, milk, blue cheese, bread, and dirt are all mixtures. If all portions of a material are in the same state, have no visible boundaries, and are uniform throughout, then the material is homogeneous. Examples of homogeneous mixtures are the air we breathe. |
Where are sperm produced in the process of spermatogenesis? | ovaries | penis | intestines | testes | Sperm are produced in the testes in the process of spermatogenesis. They mature in the epididymes before being ejaculated from the body through the penis. |
What type of energy does chemosynthesis use to make food? | carbon energy | GRAVITATIONAL energy | CHEMICAL energy | chemical energy | Some bacterial autotrophs make food using chemosynthesis. This process uses chemical energy instead of light energy to produce food. |
The polymerase chain reaction is a way of making copies of what? | a form | an enzyme | a method | a gene | The polymerase chain reaction is a way of making copies of a gene. It uses high temperatures and an enzyme to make new DNA molecules. The process keeps cycling to make many copies of a gene. |
Energy transfer between what kinds of levels is generally rather inefficient? | apex | producer | secondary | trophic | 55.3 Energy transfer between trophic levels is typically only 10% efficient. |
What kind of conditions are often inherited as simple recessive traits? | genetic neurotransmitters | genetic diversivers | genetic ratios | genetic disorders | |
Without dinoflagellate symbionts, corals lose algal pigments in a process called coral bleaching and eventually die, while corals in turn provide protection, making this what type of relationship?. | parasitic | idealistic | semantic | symbiotic | Primary Producers/Food Sources Protists are essential sources of nutrition for many other organisms. In some cases, as in plankton, protists are consumed directly. Alternatively, photosynthetic protists serve as producers of nutrition for other organisms. For instance, photosynthetic dinoflagellates called zooxanthellae use sunlight to fix inorganic carbon. In this symbiotic relationship, these protists provide nutrients for coral polyps (Figure 23.29) that house them, giving corals a boost of energy to secrete a calcium carbonate skeleton. In turn, the corals provide the protist with a protected environment and the compounds needed for photosynthesis. This type of symbiotic relationship is important in nutrient-poor environments. Without dinoflagellate symbionts, corals lose algal pigments in a process called coral bleaching, and they eventually die. This explains why reefbuilding corals do not reside in waters deeper than 20 meters: insufficient light reaches those depths for dinoflagellates to photosynthesize. |
What is the type of reproduction where part of the parent plant is used to generate a new plant? | byproduct reproduction | sexual reproduction | coaxed reproduction | asexual reproduction | 32.3 Asexual Reproduction Many plants reproduce asexually as well as sexually. In asexual reproduction, part of the parent plant is used to generate a new plant. Grafting, layering, and micropropagation are some methods used for artificial asexual reproduction. The new plant is genetically identical to the parent plant from which the stock has been taken. Asexually reproducing plants thrive well in stable environments. Plants have different life spans, dependent on species, genotype, and environmental conditions. Parts of the plant, such as regions containing meristematic tissue, continue to grow, while other parts experience programmed cell death. Leaves that are no longer photosynthetically active are shed from the plant as part of senescence, and the nutrients from these leaves are recycled by the plant. Other factors, including the presence of hormones, are known to play a role in delaying senescence. |
What is the name of the wind belt nearest the equator? | doldrums | tropical gusts | cyclones | trade winds | The wind belts have names. The Trade Winds are nearest the Equator. The next belt is the westerlies. Finally are the polar easterlies. The names are the same in both hemispheres. |
What two phases does the cell cycle consist of? | outerphase and mitotic | antecedent and mitotic | mitosis and mitotic | interphase and mitotic | Figure 10.5 The cell cycle consists of interphase and the mitotic phase. During interphase, the cell grows and the nuclear DNA is duplicated. Interphase is followed by the mitotic phase. During the mitotic phase, the duplicated chromosomes are segregated and distributed into daughter nuclei. The cytoplasm is usually divided as well, resulting in two daughter cells. |
Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers are called what? | reactions | tropes | organisms | isotopes | Nuclear chemistry is the study of reactions that involve changes in nuclear structure. The chapter on atoms, molecules, and ions introduced the basic idea of nuclear structure, that the nucleus of an atom is composed of protons and, with the exception of 11 H, neutrons. Recall that the number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number (Z) of the element, and the sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons is the mass number (A). Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers are isotopes of the same element. When referring to a single type of nucleus, we often use the term nuclide and identify it by the notation A where X is the symbol Z X, 14 ⎞ Often a nuclide is referenced 6 C⎠. example, 146 C is called “carbon-14. |
Sphenodontia sphenodontia (“wedge tooth”) arose in the mesozoic era and includes only one of what? | inner genus | outside genus | traveling genus | living genus | Sphenodontia Sphenodontia (“wedge tooth”) arose in the Mesozoic era and includes only one living genus, Tuatara, comprising two species that are found in New Zealand (Figure 29.26). Tuataras measure up to 80 centimeters and weigh about 1 kilogram. Although quite lizard-like in gross appearance, several unique features of the skull and jaws clearly define them and distinguish the group from the squamates. |
In a heterozygote with one dominant and one recessive allele, which is expressed? | dominant elements | dominant atoms | submissive allele | dominant allele | The expression of an organism's genotype is called its phenotype . The phenotype refers to the organism's traits, such as purple or white flowers. Different genotypes may produce the same phenotype. This will be the case if one allele is dominant to the other. Both BB and Bb genotypes in Table 6.1 have purple flowers. That's because the B allele is dominant to the b allele, which is recessive. The terms dominant and recessive are the terms Mendel used to describe his "factors. " Today we use them to describe alleles. In a Bb heterozygote, only the dominant B allele is expressed. The recessive b allele is expressed only in the bb genotype. |
Any sound with a frequency above the highest audible frequency is defined as what, a phenomenon useful in medical diagnosis and therapy? | extrasound | laser | radiation | ultrasound | Any sound with a frequency above 20,000 Hz (or 20 kHz)—that is, above the highest audible frequency—is defined to be ultrasound. In practice, it is possible to create ultrasound frequencies up to more than a gigahertz. (Higher frequencies are difficult to create; furthermore, they propagate poorly because they are very strongly absorbed. ) Ultrasound has a tremendous number of applications, which range from burglar alarms to use in cleaning delicate objects to the guidance systems of bats. We begin our discussion of ultrasound with some of its applications in medicine, in which it is used extensively both for diagnosis and for therapy. Characteristics of Ultrasound The characteristics of ultrasound, such as frequency and intensity, are wave properties common to all types of waves. Ultrasound also has a wavelength that limits the fineness of detail it can detect. This characteristic is true of all waves. We can never observe details significantly smaller than the wavelength of our probe; for example, we will never see individual atoms with visible light, because the atoms are so small compared with the wavelength of light. |
Which organ secretes estrogen? | the kidney | the testes | the thyroid | the ovaries | The ovaries release the eggs and secrete estrogen. |
Water-soluble carboxylic acids ionize slightly in water to form these? | very acidic solutions | solvents | nonacidic solutions | moderately acidic solutions | Water-soluble carboxylic acids ionize slightly in water to form moderately acidic solutions. |
Which kind of irrigation uses much less water than other methods? | solar | constant | mist | drip | Drip irrigation uses much less water than other methods. |
Fishes were the earliest example of what subphylum, and jawless fishes were the earliest of these? | mammals | grasses | ferns | vertebrates | Fishes Modern fishes include an estimated 31,000 species. Fishes were the earliest vertebrates, and jawless fishes were the earliest of these. Jawless fishes—the present day hagfishes and lampreys—have a distinct cranium and complex sense organs including eyes, distinguishing them from the invertebrate chordates. The jawed fishes evolved later and are extraordinarily diverse today. Fishes are active feeders, rather than sessile, suspension feeders. Jawless Fishes Jawless fishes are craniates (which includes all the chordate groups except the tunicates and lancelets) that represent an ancient vertebrate lineage that arose over one half-billion years ago. Some of the earliest jawless fishes were the ostracoderms (which translates as “shell-skin”). Ostracoderms, now extinct, were vertebrate fishes encased in bony armor, unlike present-day jawless fishes, which lack bone in their scales. The clade Myxini includes 67 species of hagfishes. Hagfishes are eel-like scavengers that live on the ocean floor and feed on dead invertebrates, other fishes, and marine mammals (Figure 15.37a). Hagfishes are entirely marine and are found in oceans around the world except for the polar regions. A unique feature of these animals is the slime glands beneath the skin that are able to release an extraordinary amount of mucus through surface pores. This mucus may allow the hagfish to escape from the grip of predators. Hagfish are known to enter the bodies of dead or dying organisms to devour them from the inside. |
What three things do animals require in order to survive? | Immunity, blood, water | Sex, Love, Food | Shelter, Food and love | air, water, food | |
What is broken during catabolic reactions, such as the breakdown of complex carbohydrates into simple sugars? | metals | ions | forms | bonds | Catabolic reactions involve breaking bonds. Larger molecules are broken down to smaller ones. For example, complex carbohydrates are broken down to simple sugars. Catabolic reactions release energy, so they are exothermic. |
The actual amount (mass) of gasoline left in the tank when the gauge hits “empty” is a lot less in the summer than in the winter. the gasoline has the same volume as it does in the winter when the “add fuel” light goes on, but because the gasoline has expanded, there is what? | more mass | lower gravity | same mass | less mass | Making Connections: Real-World Connections—Filling the Tank Differences in the thermal expansion of materials can lead to interesting effects at the gas station. One example is the dripping of gasoline from a freshly filled tank on a hot day. Gasoline starts out at the temperature of the ground under the gas station, which is cooler than the air temperature above. The gasoline cools the steel tank when it is filled. Both gasoline and steel tank expand as they warm to air temperature, but gasoline expands much more than steel, and so it may overflow. This difference in expansion can also cause problems when interpreting the gasoline gauge. The actual amount (mass) of gasoline left in the tank when the gauge hits “empty” is a lot less in the summer than in the winter. The gasoline has the same volume as it does in the winter when the “add fuel” light goes on, but because the gasoline has expanded, there is less mass. If you are used to getting another 40 miles on “empty” in the winter, beware—you will probably run out much more quickly in the summer. |
What do you call pure substances with unique properties? | originals | structures | arrangements | elements | Elements are pure substances with unique properties. There are more than 100 different elements (92 of which occur naturally). The smallest particles of elements are atoms. |
What is the large muscle that extends across the bottom of the chest below the lungs called? | abdomen | uterus | pectoral | diaphragm | Mammals breathe with the help of a diaphragm . This is the large muscle that extends across the bottom of the chest below the lungs. When the diaphragm contracts, it increases the volume of the chest. This decreases pressure on the lungs and allows air to flow in. When the diaphragm relaxes, it decreases the volume of the chest. This increases pressure on the lungs and forces air out. |
What is less dense then either solids or liquids? | dark matter | plasma | ice | gases | Gases are less dense that either solids or liquids. |
What is the term for a mountain-building event? | erosion | glaciation | volcanism | orogeny | A mountain-building event is called an orogeny . Orogenies take place over tens or hundreds of millions of years. Continents smash into each other. Microcontinents and island arcs smash into continents. All of these events cause mountains to rise. |
A multiaxial ball-and-socket joint has much more mobility than a what hinge joint? | quadaxial | triaxial | biaxial | uniaxial | 9.6 | Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Describe the bones that articulate together to form selected synovial joints • Discuss the movements available at each joint • Describe the structures that support and prevent excess movements at each joint Each synovial joint of the body is specialized to perform certain movements. The movements that are allowed are determined by the structural classification for each joint. For example, a multiaxial ball-and-socket joint has much more mobility than a uniaxial hinge joint. However, the ligaments and muscles that support a joint may place restrictions on the total range of motion available. Thus, the ball-and-socket joint of the shoulder has little in the way of ligament support, which gives the shoulder a very large range of motion. In contrast, movements at the hip joint are restricted by strong ligaments, which reduce its range of motion but confer stability during standing and weight bearing. This section will examine the anatomy of selected synovial joints of the body. Anatomical names for most joints are derived from the names of the bones that articulate at that joint, although some joints, such as the elbow, hip, and knee joints are exceptions to this general naming scheme. |
Meiosis and mitosis are both preceded by one round of what? | cellular respiration | internal fertilization | germination | dna replication | Figure 11.7 Meiosis and mitosis are both preceded by one round of DNA replication; however, meiosis includes two nuclear divisions. The four daughter cells resulting from meiosis are haploid and genetically distinct. The daughter cells resulting from mitosis are diploid and identical to the parent cell. |
Subsets and Splits
No saved queries yet
Save your SQL queries to embed, download, and access them later. Queries will appear here once saved.