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Salt in seawater causes it to have greater what, which is also affected by temperature and pressure?	area	mass	volume	density	Seawater has lots of salts in it. This increases its density (mass per volume) over fresh water. Temperature and pressure also affect density.
What is the name of a long and low hill of sediments which have been deposited by a glacier?	a floodplain	a mountain	a crag	a drumlin	A drumlin is a long, low hill of sediments deposited by a glacier. Drumlins often occur in groups called drumlin fields. The narrow end of each drumlin points in the direction the glacier was moving when it dropped the sediments.
The temperature of the products is typically lower than the temperature of the reactants in what type of reaction?	parabolic	autotrophic	exothermic	endothermic	In endothermic reactions, the temperature of the products is typically lower than the temperature of the reactants. The drop in temperature may be great enough to cause liquids to freeze. That’s what happens in the endothermic reaction at this URL: http://www. bbc. co. uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_aqa_pre_2011/chemreac/energychangesrev1. shtml .
What is the most common type of cancer in adult females?	lung	skin	bone	breast	The most common type of cancer in adult females is cancer of the breast. About one third of all cancers in women are breast cancers.
Green plants known as producers provide basic food supply for what besides themselves?	water	minerals	air	animals
The lipids that are connected to the glucose pathways are cholesterol and triglycerides. cholesterol is a lipid that contributes to cell membrane flexibility and is a precursor of this?	Thrombopoietin	ammonia hormones	Somatostatin	steroid hormones	Connections of Lipid and Glucose Metabolisms The lipids that are connected to the glucose pathways are cholesterol and triglycerides. Cholesterol is a lipid that contributes to cell membrane flexibility and is a precursor of steroid hormones. The synthesis of cholesterol starts with acetyl groups and proceeds in only one direction. The process cannot be reversed. Triglycerides are a form of long-term energy storage in animals. Triglycerides are made of glycerol and three fatty acids. Animals can make most of the fatty acids they need. Triglycerides can be both made and broken down through parts of the glucose catabolism pathways. Glycerol can be phosphorylated to glycerol-3-phosphate, which continues through glycolysis. Fatty acids are catabolized in a process called beta-oxidation that takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria and converts their fatty acid chains into two carbon units of acetyl groups. The acetyl groups are picked up by CoA to form acetyl CoA that proceeds into the citric acid cycle.
What chemical reaction is the opposite of oxidation?	evaporation	mutation	condensation	reduction	The chemical reaction that is the opposite of oxidation is called reduction. Following from the notion that oxidation was originally thought to mean only the addition of oxygen, reduction was thought to be only the removal of oxygen from a substance. Many naturally occurring metal ores are present as oxides. The pure metals can be extracted by reduction. Iron is obtained from iron(III) oxide by reacting with carbon at high temperatures.
What structure is a larger assembly of several polypeptide chains that are now referred to as subunits of the protein?	pyramid structure	digital structure	geological structure	quaternary structure	Quaternary structure is a larger assembly of several polypeptide chains, now referred to as subunits of the protein. The quaternary structure is stabilized by the same interactions as the tertiary structure. Complexes of two or more polypeptides are called multimers. Specifically, a dimer contains two subunits, a trimer contains three subunits, and a tetramer contains four subunits.
The punnett square shows the possible what, and their most likely ratios?	phenotypes	receptors	chromosomes	genotypes	If the parents had four offspring, their most likely genotypes would be one BB, two Bb, and one bb. But the genotype ratios of their actual offspring may differ. That's because which gametes happen to unite is a matter of chance, like a coin toss. The Punnett square just shows the possible genotypes and their most likely ratios.
Angiosperms produce their gametes in separate organs, which are usually housed in these?	seeds	leaves	stems	flowers	Flowers and Fruits as an Evolutionary Adaptation Angiosperms produce their gametes in separate organs, which are usually housed in a flower. Both fertilization and embryo development take place inside an anatomical structure that provides a stable system of sexual reproduction largely sheltered from environmental fluctuations. Flowering plants are the most diverse phylum on Earth after insects; flowers come in a bewildering array of sizes, shapes, colors, smells, and arrangements. Most flowers have a mutualistic pollinator, with the distinctive features of flowers reflecting the nature of the pollination agent. The relationship between pollinator and flower characteristics is one of the great examples of coevolution. Following fertilization of the egg, the ovule grows into a seed. The surrounding tissues of the ovary thicken, developing into a fruit that will protect the seed and often ensure its dispersal over a wide geographic range. Not all fruits develop from an ovary; such structures are “false fruits. ” Like flowers, fruit can vary tremendously in appearance, size, smell, and taste. Tomatoes, walnut shells and avocados are all examples of fruit. As with pollen and seeds, fruits also act as agents of dispersal. Some may be carried away by the wind. Many attract animals that will eat the fruit and pass the seeds through their digestive systems, then deposit the seeds in another location. Cockleburs are covered with stiff, hooked spines that can hook into fur (or clothing) and hitch a ride on an animal for long distances. The cockleburs that clung to the velvet trousers of an enterprising Swiss hiker, George de Mestral, inspired his invention of the loop and hook fastener he named Velcro.
What are the two types of charges?	volume and acceleration	ions and neutrons	energy and mass	positive and negative	Conservation of charge is the fourth of the five conservation laws in physics. There are two charges, positive and negative, and the conservation of electric charge indicates that the total charge in the universe remains the same. In any closed system charge can be transferred from one body to another or can move within the system but the total electric charge remains constant.
What is the name for a change in a single nucleotide in dna?	cell regeneration	adaptation	spontaneous mutation	point mutation	A point mutation is a change in a single nucleotide in DNA. This type of mutation is usually less serious than a chromosomal alteration. An example of a point mutation is a mutation that changes the codon UUU to the codon UCU. Point mutations can be silent, missense, or nonsense mutations, as shown in Table below . The effects of point mutations depend on how they change the genetic code. You can watch an animation about nonsense mutations at this link: http://www. biostudio. com/d_%20Nonsense%20Suppression%20I%20Nonsense%20Mutation. htm .
Ocean acidification results from the ocean absorbing what gas from the atmosphere?	oxygen	hydrogen	nitrogen	carbon dioxide	The ocean is becoming increasingly polluted with trash. Ocean acidification is also occurring because ocean water dissolves some of the excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The more acidic water harms aquatic organisms.
What are organisms that feed on available plants called?	antigens	florophores	plantfeeders	grazers	Grazers, such as sea urchins, are organisms that feed on available plants. Sea urchins are omnivorous, eating both plant and animals. The sea urchin mainly feeds on algae on the coral and rocks, along with decomposing matter such as dead fish, mussels, sponges, and barnacles.
What is the limiting factor for bacteria in a dish?	material	density	speed	space	The blades of simple leaves are not divided. This provides the maximum surface area for collecting sunlight.
Where are some of the greatest concentrations of species found?	in mould colonies	at high altitudes	in the arctic	in the tropics
What do tadpoles clear out of waterways?	disease	pollution	oxygen	algae	Amphibians play important roles in many ecosystems, especially as middle players in many food chains and food webs. In addition to consuming many worms and insects and other arthropods, and even some small reptiles and mammals and fish, they are prey for turtles and snakes, as well as some fish and birds. Tadpoles keep waterways clean by feeding on algae.
What theory says stresses build on both sides of a fault?	Big Bang theory	Geiger theory	seismic load theory	elastic rebound theory	Elastic rebound theory. Stresses build on both sides of a fault. The rocks deform plastically as seen in Time 2. When the stresses become too great, the rocks return to their original shape. To do this, the rocks move, as seen in Time 3. This movement releases energy, creating an earthquake.
How many pairs of autosomes are there?	Seven	five	four	three
What are the only living organisms that can make their own food?	animals	bacteria	protozoa	plants
The brain and spinal cord are part of what system, which serves as a control center?	large nervous system	primary nervous system	active nervous system	central nervous system	The central nervous includes the brain and spinal cord. The brain is the control center of the nervous system. It controls virtually all mental and physical processes. The spinal cord is a long, thin bundle of nervous tissue that passes messages from the body to the brain and from the brain to the body.
What are the highest clouds in the atmosphere?	silicic clouds	alto clouds	nebulous clouds	noctilucent clouds	Noctilucent clouds are the highest clouds in the atmosphere.
What type of reproduction results in genetically unique offspring?	internal reproduction	mitosis	asexual reproduction	sexual reproduction	Sexual reproduction results in offspring that are genetically unique. They differ from both parents and also from each other. This occurs for a number of reasons.
What is a disorder of glucose metabolism in which insulin production by the pancreas is impaired?	sugar mellitus	cluster mellitus	populations mellitus	diabetes mellitus	Diabetes mellitus is a disorder of glucose metabolism in which insulin production by the pancreas is impaired. Since insulin helps glucose enter the cells, a decrease of this hormone means that glucose cannot be used in its normal fashion. When this happens, the body begins to break down fats, producing a decrease in blood pH. Chemical systems in the body can balance this pH shift for a while, but excessive acid production can create serious problems if not corrected by administering insulin to restore normal glucose use.
Splitting of the nucleus of a radioactive atom into two smaller nuclei yields what type of reaction, which releases a great deal of energy from a small amount of matter?	nuclear fusion	solar fission	nucleation	nuclear fission	Nuclear fission is the splitting of the nucleus of a radioactive atom into two smaller nuclei. This type of reaction releases a great deal of energy from a very small amount of matter. Fission of a tiny pellet of radioactive uranium-235, like the one pictured in the Figure below , releases as much energy as burning 1,000 kilograms of coal!.
Colliding-beam accelerators create matter from what?	minerals	magnetism	sound	energy	Conceptual Questions 33.3 Accelerators Create Matter from Energy 1. The total energy in the beam of an accelerator is far greater than the energy of the individual beam particles. Why isn’t this total energy available to create a single extremely massive particle? 2. Synchrotron radiation takes energy from an accelerator beam and is related to acceleration. Why would you expect the problem to be more severe for electron accelerators than proton accelerators? 3. What two major limitations prevent us from building high-energy accelerators that are physically small? 4. What are the advantages of colliding-beam accelerators? What are the disadvantages?.
What is the term for the measure of the force of gravity pulling down on an object?	pressure	mass	density	weight	Weight is a measure of the force of gravity pulling down on an object. It depends on the object’s mass, which is how much matter the object contains. It also depends on the downward acceleration of the object due to gravity, which is the same all over Earth. Weight can be represented by the equation:.
Aging is associated with the death of what?	muscles	proteins	genes	cells	Aging is associated with the death of cells. Give two reasons why cells die.
Animals that live in groups with other members of their species are called what?	aggressive animals	available animals	grouping animals	social animals	Without communication, animals would not be able to live together in groups. Animals that live in groups with other members of their species are called social animals. Social animals include many species of insects, birds, and mammals. Specific examples are ants, bees, crows, wolves, and human beings.
What are typically named for their major physical or climatic factors in addition to their predominant vegetation?	habitats	communities	aqueous biomes	terrestrial biomes
What type of vents are giant tube worms found at?	temperature	Heated	oxygen	hydrothermal	Giant tube worms are found at hydrothermal vents. They get food from the chemosynthetic bacteria that live within them. The bacteria provide food; the worms provide shelter.
What results when a force does work?	pressure	side effect	momentum	movement	work: A force is said to do work when it acts on a body so that there is a displacement of the point of application, however small, in the direction of the force. Thus a force does work when it results in movement. The work done by a constant force of magnitude on a point that moves a distance in the direction of the force is the product, .
At the earth’s surface, the air pressure exerted on you is a result of the weight of what above you?	water	magnetic force	humidity	air	11.4 Variation of Pressure with Depth in a Fluid If your ears have ever popped on a plane flight or ached during a deep dive in a swimming pool, you have experienced the effect of depth on pressure in a fluid. At the Earth’s surface, the air pressure exerted on you is a result of the weight of air above you. This pressure is reduced as you climb up in altitude and the weight of air above you decreases. Under water, the pressure exerted on you increases with increasing depth. In this case, the pressure being exerted upon you is a result of both the weight of water above you and that of the atmosphere above you. You may notice an air pressure change on an elevator ride that transports you many stories, but you need only dive a meter or so below the surface of a pool to feel a pressure increase. The difference is that water is much denser than air, about 775 times as dense. Consider the container in Figure 11.10. Its bottom supports the weight of the fluid in it. Let us calculate the pressure exerted on the bottom by the weight of the fluid. That pressure is the weight of the fluid mg divided by the area A supporting it (the area of the bottom of the container):.
What is a common condition caused by stomach acid?	sunburn	arthritis	headache	heartburn	Have you ever experienced heartburn? Heartburn is actually a condition caused by stomach acid, rather something in your heart. The stomach produces HCl, which is a necessary component of digestion. However, excessive amounts of stomach acid can cause a great deal of discomfort. Various factors can cause the overproduction of acid, mostly related to the types (and amounts) of food and beverages that are being consumed. Caffeine and other oils in coffee (even decaf) will increase HCl production in the stomach. Smoking cigarettes and drinking alcohol also increase the formation of stomach acid.
Where do the majority of species live?	land	air	trees	ocean	Mollusks live in most terrestrial, freshwater, and marine habitats. However, the majority of species live in the ocean. They can be found in both shallow and deep water and from tropical to polar latitudes. They have a variety of ways of getting food. Some are free-living heterotrophs. Others are internal parasites. Mollusks are also eaten by many other organisms, including humans.
What process brings nutrients from the ocean's floor to its surface?	Tides	Down welling	coastal swell	upwelling	Upwelling brings nutrients to the surface from the ocean floor. Nutrients are important resources for ocean life. However, they aren’t the only resources on the ocean floor.
Crests and troughs are the high and low points of a what?	heat wave	darker wave	rupture wave	transverse wave	Crests and troughs are the high and low points of a transverse wave.
What is the term for materials that have been left behind by organisms that once lived?	bones	detritis	skulls	fossils	Sediments are small fragments of rocks and minerals. Pebbles, sand, silt, and clay are examples of sediments. Sedimentary rocks may include fossils. Fossils are materials left behind by once-living organisms. Fossils can be pieces of the organism, like bones. They can also be traces of the organism, like footprints.
A penguin must do what before molting?	mate	hibernate	use muscle mass	increase muscle mass
The pelvic girdle, consisting of a hip bone, serves to attach a lower limb to this?	cytoskeleton	exoskeleton	appendicular skeleton	axial skeleton	8.3 The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis The pelvic girdle, consisting of a hip bone, serves to attach a lower limb to the axial skeleton. The hip bone articulates posteriorly at the sacroiliac joint with the sacrum, which is part of the axial skeleton. The right and left hip bones converge anteriorly and articulate with each other at the pubic symphysis. The combination of the hip bone, the sacrum, and the coccyx forms the pelvis. The pelvis has a pronounced anterior tilt. The primary function of the pelvis is to support the upper body and transfer body weight to the lower limbs. It also serves as the site of attachment for multiple muscles. The hip bone consists of three regions: the ilium, ischium, and pubis. The ilium forms the large, fan-like region of the hip bone. The superior margin of this area is the iliac crest. Located at either end of the iliac crest are the anterior superior and posterior superior iliac spines. Inferior to these are the anterior inferior and posterior inferior iliac spines. The auricular surface of the ilium articulates with the sacrum to form the sacroiliac joint. The medial surface of the upper ilium forms the iliac fossa, with the arcuate line marking the inferior limit of this area. The posterior margin of the ilium has the large greater sciatic notch.
Why does water have a high surface tension?	oxygenation	high freezing point	helium bonding	hydrogen bonding
What are the two types of vascular tissues found in vascular plants?	ectoderm and phloem	xylem and chloroplasm	cytoplasm and chloroplasm	xylem and phloem	Xylem and phloem are the two types of vascular tissues in vascular plants.
What are the two types of photoreceptors in the retina?	images and cones	holes and cones	circles and cones	rods and cones	Which of the following statements about the human eye is false? a. Rods detect color, while cones detect only shades of gray. When light enters the retina, it passes the ganglion cells and bipolar cells before reaching photoreceptors at the rear of the eye. The iris adjusts the amount of light coming into the eye. The cornea is a protective layer on the front of the eye. The main function of the lens is to focus light on the retina and fovea centralis. The lens is dynamic, focusing and refocusing light as the eye rests on near and far objects in the visual field. The lens is operated by muscles that stretch it flat or allow it to thicken, changing the focal length of light coming through it to focus it sharply on the retina. With age comes the loss of the flexibility of the lens, and a form of farsightedness called presbyopia results. Presbyopia occurs because the image focuses behind the retina. Presbyopia is a deficit similar to a different type of farsightedness called hyperopia caused by an eyeball that is too short. For both defects, images in the distance are clear but images nearby are blurry. Myopia (nearsightedness) occurs when an eyeball is elongated and the image focus falls in front of the retina. In this case, images in the distance are blurry but images nearby are clear. There are two types of photoreceptors in the retina: rods and cones, named for their general appearance as illustrated in Figure 36.18. Rods are strongly photosensitive and are located in the outer edges of the retina. They detect dim light and are used primarily for peripheral and nighttime vision. Cones are weakly photosensitive and are located near the center of the retina. They respond to bright light, and their primary role is in daytime, color vision.
Forces which cause objects to turn around continuously in a circle are known as?	hydrodynamic forces	frictional forces	tension forces	centripetal forces	In the absence of a net force, objects move in a straight line. If they turn — that is, if their velocity changes, even only in direction — there must be an applied force. Forces which cause objects to turn around continuously in a circle are known as centripetal forces. When an object moves in a circle its velocity at any particular instant points in a direction tangent to the circle. The acceleration points towards the center of the circle, and so does the force acting on it. This is only natural, when you think about it — if you feel a force pushing you towards your left as you walk forward, you will walk in a circle, always turning left.
Why is a synthetic diamond not considered a mineral?	interactions must be created naturally	fluctuations must be created naturally	Minerals must not occur naturally.	minerals must be created naturally	Could a mineral be made by a process that was not natural? People make gemstones in a laboratory. Synthetic diamond is a common one. But that stone is not a mineral. That's because a mineral must be created by natural processes. This is part of the definition of a mineral.
What type of plug is generally used on metal appliances?	5 prong	4 prong	.2 prong	3 prong	A three-prong plug is generally used on metal appliances. The two flat prongs carry current to and from the appliance. The round prong is for safety. It connects with a wire inside the outlet that goes down into the ground. If any stray current leaks from the circuit or if there is a short circuit, the ground wire carries the current into the ground, which harmlessly absorbs it.
What term describes the ability of matter to combine chemically with other substances?	permeability	oxidation	Diffusion	reactivity	Reactivity is the ability of matter to combine chemically with other substances. For example, iron is highly reactive with oxygen. When it combines with oxygen, it forms the reddish powder called rust (see Figure below ). Rust is not iron but an entirely different substance that consists of both iron and oxygen.
What occurs when waves interact with other waves?	frequency	resurgence	vibration	interference	Wave interference occurs when waves interact with other waves. Constructive interference increases wave amplitude. Destructive interference decreases wave amplitude.
What is defined in physics as the amount of force pushing against a given area?	resistance	energy	gravity	pressure	Particles of gas are constantly moving in all directions at random. As a result, they are always bumping into each other and other things. This is modeled in the Figure below . The force of the particles against things they bump into creates pressure. Pressure is defined in physics as the amount of force pushing against a given area. How much pressure a gas exerts depends on the number of gas particles in a given space and how fast they are moving. The more gas particles there are and the faster they are moving, the greater the pressure they create. To learn more about gas pressure and how to measure it, go to this URL: http://www. wisc-online. com/objects/ViewObject. aspx?ID=GCH5004 .
What do you call the heat below earth’s surface that can be used to produce electricity?	natural energy	inert energy	renewable energy	geothermal energy	Heat below Earth’s surface—called geothermal energy— can be used to produce electricity. A power plant pumps water underground where it is heated. Then it pumps the water back to the plant and uses its thermal energy to generate electricity. On a small scale, geothermal energy can be used to heat homes. Installing a geothermal system can be very costly, however, because of the need to drill through underground rocks.
How do most plants create food?	glycolysis	electrolysis	atherosclerosis	photosynthesis	Plants are multicellular eukaryotes. They have organelles called chloroplasts and cell walls made of cellulose. Plants also have specialized reproductive organs. Almost all plants make food by photosynthesis. Life as we know it would not be possible without plants.
In a ketone, two of which kind of groups are attached to the carbonyl carbon atom?	oxygen groups	ions	nitrogen groups	carbon groups	Note The carbonyl group is ubiquitous in biological compounds. It is found in carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids, hormones, and vitamins—organic compounds critical to living systems. In a ketone, two carbon groups are attached to the carbonyl carbon atom. The following general formulas, in which R represents an alkyl group and Ar stands for an aryl group, represent ketones.
Tapeworms are what type of flatworms?	symbiotic	single-celled	endogenous	parasitic	Flatworms can be free-living or parasitic. Tapeworms are parasitic flatworms.
In most crustaceans, what two structures fuse to form a cephalothorax?	wing and legs	foot and toes	body and shoulders	head and thorax	Unlike that of the Hexapoda, the head and thorax of most crustaceans is fused to form a cephalothorax (Figure 28.40), which is covered by a plate called the carapace, thus producing a body structure of two tagma. Crustaceans have a chitinous exoskeleton that is shed by molting whenever the animal increases in size. The exoskeletons of many species are also infused with calcium carbonate, which makes them even stronger than in other arthropods. Crustaceans have an open circulatory system where blood is pumped into the hemocoel by the dorsally located heart. Hemocyanin and hemoglobin are the respiratory pigments present in these animals.
What class of animal, including hydras and jellies, is considered the simplest to contain a nervous system?	prokaryotes	fish	sponges	cnidarians
When iron and sulfur are mixed together in a certain ratio and heated, what do they become?	sulfuric acid	iron oxide	rust	iron sulfide	When iron and sulfur are mixed together in a certain ratio and heated, a chemical reaction occurs. This results in the formation of a unique new compound, called iron sulfide (FeS). A magnet cannot be used to mechanically separate the iron from the iron sulfide because metallic iron does not exist in the compound. Instead, another chemical reaction is required to separate the iron and sulfur.
What do many scientists think are the oldest eukaryotes?	arthropods	prokaryotes	plants	protists	Scientists think that protists are the oldest eukaryotes. If so, they must have evolved from prokaryotic cells. How did this happen? The endosymbiotic theory provides the most widely-accepted explanation. That’s because it is well supported by evidence.
Culprits in the common cold and aids, what infectious agents are far smaller and simpler than bacteria?	parasites	poisons	pathogens	viruses	Infectious diseases caused by viruses include the common cold, influenza, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and are among the most significant health problems in our society. Viruses are infectious agents far smaller and simpler than bacteria that are composed of a tightly packed central core of nucleic acids enclosed in a protective shell. The shell consists of layers of one or more proteins and may also have lipid or carbohydrate molecules on the surface. Because of their simplicity, viruses must invade the cells of other organisms to be able to reproduce. Viruses are visible only under an electron microscope. They come in a variety of shapes, ranging from spherical to rod shaped. The fact that they contain either deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA)—but never both—allows them to be divided into two major classes: DNA viruses and RNA viruses (Figure 19.17 "Viruses"). Figure 19.17 Viruses.
What triangular feature is formed when a river empties into a large body of still water?	region	flow	confluence	delta	Deposition also occurs when a stream or river empties into a large body of still water. In this case, a delta forms. A delta is shaped like a triangle. It spreads out into the body of water. An example is shown in Figure above .
Professionals known as genetic counselors can help them understand the risks of?	disease	contagion	infection	children being affected	A genetic disorder that is caused by a mutation can be inherited. Therefore, people with a genetic disorder in their family may be concerned about having children with the disorder. Professionals known as genetic counselors can help them understand the risks of their children being affected. If they decide to have children, they may be advised to have prenatal (“before birth”) testing to see if the fetus has any genetic abnormalities. One method of prenatal testing is amniocentesis. In this procedure, a few fetal cells are extracted from the fluid surrounding the fetus, and the fetal chromosomes are examined.
What type of fronts often bring sudden changes in the weather, including different types of precipitation, depending on the season?	warm fronts	stationary fronts	occluded fronts	cold fronts	As the fast-moving cold air mass keeps advancing, so does the cold front. Cold fronts often bring sudden changes in the weather. There may be a thin line of storms right at the front that moves as it moves. In the spring and summer, the storms may be thunderstorms and tornadoes. In the late fall and winter, the storms may bring snow. After a cold front passes, the cold air mass behind it brings cooler temperatures. The air is likely to be less humid as well. Can you explain why?.
Similarity in biochemicals, like the glucose used by virtually all living things for energy, provides evidence of what?	DNA	gravity	variation	evolution	Virtually all living things use glucose for energy, but glucose is just one of many examples of biochemical compounds that are found in most or all living things. In fact the similarity in biochemical compounds between living things provides some of the best evidence for the evolution of species from common ancestors. A classic example is the biochemical compound called cytochrome c. It is found in all living organisms because it performs essential life functions. Only slight variations in the molecule exist between closely related species, as you can see in the Figure below . The molecule is identical in humans and their closest relatives, the chimpanzees. And even between humans and the single-celled tetrahymena (pictured in the Figure below ), the cytochrome c molecule is nearly 50 percent the same.
In type 2 diabetes, body cells do not respond to normal amounts of what hormone?	estrogen	glucose	hemoglobin	insulin	In some cases, an endocrine gland secretes a normal amount of hormone, but target cells do not respond to the hormone. Often, this is because target cells have because resistant to the hormone. Type 2 diabetes is an example of this type of endocrine disorder. In Type 2 diabetes, body cells do not respond to normal amounts of insulin. As a result, cells do not take up glucose and the amount of glucose in the blood becomes too high. This type of diabetes is not generally treated with insulin injections. Instead, it is usually treated with medication and diet.
What fibres are seen in some vertebrates that twitch at rates far faster than any human muscle?	fast glycolytic fibres	fast oxidative fibres	slow twitch fibres	skeletal muscle fibers
The cytoplasm divides during what process?	genesys	metamorphosis	osmosis	cytokinesis	During mitosis , the nucleus divides as the chromosomes are equally separated. One nucleus becomes two nuclei, each with an identical set of chromosomes . Mitosis is followed by cytokinesis , when the cytoplasm divides, resulting in two cells. After cytokinesis, cell division is complete. The one parent cell (the dividing cell) forms two genetically identical daughter cells (the cells that divide from the parent cell). The term "genetically identical" means that each cell has an identical set of DNA, and this DNA is also identical to that of the parent cell. If the cell cycle is not carefully controlled, it can cause a disease called cancer in which the cells divide out of control. A tumor can result from this kind of growth.
Where do birds store and moisten food that is waiting to be digested?	gullet	nest	tree	crop	Birds have a sac-like structure called a crop to store and moisten food that is waiting to be digested. They also have an organ called a gizzard that contains swallowed stones. The stones make up for the lack of teeth by grinding food, which can then be digested more quickly. Both structures make it easier for the digestive system to produce a steady supply of nutrients from food.
Where can you find humid subtropical climates?	between 40 and 60 degrees longitude	between 20 and 40 degrees longitude	between 40 and 60 degrees latitude	between 20 and 40 degrees latitude	Humid subtropical climates are found on the eastern sides of continents between about 20° and 40° latitude. The southeastern U. S. has this type of climate. Summers are hot and humid, but winters are chilly. There is moderate rainfall throughout the year. Pine and oak forests grow in this climate ( Figure below ).
What type of lenses can correct myopia?	convex lenses	polarized lenses	diffusion lenses	concave lenses	Nearsightedness, or myopia, is the condition in which nearby objects are seen clearly, but distant objects appear blurry. The eyeball is longer than normal, focusing images front of the retina. Concave lenses can correct the problem.
Photoautotrophs including (a) plants, (b) algae, and (c) cyanobacteria synthesize their organic compounds via photosynthesis using sunlight as this?	fuel source	light source4	heating source	energy source	Figure 8.2 Photoautotrophs including (a) plants, (b) algae, and (c) cyanobacteria synthesize their organic compounds via photosynthesis using sunlight as an energy source. Cyanobacteria and planktonic algae can grow over enormous areas in water, at times completely covering the surface. In a (d) deep sea vent, chemoautotrophs, such as these (e) thermophilic bacteria, capture energy from inorganic compounds to produce organic compounds. The ecosystem surrounding the vents has a diverse array of animals, such as tubeworms, crustaceans, and octopi that derive energy from the bacteria. (credit a: modification of work by Steve Hillebrand, U. Fish and Wildlife Service; credit b: modification of work by "eutrophication&hypoxia"/Flickr; credit c: modification of work by NASA; credit d: University of Washington, NOAA; credit e: modification of work by Mark Amend, West Coast and Polar Regions Undersea Research Center, UAF, NOAA).
Glaciers modify the landscape by what?	truncation	silt	sediment	erosion	Glaciers modify the landscape by erosion. They also modify the landscape by deposition. Glaciers carry an enormous amount of material and dump it. The features they leave behind show where they were and what happened as they were melting away.
The cells in the follicle undergo physical changes and produce a structure called a what?	secondary ovum	primordial follicle	liberated ovum	corpus luteum	Following ovulation, the ovarian cycle enters its luteal phase, illustrated in Figure 43.15 and the menstrual cycle enters its secretory phase, both of which run from about day 15 to 28. The luteal and secretory phases refer to changes in the ruptured follicle. The cells in the follicle undergo physical changes and produce a structure called a corpus luteum. The corpus luteum produces estrogen and progesterone. The progesterone facilitates the regrowth of the uterine lining and inhibits the release of further FSH and LH. The uterus is being prepared to accept a fertilized egg, should it occur during this cycle. The inhibition of FSH and LH prevents any further eggs and follicles from developing, while the progesterone is elevated. The level of estrogen produced by the corpus luteum increases to a steady level for the next few days. If no fertilized egg is implanted into the uterus, the corpus luteum degenerates and the levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease. The endometrium begins to degenerate as the progesterone levels drop, initiating the next menstrual cycle. The decrease in progesterone also allows the hypothalamus to send GnRH to the anterior pituitary, releasing FSH and LH and starting the cycles again. Figure 43.17 visually compares the ovarian and uterine cycles as well as the commensurate hormone levels.
Scientists can use what tool to determine an earthquake's strength?	telescope	geiger counter	kilocalorie	seismogram	Seismograms record earthquake strength. Scientists can use them to determine the distance to an earthquake. Using at least three seismograms, they can locate the earthquake's epicenter. Scientists measure earthquake intensity in several ways. So far no one has found a way to predict earthquakes.
How many moons does pluto have?	four	six	two	three	Pluto has three moons of its own. The largest, Charon, is big compared to Pluto. The Pluto-Charon system is sometimes called a double dwarf planet ( Figure above ). Two smaller moons, Nix and Hydra, were discovered in 2005.
Huge calderas form when the mountain above an empty chamber of what collapses?	coal	gas	mercury	magma	During a massive eruption, all of the material may be ejected from a magma changer. Without support, the mountain above the empty chamber may collapse. This produces a huge caldera . Calderas are generally round, bowl-shaped formations ( Figure below ).
What type of bonds are the attractive forces between the positively charged nuclei of the bonded atoms and one or more pairs of electrons that are located between the atoms?	reactive	active	gravitational	covalent	Note that there is a system for naming some polyatomic ions; -ate and -ite are suffixes designating polyatomic ions containing more or fewer oxygen atoms. Per- (short for “hyper”) and hypo- (meaning “under”) are prefixes meaning more oxygen atoms than -ate and fewer oxygen atoms than -ite, respectively. For example, perchlorate is ClO 4 − , chlorate is ClO 3 − , chlorite is ClO 2 − and hypochlorite is ClO−. Unfortunately, the number of oxygen atoms corresponding to a given suffix or prefix is not consistent; for example, nitrate is NO 3 − while sulfate is SO 4 2−. This will be covered in more detail in the next module on nomenclature. The nature of the attractive forces that hold atoms or ions together within a compound is the basis for classifying chemical bonding. When electrons are transferred and ions form, ionic bonds result. Ionic bonds are electrostatic forces of attraction, that is, the attractive forces experienced between objects of opposite electrical charge (in this case, cations and anions). When electrons are “shared” and molecules form, covalent bonds result. Covalent bonds are the attractive forces between the positively charged nuclei of the bonded atoms and one or more pairs of electrons that are located between the atoms. Compounds are classified as ionic or molecular (covalent) on the basis of the bonds present in them.
Chemical elements and water are constantly recycled in the ecosystem through what?	inorganic cycles	geothermal cycles	greenhouse gases	biogeochemical cycles	Chemical elements and water are constantly recycled in the ecosystem through biogeochemical cycles.
What system is the spinal cord related to?	digestive system	circulatory system	lymphatic system	nervous system	Some people recover from spinal cord injuries. But many people are paralyzed for life. Thanks to the work of Christopher Reeve ( Figure below ), more research is being done on spinal cord injuries now than ever before. For example, scientists are trying to discover ways to regrow damaged spinal cord neurons.
What is the total range of the energy from the sun called?	measured spectrum	molecular spectrum	solar spectrum	electromagnetic spectrum	Energy from the Sun has a wide range of wavelengths. The total range of energy is called the electromagnetic spectrum ( Figure below ).
Plants have specialized organs that help them survive and reproduce in a great diversity of habitats. major organs of most plants include roots, stems, and what?	sacs	clusters	lungs	leaves	Plants have specialized organs that help them survive and reproduce in a great diversity of habitats. Major organs of most plants include roots, stems, and leaves.
The lungs of mammals are unique in having what?	acini	alveolar	glands	alveoli	The lungs of mammals are unique in having alveoli . These are tiny, sac-like structures. Each alveolus is surrounded by a network of very small blood vessels (see Figure below ). Because there are millions of alveoli in each lung, they greatly increase the surface area for gas exchange between the lungs and bloodstream. Human lungs, for example, contain about 300 million alveoli. They give the lungs a total surface area for gas exchange of up to 90 square meters (968 square feet). That’s about as much surface area as one side of a volleyball court!.
The organs of female mammals that that produce eggs are called what?	fallopian tubes	testes	Uterus	ovaries	Like other female vertebrates, all female mammals have ovaries. These are the organs that produce eggs (see Figure below ). Therian mammals also have two additional female reproductive structures that are not found in other vertebrates. They are the uterus and vagina.
What do you call the patterns and groups of stars in the sky that ancient people observed and made stories about?	asteroid fields	planets	meteors	constellations	The stars that make up a constellation appear close to each other from Earth. In reality, they may be very distant from one another. Constellations were important to people, like the Ancient Greeks. People who spent a lot of time outdoors at night, like shepherds, named the constellations. They told stories about them. Pictured below is one of the most easily recognized constellations ( Figure below ). The ancient Greeks thought this group of stars looked like a hunter. They named it Orion, after a great hunter in Greek mythology.
Each enzyme has an optimal what at which its reaction rate is greatest?	precipitation	weight	size	temperature
What type of prokaryotes live in habitats without oxygen?	enzymatic	phosphoric	aerobic	anaerobic	Anaerobic prokaryotes live in habitats without oxygen.
What is the only metal that is liquid at room temperature?	water	hydrogen	gas	mercury	A familiar liquid is mercury metal. Mercury is an anomaly. It is the only metal we know of that is liquid at room temperature. Mercury also has an ability to stick to itself (surface tension) – a property all liquids exhibit. Mercury has a relatively high surface tension, which makes it very unique. Here you see mercury in its common liquid form.
What do animals store with the help of saturated fatty acids?	protein	oxygen	sugar	energy	In saturated fatty acids , carbon atoms are bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as possible. This causes the molecules to form straight chains, as shown in Figure below . The straight chains can be packed together very tightly, allowing them to store energy in a compact form. This explains why saturated fatty acids are solids at room temperature. Animals use saturated fatty acids to store energy.
What are the dark areas of the moon called?	laura	craters	hollow space	maria	The Moon has dark areas, called maria, surrounded by lighter colored highland areas, called terrae.
What do people use from aquifers from springs or wells?	soil	oxygen	salt	fresh water	People use fresh water from aquifers from springs or wells.
What item lost by diffusion and in the urine are replenished by eating?	yeast	protein	sugar	salt
What is the primary cause of air movement in the troposphere?	the ozone layer	solar winds	asteroids	differences in heating	Air movement takes place in the troposphere. Air moves because of differences in heating. The differences create convection currents and winds.
In cellular respiration, glucose is broken down and what is made?	rna	chlorophyll	simple sugars	atp	The flow of energy through living organisms begins with photosynthesis. This process stores energy from sunlight in the chemical bonds of glucose. By breaking the chemical bonds in glucose, cells release the stored energy and make the ATP they need. The process in which glucose is broken down and ATP is made is called cellular respiration .
The sum of the kinetic and potential energies of a system’s atoms and molecules is called what?	stored energy	mechanical energy	used energy	internal energy	Internal energy—the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of a system’s atoms and molecules. Can be divided into many subcategories, such as thermal and chemical energy. Depends only on the state of a system (such as its P , V , and T ), not on how the energy entered the system. Change in internal energy is path independent.
After what state is reached, the concentrations of all reaction components remain constant unless a change is made to the system?	equality	homeostasis	level	equilibrium	After equilibrium has been reached, the concentrations of all reaction components will remain constant unless a change is made to the system. Because the concentrations are no longer changing, it may appear that the reaction has "stopped. " This is incorrect; both the forward and reverse reactions are still going on, even at equilibrium. However, because the two reactions are proceeding at the same rate, no net change is observed.
What type of reproduction is exemplified by starfish and yeasts?	sexual reproduction	bacteria reproduction	microscopic reproduction	asexual reproduction	Starfish: Flickr:amanderson2; Yeast: Zappy's. Starfish and yeasts are examples of organisms that reproduce asexually . Starfish: CC BY 2.0; Yeast: CC BY-NC 3.0.
What is the scientific term for stored energy an object has due to its position or shape?	new energy	repeat energy	mechanical energy	potential energy	Why do charges flow in an electric current? The answer has to do with electric potential energy. Potential energy is stored energy that an object has due to its position or shape. An electric charge has potential energy because of its position in an electric field. For example, when two negative charges are close together, they have potential energy because they repel each other and have the potential to push apart. If the charges move apart, their potential energy decreases. Electric charges always move spontaneously from a position where they have higher potential energy to a position where their potential energy is lower. This is similar to water falling over a dam from an area of higher to lower potential energy due to gravity.
What kind of current flows in just one direction?	Alternating current	physical current	slow current	direct current	When current flows in just one direction, it is called direct current (DC) . The diagram below shows how direct current flows through a simple circuit. An example of direct current is the current that flows through a battery-powered flashlight. In addition to batteries, solar cells and fuel cells can also provide direct current.
Most motions in nature follow ________ rather than straight lines?	horizontal paths	vertical paths	sharp paths	curved paths	Introduction to Two-Dimensional Kinematics The arc of a basketball, the orbit of a satellite, a bicycle rounding a curve, a swimmer diving into a pool, blood gushing out of a wound, and a puppy chasing its tail are but a few examples of motions along curved paths. In fact, most motions in nature follow curved paths rather than straight lines. Motion along a curved path on a flat surface or a plane (such as that of a ball on a pool table or a skater on an ice rink) is two-dimensional, and thus described by two-dimensional kinematics. Motion not confined to a plane, such as a car following a winding mountain road, is described by three-dimensional kinematics. Both two- and threedimensional kinematics are simple extensions of the one-dimensional kinematics developed for straight-line motion in the previous chapter. This simple extension will allow us to apply physics to many more situations, and it will also yield unexpected insights about nature.
An object's energy due to motion is known as?	thermodynamic energy	residual energy	inertia	kinetic energy	An object’s kinetic energy is the energy due to motion. Kinetic energy can be defined mathematically as.
While populations with unlimited resources grow exponentially, the population of a species will level off when what limit of its environment is reached?	extinction	reproduction	niche	carrying capacity	45.3 Environmental Limits to Population Growth Populations with unlimited resources grow exponentially, with an accelerating growth rate. When resources become limiting, populations follow a logistic growth curve. The population of a species will level off at the carrying capacity of its environment.
Group 16 is called what?	metalloids	noble gases	the acid group	the oxygen group	Group 16 is called the oxygen group. The first three elements in this group are nonmetals. They are followed by one metalloid and one metal. All the elements in the oxygen group have six valence electrons, and all are reactive. Oxygen (O), for example, readily reacts with metals to form compounds such as rust. Oxygen is a gas at room temperature. The other four elements in group 16 are solids.

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