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<s>[INST] context: Muscle spindle are distributed throughout the belly of muscle & send information to Nervous system about (i) Muscle length (ii) Rate of change of muscle length Golgi tendon organ is located in muscle tendons transmits information about (i) Tendon tension (ii) Rate of change of Tendon tension Muscle stretch | Intrafusal fibers of muscle spindles stretched | Signal from muscle spindles receptor Ia afferents | Enter spinal cord & end on a motor neuron | a motor neuron carries efferent to extrafusal fibers | Brief contraction = stretch reflex (Monosynaptic) MEISNER CORPUSCLE - Present in non-hairy pas of skin (Finger tips, lips etc.) and other areas where ability to discern spatial locations of touch sensation are highly developed - They adapt in fraction of a second after stimulation hence are paicularly sensitive to movement of objects over skin surface as well as low frequency vibrations MERKELS DISC - Expanded tip tactile receptors - Transmit an initially strong but paially adapting similar then continuing weaker signal that adapt slowly - Determine continuous touch of objects against skin [/INST] question: Which of the following receptors mediate stretch reflex: | options: A: Golgi tendon organ B: Merkel's disc C: Muscle spindle D: Meissner's corpuscles | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Dou Kou, a Chinese boy, is called "the youngest writer in the world". He has written three books till now.
Dou Kou was born in Jiangsu in 1994. When he was 7 months old, his parents started working in over 30 different cities, such as Xi'an and Shenzhen. This kind of life gave him things to think and write about. When he was 9 months old, he could speak and at the age of one, he could say five to six hundred words. At three, he could look up words in the dictionary. At four, his father taught him how to learn by himself. His parents like reading very much. So does he . At the age of 5, he began writing fairy tales. At the age of 6, he wrote a novel about his life in different cities with his parents. His fairy tales are all from his life. One day, he found many mice in the house. They not only ate their food but also hurt his mother's hand. So he thought, "If we give mice the stomach of cows, _ will eat grass and they will be helpful to people." This was his first fairy tale Change stomach for Mice.
Now he studies well in a middle school. He has written his third book, the novel called Eyes of Children. He says, "I am not different from other children. I just wrote several books." [/INST] question: How many books has Dou Kou written? | options: A: Three B: Four C: Five D: Six | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: World Expo 2010 Shanghai China is to be staged in Shanghai from May 1 to October 31, 2010. If you plan to visit the Shanghai Expo this summer, China Pavilion is a must - see area for you.
China Pavilion, which is called Oriental Crown, is located at the center of the Expo site. Standing 63 meters tall, the China Pavilion takes the shape of an emperor's crown, with the upper layers larger than the lower ones. Covering 160,000 square meters in floor space, the pavilion is made up of a national hall and a regional( ) hall. Buildings on the China Pavilion began on Dec. 18, 2007. The design of the China Pavilion was picked from a total of 344 designs put forward by Chinese from around the world. The pavilion has both traditional and modern features, which helps develop the theme of the 2010 Expo; "Better City, Better Life. For example, it is red in appearance, which covers the traditional Chinese culture, and it is green indoors, with the use of energy - saving techniques. The Shanghai World Expo is expected to attract 70 million visitors from across the globe. It is estimated that 400,000 people will visit the Expo and its 140 pavilions every day during the period, but the China Pavilion is only able to receive about one tenth of the total. How to hold so many people in the pavilion remains a tough task. Luckily, the China Pavilion is built as a permanent landmark.
During the Expo, the main structure( ) will be used for an exhibition based on the theme of " Chinese wisdom in urban development" by explaining the values of harmony( ), nature and spirit. The three - story pavilion has three sections. The top floor's "Footprint of the East" will show some of the changes in Chinese cities. There, you can see a film which shows how Chinese cities have changed, especially in the past 30 years. According to Lu Chuan, director of the film, the scenery is like something from Lord of the Rings. On the second floor, "Journey of Wisdom" will explain China's four great inventions. And the ground's " Blossoming" City will display scenes from cities of the future. [/INST] question: Which of the following words can be used to describe the China Pavilion? | options: A: Tiny B: Imagination C: Foreign D: Environment - friendly | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Gas embolism Caisson's disease, (also called Decompression sickness, Bends, Diver's Paralysis, Dysbarism) is a paicular form of gas embolism, which occurs when individuals are exposed to sudden lowering of atmospheric pressure like -rapid ascend of scuba and deep sea divers, individuals in unpressurized aircraft in rapid ascent, undenvater construction workers and extra-vehicular activity from spacecraft. When air is breathed at high pressure (e.g., during a deep sea dive), increased amounts of gas (paicularly nitrogen) become dissolved in the blood and tissues. If the diver then ascends (depressurizes) too rapidly, the nitrogen expands in the tissues and bubbles out of solution in the blood to form gas emboli. Since bubbles can form in or migrate to any pa of the body, it can produce many symptoms, and its effects may vary from joint pain, ischemia in tissues to paralysis and death. The rapid formation of gas bubbles within skeletal muscles and suppoing tissues in and about joints is responsible for the painful condition called the bends. In the lungs, edema, hemorrhages, and focal atelectasis or emphysema may appear, leading to respiratory distress, the so-called chokes. Treatment of gas embolism requires placing the individual in a compression chamber where the barometric pressure may be raised, thus forcing the gas bubbles back into solution. Subsequent slow decompression theoretically permits gradual resorption and exhalation of the gases so that obstructive bubbles do not re-form. [/INST] question: Caisson's disease is: | options: A: Gas embolism B: Fat embolism C: amniotic fluid embolism D: tumor embolism | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A new study says electronic toys are not helping babies learn.
"Even if companies are marketing them as educational, they're not teaching the babies anything at this time," said Anna Sosa the study's author.
Researchers listened to audio recordings of parents playing with their babies aged 10 months to 16 months. The researchers compared the experiences when the children played with electronic toys, traditional toys such as blocks, or when the children looked at books. What they found is that parents talked less with their babies when the babies played with electronic toys.
Why is this important? Research shows that how quickly children develop language is often based on what they hear from parents. When the infants played with electronic toys, parents said little to their children. But with traditional toys, such as blocks, parents shared the names and descriptions of the animals, colors and shapes as their children played. There was even more information given by parents as their babies looked at the pictures in books.
Of course, there is no need for parents to throw out electronic toys, but they should look at their infants' play with such toys as entertainment, not a learning experience.
Toy Industry Association spokeswoman Adrienne Appell responded to the study. She said it is important that parents make time to play with their children. "Playing is a way that kids can learn so much, not only cognitive skills, but social and developmental skills," she said. She added that play should be balanced, including time for just "make believe" activities, as well as traditional and electronic toys. [/INST] question: What's Anna Sosa's attitude towards companies claiming that their toys are educational? | options: A: supportive B: doubtful C: uninterested D: indifferent | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Have you ever wanted to see the Great Wall of China, or win an Oscar for Best Director, or swim with dolphins ? If so, you are not alone. We all have things we want to do or achieve. These are part of our "bucket lists". A bucket is a list of things that someone wants to experience in his or her lifetimes. These things can be big or small. Have you ever thought about what is on your bucket list?
Lindsay, 15, created her bucket list when she was 14. She has given her list serious thought. "I've always wanted to travel into space," she says. "I don't really want to be an astronaut. But I do want to go to space as a tourist. I want to see the Earth from above." Other things on her list include being on TV, seeing her favorite band in concert, learning how to speak Portuguese , and living in a foreign country. "I've always wanted to live in Brazil. As part of my bucket list, I want to attend Carnival in the capital of Brazil," she says.
Jose, 16, recently created a list of things he wants to achieve. It changes sometimes he adds and takes away things because he wants to keep the number of the things at seven. One thing has stayed at number one, though: he wants to visit a movie set . He would like to see the Harry Potter of The Hobbit movie sets. Other things on the list include being on TV, meeting his favorite sports star, living in a foreign country, skateboarding down a mountain, attending the World Cup, and backpacking across Europe. He would like to spend two months visiting Eastern Europe with his best friend Adam. "Maybe after I graduate from college," says Jose.
Carrie, 14, also has a bucket list. She first created it when she was 12. She would like to live in a foreign country for at least two years. She also wants to learn as many foreign languages as possible. But the number one thing on her list is to see her favorite band in concert. She also wants to go on a trip and to visit a movie set. Her favorite movies are the Hunger Games and Star Wars. Carrie is confident she will do most or all of the things on her bucket list. "I'm only 14," she says, "I have my whole life ahead of me!" [/INST] question: What is No.1 at Lindsay's bucket list? | options: A: Visiting a movie sat B: Living in Brazil C: Traveling to space D: Seeing her favorite band | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: - Whenever we find laceration of wrist, most commonly damaged nerve is median nerve. (sometimes - ulnar nerve)- As the question is stating that lateral to flexor digitorum superficialis is injured, it is clearly a case of median nerve injury.- Flexor digitorum superficialis tendons (for folding is fingers) - pass deep to flexor retinaculum/ Transverse carpal ligament.- Deep to that median nerve is also passing just lateral to flexor digitorum superficialis tendon.- Median nerve supplies thenar muscles (like abductor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis) & also give cutaneous supply to 31/2 fingers skin.- In median nerve injury, there would be paralysis of opponens pollicis resulting in problem of thumb opposition - Sometimes, wrist laceration lead to ulnar nerve injury.* Ulnar nerve & ulnar aery runs superficial to flexor retinaculum in Guyon's canal * Inside Guyon's canal, it divides into superficial & deep branches.* Superficial branch - gives 11/2 fingers skin supply* Deep branch - Supplies Hypothenar muscles like Digiti minimi muscles, all interossei & 2 lumbricals.- These are lost in ulnar nerve injury- Ulnar aery forms superficial palmar arch- Radial aery running with radius bone, become content of anatomical snuff box & gives deep palmar arch.- Abduction to 2nd digit - Need dorsal interossei - supplied by ulnar. N- Adduction of 2nd digit - Need palmar interossei - supplied by ulnar. N (PADD)- Flexion of thumb - done by flexor pollicis longus - supplied by anterior interosseous nerve which is branch of median nerve [/INST] question: A spos-person presents with laceration of wrist but with no vascular injury. On examination, a structure lateral to flexor digitorum superficialis is found to be injured. What action he most likely cannot perform (JIPMER May 2019) | options: A: Abduction of 2nd digit B: Adduction of 2nd digit C: Opposition of thumb D: Flexion of thumb | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Hodgkin lymphoma, like NHL, usually manifests as painless lymphadenopathy. Although a definitive distinction from NHL can be made only by examination of a tissue biopsy, several clinical features favor the diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma. After the diagnosis is established, staging is used to guide therapy and determine prognosis.
Younger patients with more favorable subtypes tend to present with stage I or stage II disease and usually are free of so-called “B symptoms” (fever, weight loss, night sweats). Patients with advanced disease (stages III and IV) are more likely to exhibit B symptoms as well as pruritus and anemia.
The sine qua non of Hodgkin lymphoma is the Reed-Sternberg (RS) cell, a very large cell (15 to 45 µm in diameter) with an enormous multilobate nucleus, exceptionally prominent nucleoli, and abundant, usually slightly eosinophilic cytoplasm. Particularly characteristic are cells with two mirror-image nuclei or nuclear lobes, each containing a large (inclusion-like) acidophilic nucleolus surrounded by a clear zone, features that impart an owl-eye appearance.
Difference between Hodgkin Lymphoma and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma [/INST] question: A male patient 59 year old complains of multiple swellings in the neck, fever, and weight loss. He gives a history of hypertension treatment. General examination reveals painless lymph nodal enlargement in the neck and on blood investigation, anaemia is revealed. Lymph node biopsy shows typical owl eye-shaped appearance cells.
What can be the most probable diagnosis for this patient? | options: A: Multiple myeloma B: Hodgkin’s lymphoma C: Non-hodgkin’s lymphoma D: Burkitt’s lymphoma | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: On Halloween Night, children go trick-treating in their neighborhoods. Dressed up as ghosts, skeleton devils, and various other characters, children knock on doors to collect their treats. Seldom do they actually perform a "trick".
It is thought that trick-or-treating comes from an old English custom. On All Souls Day, poor people went begging and promised to say prayers in exchange for food. Apple bobbing, still a favorite Halloween game, was originally an ancient ceremony honoring the harvest time.
A jack-o'-lantern is placed on porches and windows to tell children that treats are available. The legend was that a man named Jack could enter heaven because he played tricks on the devil. As punishment, he had to wander the earth carrying a lantern waiting to be judged fit to get into heaven.
People believed that Halloween marked the connection between the world of the living and the world of the dead. This meant that ghosts would _ the earth on this night. Some believed that these ghosts would go back to the homes they lived in before they died.
Thankfully, Halloween is an amusing night when children can dress up and get a bag full of candy. We don't have to worry about ghosts. Or do we? [/INST] question: Apple bobbing was an ancient ceremony held originally to _ . | options: A: honor the harvest time B: honor the dead C: honor the living D: play a trick on each other | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Gamma Camera (Aka Scintillation Camera or Anger Camera) It is used to image gamma radiation emitting radioisotopes.
This technique is known as scintigraph.
Gamma camera is able to detect and make images from the very small amounts of ionising radiation emitted from patients having a nuclear medicine study.
The gamma camera detects radioactive energy that is emitted from the patient's body and converts it into an image.
The gamma camera does not emit any radiation.
The gamma camera is composed of radiation detectors, called gamma camera heads.
The most common type of gamma camera is the single-headed system.
it consists of a gamma camera detector mounted on a gantry that allows the camera head to be positioned in a flexible way over different regions of the patient’s body.
Dual-headed gamma cameras are becoming increasingly popular.
In these systems, two gamma camera heads are mounted onto the gantry.
Also Note: SPECT involves the rotation of the gamma camera heads around the patient's body to produce more detailed, three-dimensional images. [/INST] question: A Gamma camera is used for | options: A: Imaging organs B: To scan surface of tumor C: To measure surface contamination D: To image radioactivity emitted from organs | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A good hobby is an important part of a teenager 's life. With hobbies, teenagers can become more familiar with history, social science and culture. Here are some hobbies for teenagers.
Collecting
Coins may be too expensive for teenagers, but postcards, bookmarks even T-shirts can be great things to collect. Teenagers can collect things that do not cost much. Many teenagers enjoy collecting things when they visit a place. No matter what they collect, the most important thing is the information they get from the collection.
Writing
Writing can improve teenagers' language skills. It can be a great hobby for teenagers. Writing a diary can help teenagers enter a private world. It is important for their development. They can also write stories and poems.
Building
Models, birdhouses and anything else that teenagers make with their own hands can make them happy. Building is a great hobby because it is easy to start. Most teenagers can find interesting things to build. Building can help them improve their creativity.
Music
Do you dream to be a music star? Music can give teenagers self-confidence . They can sing songs and play an instrument. Sometimes teenagers can learn music in a music club and make friends with the people who have the same hobby. [/INST] question: If you keep a diary, you will _ . | options: A: sing songs well B: improve your language skills C: get a model D: get good books | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Turner's syndrome results from complete or partial monosomy of the X chromosome and is characterized primarily by hypogonadism in phenotypic females.
It is the most common sex chromosome abnormality in females.
Features of Turner syndrome in children
The most severely affected patients generally present during infancy with edema (owing to lymph stasis) of the dorsum of the hand and foot and sometimes swelling of the nape of the neck.
Swelling of the neck is related to markedly distended lymphatic channels, producing so called cystic hygroma.
As these infants develop, the swelling subsides but often leave bilateral neck webbing and persistent looseness of skin on the back of the neck.
Congenital heart disease is also common, particularlypreductal coarctation of Aorta and bicuspid Aortic valve.
C. V. S abnormalities are the most important cause of mortality in children with Turner's syndrome.
Features of Turner's syndrome in Adolescents and Adult
At puberty, there is a failure to develop normal secondary sex characteristics.
The genitalia remains infantile, breast development is inadequate and there is little pubic hair. Nipples are widely spaced.
Turner syndrome is the single most important cause of primary amenorrhoea accounting for approximately 1/3 of the cases.
Short stature (height rarely exceeds 150 cm).
The mental status of these patients is usually normal but subtle defects in nonverbal, visual-spatial information processing have been noted (Recall that mental retardation is associated with the presence of extra chromosome) not with the loss of X chromosome.
About 50% of the patients develop autoantibodies directed to the thyroid gland and up to one-half of these patients develop hypothyroidism.
Glucose intolerance, obesity and insulin resistance are also seen. [/INST] question: In Turner's syndrome which of the following is NOT seen - | options: A: Short stature B: Widely spaced nipple C: Webbed neck D: Mental retardation | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Melissa and Roman McCoy were looking forward to the Christmas. But on December 5th, Roman got a phone call that changed everything. Melissa had been in a terrible car accident, and the doctor had little hope she would make it.
"He said the next six to eight hours were critical in determining whether she would live or not. And I just wept," Roman said. "A lot of pressure built up inside, and I just dropped my cell phone on the ground when I heard that. It was the worst feeling that I've ever felt."
Melissa, a college English professor, was on her way to class when her car hit into a mound of dirt and rolled over several times.
Roman recalled, "I could only think how I am going to raise my kids without their mother. If she did live, how would I take care of her and my kids? The questions you never want to ask yourself, I had to face."
Melissa survived the first night. She had injuries to her stomach and lungs and worse, she suffered severe injuries to her brain. She didn't recognize anyone, even her own husband.
"Over the next few days, she remained unresponsive to treatments. The brain surgeon never really gave us much hope."
Days passed and Melissa didn't improve. Christmas Eve, Roman was by her side in the hospital. Then, he received a Christmas gift he would never forget.
"That evening, she woke up and was just as clear as before, recognized everybody, and was able to read. It was just amazing. I saw her bright smile and her sense of humor. The only way I could describe it is that the weight of the darkness that had hovered over me was just completely gone."
Melissa quickly improved, and she is back to being a wife, mom, and professor. There is no sign of damage from the brain.
Melissa said, "I thank him for everything now. It's not just 'thank you for my job, thank you for my children.' It's 'thank you for every aspect of my life.'" [/INST] question: What's the relationship between Melissa and Roman? | options: A: Mother and son B: Wife and husband C: Sister and brother D: Teacher and student | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Dear iPhone 4 Users,
The iPhone 4 has been the most successful product in Apple's history. It is the best smartphone ever, and most users have told that they love it. So we were surprised when reading reports of reception problems, and we immediately began researching them.
To start with, holding tightly almost any mobile phone in certain ways will reduce its reception by 1 or more bars of signal strength. This is true of iPhone 4, iPhone 3GS, as well as many other phones. But some users have reported that iPhone 4 can drop 4 or 5 bars when tightly held in a way. This is a far bigger drop than normal, and as a result some have said the iPhone 4 has a faulty antenna design.
Upon research, we find that the formula we use to calculate how many bars of signal strength to display is totally wrong. Our formula usually mistakenly displays 2 more bars than it should for a given signal strength. The big drop in bars is because the high bars were never real in the beginning.
We will give a free software update to correct the formula. This software update will also be available for iPhone 3GS. If you are not fully satisfied, you can return your undamaged iPhone to any Apple Retail Store or the online Apple Store within 30 days of buying and get all your money back.
Thank you for your patience and support.
Apple [/INST] question: The iPhone 4 drops more bars than normal when tightly held because of _ . | options: A: a wrong antenna design B: wrong usage C: weak signal strength D: a wrong formula | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: This question is slightly different from the previous one. Here the examiner is asking about the pathognomonic feature (not most consistent feature) both are different :
A most consistent feature is the one which is always present in a fracture
a. The pathognomonic feature is the one whose presence is diagnostic of a fracture
Abnormal mobility at the fracture site and crepitus are two pathognomonic features of a fracture:-
1. Abnormal mobility is the most pathognomonic sign of a fracture:-
"Abnormal mobility in the limb at the fracture site is diagnostic of a fracture". ____ Essentials of orthopaedics surgery
"Abnormal mobility in fracture of a bone is characteristic or pathognomonic".___ British medical journal
"Abnormal mobility between the fracture fragments is a sure sign of fracture". ____ Ebnezar
2. Crepitus is the second most pathognomonic sign of a fracture (after abnormal mobility):-
"Crepitus can be considered as pathognomonic as abnormal mobility for a fracture". — Emergency medicine
"Crepitus is common and essentially a reliable sign of a fracture". ____ Orthonet
"Crepitus with abnormal mobility is pathognomonic of a fracture". ____ Miller [/INST] question: Pathognomonic sign of traumatic fracture is - | options: A: Redness B: Swelling C: Crepitus D: Tenderness | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: (1)Needed: Full time secretary position available. Applicants should have at least 2 years experience and be able to type 60 words a minute. No computer skills required. Apply in person at United Business Ltd., 17 Browning Street, Leeds.
(2) Are you looking for a part time job? We require 3 part time shop assistants to work during the evening. No experience required; applicants should between 18 and 26. Call 366 - 76564 for more information.
(3) Computer trained secretaries: Do you have experience working with computers? Would you like a full time position working in an exciting new company? If your answer is yes, give us a call at 457-896754
(4) Teacher Needed: Hania's Playschool needs 2 teacher/trainers to help with classes from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. Applicants should have appropriate licences. For more information visit Hania's Playschool in Leicester Square
(5) Part Time work available: We are looking for retired adults who would like to work part time at the weekend. Responsibilities include answering the telephone and giving customer's information. For more information contact us by calling 345-674132
(6) University positions open: The University of Bristol is looking for 4 teaching assistants to help with homework correction. Applicants should have a degree in one of the following: Political Science, Religion, Economics or History. Please contact the University of Bristol for more information. [/INST] question: If you want to be full time secretary, you can contact the company by _ . | options: A: writing letters B: making telephone calls C: going there personally D: sending emails | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Publicity offers several benefits. There are no costs for message time or space. An ad in prime-time television may cost $250,000 to $5,000,000 or more per minute, whereas a five-minute report on a network newscast would not cost anything. Publicity reaches a mass audience within a short time and new products or company policies are widely known.
Credibility about messages is high, because they are reported in independent media. A newspaper review of a movie has more believability than an ad in the same paper, because the reader associates independence with objectivity. Similarly, people are more likely to pay attention to news reports than to ads. For example, Women's Wear Daily has both fashion reports and advertisements. Readers spend time reading the stories, but they skim through the ads. Furthermore, there may be 10 commercials during a half-hour television program or hundreds of ads in a magazine. Feature stories are much fewer in number and stand out clearly.
Publicity also has some significant limitations. A firm has little control over messages, their timing, their placement, or their coverage by a given medium. It may issue detailed news releases and find only portions mentioned by the media, and media have the ability to be much more critical than a firm would like.
For example, in 1982, Procter & Gamble faced a massive publicity problem over the meaning of its 123-year-old company logo. To fight this negative publicity, the firm had a spokesperson appear on Good Morning America to disprove the rumor . The false rumors were temporarily put to rest. However, in 1985, publicity became so troublemaking that Procter & Gamble decided to remove the logo from its products. [/INST] question: All of the following advantages of publicity are mentioned EXCEPT _ . | options: A: time saving B: attentiveness C: credibility D: profitability | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: During the tsunami disaster of 2004,over 300,000 people died.No one has counted the number of animals killed,but we know that it wasn't many.All over the region,before the disaster struck,animals were behaving strangely.
Shortly before the tsunami,in Khaolak,Thailand,twelve elephants that were giving tourists rides became _ .They suddenly left their usual habitat,carrying four surprised Japanese tourists to safety.On the eastern coast of India,flamingos ,which should be breeding at this time of year,suddenly flew to higher ground.Of the two thousand wild pigs that live in an Indian nature reserve,only one was found dead after the tsunami.
The idea that the animals are able to predict disasters is nothing new. In fact,it has been well-recorded over the years. Twelve hours before Hurricane Charlie hit Florida in 2004,fourteen sharks left their natural habitat and stayed in deep waters for two weeks. The sharks,which were being observed by US scientists,had never done this before.They escaped the hurricane.In the winter of 1975 in Haicheng,China,snakes which would normally have been hibernating were seen on the ground.Days later there was a big earthquake striking.
Unlike human beings,wild animals' senses are sharper and they can feel even the smallest changes in the environment.In other words,they see natural warnings that are invisible to the human eye.Ancient people probably had the similar"senses", which they needed to survive,but these have been lost to us as modern technology leads us further away from the danger that nature creates.
The real question is,can we use the reactions of animals to save ourselves from natural disasters? Animal behaviour expert,Rupesh Kaneira,believes we have no choice."The technology which we rely on isn't always perfect,and in poorer countries it isn't even available .Animals know the environment better than any of us.When they run for their lives,we must follow." [/INST] question: The wild animals can predict the natural disasters because they _ . | options: A: can run for their lives when natural disasters happen B: don't have any modern technology to help them C: are being observed and tracked for scientific experiments D: are quick to notice the slightest changes in the environment | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: When you think of an artist, you probably think of someone painting on canvas . But Guido Daniele creates fantastic paintings of birds, elephants, tigers, and giraffes by painting on skin. Born in Soverato, Italy, Guido Daniele has been called"Ha nd Gogh" (after artist Vincent van Gogh) since he began creating works of art on people' s hands in 1990.
Painting on the hands can be a challenge because, unlike canvas, the skin moves when rubbed. Daniele' s models must remain perfectly still for hours as he paints. He often uses his daughter and his son as his "canvases".
Before he can begin to create his "manimals" ( the artist' s name for his hand animals), Daniele studies photographs of the animal that he will be painting in order to be able to understand its character and give it life. "Next," he says, "I look at the hand from different perspectives ,and I begin to imagine what is the best way to position the hand for me to paint the animal. "He also studies the skin of the model, preferring it to have little hair and few blemishes .
Daniele starts by drawing on the model' s hand with a pencil. He next paints the skin using watercolor1s made specifically for body art. The eyes of Daniele' s painted animals look amazingly real, and they are the most difficult part to paint.
Paintings on hands must eventually be washed away. Guido Daniele says that he's gotten used to this part and that he doesn' t really mind seeing his work washed down the drain . " Tomorrow, I will paint the next one. The important thing is to take many good photo- graphs before washing the hand!" [/INST] question: Daniele' s paintings are mainly about _ . | options: A: scenery B: plan ts C: stories D: animals | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Once upon a time there was a crook who only thought about how to get money. What he hated most was when people were polite to each other, saying things like "please", "thank you", and "don't mention it".
The crook thought all those kinds of words were a waste, so he spent a lot of time inventing a machine which could steal words. With this machine, he planned to steal "please", "thank you", "don't mention it", and similar words people used to be polite. After he stole these words, he intended to take them apart and sell the letters to book publishers. After he started up his machine, people would open their mouths, intending to say kind and polite things, but nothing came out. All those words ended up inside the big machine.
The crook was happy with his success, but he didn't count on a couple of very special little girls. Those girls were deaf, and had to communicate with sign language. Because the machine couldn't steal gestures, these girls continued being kind and polite. Soon they realized what had been happening to everyone else, and they found out about the crook and his plan. The girls followed him and found the machine busy separating all the words into letters. They approached the machine and started being polite to each other.
Try as it might, the machine couldn't steal those words, and it started to suffer a power overload . Finally, it exploded, sending all the letters it had gathered flying into the sky. These letters started coming down, like rain, and most ended up in the sea. After that, everyone could be polite again.
Seeing all those letters fall into the sea, those little girls had an idea. A little while later they opened a factory, making alphabetic spaghetti soup! [/INST] question: What the crook hated most was _ . | options: A: his machine B: money C: language D: politeness | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Imprint abrasion Real confusion in this question is between imprint abrasion and patterned bruising. In both imprint abrasion and patterned brusing there is mark or pattern of the object causing injury. Abrasion is caused by friction and/or pressure between the skin and some rough object or surface. For abrasions to occur some movement along with pressure is essential between the object or instrument or weapon and the skin. In abrasions superficial layers of skin are crushed and damaged. Bruises or contusions are caused by blunt trauma resulting in rupture of small blood vessels which lead to effusion of blood in subcutaneous or subepithelial tissues. However skin is intact in most cases until associated with abrasions. In an accident in which victim is overrun by vehicle, there will be movement and friction between the tyre and skin along with pressure by the tyre leading to imprint or patterned abrasion. There can be intradermal bruises also which are usually associated with patterned objects. So the tyre mark will be primarily an imprint or patterned abrasion (tyre has a pattern because of ridges and grooves) associated with bruises too. Also know? Abrasions are of following types Scratches - a linear injury produced by a sharp object, such as a pin, thorn, nail or tip of any sharp weapon. Graze - An injury which is produced when a broad surface of skin slides or scraps against a rough surface. These are the most common type. Commonly seen in road accidents. Violent lateral (tangential) rubbing against a rough surface can produce abrasion known as 'brush burn' or 'gravel rash'. 'Friction burn' can occur due to tangential contact with a smooth surface. 3. Patterned abrasions: In it pattern of the object causing injury is produced over the skin when the force is applied at right angle to the surface of the skin. Patterned abrasions are produced either by pressure of the object or by impact with a rough object. The .former is called pressure (crushing or friction) abrasion and the latter is known as impact (contact or imprint) abrasion. There can be associated bruising in the surrounding area. Examples are ligature mark, nail and Muir& mark, teeth bite marks, whip marks, radiator, grill or tyre marks in vehicular accidents and muzzle marks in gunshot injuries. [/INST] question: A rickshaw tyre passed on a 8 year old child. Tyre marks were found on the body. This is an exmaple of : | options: A: Percolated bruise B: Imprint abrasion C: Contusion D: Patterned bruise | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Too many cars have created a lot of serious problems in our world. Besides congestion , accidents and fast fuel consumption , cars are responsible for a good part of air pollution in big cities. All the time, they are pumping huge amounts of waste gases into the atmosphere. These gases are very harmful, causing disease and even death. Last winter, car fumes formed heavy smog over Beijing, making the sky gloomy for weeks and deteriorating people's health.
One possible solution is to design and develop clean cars and clean fuels. In Tsinghua University, campus buses are driven by electricity. In Beijing some of the public buses begin to run on natural gas, which does not give off as much carbon dioxide as the petrol. But it may take decades for the new models of clean cars to completely replace the traditional ones.
Another solution is to develop modern public transportation systems and restrict the use of private cars. If the price of petrol rises constantly and the public vehicles are efficient and convenient enough, most people will not use private cars. And the total number of cars in big cities will reduce greatly.
On the whole, the elimination of air pollution needs the co-efforts from the government, the public and the environments. This problem will be solved only with the help of science and technology. [/INST] question: What is the main reason for air pollution in big cities? | options: A: congestion B: accidents C: fast fuel consumption D: cars | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Saturday, October 7th, was a marathon of sad tasks for Anna Politkovskaya. Two weeks earlier, her father, a retired official in the department of foreign affairs, had died of a heart attack as he _ from the Moscow Metro while on his way to visit Politkovskaya's mother, Raisa Mazepa, in the hospital. She had just been diagnosed with cancer and was too weak even to attend her husband's funeral. "Your father will forgive me, because he knows that I have always loved him," she told Anna and her sister, Elena Kudimova, the day he was buried. A week later, she had an operation and since then Anna and Elena had been taking turns helping her deal with her grief.
Politkovskaya was supposed to spend the day at the hospital, but her twenty-six-year-old daughter, who was pregnant, had just moved into Politkovskaya's apartment, on Lesnaya Street, while her own place was being prepared for the baby. "Anna had so much on her mind," Elena Kudimova told me when we met in London, before Christmas. "And she was trying to finish her article." Politkovskaya was a special reporter for the small newspaperNovaya Gazeta, and, like most of her work, the piece focused on the terror that can be seen all over the southern republic of Chechnya. This time, she had been trying to report repeated cruel acts done by people faithful to the Prime Minister, Ramzan Kadyrov, who are in favour of Russia. In the past seven years, Politkovskaya had written dozens of accounts of life during wartime; many had been collected in her book "A Small Corner of Hell: reports from Chechnya." Politkovskaya was far more likely to spend time in a hospital than on a battlefield, and her writing bore frequent witness to robbery, and the uncontrolled cruelty of life in a place that few other Russians--and almost no other reporters--cared to think about. [/INST] question: Politkovskaya's father died of _ . | options: A: tiredness B: a disease C: an attack D: an accident | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Smegma was originally thought to be produced by sebaceous glands near the frenulum called Tyson's glands. Preputial glands were first noted by Edward Tyson and in 1694 fully described by William Cowper who named them Tyson's glands after Tyson. They are described as modified sebaceous glands located around the corona and inner surface of the prepuce of the human penis . They are believed to be most frequently found in the balanopreputial sulcus .Bulbourethral gland, also called Cowper's Gland , either of two pea-shaped glands in the male, located beneath the prostate gland at the beginning of the internal poion of the penis; they add fluids to semen during the process of ejaculation. The Baholin's glands (also called Baholin glands or greater vestibular glands ) are two pea sized compound racemose glands located slightly posterior and to the left and right of the opening of the vagina. They secrete mucus to lubricate the vagina and are homologous to bulbourethral glands in males.Brunner's glands (or duodenal glands ) are compound tubular submucosal glands found in that poion of the duodenum which is above the hepatopancreatic sphincter (aka sphincter of Oddi). [/INST] question: Smegma is secreted by | options: A: Tyson gland B: Brenner gland C: Cowper's gland D: Baholin's gland | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: cardiac output rarely occurs immediately after successful defibrillation. If after 2 minutes a pulse is not restored, a fuher biphasic shock of 150-200 joules is given. Thereafter, additional biphasic shocks of 150- 200 joules are given every 2 minutes after each cycle of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). During resuscitation, adrenaline (epinephrine, 1 mg i.v.) should be given every 3-5 minutes and consideration given to the use of intravenous amiodarone, especially if ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia reinitiates after successful defibrillation. ventricular fibrillation of low amplitude, or 'fine VF', may mimic asystole. If asystole cannot be confidently diagnosed, the patient should be regarded as having 'fine VF' and defibrillated. If an electrical rhythm is present that would be expected to produce a cardiac output, 'pulseless electrical activity' is present. There are several potentially reversible causes that can be easily remembered as a list of four Hs and four Ts (see Fig. 18.35). Pulseless electrical activity is treated by continuing CPR and adrenaline (epinephrine) administration whilst seeking such causes. Asystole is treated similarly, with the additional suppo of atropine and sometimes external or transvenous pacing in an attempt to generate an electrical rhythm. ref:harrison&;s principles of internal medicine,ed 18,pg no 2234 [/INST] question: Which of the following is/are included in treatment of ventricular fibrilation & subsequent cardiac arrest | options: A: Atropine B: External pacing C: Epinephrine D: Antiarrhythmic agents | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Back in the old days, when I was a child, we sat around the family roundtable at dinnertime and exchanged our daily experiences. It wasn't very organized, but everyone was recognized and all the news that had to be told was told by each family member.
We listened to each other and the interest was not put-on; it was real. Our family was a unit and we supported each other, and nurtured each other, and liked each other, and--we were even willing to admit--we loved each other.
Today, the family roundtable has moved to the local fast-food restaurant and talk is not easy, much less encouraged.
Grandma, who used to live upstairs, is now. the voice on long distance, and the working parent is far too beaten down each day to spend evening relaxation time listening to the sandbox experience of an eager four-year-old.
So family conversation is as extinct as my old toys and parental questions such as "What have you been doing, Bobby?" have been replaced by "I'm busy, go watch television. "
And watch TV they do; count them by the millions.
But it's usually not children's television that children watch. Saturday morning, the children's hour, amounts to only about 8 percent of their weekly viewing.
Where are they to be found? Watching adult television, of course, from the Match Game in the morning, to the afternoon at General Hospital, from the muggings and battles on the evening news right through the family hour and past into Starsky and Hutch. That's where you find our kids, over five million of them, at 10 p. m. , not fewer than a million until after midnight! All of this is done with parental permission.
Television, used well, can provide enriching experiences for our young people, but we must use it with some sense. When the carpet is clean, we turn off the vacuum cleaner. When the dishes are clean, the dishwasher turns itself off.
Not so the television, which is on from the sun in the morning to the moon at night and beyond!
Parents must exercise some control and show some concern about the cultural influence on the child when a program not intended for that child is viewed. Parents need to intervene . Nonintervention may be a wise policy in international affairs, but the results of parental nonintervention will not be wise at all. [/INST] question: The working parent is not willing to listen to her (his) four-year-old child talking about his sandbox games because _ . | options: A: she (he) is boring B: she (he) is busy C: she (he) is very tired D: she (he) is angry | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Wahin's tumor Is the second most common benign tumor of the parotid gland (1st is pleomorphic adenoma). It consists of both epithelial and lymphoid elements thus known as adenolymphoma (probably arises from remnants of parotid tissue trapped in lymphnodes within the parotid gland). Also known as papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum. The tumor arises only in the parotid gland. Almost always arises in the lower poion of the parotid gland overlying the angle of mandible. Common in males. (Occurs most often in older white men) Age : 5th to 7th decade. Association is seen with smoking. Bilaterality is seen in 10% cases. Its well encapsulated, extremely slow growing tumor, never turns malignant. A peculiar feature of Wahins tumor is that it shows 'hot' spot in 99' Tc-peechnate scan. Other tumors of the parotid show 'cold' spot (Oncocytomas another benign parotid tumor also shows hot spot). (Because of the high mitochondrial content within oncocytes, the oncocyte-rich Wahin tumor and Oncocytomas incorporate technetium Tc 99m and appear as hot spots on radionuclide scans.) Also remember Godwin's tumor - Benign lymphoepithelial tumor of the parotid gland. Most salivary gland tumors are benign. However remember that the smaller the salivary gland, the higher is the chance of the tumor being malignant. Parotid gland - 80% benign Submandibular, Sublingual - 50% benign, 50% malignant Minor salivary glands - 25% benign, 75% malignant [/INST] question: A Wahin's tumour is | options: A: An adenolymphoma of parotid gland B: A pleomorphic adenoma of parotid C: A carcinoma of the parotid D: A carcinoma of submandibular salivary gland | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Matt and his wife lived in the country. Matt was very mean and hated spending money. One day a fair came to the nearby town.
They went to the fair and looked at all the things to buy. Matt's wife wanted to buy a hat only costing $28, but was refused. Later on, a comb of $5 attracted her attention, but he would not let her spend any money.
Then, in a nearby field, they saw a small airplane. "Fun flight!" the notice said, "$10 for 10 minutes."
Matt had never been in an airplane and he wanted to go on a fun flight. However, he didn't want to pay for his wife either. "I've only got $10," he told the pilot. "Can my wife come with me for free?" The pilot wasn't selling many tickets, so he said, "I'll make a bargain with you. If your wife doesn't scream, she can have a free flight."
Matt agreed, and got into the small airplane with his wife. The pilot took off and made his airplane do all kinds of things. At one moment it was flying upside down.
When the plane landed, the pilot said, "OK, your wife didn't make a sound. She can have her ride free."
"Thank you," Matt said, "it wasn't easy for her, you know, especially when she fell out." [/INST] question: How much did the couple spend at the fair? | options: A: $28 B: $5 C: $43 D: $10 | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A large infiltrative mass is present in the right kidney with extension of mass into the renal pelvic fat, the right renal vein and IVC. There is also retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly. A. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma can involve the kidney but is seen on presentation in only 5.8% of cases. Although it can involve the kidney as a single mass, renal lymphoma most commonly presents as multiple lymphomatous masses. Additionally, renal vein and IVC invasion would be distinctly unusual for lymphoma. B. Angiomyolipoma is a benign tumor of the kidney that is characterized by regions of macroscopic fat (seen in 95% of cases). No areas of fat density are seen in the images provided with this case. Additionally, renal vein and IVC invasion and lymphadenopathy would not be a characteristic of this benign tumor. C. Renal medullary carcinoma is an unusual tumor that almost always occurs in young patients with sickle cell trait. No cases have been repoed in patients with sickle cell disease. The tumor arises from the calyceal epithelium and grows in an infiltrative pattern. It is a very aggressive tumor with early metastases to lymph nodes and vascular invasion. D. Transitional cell carcinoma can fill the renal pelvis and diffusely infiltrate the kidney as in this case. However, transitional cell carcinomas typically affect older individuals and would be rare to affect someone of this age. Also, transitional cell carcinomas would not demonstrate vascular invasion as in this case. [/INST] question: What is the MOST likely diagnosis for this 25-year-old man with sickle cell trait? | options: A: Non-Hodgkin lymphoma B: Angiomyolipoma C: Renal medullary carcinoma D: Transitional cell carcinoma | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Has anyone noticed how, with the passage of time, one's relationship with one's grown-up daughters and sons becomes changed? I've been aware of this for some time but I'm not quite sure how to deal with it.
Take the kitchen sink for example.
Following a family get-together at my place, I walked into the kitchen to find Kate, my daughter carefully cleaning the sink.
"Don't do that; what are you doing that for?" I said, unhappy about the hidden criticism.
"Mum," she said, "you really ought to put your glasses on when you clean the sink. Behind the tap here was black!"
But it's not just things like kitchen sinks. Another time Kate arrived to pick me up to lunch. She looked at me and then asked, "Mum, why do you use brown eyebrow pencil when your hair is grey?"
A sudden memory of her, aged 14, going to her first mixed party flooded back. She had come in to say goodbye. For a moment I thought she'd been an accident. Both eyes were black. I remember suggesting that perhaps a little less eye make-up might be more effective.
Now I told her, "My hair used to be brown."
"It looks absurd."
"Mrs. Menzies had dark eyebrows with grey hair."
"Yes, but you're not Mrs. Menzies, are you?" she said triumphantly, as if that proved her point.
But a recent event made me realize that something really must be done.
She had returned some for a few weeks before getting married. One evening I went out on a dinner date. By the time my companion left me at the front door, it was about 2am. As I stepped in, an angry figure in a white nightgown stopped me.
"Well, what time of night is this to be coming home?" she shouted. "Where have you been? I've been worried sick!"
Shades of the past come back to disturb me. But what should I do about all this? Nothing, probably. Maybe, after all, it's only a stage young people are going through. [/INST] question: The daughter thought her mother didn't clean the kitchen sink well because of her_. | options: A: laziness B: carelessness C: unhappiness D: poor-quality glasses | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Okazaki fragments are sho, newly synthesized DNA fragments that are formed on the lagging template strand during DNA replication. They are complementary to the lagging template strand, together forming sho double-stranded DNA sections. Okazaki fragments are between 1000 and 2000 nucleotides long in prokaryotes (e.g. Escherichia coli) and are roughly 100 to 200 nucleotides long in eukaryotes. They are separated by ~SS120-nucleotide RNA primers and are unligated until RNA primers are removed, followed by enzyme ligase connecting (ligating) an Okazaki fragment onto the (now continuous) newly synthesized complementary strand. On the leading strand DNA replication proceeds continuously along the DNA molecule as the parent double-stranded DNA is unwound, but on the lagging strand, the new DNA is made in installments, which are later joined together by a DNA ligase enzyme. This is because the enzymes that synthesise the new DNA can only work in one direction along the parent DNA molecule and the two strands are anti-parallel. On the leading strand this route is continuous, but on the lagging strand, it is discontinuous. DNA is synthesised from 5&; to 3&;, so when copying the 3&; to 5&; strand, replication is continuous. [/INST] question: Okazaki fragments are formed during the synthesis of | options: A: ds DNA B: ss DNA C: m RNA D: t RNA | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Radiolabelled DNA probe Polymerase Chain ReactionPCR is a cell-free, test tube method for amplifying a target sequence of DNA. It is much faster and more sensitive than cell-based cloning.Materials required:Two primers, each about 20-35 bases long with sequence complementary to the sequence immediately adjacent to the DNA segment of interest ( flanking sequence) . DNA polymerase (e.g., Taq polymerase) which can sustain high temperature (> 600 C). A large number of free deoxynucleotides (dNTPs)The target DNA fragment.Procedure:There are three major steps in a PCR, which are repeated for 20 or 30 cycles.a. Heat Denaturation- The DNA sample to be amplified is first heated to separate the two strandsb.Annealing- The primers bind to the two separated strands of DNA ( one for each strand ) flanking the target sequence.c.Extension- Each strand is copied by the DNA polymerase, staing at the primer site. The two DNA strands each serve as a template for the synthesis of new DNA from the two primers.The above three steps are repeated again and again . The number of copies doubles in each cycle. Typically 20-30 cycles are run during this process. There is an exponential increase in the amount of target DNA, amplifying it by a million-fold to a billion-fold.By using a heat stable DNA polymerase( Taq polymerase ), the polymerase is not denatured and, therefore does not have to be added at each successive cycle.Advantages:The major advantage of PCR over cloning as a mechanism for amplifying a specific DNA sequence aresensitivity : DNA sequences present in only trace amounts can be amplified to become the predominant sequencespeedless technically difficult than traditional cloning methods using recombinant DNA techniques. Disadvantages:To synthesize primers, we need to know the sequence flanking the DNA segment of interest.Applies only to sho DNA fragments, typically less than 10 kb. [/INST] question: For PCR which of the following is not required: | options: A: Taq polymerase B: d-NTP C: Primer D: Radiolabelled DNA probe | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: This past month saw one of the most devastating storms in history brings death and destruction on the Philippines. The number of lives lost is still being calculated, but it is already sitting above five thousand. In the flurryof news about the storm and its after-math, the cries of "I told you so" from environmentalists rang out loud and clear.
These scientists were especially vocal during the United Nations Climate Change Conference, which just wrapped up in Warsaw, Poland. The timing of the conference and Typhoon Haiyan was an eerie coincidence, but perhaps the concurrence offered a wakeup call for all.
Christiana Figures, Executive Secretary of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) said, "We are witnessing ever more frequent extreme weather events, and the poor and vulnerable are already paying the price."
Scientists claim that storms like Typhoon Haiyan are an inevitable result of the effect greenhouse gases are having on our environment. Environmental analysts claim that rising temperatures around the globe and changing weather patterns are all part of the same problem.
This isn't breaking news. We've heard the warnings for years. The UN has been hosting the Climate Change Conference since1995.But the changes that need to be made are huge. Added to this, the developed nations and developing countries have competing interests that are difficult to settle. The issue of who takes responsibility becomes difficult to resolve.
We may feel far away from Poland and resolving conflicts between countries, but we mustn't feel far away from the issue. When we watch neighboring countries suffer in severe weather, when we hear reports of increasing global temperatures, when we walk outside and find it difficult to breathe the Shanghai air, we know we have a very real problem. So what are we going to do about it? Are we making every-day choices that can have a positive impact? Are we reducing our carbon footprint? Are we choosing to walk, ride a bicycle or take public transportation instead of a car? Are we recycling? Are we turning off the lights and electronics whenever possible?
The problem is complex, but saving our earth starts with each of us taking simple steps. [/INST] question: What is the most terrible typhoon in 2013? It is _ . | options: A: Haiyan B: Bebinca C: Danas D: Cimaron | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Currently, the most commonly utilized scoring systems are the APACHE (acute physiology and chronic health evaluation) system and the SAPS (simplified acute physiology score) system. These systems were designed to predict outcomes in critical illness and use common variables that include age; vital signs; assessments of respiratory, renal, and neurologic function; and an evaluation of chronic medical illnesses. The APACHE II system is the most commonly used SOI scoring system in Noh America. Age, type of ICU admission (after elective surgery vs. nonsurgical or after emergency surgery), a chronic health problem score, and 12 physiologic variables (the most severely abnormal of each in the first 24 h of ICU admission) are used to derive a score. The predicted hospital moality is derived from a formula that takes into account the APACHE II score, the need for emergency surgery, and a weighted, disease-specific diagnostic category. ref:harrison&;s principles of internal medicine,ed 18,pg no 2196 [/INST] question: Acute physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) scoring system is used as a scoring system to | options: A: To predict postoperative cardiac risk B: To predict postoperative pulmonary complications C: To evaluate prognosis in the critical care settings D: To evaluate prognosis after acute myocardial infarction | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A new study said about 65 percent of the online payments last year were done with mobile devices. Along with the rapid growth of the online to offline business, the mobile payment has been further changing people's everyday life.
According to findings published by Alipay, the mobile payment is more _ in China's underdeveloped areas. In Tibet, 83.3 percent of the online payments were done with mobile devices in 2015. The region was followed by Guizhou, Gansu, Shanxi and Qinghai. Nearly 80 percent of the mobile payments were done in these regions and provinces. Li Chao, a researcher from iResearch Consulting Group, said that the lack of traditional business was the main reason why people used mobile payment more often.
Although people in developed areas in China used mobile payments less often, they spent much more money. The study showed that people in Shanghai spent more than 100,000 yuan(15,210dollars) on average through Alipay, becoming the top Alipay users in China in 2015.
As more and more companies are entering the mobile payment field in China, such as mobile payments in convenience stores and movie theatres, online payment is sure to develop much more quickly. In the near future smartphones may replace wallets. [/INST] question: About _ percent of the online payments in 2015 were done through mobile devices. | options: A: 45 B: 55 C: 65 D: 75 | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Does this ever happen to you? Someone introduces you to a friend, you hear his or her name, and then two minutes later, you forget it. Or you go to the same restaurant every day and the owner always says "Hello" to you but you can never remember her name. If this happens, you are _ -- actually most people have the problem remembering names.
Here are some ways that can help people remember names.
* Repeat the person's name loud at least three times while you talk together. For example, instead of saying "Nice to meet you." say "Nice to meet you, Jack." Instead of saying "Where do you live?" you can say "Where do you live, Jack?"
*Introduce the person by name to someone else right away.
* Write the name down as soon as possible.
There are other ways which may seem a little strange. However, try them.
* Think of a story using the person's name. For example, think to yourself, "Jack has a nice jacket." Imagine Jack in a nice jacket.
* Think of a rhyme for the person's name. For example, think to yourself, "Jack would look nice in black." Imagine Jack wearing black clothes.
All these ways have one thing in common. You must pay attention to the people you meet. You can't just meet someone, nod your head, say hello, and walk away. Remembering names takes work and practice. [/INST] question: The word "typical" probably means " _ ". | options: A: funny B: common C: strange D: careless | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Sensitivity is defined as the ability of a test to detect the presence of a disease in those who truly have the disease. It is calculated as the number of people with a disease who test positive (true positive) divided by the total number of people who have the disease (true positive+ false negative). In this case, sensitivity equals the number of babies born with trisomy 21 whose mothers tested positive (100) divided by the total number of babies born with trisomy 21. This yields 100/200 = 50% (not a very sensitive test). 40% corresponds to the prevalence of the disease in the tested population, which in this case equals the total number of babies with Down's syndrome (true positive + false negative = 100 + 100= 200) divided by the total number of people tested (500). This yields 200/500= 40%. 67% corresponds to the positive predictive value of the test, which equals the number of babies with Down's whose mothers test positive (true positives = 100) divided by the total number of mothers testing positive(true positive + false positive = 150). This yields 100/150 = 67%. 71% corresponds to the negative predictive value of the test, which equals the number of normal babies whose mothers tested negative (250) divided by the total number of people testing negative (350). This yields 250/350 = 71%. [/INST] question: An experimental diagnostic test is developed to noninvasively detect the presence of trisomy 21, Down's syndrome. The test is administered to a group of 500 women considered to be at risk for a Down's fetus based on blood tests. The results of this test are shown below. What is the sensitivity of this new test? \r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nTrisomy 21\r\n\r\n\r\nNormal Karyotype\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nPositive Test\r\n\r\n\r\n100\r\n\r\n\r\n50\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nNegative Test\r\n\r\n\r\n100\r\n\r\n\r\n250\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n | options: A: 40% B: 50% C: 67% D: 71% | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Audrey is a Chinese-American student. She has found many value differences between the Chinese and Americans.
About money
* The American children love to make money by themselves. Chinese children always ask their parents for money.
* American parents don't think it is useful to send their children to an expensive university. Chinese parents would do anything to send their children to good universities even if it could make them very poor.
About school
* Many American girls take part in sports, dancing and singing groups. Many Chinese girls take part in academic groups.
* American students usually feel happy when they get B in an exam. Chinese students feel sad when they get B.
American parents and Chinese parents
American parents allow their daughters or sons to go out with their friends if they come back home at the certain time. Chinese parents usually don't allow their children in middle school to go out with their friends at night.
American teachers and Chinese teachers
During parent-teacher meetings, American teachers will always find good things to say to
The parents, even to those with the worst grades. But Chinese teachers often tell the parents the mistakes that their children made at school. [/INST] question: American children love _ money by themselves. | options: A: making B: asking for C: borrowing D: using | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: There are many dimensions to football's allure and appeal: top-class moves, thrilling goals, majestic star players, thunderous encounters and passionate fans. Football stirs the emotions all over the globe, brings people from contrasting cultures together, and promotes solid virtues such as fairness, team spirit and tolerance. All these facts will emerge in their most intense form at the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil next summer.
Millions of people will be transfixed(...)by this unique festival of sport and friendship. We are thoroughly looking forward to football of the highest quality. We're delighted to welcome the biggest names in the sport as well as those nations set to appear at the finals for the first time. And we're looking forward to greeting fans from all over the world as they fill our cities with even more colour and life. A heartfelt welcome to everyone!
Brazil is a cosmopolitan country with a passion for football. The people will devote themselves to the job of ensuring the 2014 FIFA World Cup is an unforgettable experience, a fact demonstrated by the thousands of ordinary folk who have come forward as volunteers.
Brazil is well prepared to host the FIFA World Cup. We have finished constructing our new, modern stadiums and an outstanding transportation system. The organization is in the enormously capable hands of the Organizing Committee headed by RonaldoLuiz Nazario de Lima. The slogan "A time to make friends" perfectly describes our intention to ensure everyone delighted in a secure and peaceful festival of football.
The FIFA World Cup is a unique opportunity for Brazil to present herself as a hospitable, joyful and modern nation bursting with ideas. I am convinced that the flames of passion and togetherness _ by the FIFA World Cup in Brazil will spread to the entire world.
I'm personally looking forward to a festival of goals, excitement and fair play. We Brazilians will be right behind our national team, but our aim is to act as welcoming hosts and friends to every team and their fans. Passionate and cosmopolitan Brazil is delighted to welcome visitors to the 2014 FIFA World Cup. [/INST] question: The charm of football includes all except _ . | options: A: thrilling goals B: the players C: violence D: the fans | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: It's over three years since I began to learn English. I'm glad that I am getting on well with it.
I find English quite difficult, but very interesting. When I first started, I thought I had only to remember the new words and learn some grammar I knew little about English idioms .I thought each English word had the same meaning in Chinese. When I learn to say"I see a book on the desk," I thought the English word "see " was just like the Chinese word " kan ",So one day when my teacher asked me," what are you doing?", I answered, "I'm seeing a book." "That's wrong ." the teacher said, "you don't see a book, You read a book. You can't use English word like a Chinese one.. Be sure not to make the same mistake again."
After that I began to pay more attention to the differences between Chinese and English. For example, in English we say a" high mountain", but a" tall man. " In Chinese we use the same word "gao " for both.. Again in English we say" take part in the sports meeting ", " attend the meeting " and" join the army," while in Chinese we can use "can jia " for all three. Interesting ,isn't?
So to study English doesn't only mean hard wok, it can be great fun, too! We not only have to pay attention to pronunciation, grammar spelling and handwriting, we also have to understand English idioms. We can learn English well only in the way!
But all this is only a beginning and I still have a long way to go. I'll try my best and work even harder than before. I must speak and listen to English more both in and out of class. I must learn English well so that I can work well when I grow up. [/INST] question: I have learned English for _ years. | options: A: one B: five C: three D: more than three | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: STARBUCKS China yesterday renamed a newlyopened outlet near one of Buddhism's most famous temples after a wave of controversy over what critics called a "cultural invasion".
The coffee shop in Hangzhou had opened as the Lingyin Temple Starbucks, leading some people to believe it was located inside the renowned temple.
However, the company said in a statement yesterday that the coffee shop was actually in the Lingyin scenic area, about 20 minutes' walk from the temple's entrance.It was said the outlet would now be known as the Lingyin Starbucks.
Wang Shan, deputy director of the Lingyin office of the West Lake Administration in Hangzhou, capital of Zhejiang Province, said, "Actually, the coffee house is a long distance from the temple.It is located in the tourist service area on Lingyin Road outside of the temple, as part of the supporting facilities."
The temple's administration urged the cafe to change its name to make it clear that it was not located inside the temple.
In a heated online debate, critics said the U.S.chain's commercial style would spoil the serenity that an oriental Buddhism temple should embrace.
Supporters, however, said that the talk of an "invasion" was misplaced as the outlet was not inside the temple but on a nearby commercial street where a KFC restaurant and a shopping mall had been open for more than six months.
The incident follows calls in 2009 to stop an earlier "cultural invasion" when the Seattlebased coffee chain had to move its outlet out of Beijing's Forbidden City seven years after it opened.
Critics urged closure of the outlet, which they said was a "humiliation" for a culture exemplified by the ancient buildings. [/INST] question: Why did the temple's administration urge the cafe to change its name? | options: A: To attract the tourists B: To tell the public the coffee outlet doesn't lie inside the temple C: To obey the government D: To do something to protect the temple | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: HETEROCYCLIC BENZOFURAN Griseofulvin It was one of the early antibiotics extracted from Penicillium griseofulvum. However, because of lack of antibacterial activity, little attention was paid to it: clinical utility in dermatophytosis was demonstrated only around 1960. Griseofulvin is active against most dermatophytes, including Epidermophyton, Trichophyton, Microsporum, etc., but not against Candida and other fungi causing deep mycosis. Bacteria are also insensitive. Dermatophytes actively concentrate it: this feature probably accounts for its selective toxicity. Resistance can be induced in vitro and this is associated with loss of concentrating ability. However, emergence of resistance during clinical use is rare. Griseofulvin interferes with mitosis-multinucleated and stunted fungal hyphae result from its action. It also causes abnormal metaphase configurations. However, unlike the typical mitotic inhibitors (colchicine, vinca alkaloids), it does not cause metaphase arrest; rather the daughter nuclei fail to move apa or move only a sho distance. It does not inhibit polymerization of tubulin (microtubular protein which pulls the chromosomes apa), but binds to polymerized microtubules and somehow disorients them. ESSENTIALS OF MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY K.D.TRIPATHI SIXTH EDITION PAGE NO:760 [/INST] question: Griseofulvin isnot useful in one of the following: | options: A: Tinea capitis B: Tinea cruris C: Tinea versicolor D: Tinea pedis | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Here's the travel plan for some museums on our "Museums of the World" tour.
The Museum of Bad Art (Boston, USA) shows what it describes as "art too bad to be ignored". The museum hopes to bring the worst of art to the widest possible audience and has even published a book of its most "important" works. As part of the visit, we'll be shown some truly awful portraits, landscapes and sculptures.
The Washington Banana Museum (Auburn, Washington, USA) contains 4,000 objects related to the history of what the museum describes as "the world's most perfect fruit". We'll be given a guided tour around the museum, during which we'll learn all sorts of interesting things, such as the fact that bananas were introduced to the USA in 1878 in the same exhibition as Alexander Graham Bell's telephone, and that the banana is now the US' number-one selling fruit.
The Hair Museum (Avanos, Turkey) is located in a cave in Cappadocia, in Central Anatolia. It contains 160,000 samples of people's hair. You'll be offered a chance to add your own hair to the collection. Later in the year, the museum curator selects 10 donors to attend a pottery workshop. If you're one of them, you'll be invited to stay in his guest house.
The museum du Slip (Brussels, Belgium) is devoted to underwear. The idea behind the museum is that everyone is equal in their underwear. You'll be fascinated to know that it has collected samples from all sorts of people, including artists, politicians and pop stars.
The Museum de Carrosses Funebres (Barcelona, Spain) is a museum of funeral hearses . It takes a look at how local people have been transported to their funerals since the 19th century. During the tour, we'll be provided with a fascinating insight into how the people of Barcelona viewed death. Among the 1,000 or so exhibits, pride of place goes to a "flap-coffin", which is a reusable coffin from the 18th century. [/INST] question: What is special about the Washington Banana Museum? | options: A: You'll see some examples of awful art B: This museum includes an exhibit from the 18th century C: You'll learn something about the history of bananas D: It provides the customs of funerals about local people | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: No one wants to look silly or do the wrong thing at a new job. It is important to make the right impression from the first day. You'll face new people. You will be in a new place.
It may be difficult to know what to do. Here are five tips to help you make it through the first days at a new job:
1. First impressions can last forever. Make sure you make a good one. Before your first day, find out if your new job has a dress code (rules about what you can wear to work). If so, be sure to follow it. No matter what, always be neat and clean.
2. Get to work on time. Give yourself an extra 15 minutes to make sure you arrive on time.
3. Pay attention to introductions. One of the first things that your _ may do is to introduce you to co-workers. These co-workers will be important to you. They are the ones who will answer your questions when the boss is not around.
4. Ask plenty of questions. Make sure that your supervisor has told you what is expected of you. If he or she has not told you your duties, ask for a list. Set daily and weekly goals for yourself.
5. Never be the first one to leave. Watch what your co-workers do around quitting time . It does not look good for you to be eager to leave. [/INST] question: Before you arrive at work, you should _ . | options: A: dress in a right way B: introduce yourself C: know your duties D: know your co-workers well | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Humphry Davy coined the name "laughing gas" for nitrous oxide. Nitrous oxide, commonly known as laughing gas or nitrous, is a chemical compound, an oxide of nitrogen with the formula N2O. At room temperature, it is a colourless, non-flammable gas, with a slight metallic scent and taste. At elevated temperatures, nitrous oxide is a powerful oxidiser similar to molecular oxygen. It is soluble in water. Nitrous oxide is a weak general anaesthetic, and so is generally not used alone in general anaesthesia, but used as a carrier gas (mixed with oxygen) for more powerful general anaesthetic drugs such as sevoflurane or desflurane. It has a minimum alveolar concentration of 105% and a blood/gas paition coefficient of 0.46. The use of nitrous oxide in anaesthesia, however, can increase the risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Recreational inhalation of nitrous oxide, with the purpose of causing euphoria and/or slight hallucinations, began as a phenomenon for the British upper class in 1799, known as "laughing gas paies". In rats, N2O stimulates the mesolimbic reward pathway by inducing dopamine release and activating dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens, presumably through antagonistic of NMDA receptors localised in the system. This action has been implicated in its euphoric effects and, notably, appears to augment its analgesic propeies as well. It is remarkable, however, that in mice, N2O blocks amphetamine-induced carrier-mediated dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens and behavioural sensitisation, abolishes the conditioned place preference (CPP) of cocaine and morphine, and does not produce reinforcing (or aversive) effects of its own. Effects of CPP of N2O in rats are mixed, consisting of reinforcement, aversion and no change. In contrast, it is a positive reinforcer in squirrel monkeys, and is well known as a drug of abuse in humans. These discrepancies in response to N2O may reflect species variation or methodological differences. In human clinical studies, N2O was found to produce mixed responses, similarly to rats, reflecting high subjective individual variability. [/INST] question: Laughing gas is | options: A: Nitrous oxide B: Halothane C: Chloroform D: Diethylether | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: American society is not nap -friendly. In fact, says David Dinges, a sleep specialist at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, "There's even a prohibition against admitting we need sleep". Nobody wants to be caught napping or found asleep at work. To quote a proverb: "Some sleep five hours, nature requires seven, laziness nine and wickedness eleven."
Wrong. The way not to fall asleep at work is to take naps when you need them. "We have to totally change our attitude toward napping," says Dr. William Dement of Stanford University, the godfather of sleep research.
Last year a national commission led by Dement identified an " _ " which one member said was as important as the national debt. The commission was concerned about the dangers of sleepiness: people causing industrial accidents or falling asleep while driving. This may be why we have a new sleep policy in the White House. According to recent reports, President Clinton is trying to take a ha1f-hour snooze every afternoon.
About 60 percent of American adults nap when given the opportunity. We seem to have "a mid afternoon quiet phase," also called "a secondary sleep gate." Sleeping 15 minutes to two hours in the early afternoon can reduce stress and make us refreshed. Clearly, we were born to nap.
We Superstars of Snooze don't nap to replace lost shut-eye or to prepare for a night shift.Rather, we "snack" on sleep, whenever, wherever and at whatever time we feel like it. I myself have napped in buses, cars, planes and on boats; on floors and beds; and in libraries, offices and museums. [/INST] question: It is commonly accepted in American society that too much sleep is _ . | options: A: unreasonable B: criminal C: harmful D: costly | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: About influenza A(H7N9) virus
What is the influenza A(H7N9) virus?
Influenza A H7 viruses are a group of influenza viruses that normally spread among birds. The influenza A(H7N9) virus is one smaller group among the larger group of H7 viruses. Although some H7 viruses (H7N2, H7N3 and H7N7) have sometimes been found to infect humans, no human infections with H7N9 viruses have been reported until recent reports from China.
What are the main signs of human infection with influenza A(H7N9) virus?
So far, most patients with this infection have had severe pneumonia . Signs include fever, cough and shortness of breath. However, information is still limited about the full area of disease that infection with influenza A(H7N9) virus might cause.
How did people become infected with the influenza A(H7N9) virus?
Some of the confirmed cases had connections with animals or with an animal environment. The virus has been found in a pigeon in a market in Shanghai. It is not yet known how persons became infected. The possibility of animal-to-human spread is being looked into.
Is it safe to eat meat like chicken and pork products?
Influenza viruses are not spread through eating well-cooked food. Because influenza viruses are made inactive by normal temperatures used for cooking (so that food reaches 70degC in all parts), it is safe to eat properly prepared and cooked meat. Diseased animals and animals that have died of diseases should not be eaten. In areas experiencing outbreaks, meat products can be safely eaten only if they are properly cooked and properly handled during food preparation. The eating of raw meat and uncooked blood-based dishes is a high-risk practice and should be discouraged.
Is it safe to travel to China?
The number of confirmed cases in China is very low. WHO does not advise the application of any travel measures with respect to visitors to China, nor to persons leaving China.
Are Chinese products safe?
There is no evidence to link the present cases with any Chinese products. WHO advises that people should not fear to trade them at this time. [/INST] question: People infected with the influenza A(H7N9) virus may suffer from _ . | options: A: hard breathing B: anxiety C: sweating D: blooding | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The Left recurrent laryngeal nerve has a longer course to the neck than the right side. This is because it hooks under the left sixth arch aery which persists in extra-uterine life as the ductus aeriosus, a fibrous remnant. On the right side, neither the sixth nor fifth arch aeries persist and so the recurrent laryngeal nerve is restrained by the next most superior structure which is the fouh branchial arch aery (Right Subclan Aery). Rarely, the right fouh branchial arch aery does not develop in the adult and instead, the right dorsal aoa of the fetus persists to supply the same territories. Hence, the right recurrent laryngeal nerve is no longer restrained by a subclan aery and so it divides from the vagus more superiorly to run inferiorly on the larynx. This anomalous nerve (Non Recurrent Laryngeal nerve) may be transected during thyroid surgery. * The recurrent laryngeal nerve has differing courses oneach side. On the right, it loops under the subclanaery and on the left under the aoic arch. On bothsides it then ascends on the side of the trachea. [/INST] question: Left recurrent laryngeal nerve has a longer course because of which arch aery: | options: A: 1st arch B: 2nd arch C: 4th arch D: 6th arch | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The diagnosis of ovarian cancer is often delayed, because symptoms often do not occur until late in the disease when the mass is large and applies pressure to other abdominal organs. The symptoms illustrated in the case are typical. Patients may also develop ascites with shoness of breath, a variety of gastrointestinal symptoms related to impaired motility secondary to pressure, and, if the ovarian cancer is a type that secretes hormones, menstrual irregularities or abnormal hair growth. The most widely studied tumor marker in ovarian cancer is CA-125. This marker is not of paicular use in screening of the general population for two reasons: 1) small cancers often do not cause serum elevations of the marker; and 2) serum levels of the marker can be elevated by a variety of cancers (including those of ovary, breast, pancreas, colon, and lung) and benign conditions (including endometriosis, pregnancy, liver disease, and congestive hea failure). However, if there is already a strong suspicion or a known history of ovarian cancer, CA-125 can be helpful in establishing if the cancer burden (if present) is large, and whether following the CA-125 levels following surgery can be used to monitor for recurrent disease. While small tumors are not always picked up (50% of women with small ovarian cancers have normal CA-125), more than 80% of women with advanced ovarian cancer have CA-125 elevations. Adrenocoicotropic hormone can be elevated in ectopic hormone-producing lung cancers. Galactosyltransferase can be elevated in a wide variety of cancers, including those from lung, breast, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, and colon. It is not used as a marker for ovarian cancer. S-100 is a marker for melanoma and neuroendocrine tumors. [/INST] question: A 57-year-old woman presents to a physician with chronic pelvic pain of many years duration. On fuher questioning, the woman also repos urinary frequency, constipation, pain with intercourse and bloating. On physical examination, a large mass is felt in the pelvic area. Follow-up ultrasound examination demonstrates that the mass involves the right adnexa and is composed of multiloculated cystic spaces. Prior to sending the patient to surgery, the primary care physician wants to order a serum tumor marker to screen for ovarian cancer. Which of the following would be the best choice? | options: A: Adrenocoicotropic hormone B: CA-125 C: Galactosyltransferase D: S-100 | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: How can a small stamp be worth $16,800?
Any mistake made in the printing of a stamp raises its value to stamp collectors. A mistake on a two-penny stamp has made it worth a million and a half times its face value.
Do you think it impossible? Well, it is true. And this is how it happened.
The mistake was made more than a hundred years ago in the former British colony of M auritius , a small island in the Indian Ocean. In 1847 an order for stamps was sent to London. Mauritius was about to become the fourth country in the world to put out stamps.
Before the order was filled and the stamps arrived from England, a big dance was planned by the commander-in-chief of all the armed forces on the island. The dance would be held in his house and letters of invitation would be sent to all the important people in Mauritius. Stamps were badly needed to post the letters. Therefore, an islander, who was a good printer, was told to copy the pattern of the stamps. He carelessly put the words "Post Office" instead of "Post Paid", two words seen on stamps at that time, on the several hundred that he printed.
Today, there are only twenty-six of these misprinted stamps left--- fourteen One-penny Reds and twelve Two-penny Blues. Because there are so few Two-Penny Blues and because of their age, collectors have paid as much as $16,800 for one of them. [/INST] question: When a mistake is made in the printing of the stamp, the stamp _ . | options: A: will be thrown away B: increases in value C: is not worth buying D: is worth no more than its face value | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: You might say that one reason why Barack Obama is president of the US is that he knows how to give a good speech.
Since 2004, Obama has written and delivered thousands of speeches. These are usually praised for two reasons: he treats the audiences like intelligent adults, and he is able to express _ ideas in an easy, natural way.
Before becoming president, Obama was a lawyer, a college professor, and a successful writer---his two memories have become best-sellers.
What's more, he has some secret weapons.
Teleprompter: Obama doesn't go anywhere without his Teleprompter. The textbook-sized panes of glass holding the president's prepared remarks follow him wherever he goes to speak.
Writing team: Obama has a team of people who write his speeches. The writers chat with Obama for hours about what he wants to say. They listen to recordings of past presidential speeches and seek advice from advisers. Obama usually edits and rewrites the drafts several times.
Tricks for lighthearted speeches:
Make fun of the guests: Obama starts his speech by gently teasing his guests. His opening lines draw the audience's attention while giving them an opportunity to relax and laugh at themselves and each other.
Make fun of yourself: A good rule for speechmakers: If you're going to make a joke about someone else, be sure to make one about yourself, too. Obama mocks his own poor choices for filling the position of Commerce Secretary, saying, "No president in history has ever named three Commerce Secretaries this quickly." In fact, his first two nominees for the position withdrew their names for different reasons. In a process that had otherwise gone smoothly, the Obama Administration found it hard to deal with the problem of filling the Commerce seat. [/INST] question: Obama made the poetic and inspiring speech in 2004 as _ . | options: A: president B: a nominee for the presidency C: a senator D: a secretary | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A long-term American study shows the importance of early education for poor children. The study is known as the Abecedarian Project. It involved more than one-hundred young children from poor families in North Carolina.
Half of the children attended an all-day program at a high-quality childcare center. The center offered educational, health and social programs. Children took part in games and activities to increase their thinking and language skills and social and emotional development. The program also included health foods for the children
The children attended the program from when they were a few weeks old until the age of five years. The other group of children did not attend the childcare center. After the age of five, both groups attended public school.
Researchers compared the two groups of children. When they were babies, both groups had similar results in tests for mental and physical skills. However, from the age of eighteen months, the children in the educational child care program did much better in tests.
The researchers tested the children again when they were twelve and fifteen years old. The tests found that the children who had been in the childcare center continued to have higher average test results. These children did much better on tests of reading and mathematics.
A few years ago, organizers of the Abecedarian Project tested the students again. At the time, each student was twenty-one years old. They were tested for thinking and educational ability, employment, parenting and social skills. The researchers found that the young adults who had the early education still did better in reading and mathematics tests. They were more than two times as likely to be attending college or to have completed college. In addition, the children who received early education were older on average, when their first child was born.
The study offers more evidence that learning during the first months and years of life is important for all later development.
The researchers of the Abecedarian Project believe their study shows a need for lawmakers to spend money on public early education. They believe these kinds of programs could reduce the number of children who do not complete school and are unemployed. [/INST] question: The Abecedarian Project has lasted _ . | options: A: almost one year B: about five years C: no more than 15 years D: more than 20 years | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: People often hear each others' voices without ever seeing the faces they belong to. "Nowadays we are talking away on the phone without meeting people," says Seung-Jae Moon. And from business conference calls to chat lines, people often imagine they would recognize the speaker if they saw him or her. Seung-Jae Moon, a linguist of Korea found that, under certain conditions, they're actually right.
Moon decided to see just how close those mental pictures match up with reality and if there was any relation to how people speak rather than what they are saying. He recorded 16 Koreans, half men and half women, reading the same passage, and took a full-body photo and head shot of each speaker. Then he played the tapes for 361 Koreans and 173 Americans who did not speak Korean and asked his subjects to match up voice and picture. The Korean participants viewing full-body photos were quite perceptive. A majority linked 6 of the 8 women to the correct voice and did so for 5 of the 8 men. With the Korean group shown only faces, accuracy plummeted, but more than 20 percent of the subjects selected the same incorrect picture. The Americans showed no accuracy in matching the foreign voices to photos, but they too were consistent in their errors. That disconnection reveals conflicting ideas of physical and vocal beauty. Moon asked people to pick a favorite face and voice. Seventy percent of the Koreans picked one voice, but there was no agreement on a face. Americans didn' t agree on either count. And over 65 percent of both Koreans and Americans did not match their favorite face with their favorite voice.
Moon hopes to use software to break voices into components like pitch and hoarseness to narrow down which elements trigger certain mental pictures. "If we can map which characteristics of the voice triggers what kind of linage, and it doesn't matter whether that image is the right or wrong one of the actual speaker, then we can create an image through voice,' he says. That capacity could help to create computer-synthesized voices tailored to conjure up specific associations -- audio books for children that inspire motherly visages, or warning alerts that bring to mind a stern police officer. [/INST] question: People often think that they would _ the speaker when they saw the speaker. | options: A: understand B: recognize C: like D: surprise | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: This woman has onychomycosis, which often affects the toenails in an asymmetric pattern. Onychomycosis does not usually resolve spontaneously and is more difficult to eradicate than is tinea pedis (athlete's foot). The etiologic agents include several species of yeast, mold, and dermatophytes, therefore, direct microscopy and/or fungal culture may be necessary for definitive therapy. The condition is often asymptomatic and may not require treatment. Topical therapies are effective but require daily application for many months. They have the advantage of safety. Oral treatment with terbinafine or itraconazole is more effective than topical treatment but must also be continued up to 6 months; oral antifungals carry the risk of hepatotoxicity. Yellow nail syndrome should be considered in the differential for widespread yellow nail changes and is associated with pulmonary disease and cancers. Yellow nail syndrome affects all 20 nails; a workup for systemic disease is unnecessary in the usual patient with onychomycosis. [/INST] question: A 45-year-old woman presents with the complaint that her toenails are thick and yellow. She is otherwise healthy and takes no medications. On examination, two toenails on the right foot and the great toenail on her left foot are affected. There is no periungual erythema, and her peripheral pulses are good. What is the best advice for this patient? | options: A: This nail disease will spontaneously remit B: CBC, comprehensive metabolic profile, chest x-ray, and abdominal CT scan should be ordered to look for underlying malignancy C: Oral therapies will need to be used for months until the nails have grown out D: Sampling the nail is unnecessary for definitive diagnosis | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The Amazing Kids! PenPals Program is a literacy-based , traditional letter-writing pen pal program, available to all children aged 5-17 worldwide.
At $10 per child, our program is a low-cost and fun way to help your children practice their literacy skills while they are making new friends. Groups of 15 or more receive a 50% discount.
Children love our program because:
*It helps them develop new (and possibly life-long)friendships.
*It allows them to practice the traditional form of letter writing and correspondence.
*They love getting letters in the mail from their pen pals!
Parents love our program because:
*It offers one of the few remaining choices for finding an established, safe and trusted traditional pen pal program to their children.
*It helps strengthen communication and literacy skills taught in their children's classroom.
*It helps open their children's eyes to a larger world, and other cultures and traditions outside their own.
*Many parents remember having a pen pal when they were children and want to give their children the same positive, fun learning experience.
*Parents love helping their children find new friends of their own age and gender.
Frequently asked questions
Why is there a fee?
We are a small, all-volunteer non-profit organization, and the fees help cover our cost of running the program.
How did the Amazing Kids! PenPals Program begin?
The program began as a way of reaching out to the children affected by the devastating hurricanes of 2005. Our hope was that by matching young hurricane survivors with a new pen pal, we could help them in their recovery from the trauma they experienced.
The program is now available to all children worldwide. We continue to welcome teachers, youth groups or agencies who like to work with hurricane survivors.
How does it work?
Amazing Kids! will match students of the same gender and age with other students who may share similar interests and hobbies, based on the information provided on the registration form.
I've completed all forms and made my payment. What happens next?
Someone from Amazing Kids! will contact you once a match has been found. You will be asked to call the other parent, teacher or group leader of the pen pal Amazing Kids! has selected. If both adults agree that the pen pal match is a good one, then the students may begin writing to each other. If the match is determined not to be a good one, Amazing Kids! will try and find an alternative match. [/INST] question: .If a group of twenty children want to join the program, they should pay _ altogether. | options: A: $50 B: $100 C: $150 D: $200 | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: It is a bright morning in the Ethiopian countryside. Yohannes walks beside a pair of donkeys that are pulling a two-wheeled cart. They arrive at the agricultural town of Awassa where Yohannes opens the sides of the cart to display, not the usual vegetables or tools, but children's books. This is the Donkey Mobile Library, the first of its kind in Ethiopia and one of only a few in the world.
Yohannes was born in Ethiopia, North Africa, but trained to be a librarian in the USA and returned to Ethiopia years ago. The cart is full of picture books donated by American libraries, teachers and school children.
Yohannes arranges small painted benches in the shade of the trees, and suddenly Ethiopian children come shouting and racing down every road and path. It's mobile library day! They circle the bookshelves with great excitement. Until the Donkey Mobile Library began its regular two-monthly visits, many of these children had never seen a book.
"Without books, education is very dull, like food without salt. You can survive but you can't really come alive," says Yohannes. "The ability to read is the basis for greater productivity, better health and longer life. Even though the children lack material goods, with books they can imagine a world of possibilities."
Yohannes first worked in the children's section of the main library in America. Surrounded by books he had never seen before, he realized how joyful and imaginative children's literature is. He says, "I always thought of Ethiopia. But how could I bring children's books to my home country when it had almost no libraries to keep the books in?"
He contacted Jane Kurtz, a writer born in America but brought up in Ethiopia, and together they created the Donkey Mobile Library. The children say that the Library has given them ideas about what they might do in the future. A child called Dareje wants to be a scientist and find a cure for life-threatening diseases. An eleven year-old girl, Fikerte, wants to do research about the moon and discover new facts about outer space. Tamrat, aged 10, comes every time.
"What brings you back here time and time again?" the librarian asks him.
"The stories," Tamrat replies instantly. [/INST] question: How do the children feel when they see the Donkey Mobile Library? | options: A: Curious B: Surprised C: Interested D: Excited | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Corrosive injuries of the esophagus most frequently occur in young children due to accidental ingestion of strong alkaline cleaning agents. Significant esophageal injury occurs in 15% of patients with no oropharyngeal injury, while 70% of patients with oropharyngeal injury have no esophageal damage. Signs of airway injury or imminent obstruction warrant close observation and possibly tracheostomy. The risk of adding injury, particularly in a child, makes esophagoscopy contraindicated in the opinion of most surgeons. Administration of oral "antidotes" is ineffective unless given within moments of ingestion; even then, the additional damage potentially caused by the chemical reactions of neutralization often makes use of them unwise. A barium esophagogram is usually done within 24 h unless evidence of perforation is present. In most reports, steroids in conjunction with antibiotics reduce the incidence of formation of strictures from about 70% to about 15%. Vomiting should be avoided, if possible, to prevent further corrosive injury and possible aspiration. It is probably wise to avoid all oral intake until the full extent of injury is ascertained.The most helpful ECG finding is the presence of a new right bundle branch block, which occurs because of damage to the anterior portion of the interventricular septum; ST-segment and T-wave changes and even the development of new Q waves may be seen. CPK-MB fractions are useful if they are positive; however, frequent false negatives may be seen because of the release of CPK-MM from other contused organs, such as the pectoralis muscles, which can dilute the cardiac CPK-MB to nondiagnostic levels. Echocardiography may be helpful, but the right ventricle is often poorly visualized. Radionuclide angiography is most useful because it suggests the degree of myocardial impairment caused by decreased compliance.Therapy of myocardial contusion is directed at inotropic support of the ventricle; usually, the coronary arteries are intact after the injury and so there is little role for coronary vasodilators and less for coronary artery bypass grafting. [/INST] question: A 4-year-old boy is seen 1 h after ingestion of a lye drain cleaner. No oropharyngeal burns are noted, but the patient's voice is hoarse. Chest x-ray is normal. Of the following, which is the most appropriate therapy? | options: A: Immediate esophagoscopy B: Parenteral steroids and antibiotics C: Administration of an oral neutralizing agent D: Induction of vomiting | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Risk factors for HELLP (hemolysis with elevated liver enzymes and low platelets) syndrome, a variant of severe preeclampsia, include nulliparity, advanced maternal age, diabetes mellitus, preexisting hypertension, a prior history of preeclampsia, and renal disease. Patients with HELLP syndrome may progress to disseminated intravascular coagulation. Emergent delivery is indicated. Abruptio placentae is an acute event marked by severe abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding. Hepatic vein thrombosis in Budd-Chiari syndrome can produce liver necrosis with elevated enzymes; pregnancy is a risk factor, but this does not explain the neurologic and renal findings. Likewise, a dilated cardiomyopathy that can occur in pregnancy does not explain these findings. In hydatidiform mole, preeclampsia is more likely, but 30 weeks is a long time to have it, and a fetus would not be present. Acute fatty liver of pregnancy may resemble Reye syndrome (a disease that occurs in children) and may be preceded by preeclampsia. Sheehan syndrome is postpartum pituitary necrosis leading to hypopituitarism. [/INST] question: A 37-year-old primigravida at 30 weeks' gestation has noted increasing pedal edema, headaches, confusion, and decreased urine output for the past 2 weeks. She now exhibits seizure activity and then lapses into a coma. On physical examination, her temperature is 36.8degC, pulse is 82/min, respirations are 24/min, and blood pressure is 145/95 mm Hg. Her heart rate is regular, and lung fields are clear. The abdomen is soft, and bowel sounds are present. There is pitting edema to the thighs. No vaginal bleeding is noted, and the cervix is not effaced. Laboratory findings show hemoglobin, 11.9 g/dL; hematocrit, 35.8%; platelet count, 63,500/ mm3; WBC count, 8180/ mm3; glucose, 151 mg/dL; total protein, 6.1 g/dL; albumin, 3.2 g/dL; total bilirubin, 2.3 mg/dL; AST, 88 U/L; ALT, 103 U/L; alkaline phosphatase, 253 U/L; and prothrombin time, 32 seconds (INR 2.8). Urinalysis shows specific gravity of 1.024, pH 6, 4+ proteinuria, 1+ glucosuria, and no blood. An ultrasound examination shows a viable 30-week fetus. What condition is most likely present in this patient? | options: A: Abruptio placentae B: Budd-Chiari syndrome C: Dilated cardiomyopathy D: HELLP syndrome | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: You may feel interested in students in other countries. Do they have so much homework? What do they do in their free time? People did a survey in China, Japan, South Korea and the US last year. This is the result.
Who studies the hardest?
Chinese students spend the most time in studying. About half of Chinese students spend more than two hours on their homework every day.
Who sleeps most often in class?
Japanese students fall asleep in class more often. About 45% of them sometimes _ in class. It's 32% in South Korea, 21% in the US and 5% in China.
Who is the most distracted ?
American students are the most active in class, but also the most distracted. 64.2% of them chat with friends in class. 46.9% of them eat something in class, and 38.9 % of them send e-mails or read other books in class.
What do they do after school?
In their free time, most Chinese students study or surf the Internet. Most American students hang out with their friends. Most Japanese students do exercise. Most South Korean students watch TV. [/INST] question: About _ of Chinese students spend more than 2 hours doing their homework every day. | options: A: 50% B: 45% C: 64.2% D: 38.9% | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Unemployment in the United States is still high at 6.7 percent. But for job seekers,especially those with college educations,researchers say finding a job can be as easy as logging on to a computer.It used to be that looking for a job meant hurrying around,knocking on doors and turning to ads.But that's changing,thanks to the Internet.A new report says,for college graduates,looking for a job is getting easier.More than 80 percent of the jobs are available online.
At the height of the depression ,when U.S.unemployment peaked at 10 percent,just a little more than two million jobs were being posted each month.But as the recovery takes hold,the job picture looks increasingly bright.
That's great news for Hamilton.Only once has he ever applied in person for a job at a shopping mall. He said,"I think my generation--the idea of going door to door, out knocking and saying,hey are you hiring? --like that--doesn't exist anymore...those days are gone, Just go online.''
Kim Dancy recently graduated with a master's degree in Public Policy.She found her dream job as an education policy researcher.But she says finding the perfect job online takes a lot of perseverance.He said,"It can be really frustrating and it takes a long time,but if you applied for enough positions and really do your homework you will get somewhere.
The report's findings suggest careers in Science,Technology,Engineering and Math provide the greatest opportunities,with salaries that range between $30 to $45 an hour.But for maximum income and satisfaction,workers must be prepared to move and change jobs at least every five years. [/INST] question: The highest unemployment rate in the depression in the U.S.was _ . | options: A: 7% B: 6.7% C: 6% D: 10% | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Alpha - thalassemia
People who do not produce enough alpha globin chain have alpha - thalassemia.
Alpha globin chain is made by four genes, each gene contributes to 25% of the a-globin chains.
The severity of a-thalassemia varies greatly depending on the number of α-globin genes affected -
I) Silent carrier state
Single α-globin gene is deleted.
These individuals are completely asymptomatic.
ii) α-thalassemia trait
Two α-globin genes are deleted
These individuals are asymptomatic with some red cell abnormalities like β-thalassemia minor.
iii) HbH disease
Three genes of the a-globin chain are deleted.
With only one gene, the synthesis of α-chain is markedly reduced and tetramers of excess β-globin called HbH, form.
HbH has an extremely high affinity for oxygen and therefore is not useful for oxygen exchange, leading to tissue hypoxia disproportionate to the level of haemoglobin.
Patients have moderate to severe anaemia that may require an occasional blood transfusion.
iv) Hydrops fetalis
Deletion of all four α-globin genes.
In the fetus, excess γ-globin chains form tetramers, known as haemoglobin harts.
Hemolgobin bart has such a high affinity for oxygen that it delivers almost no oxygen to tissues.
Most individuals die before or shortly after birth.
In utero blood transfusion have allowed the birth of children with hydrops fetalis who then require life long blood transfusions. [/INST] question: In α–thalassemia – | options: A: Excess α–chain B: No α–chain C: Excess β–chain D: No β–chain | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a herpesvirus that causes a number of syndromes; the most common is infectious mononucleosis. It is a ubiquitous enveloped DNA virus. Only one serotype of EBV has been recognized, although molecular methods have reorganized a number of genotypes of EBV.Infectious mononucleosis is an acute disease most commonly seen in younger people. It is characterized by a proliferation of lymphocytes, lymph node enlargement, pharyngitis, fatigue, and fever. Infection in young children is usually either asymptomatic or characteristic of an acute upper respiratory infection. Diagnosis is usually made by a positive heterophil test. Heterophil antibodies are those that occur in one species (human) and react with antigens of a different species. The heterophil test may be insensitive (30 to 60%) in children. Definitive diagnosis is made by detection of antibodies to EBV components.EBV causes a variety of other syndromes including Burkitt's lymphoma, the most common childhood cancer in Africa, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma, commonly seen in China.Similar mononucleosis-like diseases are caused by cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Toxoplasma gondii, a parasite. CMV causes fewer than 10% of infectious mononucleosis-like diseases. CMV "mono" is primarily characterized by fatigue. Congenital infection with CMV almost always causes serious sequelae, such as retardation and hearing loss. T. gondii also causes a variety of clinical problems, among them encephalitis in AIDS patients and food poisoning from the ingestion of raw meat. Although CMV and T. gondii are relatively rare causes of infectious mononucleosis, they must be ruled out, particularly when EBV tests are nonreactive. [/INST] question: This virus causes a mononucleosis-like syndrome caused by a latent herpesvirus; it is often a congenital infection. Large amounts of the virus are excreted in the urine; thus, urine becomes the fluid of choice for diagnosis of this disease. | options: A: Epstein-Barr virus B: Cytomegalovirus C: HHV-6 D: Parvovirus | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Using tablet computers like Apple's iPad and Samsung's Galaxy Note just before bed can lead to a poor night's sleep, according to research.
More and more people are taking their tablets to bed with them to surf the web, check Facebook or email before switching off the light. But researchers are warning that the blueish light their screens emit can stop users getting a good night's sleep. That is because this type of light mimics daylight, convincing the brain that it is still daytime. Blue light suppresses production of a brain chemical called melatonin, which helps us fall sleep. This is because our brains have evolved to be wakeful during daylight hours. By contrast, light which is more orange or red in tone does not reduce melatonin production, perhaps because our brains recognize it as a cue that the day is ending.
Neurologists have known for years that staring at screens late in the evening can disrupt sleep. Researchers at the Lighting Research Centre, at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in New York, are warning that looking at tablet displays for more than two hours "leads to a suppression of our natural melatonin levels as the devices emit optical radiation at short wavelengths" - in other words, they emit bluer light.
They say: "Although turning off devices at night is the ultimate solution, it is recommended that if these devices are used at night displays are dimmed as much as possible and that the time spent on them before bed should be limited."
They drew their conclusions after measuring melatonin levels in 13 volunteers, after they had spent time viewing iPads at full brightness at a distance of 10 inches, for two hours. Melatonin levels were significantly lower after they had done this, than they were after the volunteers had viewed their iPads for the same time, but while wearing orange glass goggles, which cut out the blue light.
They wrote in the journal Applied Ergonomics that tablet makers could "tune the spectral power distribution of self-luminous devices " so that they disrupted the sleep patterns of users less.
It is not just a good night's sleep that could be jeopardized by too much late night screen time. Researchers know that persistent disruption to sleep patterns can lead to an increased risk of obesity, and even breast cancer. However, these studies tend to be comparisons of those with chronic sleep disruption, such as long term shift workers, with those who have normal sleep patterns. [/INST] question: What is it that stops users getting a good night's sleep? | options: A: Screens B: blueish light C: Melatonin D: Orange or red light | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: It has been found that less than one shopper in five makes a complete shopping list before going to the store. The reason for this is that seven out of ten of today's purchases are decided in the store, where the shoppers tend toward impulse buying. Buying groceries on impulse had risen for the past forty years, and this rise has coincided with the growth of self-service shopping. However, in grocery stores where clerks wait on customers there is much less impulse buying. It is hard for people to buy on impulse if they have to address a clerk.
Psychologists have joined forces with merchandising experts. It is their job to persuade people to buy products which they may not need or even want until they see them attractively presented. It was discovered by the psychologists that shoppers want help in their purchases. Having so many choices confuses them, and they prefer the package that attracts them. Therefore, it is now more usual for food packers to pay attention to their package design. Attraction depends heavily on the position of the product on the shelf, however. Thus, persuading the shopper to buy is easier if the product is located at eye-level. [/INST] question: The reason for the above mentioned phenomenon is that _ . | options: A: people have difficulty making up their mind before going shopping B: people don't know what is available in the store C: people tend to decide on buying products when they see them D: people are easily deceived by the attractive products | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In the United States, friends can be close, constant and real. But if they move live far away from each other, little by little, they will not be as close as before. But neither side feels hurt by this. Both may exchange Christmas greetings for a year or two, perhaps a few letters for a while, then no more. If two people meet again by chance, even years later, they will be delighted and pick up the friendship again.
In America, you can feel free to visit people's homes, share their holidays and enjoy their delicious food. If you are invited to a party, just accept their hospitality for various reasons, such as crowded space, language difficulties or family customs. It is often considered more friendly to invite a person to one's home than to go to a public place. So, if your host or hostess brings you home, do not feel that you aren't treated well. You know, strangers are not invited into the home.
_ if you do not find flowers awaiting you in your hotel room either. Flowers are very expensive there, hotel delivery is not certain, and arrival times are often delayed, so flowers are not often sent as a welcoming touch. Please do not feel unwanted! In fact, signs outside change in different lands, but the welcome in the heart is real and valuable. [/INST] question: You will find friendships _ in America if they are not near each other. | options: A: die suddenly B: come back C: disappear gradually D: last forever | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Considered one of Europe's two "bicycle capitals" along with Amsterdam, Copenhagen counts more bicycles than people and cycling is so popular that its numerous bike paths can become crowded. Two-wheeler traffic jams are especially regular on the main Noerrebrogade road used by around 36,000 cyclists a day. "You have to elbow your way in to go forward and some cyclists aren't always thoughtful," complains 22-year-old university student Lea Bresell.
The creation of bike highways "comes right on time", says Danish Cyclist Federation Spokesman Frits Bredal. "Copenhagen's roads are overloaded with people who want to ride their bicycles in all kinds of weather," he says. "If in the 1960s Danes viewed the car as the symbol of freedom, the bicycles have supposed that role today," Bredal says. "It's a _ of transportation used by all social classes, even politicians ride bikes," he says.
It is on crowded Noerrebrogade--the busiest bicycle street in Europe, according to the cyclist association--that city planners have decided to build the first of Copenhagen's environmentally friendly roads. The jammed bike paths will be widened up to four metres on either side of the road, which itself will be reserved for bikes only. The idea is to make Noerrebrogade "Europe's great cycling street", says Andreas Roehl, Copenhagen government's bicycle program manager who is also known as "Mr. Bike".
But Roehl is not content with making life easier for Copenhagen's inner-city cyclists: He wants to get suburbanites out of their cars and onto two wheels as well. His goal is to hike the percentage of suburban commuters cycling to and from the city from the 37 percent it is today to 50 percent by 2015. [/INST] question: Why does Copenhagen plan to build the first bike highway? | options: A: Because bike highways are environmentally friendly B: Because it's a part of the city's development program C: Because the inner-city commuters urge that it should be built D: Because too many bicycles cause the paths to be crowded | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Have you come across much western children's literature?
Most English speaking children grow up with the same delightful set of fictional characters. The Winnie the Pooh stories involve a strange selections of animals such as a kangaroo, a pig, a donkey, a tiger, an owl and a bear, who live together in a wood, leading fairy ordinary lives. Far more exciting and dangerous events take place in The Wind in the Willows, the story of the foolish Mr. Toad and all his adventures.
Talking animals is also the main characters in The Jungle Book and the Just So Stories. In the latter we find lots of imaginative explanations as to why the world is like what it is.
Far more laughter comes from Roald Dahi's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. Whillie Wonka is the perfect adult in the eyes of children with all his clever ideas and endless supply of sweets. Also much loved is Bilbo Baggins, the funny little rabbit, who ends up having adventures with wolves and dragons. Of course, the stories go on in the much more serious The Lord of the Rings, better read a few years later. A new star in the world of magic and children's fiction is Harry Potter, the schoolboy who learns spells rather than maths. Adventures books remain popular, too. Although well over a century old now, Treasure Island is still an _ story with young Jim Hawkins dealing with secret maps and pirates. Such books make childhood a time of wonder and imagination. [/INST] question: In which book would you expect to find the chapter "How the tiger got his stripes?" | options: A: The Wind in the Willows B: Just So Stories C: Treasure Island D: The Lord of the Rings | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The 30 miles of steep roads that snake through the mountains of Logan Canyon in Utah are enough to make most drivers'hands sweat. But Andersen, a 46-year-old father of four, wasn't expecting any trouble on the road last New Year's Eve, when he set off for a ski trip to the Bear River Mountains with nine-year-old daughter Mia, four-old son Baylor, and nine-year-old neighbor Kenya. Andersen had driven through the Canyon hundreds of times over the years.
The weather was fine-but the higher they drove, the more slippery the roads became. Rounding a sharp U-turn at mile marker473, Andersen saw a truck that had skated off the road and immediately tapped his brakes. In an instant, the car was sliding at 25 miles per hour toward the shoulder of the highway, then rolling down a steep ten-foot dam toward the extremely cold Logan River. As it hit the water, the car tipped toward the passenger side, hesitated, and then rolled onto its roof and sank into the river.
There was no time to tell the kids what to do. The crash had broken a few windows, and within seconds, the upside-down car was filled with water. "It was frightening how fast we were completely underwater,"remembers Andersen, a soft-spoken product development manager."You're thinking, is this how it's all going to end?"
Having lost all sense of direction, Andersen began to search the freezing water for the kids. Mia had been right next to him in the front seat; now, in the blackness, he couldn't find her."I thought, if I don't get out, maybe none of us are going to get out." Andersen got out of his seat belt, swam through a broken window, and, deeply and quickly, breathed air at the surface. That's when he saw a group of men, about ten in all, appear at the top of the dam. One after another, they raced down into the water. Helping onto safety all the three children, they began to shout at the father,"Who else is in the car?"Andersen says respectfully," _ ." [/INST] question: What might be the main reason. For the car accident? | options: A: The sharp U-turn B: The steep dam C: The sudden brake D: A truck hitting the car | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Joe is interested in getting exercise and competing on a team. He reads about the events at the local pool and finds the perfect activity.
Swimming Programs
Summer Swim Team
Join a Summer Swim Team and compete with other swimmers! The program is offered at eight different local pools for youths to 17 years old. The season runs June 21--August 21. Practices are daily (Monday through Friday) throughout the summer. The championship meet is August 21. Cost: $50.00
Pools & Practice Times
Buckman 2-3 P.M. Montavilla 8-9 A.M.
Creston 7-9 A.M. Peninsula 4-7 P.M.
Dishman 8-9 A.M. Pier noon-1 P.M.
Grant 8-10 A.M. Sellwood 7-9 A.M.
Junior Swim Instructor
Two weeks, 20 hours of instruction, two hours per day for children 11-14 years old. Pre-training for youths interested in becoming swim instructors($45 per child)
Two weeks, 30 hours of instruction, three hours per day for children 11-14 years old. Pre-training in lifeguarding, and customer service ($45 per child)
Junior Swim Instructor & Junior Lifeguard Training Dates
June 28-July 9 August 9-August 20
June 12-July 23 August 23-September 3
June 26-August 6
Special Offer
Anyone who takes part in both junior swim instructor and junior lifeguard programs at the same time need only spend $75 instead of $90 for 50 hours of training.
Register Online
You can now register online! Visit our website at http://www.example.com You can choose an area of town, a specific local center, a program, or search for classes which can meet the needs of students of different ages. Just visit our website, and you're on your way! [/INST] question: If Joe joins the Summer Swim Team, he _ | options: A: M B: begins training at 6 C: has to practice for two months D: needs to practice for 7 days a week | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Some people bring out the best in you in a way that you might never have fully realized on your own. My mom was one of those people.
My father died when I was nine months old, making my mom a single mother at the age of eighteen. While I was growing up, we lived a very hard life.
We had little money, but my mom gave me a lot of love. Each night, she sat me on her lap and spoke the words that would change my life, "Kemmons, you are certain to be a great man and you can do anything in life if you work hard enough to get it."
At fourteen, I was hit by a car and the doctors said I would never walk again. Every day,my mother spoke to me in her gentle,loving voice, telling me that no matter what those doctors said, I would walk again if I want to badly enough. She drove that message so deep into my heart that I finally believed her.A year I returned to school--walking on my own !
When the Great Depression hit, my mom lost her job. Then I left school to support the both of us. At that moment, I was determined never to be poor again.
Over the years, I experienced various levels of business success. But the real turning point occurred on a vacation I took with my wife and five kids in1951. I was dissatisfied with the second-class hotels available for families and was angry that they charged an extra $2 for each child. That was too expensive for the average American family. I told my wife that I was going to open a motel for families that would never charge extra for children. There were plenty of doubters at that time.
Not surprisingly, Mom was one of my strongest supporters. She worked behind the desk and even designed the room style. As in any business,we experienced a lot of challenges. But with my mother's words deeply rooted in my soul, I never doubted we would succeed.Fifteen years later,we had the largest hotel system in the world--Holiday Inn. In 1979 my company had 1759 inns in more than fifty countries with an income of $1billion a year.
You may not have started out life in the best situations. But if you can find a task in life worth working for and believe in yourself, nothing can stop you. [/INST] question: What Kemmons'mom often told him during his childhood was _ | options: A: caring B: moving C: encouraging D: interesting | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Different countries have different greeting customs. Read this article to know more about the greeting customs in different cultures, and make sure you greet people in the right way next time you visit one of these countries.
France
French people greet each other with a handshake, but close friends kiss each other on both cheeks when they meet. They do this _ when meeting and before leaving.
South Korea
In South Korea, it is a sign of respect for people to bow when greeting each other. In Korea, a bow is followed by a handshake. When shaking someone's hand, it is polite to support the right forearm with the left hand. However, South Korean women do not shake hands with Western men; instead, they bow slightly.
Brazil
Kissing women on the cheek is a common way of greeting. In a formal situation, a handshake is often done to show respect. Men should shake hands before and after meeting, and once they have become familiar with each other, a light hug is often given to each other.
Ghana
In a social situation, it's polite to greet everyone in the room. A handshake is used in greeting, and one palm must directly touch the other palm. It's considered disrespectful to touch the back of the hand.
The Philippines
There are several ways of greeting people in the Philippines. An elderly person places his or her right hand on the forehead of a child to "bless" the latter. This is called "mano". Relatives and family members greet each other with a kiss on the cheek. Friends greet each other with a polite nod or a handshake. [/INST] question: Mike kisses a French boy Jim on the cheek, they may _ . | options: A: meet for the first time B: be close friends C: be in a social situation D: be in a formal situation | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Characteristics Neisseria gonorrhoeae Neisseria meningitidis 1 Referred Gonococcus Meningococcus. 2 Vaccine Development No Serogroup A, B, C, Y and W-135 meningococcal infections can be prevented by vaccines. 3 Colony Morphology Smooth, round, moist, uniform grey/brown colonies with a greenish colour Smooth, round, moist, uniform large grey/brown colonies with a glistening surface and entire edges. 4 Morphology Kidney shaped with apposing ends concave. Semicircular ,diplococcus with flat apposing ends. 5 Autolyse May autolyse Autolyse 6 Maltose Fermentation No Yes 7 Nitrite Reduction Doesn't reduce nitrites. Reduce nitrites 8 Capsule No Yes (anti-phagocytic) 9 Site of Infection Infection of the anogenital tract. Colonizes the upper respiratory tract as a commensal 10 Pathogens Always a pathogen Not always considered as pathogens 11 Enzyme Production Doesn't produce gamma-glutamylaminotransferase. Produces gamma-glutamylaminotransferase. 12 Specimen Collection Transpo swab of endocervix, urethra, rectum, pharynx, conjunctiva, blood, joint fluid, aspirates from skin lesions. Collect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood, swab skin lesions and nasopharynx. 13 B-Lactamase Production Common Rare 14 Prevalence and Moality High prevalence and low moality Low prevalence and high moality. 15 Superbug Considered as "superbug" Not considered as "superbug" 16 Pathogenesis Cause conjunctivitis, pharyngitis, proctitis or urethritis, prostatitis, and orchitis. Cause meningitis and other forms of meningococcal disease such as meningococcemia, a life-threatening sepsis. [/INST] question: Meningococci differ from gonococci as they: | options: A: Are intracellular B: Possess a capsule C: Causes fermentation of glucose D: Are oxidase positive | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: GU Zhaodi, 60, had taken water for granted for years. In fact, no one in the beautiful lake city of Wuxi, Jiangsu Province had bothered to spare a thought on water.
But all that changed dramatically overnight last month when taps in the city ran dry. Due to a blue-green algae outbreak in Taihu Lake, China's third largest freshwater lake and the source of drinking water for 4 million Wuxi residents ,water from the city's taps became dark and smelly.
"I can't believe there is no water for drinking, let alone cooking and washing,"said Gu.
The lake was blanketed with the algae, giving off a strong smell of rotting meat. A stone thrown into it took a long time to sink. Experts said that algae usually boom because of hot water and rich chemicals like phosphor in the water.
"High temperature and a lack of rain in the past few months helped the growth of algae,"said Zhang Lijun, an official from the State Environment Protection Administration. "However, pollution from human activity should be most blamed for the disaster."
Taihu Lake is surrounded by many small factories, which _ in the 1980s.Inthe 1990s,many foreign-funded companies joined in. The industries prospered ,Wuxi has grown into one of the wealthiest cities in East China.
But that came at the price of pollution. The lake was treated like a waste dump ,with factories emptying industrial waste and untreated sewage into it.
Although, after the government's effort, life in the city has gone back to normal, the one-week crisis rang a bell for the government and local people."It's time to rebuild the beauty of nature, or our lives will be at risk,"said Gu.
"A safe environment comes first. Economic growth will be nothing without fresh water to drink and clean air to breathe." said China Daily. [/INST] question: The following can not help the blue green algae grow _ | options: A: high water temperature B: rich chemicals in the water C: a lack of rain D: plentiful water and sunshine | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: One morning, Wu Li discovered that her classroom had changed. She found that the desks were no longer in rows , but pushed together to make eight bigger desks. She was too excited about it for the first two days and she couldn't listen to the teachers carefully. But soon she and her classmates got used to this new classroom arrangement . "Now our class is quieter," said Wu. "What's more, we can come up with our own ideas and learn more through discussion. It's a better way to study."
Li Yu liked it, too. He said, "Group members first discuss, and then show ourselves in front of the whole class. It makes us believe in ourselves." It was part of a reform at Li's school--Baita Secondary School. The school made this reform because they wanted to provide students with easier ways to study and more chances to discuss. "Our school hopes it can improve students' abilities to study by themselves and work in groups," said Zhang Yong, the principal of the school.
However, the reform has demanded more from teachers. Now they have only about 15 minutes to give the lesson which should be taught in 45 minutes before. It is difficult to teach in such a short time. The teachers have to find better ways to teach more _ .
"The reform demands more, but I'm sure it is helpful," added Mr Zhang. [/INST] question: After the new classroom arrangement it was easier for Wu Li and her classmates to _ in class. | options: A: discuss with each other B: sit in the classroom C: push desks together D: teach a lesson | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The world's first hamburger doesn't come from where you think it comes from. It wasn't invented in the United States, and it didn't originate in Germany. No, the world's first hamburger comes from China.
If you're scratching your head right now, you're not alone. But Chinese hamburgers are very real and they definitely predate the hamburgers we call our own in the U.S. Known as rou jia mo, which translates to "meat burger" or "meat sandwich", they consist of chopped meat inside a pita-like _ , and they've been around since the Qin Dynasty, from about 221 BC to 207 BC. Despite the differences between this Chinese street food and our American-style burgers, the rou jia mo has been called the world's first hamburger.
The rou jia mo originated in the Shanxi Province of China, and is now eaten all over the country. It's typically prepared and eaten on the street. The dough for the bun, or mo, consists of a simple mixture of wheat flour, water and maybe yeast. Of course recipes may vary, but this basic equation makes for a chewy and subtle pillow for the delicious filling. While the mo is traditionally baked in a clay oven, today it's often fried in a pan. They may look a little like Chinese steamed buns or baozi, but the dough for those are, of course, steamed, not baked or fried.
The meat filling might consist of chopped pork, beef, lamb or chicken that has been stewed with a variety of spices, like ginger, cloves, coriander and star anise. You might also find herbs like cilantro or greens like lettuce garnishing the sandwich. [/INST] question: Which of the following is TRUE? | options: A: The mo people eat today is baked in a clay oven B: The world's first hamburger which was originated in the Shanxi Province of China is popular around the world C: The rou jia mo has a history of more than 2200 years D: The rou jia mo and American-style burgers share a similar cooking process | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Have you ever heard of e-waste ( electronic waste, ) ,which can be produced every day? How do you deal with your computers, MP4 players and mobile phones when they're broken or you want a new one?
Most people just throw them away. With the development of electronic industry, e-waste pollution has become a serious problem. According to the United Nations, in 2014, people around the world produced 41.8 million tons of e-waste and only recycled 6.5 million tons. The US was the biggest waster, producing 7.1 million tons. China came second , with 6 million tons.
It's important to pay attention to e-waste. It can either be valuable or harmful ,depending on how we deal with it. E-waste is a valuable urban mine . The value of the metals, like gold and silver in the waste around the world, is amazing. And the metals can be refused. But if people throw them away, the toxic chemicals can get into the earth or air, _ the environment and people's health.
Apple, for example, now recycles people's used products in China when they are buying new ones. The company will test and repair the used ones and sell them at lower price. To help reduce e-waste , we can buy longer lasting electronic products. If you have unwanted electronics find a new home for them. You can also take computers and phones to see if companies offer reveling programs. [/INST] question: The following can become e-waste EXPECT _ . | options: A: computers B: mobile phones C: plastic bags D: TV | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Liu Jiaoyang, 16, carefully winds a bobbin with thread, places it on her sewing machine and then presses her foot down to begin sewing.While she' s doing this, she pretends to guide fabric through the machine.Liu looks forward to the class when she can work on a piece of real cloth, and make a beautiful dress.
Each Tuesday afternoon, after the bell rings for the fourth period, Liu becomes a fashion designer.At the same time, the rest of the students at the High School Attached to Yunnan Normal University in Kunming are also having classes a little bit different from the usual ones.Some students dance, others create robots, and still others review films.These are just a few of the other 27 elective courses besides Liu's sewing class that the school began to offer last month.
"The fashion design class has become the bright point of my week.I learn how to choose colors and fabrics as well as sewing and sketching skills.It's all helping me to realize the dream of becoming a fashion designer I' ve had since I was a little girl, " Liu said.
Design is Liu' s favorite, but for other students the electives are interesting lessons which relieve the pressures of schoolwork.Some students, for example, are learning how to play bridge.Chen Xi,15, is one of them.She said, "Many people think that playing a card game like this in class is a waste of time.But in fact, bridge is a very challenging game that helps develop memory and math skills." [/INST] question: How many elective courses had the school offered by last month? | options: A: 27 B: 28 C: 26 D: 25 | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: While at the park one day, a woman sat down next to a man on a beach near a playground. "That's my son over there," she said, pointing to a little boy in a red sweater who was gliding down the slide. "He's a fine-looking boy," the man said. "That's my son on the swing in the blue sweater." Then, looking at his watch, he called to his son," What do you say if we go, Todd?" Todd pleaded , "Just five more minutes, Dad. please? Just five more minutes." The man nodded and Todd continued to swing to his heart's contently .
Minutes passed and the father stood and called again to his son. "Time to go now?" Again Todd pleaded, "Five more minutes, Dad. Just five more minutes." The man smiled and said, "Okay." "Oh, you are certainly a patient father," the woman said. The man smiled and then said ,"My older son Tommy was killed by a drunken driver last year while he was riding his bike near here. I never spent much time with Tommy and now I'd give anything for just five more minutes with him. I've vowed not to make the same mistake with Todd." "He thinks he has five more minutes to swing. The truth is ...I get five minutes to watch him play."
,A, B, C, D,. (10) [/INST] question: The woman's son was _ . | options: A: in red B: wearing a blue sweater C: called Todd D: playing on the swing | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: ANS. AGlycogen-storage diseasesTypeDefective enzymeOrgan affectedGlycogen in the affected organClinical featuresI Von GierkeGlucose- 6-phosphataseLiver and kidneyIncreased amount; normal structureMassive enlargement of the liver.Failure to thrive.Severe hypoglycemia, ketosis, hyperuricemia, hyperlipemiaII Pompea-1,4-glucosidase (lysosomal)All organsMassive increase in amount; normal structureCardiorespiratory failure causes death, usually before age 2III CoriAmylo-1,6-glucosidase (debranching enzyme)Muscle and liverIncreased amount; short outer branchesLike type I but milder courseIV AndersenBranching enzyme (a-1, 4 - a-1, 6)Liver and spleenNormal amount; very long outer branchesProgressive cirrhosis of the liver. Liver failure causes death, usually before age 2V McArdlePhosphorylaseMuscleModerately increased amount; normal structureLimited ability to perform strenuous exercise because of painful muscle cramps.Otherwise patient is normal and well developedVI HersPhosphorylaseLiverIncreased amountLike type I, but milder courseVIIPhospho- fructokinaseMuscleIncreased amount; normal structureLike type VVIIIPhosphorylase kinaseLiverIncreased amount; normal structureMild liver enlargement.Mild hypoglycemia# Important points regarding glycogen storage disorders* Most common glycogen storage disorder: Von gierke's disease* Glycogen storage disorder with cardiomegaly:Pompe's* Glycogen storage disorder with liver cirrhosis:Anderson's disease* Burgundy colour urine after exercise:Mcardle disease* Features same as von gierke,but kidneys not enlarged:Cori's* Glycogen storage disorder which is also a lysosomal disorer: Pompe's disease. [/INST] question: A 10-year-old boy rapidly develops hypoglycemia after moderate activity. Blood examination reveals raised levels of ketone bodies, lactic acid and triglyceides. On examination, liver and kidney were enlarged. Histopathology of liver shows deposits of glycogen in excess amount. Diagnosis? | options: A: Von Gierke's disease B: Cori's disease C: Mcardle's disease D: Pompe's disease | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: People have been burying the dead at Salem's Hope Cemetery since 1833. The place is filled with old gravestones and gothic mausoleums , the spirits of the dead hanging over the land like an early morning fog.
Keeping watch, a few steps from the road with her skirt over the pedestal , is Goldie Belle Taylor, her face weathered but otherwise in good condition. On this day, she is holding a bunch of pink rises because Goldie Belle always holds flowers. Someone makes sure of _ .
"And she has had fresh flowers in her hands for the last 150 years." Karen Biery lives in Damascus, about five miles west of Hope Cemetery. She's written a book based on the legend of Goldie Belle Taylor titledBelieve.In 1886, at the age of two, young Goldie Belle used her hands to sop up the left over elderberry juice from her father's iron kettle. She died not long after from poisoning. She was the love of her dad's life, and he was so upset that he sold the family farm to buy the Italian made statue, which today marks her grave.
At first, it was her father who brought the flowers and laid them in her hands. When he died in 1896, the flowers kept coming. Her flowers are different per season. Why do the flowers keep miraculously appearing? People have tried to find out by having camped by the statue, but not even the groundskeepers have been able to catch the criminal.
It's said that a fairy arrives at Hope Cemetery looking for the grave of her birth mother. She comes across Goldie Belle's statue. [/INST] question: After her father died, the flowers in the hands of Goldie Belle Taylor _ . | options: A: usually change B: were stolen C: are no longer fresh D: come from a criminal | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Most teenagers in the United States spend their time trying to make time for school,family and friends.But some choose bigger goals.
At age 15,Winter Vinecki has already had more successes than most people have in their lifetime."I recently completed a marathon on all seven continents and became the youngest person in the world to do so.And I was really doing this for my dad."
Doctors discovered that Winter's father had a rare and deadly form of prostate cancer when she was nine years old.Then he died 10 months later."When he was first diagnosed with prostate cancer I immediately knew I had to do something to help him.That's when I formed Team Winter for prostate cancer research and awareness."
Through Team Winter and social media,Winter Vinecki has raised almost 500,000 dollars.She has taken prostate cancer education worldwide through foot races called marathons,on seven continents.In the United States she travels continually to talk about prostate cancer and urge others to act.
Winter Vinecki attended a conference recently in Los Angeles,California and spoke at the conference as one of several teenagers who spoke about young people who were living extraordinary lives.
"So prostate cancer is much more common but men don't want to talk about it.So that is why a ten-year-old girl had to go out there and start talking about it for them."
Another speaker was Jack Andraka who invented a sensor which is not as expensive as traditional equipment that can't be afforded by most common people.It can identify cancers of the pancreas and lungs.He was 15 at the time.
Jack is now 17 and seeking patents for his latest inventions.He has developed low-cost water quality equipment which can help identify and remove heavy metals and poisonous chemicals from water.
"I hope to see them used in the developing nations such as Bangladesh and parts of China and India,especially as well as in parts of Africa,where these heavy metal and pesticides and other kinds of waste are a major problem." [/INST] question: We can learn that Winter Vinecki's father died _ . | options: A: about 5 years ago B: not long ago this year C: only 10 months ago D: when she was about 15 | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Do you know what really troubles me? For some reason, words with silent letters have always bothered me. For example, consider these words: know, design, island, school, wrist, naughty, and salmon. All of these words have at least one letter that is not typically pronounced, and these words are just a very small part of words with silent letters in them.
Some words are even worse, consider this word: colonel. Not only are some letters not pronounced, but letters that are not even there are pronounced.
Even foreign languages, especially French, are guilty of this needless complexity and confusion. I know there must be some main historical reasons why the words are spelled and pronounced the way they are, but that does not mean bad traditions must continue to survive. Especially if they are no longer logical.
Unfortunately, there is very little that anyone can do for it, because there's no group of people who can change or have the right to change the English language for everyone. However, the only thing we can do is make changes in the way we talk and write in hopes that it _ . For example, I pronounce the letter "l" in salmon on purpose to make people annoyed and to sound more different or complicated. I even pronounce colonel the correct or French way.
I can only hope these two minor changes to the English language make sense to you, and you will help to keep up these minor changes forever in your everyday life. [/INST] question: Which of the following is the main reason for silent letters? | options: A: French language B: Historical reasons C: Some linguists D: Bad traditions | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Caldwell view is also known as occipitofrontal view or nose-forehead position. Structures seen are: Frontal sinuses (seen best) Ethmoid sinuses Maxillary sinuses Frontal process of zygoma and zygomatic process of frontal bone Superior margin of orbit and lamina papyracea Superior orbital fissure Foramen rotundum (inferolateral to superior orbital fissure) Structures seen in Water's view (occipitomental view or nose-chin position): Maxillary sinuses (seen best) Frontal sinuses Sphenoid sinus (if the film is taken with open mouth) Zygoma Zygomatic arch Nasal bone Frontal process of maxilla Superior orbital fissure Structures seen in Towne's view: Arcuate eminence and superior semicircular canal Mastoid antrum Internal auditory canal Tympanic cavity Cochlea External auditory canal Both petrous pyramids Structures seen in Schuller's view: External canal superimposed on internal canal Mastoid air cells Tegmen Lateral sinus plate Condyle of mandible Sino-dural angle Antrum and upper pa of attic [/INST] question: A patient presented with history of recurrent frontal sinusitis. Which of the following view of the X-ray is the best to show frontal sinus in this patient? | options: A: Towne's view B: Water's view C: Caldwell's view D: Schuller's view | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: There was a woman, about 30 years old, married with two children. She had grown up in a home where she was constantly criticized and often treated unfairly by her parents. As a result, she was negative and fearful, and had no confidence at all.
One day, she was hit by a car. When she awoke, she found herself in a hospital. She could still speak, but had no recollection of any part of her past life. She was a total amnesiac! Her husband and children visited her daily, but she did not know them.
Determined to understand what had happened to her, she began reading medical textbooks and studying in the specialized area of amnesia and memory loss. She met and discussed with specialists in this field. Eventually she wrote a paper on her condition. Not long afterward, she was invited to address a medical conference to deliver her paper, answer questions about her amnesia, and share her experiences and ideas. During this period, something amazing happened. She became a genuinely positive, confident, outgoing woman, well informed, and very much in demand as a speaker and authority in the medical profession. All memory of her negative childhood had been wiped out. She changed her thinking and changed her life.
Each person comes into the world with no thoughts or ideas at all, and everything that a person thinks and feels is learned from babyhood onward. The adult becomes the sum total of everything he or she learns, feels, and experiences while growing up.
Everyone is born with no self-concept at all. Every idea, opinion, feeling, attitude, or value you have as an adult is the result of an idea or impression you took in and accepted as true. When you believe something to be true, it becomes true for you, whatever the fact may be. You are not what you think you are, but what you think, you are. [/INST] question: What happened to the woman after the accident? | options: A: She believed she was not talented B: She didn't love her husband any more C: She refused to recall her past life D: She was in complete memory loss | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: IT'S a scene in many homes around the world: tired-eyed teens wake to the sound of their alarm clock. Another school day begins, and we all wish we could have just one extra hour of sleep.
For lucky high school students in England, they're now going to reset their alarm and get an extra hour of sleep. Instead of starting school at 9 am, students will begin the academic day at 10 am.
This is part of a huge study by Oxford University. The experiment will see whether later classes can improve exam results.
More than 100 schools across England will join the four-year experiment, which includes tens of thousands of students. It is based on(...) scientific evidence(; )that teenagers are out of step with traditional school hours.
"We know that something funny happens when you're a teenager," lead sleep researcher Colin Epsie told The Telegraph. "Your parents think it's because you're lazy and everything would be OK if you could get to sleep earlier. But science is telling us that teenagers need to sleep more in the mornings."
A similar experiment in 2009 saw an improvement of 19 percent in exam scores for major subjects - such as math and science.
Teenagers' sleep cycles, on average, begin two hours after adults. Neuroscientists say teens have a built-in clock, which makes them more likely to go to sleep around midnight. As well as not feeling fully awake until between 9 am and 10 am. This body clock stays until the age of 19 for females and 21 for males.
Schools are places for learning, as well as education laboratories - finding out the best ways to learn and increase knowledge. Yet we'll have to wait until 2018 to find out these exciting results! [/INST] question: England high school students usually start school _ . | options: A: at 7 am B: at 8 am C: at 9 am D: at 10 am | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The information in question are 40yr male Morning stiffness in spine Limited chest expansion *****all fit into clinical criteria for diagnosis of Ankylosing spondylitis x ray of ankylosing spondylitis -BAMBOO SPINE AS is a chronic, progressive immune-mediated inflammatory disorder that results in ankylosis of the veebral column and sacroiliac joints . * The spine and sacroiliac joints are the common affected sites -- Chronic spinal inflammation (spondylitis) can lead to fusion of veebrae (ankylosis) . Characteristic Pathologic Features : * Chronic inflammation in: - Axial structures (sacroiliac joint, spine, anterior chest wall, shoulder and hip) - Possibly large peripheral joints, mainly at the lower limbs (oligoahritis) - Entheses (enthesitis) * Bone formation paicularly in the axial joints Axial manifestations: * Chronic low back pain * With or without buttock pain * Inflammatory characteristics: - Occurs at night (second pa) - Sleep disturbance - Morning stiffness * Limited lumbar motion * Onset before age of 40 years Refer maheswari 9th ed [/INST] question: 40yr old male patient having pain with daily morning stiffness of spine for 30 minutes and reduced chest movements. Most probable diagnosis is | options: A: Ankylosing spondylitis B: Rheumatoid ahritis C: Gouty ahritis D: Osteoahritis | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In the evaluation of cyanosis, the first step is to differentiate central from peripheral cyanosis. In central cyanosis, because the etiology is either reduced oxygen saturation or abnormal hemoglobin, the physical findings include bluish discoloration of both mucous membranes and skin.In contrast, peripheral cyanosis is associated with normal oxygen saturation but slowing of blood flow and an increased fraction of oxygen extraction from blood; subsequently, the physical findings are present only in the skin and extremities. Mucous membranes are spared.Peripheral cyanosis is commonly caused by cold exposure with vasoconstriction in the digits.Similar physiology is found in Raynaud's phenomenon. Peripheral vascular disease and deep venous thrombosis result in slowed blood flow and increased oxygen extraction with subsequent cyanosis. Methemoglobinemia causes abnormal haemoglobin that circulates systemically. Consequently, the cyanosis associated with this disorder is systemic.Other common causes of central cyanosis include severe lung disease with hypoxemia, right-to-left intracardiac shunting, and pulmonary aeriovenous malformations. [/INST] question: Which of the following is not a potential aetiology of peripheral cyanosis? | options: A: Cold exposure B: Deep venous thrombosis C: Methemoglobinemia D: Peripheral vascular disease | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Working the night shift a few nights a month can do more than leave your eyes bleary-eyed ,suggests a study on Wednesday.
It just might increase your risk of color1ectal cancer .Nurses who worked the night shift at least three times a month for t5 years or more were 35%more likely to develop that type of cancer than nurses who never worked nights,Harvard University researchers report in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute.
The finding,from the ongoing Nurses Health Study,is the first to link night shift work with a higher risk of color1ectal cancer,expected to kill 57,100 Americans this, according to the American Cancer Society.Another research,including a report out of the Nurses Health Study, has suggested that working night shifts increases women's breast cancer risk.
The researchers asked 78,586 nurses whether they had ever worked three or more night shifts a month.The nurses indicated whether they had done so for less than 15 years or 15 years or more.The scientists followed the women to see who developed color1ectal cancer.
Researchers believe that lowered levels of melatonin might increase night-shift workers' cancer risk.Melatonin levels usually reach the highest point in the middle of the night.
Turn on the lights,though,and _ dropped measurably in just 10 minutes,says Richard Stevens a cancer epidemiologist at the University of Connecticut who did not take part in the new study.After two weeks of continuous nightly exposure to light,humans experience a sharp drop in melatonin production,Nurses Health Study researchers write.
In the lab,melatonin appears to stop tumor growth.Other studies suggest that color1ectal cancer patients have lower blood levels of melatonin than healthy people,the authors write.However,that could be a result of the disease,not a cause of it.Stevens says. [/INST] question: Which of the following is NOT caused by working on the night shift? | options: A: Bleary eyes B: Colorectal cancer C: Melatonin production D: Breast cancer | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In the 19th century, there used to be a model of how to be a good person. There are all these torrents of passion flowing through you. Your job, as captain of your soul, is to erect dams to keep these passions in check. Your job is to just say no to laziness, lust, greed, drug use and the other sins.
These days that model is out of fashion. You usually can't change your behavior by simply resolving to do something. Knowing what to do is not the same as being able to do it. Your willpower is not like a dam that can block the torrent of self-indulgence. It's more like a muscle, which tires easily. Moreover, you're a social being. If everybody around you is overeating, you'll probably do so, too.
The 19th-century character model was based on an understanding of free will. Today, we know that free will is bounded. People can change their lives, but ordering change is not simple because many things, even within ourselves, are beyond our direct control.
Much of our behavior, for example, is guided by unconscious habits. Researchers at Duke University calculated that more than 40 percent of the actions we take are governed by habit, not actual decisions. Researchers have also come to understand the structure of habits--cue, routine, reward.
You can change your own personal habits. If you leave running shorts on the floor at night, that'll be a cue to go running in the morning. Don't try to ignore your afternoon snack craving. Every time you feel the cue for a snack, insert another routine. Take a walk.
Their research thus implies a different character model, which is supposed to manipulate the neuralnetworks inside.
To be an effective person, under this model, you are supposed to coolly examine your own unconscious habits, and the habits of those under your care. You are supposed to devise strategies to alter the cues and routines. Every relationship becomes slightly manipulative, including your relationship with yourself. You're trying to arouse certain responses by implanting certain cues.
This is a bit disturbing, because the important habitual neural networks are not formed by mere routine, nor can they be reversed by clever cues. They are burned in by emotion and strengthened by strong yearnings, like the yearnings for admiration and righteousness.
If you think you can change your life in a clever way, the way an advertiser can get you to buy an air freshener, you're probably wrong. As the Victorians understood, if you want to change your life, don't just look for a clever cue. Commit to some larger global belief. [/INST] question: Which of the following is the first-to-none element in the 19th-century character model? | options: A: Action B: Capacity C: Resolution D: Enthusiasm | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Having a husband means an extra seven hours of housework each week for women, according to a new study. For men, getting married saves an hour of housework a week. "It's a _ ," said lead researcher Frank Stafford at University of Michigan's Institute for Social Research. "Men usually work more outside the home, while women take on more of the housework."
He points out that differences among households exist. But in general, marriage means more housework for women and less for men. "And the situation gets worse for women when they have children." Stafford said.
Overall, times are changing in the American home. In 1976, women busied themselves with 26 weekly hours of sweeping-and-dusting work, compared with 17 hours in 2005. Men are taking on more housework, more than doubling their housework hours from six in 1976 to 13 in 2005.
Single women in their 20s and 30s did the least housework, about 12 weekly hours, while married women in their 60s and 70s did the most - about 21 hours a week.
Men showed a somewhat different pattern, with older men picking up the broom more often than younger men. Single men worked the hardest around the house, more than that of all other age groups of married men.
Having children increases housework even further. With more than three, for example, wives took on more of the extra work, clocking about 28 hours a week compared with husbands' 10 hours. [/INST] question: How many hours of housework did men do every week in the 1970s? | options: A: About 28 B: About 26 C: About 13 D: About 6 | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Flavin mononucleotide (FMN), or riboflavin-5'-phosphate, is a biomolecule produced from riboflavin (vitamin B2) by the enzyme riboflavin kinase and functions as prosthetic group of various oxidoreductases including NADH dehydrogenase as well as cofactor in biological blue-light photoreceptors. During the catalytic cycle, a reversible interconversion of the oxidized (FMN), semiquinone (FMNH*) and reduced (FMNH2) forms occur in the various oxidoreductases. FMN is a stronger oxidizing agent than NAD and is paicularly useful because it can take pa in both one- and two-electron transfers. Amino acid degradative pathways are quite similar in most organisms. The focus of this chapter is on veebrates because amino acid catabolism has received the most attention in these organisms. As is the case for sugar and fatty acid catabolic pathways, the processes of amino acid degradation converge on the central catabolic pathways for carbon metabolism. The carbon skeletons of the amino acids generally find their way to the citric acid cycle, and from there they are either oxidized to produce chemical energy or funneled into gluconeogenesis. In some cases, the reaction pathways closely parallel steps in the catabolism of fatty acids [/INST] question: Which one of the following reactions has flavin mononucleotide (FMN) as a coenzyme? | options: A: Amino acid oxidation reaction B: Conversion of xanthine to uric acid C: Conversion of succinate to fumarate D: Conversion of pyruave to acetyl CoA | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: One afternoon, Kate and her brother Bob went out to play.Kate was eight, and Bob was ten."Let's go to the bridge and we can see fish in the river." said Kate.
"I don't know..." Bob said."Mum told us, 'don't go on the bridge.' She said it's dangerous."
Kate said, "I am not afraid.Are you?"
They walked onto the bridge and began looking for fish in the river.The bridge was a train bridge.Trains went over the bridge three times a day.
The children were standing in the middle of the bridge when they heard a loud noise."A train is coming!" Bob shouted."Run!" He ran to the end of the bridge.He was safe.
Kate ran, too, but she fell.The train was coming fast.Kate ran towards Bob.She fell again right on the train tracks .There was no time to leave.She had to lie down between the tracks.A few seconds later, the train went over the girl, but she was not hurt at all.She stood up and said to Bob, "Don't tell Mum! Don't tell Mum!"
At last their mother found out about the story.She was angry because they went on the bridge.But she was happy that Kate was all right. [/INST] question: Bob and Kate were _ . | options: A: twins B: brothers C: sisters D: brother and sister | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The spleen follows the long axes of ribs 9 to 11 and lies mostly posterior to the stomach, above the colon, and paly anterior to the kidney. Therefore, it is the most likely organ of the group to be pierced by a sharp object penetrating just above rib 10 at the posterior axillary line. Note that the pleural cavity, and possibly the lower pa of the inferior lobe of the lung, would be pierced before the spleen.The ascending colon is on the wrong side (the right) to be penetrated by a sharp instrument piercing the left side. Most of the duodenum is positioned too far to the right to be affected by this injury. Even the third pa of the duodenum, which runs from right to left, would still be out of harm's way. In addition, the duodenum lies at about levels L1 to L3, placing it too low to be injured in this case. The superior pole of the left kidney is bordered by the lower pa of the spleen. However, it is crossed by rib 12 and usually does not extend above rib 11. It would probably be too low and medial to be injured in this case, since this penetration is at the posterior axillary line. [/INST] question: A 15 year old boy, in Mumbai is brought to the emergency depament with several stab wounds inflicted during an attack by members of a rival street gang. One lesion, between the 9th and 10th ribs along the left posterior axillary line, penetrated to a depth of about 5 cm. Which of the following organs would be the first one pierced by the sharp object that caused this injury? | options: A: Ascending colon B: Duodenum C: Left kidney D: Spleen | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Are you still doing the V for victory sign? It's out. The latest popular hand gesture is to curl both of your hands and put them together to make a heart shape.
Known as "Hand heart", many young stars in the US including Justin Bieber, Blake Lively and Taylor Swift have done the gesture in recent photos.
"The heart hand gesture means something between I love you and thank you." said the country singer Taylor Swift. It's a sweet, easy message which you can send without saying a word."
Taylor Swift often puts her hands above her head in the heart shape at her concerts. And she is believed to be the first to make the gesture popular. Last month during a charity show, Justin Bieber and his superstar friends did the hand heart and put the photo online. They did it to help three kids whose parents were killed in a car accident. The gesture became more popular after that.
"It used to take longer for nonverbal culture to move. But now, with smart phones and the Internet, it's much faster," said Patti Wood, an American language expert .
In our neighbor country--South Korea, the hand heart has been popular for a long time. In a different way, people there like making a "bigger heart" by putting their hands above their heads and making a heart shape with their arms. It means "I love you." [/INST] question: What is the meaning of doing the V gesture? | options: A: We have won B: Good luck C: Best wishes D: That is OK | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Art theft is an ancient and complicated crime. When you look at some of the most famous cases of art thefts in history, you see thoroughly planned operations that involve art dealers, art fakers, mobsters, ransoms, and millions of dollars. Here you can read about some of the most famous cases of art theft in the history.
The First Theft:
The first documented case of art theft was in 1473, when two panels of altarpiece of the Last Judgment by the Dutch painter Hans Memling were stolen. While the triptych was being transported by ship from the Netherlands to Florence, the ship was attacked by pirates who took it to the Gdansk cathedral in Poland. Nowadays, the piece is shown at the National Museum in Gdansk where it was recently moved from the Basilica of the Assumption.
The Most Famous Theft:
The most famous story of art theft involves one of the most famous paintings in the world and one of the most famous artists in history as a suspect. In the night of August 21, 1911, the Mona Lisa was stolen out of the Louver. Soon after, Pablo Picasso was arrested and questioned by the police, but was released quickly.
It took about two years until the mystery was solved by the Parisian police. It turned out that the 30x21 inch painting was taken by one of the museum employees by the name of Vincenzo Peruggia, who simply carried it hidden under his coat. Nevertheless, Peruggia did not work alone. The crime was carefully conducted by a notorious con man, Eduardo de Valfierno, who was sent by an art faker who intended to make copies and sell them as if they were the original painting.
While Yves Chaudron, the art faker, was busy creating copies for the famous masterpiece, Mona Lisa was still hidden at Peruggias' apartment. After two years in which Peruggia did not hear from Chaudron,
. Eventually, Peruggia was caught by the police while trying to sell the painting to an art dealer from Florence, Italy. The Mona Lisa was returned to the Louver in 1913.
The Biggest Theft in the USA:
The biggest art theft in United States took place at the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum. On the night of March 18, 1990, a group of thieves wearing police uniforms broke into the museum and took thirteen paintings whose collective value was estimated at around 300 million dollars. The thieves took two paintings and one print by Rembrandt, and works of Vermeer, Manet, Degas, Govaert Flinck, as well as a French and a Chinese artifact.
As of yet, none of the paintings have been found and the case is still unsolved. According to recent rumors, the FBI are investigating the possibility that the Boston Mob along with French art dealers are connected to the crime. [/INST] question: How long did it take to put back the stolen Mona Lisa in Louver ? _ | options: A: Thirty six months B: Thirty months C: Half a year D: Around two years | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Spring is a wonderful season to celebrate rebirth and new life. The long, cold winter is over. The weather is warmer and sunnier. The trees again have leaves and the flowers are blooming. The season represents hope, joy and beauty. At this time, many people think of this classical music piece -- Spring, which shows happiness. Italian composer Antonio Vivaldi wrote it in the seventeen hundred.
However, not all songs about spring are happy. This song written and sung by K.D. Lang is about dreaming of spring in cold dark places. She recorded I Dream of Spring in 2008.
Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein wrote It Might as Well Be Spring for the movie State Fair in 1945. Frank Sinatra sings it. It is a feeling of restlessness or excitement brought on by the coming of spring. Richard Rodgers also wrote Spring Is Here, this time with Lorenz Hart. Ella Fitzgerald sings this song about feeling lonely during this season.
Frank Loesser wrote the sad song, Spring Will be a Little Late This Year. Why has the season been delayed? Because the singer's lover has left her. Sarah Vaughn released her version of the song in 1953.
By now you may be thinking, "Enough with the sad songs, already!" Ok, then how about a cowboy song? Gene Autry was one of America's most famous singing cowboys. He recorded When It's Springtime in the Rockies in 1937.
And finally, we'll leave you with a sunny song called Up Jumped Spring. Freddie Hubbard wrote this jazz song in 1977 and Billy Taylor Trio performs it. [/INST] question: If you are in a bad mood, you'd better listen to _ . | options: A: Up Jumped Spring B: I Dream of Spring C: Spring Is Here D: Spring Will be a Little Late This Year | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Types of Tympanoplasty Wullstein classified tympanoplasty into five types . Type I Defect is perforation of tympanic membrane which is repaired with a graft. It is also called myringoplasty. Type II Defect is perforation of tympanic membrane with erosion of malleus. Graft is placed on the incus or remnant of malleus. Type III Malleus and incus are absent. Graft is placed directly on the stapes head. It is also called myringostapediopexy or columella tympanoplasty. Type IV Only the footplate of stapes is present. It is exposed to the external ear, and graft is placed between the oval and round windows. A narrow middle ear (cavum minor) is thus created to have an air pocket around the round window. A mucosa-lined space extends from the eustachian tube to the round window. Sound waves in this case act directly on the footplate while the round window has been shielded. Type V Stapes footplate is fixed but round window is functioning. In such cases, another window is created on horizontal semicircular canal and covered with a graft. Also called Fenestration operation. Re: Textbook of Ear, Nose and Throat, Dhingra, 6th Edition, page 30. [/INST] question: Fenestration operation is which type of tympanoplasty? | options: A: Type - 2 B: Type - 3 C: Type - 4 D: Type - 5 | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The fast development of modern technology has not only provided people with more income, but also enable them to enjoy long weekends and holidays. Never before have so many people traveled to so many different parts of the world and, with the help of fast, comfortable forms of modern transport, more and more people are tempted to leave their homes to see more of the world. It seems as if there are travelers everywhere.
People travel because traveling benefits them in a number of ways. First, it enables them to get much pleasure from sight-seeing and photo-taking. Second, traveling makes them fully relaxed and ready to get back to work happily. Third, it offers them an opportunity to visit old friends and make new friends as well. Finally, it allows them to see different customs, learn new things, gain new experience and enables them to come back with a broader mind.
With so many advantages to traveling, I think people should be encouraged to travel from time to time, especially on holidays, if their pocket and health permit. [/INST] question: Traveling benefits people in _ ways | options: A: 2 B: 3 C: 4 D: 5 | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The NSA and GCHQ are tapping popular smart phone apps such as Angry Birds to gather the enormous amounts of very personal data those bits of software collect--including age, gender, marital status, income, education level and more, according to new reports from the New York Times and The Guardian.
Citing secret documents provided by Edward Snowden, former NSA staff, the reports detail efforts to gain data collection from cell phone carriers and smart phones by tapping into "leaky" apps themselves.
Both spy agencies showed a particular interest in Google Maps, which is accurate to within a few yards or better in some locations and would clearly pass along data about the area where phone owner is.
"It effectively means that anyone using Google Maps on a smartphone is working in support of a GCHQ system," reads a secret 2008 report by the NSA's sister spy agency, according to the New York Times.
More surprising is the wide range of apps that the agencies search for data, including innocent-seeming apps such as Angry Birds. One document in particular from GCHQ listed what information can be found from which apps, mentioning Android apps but suggesting the same data was available from the iPhone platform.
Angry Birds maker Rovio Entertainment of Finland said it had no knowledge of any NSA or GCHQ programs for tapping into its users' data.
"Rovio doesn't have any previous knowledge of this matter, and have not been aware of such activity in 3rd party advertising networks," said Saara Bergstrom. "Nor do we have any involvement with the organizations you mentioned."
Mobile photos uploaded to social media sites like Facebook and Twitter appear to be a particularly rich source of information for the spy agencies as well. Metadata in the photos is briefly available. The NSA and GCHQ are able to tap into that metadata to collect a wealth of key data points about a person's life.
"NSA does not profile everyday Americans as it carries out its foreign intelligence mission," the agency told the Times in response to questions about the program.
During a Monday press conference, White House press secretary Jay Carney stressed that same position. "As the president said in his Jan. 17 speech, to the extent data is collected by the NSA, through whatever means, we are not interested in the communications of people who are not valid foreign intelligence targets and we are not after the information of ordinary Americans," he said. [/INST] question: American and British spy agencies were both particularly interested in the information gathered from _ . | options: A: Google Maps B: Twitter C: Angry Birds D: Facebook | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Halloween falls on October 31st, the last day of the Celtic calendar. Halloween was referred to as All Hallows Eve and dates back to over 2000 years ago.
The American tradition of "trick-or-treating" probably dates back to the early All Souls' Day marches in England. During the festivities, poor citizens would beg for food and families would give them pastries called "soul cakes" in return for their promise to pray for the family's dead relatives.
The act of giving out soul cakes was encouraged by the church as a way to replace the ancient practice of leaving food and wine for homeless ghosts. The practice, which was referred to as "going a-souling" was finally taken up by children who would visit the houses in their neighborhood and be given sweets, food, and money.
The tradition of dressing in costume for Halloween has both European and Celtic roots. Hundreds of years ago, winter was an uncertain and frightening time. Food supplies were often not enough because people were afraid of the darkness and would stay at home without doing businesses.
On Halloween, when it was believed that ghosts came back to the earthly world, people thought that they would meet with ghosts if they left their homes. To avoid being recognized by these ghosts, people would wear masks when they left their homes after dark so that the ghosts would mistake them for their fellows .
On Halloween, to keep ghosts away from their houses, people would place bowls of food outside their homes to satisfy the ghosts and prevent them from trying to enter their houses. [/INST] question: Halloween is a day _ . | options: A: respecting the old B: pleasing the children C: honoring the dead D: praying for relatives | answer: C </s> |
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