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Lobsters are what kind of food source? | sauropod | combination | mollusc | arthropod | Lobsters are one kind of arthropod food source. |
Helicopters store large amounts of rotational energy of what type in their blades? | thermal | magnetic | seismic | kinetic | Figure 10.18 The first image shows how helicopters store large amounts of rotational kinetic energy in their blades. This energy must be put into the blades before takeoff and maintained until the end of the flight. The engines do not have enough power to simultaneously provide lift and put significant rotational energy into the blades. The second image shows a helicopter from the Auckland Westpac Rescue Helicopter Service. Over 50,000 lives have been saved since its operations beginning in 1973. Here, a water rescue operation is shown. (credit: 111 Emergency, Flickr). |
What branch of science is the study of matter and energy? | Thermodynamics | environmental science | Chemistry | physical science | Physical science is the study of matter and energy. It includes the sciences of chemistry and physics. Most careers in physical science require a 4-year college degree in one of these fields. Some careers require more advanced education as well. For example, an astronaut might have a master’s degree or even a doctoral degree. |
Plants and algae maintain the atmosphere. during photosynthesis, they add oxygen and remove what? | methane | water | nitrogen | carbon dioxide | Plants and algae maintain the atmosphere. During photosynthesis, they add oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. |
Electric substations have what devices, which use electromagnetic induction to increase or decrease the voltage of the current? | tubes | transistors | generators | transformers | Electric substations have several functions. Many substations distribute electricity from a few high-voltage lines to several lower-voltage lines. They have electric transformers, which use electromagnetic induction to change the voltage of the current. Some transformers increase the voltage; others decrease the voltage. In the Figure below , you can see how both types of transformers are used in an electrical grid. |
By what process does oxygen enter the pores of flatworms? | permeation | absorption | filtration | diffusion | Flatworms do not have a respiratory system. Instead, they have pores that allow oxygen to enter through their body. Oxygen enters the pores by diffusion. |
The iconic gray mantle of the human brain, which appears to make up most of the mass of the brain, is called? | thrombus | brain stem | lobes | cerebrum | The Cerebrum The iconic gray mantle of the human brain, which appears to make up most of the mass of the brain, is the cerebrum (Figure 13.6). The wrinkled portion is the cerebral cortex, and the rest of the structure is beneath that outer covering. There is a large separation between the two sides of the cerebrum called the longitudinal fissure. It separates the cerebrum into two distinct halves, a right and left cerebral hemisphere. Deep within the cerebrum, the white matter of the corpus callosum provides the major pathway for communication between the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex. |
What kind of rocks form as an existing rock is altered by high temperature or pressure? | basaltic | igneous | sedimentary | metamorphic | Metamorphic rocks form as an existing rock is altered by high temperature or pressure. |
What kind of water are cattails adapted for with narrow, strap-like leaves? | turbulent water | stagnant water | saline water | moving water | Living in water does present challenges to plants, however. For one thing, pollination by wind or animals isn’t feasible under water, so aquatic plants may have adaptations that help them keep their flowers above water. For instance, water lilies have bowl-shaped flowers and broad, flat leaves that float. This allows the lilies to collect the maximum amount of sunlight, which does not penetrate very deeply below the water's surface. Plants that live in moving water, such as streams and rivers, may have different adaptations. For example, cattails have narrow, strap-like leaves that reduce their resistance to the moving water (see Figure below ). |
What is the most abundant living thing on earth that can be found in almost any environment? | pathogens | pests | viruses | bacteria | Bacteria are the most abundant living things on Earth. They live in almost all environments. They are found in the air, ocean, soil, and intestines of animals. They are even found in rocks deep below Earth's surface. Any surface that has not been sterilized is likely to be covered with bacteria. The total number of bacteria in the world is amazing. It's estimated to be about 5 million trillion trillion. If you write that number in digits, it has 30 zeroes!. |
Oxidation does not necessarily require heating. which is the common and natural method of oxidation? | ageing | boiling | fermentation | rusting | Oxidation does not necessarily require heating. Iron that is exposed to air and water slowly oxidizes in a process commonly known as rusting. Bleaches contain various compounds such as sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), which release oxygen that oxidizes stains. Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) releases oxygen as it spontaneously decomposes. It acts as a bleach and an antiseptic that kills bacteria by oxidizing them. |
Toward the late stages of pregnancy, a drop in progesterone and stretching forces from the fetus lead to increasing uterine irritability and prompt labor. contractions serve to dilate the cervix and expel this? | uteris | blood | tissues | newborn | Toward the late stages of pregnancy, a drop in progesterone and stretching forces from the fetus lead to increasing uterine irritability and prompt labor. Contractions serve to dilate the cervix and expel the newborn. Delivery of the placenta and associated fetal membranes follows. |
Light bends when it passes in from what to what? | water to air | air to ground | product to water | air to water | Refraction is another way that waves interact with matter. Refraction occurs when waves bend as they enter a new medium at an angle. You can see an example of refraction in Figure below . Light bends when it passes from air to water. The bending of the light causes the pencil to appear broken. |
Photosynthesis uses solar energy, carbon dioxide, and water to produce energy-storing carbohydrates.what is produced as a waste product? | sulfur | methane | calcium | oxygen | Figure 8.4 Photosynthesis uses solar energy, carbon dioxide, and water to produce energy-storing carbohydrates. Oxygen is generated as a waste product of photosynthesis. |
What is the basic unit of computer memory? | Bit | Megabyte | Teraybte | byte | Multiplicative prefixes are used for other units as well, such as computer memory. The basic unit of computer memory is the byte (b). What is the unit for one million bytes?. |
What is the first part of the large intestine, where wastes enter from the small intestine? | stomach | bowel | esophagus | the cecum | The cecum is the first part of the large intestine, where wastes enter from the small intestine. The wastes are in a liquid state. As they passes through the colon, which is the second part of the large intestine, excess water is absorbed. The remaining solid wastes are called feces . Feces accumulate in the rectum, which is the third part of the large intestine. As the rectum fills, the feces become compacted. After a certain amount of feces accumulate, they are eliminated from the body. A sphincter controls the anus and opens to let feces pass through. |
Burning fossil fuels produces air pollution and what? | acid rain | oxygen | liquid dioxide | carbon dioxide | Fossil fuels—including oil, natural gas, and coal—provide most of the energy used in the world today. Burning fossil fuels produces air pollution as well as carbon dioxide that causes global climate change. |
Monosaccharides, particularly glucose, are major nutrients for what? | lipids | proteins | photosynthesis | cells | |
Covalent solids are formed by networks or chains of atoms or molecules held together by what? | gravitational bonds | ionic bonds | bail bonds | covalent bonds | Covalent Solids Covalent solids are formed by networks or chains of atoms or molecules held together by covalent bonds. A perfect single crystal of a covalent solid is therefore a single giant molecule. For example, the structure of diamond, shown in part (a) in , consists of sp3hybridized carbon atoms, each bonded to four other carbon atoms in a tetrahedral array to create a giant network. The carbon atoms form six-membered rings. Figure 12.19 The Structures of Diamond and Graphite. |
In response to high blood osmolarity, which can occur during dehydration or following a very salty meal, the osmoreceptors signal the posterior pituitary to release this? | oxygen | adrenaline | salt | antidiuretic hormone (adh) | Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) The solute concentration of the blood, or blood osmolarity, may change in response to the consumption of certain foods and fluids, as well as in response to disease, injury, medications, or other factors. Blood osmolarity is constantly monitored by osmoreceptors—specialized cells within the hypothalamus that are particularly sensitive to the concentration of sodium ions and other solutes. In response to high blood osmolarity, which can occur during dehydration or following a very salty meal, the osmoreceptors signal the posterior pituitary to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH). The target cells of ADH are located in the tubular cells of the kidneys. Its effect is to increase epithelial permeability to water, allowing increased water reabsorption. The more water reabsorbed from the filtrate, the greater the amount of water that is returned to the blood and the less that is excreted in the urine. A greater concentration of water results in a reduced concentration of solutes. ADH is also known as vasopressin because, in very high concentrations, it causes constriction of blood vessels, which increases blood pressure by increasing peripheral resistance. The release of ADH is controlled by a negative feedback loop. As blood osmolarity decreases, the hypothalamic osmoreceptors sense the change and prompt a corresponding decrease in the secretion of ADH. As a result, less water is reabsorbed from the urine filtrate. Interestingly, drugs can affect the secretion of ADH. For example, alcohol consumption inhibits the release of ADH, resulting in increased urine production that can eventually lead to dehydration and a hangover. A disease called diabetes insipidus is characterized by chronic underproduction of ADH that causes chronic dehydration. Because little ADH is produced and secreted, not enough water is reabsorbed by the kidneys. Although patients feel thirsty, and increase their fluid consumption, this doesn’t effectively decrease the solute concentration in their blood because ADH levels are not high enough to trigger water reabsorption in the kidneys. Electrolyte imbalances can occur in severe cases of diabetes insipidus. |
The grasp reflex in humans is an example of what kind of behavior? | trait | habit | inclination | innate | One of the few innate behaviors in human beings is the grasp reflex. It occurs only in babies. |
Antibiotics can cure most infections that are caused by what? | bile | bacterium | algae | bacteria | Health care has been improving over the most recent centuries. Vaccines were developed that could prevent many diseases ( Figure below ). Antibiotics were discovered that could cure most infections caused by bacteria. Together, these two advances saved countless lives. |
Hydrocarbons are made up of carbon and what else? | helium | silicon | nitrogen | hydrogen | Hydrocarbons are compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen. The carbon atoms in hydrocarbons may share single, double, or triple covalent bonds. Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain at least one double or triple bond between carbon atoms. They are classified on the basis of their bonds as alkenes, aromatic hydrocarbons, or alkynes. |
Archaeal cell walls contain a variety of polysaccharides and proteins but lack what? | S-layers | RNA | DNA | peptidoglycan | |
What are lipids' function in relation to nerves? | conservation | transportation | reproduction | protection | Lipids are nutrients, such as fats that store energy. Lipids also have several other roles in the body. For example, lipids protect nerves and make up the membranes that surround cells. |
What's the name for the point reached at a ph of 7? | constriction point | analogous point | acidic point | equivalence point | As base is added to acid at the beginning of a titration, the pH rises very slowly. Nearer to the equivalence point, the pH begins to rapidly increase. If the titration is a strong acid with a strong base, the pH at the equivalence point is equal to 7. A bit past the equivalence point, the rate of change of the pH again slows down. A titration curve is a graphical representation of the pH of a solution during a titration. The Figure below shows two different examples of a strong acid-strong base titration curve. On the left is a titration in which the base is added to the acid and so the pH progresses from low to high. On the right is a titration in which the acid is added to the base. In this case, the pH starts out high and decreases during the titration. In both cases, the equivalence point is reached when the moles of acid and base are equal and the pH is 7. This also corresponds to the color change of the indicator. |
Crystallization separates mixtures based on differences in what, which usually increases with temperature? | humidity | density | viscosity | solubility | Crystallization separates mixtures based on differences in solubility, a measure of how much solid substance remains dissolved in a given amount of a specified liquid. Most substances are more soluble at higher temperatures, so a mixture of two or more substances can be dissolved at an elevated temperature and then allowed to cool slowly. Alternatively, the liquid, called the solvent, may be allowed to evaporate. In either case, the least soluble of the dissolved substances, the one that is least likely to remain in solution, usually forms crystals first, and these crystals can be removed from the remaining solution by filtration. Figure 1.9 "The Crystallization of Sodium Acetate from a Concentrated Solution of Sodium Acetate in Water" dramatically illustrates the process of crystallization. Most mixtures can be separated into pure substances, which may be either elements or compounds. An element, such as gray, metallic sodium, is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler ones by chemical changes; a compound, such as white, crystalline sodium chloride, contains two or more elements and has chemical and physical properties that are usually different from those of the elements of which it is composed. With only a few exceptions, a particular compound has the same elemental composition (the same elements in the same proportions) regardless of its source or history. The chemical composition of a substance is altered in a process called achemical change. The conversion of two or more elements, such as sodium and chlorine, to a chemical compound, sodium chloride, is an example of a chemical change, often called a chemical reaction. Currently, about 115 elements are known, but millions of chemical compounds have been prepared from these 115 elements. The known elements are listed in the periodic table (see Chapter 32 "Appendix H: Periodic Table of Elements"). In general, a reverse chemical process breaks down compounds into their elements. For example, water (a compound) can be decomposed into hydrogen and oxygen (both elements) by a process called electrolysis. In electrolysis, electricity provides the energy needed to separate a compound into its constituent elements (Figure 1.10 "The Decomposition of Water to Hydrogen and Oxygen by Electrolysis"). A similar technique is used on a vast scale to obtain pure aluminum, an element, from its ores, which are mixtures of compounds. Because a great deal of energy is required for electrolysis, the cost of electricity is by far the greatest expense incurred in manufacturing pure aluminum. Thus recycling aluminum is both cost-effective and ecologically sound. |
Pure substances have a constant composition and can only be changed through what? | liquid reactions | heating | dissolution | chemical reactions | When studying the different states that matter exhibits, we have been looking at pure substances . Pure substances have a constant composition and can only be changed through chemical reactions. Constant composition indicates that a sample of a pure substance always contains the same elements in the same proportions. There are two main types of pure substances:. |
Which water from the equator mixes with cold water from the poles? | ice water | spring water | hot | warm | Water flows through all the world’s oceans. Warm water from the Equator mixes with cold water from the poles. The mixing of warm and cold water makes the water temperature moderate. |
In order to determine its molecular formula, it is necessary to know what about the compound? | protons mass | lipid mass | polar mass | molar mass | Empirical formulas can be determined from the percent composition of a compound. In order to determine its molecular formula, it is necessary to know the molar mass of the compound. Chemists use an instrument called a mass spectrometer to determine the molar mass of compounds. In order to go from the empirical formula to the molecular formula, follow these steps:. |
What is the term for much bigger evolutionary changes that result in new species? | regression | recalibration | breaking away | macroevolution | Macroevolution refers to much bigger evolutionary changes that result in new species. Macroevolution may happen:. |
What are the effects of light on plant morphology called? | Microsporogenesis | electrogenesis | Megasporogenesis | photomorphogenesis | |
In a magnet, what are the regions called that are the strongest? | negatives | positives | plates | poles | A magnet is an object that attracts certain materials such as iron. All magnets have north and south magnetic poles. The poles are regions where the magnet is strongest. |
What kind of muscle cells undergo twitch-type contractions with long refractory periods followed by brief relaxation periods, allowing the heart to fill with blood for the next cycle? | smooth muscle | nervous muscle | skeletal muscle | cardiac muscle | Cardiac muscle undergoes aerobic respiration patterns, primarily metabolizing lipids and carbohydrates. Myoglobin, lipids, and glycogen are all stored within the cytoplasm. Cardiac muscle cells undergo twitch-type contractions with long refractory periods followed by brief relaxation periods. The relaxation is essential so the heart can fill with blood for the next cycle. The refractory period is very long to prevent the possibility of tetany, a condition in which muscle remains involuntarily contracted. In the heart, tetany is not compatible with life, since it would prevent the heart from pumping blood. |
What is a factor in determining weight but not mass? | gravity | function | material | location | Mass is independent of location, while weight depends on location. |
What occurs when two nonpolar liquids are mixed? | polar-nonpolar interactions | sediment - nonpolar interactions | refracted - nonpolar interactions | nonpolar-nonpolar interactions | Nonpolar-nonpolar interactions occur when two nonpolar liquids are mixed. An example of this is the interaction between toluene and octane (see Figures above and below ). The interactions between a molecule of toluene and a molecule of octane are relatively weak, but so are the toluene-toluene and octane-octane interactions. Because no strong intermolecular forces (like those between water molecules) need to be broken for mixing to occur, no strong interactions need to be formed in order for mixing to be a favorable process. Toluene and octane will form a homogeneous mixture. The phrase "like dissolves like" applies to these mixtures as well. In this case, nonpolar dissolves nonpolar. |
Although much of the heart's basic structure is complete by the end of the fifth week, what fetal structures remain until birth or shortly after? | umbilical arteries | heart shunts | renal arteries | blood shunts | The five regions of the primitive heart tube develop into recognizable structures in a fully developed heart. The truncus arteriosus will eventually divide and give rise to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk. The bulbus cordis develops into the right ventricle. The primitive ventricle forms the left ventricle. The primitive atrium becomes the anterior portions of both the right and left atria, and the two auricles. The sinus venosus develops into the posterior portion of the right atrium, the SA node, and the coronary sinus. As the primitive heart tube elongates, it begins to fold within the pericardium, eventually forming an S shape, which places the chambers and major vessels into an alignment similar to the adult heart. This process occurs between days 23 and 28. The remainder of the heart development pattern includes development of septa and valves, and remodeling of the actual chambers. Partitioning of the atria and ventricles by the interatrial septum, interventricular septum, and atrioventricular septum is complete by the end of the fifth week, although the fetal blood shunts remain until birth or shortly after. The atrioventricular valves form between weeks five and eight, and the semilunar valves form between weeks five and nine. |
Because sound waves must move through a medium, there are no sound waves in a what? | gas | solid | liquid | vacuum | Sound Auditory stimuli are sound waves, which are mechanical, pressure waves that move through a medium, such as air or water. There are no sound waves in a vacuum since there are no air molecules to move in waves. The speed of sound waves differs, based on altitude, temperature, and medium, but at sea level and a temperature of 20º C (68º F), sound waves travel in the air at about 343 meters per second. As is true for all waves, there are four main characteristics of a sound wave: frequency, wavelength, period, and amplitude. Frequency is the number of waves per unit of time, and in sound is heard as pitch. High-frequency (≥15.000Hz) sounds are higher-pitched (short wavelength) than low-frequency (long wavelengths; ≤100Hz) sounds. Frequency is measured in. |
Bicarbonate is the second most abundant anion in the blood. its principal function is to maintain your body’s acid-base balance by being part of these? | compound systems | curb systems | stream systems | buffer systems | Bicarbonate Bicarbonate is the second most abundant anion in the blood. Its principal function is to maintain your body’s acid-base balance by being part of buffer systems. This role will be discussed in a different section. Bicarbonate ions result from a chemical reaction that starts with carbon dioxide (CO2) and water, two molecules that are produced at the end of aerobic metabolism. Only a small amount of CO2 can be dissolved in body fluids. Thus, over 90 percent of the CO2 is converted into bicarbonate ions, HCO3–, through the following reactions:. |
What process involves two cell divisions and produces four haploid cells? | Klerokinesis | mutations | Mitosis | meiosis | Meiosis involves two cell divisions and produces four haploid cells. |
What happens to a chain of amino acids after it reaches a stop codon? | stays in ribosome | metabolism begins | digestion stops | released from the ribosome | The chain of amino acids keeps growing until a stop codon is reached. Then the chain is released from the ribosome. |
How many electrons can be accommodated in the first electron shell's orbital? | 3 | none | 1 | 2 | |
Species distributions are a consequence of both ecological and evolutionary what? | isolation | fluctuations | particles | interactions | |
What is the name of the mineral that contains calcium, carbon and oxygen? | cobalt | quartz | granite | calcite | Law stating that pressure in a moving fluid is less when the fluid is moving faster. |
What medical emergency occurs when a blood clot blocks blood flow to part of the brain, causing death of brain cells? | heart murmur | cardiac arrest | epileptic seizure | stroke | A stroke occurs when a blood clot blocks blood flow to part of the brain. Brain cells die quickly when their oxygen supply is cut off. Therefore, a stroke may cause permanent loss of normal mental functions. Many stroke patients suffer some degree of paralysis, or loss of the ability to feel or move certain parts of the body. If medical treatment is given very soon after a stroke occurs, some of the damage may be reversed. Strokes occur mainly in older adults. |
What are the strongest magnets made? | natural magnets | permanent magnets | polarized magnets | electromagnets | An electromagnet is a solenoid wrapped around a bar of iron or other ferromagnetic material. The magnetic field of the coil magnetizes the bar, which adds to the strength of the magnetic field. Electromagnets are the strongest magnets made. |
What vessels supply blood to the myocardium and other components of the heart? | surface arteries | specialized arteries | rapid arteries | coronary arteries | Coronary Arteries Coronary arteries supply blood to the myocardium and other components of the heart. The first portion of the aorta after it arises from the left ventricle gives rise to the coronary arteries. There are three dilations in the wall of the aorta just superior to the aortic semilunar valve. Two of these, the left posterior aortic sinus and anterior aortic sinus, give rise to the left and right coronary arteries, respectively. The third sinus, the right posterior aortic sinus, typically does not give rise to a vessel. Coronary vessel branches that remain on the surface of the artery and follow the sulci are called epicardial coronary arteries. The left coronary artery distributes blood to the left side of the heart, the left atrium and ventricle, and the interventricular septum. The circumflex artery arises from the left coronary artery and follows the coronary sulcus to the left. Eventually, it will fuse with the small branches of the right coronary artery. The larger anterior interventricular artery, also known as the left anterior descending artery (LAD), is the second major branch arising from the left coronary artery. It follows the anterior interventricular sulcus around the pulmonary trunk. Along the way it gives rise to numerous smaller branches that interconnect with the branches of the posterior interventricular artery, forming anastomoses. An anastomosis is an area where vessels unite to form interconnections that normally allow blood to circulate to a region even if there may be partial. |
An endocrine disease usually involves the secretion of too much or not enough of what? | metabolism | neurotransmitter | protein | hormone | Diseases of the endocrine system are relatively common. An endocrine disease usually involves the secretion of too much or not enough hormone. When too much hormone is secreted, it is called hypersecretion . When not enough hormone is secreted, it is called hyposecretion . |
What is it called when a gene at one location (locus) alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at another locus? | spontaneous mutation | exogenous | epigenesis | epistasis | Epistasis is when a gene at one location (locus) alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at another locus. Epistasis takes place when the action of one gene is modified by one or several other genes. These genes are sometimes called modifier genes . The gene whose phenotype is expressed is said to be epistatic , while the phenotype that is altered is said to be hypostatic . Sometimes hypostatic phenotypes are completely suppressed. Epistatic genes are not dominant over the genes they alter or suppress. Dominance refers to an interaction between alleles of the same gene, not different genes. |
Called the powerhouses of the cell, what organelles are the site of cellular energy production? | cell wall | nucleus | mitosis | mitochondria | The mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell. Mitochondria are the organelles where cellular energy is produced, providing the energy needed to power chemical reactions. This process, known as cellular respiration , produces energy is in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Cells that use a lot of energy may have thousands of mitochondria. |
What is the name of the major sex hormone in females? | glucose | testosterone | insulin | estrogen | Two functions of the female reproductive system are producing eggs and secreting estrogen. Eggs are female gametes. Estrogen is the major sex hormone in females. The female reproductive system also supports a developing fetus and gives birth to an infant. |
What is the smallest unit of a living thing? | organ | electron | proton | cell | A cell is the smallest unit of a living thing. A living thing, like you, is called an organism. Thus, cells are the basic building blocks of all organisms. In multicellular organisms, several cells of one particular kind interconnect with each other and perform shared functions to form tissues (for example, muscle tissue, connective tissue, and nervous tissue), several tissues combine to form an organ (for example, stomach, heart, or brain), and several organs make up an organ system (such as the digestive system, circulatory system, or nervous system). Several systems functioning together form an organism (such as an elephant, for example). There are many types of cells, and all are grouped into one of two broad categories: prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Animal cells, plant cells, fungal cells, and protist cells are classified as eukaryotic, whereas bacteria and archaea cells are classified as prokaryotic. Before discussing the criteria for determining whether a cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic, let us first examine how biologists study cells. |
What kind of metals have perplexing patterns of electron distribution that don’t always follow the electron filling rules? | variating | solution | transformation | transition | The transition metals are an interesting and challenging group of elements. They have perplexing patterns of electron distribution that don’t always follow the electron filling rules. Predicting how they will form ions is also not always obvious. |
The fact that water in a reservoir is elevated above the ground means that it has what kind of energy? | kinetic | excessive | nuclear | potential | |
Rich in protein and nutrients, what abundant group of organisms is being touted as an important human dietary source? | fruits | fungus | primates | insects | In some parts of the world, insects are used for food by humans. Insects are a rich source of protein, vitamins, and minerals, and are prized as delicacies in many third-world countries. In fact, it is difficult to find an insect that is not eaten in one form or another by people. Among the most popular are cicadas, locusts, mantises, grubs, caterpillars, crickets, ants, and wasps. Many people support this idea to provide a source of protein in human nutrition. From South America to Japan, people eat roasted insects, like grasshoppers or beetles. |
In contrast to metals, electrical insulators are materials that conduct electricity poorly because their valence bands are what? | half-full | empty | large | full | Insulators In contrast to metals, electrical insulators are materials that conduct electricity poorly because their valence bands are full. The energy gap between the highest filled levels and the lowest empty levels is so large that the empty levels are inaccessible: thermal energy cannot excite an electron from a filled level to an empty one. The valence-band structure of diamond, for example, is shown in part (a) in . Because diamond has only 4 bonded neighbors rather than the 6 to 12 typical of metals, the carbon 2s and 2p orbitals combine to form two bands in the solid, with the one at lower energy representing bonding molecular orbitals and the one at higher energy representing antibonding molecular orbitals. Each band can accommodate four electrons per atom, so only the lower band is occupied. Because the energy gap between the filled band and the empty band is very large (530 kJ/mol), at normal temperatures thermal energy cannot excite electrons from the filled level into the empty band. Thus there is no pathway by which electrons can move through the solid, so diamond has one of the lowest electrical conductivities known. Figure 12.23 Energy-Band Diagrams for Diamond, Silicon, and Germanium. |
What model postulates that electrons orbit the nucleus at fixed energy levels? | atomic model | Newton's model | coreolis | bohr | The Bohr model postulates that electrons orbit the nucleus at fixed energy levels. |
In the case of the wheelbarrow, the output force or load is between the pivot and the what? | density force | velocity force | Driving Force | input force | Figure 9.24 (a) In the case of the wheelbarrow, the output force or load is between the pivot and the input force. The pivot is the wheel’s axle. Here, the output force is greater than the input force. Thus, a wheelbarrow enables you to lift much heavier loads than you could with your body alone. (b) In the case of the shovel, the input force is between the pivot and the load, but the input lever arm is shorter than the output lever arm. The pivot is at the handle held by the right hand. Here, the output force (supporting the shovel’s load) is less than the input force (from the hand nearest the load), because the input is exerted closer to the pivot than is the output. |
What type of electrons are attracted to the positive nucleus? | passive electrons | turbulent electrons | particular electrons | negative electrons | Avoid close contact with people who are sick. This includes kissing, hugging, shaking hands, and sharing cups or eating utensils. |
Present-day plants that have a complex vascular tissue system are called what kind of plants? | cirulatory plants | vasculated plants | pinworm plants | vasuluar plants | |
What tool, used to locate underwater objects, utilizes ultrasound in a way that is similar to echolocation? | scanning | GPS | radar | sonar | Sonar uses ultrasound in a way that is similar to echolocation. Sonar stands for so und na vigation and r anging. It is used to locate underwater objects such as sunken ships or to determine how deep the water is. A sonar device is usually located on a boat at the surface of the water. The device is both a sender and a receiver (see Figure below ). It sends out ultrasound waves and detects reflected waves that bounce off underwater objects or the bottom of the water. If you watch the video at the URL below, you can see how sonar is used on a submarine. |
What kind of competition often leads to extinction because the species that is less well adapted gets fewer of the resources that both species need? | mutualism | intraspecific competition | parasitism | interspecific competition | Interspecific competition often leads to extinction. The species that is less well adapted may get fewer of the resources that both species need. As a result, members of that species are less likely to survive, and the species may go extinct. |
A nephrologist studies and deals with diseases of what organ? | stomach | lungs | brains | kidneys | Nephrologist A nephrologist studies and deals with diseases of the kidneys—both those that cause kidney failure (such as diabetes) and the conditions that are produced by kidney disease (such as hypertension). Blood pressure, blood volume, and changes in electrolyte balance come under the purview of a nephrologist. Nephrologists usually work with other physicians who refer patients to them or consult with them about specific diagnoses and treatment plans. Patients are usually referred to a nephrologist for symptoms such as blood or protein in the urine, very high blood pressure, kidney stones, or renal failure. Nephrology is a subspecialty of internal medicine. To become a nephrologist, medical school is followed by additional training to become certified in internal medicine. An additional two or more years is spent specifically studying kidney disorders and their accompanying effects on the body. |
Where is the potential energy of a river the highest at? | the bank | the middle | the ocean | the source | Electrical circuits are often modeled by using water in a river. The potential energy of the water is the highest at the source of the river and decreases as the water flows down the river toward the end. When the water reaches the ocean, its potential energy has become zero. The circuit shown below has a similar situation. The current in this circuit is drawn in the direction of the electron flow. It starts at the battery on the left, where electrons leave the negative terminal and travel around the circuit. Since all of the current travels across each resistor, these resistors are said to be in series . A series circuit is one in which all of the current must pass through every resistor in the circuit. Returning to the water analogy, there is only one riverbed from the top of the mountain to the ocean. |
What are the most numerous and diverse biochemical compounds? | Carbohydrates | lipids | acids | proteins | Proteins are the most numerous and diverse biochemical compounds, and they have many different functions. Some of their functions include:. |
Where are most plants firmly rooted? | mineral | rock | grass | soil | Like all living things, plants detect and respond to stimuli in their environment. Unlike animals, plants can't run, fly, or swim toward food or away from danger. They are usually rooted firmly in the soil, like the tree in Figure below . |
What type of rain dissolves limestone and marble? | sulfur | carbon | natural | acid | Figure below shows some of the damage done by acid rain. Acid rain ends up in soil and bodies of water. This can make them very acidic. The acid strips soil of its nutrients. These changes can kill trees, fish, and other living things. Acid rain also dissolves limestone and marble. This can damage buildings, monuments, and statues. |
What are materials that have a low resistance to electrical current called? | fast conductors | electrons | resistors | electrical conductors | Materials that have low resistance to electric current are called electric conductors. Many metals are good electric conductors. |
What mammalian feature serves functions such as filtration and keeping the body warm? | sweat | shivering | sensory organs | hair | Hair serves many functions such as acting as a filter and keeping the body warm. |
Higher pressures increase the solubility of what? | bases | molecules | fuels | gases | Higher pressures increase the solubility of gases. You are probably familiar with this concept as it relates to carbonated beverages. Before opening the container, the inside is pressurized, so a large amount of CO 2 is dissolved in the liquid. After opening, the pressure decreases (to the ambient pressure), so the solubility of CO 2 drops, causing it to bubble out of solution. Because they are not compressible like gases, solid and liquid solutes do not have noticeable changes in solubility at different external pressures. |
What is an important level of organization in ecology and the unit of microevolution? | organization | macro | system | population | The population is an important level of organization in ecology. It is also the unit of microevolution. |
When hot water gently rises to the surface, it creates a what? | fissure | steam cloud | volcano | hot spring | When hot water gently rises to the surface, it creates a hot spring . A hot spring forms where a crack in the Earth allows water to reach the surface after being heated underground. Many hot springs are used by people as natural hot tubs. Some people believe that hot springs can cure illnesses. Hot springs are found all over the world, even in Antarctica!. |
What is the final stage of aerobic respiration, when energy from the krebs cycle is transferred to atp? | cytoplasm transport | glycolysis | acetyl-CoA | electron transport | Electron transport is the final stage of aerobic respiration. In this stage, energy from NADH and FADH 2 , which result from the Krebs cycle, is transferred to ATP. Can you predict how this happens? ( Hint: How does electron transport occur in photosynthesis?). |
What state of matter has a definite volume, but not a definite shape? | mixture | gas | solid | liquid | Liquids have a definite volume, but no definite shape. A gallon of milk will keep the same volume whether it is stored in a one-gallon milk jug or a ten-gallon barrel. The volume is the same, but the fluid will either fill the jug or spread out over the bottom of the barrel. |
Blood leaves the left ventricle via the what? | capillary | dorsal chamber | atrium | aorta | |
What type of animal can be found on every continent except antarctica? | insects | amphibians | mammals | reptiles | Reptiles can be found on every continent except Antarctica. They may live in terrestrial, freshwater, or marine habitats. Most reptiles are carnivores, and large reptiles are the top predators in their ecosystems. Many species of reptiles, especially marine reptiles, are at risk of extinction. |
Though viruses are not considered living, they share two important traits with living organisms: they have genetic material and they can undergo what process? | learning | generation | sexual reproduction | evolution | Though viruses are not considered living, they share two important traits with living organisms. They have genetic material like all cells do (though they are not made of cells), and they can evolve. The genetic material of a virus can change (mutate), altering the traits of the virus. As the process of evolution has resulted in all life on the planet today, the classification of viruses has been controversial. It calls into question the very definition of life. |
What is our sun's next stage called? | super nova | blue giant | white giant | red giant | A star like our Sun will become a red giant in its next stage. When a star uses up its hydrogen, it begins to fuse helium atoms. Helium fuses into heavier atoms like carbon. At this time the star’s core starts to collapse inward. The star's outer layers spread out and cool. The result is a larger star that is cooler on the surface, and red in color. |
What type of molecule is carbon dioxide (co2)? | filter | non-linear | planar | linear | For molecules with more than two atoms, the molecular geometry must also be taken into account when determining if the molecule is polar or nonpolar. The Figure below shows a comparison between carbon dioxide and water. Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is a linear molecule. The oxygen atoms are more electronegative than the carbon atom, so there are two individual dipoles pointing outward from the C atom to each O atom. However, since the dipoles are of equal strength and are oriented in this way, they cancel each other out and the overall molecular polarity of CO 2 is zero. |
Trimethylamine is one of the substances responsible for the what of spoiled fish? | feel | appearance | decay | smell | yellow liquid used in the production of synthetic rubber. Its condensed structural formula is ClSSCl. Ethylene glycol is the major ingredient in antifreeze. Its condensed structural formula is HOCH2CH2OH. Trimethylamine is one of the substances responsible for the smell of spoiled fish. Its condensed structural formula is (CH3)3N. Given: condensed structural formula Asked for: molecular formula Strategy: A Identify every element in the condensed structural formula and then determine whether the compound is organic or inorganic. B As appropriate, use either organic or inorganic convention to list the elements. Then add appropriate subscripts to indicate the number of atoms of each element present in the molecular formula. Solution: The molecular formula lists the elements in the molecule and the number of atoms of each. |
Making ultrasonic clicks is a clever way that some moths respond to attacks by what flying mammals? | birds | bees | locusts | bats | |
What do plants respond to in their environment? | changes in metal or water | changes in sunlight or pressure | changes in temperature or water | changes in sunlight or water | Like all organisms, plants detect and respond to stimuli in their environment. Their main response is to change how they grow. |
Bone marrow is found inside many bones and produces what? | apoptosis | tumors | sugar | lymphocytes | Bone marrow is found inside many bones. It produces lymphocytes. |
One species benefits while the host species is harmed in what type of relationship? | mutualism | amensalism | fungal | parasitism | In a parasitism, the parasitic species benefits, while the host species is harmed. |
What is a compound in which all of the atoms are connected to one another by covalent bonds? | compound metal | covalent bond element | covalent mixture | covalent network solid | One type of molecular compound behaves quite differently than that described so far. A covalent network solid is a compound in which all of the atoms are connected to one another by covalent bonds. Diamond is composed entirely of carbon atoms, each bonded to four other carbon atoms in a tetrahedral geometry. Melting a covalent network solid is not accomplished by overcoming the relatively weak intermolecular forces. Rather, all of the covalent bonds must be broken, a process that requires extremely high temperatures. Diamond, in fact, does not melt at all. Instead, it vaporizes to a gas at temperatures above 3500°C. |
What kind of lakes form when volcanic eruptions create massive holes that fill with water? | lava lakes | eruption bowls | volcanic cavities | crater lakes | Other lakes are crater lakes or rift lakes, which are pictured in Figure below . Crater lakes form when volcanic eruptions create craters that fill with water. Rift lakes form when movements of tectonic plates create low places that fill with water. |
The ovaries produce estradiol and progesterone, which cause secondary sex characteristics and prepare the body for? | movement | breathing | adulthood | childbirth | cells. The ovaries produce estradiol and progesterone, which cause secondary sex characteristics and prepare the body for childbirth. |
Ions move through what to maintain electrical neutrality in the cell? | the protein | the plasma | the substrate | the membrane | 4. Ions move through the membrane to maintain electrical neutrality in the cell. In the cell illustrated above, sulfate ions will move from the copper side to the zinc side to compensate for the decrease in Cu 2+ and the increase in Zn 2+ . |
What are the messenger molecules of the endocrine system? | acids | neurons | enzymes | hormones | Hormones are the messenger molecules of the endocrine system. Endocrine hormones travel throughout the body in the blood. However, each hormone affects only certain cells, called target cells. A target cell is the type of cell on which a hormone has an effect. A target cell is affected by a particular hormone because it has receptor proteins that are specific to that hormone. A hormone travels through the bloodstream until it finds a target cell with a matching receptor it can bind to. When the hormone binds to a receptor, it causes a change within the cell. Exactly how this works depends on whether the hormone is a steroid hormone or a non-steroid hormone . At the link below, you can watch an animation that shows how both types of hormones work. http://www. wisc-online. com/objects/ViewObject. aspx?ID=AP13704. |
What do you call any substance that opposes coagulation? | toxin | dissolvent | antibodies | anticoagulant | Plasma Anticoagulants An anticoagulant is any substance that opposes coagulation. Several circulating plasma anticoagulants play a role in limiting the coagulation process to the region of injury and restoring a normal, clot-free condition of blood. For instance, a cluster of proteins collectively referred to as the protein C system inactivates clotting factors involved in the intrinsic pathway. TFPI (tissue factor pathway inhibitor) inhibits the conversion of the inactive factor VII to the active form in the extrinsic pathway. Antithrombin inactivates factor X and opposes the conversion of prothrombin (factor II) to thrombin in the common pathway. And as noted earlier, basophils release heparin, a short-acting anticoagulant that also opposes prothrombin. Heparin is also found on the surfaces of cells lining the blood vessels. A pharmaceutical form of heparin is often administered therapeutically, for example, in surgical patients at risk for blood clots. |
What controls every aspect of plant growth and development to some degree? | acids | chlorophyll | pesticides | hormones | |
Making a specific prediction based on a general principle is known as what type of reasoning? | validating reasoning | common sense reasoning | logical reasoning | deductive reasoning | In deductive reasoning, I make a specific prediction based on a general principle. One general principle is that acids turn blue litmus paper red. If I have a bottle of liquid labeled “acid,” I expect the litmus paper to turn red when I immerse it in the liquid. |
Ripe fruits are usually red, orange, yellow, or what? | black | white | blue | purple | Primate ancestors also mainly ate fruit. They needed to be able to spot colored fruits in the leafy background of the trees ( Figure below ). They also had to be able to judge which fruits were ripe and which were still green. Ripe fruits are usually red, orange, yellow, or purple. Being able to see in color was important for finding food. It was an adaptation that would help fruit-eating primates survive. |
What are the lines of force in the electric field around a charged particle called? | ionic zone | terrain lines | voltage lines | field lines | Field lines represent lines of force in the electric field around a charged particle. The lines bend when two particles interact. What would the lines of force look like around two negatively charged particles?. |
An electric transformer connects two circuits with an iron core that becomes what? | actuator | inductive | radioactive | electromagnet | An electric transformer connects two circuits with an iron core that becomes an electromagnet. |
What structure connects the pharynx to the trachea? | sternum | thyroid | aorta | larynx | Larynx The larynx is a cartilaginous structure inferior to the laryngopharynx that connects the pharynx to the trachea and helps regulate the volume of air that enters and leaves the lungs (Figure 22.7). The structure of the larynx is formed by several pieces of cartilage. Three large cartilage pieces—the thyroid cartilage (anterior), epiglottis (superior), and cricoid cartilage (inferior)—form the major structure of the larynx. The thyroid cartilage is the largest piece of cartilage that makes up the larynx. The thyroid cartilage consists of the laryngeal prominence, or “Adam’s apple,” which tends to be more prominent in males. The thick cricoid cartilage forms a ring, with a wide posterior region and a thinner anterior region. Three smaller,. |
The resultant solution will contain the same amount of solute but a greater amount of what? | pigment | calcium | liquid | solvent | Many chemicals that we use on a daily basis are transported in a concentrated form but used in a more diluted form. For example, concentrated cleaners are often diluted before they are used. To perform a dilution , pure solvent is added to a concentrated solution in order to make a less concentrated (more dilute) solution. The resultant solution will contain the same amount of solute but a greater amount of solvent. It will therefore have a lower concentration than the original solution. When performing a simple dilution, the concentration and volume of the initial solution are related to the new concentration and volume as follows:. |
The thin scale-like or flat shape of what cells fits their primary function, to provide a smooth and protective surface? | basic epithelium | technique epithelium | kind epithelium | simple epithelium | Simple Epithelium The shape of the cells in the single cell layer of simple epithelium reflects the functioning of those cells. The cells in simple squamous epithelium have the appearance of thin scales. Squamous cell nuclei tend to be flat, horizontal, and elliptical, mirroring the form of the cell. The endothelium is the epithelial tissue that lines vessels of the lymphatic and cardiovascular system, and it is made up of a single layer of squamous cells. Simple squamous epithelium, because of the thinness of the cell, is present where rapid passage of chemical compounds is observed. The alveoli of lungs where gases diffuse, segments of kidney tubules, and the lining of capillaries are also made of simple squamous epithelial tissue. The mesothelium is a simple squamous epithelium that forms the surface layer of the serous membrane that lines body cavities and internal organs. Its primary function is to provide a smooth and protective surface. Mesothelial cells are squamous epithelial cells that secrete a fluid that lubricates the mesothelium. In simple cuboidal epithelium, the nucleus of the box-like cells appears round and is generally located near the center of the cell. These epithelia are active in the secretion and absorptions of molecules. Simple cuboidal epithelia are observed in the lining of the kidney tubules and in the ducts of glands. |
During what phase of breathing does the pressure inside the lungs drops to below atmospheric pressure? | ingestion | conduction | exhalation | inhalation | Pressure Associated with the Lungs The pressure inside the lungs increases and decreases with each breath. The pressure drops to below atmospheric pressure (negative gauge pressure) when you inhale, causing air to flow into the lungs. It increases above atmospheric pressure (positive gauge pressure) when you exhale, forcing air out. Lung pressure is controlled by several mechanisms. Muscle action in the diaphragm and rib cage is necessary for inhalation; this muscle action increases the volume of the lungs thereby reducing the pressure within them Figure 11.39. Surface tension in the alveoli creates a positive pressure opposing inhalation. (See Cohesion and Adhesion in Liquids: Surface Tension and Capillary Action. ) You can exhale without muscle action by letting surface tension in the alveoli create its own positive pressure. Muscle action can add to this positive pressure to produce forced exhalation, such as when you blow up a balloon, blow out a candle, or cough. |
What type of climates is malaria commonly found in? | arid and arctic | tropic and arctic | tropical and permafrost | tropical and subtropical | Malaria is common in tropical and subtropical climates throughout the world (see Figure below ). In fact, malaria is one of the most common infectious diseases on the planet. Malaria is also a very serious disease. It kills several million people each year, most of them children. |
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