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<s>[INST] context: There are various advantages of using a pen name. In case the author writes on various topics or in different genres , using a pen name would be very useful. For example, let's say an author is an expert in writing on serious topics, like business or finance, and also likes writing fiction stories, like romance. In such an author's case, a pen name could save him from losing his readers as well as reputation.
Will you be okay with any pen name? No, you should make sure that it is easy to spell and pronounce. If you come up with a name that is difficult to pronounce, maybe your readers will not want to recommend your book to someone. They may not ask for your book at a library. Why? Because it could be pronounced wrongly and may sound foolish in front of others. This is the reason why your pen name should be easy to pronounce.
Not only should your pen name be easy to spell and pronounce, but it should also be professional. The idea is to get a name that should be memorable, not mock-able.
If you are trying to pen your pen name in a way that is too similar to an existing author's pen name, you are doing yourself no good.
One small trick that could at least guarantee 'a look at your book' in the library is by using the correct initials. If you find that a particular best-selling author in your genre of writing has his name starting with 'B', maybe you could think of starting your pen name with 'A'. People are going to search the library shelves from left to right to locate that famous author, and in the process, may come across your book.
Your pen name has to be distinguished because it is going to last all your life. [/INST] question: When recommending your book with a pen name hard to pronounce, your readers may feel _ . | options: A: nervous B: cheerful C: satisfied D: embarrassed | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The 18-meter-tall Rubber Duck arrived in Beijing on Friday. It was placed on waters in the International Garden Expo Park, where the Yongding River passes through.
The Rubber Duck exhibition was designed by Dutch artist, Florentijn Hofman. It was part of the activities of Beijing Design Week, which ran from September 26 to October 3 in 2013.
The Rubber Duck stayed in the park until September 23, then moved to the Summer Palace, a famous Beijing tourist spot, where it was on display until October 26.
The duck is made of over 200 pieces of rubber. It was guarded not only by staff, but also by 10 volunteers wearing yellow T-shirts and hats with a rubber duck logo.
Sun Yidong, a volunteer who guided visitors to the duck, said the art brought energy to the traditional Chinese park.
"Seeing the giant Rubber Duck makes me feel like I'm a kid again." Sun said.
Because of the rain on Friday, there were not too many people coming to see it. The Expo workers said they expected more people to come and visit the duck on weekends.
Zhao Yan said she had been following news about the duck since 2007, when the duck began its journey.
"I even considered going to Hong Kong to see it. It's great that the duck is in Beijing," Zhao said.
Before arriving in Beijing, the Rubber Duck traveled to 13 cities in nine countries. "The aim of the Rubber Duck is simply to bring everyone back to their childhood again," said Zeng Hui, a leader of the Beijing Design Week Organizing Committee Office. "It can be a toy for adults."
,. [/INST] question: The Rubber Duck went to _ after it left the International Garden Expo Park. | options: A: the Olympic Park B: the Summer Palace C: Beihai Park D: Zhong Shan Park | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Mini Book Excerpts
Biography
When Salinger learned that a car park was to be built on the land, the middle-aged writer was shocked and quickly bought the neighboring area to protect it... The townspeople never forgot the rescue and came to help their most famous neighbor.
J. D. Salinger:A Life by Kenneth Slawenski
(Random House, $27)
Mystery
"You're a smart boy. Benny's death was no accident, and you're the only who saw it happen. Do you think the murderer should get away with it? "The boy was starting stubbornly at his lap again.
A thought suddenly occurred to Annika, "Did you ...You recognized the man in the car, didn't you?"
The boy hesitated, twisting his fingers, "Maybe," he said quietly.
Red Wolf by Liza Marklund
(Atria Books, $25. 99)
Short Stories
She wants to say to him what she has learned, none of it in class. Some women are born stupid, and some women are too smart for their own good. Some women are born to give, and some women only know how to take. Some women learn who they want to be from their mothers, some who they don't want to be. Some mothers suffer so their daughters won't. Some mothers love so their daughters won't.
You Are Free by Danzy Senna (Riverhead Books,$15)
Humor
Do your kids like to have fun? Come to Fun Times! Do you like to watch your kids having fun? Bring them to Fun Times! Fun Times!'s "amusement cycling" is the most fun you can have legally in the United States right now. Why spend thousands of dollars flying to Disney World when you can spend less than half to that within a day's drive lf most cities?
Happy And Other Bad Thoughts by Larry Doyle
(Ecco,$14. 99) [/INST] question: If the readers want to know about the life of Salinger, they should buy the book published by _ . | options: A: Ecco B: Atria Books C: Riverhead Books D: Random House | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Reactivation of toxoplasmosis is most likely the answer, which is due to reactivation of bradyzoites in cysts from an earlier infection. In this case, encephalitis with focal lesions are present. High levels of IgG indicates chronic infection, the current infection is likely a reactivation of an earlier infection; therefore, recent exposures can be eliminated. So, Option 4 is ruled out. Exposure to pigeons suggests Cryptococcosis, which is often a reactivation infection. However, in cryptococcosis antibody levels are rarely monitored, and there is no mention of India ink stain or capsular polysaccharide in the cerebrospinal fluid, which are the major diagnostic methods. So, Option 1 is ruled out. In addition, based on the patient's symptoms, the infection is more likely to be encephalitis rather than meningitis or meningoencephalitis; also, retinochoroiditis is usually not present in cryptococcosis. The retinochoroiditis and lack of mucocutaneous lesions makes infection with Coccidioides less likely. Dese rheumatism (Coccidioides)is the disease caused by exposure to dese sand. So, option 2 is not the answer. [/INST] question: An untreated AIDS patient (CD4+ count of 180 cells/mm3) from southern California has developed progressively severe headache and mental confusion, along with ataxia and retinochoroiditis. Focal lesions are present on a computed tomography scan of his brain. No mucocutaneous lesions are found. He has been living under a bridge for the past 2 years. His level of immunoglobulin G (IgG) to the infectious agent is high. What is the most likely explanation for how this current infection staed? | options: A: Earlier exposure to pigeons B: Earlier exposure to dese sand C: Reactivation of bradyzoites in cysts from an earlier infection D: Recent exposure to cat feces | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: S/E of Aminoglycoside includes: 1. OTOTOXICITY: Due to accumulation of these in labyrinthine fluid.The Vestibular or Cochlear sensory cells and hairs undergo concentration dependent destructive changes. Aminoglycoside ear drops can cause ototoxicity when instilled in patients with perforated eardrum and so are contraindicated in them.No regeneration of the sensory cells occurs and the hearing loss is permanent. Cochlear damage - stas from Base and spreads to Apex; hearing loss affects high frequency sounds first then progressively involves the lower frequencies as well. Kanamycin and Amikacin produce greater cochlear damage than other aminoglycosides. Vestibular damage - Headache is usually first to appear other symptoms include Nystagmus, Veigo and Ataxia. Permanency of changes depends on the extent of initial damage and the age of the patient; Elderly have poor recovery. 2. NEPHROTOXICITY: Manifests as Tubular damage resulting in loss of urinary concentrating power, Nitrogen retention ,Low GFR, Albuminuria and casts.Concurrent use with Loop Diuretics (e.g Furosemide, Ethacrynic acid) or other Nephrotoxic antimicrobial agents (e.g Vancomycin or Amphotericin) can potentiate Nephrotoxicity and should be avoided if possible. 3. NEUROTOXICITY: Aminoglycosides reduce Ach release from the motor nerve endings byinterfering with mobilization of centrally located synaptic vesicles to fuse with the terminal membrane (probably by antagonizing Ca2+) and also decreases sensitivity of the muscle end plates to Ach. [/INST] question: Aminoglycoside side effects include : Cochlear toxicity Vestibular toxicity Neuromuscular Blockade | options: A: Only 1 B: 1 and 2 C: 1,2 and 3 D: 2 and 3 | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Mansonia acts as a vector for Chikungunya Vectors of impoant diseases: Vector Diseases(s) transmitted Housefly (musca domestica) Diarrhoeal and dysentrical disease, Poliomyelitis, Yaws, Anthrax, Trachoma Sandfly (Phlebotamus argentipes) Kala azar (Visceral Leishmaniasis), Oriental score (cutaneous Leishmaniasis), Sandfly fever, oroya fever Tse-Tse fly (Glossina palpalis) Sleeping sickness of Africa (African Trypanosomiasis) Reduvid bug (Triatominae) Chagas Disease (Sleeping sickness of America- American Trypanosomiasis) black fly (Simulum) Onchocerciasis (River Blindness) Soft tick Relapsing fever, Q fever, KFD (outside India) Hard tick Tularemia, Babesiosis, KFD (India), Tick paralysis, Tick encephalitis, Tick hemorrhagic fever, Indian Tick Typhus, RMSF Louse Epidemic typhus, Trench fever, Relapsing fever Mite Scrub typhus, Rickettsial pox Flea Plague, Murine typhus Anopheles mosquito Malaria, Filaria (outside India) Culex mosquito Bancroftian Filariasis, Japanese Encephalitis, West Nile fever, Viral ahritis Aedes mosquito Yellow fever, Dengue, DHF, Chikungunya, Rift Valley fever, Filariasis (Outside India), Zika Mansonoides mosquito Malayan (Brugian) filariasis, Chikungunya [/INST] question: Which of the following disease is transmitted by Mansonia? | options: A: Bancroftian filariasis B: Japanese encephalitis C: Dengue D: Chikungunya | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: If you could take a large snapshot of everyone in the United States today, it would contain six minion more females than males. In this country, women outlive men by about seven years. Throughout the modern world, cultures are different, diets are different, ways of life and causes of death are different, but one thing is the same--- women outlive men.
It starts before birth. At conception, male fetuses outnumber female by about 110 to 100; at birth, the rate has already fallen to about 105 boys to every 100 girls. By the age of 30, there are only enough men left to match the number of women. Then women start taking a lead. Beyond the age of 80, there are nearly twice as many women as men.
"If you look at the top ten or twelve causes of death," said Deborah Wingard, a disease expert at the University of California at San Diego, "every single one kills more men." She listed out one sad fate after another - heart disease, lung cancer and so on. Each kills men at roughly twice the rate of that it does women.
More than a century ago American men surpassed and outlived the women. But in the 20th century, women began living longer, primarily because pregnancy and giving birth to children had become less dangerous. The gap grew steadily. In 1946, for the first time ever in the United States, females outnumbered males.
Parts of the reasons are self-made. Men smoke more, drink more and take more life-threatening chances than women. Men are murdered (usually by other men) three times as often as women are. They commit suicide at a higher rate and have more than twice as many fatal car accidents as women do. Men are likely to be involved in alcohol-related deaths.
But behavior doesn't explain away the longevity gap.
Today, some scientists studying the gender gap believe that the data point to one conclusion Mother Nature may be partial to women.
Every living thing is assembled according to instructions on its chromosomes , and humans have 23 pairs of them. But in males, one of these is a weak non-matching pair, expressed by "xy". The agreement pair in females is "xx", and its genetic "backup" power is sometimes listed as a clue to woman's superior restoring force. If the male's single "x" chromosome isn't perfect, it is possible for a serious genetic disorder to appear. Some blood diseases, for instance, are diseases caused by a shortcoming in a single gene on the "x" chromosome. They are far more common in males than females. [/INST] question: How many exact diseases are mentioned as examples killing twice men than women? | options: A: Two B: Three C: Ten D: Five | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In obstructive sleep apnea, airway obstruction results in snoring as well as failure to breathe during the night. The resulting anoxia causes frequent awakenings during the night so that the patient feels tired in the morning. Decreased oxygen availability may result in leg edema, hypeension, morning headaches, cardiac arrhythmias, and stroke in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. myocardial infarction by 50% to 75% within 5 years of cessation. The reduced risk for the other therapies are as follows: *Postmenopausal estrogen replacement has a 44% decreased risk * Mild to moderate alcohol consumption has a 25% to 45% decreased risk * Exercise has a 45% decreased risk. *Prophylactic low dose aspirin has a 33% decreased risk, paicularly in the incidenc of the first acute myocardial infarction in middle aged men and women; however, there is no reduction in overall total cardiovascular moality. Patients over 50 years of age with risk factors for coronary aery disease are the group most likely to benefit, it is not good for prophylaxis if the patient has poorly controlled hypeension, because there is a danger for a hemorrhagic stroke. [/INST] question: A 45 year old male patient complains that he is often tired and has a headache almost every morning His wife says that her sleep is disturbed because of the patient's loud snoring. Physical examination reveals leg edema. Hypeension, and cardiac arrhythmia. From which disorder is this patient most likely suffering? | options: A: Sleep wake schedule disorder B: Obstructive sleep apnea C: Narcolepsy D: Delayed sleep phase syndrome | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: International Studies (BA)
Key features
*Recognizes the "global community"
* Has close connections with practical research
* Much of the teaching is done in small discussion groups
About the course
The course gives you chances to know great power politics between nation states. It will provide more space to study particular issues such as relationship among countries in the European Union, third world debt, local and international disagreement, and the work of such international bodies as the United Nations, the European Union, NATO, and the World Bank.
The course puts theories into the working of the international system with close attention to particular countries. You will also have a better knowledge of methods of solving the international problems.
Related courses
*BA (Hons) Community Management * BA (Hons) Public Policy and Management
Employment possibilities
*International organizations * International business
Earth Science (BSc)
Key features
* Based on key courses and the latest research findings
*Pays much attention to practical skills
*Offers chances for fieldwork
About the course
The demand for natural resources is becoming an increasingly serious problem for the future of mankind. Graduates in Earth Science will play an important role in meeting this demand, and in knowing the meaning of using the natural resources.
The course covers geography and geology. You will carry out fieldwork in the UK and possibly overseas, and a research in an area of interest to you in the final year.
Related courses
BSc (Hons) Geography; BSc (Hons) Geology
Employment possibilities
Mineral , oil, water or other related engineering industries. [/INST] question: International Studies is a course in _ | options: A: international politics B: international business C: international systems D: international bodies | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: As the Chinese mainland's first Disney park kicks off ticket sales on Monday, Chinese scalpers are already running a thriving trade in tickets, some of which are being hawked at 1,600 yuan ($246), triple the official price.
A rough search for Shanghai Disneyland tickets on Chinese e-commerce giant Taobao on Sunday yielded some 250 results, with prices ranging from 1 yuan to 1,600 yuan.
"We began to sell tickets about one month ago. You can prepay for tickets which will be delivered by the end of March," one Taobao shop owner told the Global Times on Sunday, claiming that over 1,000 tickets have been sold. Another shop owner claimed that tickets for the coming June, July and August are sold out.
Tourists can book tickets on Shanghai Disneyland Park's official website, its official WeChat account and at authorized online shops beginning at 12 am on Monday.
Several Taobao shop owners reached by the Global Times on Sunday pledged their tickets' authenticity. While some explained that they will help customers book tickets when official sales begin, others claimed that they were selling coin certificates that will be exchanged for tickets.
While an ID card check is required for entry to the park, one Taobao shop owner claimed that their tickets will only require a check of visitors' cell phone numbers and names.
The park has denied selling tickets for "trial operations," after some netizens tried to sell tickets for early access to the park, thepaper.cn reported.
As the first Disney park in the Chinese mainland, Shanghai Disneyland Park is expected to receive a huge number of tourists when it opens to the public on June 16. Many Net users have expressed their hopes to visit the park, which they expect will be cheaper than a trip to Hong Kong, where China's first Disney park was built. [/INST] question: What's the official price of Shanghai Disney park ticket? | options: A: 1,600 RMB B: 4,800 RMB C: 534RMB D: 246 RMB | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Pancreatic juice is secreted most abundantly in response to the presence of chyme in the upper portions of the small intestine, and the characteristics of the pancreatic juice are determined to some extent by the types of food in the chyme. (The pancreas also secretes insulin, but this is not secreted by the same pancreatic tissue that secretes intestinal pancreatic juice. Instead, insulin is secreted directly into the blood-not into the intestine-by the islets of Langerhans that occur in islet patches throughout the pancreas). The most important of the pancreatic enzymes for digesting proteins are trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypolypeptidase. By far the most abundant of these is trypsin.
Trypsin and chymotrypsin split whole and partially digested proteins into peptides of various sizes but do not cause release of individual amino acids. However, carboxypolypeptidase splits some peptides into individual amino acids, thus completing digestion of some proteins all the way to the amino acid state. The pancreatic enzyme for digesting carbohydrates is pancreatic amylase, which hydrolyzes starches, glycogen, and most other carbohydrates (except cellulose) to form mostly disaccharides and a few trisaccharides.The main enzymes for fat digestion are
(1) pancreatic lipase, which is capable of hydrolyzing neutral fat into fatty acids and monoglycerides;
(2) cholesterol esterase, which causes hydrolysis of cholesterol esters;and
(3) phospholipase, which splits fatty acids from phospholipids.
When first synthesized in the pancreatic cells, the proteolytic digestive enzymes are in the inactive forms trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, and procarboxypolypeptidase, which are all inactive enzymatically. They become activated only after they are secreted into the intestinal tract. Trypsinogen is activated by an enzyme called enterokinase, which is secreted by the intestinal mucosa when chyme comes in contact with the mucosa. Also, trypsinogen can be autocatalytically activated by trypsin that has already been formed from previously secreted trypsinogen. Chymotrypsinogen is activated by trypsin to form chymotrypsin, and procarboxypolypeptidase is activated in a similar manner. [/INST] question: Which of the following is not secreted by the pancreas | options: A: Procarboxypeptidase B: Trypsinogen C: Phospholipase A D: Pepsinogen | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Will you trust your friends if you can't see anything? If you are falling, do you believe they will catch you and help you stand up? Our teacher helped us to get the answer.
One day, Mr. Morrie came into the classroom and said he had a game for us to try. He divided us into two groups. One student from the first group, stood in front of us with his eyes closed, and then fell backwards . The second group stood behind him. Before he fell on the floor, they should catch him and not let him get hurt. Most of us were uncomfortable with this. We were afraid that they wouldn't catch us and we would hit the floor. So we didn't move. We just stood there and laughed in embarrassment.
Finally, one student, a thin, quiet, dark-haired girl called Sarah, decided to move. She crossed her arms in front of her body, closed her eyes, and slowly fell backwards. She looked quiet but brave.
For a moment, I was sure that she was going to fall on the floor. But before she hit the floor, the other students caught her, held her and finally helped her stand up.
"Whoa!!" We were all surprised, and also encouraged . The girl was happy, too. Seeing this, Morrie smiled and said to the girl, "When you close your eyes, you can't see anything. You won't feel safe. When you are falling, the feeling gets stronger. You are not sure whether you will hit the cold, hard floor or the warm, soft hands of your friends. But if you are brave enough to trust them, they will not let you down ." [/INST] question: What is Morrie? | options: A: A student B: A teacher C: A manager D: a farmer | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Picture the scene: You come home after work feeling too exhausted to cook -only to find a delicious meal worthy of a Michelin-starred restaurant waiting for you. It sounds like a fantasy, but it could be about to come true thanks to a robot chef developed by British scientists.
Those scientists have come up with a set of robotic arms so smart that _ are capable of cooking meals all by themselves. The device will be sold from as early as 2017 as part of a purpose-built high-tech kitchen.
Scientists at Moley Robotics spent almost 18 years developing the hands. According to its creators, the arms can chop, stir, whisk and baste well enough to recreate almost anything you would care to eat, whether it is a simple home-cooked supper, or a complicated creation designed by a world-class chef. The hands move a little slowly, hovering strangely above the work surface whenever they are not busy, but they imitate human movements closely enough that they can do things such as wiping a spoon on the edge of a pan to prevent drips.
Mr Oleynik, who is leading the project, said, "All the things which are possible with the hand are possible here. There is no limitation. A lot of people want to go to Michelin-starred restaurants, but they are quite expensive and may be quite far from the home. This is an opportunity for people to enjoy very good food, and for a reasonable price. "
The only cuisine that is off the robot's menu at the moment is sushi, which requires extremely steady pressure and nimble fingers to make, but the team plan to conquer that as well by the time it goes on sale. [/INST] question: People go to Michelin-starred restaurants in order to _ . | options: A: appreciate car tires B: enjoy delicious meals C: see the new robot chefs D: escape from work | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In general, you should associate hemolytic anemia with defects in glycolysis or the hexose monophosphate shunt (pentose phosphate pathway). Only two enzymes of those listed in the answer choices specifically involve these pathways and cause hemolytic anemia: pyruvate kinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is inherited as an X-linked recessive trait, so females would not be affected. Pyruvate kinase is a glycolytic enzyme; pyruvate kinase deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder, affecting males and females approximately equally. If this enzyme is deficient, red cells have trouble producing enough ATP to maintain the Na+/K+ pump on the plasma membrane, secondarily causing swelling and lysis. Debranching enzyme defects produce Cori's disease, one of the glycogen storage diseases. Defects in glucose-6-phosphatase produce Von Gierke's disease, one of the glycogen storage diseases. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency produces an X-linked hemolytic anemia. [/INST] question: Two sisters are diagnosed with hemolytic anemia. Their older brother was previously diagnosed with the same disorder. Two other brothers are asymptomatic. The mother and father are second cousins. Deficiency of which of the following enzymes would be most likely to cause this disorder? | options: A: Debranching enzyme B: Glucose-6-phosphatase C: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase D: Pyruvate kinase | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: You may not know a lot of people when you start high school. Even if you know some new students, you still feel nervous that you don't know any upperclassmen and teachers. How are you going to make friends among this sea of unknown faces?
Most high schools welcome new students before school actually starts. These are helpful not only because you learn your way around the buildings and get to meet some of your teachers, but also because you get to meet new students. That way, when you show up on your first day of school, you may already recognize a few familiar faces.
When you talk to people, you'll probably find that a lot of them are feeling just like you. They're all new to the school and don't know what to expect. Talking about a common concern with your classmates can help you develop friendships.
The work in high school is something freshmen are probably worried about. The work in high school builds on what you learned in middle school, giving you a more advanced knowledge of many subjects. So you may find you have more work to do or that it's a bit more challenging . If you ever find your work too difficult, teachers can give you extra help.
High school also has more activities after class than middle school, such as clubs, music and theater groups and sports teams. This is a good time to explore your interests and try new things.
Middle school taught you the basics of academics, time management, and social skills while providing you with a little extra support and guidance. High school gives you the chance to learn how to be more independent and responsible . [/INST] question: When new students come to school on the first day they usually feel _ . | options: A: proud B: nervous C: excited D: happy | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: ERB’S PARALYSIS
One region of upper trunk (C# CfQ of the brachial plexus is called Erb's point where six nerves meet,
Injury at this point results in Erb’s paralysis.
The injury is due to undue separation of the head from the shoulder; which may be seen in : -
i. Birth injury
ii. Fall on the shoulder
iii. During Anesthesia
Clinical features of Erb’s palsv
A. Muscles paralysed: Mainly biceps brachii, deltoid, branchialis and brachioradialis. Partly supraspinatus, infraspinatus and supinator.
B. Deformity (position of the limb)
i. Arm : Hanges by the side; it is adducted and medially rotated
ii. Forearm : Extended and pronated
The deformity is known as “policeman's tip hand’ or ‘porter’s tip hand’.
C. Disability : The following movements are lost.
Abduction and lateral rotation of the arm (shoulder),
Flexion and supination of the forearm,
Biceps and supinator jerks are lost.
Sensations are lost over a small area over the lower part of the deltoid.
KLUMPKE’S PARALYSIS
Site of injury : Lower trunk of the brachial plexus
Cause of injury: Undue abduction of the arm, as in clutching something with the hands after a fall from a height, or sometimes in birth injury,
Nerve roots involved : - Mainly T1 and partly C8.
Muscles paralysed
i. Intrinsic muscles of the hand (T1).
ii. Ulnar flexors of the wrist and fingers (C8)
iii. Deformity (position of the hand). Claw hand due to the unopposed action of the long flexors and extensors of the fingers. In a claw hand there is hyperextension at the metacarpophalangeal joints and flexion at the interphalangeal joints.
Disability
i. Claw hand
ii. Cutaneous anaesthesia and analgesia in a narrow' zone along the ulnar border of the forearm and hand.
iii. Homer’s syndrome if T1 is injured proximal to white ramus communicans to first thoracic sympathetic ganglion. There is ptosis, miosis, anhydrosis, enophthalmos, and loss of ciliospinal
reflex-may be associated. (This is because of injury to sympathetic fibres to the head and neck that leave the spinal cord through nerve T1).
iv. Vasomotor changes : The skin area with sensory loss is warmer due to arteriolar dilation. It is also drier due to the absence of sweating as there is loss of sympathetic activity.
v. Trophic changes : Long standing case of paralysis leads to dry and scaly skin. The nails crack easily with atrophy of the pulp of fingers. [/INST] question: Klumpke’s paralysis affect- | options: A: C3C6 B: C 6 C7 C: C 8T1 D: C4C5 | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Our world natural park is one of the most famous parks in the world. Millions of visitors from different countries visit this park every year. In order to protect it, please do as follows:
*Protect the natural and cultural heritage . Don't damage or deface any buildings, displays and other facilities. Take care of all plants. Put rubbish in the bins provided.
*Take care when you are going up and down steps or stairs and when you are walking nearby the waters.
*Please buy tickets before entering the scenic spot One ticket is only for one person. Adult: $60 per ticket .Children over6 and under 18,half price. People over 60 and children under 6 are free.
*If you are going into the wooded and hilly lands, for your own safety, please go with three people at least and don't take any tinder along with you. The hill is steep, so please take care of yourself.
*This scenic spot is the reserve of water source: No fishing, swimming, washing and any behaviors that are harmful to the water source. Meanwhile, please follow the management rules of the scenic spot conscientiously.
*Opening time: From Monday to Friday, 8:00 a. m.--18:00 p. m.; From Saturday to Sunday, 6:00 a. m:--24:00 p. m.
*Small animals such as rabbits, peacocks, squirrels, frogs must be taken care of: None of them shall be killed.
If you have any trouble in visiting our world natural park, please call 477-866-7044. Our staff will do our best to help you. [/INST] question: How much will be paid for a 65-year-old man with his 8-year-old grandson? | options: A: Free B: $ 30 C: $ 60 D: $ 120 | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Seattle International Film Festival: Future Wave Shorts Program
Seattle Washington
May/June annually
Deadline: March
A presentation of original short films created by youth aged 18 and under. Entries must be no longer than 10 minutes (including end titles). The juried Future Wave award winner receives a $500 cash prize!
http://www.siff.net
Contact: Dustin Kaspar [ _ ]
Entry Fee: $20
University of Toronto Film and Video Festival
Toronto
February
Deadline: January
Annual Festival accepting all lengths and genres , with an emphasis on student work. Submission form on festival website.
http://www.uoftfilmandvideofestival ca
Contact: Steven Hoffner [ _ ]
Entry Fee: $ 15 ( early ), $20 ( final )
Young cuts Film Festival
Toronto Ontario
August 23th - 27 th
Deadline: April 30th
The Young Cuts Film Festival is one of the world's most important film festivals for film makers under the age of 25 and is for student film makers and non-student film makers alike. It's important because we not only evaluate young film makers' short films and feature films for our own Festival competition, but we can also evaluate your film with an eye to establishing its market potential. For more information please go to our website at www. youngcuts. com or email us at info@ youngcuts. com.
Contact: Peter Bailey [ _ ]
Entry Fee: $60.00--$90.00
Scene First Student Film Festival
Wilmington North Carolina
June 14th-16th
Deadline: May
The 3-day national film competition provides student film makers with an opportunity to show their short films, network with industry professionals, and learn from academic and industry leaders -- all in a relaxed social environment.
http:// www. Scenefirstfestival. com
Contact: Sam Connelly [ _ ]
Entry Fee: $12 [/INST] question: Who would be most interested in the above ads? | options: A: Famous film makers B: Student film makers C: General film lovers D: Owners of cinemas | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: If English means endless new words, difficult grammar and sometimes strange pronunciation, you are wrong. Haven't you noticed that you have become smarter since you started to learn a language?
According to a new study by a British university, learning a second language can lead to an increase in your brain power. Researchers found that learning other languages changes grey matter. This is the area of the brain which processes information. It is similar to the way that exercise builds muscles. The study also found the effect is greater the younger people learn a second language.
A team led by Dr Andrea Mechelli, from University College London, took a group of Britons who only spoke English. They were compared with a group of "early _ " who had learnt a second language before the age of five, as well as a number of later learners.
Scans showed that grey matter density in the brain was greater in bilinguals than in people without a second language. But the longer a person waited before mastering a new language, the smaller the difference.
" _ "said the scientists.
It means that the change itself increases the ability to learn.
Professor Dylan Vaughan Jones of the University of Wales, has researched the link between bilingualism and math skills. "Having two languages gives you two windows on the world and makes the brain more flexible ," he said. "You are actually going beyond language and have a better understanding of different ideas."
The findings were matched in a study of native Italian speakers who had learned English as a second language between the ages of two and 34. Reading, writing, and comprehension were all tested. The results showed that the younger they started to learn, the better. "Studying a language means you get an entrance to another world," explained the scientists. [/INST] question: Which part will change more when a person studies a second language? | options: A: grey matter density B: the brain C: mental system D: musles | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Let's be honest:If you like to take lots of vacation,the United States is not the place to work.Besides a handful of national holidays,the typical American worker gets two or three precious weeks off out of a whole year to relax and see the world--much less than what people in many other countries receive.Only 57% of the US workers use up all of the days they're entitled to,compared with 89% of workers in France, a recent research found.
So what's going on here?A big reason for the difference is that paid time off is supported by law in many parts of the world.Germany is among more than two dozen industrialized countries--from Australia to Slovenia to Japan--that require employers to offer four weeks or more of paid vacation to their workers,according to a 2009 study by the human resources consulting company Mercer.Finland, Brazil and France are the champions, guaranteeing six weeks of time off.
But employers in the United States have no duty under federal law to offer any paid vacation, so about a quarter of all American workers don't have access to _ ,government figures show.That makes the US the only advanced nation in the world that doesn't guarantee its workers annual leave,according to a report titled "NoVacation Nation" by the Center for Economic and Policy Research, a liberal policy group.
But the fear of layoffs and the everfaster pace of work mean many Americans don't want to be absent from the office--anxious that they might look like they're not willing to work hard.Or they worry they won't be able to deal with the backlog of work waiting for them after a vacation.
Working more makes Americans happier than Europeans, according to a study published recently in the Journal of Happiness Studies.That may be because Americans believe more than Europeans do that hard work is associated with success, wrote Adam OkuliczKozaryn,the study's author and an assistant professor at the University of Texas at Dallas."Americans increase their happiness by working, and Europeans increase their happiness through vacation," he found. [/INST] question: Which of the following countries has the longest paid vacation? | options: A: America B: Germany C: Australia D: France | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: (Microaneurysm) (295-Person 20th) (260-62-Khurana 4th)* Earliest detactable lesion is microaneurysm in the macular area in NPDRDIABETIC RETINOPATHYOphthalmoscopic features of Non-proliferativediabetic retinopathy (NPDR)* Microaneurysm at the macular area (the earliest detectable lesion)*** Retinal haemorrhage both deep (dot and blot haemorrhage) and superficial haemorrhages (flame shaped)* Hard exudates** - yellowish- white- waxy looking patches are arranged in clumps or in the circinate pattern - seen in macular area* Retinal oedema characterized by retinal thickening* Cotton -wool spots** (if >8, there is high risk of PDR)* Venous abnormalities - beading, looping and dilatation* Intraretinal microvascular abnormalities (IRMA)* Dark-blot haemorrhages representing haemorrhagic retinal infarctsThe hall mark of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) is the occurrence of neovascularization over changes of very severe NPDRComments cause of moderate (diminuation) of vision is Macular oedema*** Advanced diabetic eve disease - It is marked by complication such as- Persistent vitreous haemorrhage**- Tractional retinal detachment**- Neovascular glaucoma**Most common cause of vitreous hemorrhage in adults is - Diabetes (PDR) (297-Parson 20th)HARD EXUDATES - seen in -DR, Hypertensive retinopathy, coat's disease, circinate retinopathySoft exudates seen in - Hypertensive retinopathy DR, Toxemic retinopathy of pregnancy, Anemia, collagen vascular disease like- SLE, PAN, SclerodermaManagement of diabetic retinopathyType of retinopathyTherapy* Background* MaculopathyCSME* Difuse leak around macula- Circinate* Preproliferative retinopathy* Proliferative retinopathy* Advanced diabetic eye diseaseControl of diabetic, regular reviewFocal photocoagulation- Grid laserFocal photocoagulation**- Frequent reviewPan retinal photocoagulation**- Vitreo, retinal surgery** with photocoagulation* Gentamicin - can cause macular or retinal toxicity even at therapeutic and low doses when given intravitreally* NIDDM with history of DM for years should have an ophthalmic examination - As early as feasible in IDDM- 5 years after the onset of diabetes [/INST] question: Earliest sign of Diabetic retinopathy is | options: A: Micro-aneurysm B: Cotton wool spots C: Hard exudates D: Flame shaped haemorrhage | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The correct answer is A (Pasteurella multocida), a gram-negative rod that frequents the mouths of some animals, paicularly cats, but also dogs. The extreme sharpness of feline teeth causes enormous pressure at the site of the puncture during a bite, allowing inoculation of the organism deep into tissues. B (Baonella henselae) is incorrect, although it is a gram-negative rod associated with exposure to cats. In immunocompetent hosts, the principal condition caused by this organism, which is carried mainly on the paws of cats, is cat scratch disease, whose name implies transmission by cat scratches not cat bites. C (Streptobacillus moniliformis) is also a gram-negative rod, pleomorphic, which is most commonly acquired by the bite or scratch of rats or mice. Although it may be carried--and transmitted--by carnivores that prey on these rodents, it is less characteristically associated with cat induced injuries than with rat or mouse exposure. The simplest reason that D (Lactobacillus casei) cannot be a correct answer because it is a gram-positive rod, not a gram-negative one. [/INST] question: A 35-year-old woman presented with swelling and pain of her left wrist of ten days' duration. Twelve days ago she was bitten on the left hand by her pet cat. Two days later she developed pain, redness, and swelling of her hand. O/E, Mild fever Erythematous left wrist and thenar eminence Reduced range of motion of fingers The white blood cell count was 13,000/ml, with a marked increase in the percentage of immature granulocytes. Gram stain of the wrist fluid was done. What is the most likely cause? | options: A: Pasteurella multocida B: Baonella henselae C: Streptobacillus moniliformis D: Lactobacillus casei | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: S - Set up interview P - Perceptions I - Invitation to explain K - Knowledge E - Emotions S - Summary & strategy SPIKES technique is used to explain the diagnosis/prognosis of Pt. to the family members mainly in case of HIV Pts. & cancer patients GATHER technique: G - Greet - Greet the client. A - Ask - Ask questions effectively in a friendly manner using words that client understands and listen patiently, without being judgmental. T - Tell - Tell the relevant information to help her reach a decision and make an informed choice regarding method of EC and ongoing contraception method. H - Help - Help the client to reach a decision and give other related information E - Explain - Explain about the method in detail including information that it protects against a 'single act', its efficacy, potential side-effects and the need for follow-up in case period is delayed by more than 7 days. R - Return - Return for ongoing contraceptive method is advised and need for follow-up is emphasized if the period is delayed beyond 7 days. [/INST] question: A 28 years old Male is diagnosed with Lung cancer. Doctor has to explain diagnosis and prognosis to patient and family members. Technique to be used is:- | options: A: GATHER B: SPIKES C: Focus group discussion D: Lecture | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: G-CSF Kostmann's syndrome is an inherited disorder of the bone marrow. It is also known as severe congenital neutropenia. It is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Congenital neutropenia is usually very severe and neutrophils are often completely absent in the blood of these patients at the time of diagnosis. These patients usually show arrest of maturation of neutrophils at the promyelocyte stage. - This means that their neutrophils rarely. fully mature into the cells that are capable of fighting infections. - As a result these patients usually suffer from severe infections ? - Omphalitis (infection of the navel) - Pneumonia - Skin abscesses - Otitis media during their first few years of life. Pathogenesis Kostmann's syndrome or severe congenital neutropenia is believed to he caused by defect in a gene on chromosome (in p35-p34.3) that codes for granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF). This disease is believed to be caused due to defect in receptor in granulocyte colony stimulator factor. - This receptor is located on granulocytes or neutrophils. The purpose of this receptor is the binding of the granulocyte to the cytokine (GCSF) in order to give signal to the cell to mature, to multiply, and enhance .function. GCSF is a natural cytokine produced by the human body. - Patients with congenital neutropenia also produce GCSF hut because of the defect in GCSF receptor the response of their neutrophils to the normal amounts of GCSF in the blood is reduced. - These patients will respond to higher dose of GCSF (This is the basis of tit of disease). In some patients the GCSF receptor develops changes that could also indicate progression towards leukemia. Treatment Patients with congenital neutropenia respond to administration of GCSF. - As soon as congenital neutropenia is diagnosed, patients should sta treatment with GCSF. - This treatment usually stabilizes the neutrophil count of the patient. - The response of these patients to GCSF treatment is different. There is a big variation in the dose of GCSF that different people receive. - A small group of patient does not respond to even very high doses of GCSF. In patients who do not respond to GCSF doses of 100 mcg/kg within foueen days, a search for bone marrow donor should be staed immediately and bone marrow transplantation should be performed as soon as matching donor is identified. [/INST] question: Kostmann's syndrome-treatment is | options: A: Anti-thymocyte globulin + cyclosporin B: Anti-thymocyte globulin + cyclosporin + GMCSF C: G-CSF D: GM-CSF | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: LONDON: The Edinburgh Festival, the biggest arts festival of its kind in the world, got under way in the Scotland capital on Sunday with a concert that included Hector Berlionz'sTo Deum, under the direction of Christoph von Dohnanyi.
The festival, which runs until August 31 this year, includes as its high points Peter Stein's staging of Wagner'sParsifal, with Claudio Abbado directing the Gustav Mahler youth orchestra. The concert programme includes American pianist Richard Goode, bass baritone Thomas Quasthoff and violinist Christian Tetzlaff. New to the programmes this year will be 25 late evening classical music concerts.
Earlier this month, the Edinburgh Fringe Festival, the largest show-case in the world for performance art, officially got under way with theatre, dance, poetry and music presentations.
Many of the fringe artists, who can enter the fringe festival upon payment of a small fee, were inspired this year by the event of September 11.
Thousands of people flock to Edinburgh from around the world during the festival, which is over 50 years old. It aims to promote and encourage arts and to reflect international culture. It consists of various dance, music, opera, and theatre presentation taking place across the city during the three-week run. [/INST] question: Who will perform in the concert on Sunday? | options: A: Hector Berlionz B: Christoph von Dohnanyi C: Claudio Abbado D: Christian Tetzlaff | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Veno-occlusive disease (VOD) now better known as 'Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome' is one of the most frequently encountered serious complications after bone marrow transplantation.
Other uncommon causes are:
Long-term immunosuppression with azathioprine in renal and liver transplant patients - Sporadic cases may be due to use of herbal teas (pyrrolizidine alkaloids).
The hallmark features of VOD are hyperbilirubinemia, painful hepatomegaly, and fluid retention.
The onset of VOD usually occurs within 3 weeks after bone marrow transplantation, with a peak 12 days posttransplantation. However, the onset of VOD has been reported even later.
According to the modified Seattle criteria, 2 or more of the following must be present prior to 20 days after stem cell transplantation for a diagnosis of VOD:
Bilirubin level of more than 2 mg/dL (34 p.mol/L)
Hepatomegaly and upper right quadrant pain of liver origin
Ascites and/or unexplained weight gain of more than 2% above the reference range
Pathophysiology: The causes of VOD are still unclear, but a combination of pretransplant risk factors and transplant-related conditions are believed to trigger a primarily hepatic sinusoidal injury. This can quickly extend to a hepatocytic and panvasculitic disease.
This process eventually leads to complete venular obliteration, extensive hepatocellular necrosis, and widespread fibrous tissue replacement of normal liver. Because of the initiating pathology it is also called sinusoidal obstruction syndrome.
The disease has significant morbidity and mortality.
Treatment is largely supportive.
VOD and Budd-Chiari syndrome
In VOD hepatic venous outflow obstruction occurs from diffuse involvement of hepatic venules/ vein radicals, whereas in Budd-Chiari syndrome the outflow obstruction is due to involvement of major hepatic veins or the hepatic portion of IVC. In VOD the major hepatic veins are patent.
Tender hepatomegaly with jaundice and ascites is common in both conditions. [/INST] question: Venoocclusive disease in hepatic vein characterized by:a) Central venous congestionb) Hepatomegalyc) Portal vein obstructiond) Budd chiari syndromee) Hepatic fibrosis | options: A: ab B: ad C: bc D: be | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Posted: 06/19/2014 12:00 a.m.
Lucy Li, an 11-year-old girl, is the youngest person to qualify for a US Women's Open golf tournament .
She was qualified for the US Women's Open in May. When she set a new record by seven strokes .And today she is playing against some of the best female golfers in the world.
Earlier this week Li said that she wasn't nervous about becoming the centre of attention at today's game. "I just want to have fun and play the best I can and I really don't care about the result. I can learn a lot from these great players."
Li doesn't spend all her time golfing. She is home-schooled in an online Stanford University programme. Her favourite subjects are Maths, History, and Science and she loves to read. She also loves medicine, diving, badminton, dancing, and table tennis.
But golf is her favourite sport. "I like golf because it's different from other sports. Anybody can play it." she said.
Some female golfers are worried that Li isn't quite ready for the Open. "When I found out she was qualified, I said, where does she go from here? You qualify for an Open at 11, what do you do next? If she was my kid, I wouldn't let her play in the US Open at all, but that's just me," said world champion Stacy Lewis.
Dottie Pepper, an ESPN analyst , thinks that the most important thing is that Li doesn't think of winning.
"If the success for her is not based on score, then I don't think she's too young. The important thing for her is to treat the whole experience as a kid on the golf score. Forget expectations." Dottie said. [/INST] question: Lucy Li qualified for a US Women's Open Golf tournament _ . | options: A: in May 2014 B: in June 2014 C: this week D: last May | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: People often complain they face too many problems. Every day and everywhere there are problems. Many times we find it hard to stay happy. When one problem is solved, another one comes up.
People have money problems, work problems, family problems, health problems..... the list goes on. And we usually think that people who are happy and successful are having fewer problems than us. Look at the successful people we often mention. They have money they need, they have jobs they love, they have good friends, they have obedient kids, they have the successful business, they have loving families etc. Everything goes well with them. That is why they are happy and successful. But in fact, the more successful you are, the more problems you have to face. More success means more challenges they have to face, and more success means more risks they have to take.
Young and old, rich and poor, successful and unsuccessful, educated and uneducated, all have problems. The difference is that their problems are different from each other. Rich and successful have big problems. Poor and unsuccessful have small problems. Still they all have problems which they can face. Successful people are successful just because they are ready to face challenges larger than ordinary people.
Winning the US elections makes Obama very happy. As a new US president, he has to face bigger challenges. He has to be more careful about his work he does, or he will lose his position . Looking at him, we may say he is lucky, happy and successful. But, I think, as the US president, he has more pressure than an ordinary person. [/INST] question: You will be a/an _ person if you are afraid to face more challenges. | options: A: ordinary B: successful C: famous D: educated | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Sunny countries are often poor. A shame, then, that solar power is still quite expensive. Eight19, a British company by Cambridge University, has, however, invented a novel way to _ this. In return for a deposit of around $10 it is supplying poor Kenyan families with a solar cell able to generate 2.5 watts of electricity, a battery that can deliver a three amp current to store this electricity, and a lamp whose bulb is a light-emitting diode . The firm thinks that this system, once the battery is fully charged, is enough to light two small rooms and to power a mobile-phone charger for seven hours. Then, next day, it can be put outside and charged back up again.
The trick is that, to be able to use the electricity, the system's keeper must buy a scratch card--for as little as a dollar--on which is printed a reference number. The keeper sends this reference, plus the serial number of the household solar unit, by SMS to Eight19. The company's server will respond automatically with an access code to the unit.
Users may consider that they are paying an hourly rate for their electricity. In fact, they are paying off the cost of the unit. After buying around $80 worth of scratch cards--which Eight19 expects would take the average family around 18 months--the user will own it. He will then have the option of continuing to use it for nothing, or of trading it in for a bigger one, perhaps driven by a 10-watt solar cell.
In that case, he would go then through the same process again, paying off the additional cost of the upgraded kit at a slightly higher rate. Users would therefore increase their electricity supply steadily and affordably.
According to Eight19's figures, this looks like a good deal for customers. The firm believes the average energy-starved Kenyan spends around $10 a month on oil--enough to fuel a couple of smoky lamps--plus $2 on charging his mobile phone in the market-place. Regular users of one of Eight19's basic solar units will spend around half that, before owning it completely. Meanwhile, as the cost of solar technology falls, it should get even cheaper. [/INST] question: What should the user do when the electricity in the battery is used up? | options: A: Buy a scratch card B: Recharge it outside C: Buy another solar cell D: Return it to the company | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Iodine scintigraphy with I 123 and I 131 is used to evaluate the functional status of the gland. Advantages of scanning with I 123 include a low dose of radiation and sho half-life. I 123 is a good choice for evaluating suspected lingual thyroids or substernal goiters. I 131 has a longer half-life and emits higher levels of b-radiation. I 131 is optimal for imaging thyroid carcinoma and is the screening modality of choice for the evaluation of distant metastasis. RAI (I 131 ) has several paicular purposes in the treatment of DTC after thyroidectomy, including Ablation of remnant thyroid tissue to facilitate detection of later disease recurrence by imaging and Tg assay, Adjuvant therapy with the intention of targeting occult metastatic disease, and Primary treatment of known persistent disease Technetium 99m peechnetate (99mTc) is taken up rapidly by the normal activity of follicular cells. 99mTc has a sho half-life and low radiation dose. Its rapid absorption allows quick evaluation of increased uptake ("hot") or hypofunctioning ("cold") areas of the thyroid . Malignancy is present in 15% to 20% of cold nodules and in less than 5% of hot nodules. [/INST] question: Which of the following is used in the treatment of well differentiated thyroid carcinoma | options: A: I131 B: 99m Tc C: 32p D: MIBG | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In fetus, hematopoiesis occurs in three anatomic stages.
Mesoblastic stage
This stage of hematopoiesis begins between 10th and 14th days of gestation
It occurs in the extraembryonic structures principally in the yolk sac.
This stage of hematopoiesis essentially ceases by 10-12 week of gestation.
Hepatitis stage
By 6-8 weeks of gestation, the liver replaces the yolk sac as the primary site of gestation.
Hematopoiesis occurs in the liver throughout the remainder of the gestation and the liver remains the predominant hematopoietic organ, till 20-24 weeks of the gestation.
After this, the hematopoiesis begins to decrease in liver and in full-term infant hepatic hematopoiesis is seen only in widely scattered small foci which soon become inactive after birth.
Myeloid stage
Hematopoiesis in the marrow starts by the 4th month of gestation.
By birth, marrow throughout the skeleton is hematopoietically active and virtually the sole source of blood cells.
Hematopoiesis after birth
Upto puberty - Hematopoiesis occurs throughout the skeleton
After puberty (By the age of 18) - Only the vertebrae, ribs, sternum, skull, pelvis and proximal epiphyseal regions of the humerus and femur retain red marrow, the remaining marrow becomes yellow, fatty an inactive. Thus, in adults only about half of the marrow space is active-in hematopoiesis. [/INST] question: Which organ is the primary site of hematopoiesis in the fetus before mid-pregnancy – | options: A: Bone B: Liver C: Spleen D: Lung | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Perfume has been in existence for a long time. These days, certain perfumes are considered comparable to great works of art. Here are a few of the most famous perfumes in history.
Chanel No.5
This perfume is probably the best-selling scent in the history of fragrance . Created by Ernst Beaux for Coco Chanel in 1921, it has been described as "the world's most legendary fragrance", and remains the company's most famous perfume.
Shalimar
Jacques Guerlain created this vanilla fragrance in 1925. The perfume takes its name from the Garden of Shalimar, which was built by Emperor Shah Jehan for one of his wives. It was an immediate hit in 1925 and is still extremely popular today.
Joy
Joy is famous for having been the most expensive perfume in the world at one point. It was created in 1930 by Henri Almeras for Jean Patou to lift the bad mood that had swept over the world after the 1929 stock market crash.
L'Air duTemps
Francis Farbon created Nina Ricci's L'Air du Temps in 1948. The fragrance is known for its spicy carnation and gardenia scents as well as its beautiful crystal bottle (designed by Lalique).
Eternity
Calvin Klein's second perfume was created by Sophia Grojsman in 1988. Known for its light, flowery scent, the perfume was listed in the Fragrance Hall of Fame in 2003. It is recommended for daytime wear.
Angel
This wildly popular perfume was created in 1992 by Olivier Cresp for Thierry Mugler. The perfume was an instant success. The perfume has often been described as "delicious", owing to its chocolatey scent. The perfume comes in beautiful star-shaped bottles. Angel perfume also comes in several bath and body products. [/INST] question: Who created Joy? | options: A: Henri Almeras B: Jean Patou C: Sophia Grojsman D: Jacques Guerlain | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: If you've ever seen a James Bond movie,you'll know that the hero gets around in a smart Aston Martin car. Even if you know full well that you could never afford such an expensive vehicle, you don't forget the name, or the car.
Why? You have been affected by product placement.
Companies pay a film to place their products in the movie. Product placement took off in the West in the 1980s and is now catching on in China. Two Hunan Satellite TV dramas are recent examples:Ugly Wudi and Let's Go Watch the Meteor Shower (<<>> ).
Shampoo, mobile phones, cars and fitness centers-anything can be product-placed. Advertisers value the mass appeal of the movies, knowing that a successful film can showcase their goods to hundreds of thousands of viewers. But when product placement takes over, artistic considerations can take a back seat.
Cai Zhiyong has been product-placing for years. The Beijing-based advertiser admits there is a conflict between art and business. He explains the way one ad works. In If You are the One (<<>> ), the actress Shu Qi plays a flight attendant. The movie contains product placement for airline companies.
_ filmmakers often have to give less consideration to the quality of their work because they need money from advertisers. In the original story for Meteor Shower, the heroine's mother owned an ice cream shop. But no ice cream company wanted to sponsor the film. For this reason, the story was changed. In the film the man drinks 20 cups of milk tea instead of eating ice cream.
So you may see the power of business over the movies, since the script was perhaps written so that a product could be placed-whether it was ice cream or milk tea. [/INST] question: Product placement can have a bad effect on the _ of a movie. | options: A: atmosphere B: mass appeal C: box-office success D: artistic value | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A developer edition of Sony's augmented reality smart glasses will go on sale in ten countries next month, the tech giant has announced.
Pre-orders for the SmartEyeglass, costing $840 (PS620), are now being taken in the UK and Germany, with Japan and the US to follow shortly. The black-framed glasses are compatible with recent Android operating systems. Last month Google announced that it was withdrawing its smart glasses for redevelopment. Sony's initial model will come with a software development kit to encourage people to design apps for it, the company said.
The glasses, which weigh 77g, contain an accelerometer, gyroscope, compass, image and brightness sensors, 3-megapixel camera and a microphone. They also come with a controller, designed to be attached to clothing, which contains a speaker, touch sensor and the device's battery. Text is displayed in front of the wearer in monochrome green.
Apple chief executive Tim Cook has been open about his dislike of glasses as a wearable device. "We always thought that glasses were not a smart move, from a point of view that people would not really want to wear them," he told the New Yorker. "They were intrusive , instead of pushing technology to the background, as we've always believed."
Stuart Miles, founder of tech site Pocket-lint, said: "I think [Sony is] wasting their time, energy and effort."
"Google Glass obviously needed a complete rethink... I can't see how something thick-rimmed and more invasive-looking than Google Glass is going to catch on.
"People are keen on wearables like fitness bands and watches, but they care about their faces. Wearing something on your head is a lot stronger than wearing something on your arm," he added. "The industry keeps pushing it but consumers just don't want it." [/INST] question: In which countries people can get the SmartEyeglass first? | options: A: The US and Japan B: The US and the UK C: The UK and Japan D: Germany and the UK | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The vast majority of fitness trackers count your steps and are worn around the wrist, but now there's a device that's designed to be worn like a necklace and monitors tiny movements to improve your posture.
The Fineck device aims to address neck pain by tracking tiny movement, spotting bad habits and suggesting exercises via an accompanying app. Made from silicone and titanium , Fineck monitors a wearer's movement, balance, posture and movement thanks to sensors inside. The Mountain View California-based firm says that a high percentage of people suffer from neck pain and associated problems, probably caused by more individuals doing office jobs, which generally involve leaning over computer keyboard.
The device contains sensors, several different types of instruments to monitor movement, plus a monitor to shake. It connects to an IOS app via Bluetooth so that wearers can see their bad habits and play "neck training" games. The app warns of health risks and records a user's activity to build up a customer personal health description. The necklace shakes to give smart advice, such as reminding wearers to sit up straight. The app also allows users to set goals, like many other wearables do. "Fineck is the first wearable device for your neck that tracks your neck activity and warn you when you are in a bad posture for too long. You can also exercise your neck with Fineck's interactive games." The company writes on Kickstarter. "No matter where you are and what you are doing at office, on the go, or simply just feeling bored, Fineck will bring you enriched exercise experience through motion sensing games and therapies."
It also claims that it is "the world's first titanium wearable device". The metal is widely used in fashion stuff that you can wear or carry to match your clothes because it is lightweight, durable and does not tend to cause allergic reactions. It also offers additional features such as shaking to indicate alerts on a user's smartphone, but it is not currently clear whether it can also be used like bands, to count steps, and so on.
The Fineck has a battery life of around seven days and takes one hour to charge. It is available to pre-order via Kickstarter from $69(PS44)and is due to ship in March next year. [/INST] question: What helps the Fineck device to deal with neck pain? | options: A: An accompanying app B: A necklace C: Computer keyboard D: A remote control | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In more than 95% of cases, a specific underlying cause of hypeension cannot be found. Such patients are said to have essential hypeension. The pathogenesis of this is not clearly understood. Many factors may contribute to its development, including renal dysfunction, resistance vessel tone, endothelial dysfunction, autonomic tone, insulin resistance and neurohumoral factors.~80-95% of hypeensive patients are diagnosed as having "essential" hypeension (also referred to as primary or idiopathic hypeension).Essential hypeension tends to be familial and is likely to be the consequence of an interaction between environmental and genetic factors. The prevalence of essential hypeension increases with age, and individuals with relatively high blood pressures at younger ages are at increased risk for the subsequent development of hypeension. It is likely that essential hypeension represents a spectrum disorders with different underlying pathophysiologies. In the majority of patients with established hypeension, peripheral resistance is increased and cardiac output is normal or decreased; however, in younger patients with mild or labile hypeension, cardiac output may be increased and peripheral resistance may be normal. When plasma renin activity (PRA) is plotted against 24-h sodium excretion, ~10-15% of hypeensive patients have high PRA .Inconsistent associations between plasma aldosterone and blood pressure have been described in patients with essential hypeension.papilledema with renal failure is the most serious prognostic feature of essential hypeension. ref:Harrison&;s principles of internal medicine,ed 18,pg no 2450 [/INST] question: Which one of the following is of most serious prognostic significance in a patient of essential hypeension- | options: A: Diastolic blood pressure greater than 130mmHg B: Transient ischaemic attacks C: Left ventricular hyperophy D: Papilledema and progressive renal failure | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Without the atmosphere there would be no weather, no wind, rain, snow, or clouds. Air is all around us; we live at the bottom of a great ocean of air. It is invisible, but we can feel it when it moves. There are miles of air above us, pressing down with great weight on the earth and everything on it. Because air presses down on us from all directions at the same time, and because we are able to bear this weight, we do not seem to feel it. But scientists have proved that air has this weight, and that anything that has weight creates a force called pressure. As changes in air pressure take place, they, make air move.
Air is a gas that expands when heated, gets lighter, and moves upward. When air is cooled, it gets heavier, sinks close to the earth's surface, and flows like water in a great river. As warn air rises, cold air rushes in to take its place. 'Thus winds originate . The winds that blow high above us are caused by the warmer air running away from colder air. The wind we feel near the earth's surface is the heavy colder air trying hard to catch the warmer air. Changes in temperature cause the air to move. And of course there are many changes, so air movements are taking place practically all the time. [/INST] question: Air moves under such conditions that | options: A: there is air pressure B: the air is heavy C: air pressure doesn't remain the same all the time D: air comes up and down | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Jenny,
I often think if I am as important to you as you are to me.
We had an unhappy time yesterday. I really felt sad after it and almost apologized to you. However,you could still laugh and talk with others like nothing had happened. I suddenly realized that I was not that important to you. You didn't even realize that I was angry and sad. What's more,you even forgot my birthday this year.
Goodbye,my friend. I have closed my feeling toward you. It is sad to say goodbye,my friend. But it is meaningless for us to be friends any longer.
Lucy
Dear Lucy,
I'm sorry that I hurt you so much yesterday. But here is something I really need to tell you. I never thought the quarrel we had yesterday was as serious as you thought. I just felt tired and didn't feel like going shopping. Susan and Lily are also my good friends. I couldn't pretend not seeing them when they passed by. I also couldn't let them know I was blue because of the quarrel. I didn't want them to feel sad just because I was sad. I'm your best friend,but I don't want to be your only friend. I don't want to be with you all the time because sometimes I need to have my own time. I want to spend some time with my other friends and my brother. Please try to make more friends. You will feel much happier if you have more friends. And remember,I'm your best friend forever!
Jenny [/INST] question: What's the purpose of Lucy's letter? | options: A: To tell Jenny that she is really sorry for what happened yesterday B: To tell Jenny she doesn't want to be friends with her any longer C: To ask Jenny not to be friends with Susan or Lily D: To ask Jenny if she means much to her | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: There are only 24 hours in a day,but people can use the time wisely. In other words,effective time management is important if you want to succeed.
Knowing the importance of daily matters is the first step towards good time management. Write down the things that you want to do and organize them according to their level of importance. The important thing should be done first. If there are too many things that have to be done in one day, then you have to give up doing something that is less important on your list.
Besides this,you need to spend a specific amount of time doing all the activities you have written down and make sure you finish them on time. People often slow down in their work even though they know that time will never wait for them. Make sure you keep to your plan and finish the tasks one by one. Do not try to do too many things at once.
Also,you can group similar activities together and do them one by one. For example, you can group all the tasks you need to do in the office together and do them while you're in office. Do all the tasks that have to be done in one place first, and then move to the next place to do the other tasks.
"The bad news is that time flies. The good news is that you're the pilot, "said Michael Althsuler. Your future is in your hands,so remember to invest your time wisely from today on. [/INST] question: Which of the following things should be done first? | options: A: The most difficult things B: The most important things C: The things that weren't done yesterday D: The things that take the least time | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Flying over a desert in an airplane, two scientists looked down with trained eyes at trees and bushes. After an hour's flight one of the scientists wrote in his notebook, "Look here for probable metal." Walking across hilly ground, four scientists reported, "This ground should be searched for metals." From an airplane over a hilly wasteland a scientist sent back by radio one word "Uranium".
None of the scientists had X-ray eyes: they had no magic powers for looking down below the earth's surface. They were merely putting to use one of the newest methods of locating minerals in the ground -- using trees and plants as signs that certain minerals may lie under the ground on which the trees and plants are growing.
This newest method of searching for minerals is based on the fact that minerals deep in the earth may affect the kind of bushes and trees that grow on the surface.
At Watson Bar Creek, a mineral search group gathered bags of tree seeds. Boxes were filled with small branches from the trees. Roots were dug and put into boxes. Each bag and box was carefully marked. In a scientific laboratory the parts of the forest trees were burned to ashes andtested. Each small part was examined to learn whether there were minerals in it.
Study of the roots, branches and seeds showed no silver. But there were small amount of gold in the roots and a little less gold in the branches and seeds. The seeds growing nearest to the tree trunk had more gold than those growing on the ends of the branches.
If the trees indicated that there was no gold in the ground, the scientists wouldn't spare money to pay for digging into the ground. [/INST] question: Scientists were flying over a desert or a hilly wasteland or a mountain region to _ . | options: A: train their eyes B: study the trees C: look for gold D: search for minerals | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A turkey named Courage gave thanks to President Obama for saving his life on the day before Thanksgiving. Honouring a 62-year-old tradition, the President pardoned the bird on Thanksgiving eve.
The tradition of a turkey pardon at Thanksgiving began with President Truman in 1947. Courage comes from Ellsworth, Iowa. The name Courage was chosen by voters who took part in a survey posted on the White House website. The lucky turkey walked on the lawn of the Rose Garden and posed for the cameras at the presidential podium .
The dinner that has become known as the First Thanksgiving was actually a harvest festival celebrated in December of 1621. That's when English settlers in Plymouth, Massachusetts, gave thanks for the progress they had made after a hard winter in their new country. As America grew, Thanksgiving customs also spread and got bigger. George Washington declared that the first national Thanksgiving would be on November 26, 1789. In the decades to follow, however, people celebrated Thanksgiving locally, with no official date. President Abraham Lincoln declared the last Thursday in November 1863 a national day of Thanksgiving. It stayed that way until 1939, when President Franklin D. Roosevelt moved it one week earlier. He wanted to lengthen the shopping period before Christmas to encourage gift-buyers and to help businesses. So Congress ruled that, after 1941, Thanksgiving would be an official federal holiday falling on the fourth Thursday of November.
This year we celebrated Thanksgiving on Thursday, November. Millions of Americans got together to give thanks with friends and family. The lucky turkey, Courage, was one of them. After his pardon, Courage would be sent to Disneyland Resort in California, where he would be the grand assemble of Disney's Thanksgiving Day Parade. [/INST] question: That the turkey Courage was pardoned was decided by _ . | options: A: George Bush B: Congress C: President Truman D: the public | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: There was a rich merchant who had 4 wives. He loved the 4th wife the most and adorned her with rich robes and treated her to delicacies. He took great care of her and gave her nothing but the best.
He also loved the 3rd wife very much. He's very proud of her and always wanted to show her off to his friends. However, the merchant is always in great fear that she might run away with some other men.
He too, loved his 2nd wife. She is a very considerate person, always patient and in fact is the merchant's confidante. When the merchant faced some problems, he always turned to his 2nd wife and she would always help him out and tide him through difficult times.
Now, the merchant's 1st wife is a very loyal partner and has made great contributions in maintaining his wealth and business as well as taking care of the household. However, the merchant did not love the first wife and although she loved him deeply, he hardly took notice of her.
One day, the merchant fell ill. Before long, he knew that he was going to die soon. He thought of his luxurious life and told himself, "Now I have 4 wives with me. But when I die, I'll be alone. How lonely I'll be!"
Thus, he asked the 4th wife, "I loved you most, endowed you with the finest clothing and showered great care over you. Now that I'm dying, will you follow me and keep me company?"
"No way!" replied the 4th wife and she turned away without another word.
The answer cut like a sharp knife right into the merchant's heart. The sad merchant then asked the 3rd wife, "I have loved you so much for all my life. Now that I'm dying, will you follow me and keep me company?"
"No!" replied the 3rd wife. "Life is so good over here! I'm going to remarry when you die!" The merchant's heart sank and turned cold.
He then asked the 2nd wife, "I've always turned to you for help and you've always helped me out. Now I need your help again. When I die, will you follow me and keep me company?"
"I'm sorry, I can't help you out this time!" replied the 2nd wife. "At the very most, I can only send you to your grave." The answer came like a bolt of thunder and the merchant was devastated.
Then a voice called out: "I'll leave with you. I'll follow you no matter where you go." The merchant looked up and there was his first wife. She was so skinny, almost like she suffered from malnutrition. Greatly grieved, the merchant said, "I should have taken much better care of you while I could have!"
Actually, we all have 4 wives in our lives.
The 4th wife is our body. No matter how much time and effort we lavish in making it look good, it'll leave us when we die.
Our 3rd wife is our possessions, status and wealth. When we die, they all go to others.
The 2nd wife is our family and friends. No matter how close they had been there for us when we're alive, the furthest they can stay by us is up to the grave.
The 1st wife is in fact our soul, often neglected in our pursuit of material, wealth and sensual pleasure.
Guess what? It is actually the only thing that follows us wherever we go. Perhaps it's a good idea to cultivate and strengthen it now rather than to wait until we're on our deathbed to lament. [/INST] question: Which wife did the merchant love most? | options: A: The 1st wife B: The 2nd wife C: The 3rd wife D: The 4th wife | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Childhood is a time of fun and games. Many people still remember when they were young, they often played games like hide-and-seek and chess. Playing teaches children how to get along with others, and it also helps to exercise the mind and body. However, children today spent most of their playing time in front of the computer, playing video games.
A recent survey found that in the US children between 8 and 12 spent at least 13 hours a week playing video games or "gaming". Boys of this age spend even more time, almost 16 hours a week. Although some people will say that gaming is helpful, it brings many problems as well.
One big problem is that kids who spend most of their time on games might have difficulty communicating with real people. They might have trouble sharing and resolving problems because they do not practice these shills when sitting alone at a computer.
Another problem is about health. Game players usually sit for hours without doing any exercise. And they might not eat healthily. As a result, they might be out of shape.
Next, game players might have trouble with their lessons. Many of them spend more time playing games than working on their homework. In the end, _ .
Finally, it is always possible that the gamers become addicted . Some people play four or five hours a day or even all day. This happened to a 28-year-old Korean man. He spent about 50 hours playing an online game without sleeping or eating well. He died while gaming!
This is one example of the dangers of video gaming. It tells us that video gaming, like everything else, should not be done too much. A few hours a week should not hurt, but several hours a day just might be dangerous to your health. [/INST] question: Children of 8 to 12 in the US spent at least _ hours a week playing video games. | options: A: 13 B: 16 C: 28 D: 50 | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: March 22, 2011---Most restaurants in the United States offer their customers a glass of tap water at no charge with their meal, but this week many restaurants are asking dinners to pay a dollar, or more, for a glass of water. Cards on their tables explain that this small amount helps bring clean water to children around the world. It's called the UNICEF Tap Project.
"UNICEF's Tap Project is really all about bringing attention to the fact that over 900 million people around the globe do not have access to good, clean, healthy drinking water," says Cary Stem, who heads the US Fund for UNICEF. She adds that water-borne illness is the second-highest cause of preventable childhood death in the world.
"Each and every day approximately 4,100 children die just because they don't have that access - 4,100 every single day."
The public service campaign encourages people to help change that statistic with a simple, affordable action: paying a dollar to get a glass of tap water at a restaurant.
"One dollar buys enough good, clean water for a child for 40 days," Stem says.
"The tap project has expanded since it began five years ago with 300 restaurants in New York City. This year, Stem says, about 3,000 restaurants across the country are participating in the campaign. We raised about $2.5 million over the last five years of this campaign," says Stem. "Last year, we raised over $1 million for the first time. This year we're hoping to top that."
Stem credits the continued success of the campaign to an army of volunteers who support the tap project and raise money in their communities.
The UNICEF Tap Project is promoting its efforts with a simple motto: when you take water, give water. Currently, UNICEF works in more than 100 countries around the world to improve access to safe water and sanitation facilities in schools and communities.
Stem hopes that, by participating in the project, more Americans will realize that what they often take for granted is a precious and scarce resource in many other parts of the world. [/INST] question: Restaurants began to charge for tap water to _ . | options: A: increase their profit B: urge customers to save water C: raise people's awareness of the world water problem D: collect money for those without access to safe water | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: New changes have taken place in Paris in recent years. Paris used to be among Europe's busiest cities. Traffic jams could be seen all the time. But now there is a new 2.5 kilometre-long car-free area inside the city. The Louvre attracts world tourists. People visit there not just for the art works, but also enjoy the roof of the building which is like a flying carpet. The world's most beautiful city is now even more beautiful.
Lijiang River National Park, China.
Lijiang River is in Guilin. It is well-known for its clear water, limestone and green hills. The hills have beautiful names depending on different shapes, such as "Elephant Trunk". These attract many Chinese poets and artists. The best way to enjoy Lijing River is to take an 83 km boat trip from Guilin to Yangshuo in summer.
Zurich, Switzerland
What do you think Zurich is famous for? Great banks? Yes. People can find many Swiss banks and foreign banks here. But the city is of great interest to many people for another reason. Zurich hosts Europe's largest street party each year. Its Street Parade has overtaken London's Notting Hill Carival. What's hot in the city in 2014? In August, Zurich will host the European Athletic Championships. This gives tourists a chance to see the world's top athletes making new records.
Adelaide, Australia
Many people may know Sydney or Melbourne. They are big cities in Australia. But Adelaide wins people's hearts with great festivals and tasty food. Adelaide Fringe Festival is the largest art festival in Australia. Every February and March, people celebrate with outdoor art works, dance performances and live music. Adelaide has many kinds of foreign foods. British fish and chips, Italian pizza and German pork can be found in most restaurants. [/INST] question: Tourists enjoy the art works as well as _ of the Louvre. | options: A: the busy street B: the shape of its roof C: the car-free area D: the flying carpet | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Do you like drinking Coke? As a symbol of American culture, Coca-Cola is liked by many people, especially young people all around the world. But from now on, perhaps it will be hard for students in the US to get it on campus. A new agreement will end almost all sales of high-sugar fizzy drinks in US schools. The agreement allows only unsweetened juice, low-fat milk and water in primary and middle school vending machines and cafeterias. Former American president Bill Clinton helped the American Heart Association and the beverage industry to come up with the agreement. He suffered from a weight problem and has had a heart operation since leaving the White House. He takes the agreement as "a bold step forward in the struggle to help 35 million young people lead healthier lives".
Rising childhood obesity has become a big problem in America. A federal report noted that obesity has _ among teenagers in the past 25 years. It called for new limits on the marketing of junk food to children. Soda is a particular target because of its caloric content and popularity among children.
Britain has already taken similar steps to fight obesity. A recent study shows that people in the UK are much healthier than the people in the US. However, it's better late than never. Now American schools are trying to make new rules to guide the students to choose healthy drinks. American schools say goodbye to Coca-Cola. [/INST] question: What kind of beverage is NOT allowed to sell on campus? | options: A: High-sugar fizzy drinks B: Unsweetened juice C: Low-fat milk D: Water | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: "Sesame Street" has been called "the longest street in the world". That is because the television program by that name can now be seen in so many parts of the world. That program became one of American's exports soon after it went on the air in New York in 1969.
In the United States more than six million children watch the program regularly. The viewers include more than half the nation's pre-school children, from every kind of economic , racial , and geographical group.
Although some educators object to certain elements in the program, parents praise it highly. Many teachers also consider it a great help, though some teachers find that problems arise when first graders who have learned from "Sesame Street" are in the same class with children who have not watched the program.
Tests have shown that children from all racial, geographical, and economic backgrounds have benefited from watching it. Those who watch it five times a week learn more than occasional viewers. In the US the program is shown at different hours during the week in order to increase the number of children who can watch it regularly.
The programs all use songs, stories, jokes, and pictures to give children a basic understanding of numbers, letters and human relationships. But there are some differences. For example, the Spanish program, produced in Mexico City, devotes more time to teaching whole words than to teaching separate letters.
Why has "Sesame Street" been so much more successful than other children's shows? Many reasons have been suggested. People mention the educational theories of its creators, the support by the government and private businesses, and the skillful use of a variety of TV tricks. Perhaps an equally important reason is that mothers watch it along with their children. This is partly because famous adult stars often appear on it. But the best reason for the success of the program may be that it makes every child watching feel able to learn. The child finds himself learning, and he wants to learn more. [/INST] question: "Sesame Street" is actually _ . | options: A: a street in the US B: a program for children C: a program for teachers D: a program for students | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Acquired factor VIII deficiency Muscle and soft tissue bleeds are common. Bleeding into a joint results in severe pain and swelling, as well as loss of function, but is rarely associated with discoloration from bruising around the joint. Life-threatening sites of bleeding include bleeding into the oropharynx, where bleeding can obstruct the airway, into the central nervous system, and into the retroperitoneum. Mixing studies -used to evaluate a prolonged aPTT or PT. -to distinguish between a factor deficiency and an inhibitor. In this assay, normal plasma and patient plasma are mixed in a 1:1 ratio, and the aPTT or PT is determined immediately and after incubation at 37degC for varying times, typically 30, 60, and/or 120 min. -With isolated factor deficiencies, the aPTT will correct with mixing and stay corrected with incubation. With aPTT prolongation due to a lupus anticoagulant, the mixing and incubation will show no correction. -In acquired neutralizing factor antibodies, the initial assay may or may not correct immediately after mixing but will prolong with incubation at 37degC. [/INST] question: A 27 year old female having a family history of autoimmune disease presents with the complaints of a skin rash and recurrent joint pains 3 months after delivering a baby. She is most likely to have which of the following disorders? | options: A: Megakaryocytic thrombocytopenia B: Amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia C: Functional platelet defect D: Acquired Factor VIII inhibitors | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Also known as FIBULARIS LONGUS. It is muscle of lateral compament of leg. ORIGIN: Upper 2/3rd of lateral surface of fibula, head of fibula & occasionally lateral tibial condyle. INSEION: Undersurface of lateral sides of distal end of medial cuneiform & base of metatarsal I. INNERVATION: Superficial fibular nerve (L5, S1, s2) Function: eversion & plantar flexion of foot, suppo arches of foot. Muscle Origin Inseion Innervation Function a) extensor digitorum longus | anterior compament of leg. Proximal 1/2 of medial surface of fibula & related surface of lateral tibial condyle. Via dorsal digital expansions into bases of distal & middle phalanges of lateral 4 toes. Deep fibular nerve (L5, S1) Extension of lateral 4 toes & dorsiflexion of foot b) tibialis anterior | anterior compament. Lateral surface of tibia & adjacent interosseous membrane. Medial & inferior surface of medial cuneiform & adjacent surface on base of metatarsal I. Deep fibular nerve (L4, L5) Dorsiflexion of foot at ankle joint, inversion of foot, dynamic suppo of medial arch of foot c) tibialis posterior | posterior compament of leg Posterior surfaces of interosseous membrane & adjacent regions of tibia & fibula Mainly to tuberosity of navicular & adjacent region of medial cuneiform Tibial nerve (L4, L5) Inversion & plantar flexion of foot, suppo medial arch of foot while walking. [/INST] question: Foot eversion is caused by (FMGE Dec 2018) | options: A: Extensor digitorum B: Peroneus longus C: Tibialis anterior D: Tibialis posterior | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Dentogenic concept
This concept was advocated by Frush and Fisher (1957). It was based on sex, personality and age of the patient (SPA concept or factors). The teeth were selected and arranged according to this concept.
Sex: Curved facial features are associated with femininity and square with masculinity. To create harmony between the tooth form and face, teeth of females may be more ovoid or tapering than square as compared to males. The incisal edges may also be rounded for females. Square feature is associated with masculinity.
Personality: A vigorous personality requires square teeth with flat incisal edges, while a delicate personality will require ovoid teeth.
Age: With age, the teeth wear at the incisal edges and interproximal surfaces. Labial surfaces seem flatter and form appears squarer. The same should be considered while selecting the teeth.
Key Concept:
This concept was advocated by Frush and Fisher (1957). It was based on sex, personality and age of the patient (SPA concept or factors). The teeth were selected and arranged according to this concept. [/INST] question: Which of the following is not a component of dentogenic concept in selecting anterior teeth? | options: A: Age B: Sex C: Preference D: Personality | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Posterior and superior mediastinum o Thoracic duct is the main lymphatic channel of the body that drains to the venous system from the body except the: -Right thorax -Right arm -Right head and neck o It begins as a continuation of the cisterna chyli at the level of the T 12 veebras. It passes to the right of the aoa through the aoic hiatus. It then ascends to the right of the oesophagus with the azygous vein on its left. Posteriorly are the right posterior intercostal aeries. o At the level of the fifth thoracic veebra the duct passes superiorly and to the left, posterior to the oesophagus (posterior mediastinum). It then ascends on the left side of the oesophagus into the superior mediastinum. At this point, the aoa lies anteriorly and posteriorly is the anterior longitudinal ligament of the veebral bodies. o Superiorly, within the neck the thoracic duct passes laterally to arch over the dome of the right pleura. It passes laterally and posterior to the carotid sheath and anterior to the veebral aeries. During this final section: o It can divide into 2-3 branches o It is joined by lymphatic trunks from: o The left side of the head - the jugular trunk o The left arm - the left subclan trunk o All the branches merge with the subclan vein, the internal jugular vein or the left brachiocephalic vein near the intersection of all three o On route, the thoracic duct receives lymphatic efferents from: -Intercostal nodes -Anterolateral and -posterior mediastinal nodes -Tracheobronchial nodes [/INST] question: A patient who has suffered severe chest trauma in an automobile accident is found to have fluid in the right pleural space. A thoracentesis reveals the presence of chylous fluid in the pleural space, suggesting a rupture of the thoracic duct. In which regions of the thorax is the thoracic duct found. | options: A: Anterior and middle mediastinum B: Anterior and superior mediastinum C: Middle and superior mediastinum D: Posterior and superior mediastinum | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: How to Tell If Someone Is Happy or Sad on the Phone
Scientists have come up with some researches on what makes different types of people"tick".
The scientists at the University of Cambridge have developed new mobile phone technology called Emotion Sense that can tell if a caller is happy, angry or sad.
Scientists hope to fit the speech recognition system to standard mobile phones and use it to determine emotions--it will also use a GPS tracking system to log where the call is made.
_
The results from the pilot scheme make interesting scientific reading. Among the key revelations (=facts) are that callers feel happier at home and sadder at work.
To break it down, scientifically, it shows 45 percent of all emotions produced at home are "happy"and 54 percent of emotions at work are "sad".
Meanwhile, people show more "intense"(=nervous) emotions in the evening than they do in the morning.
Of course, this could just be because most people feel too tired in the morning to get overly "intense". Eating breakfast and getting to work on time is usually enough of an achievement.
Anyway, the Emotion Sense technology has been developed by psychologists and computer scientists who say it uses speech recognition software and phone sensors attached to standard smart phones to judge how callers' emotions are changed by everyday factors.
The sensors analyze voice samples and these are then divided into five categories: happiness, sadness, fearfulness, anger or neutral---boredom or passivity would fit into this last category. [/INST] question: How many emotions can the sensors tell? | options: A: Two B: Three C: Four D: Five | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A businessman lost his wallet. There was plenty of money in it. So he made a promise, "If someone finds my wallet and returns it to me, I'll give half the money to him."
A dustman found the wallet in a dustbin. He sent it back to the loser. But the businessman changed his mind.
"There was still a diamond ring in my wallet," said the loser, "I won't give half the money in my wallet to you until you return it to me!"
"I've never seen a diamond ring in the wallet," said the dustman.
They began to quarrel. The businessman refused to do what he had said. The dustman became angry and took him before a judge.
After the judge heard what had happened to them, he said to the businessman, "I'm sure you are an honest man. It's true that you have lost a wallet in which there was a diamond ring. But it's also clear that there is only a lot of money in this wallet. I don't think it's yours. Wait for some time. Perhaps someone will be able to return your wallet to you!"
Then the judge turned to the dustman and said, "Take the wallet home. If the loser doesn't go to get it back in three days, it will belong to you!" [/INST] question: The wallet the businessman lost _ . | options: A: was found in a shop B: was sent to the judge C: was found in a dustbin D: was never to be found | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Approach to Thumb-sucking treatment
During treatment, the child should be given an opportunity to stop the habit spontaneously before the permanent teeth erupt. Delay until the early school-age years, allows spontaneous discontinuation of the habit due to peer pressure. If it is not discontinued, the treatment should generally be undertaken from 4 to 6 years. The treatment includes the following approaches.
Phase 1 (normal and sub-clinically significant sucking):
This phase extends from birth to 3 years of age.
Children develop thumb sucking at this stage and resolve at the end of this phase.
In case of malocclusion signs, prophylactic approaches, like pacifiers or medicaments, can be used.
Phase 2 (clinically significant sucking):
This phase extends from 3 to 7 years of age.
A firm and definite treatment plan of correction that includes psychological counseling and appliance therapy is required.
Phase 3 (intractable sucking):
Thumb sucking present after 4th year poses problem for the children.
Two-fold treatment including both psychotherapy and appliances is essential. [/INST] question: A 6 year old female child reported with a chief complaint of proclined upper anteriors. Parents give a history of prolonged bottle-feeding and a persistent thumb sucking habit. Clinical examination reveals anterior open bite with proclined upper anterior and retroclined lower anterior teeth and associated tongue thrusting.
The foremost line of treatment in this patient is: | options: A: No treatment. Wait and watch B: Extraction of first premolars followed by Hawley's appliance C: Psychiatric consultation prior to any therapy D: Extraction of second premolars followed by Hawley's appliance | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Atypical pneumonia" is an old classification used for respiratory disease that is not lobar and is not "typical." That is, it does not include pneumonia caused by pneumococcus, Klebsiella, Haemophilus, or b-hemolytic streptococci that results in a typical lobular infiltrate. In recent years, the atypical pneumonias have become much more frequent than pneumococcal pneumonia. They are characterized by a slower onset with headache, joint pain, fever, and signs of an acute upper respiratory infection. There are usually no signs of acute respiratory distress, but patients report malaise and fatigue. The most common cause of atypical pneumonia is M. pneumoniae. A quick test for M. pneumoniae infection is cold agglutinins. The test may lack both sensitivity and specificity, but it is rapid and readily available compared with culture of M. pneumoniae or specific antibody formation.In certain age groups (men over 55 years old), Legionnaires disease must be ruled out. While direct microscopy, culture, and serology are available, the detection of Legionella antigen in respiratory secretions is the most sensitive test available.Campylobacter pneumoniae may also cause respiratory infection particularly in, but not limited to, children. Diagnosis is best made by growing these energy-defective bacteria in tissue culture such as HeLa cells. Serology is usually not helpful.During the winter months, Bordetella infection may be quite prevalent, particularly in those patients whose immunizations are not updated. Adult Bordetella infection may not present with typical whooping cough symptoms and must be differentiated from other forms of acute bronchitis by culture on specific media or direct fluorescent microscopy.Direct microscopy of sputum is an important preliminary test for sputum and other exudate specimens. One needs to be aware that the information obtained is limited in interpretation. No specific identity of a microorganism can be determined by gram staining and even mixtures of bacteria can be inferred. On the other hand, examination of gram stains may provide enough information for the physician to make immediate decisions on treatment and other management that may be modified by future laboratory results. Fluorescent Ab detection of an organism in sputum is more specific than gram staining. Here specific known Abs (single or in a mixture) are used to identify organisms present. [/INST] question: A group of elementary school-age children meet for a birthday party, and in the next few days, about half of them experience a mild upper respiratory illness, with sore throat and runny nose. One family gets laboratory work done and finds that Chlamydia pneumoniae (TWAR) is involved. Which of the following procedures would be best if the laboratory wanted to isolate this bacterium? | options: A: Cold agglutinin test B: Culture of respiratory secretions in HeLa cells after centrifugation of the inoculated tubes C: Culture of respiratory secretions on monkey kidney cells D: Detection of specific antigen in urine | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The poorer mental function seen among alcoholics, many of whom also regularly smoke cigarettes, may be partly caused by the long-term effects of nicotine , new study suggests.
"People who are also smokers are more dangerous," Dr. Jennifer M. Glass, of the University of Michigan's Addiction Research Center, said. In her study, "cigarette smoking had bad effects on IQ and thinking," she said. This finding may seem wrong because many smokers feel better after smoking.
Studies show that up to 87 percent of alcoholics smoke cigarettes. Yet, few studies have looked into cigarette smoking as a reason that might explain the cognitive deficits reported among alcoholics.
To find out that connection, Glass and her partners examined brain function among 172 men from the same community, including 103 men who are alcoholics. The team found that heavy smokers and those alcoholics both had lower IQ scores.
In the further study, the experts found that smoking also appeared to be connected with weaker verbal and visual-spatial reasoning . So, though smoking did not account for all of the poorer mental function among the alcoholics, it did seem to account for some of the effects, the report shows. [/INST] question: Some people don't think that cigarette smoking will make their IQ and thinking ability poor because | options: A: they lack common knowledge B: this finding doesn't agree with their feelings C: they like smoking too much D: some researchers have opposite ideas | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: When you are visiting New York City with kids,there are numerous things to do which will entertain their spirits and feed their minds.
*The Whispering Gallery
Make your way to the Whispering Gallery. The Whispering Room's architecture allows for a phenomenon that usually sparks a lot of giggles. Once inside the gallery,place one person facing the corner at one end of the room and then place another person facing the corner at the opposite end. Ask one of the participants to whisper a phrase or a quick sentence or two and the person at the opposite end will be able to hear every word that was said.
E.42nd St.
New York,NY 10017
2127715322
grandcentralterminal.com
*American Museum of Natural History
The American Museum of Natural History was founded in 1869.In addition to its impressive exhibits,permanent attractions bring the cool feeling to kids. They can enter the Fossil Halls and take in the impressive dinosaur skeletons. And the Milstein Hall of Ocean Life educates kids on the fragility of the ocean.
Central Park West at 79th St.
New York,NY,10024
212--769--5606
amnh.org
*The Scholastic Store
Most parents want their children to read,and moreover,to enjoy reading. The Scholastic Store helps to make that wish a reality by publishing engaging,well written stories that appeal to children. With classics such as Clifford the Big Red Dog,The Magic School Bus,and Harry Potter,the Scholastic Store will delight your children.
557 Broadway
New York,10012
212--343--6100
scholastic.com
*Ellen's Stardust Diner
The restaurant is a place where each person in your family can find something to eat .At Ellen's Stardust Diner,a diverse menu will whet everyone's appetite. Arugula salads,grilled cheese,burgers and meatloaf are all on this varied menu. The hall of beauty queens,a drive-in theatre and wait staff that sing to you can add to the unique dining experience.
*1650 Broadway,corner of 51st St.
*New York,NY 10019
*2129565151
ellensstardustdiner.com [/INST] question: Once children visit the Whispering Gallery they'll find it _ . | options: A: interesting B: splendid C: disappointing D: frightening | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: OSA-obstructive sleep apnea #Pathophysiology of OSA Tissue laxity and redundant mucosa Normal Anatomic abnormalities * Decreased muscle tone with REM sleep """&;"&;n * Airway collars, * Desaturation ( 02 ) * Arousal with restoration of airway * Sleep Fragmentation leading to Hypersomnoien, * Clinical features of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: #Excessive daytime sleepiness #Morning headache #Cardiopulmonary dysfunction -- hypeension -- cardiac arrhythmias -- hea failure #Impaired memory and concentration #Reduced intellectual ability #Disturbed personality and mood . *The dominant symptoms of OSA are excessive sleepiness, impaired concentration and snoring. Pharmacologic therapy * Modafinil is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in patients who have residual daytime sleepiness despite optimal use of CRAP. * Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor agents such as paroxetine (Paxil) and fluoxetine (Prozac) have been shownto increase genioglossal muscle activity and decrease REM sleep (apneas are more common in REM), although this has not translated to a reduction in AHI in apnea patients ref : kd tripathi 8th ed [/INST] question: a patient of age 65 years , who is obesity of bmi >40 , known diabetic and hypeensive .patient complaints of breathlessness , excessive sleeping during morning time with headache and with mood swings, what is drug that helps in resolving the symptoms ? | options: A: salbutamol B: amoxitine C: phenylephrine D: modafinil | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Women with an hourglass figure have brains to go with their curves , scientists claim. Going in at the waist is said to be a sign of intelligence which leads to brighter children, too. Women such as Nigella Lawson with a big difference between their waist and hip measurements scored singificantly better in tests than those with thinner, straighter frames. Researchers concluded that it was not necessary for a woman to be skinny--what mattered is that her waist should be smaller than her hips. A ratio of 3:5 was found to be ideal.
The study, by the Universities of Pittsburgh and Califrnia, involved 16,000 women and girls.
According to the scientists, _ They claim that the fat around curvy hips and thighs holds higher levels of -3 fatty acids which are essential for the growth of the brain during pregnancy . The fat which collects around the waist, however, is more likely to contain -6 fatty acids, which are less suited to brain growth.
Reporting in the journal Evolution an Human Behaviour,the researchers found that the children of curvy mothers are more likely to do well in cognitive tests than others. They claim that this could help explain why the children of teenage mothers--who might not yet be physically mature enough to have developed real curves--tend to do less well in school.
As well as boosting brainpower, -3 fatty acids found in oily fish are considered to be of huge health benefit.
Althoug the study analysed women's bodies only, -3 fatty acids are also stored in men's hips. However, it is not known whether men with wide hips benefit from the same brainpower boost. [/INST] question: Suppose the following measurements are taken from four women. Which of them is more likely to have bright children? | options: A: Waist:60cm;Hip:100cm B: Waist:60cm;Hip:80cm C: Waist:55cm;Hip:60cm D: Waist:120cm;Hip:110cm | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Better think twice before choosing a password for e-mail, online bank or shopping. Simple passwords are easy to be stolen .
A password is like a key to your home. If someone steals it, he'll get chances to steal something else. We use passwords everywhere in our life. We are so used to passwords that we don't pay any attention to them until we lose or forget one.
A study of 28,000 passwords recently stolen from a popular website showed that people often do the easy thing. It found that 16 percent took a first name as a password. Another 14 percent used the easiest keyboard combinations such as 12345678 or QWERTY. 5 percent of the stolen passwords were names of television shows or stars popular with young people. 3 percent of the passwords expressed feelings like "I don't care", "whatever", "I love you", or their opposite , "I hate you".
Robert Graham, who did the study, advises people to choose a password that is longer than eight characters with one capital letter and one symbol .
Of course, safe passwords don't mean those hard to remember. Forgetting your password is sometimes a big headache for you. Maybe, the best password is easy for you and hard for others. [/INST] question: About 40 percent of passwords are easily stolen because the users often do _ things. | options: A: easy B: busy C: careful D: good | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Like the Five Olympic Rings from which they draw their color and inspiration, the Five Friendlies will serve as the Official Mascots of Beijing 2008 Olympic Games, carrying a message of friendship and peace and blessings from China to children all over the world.
Designed to express the playful qualities of five little children who form an intimate circle of friends, the Five Friendlies also embody the natural characteristics of four of China's most popular animals--the Fish, the Panda, the Tibetan Antelope, the Swallow--and the Olympic Flame.
Each of the Friendlies has a rhyming two-syllable name--a traditional way of expressing affection for children in China. Beibei is the Fish, Jingjing is the Panda, Huanhuan is the Olympic Flame, Yingying is the Tibetan Antelope and Nini is the Swallow.
When you put their names together--Bei Jing Huan Ying Ni--they say "Welcome to Beijing," offering a warm invitation that reflects the mission of the Five Friendlies as young ambassadors for the Olympic Games.
The Five Friendlies also embody both the landscape and the dreams and aspirations of people from every part of the vast country of China. In their origins and their headpieces, you can see the five elements of nature--the sea, forest, fire, earth and sky--all stylistic rendered in ways that represent the deep traditional influences of Chinese folk art and ornamentation. [/INST] question: The Official Mascots of Beijing 2008 Olympic Games carry the following messages EXCEPT _ . | options: A: friendship B: peace C: love D: blessing | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Jeri Solomon is a morning person but Jim, her husband of 11 years, is not. Early in their life, it caused a problem. "When we were planning our wedding, I wanted to have these big discussions at 8 a. m.,when I had been up for two hours and was fresh, but Jim would just be getting out of bed," says the 46-year-old designer from Melrose, Mass. "We ended up getting into many arguments because I thought he had no interest, when really he was just still half-asleep."
The couple learned to work around their differences over the years, but their situation isn't uncommon, says Katherine Sharkey, professor at BrownUniversity. "More women tend to be larks, while men are like night owls ," she says.
The question is:Why? The answer lies in each person's body clock. "The body clock is about 24 hours, thanks to Earth's 24-hour light-dark cycle," Sharkey says. "But some people have a longer natural cycle, and some are shorter." If yours is on the long side, you're more likely to be a night owl. If it runs short, you're probably an early riser. But your body clock can change over your lifetime. There's a developmental piece-school-age children are generally early birds, while teenagers tend to be night owls, and then as they age, adults gradually turn back into morning people," Sharkey says.
Besides the clear problems with being a night owl if you have fl day job, "night owls tend to be more low-spirited, and have a higher dependence on coffee," Sharkey says. But the news isn't all bad. A recent study in Belgium found that night owls can stay more focused as the day goes on, compared with early risers.
Morning people, however, also have advantages. "Larks generally sleep better, have more regular sleep, and have more flexible characters," Sharkey says. They also tend to be happier and feel healthier than night owls, according to a recent study from the University of Toronto. [/INST] question: Jeri Solomon and her husband _ . | options: A: tried to change each other's sleeping habits B: often argued about small things C: could not understand each other D: got up at different times | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Adding math talk to story time at home is a winning factor for children's math achievement, according to a new research from the University of Chicago. The study from psychologists Sian Beilock and Susan Levine shows a marked increase in math achievement among children whose families used Bedtime Math, an iPad app that delivers engaging math story problems for parents and children to solve together.
Even children who used the app with their parents as little as once a week saw gains in math achievement by the end of the school year. The app's effect was especially strong for children whose parents tend to be anxious or uncomfortable with math.
Previous research from this group has demonstrated the importance of adults' attitudes about math for children's math success. For example, a recent study found that math-anxious parents who help their children with math homework actually weaken their children's math achievement.
The new findings demonstrate that structured, positive interactions around math at home can cut the link between parents' uneasiness about math and children's low math achievement.
"Many Americans experience high levels of anxiety when they have to solve a math problem, with a majority of adults feeling at least some worries about math," said Beilock, professor in Psychology and author of Choke, a book about stress and performance. "These math-anxious parents are probably less likely to talk about math at home, which affects how competent their children are in math. Bedtime Math encourages a dialogue between parents and kids about math, and offers a way to engage in high-quality math interactions in a low-effort, high-impact way."
Study participants included 587 first-grade students and their parents. Families were given an iPad installed with a version of the Bedtime Math app, with which parents and their children read stories and answer questions involving math, including topics like counting, shapes and problem-solving. A control group received a reading app that had similar stories without the math content and questions related to reading comprehension instead. Children's math achievement was assessed at the beginning and end of the school year. Parents completed a questionnaire about their nervousness with math.
The more times parents and children in the math group used the app, the higher children's achievement on a math assessment at the end of the school year. Indeed, children who frequently used the math app with their parents outperformed similar students in the reading group by almost three months in math achievement at year's end. [/INST] question: Bedtime Math is an iPad app that _ . | options: A: requires parents and children to answer reading comprehension questions B: assesses children's math achievement and parents' nervousness with math C: teaches children how to count, recognize shapes and solve practical problems D: encourages children together with their parents to solve math story problems | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Use your American Express Card to enjoy one-day visit at four of America's greatest museums. Note the participating museums, and their exciting special exhibitions that you will not want to miss, listed below.
Boston
Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum
Chairs
February 11-May 8, 2012
Italian furniture expert Fausto Calderai and Indian photographer Dayanita Singh present an exhibition of chairs from the museum's collection and "chair photographs" from around the world presented in a Venetian-style hall housing world-famous masterpieces.
For more information:www. gardnermuseum. org
New York
The Noguchi Museum
Noguehi and Graham
December 1, 2011-May 1, 2012
Noguchi's long-term collaboration with dancer Martha Graham is regarded by many as a high point in the history of both modern dance and art. The exhibition highlights nine of the sets created through this collaboration.
For more information:www. noguchi. org
Philadelphia
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts
In Full View:American Painting(1720--2012)
January 11--April 10, 2012
Founded in 1805, the Pennsylvania Academy has been home to America's artists for more than 200 years. The Academy collects and exhibits the works of famous American artists, and is well-known for training fine artists. 2012 at the Academy begins with the largest exhibition of Academy's distinguished American collection in the institution's history.
For more information:www. pafa. org
Seattle
Seattle Museum of Glass
Murano:Glass from the Olnick Spanu Collection
Through November 7, 2011
This exhibition includes over 200 pieces of beautiful glass from Murano, the island of glassblowers near Venice, Italy. Watch live glass-blowing shows in the Hot Shop and see other modern glass exhibitions.
For more information:www. museumofglass. org [/INST] question: Which of the following websites offers information about the furniture show? | options: A: www. pafa. org B: www. museumofglass. org C: www. noguchi. org D: www. gardnermuseum. org | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Should every teenager be given a vaccine against the effects of nicotine, and so prevent them becoming addicted to cigarettes?
This controversial possibility seems likely to happen in the future, thanks to the development of a new vaccine for nicotine addiction. The vaccine was designed for people who want to quit smoking but who repeatedly relapse .But since most countries are failing to cut the number of children taking up smoking, many people will want to know whether the vaccine should be used far more widely if it proves to be effective.
"The vaccine will be tested first on relapsing smokers, then on those who plan to quit, then on those who are not yet completely addicted," says Frank Vocci of the National Institute of Drug Abuse. "The final step would be vaccinating young people before they even try smoking, but that's a long way down the road."
John Roberts, medical director of British drug company Xenova, is very enthusiastic. "I think prevention is a huge opportunity," he says. "If you can take away the pleasure nicotine gives, then teenagers who start smoking are more likely to stop before it becomes a habit."
80% of smokers start in their teens, with 360,000 teenagers and children in the US taking up the habit per year. But would the vaccine be given to all teenagers or only a selected few? "It's hard to decide which children are most at risk of becoming smokers," says Amanda Sandford of Action on Smoking and Health. Instead she favors education as a way of discouraging children from smoking. Nabi Biopharmaceuticals is also cautious, "It is very difficult to know what is the right age to give the vaccine to children."
There are also worries about giving the vaccine to long-term adult smokers. Will addicted smokers simply try to beat the vaccine's antibodies by smoking more? Gary Norwith, Nabi's clinical director, says this would be almost impossible. "You'd have to stick an entire pack of cigarettes in your mouth and smoke for hours to beat the antibodies," he says. [/INST] question: What's Roberts's attitude towards giving teens the vaccine? | options: A: Cautious B: Positive C: Doubtful D: Worried | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Henry: I find the Internet is very good for shopping. I use more and more for buying books and CDs, and I even bought some clothes over the Internet. The other thing I can do is to book travels over the Internet. I booked a cheap flight once. It was very easy, and it was really good.
David: I use the Internet for games. I play chess with people all around the world. Last night I had a game with someone from Japan. I also download games from the Internet, so I can have any game I want.
Peter: I use the Internet for anything I need to help me with my schoolwork. I use the online dictionaries, encyclopedias and magazines. It's great because I can download pictures or articles and use them to help my homework. It's very easy to use and it's free, so I like it.
Tony: Well, the main thing I use the Internet for is to e-mail. I usually write to my customers by e-mail, and my customers answer me by e-mail, too. We probably send and receive four or five hundred e-mails a month. But of course, I also use e-mails to keep in touch with friends and family. My daughter is in Australia and we send e-mails to each other every day. [/INST] question: _ prefers to use the Internet to buy things. | options: A: Henry B: David C: Peter D: Tony | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: "Why should I care about the environment?" some people ask. There is a very simple reason: We live on the earth, and it is the only place we can live on right now, as we cannot live in space yet. If we treat the earth like a garbage dump, it will become dirty and unlivable. If we treat it well by being eco-conscious, the earth will stay clean and suitable for living, for ourselves and for our children.
What is "being eco-conscious"?
Being eco-conscious means being aware of your actions, and what you do to the environment. For example, you might think, "Using hairspray is great for fixing my hair." However, if you are eco-conscious, you would ask, "Does this hairspray have CFCs in it? Could I be destroying the earth by using hairspray?"
How can I be eco-conscious?
You can find many simple ways to help the environment in your everyday life.
When you go shopping, bring a bag or a basket with you. Please try not to use plastic bags as much as you can.
You can go to work by bike or on foot if it is not far from your home.
You can put your rubbish into different bags, which makes it convenient for recycling.
You can eat less chewing gum.
You can use your own chopsticks instead of the disposable ones in your company or in restaurants.
You can put batteries in a special box instead of in garbage bins.
You can use the water which has been used for washing vegetables or fruits to clean the floor and the toilet or to water your garden.
You can turn off the decorative lights in your room when watching TV.
You can turn down your air conditioner by one degree, as this will cause a 10% reduction in energy use.
You can use recycled paper. Every ton of recycled office paper saves 380 gallons of oil. You can also use recycled glass instead of glass made from raw materials. This will reduce the related air pollution by 20%, and the related water pollution by 50%.
Please believe that. If you do a little, it will make a big difference. [/INST] question: Human beings should care about the environment because _ . | options: A: if we make the earth unlivable, we'll have to live in space B: it can help our children live better C: if we don't, the earth will become a garbage dump D: it will help to make the world a good living place | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Homonym: a word that has the same spelling and the same pronunciation as another world, but a different meaning
Same spelling, different meaning
Imagine, then a situation where two words are spelt and pronounced exactly the same way, but have completely different meanings.Welcome to the world of homonyms.Take, for example, the word 'fail' --- it can be a kind of festival, and adjective to describe the color of your hair or how you should play a game.
Don't take it literally
So how do you know which meaning someone is referring to? --- You don't, except by the context.Obviously, if someone asks you to 'give them a hand', they don't want you to remove what is at the end of your arm.
What's in a name?
Sometimes even the context doesn't help much --- the result can be amusing.These sentences play with the double meaning of a noun:
I used to be a banker, but I lost interest.
Have you heard about the cross-eyed teacher who couldn't control his pupils?
A small boy swallowed some coins and had to go to hospital.When his grandmother phoned to ask how he was, the nurse said: 'No change yet'.
More ambiguity
And these examples play with the different meanings of a verb:
I wondered why the ball was getting bigger.Then it hit me.
No one knew she had a dental implant until it came out in a conversation.
A boiled egg in the morning is hard to beat.
Double trouble
And sometimes a word can be a noun and a verb, but have different meanings.Can you work this one out?
Time flies like an arrow.Fruit flies like a banana.
If you like these homonyms, you will be pleased to know that English has plenty more!
Explanations of jokes in the text
I used to be banker, but I lost interest.(I became bored with the job / I lost money)
Have you heard about the cross-eyed teacher who couldn't control his pupils? (students / parts of his eyes)
A small boy swallowed some coins and had to go to hospital.When his grandmother phoned to ask how he was, the nurse said: 'No change yet'.(no difference in the situation / no money)
I wondered why the ball was getting bigger.Then it hit me.(the ball hit me / I suddenly realized)
No one knew she had a dental implant until it came out in a conversation.(became known / fell out)
A boiled egg in the morning is hard to beat.(can't be better / difficult to mix with a fork)
Time flies like an arrow.(time goes quickly) Fruit flies like a banana.(insects enjoy eating fruit.) [/INST] question: Which of the following statements about homonyms is NOT true? | options: A: They share the same spellings regardless of meanings B: We can't know their meanings without context C: We may still feel confused even with context D: Their ambiguity brings great trouble to our life | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Food for Italians isn't a trend; it's a way of life. Italians live to eat, and the importance of food in family life is absolutely important and deep-rooted in everyday routines.
In Italy, kids are encouraged to be part of every social occasion that revolves around food -- it's not about dividing the children from the adults, giving them separate meals or putting them to bed early. In Britain, by contrast, my sister and I often see children eating separate meals from their parents.
Letting children experience food like an Italian will develop not just their palate but also their social skills, manners, teaching them new and mature ways to interact. Here are some food customs that are part of every Italian child's upbringing.
One of the most celebrated Italian food customs is the morning coffee. Coffee shops and bars have customers streaming in and out of them each morning as the Italians get their daily dose-and this habit is just as much about the social setting as it is about the coffee.
While the morning is all about coffee, pre-lunch or dinner, it's all about the local snacks. Most often, Italian city centres and squares are jam packed with locals who come out with their kids to enjoy this pre-dinner treat, and children are encouraged to enjoy snacks available. This is a brilliant way to get kids to try new tastes without the pressures of meal times. It's important to note that "kids' menus" do not exist in Italian restaurants--children are treated like adults and are offered plates from the main menu -- in smaller amounts, if they're young.
Post-lunch, most cities can seem quite deserted. But by 4 p.m. onwards, the crowds start to re-emerge. One by one, families spill out and the streets liven up. Everyone begins their afternoon stroll, enjoying the afternoon snacks, like ice-cream, which turns over a huge trade in Italy. [/INST] question: What will parents do at meal times in Italy? | options: A: Let children have their meals separately B: Offer children plates from kids' menu C: Order some food for children but in small amounts D: Encourage children to eat with them | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The ileum can become ischemic when arterial supply from the superior mesenteric artery is compromised. The superior mesenteric artery arises from the aorta posterior to the neck of the pancreas. It descends across the third part of the duodenum and enters the root of the mesentery behind the transverse colon. This artery gives origin to the following branches: inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery, middle colic artery, ileocolic artery, right colic artery, and intestinal arteries. The ileocolic artery descends behind the peritoneum toward the right and ends by dividing into the ascending colic artery, anterior and posterior cecal arteries, the appendicular artery, and ileal branches. The ileum is supplied by the ileal branches, which do not have any anastomoses with another major source vessel. The transverse colon is supplied by the marginal artery, which possesses anastomoses of the right colic artery arising from the superior mesenteric artery, and the left colic artery arising from the inferior mesenteric artery. The spleen, stomach, and duodenum are all supplied by branches of the celiac trunk, which arise from the abdominal aorta just below the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm. [/INST] question: A 62-year-old woman is admitted to the emergency department with abdominal pains of uncertain origin. A CT scan reveals an aortic aneurysm affecting the origin of the superior mesenteric artery, resulting in ischemia to an abdominal organ. Which of the following organs is most likely affected? | options: A: Ileum B: Transverse colon C: Spleen D: Stomach | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: As the nights get lounger, those who suffer from the winter blues will be planning ways to escape to the sunshine.
But there may be a much simpler way of cheering yourself up... simply shining a bright light into your ear canal.
Up to one in four Britons suffer from seasonal affective disorder, with seven per cent of the population having full-blown SAD.
It is caused by the brain not receiving enough daylight which is needed to trigger serotonin , a hormone that regulates mood. Symptoms range from mild lethargy to depression and insomnia, but a cure might be in sight.
Two clinical trials, run by Valkee - who make a device that can shine light into your ear - and the University of Oulu in Finland, have found that carefully targeted light can help prevent the condition.
Juuso Nissila, Valkee's co-founder and chief scientist said: "We presented earlier that the human brain is sensitive to light".
"These two clinical trials demonstrate that channeling bright light via ear canal into brain's photosensitive areas effectively prevents and treats seasonal affective disorder."
The University of Oulu reported that in their first study, 92 per cent of the patients with seasonal affective disorder achieved full remission after a month of daily eight-to-12 minute doses of light from the Valkee.
Time Takala, chief physician at the Oulu Deaconess Institute said: "These two trials show that bright light channeled into the brain via ear canal is an important future method to treat seasonal affective disorder."
Valkee launched its bright light headset in August 2010. It is classed as a medical device under EU regulations.
The device channels bright light direct to the brain via the ear canal to prevent and cure depression, mood swings and even circadian-rhythm disorders such as jet lag.
It costs PS185 and looks like an iPod - only the earphones emit light rather than sound. [/INST] question: How many Britons suffer from seasonal affective disorder? | options: A: Approximately a quarter B: 7% C: More than one fourth D: 92% | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Gustatory sweating (Frey's syndrome or auriculotemporal syndrome) Frey syndrome, also known as auriculotemporal syndrome or gustatory sweating, is characterized by sweating and flushing of the facial skin over the parotid bed and neck during mastication (in the cutaneous distribution of the auriculotemporal nerve.)
It is caused by injury to auriculotemporal nerve, after surgical trauma to the parotid gland.
Frey syndrome is thought to be due to aberrant regeneration of cut parasympathetic fibers between the otic ganglion and salivary tissue, which leads to innervation of sweat glands and subcutaneous vessels. Frey syndrome is reported by approximately 10 percent of patients, although rigorous testing may detect gustatory sweating in as many as 95 percent of patients after parotidectomy.
Frey syndrome may occur from two weeks to two years after surgery due to a latency in the regeneration of parasympathetic nerve fibers; the area of involved skin may increase over time.
The incidence of Frey syndrome is reduced by minimizing the parotid wound bed, placing fascial grafts between the skin and the gland bed, reconstructive techniques such as thick skin flaps, and postoperative RT.
Intracutaneous injection of botulinum toxin A is an effective, well-tolerated, and long-lasting treatment for symptomatic patients; it may be repeated for recurrent symptoms. [/INST] question: After removal of the Parotid gland, patient is having sweating on cheeks while eating. In this complication seen after parotidectomy, the auriculotemporal nerve which contains parasympathetic secretomotor fibres to parotid gland is fused with which nerve? | options: A: Greater petrosal nerve B: Facial nerve C: Great auricular nerve D: Buccal nerve | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: What is a Chinatown? Is it a town in China? Of course not! It is in a foreign country. It is a place where many overseas Chinese live together.
There are lots of Chinatowns in America. The biggest one is in New York. There are about 150,000 people in it. It is the home of Chinese New Yorkers. And it is also a good place to go.
Shopping in Chinatown
Shopping in Chinatown is fun. You can find lots of things there. Most of them are made in China. Mott Street is the best place to shop because the things there are very cheap.
Eating in Chinatown
Chinatown has more than 200 restaurants. You can enjoy traditional Chinese food there. New Silver Palace Restaurant is one of the best restaurants. Why don't you have breakfast with a cup of green tea in it? You can eat some Shanghai food in Evergreen Restaurant.
Living in Chinatown
Living in Chinatown is comfortable. You can find hospitals, schools, banks, libraries and supermarkets in it. In some schools, students must study Chinese. Many overseas Chinese send their children to these schools. They want their children to learn more about China and its culture . [/INST] question: The Chinatown in New York has _ . | options: A: 200,000 people B: no hospitals C: schools but no hospitals D: some shops, restaurants and schools | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Nonenzymatic glycosylation refers to the chemical process whereby glucose attaches to proteins without the aid of enzymes. The degree of glycosylation is proportionate to the level of blood glucose. Many proteins, including hemoglobin, undergo nonenzymatic glycosylation. Because RBCs have a life span of about 120 days, the amount of glycosylated hemoglobin is a function of the blood glucose level over the previous 120-day period. The level of glycosylated hemoglobin is not appreciably affected by short-term changes in plasma glucose levels. Random glucose testing is an immediate way of monitoring short-term adjustments with diet and medications such as insulin and oral agents. Fasting glucose testing affords a better way to diagnose diabetes mellitus initially. Measurements of cholesterol and fructosamine have no value in managing diabetes mellitus. Microalbuminuria may presage the development of the diabetic renal disease. The "incretin effect" is diminished in patients with type 2 diabetes, and the use of GLP-1 receptor agonists can help to restore incretin function and lead to improved glycemic control and loss of weight via increased satiety. [/INST] question: A 50-year-old man with fasting blood glucose >140 mg/ dL on two occasions is put on a restricted caloric diet and started on a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist. Which of the following laboratory studies is most likely to afford the best method of monitoring disease control in this man? | options: A: Cholesterol, total B: Fasting plasma glucose C: Glycosylated hemoglobin D: Microalbuminuria E Random plasma glucose | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: What happens when five Chinese teachers take over a British classroom full of teenagers? The experimental program was designed to test how 50 students ages 13 and 14 at the Bohunt School in Hampshire would deal with a completely Chinese teaching method. With long school days and tough rules, it's considered to be "strict" to Westerners.
It took the BBC six months to choose suitable Chinese teachers. They had to be English, math, science or social science teachers with more than five years teaching experience in China. They also had to be able to teach in English. Though language was not a problem for the Chinese teachers, they weren't used to the difference between Chinese and British students. Li Aiyun from the Nanjing Foreign Language School told British media that when she handed out homework sheets, she expected the students to _ on their homework. "But when I walked in the classroom, some students were chatting, some students were eating, somebody was even putting make-up on her face. I had to control myself, or I would be crazy. About half of them tried their best to follow me. And the other half ? Who knows what they were doing?" she said.
While Rosie Lunskey, 15, told BBC interviewers that she found it difficult to get used to the Chinese teachers. "Acting like robots was the right way to go. I'm used to speaking my mind in class, giving ideas, often working in groups to develop my skills and improve my knowledge. But a lot of the time in the experiment, the only thing I felt I was learning was how to copy notes really fast and listen to the teacher, "she complained. [/INST] question: How many Chinese teachers did BBC choose? | options: A: 4 B: 5 C: 6 D: 8 | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: (Influenza virus) (428-30- Ananthanarayanan 8th)* In the case of the Influenza viruses, the hemagglutinin on the virus surface gets attached to glycoprotein receptor sites on the surface of the respiratory epithelium.Other examples are, Human immuno deficiency virus, poliovirus* Haemagglutin - surface antigen, strain specific, Antibody against this protective* Neuraminidase - surface antigen, strain specific, Antibody not protective* Hemagglutin - is glycoprotein, responsible for hemagglutination and hemadsorption* Neuraminidase - is glycoprotein enzyme which destroys cell receptors by hydrolytic cleavageAntigenic shifts - (Influenza virus A) are because of genetic ressortment b/w human and avian virusesAntigenic drifts - (Influenza A & B) are because of point mutation during viral replication causes smaller epidemic only* The phenomenon of genetic reassortment - can occure during influenza virus replication (Pandemic strain)* Von- magnus-phenomenon - virus yield has high hamagglutination titre but low infectivity* H5N1 is the Avian flue Influenza- A virus also called the Bird flue virus*** Micro-organism used as weapon in biological terrorism is small pox virus**Emerging or Resurging diseases are* Nipah virus** H5N1** nv CJD. Australian bat Lyssa virus* Ebola virus* Hanta virus* E. coli - 0157; H7 strain* West Nile virus** SARS* Pertussis, diphtheria, anthrax, lagionaire's disease, pandemic cholera, lassa fever, Rift valley fever, VRSA, and yellow fever* Rey's syndrome is commonly caused by Influenza type B* Influenza vaccines administered through nasal drops* Newer influenza vaccines - split virus vaccine, Neurominidase specific vaccine, Recombinant vaccinePost exposure prophylaxis is used in* HIV* Hepatitis A and B* Rabies* Tetanus* H. influenza (HIb)* Meningococcus* Influenza-A* Measles [/INST] question: Surface hemagglutination with adherence to glycoprotein act in | options: A: Herpes virus B: Influenza virus C: Hepatitis-B virus D: Cytomegala virus | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: What could make Michael Jordon, one of the greatest basketball players in history, shed tears? It was when he became a member of the Basketball Hall of Fame on September 11. The hall is in Springfield, Massachusetts and honors the best basketball players, greatest coaches and other contributors to the game. "The game of basketball has been everything to me ," said Jordan, 46. "It is the place I have always gone when I needed to find comfort and peace."
Jordan retired twice in his 15-year career, finishing with 32292 points, the third highest total points in NBA history behind Kareem Abdul-Jabbar and Karl Malone. His average of 30.12 points a game is the best in the League.
"One day you might look up and see me playing the game at 50," Jordan said. "Because limits, like fears, are often just an illusion." In other words, it was motivation that made Jordan such a success..
A great career did not mean a smooth one. His high school coach cut him from the team in favor of a taller player when Jordan was in 10thgrade. His college coach wouldn't allow him on the cover of Sports Illustration in 1981 with North Carolina's four other players because Jordan was a freshman. In his first NBA All-Star game, older NBA stars wouldn't throw him the ball because of jealousy.
"That burned me up," Jordan said. "But _ don't have to stop you. If you run into a wall, don't turn around and give up. Figure out how to climb it, go through it, or work around it." [/INST] question: When Jordan became a member of the Basketball Hall of Fame, _ | options: A: he found something more encouraging B: he was so excited that he couldn't hold his tears back C: he was happy and sad at the same time D: he felt very comfortable and peaceful | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Wild elephants live in herds of 10 to about 50. The leader is usually a female. A herd can go through a forest quietly. It travels in a single line. It goes about 6 miles an hour. When frightened, it may run at about 25 miles an hour. When they reach water, elephants swim across. They are great swimmers.
Elephants eat grass, leaves, small branches, and bark. They particularly like the tender leaves on the top of trees. How do they get these leaves? They use their heads to knock trees down. They can easily knock down a 30-foot tree. Elephants also eat berries, mangoes, coconuts, corn, and sugar cane. They love salt. A wild male adult eats 500 to 600 pounds of food a day.
Many people want to find the graveyards of elephants. There is a strong belief that such graveyards exist. Here is why. Bones and tusks of dead elephants have almost never been found. Searches have been made in forests. Grassy plains have been searched too. But neither bones nor tusks are found. Elephants don't live forever. Where are their bones? They don't just bury themselves. Here is one belief. When an elephant gets sick or old, it instinctively knows death is near. It leaves the herd. It goes off to a secret graveyard. The place is known only to elephants, and perhaps other animals, but not to humans. Obviously, such a graveyard would be filled with tusks. These were once very valuable. The objective of explorers was to find this "gold" mine. This graveyard belief may be a truth or a myth. But it is romantic. It would be nice if it were true. [/INST] question: An elephant usually travels at a speed of _ per hour. | options: A: around 6 miles B: around 25 miles C: no more than 6 miles D: more than 25 miles | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Since IQ testing began a century ago, women have been as much as five points behind, leading psychologists to suggest genetic differences between the male and the female.
That gap has been narrowing in recent years and this year women have moved ahead.
The finding has been made by James Flynn, a world-famous expert on IQ tests. "In the last 100 years, the IQ scores of both men and women have risen but women's have risen faster," said Flynn. " This is a result of modernity. The complex modern world is making our brains adapt and raising our IQs."
One possible explanation is that women's lives have become more demanding as they multitask between raising a family and doing a job. Another might be that women have a slightly higher potential intelligence than men and are only now realizing it.
Flynn also made the great discovery that scores in western countries increased by roughly three points a decade, which means people today get 30 more points than those living 100 years ago and that IQs can be improved.
Flynn conducted new IQ tests in western European countries, America, Canada, New Zealand, Argentina and Estonia, which showed that the gap between men and women had become very small. In New Zealand, Estonia and Argentina, women scored slightly higher than men.
Maybe because of this, many women have exchanged the role with their husband in family life. Helena Jamieson, 33, works a full-time job and her husband, Luke, 37, is a stay-at-home father. Helena said, "I'm definitely the more intellectual person in the relationship and I'm at work full-time rising up the career ladder while he is raising our daughter."
She added, "In the past, men would look down on me, thinking that I was a woman and not as smart as them. But today, things have changed. I think women probably always know secretly deep down that they are the more intelligent ones-but as the gentler sex, we were just quiet about it in the past and let men believe that they ruled the world." [/INST] question: In the psychologists' view, what led to women getting lower scores than men in IQ tests? | options: A: Family genes B: Genetic differences C: Educational levels D: Job positions | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Gustatory sweating (Frey's syndrome or auriculotemporal syndrome) Frey syndrome, also known as auriculotemporal syndrome or gustatory sweating, is characterized by sweating and flushing of the facial skin over the parotid bed and neck during mastication (in the cutaneous distribution of the auriculotemporal nerve.) It is caused by injury to auriculotemporal nerve, after surgical trauma to the parotid gland. Frey syndrome is thought to be due to aberrant regeneration of cut parasympathetic fibers between the otic ganglion and salivary tissue, which leads to innervation of sweat glands and subcutaneous vessels. Frey syndrome is repoed by approximately 10 percent of patients, although rigorous testing may detect gustatory sweating in as many as 95 percent of patients after parotidectomy. Frey syndrome may occur from two weeks to two years after surgery due to a latency in the regeneration of parasympathetic nerve fibers; the area of involved skin may increase over time. The incidence of Frey syndrome is reduced by minimizing the parotid wound bed, placing fascial grafts between the skin and the gland bed, reconstructive techniques such as thick skin flaps, and postoperative . Intracutaneous injection of botulinum toxin A is an effective, well-tolerated, and long-lasting treatment for symptomatic patients; it may be repeated for recurrent symptoms. [/INST] question: After removal of the Parotid gland, patient is having sweating on cheeks while eating. In this complication seen after parotidectomy, the auriculotemporal nerve which contains parasympathetic secretomotor fibres to parotid gland is fused with which nerve | options: A: Greater petrosal nerve B: Facial nerve C: Great auricular nerve D: Buccal nerve | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: City Varieties
The Headrow, Leeds. Tel. 430808
Oct. 10 - 11 only A Night at the Varieties. All the fun of an old music hall with Barry Cryer, Duggle Brown, 6 dancers, Mystina, Jon Barker, Anne Duval and the Tony Harrison Trio. Laugh again at the old jokes and listen to your favourite songs.
Performances: 8 pm nightly.
Admission L5; under 16 or over 60: L4
York Theatre Royal
St. Leonard's Place, York. Tel. 223568
Sept. 23-Oct. 17 Groping for Words-a comedy by Sue Townsend. Best known for her Adrian Mole Diaries, Townsend now writes about an evening class which two men and a woman attend. A gentle comedy.
Performances: 8pm
Admission: First night, Mon.: L2; Tues-Fri: L3.25-5.50; Sat.: L3.35 -5.75.
Halifax Playhouse
King's Cross Street, Halifax. Tel. 365998
Oct. 10 - 17 On Golden Pond by Ernest Thompson. This is a magical comedy about real people. A beautifully produced, well-acted play for everyone. Don't miss it.
Performances: 7:30 p. m.
Admission: L2. Mon.: 2 seats for the price of one.
Grand Theatre
Oxford Street, Leeds. Tel. 502116
Oct. 1 - 17 The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole, Aged 13. Sue Townsend's musical play, based on the best-selling book.
Performances: Evenings 7:45pm. Oct. 10 - 17, at 2:30 pm. No Monday performances.
Admission: Tues-Thurs: L2 - 5; Fri. & Sat. : L2 - 6 [/INST] question: Where can you see the play On Golden Pond? | options: A: Halifax Playhouse B: York Theatre Royal C: Grand Theatre D: City Varieties | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Important educational points
60-70% of glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule.
Na+ reabsorption occurs in all segments of nephron excepting descending limb of the loop of Henle. 60% (60- 70%) of filtered Na+ is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule. About 30% of filtered Na+ is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. About 7% of filtered Na+ is reabsorbed in early distal tubules and about 3% of filtered sodium is reabsorbed in late distal tubule and collecting duct.
About 65% (60-70%) of water is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule and about 15% of water is reabsorbed in the thin descending limb. Remaining 20% of water enters the distal tubules and is absorbed from distal tubule and collecting duct according to the homeostatic requirements of the body, under the control of ADH.
All substances (Na +, K +, HCO3, Cl-, Phosphate, Protein, Glucose, water) are maximally absorbed in the proximal tubule.
Glucose and amino acids are completely absorbed from proximal tubules along with Na + as secondary active transport cotransport (symport).
H + is not absorbed by nephrons anywhere it is only secreted (in the proximal tubule, late distal tubule and cortical collecting tubules). Substances which are both secreted and reabsorbed are K +, uric acid and creatinine.
On a normal diet, maximum solutes are reabsorbed almost completely: Glucose: 100%, Aminoacids 100%, HCO3-: 100%. Water: 99.4%, Na + : 99.4%, Cl-: 99.2%, Uric acid : 98%, K+ : 93.3%, Urea : 53%, and Total solutes : 98.9%
Amount secreted per day of different filtered contents are : Na+ : 150 mEq/d, K + : 90 mEq/d, Cl - : 150 mEq/d, Glucose: 0, Amino acid: 0, HCO3 : 0, Uric acid: 5 mmol/d. Creatinine: 12 mmol/d, Urea: 410 mmol/d, Water: 1-1.5 L/d; and total solutes : 700 mOsm/d [/INST] question: Glucose is primarily absorbed from | options: A: Proximal convoluted tubule B: Distal convoluted tubule C: Cortical collecting duct D: Medullary collecting duct | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The genitourinary anomalies most commonly associated with Wilms tumor are
hypoplasia,
fusion and ectopia of the kidney,
duplications of the collecting systems,
hypospadias, and
cryptorchidism
(Bilateral polycystic kidney disease is not associated with the Wilm's tumor)
Syndromes Associated with Wilms Tumor
Several syndromes and congenital abnormalities commonly are reported in patients with Wilms tumor.
WAGR syndrome (contiguous gene deletion of WT1 & PAX6 on 11P13)
It consists of
Wilms tumor,
Aniridia,
Genitourinary abnormalities (cryptorchidism, streak ovaries, bicornuate uterus, ambiguous genitalia), and
Mental retardation.
Patients with this syndrome have a constitutional deletion of chromosome 11p13 where the Wilms tumor gene,
WT1, and the aniridia gene, PAX6, are located.
Denys- Drash syndrome(missense mutation in WT1 gene)
It is characterized by
Male pseudohermaphrodism,
Early-onset renal failure characterized by mesangial sclerosis and
Increased risk of Wilms tumor.
Patients with this syndrome typically carry a missense mutation in the WT1 gene.
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (WT2 gene abnormality on chromosome 11P15.5)
It is characterized by
Hemihypertrophy,
Macroglossia,
Visceromegaly,
Omphalocele
Risk of developing Wilms tumor (3-5%)
A variety of 11p15.5 abnormalities have been reported in patients with this syndrome, and it is postulated that a second Wilms tumor gene, WT2, is located in this region. Loss of imprinting of the insulin-like growth factor 2 gene, an epigenetic process, also is associated with Wilms tumor.
Other syndromes or conditions with an increased risk of Wilms tumor include:
Hemihypertrophy,
Sporadic aniridia,
Genitourinary anomalies,
Pearlman syndrome,
Sotos syndrome,
Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen disease), and Von Willebrand disease.
About option 'c' Hypertension.
"Hypertension also has been described and probably is due to renal ischemia."- Nelson
More about Wilm's tumor (also k/a nephroblastoma):
Wilm's tumor is the most common renal neoplasm & 2nd most common malignant abdominal tumor, in children (Most common abdominal malignant tumor is neuroblastoma)
Peak incidence is between 2 and 5 yrs of age.
5-10% are bilateral; either both kidneys are involved simultaneously (synchronous) or one after the other (metachronous)
Clinical features of W.T.
Abdominal lump (most common presenting feature)
Abdominal pain
Vomiting
Hematuria
Hypertension
Treatment:
High cure rates of 80-90% can be achieved with multimodality treatment using surgery, chemotherapy & radiotherapy
Surgical resection is done in all stages followed by chemotherapy (stage I&II) or chemotherapy + radiotherapy (stage III, IV, V)
Pre op chemotherapy is given in inoperable & bilateral cases
Chemotherapeutic agents used are Vincristine, Dactinomycin, Doxorubicin & Cyclophosphamide. [/INST] question: Wilm' s tumor associated with A/E | options: A: Hemihypertrophy B: Aniridia C: Hypertension D: Bilateral polycystic kidney disease | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In China most people these days know what it means to have an "English teacher", since almost all pupils study English from their third year. In primary school the first English teacher will usually be a young and lovely lady. But my first English teacher is _ . Looking back, I can see that, when I was only a little girl, he created an English environment by providing me with flashcards ,fun English- language toys and even dolls which can sing English songs! My interest in English had certainly been awakened when I began to learn English at school. Just imagine, he went a step further and asked me to learn New Concept English by myself! I was confused and even angry. I could not understand why a father could be so strict with his little girl. All the same, he never gave up and he gently insisted that I follow through with his idea. At first, I read stories with tears and I actually hated them because they were too difficult for me. In the end, I came to love the funny stories and, to be honest, my father was always there with a helping hand. I am sure that my English would never have got so far without his support. And that's why my father is not only my first English teacher but also my lifelong teacher. He is the one who aroused my interest, gave me confidence and offered me much needed help. [/INST] question: Most pupils in China begin to learn English _ . | options: A: from parents B: in primary school C: at home D: at three years old | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: My name is Hua Fei and I am a sporting robot of the 23rdcentury. I am an expert at high flying exercises. I jump from spaceships and as I fall I turn, dive circle and dance until I softly land as close as I can to the finishing line. Robot competitions in the 23rdcentury are truly a popular sport. Fans from all overprefix = st1 /Chinawatch their handheld TVs when a competition comes on. Last time I took part in the 78thOlympics on a flying island aboveBrusselsin the sky. I won the silver medal for my performance.
This year I had the honour to be chosen again. I wanted to meet robots from other countries and explore ideas about sport. However, my programmer fell ill the week before we were going to leave. It was very painful for her and I felt very frightened. I no longer felt so confident that I would win. The day of the competition was rather cold for my legs and my special oil began to freeze. I paused before I jumped from the starting place on a little spaceship but then I began my performance. At the correct moment I tried to open my parachute but there was a problem. It only opened a little. Instead of flying softly to earth I began to fall faster and faster so that I could not turn, dive, circle or dance. My heart stopped beating as I landed heavily on a mountain covered with snow.
This is why I am writing to you from my hospital bed with two broken legs and a fragile head. I did not win anything at the Olympics after all. I need the factory to build me two new legs and an even bigger head. Then I will be able to compete once more. Let's hope for greater success in the next Olympics! [/INST] question: What we know about Hua Fei is that he is_. | options: A: an experienced expert B: a computer system C: a flying spaceship D: a sporting robot | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Its often interesting to take a look at some of the lists that arrive toward the end of the year such as top devices, best gadgets, most desirable high-tech gift and more. Apart from cell phones and tablets, and Apple and Samsung products, this year many other gadgets made it on the most wanted list from Yahoo Tech and the most searched list from Bing. com. Read on to find out what they are.
Wireless headphone
Portable Bluetooth headphones represent the next evolution in headphone technology. If you have a compatible smartphone with Bluetooth, the obvious benefit is that you can get rid of the wires snaking from your backpack or pocket. Many of the wireless headphones in the market also have a built-in microphone for taking calls hands-free.
Product to buy: Beats Studio Wireless
Features: Signature look, and powerful audio performance with intense bass and high-mid boosting, plus plenty of accessories.
Price: 1898 yuan
Smartwatch
The primary advantage of a smartwatch over traditional watches is that they reduce how often you have to pull your phone out of your pocket. With it, the information on your smartphone goes straight to your wrist, and you can decide first if they are worth dealing with.
Product to buy: Pebble smartwatch
Features: Understated design, with easy setup and instant information, and customizable watch faces, plus synes with Android or IOS.
Price: $99 (about 612 yuan)
Portable Bluetooth speaker
Bluetooth speakers are steadily growing in popularity because they let you take the party anywhere. They can be paired with your music device, and they are able to withstand incidental bumps. Though small in size, Bluetooth speakers provide a steady soundtrack for even the lengthiest bacchanalia .
Product to buy: Logitech UE Boom
Features: Water and stain resistant, 360-degree sound, 15 hour battery life, with a variety of color patterns.
Price: 1499 yuan
Fitness band
Basically, fitness bands are smartwatches without the watch. They keep track of your exercise progress and, at the same time, allow you to monitor vitals such as your heart rate, calories burned and amount of time spent exercising. Some even monitor your sleep patterns.
Product to buy: Fitbit Flex
Features: Long battery life (five days), with silent vibrating alarm, and wireless syncing to smartphones.
Price: 898 yuan [/INST] question: How much money is he likely to spend on some of the products if a man is an enthusiastic musical fan? | options: A: 3397 yuan B: 1510 yuan C: 2397 yuan D: 2510 yuan | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: An increased number of eosinophils (AKA eosinophilia) occurs in association with several conditions, the most frequent of which are immune-mediated diseases (e.g., asthma, hay fever, and pemphigus vulgaris) and parasitic infestations. This is due to an absolute increase in the number of circulating eosinophils, brought about by IL-5, which stimulates differentiation of eosinophilic precursor cells in the bone marrow.Basophilic leukocytosis is a rare event that is sometimes observed in association with chronic myelogenous leukemia. It is not seen in patients with asthma. Lymphocytosis may result from a vast array of conditions, but it is not typical of asthma or other allergic diseases. Lymphocytosis may develop in response to a number of infections (e.g., brucellosis, whooping cough, hepatitis, infectious mononucleosis, and tuberculosis) or manifest as pa of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Monocytosis refers to an increase in number of monocytes, which are circulating macrophages. Chronic infections (e.g., tuberculosis, rickettsiosis, and malaria) and chronic inflammatory conditions (e.g., collagen vascular diseases and inflammatory bowel disease) are the most common underlying causes. [/INST] question: A patient presents with a severe form of atopic asthma. Which of the following changes would most likely be found in this patient's blood? | options: A: Basophilic leukocytosis B: Eosinophilic leukocytosis C: Lymphocytosis D: Monocytosis | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Factor XIII deficiency Bleeding from umbilical stump suggests Factor XIII deficiency. Neonates with a positive bleeding history, paicularly with features such as delayed bleeding, umbilical stump bleeding or miscarriages and in whom the initial panel of screening test is negative should be tested for factor XIII deficiency. The normal screening tests such as PT and PTT are normal in factor XIII deficiency because factor XIII is needed to stabilize the clot after a fibrin clot has formed, so tests used for evaluating the extrinsic or intrinsic pathways are not affected. (Note, that factor XIII is used, once the clot has formed.) Test used for evaluation of factor XIII Test used in qualitative evaluation of factor XIII is evaluation of clot stability in 5M urea. Clots formed from normal individuals remain stable in 5M urea, while clots from factor XIII deficient patient dissolve in urea. This assay detects only the most severely affected patients with 1% to 2% factor XIII deficieincy or tests. A quantitative chromogenic assay has been developed but is not yet readily available. In addition to hemorrhages these patients may have poor wound healing a high incidence of infeility among males and aboion among affected females and a high incidence of intracerebral hemorrhage. About other options : Von Willebrand disease Patients with Von-Willebrand disease rarely presents in the neonatal period because plasma concentration of Von Willebrand factor is high in neonatal period. Platelet function disorders Genetic disorders that result in deficient platelet function are rare causes of bleeding in infants. Most patients with these platelet disorders do not present in neonatal period but rather later in life. They are not recognized as a problem during the neonatal period. (1) Glanzman's thromboasthenia This is an extremely rare disorder of the blood in which the platelets lack the glycoprotein Hence platelet aggregation cannot occur and bleeding time is significantly prolonged and there is increased bleeding. (ii) Bernard soulier syndrome It is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by thrombocytopenia and large platelets (giant platelets) There is absence of the platelet membrane Gplb/IX complex. Symptoms are consistent with low or dysfunctional platelets and include easy bruising, nosebleeds, mucosal bleeding, menorrhagia and occasionally G.1. bleeding Factor XII deficiency It is not associated with clinical bleeding. [/INST] question: A newborn baby presented with profuse bleeding from umbilical stump after bih. Probable diagnosis is | options: A: Factor XIII deficiency B: VWF deficiency C: Factor XII deficiency D: Glanzmann thrombosthenia | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Moscow Sheremetyevo International Airport
If You've Lost Personal Belongings
*On Board --Contact the airline's representatives
*At the Airport --Contact:
--Sheremetyevo Police Department ......+7(495)578-22-55
--Unclaimed luggage storage room in Terminal C ......+7(495)578-23-26
--Unclaimed luggage storage room in Terminal D
......+7(499)500-65-52(domestic flights)
......+7(495)753-86-41(international flights)
When collecting Lost and Found items, you shall have an identification document, a boarding pass or a ticket, and also indicate the place where the items were lost and prove they are yours.
If Your Luggage Is Lost or Damaged
Before leaving the arrival area, please turn to the Lost and Found counter to file a report. The written claim shall be submitted to the airline company not later than seven days from the time when the luggage was to be collected.
If your luggage is not found within twenty-one days of the time when the claim was filed, you have the right to claim damages in the amount of not more than 600 rubles per kilogram. Amount refunded for the hand luggage lost through the fault of an airline is not more than 11, 000 rubles regardless of its weight. Amount refunded for damaged luggage is calculated based on the same tariffs .
Keep your flight documents (a ticket, boarding pass, luggage tag, and delayed luggage report filed at the airport) until the end of the procedure for searching for your luggage.
Current information on luggage-tracing results ......+7(495)578-76-65
Lost and Found service of Aeroflot Russian Airlines
......+7(495)544-33-25(from 9:00- 20:00)
+7(495)753-86-41(24 hours)
For further information please contact the airline. [/INST] question: What should you do if you find your personal possessions lost on board? | options: A: Submit a claim to the company B: Go to the Lost and Found counter C: Contact the airline's representatives D: Contact the unclaimed luggage storage room | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Glycogen depletion Histology of the liver on Reye's syndrome: Histology of the liver shows diffuse microvesicular steatosis (fatty vacuolization) with minimal inflammatory changes. Glycogen is viually absent from the hepatocytes in biopsy specimen. Mitochondrias are large pleomorphic and have decreased matricial density on electron microscopy. The kidney changes include swelling and fatty degeneration of proximal tubules. Astrocyte edema and loss of neuron in the brain. Reyes syndrome It is an acute self limiting metabolic insult of diverse etiology resulting in generalised nzitochondrial dysfunction due to inhibition of fatty acid )8 oxidation. Salicylates or viral infection can precipitate this metabolic impairment. The pathogenesis is thought to be damage to mitochondria caused by salicylate metabolite or some other toxin or chemical in the setting of viral infection. The reasons for mitochondria' dysfunction are unknown. No toxic factor has yet been conclusively identified but studies have suggested an etiological link among Reye's syndrome. The activities of hepatic mitachondrial enzymes including ornithine transcarbamylase, carbamoyl phosphate synthetase and pyruvate dehydrogenase are reduced often to less than half their normal values. Mitochondria' dysfunction leads to elevated sho chain fatty acids and hyperanzmonenzia as well as directly to cerebral edema. It is prudent to avoid the use of aspirin as an antipyretic in pediatric patients with influenza or varicella. Clinical manifestations:- Classic Reyes syndrome exihibits a stereotypic biphasic course. It usually occurs in a previously healthy child. A prodromal febrile illness, an upper respiratory tract infection or chicken pox is followed by an interval in which the child has seemingly recovered. The abrupt onsent of protracted vomiting then occurs usually within 5-7 days after the onset of viral illness. Delirium, combative behaviour and stupor may occur simultaneously within a few hours after the onset of vomiting. Neurological symptoms may rapidly progress to seizures, coma and death; focal neurological signs are absent. Laboratory features:- There is explosive release from liver and muscle of enzymes such as aminotransferases, creatine kinase and lactic dehydrogenase. The activity of the mitochondrial enzyme serum glutamate dehydrogenase is greatly increased. Serum Ammonia level is increased. The prothrombin time is mild to moderately increased. [/INST] question: Reye's syndrome - histological finding | options: A: Budding and branching of mitochondria B: Swelling of endoplasmic reticulum C: Paranuclear microdense deposits D: Glycogen depletion | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Have you ever seen a real night sky that looks like Van Gogh's Starry Night? I hope not! So, why would an artist paint the sky this way? Perhaps I can answer that with another question. When you're happy, why do you sing instead of speaking? Or when you're in love, why do you speak of roses and honey? When we do these things, we, too are artists. We're using something that goes beyond a mere scientific description in order to communicate our feelings more powerfully than straightforward words can. So consider for a moment that Van Gogh might not have been hallucinating on the night he painted this. Maybe he felt something so powerful that he had to go beyond the familiar to express it.
I hope I'mreminding you of something you already know as I describe the experience of being outside at night under a crystal clear sky that makes everything seem clean and refreshing. So you look up. And suddenly you see the sky that you've seldom seen before. It's not just the same old dark night sky tonight. Instead, the blackness is a deep, rich blue that is more bottomless than any ocean. The stars are not spots of light but brilliant, magical diamonds that dance like tiny angels. In just this special moment, the sky is somehow alive, and it seems to speak to you silently about the meaning of infinity.
Now look at the painting again. Can you see something of what makes this such a famous and well-loved image? But there's more here than that. Van Gogh paintedthis while he was quite struck down by a mental disease. It is natural to imagine that he frequently battled the fear that he would never escape hisprisonto true freedom. It is natural for us to imagine this because each of us has faced our own personal prison, whether it be disease, the loss of a loved one, serious financial problems ... In such moments it is tempting to give up to despair and collapse in hopelessness.
Looking at this painting, I imagine Van Gogh in just such a moment of despair, when he isstruck by the memory of one of those amazing night skies. He recalls the sense that he is not alone, that there is a living, infinite world with rich colorful creatures and scenes all around.
And so the sky flows across the canvas full of vitality and power. The stars don't just sparkle; they explode. Looking closer, we notice that the earth itself seems to respond to the movement in the sky, forming its own living waves in the mountain and rolling trees. In the sleepy village, the windows of the houses glow with the same light that brightens the universe. The giant trees at the left seem to capture the joy by stretching upwards toward the sky.
What a tremendous message of hope there is in this masterpiece! Even if our troubles persist, the world around us assures us that life is worth living. That's what the angels sing about. Doesn't it make you want to sing, too? [/INST] question: Looking at the paintingStarry Night, we can see all the following except _ . | options: A: the singing angels B: the giant trees C: the sleeping village D: the sparkling stars | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The iPhone, the iPad, each of Apple's products sounds cool and has become a fashion. Apple has cleverly taken advantage of the power of the letter "i" -- and many other brands are following suit. The BBC's iPlayer -- which allows Web users to watch TV programs on the Internet -- adopted the title in 2008. A lovely bear -- popular in the US and UK -- that plays music and video is called "iTeddy". A slimmed-down version of London's Independent newspaper was launched last week under the name "i".
In general, single-letter prefixes have been popular since the 1990s, when terms such as e-mail and e-commerce first came into use.
Most "i" products are targeted at young people and considering the major readers of Independent's "i", it's no surprise that they've selected this fashionable name.
But it's hard to see what's so special about the letter "i". Why not use "a", "b", or "c" instead? According to Tony Thorne, head of the Language Center at King's College, London, "i" works because its meaning has become ambiguous. When Apple uses "i", no one knows whether it means Internet, information, individual or interactive, Thorne told BBC Magazines. "Even when Apple created the iPod, it seems it didn't have one clear definition," he says.
"However, thanks to Apple, the term is now associated with portability ."adds Thorne.
Clearly the letter "i" also agrees with the idea that the Western World is centered on the individual. Each person believes they have their own needs, and we love personalized products for this reason.
Along with "Google" and "blog", readers of BBC Magazines voted "i" as one of the top 20 words that have come to define the last decade.
But as history shows, people grow tired of fads . From the 1900s to 1990s, products with "2000" in their names became fashionable as the year was associated with all things advanced and modern. However, as we entered the new century, the trend eventually disappeared. [/INST] question: People use iPlayer to _ . | options: A: listen to music B: make a call C: watch TV programs online D: play computer games | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: • HIV can infect and kill many different types of cells in the body, but the primary targets are immune cells called CD4 T-cells. The CD4 T-cells are white blood cells that help coordinate the immune system’s response to infection and disease. CD4 T-cells count is the most important factor in determining HIV progression.
• Patients progress to AIDS when their CD4 cell counts drop below 200 cells per microliter of blood. Healthy individuals have a CD4 cell count between 600 and 1,200 cells per microliter of blood. Individuals with a CD4 cell lower than 200 cells per microliter of blood have the greatest risk of developing opportunistic infections.
• The United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention also created a classification system for HIV, based on CD4 count and clinical symptoms, and describes the infection in five groups. In those greater than six years of age it is:
a. Stage 0: the time between a negative or indeterminate HIV test followed less than 180 days by a positive test.
b. Stage 1: CD4 count > 500 cells/µL and no AIDS-defining conditions.
c. Stage 2: CD4 count 200 to 500 cells/µL and no AIDS-defining conditions.
d. Stage 3: CD4 count < 200 cells/µL or AIDS-defining conditions. [/INST] question: A most important factor associated with progression of HIV positive to AIDS is? | options: A: Nutrition B: Viral load C: CD4 count D: Age | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: My sister Alli and I have been trying to get people to stop dropping cigarette butts for seven years. One day, we were walking in our hometown and saw hundreds of cigarette butts on the ground. They made the town look so ugly that we decided to start a group to make people stop dropping butts. We called it "No Butts About It". At first, we drew pictures with "The Earth is Not Your Ashtray " written on them. We put the pictures around our hometown---in parks, by beaches, and along roads. We wanted to make people understand that dropping butts hurts the environment. Most smokers don't think that dropping butts hurts the earth. But it does! All rubbish does. Later, we wrote to companies and asked them for money to help us. We used the money to buy ashtrays to give smokers. We wanted smokers to carry the ashtrays with them so they didn't have to drop butts. At the moment, we are trying to get cigarette companies to put an ashtray in each pack of cigarettes. Some companies want to do it.
Many people have started to join our group since it began. Today there are 45 other "No Butts About It" groups in America. And there are even groups in England, Australia and India! Many newspapers have written about my sister and I over the last seven years. And we have won many prizes for our good work.
But we are not interested in prizes. We just want to make the earth a better and cleaner place for animals, plants and people. One day it will be. [/INST] question: "No Butts About It" started _ | options: A: seventeen years ago B: seven years ago C: seventy years ago D: It's not mentioned | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The Tories would allow children to go to school for ten hours a day and on Saturday mornings to improve the performance of poorer pupils and help working parents. Schools spokesman Michael Gove declared plans yesterday to give disadvantaged children more classroom time to help them catch up. Longer school days could also be popular with parents who struggle to fit 3pm school finishing times around work, he said.
Mr. Gove gave out the success of a U.S. plan where teenagers from poor backgrounds attend school from 7.30 am to 5pm. "I believe that having children in school for longer, particularly if they come from disadvantaged backgrounds can help them to achieve more in academy, " he told the annual conference of the Association of Teachers and Lecturers in Manchester. He pointed out that it was up to schools alone to decide whether to open longer, or at weekends. But he was greeted with laughter from delegates when he said the plan would really work only with the active support of teachers.
ATL general secretary, Dr Mary Bousted, said, "The last thing we need to be doing at the present time is increasing teachers' working hours. Teachers already work the most unpaid overtime of any public sector profession. If we want Saturday schools then we need more teachers doing the extra hours, not the same teachers working longer and becoming tired."
Meanwhile Mr Gove's idea is likely to alarm those concerned about the erosion( )of family time. Margaret Morrissey, founder of the lobby group Parents Outloud, said, "What we should be doing is supporting these children within the school week." [/INST] question: The successful example given by Mr. Gove suggests that having children in school for longer, can improve their _ . | options: A: studies B: health C: confidence D: communication | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In 1896, Einstein went to Zurich to study physics. There he met a girl from Hungary. They studied in the same class and the same interest in physics brought them together and they became good friends. Before long they fell in love. In 1903 when Einstein was 24, he married Merits, who was 4 years older than he.
After their marriage, Einstein devoted himself to the research of the great theory. To give her husband more help, Merits gave up her own work, and became a good wife and assistant. She tried her best to encourage him whenever possible. She was sure that her husband would succeed. They often discussed the theory while walking outside or sitting together in the room. They even did that in their letters when one of them was away from their home.
In1914, Einstein moved to Berlin and _ there. At that time his theory proved to be correct and he had become famous all over the world. But it was not long before the First Would War broke out. Merits as well as her two sons, who were on holiday in Switzerland, couldn't come back to Berlin any more. The war not only stopped Einstein's work but also broke up the warm, happy family. In 1919, Einstein and Merits had to get divorced . [/INST] question: In which year was Merits born? _ | options: A: 1896 B: 1875 C: 1883 D: 1879 | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Maricel Apatan, 22, stands in the kitchen of the Edsa Shangi-La Hotel in Manila, preparing to decorate a cheesecake. It would seem to be a routine task for a cake chef, but Maricel is no ordinary chef -- she has no hands.
Maricel has come a long way since the day in September 2000 when she and her uncle were attacked near their farm. Fortunately, both of them survived, but the 11-year-old girl lost her hands. In 2004, she entered a Manila training centre for people with disabilities. She learned how to write and do housework and, more importantly, came to terms with her disability.
After graduation from high school, she took a two-year Hotel and Restaurant course and _ even though she was the only disabled student in the course. After she moved back to Manila to continue her studies, the media started reporting on this determined young woman. She didn't shy away from the attention. "I wanted others living with disabilities to believe it's possible to live a normal life," Maricel says.
After managers at the Edsa Shangri-La Hotel saw Maricel on television, they hired her as part of the hotel's Care for People project. She has also accomplished her goal of inspiring others. One of them is Ronelyn Calumpiano, a 21-year-old with cerebral palsy . She saw Maricel on television and was moved by her confidence. Ronelyn will soon start classes and is already planning a career in IT.
Maricel's three younger sisters have moved to Manila. She pays for the rent of their small apartment, while their parents look after their family farm in Mindanao. "It is difficult to make ends meet but I don't lose hope. I believe anything is possible if you dream, work hard and pray." [/INST] question: Which of the following is NOT true about Maricel? | options: A: She survived while her uncle did not B: She didn't shy away from public attention C: She has inspired some disabled people D: She managed to make a living by herself | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Infants born to narcotic addicts are more likely than other children to exhibit a variety of problems, including perinatal complications, prematurity, and low birth weight. The onset of withdrawal commonly occurs during an infant's first 2 days of life and is characterized by hyperirritability and coarse tremors, along with vomiting, diarrhea, fever, high-pitched cry, and hyperventilation; seizures and respiratory depression are less common. The production of surfactant can be accelerated in the infant of a heroin-addicted mother.In utero exposure to alcohol leads to a fetal alcohol syndrome consisting of growth retardation, microcephaly, flat philtrum, thin upper lip, cardiac defects, and hypoplastic fifth fingernails. Maternal cocaine use puts the infant at risk for vascular accidents and premature delivery, but not a withdrawal syndrome. Similarly, marijuana is not associated with neonatal withdrawal. Maternal tobacco use can result in small-for-gestation age infants, but not a neonatal withdrawal syndrome as described in the question. [/INST] question: An infant born at 35 weeks' gestation to a mother with no prenatal care is noted to be jittery and irritable, and is having difficulty feeding. You note coarse tremors on examination. The nurses report a high-pitched cry and note several episodes of diarrhea and emesis. You suspect which of the following? | options: A: Fetal alcohol syndrome B: Prenatal exposure to marijuana C: Heroin withdrawal syndrome D: Cocaine exposure in utero | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Running Man is a variety show which is aired in SBS, a famous South Korean TV channel.
The show broadcasts on Sunday every week. The translation can be watched on the Internet every Monday. It's very interesting and funny. In the program, everyone should keep running.
Here are some information of its hosts and hostess.
Liu Zaishi, the main host of the show, is known as National Moderator(,). His friendly, witty and lovely hosting style makes him become one of the most popular hosts and comedians in South Korean.
Jin Zhongguo, the strongest man on the show, is known as Sparta-kooks . During the race, he can capture others quickly. But sometimes, he can be very cute.
Song Zhixiao, the beautiful actress who is also called Mong Zhi, where "mong" means "confused", because of her facial expressions which makes her seem confused. During the race mission, she is ace because of her superior ability to capture.
Young people in Korea love the program very much. Why? Because some South Korean stars will be invited to take part in the race every week . They are divided into several teams with MCs. Many stars have participated in the program, for example, Li Minhao, Girls'Generation , Jin Xiuxian etc. What's more, the program is not only relaxing but also educational--- It teaches people the importance of team spirit. [/INST] question: Where is the Running Man aired? | options: A: In SBV B: In KBS C: In BTV D: In SBS | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The information below is taken from a dictionary page.
jaguar: n. a type of large, yellow-colored cat with black markings found in the southwestern region of the U. S. and in Central and South America.
jargon: 1. n. speech that doesn't make sense.
2. n. an unknown language that seems strange or impossible to understand.
3. n. a language made up of two or more other languages: His jargon was a mixture of French and English.
4. n. the special vocabulary of a field or profession: Her report on computers was filled with jargon.
jaunt: 1. n. a trip taken for fun.
2. v. to go on a brief pleasant trip: We jaunted to the country last Saturday.
javelin: 1. n.. a spear most commonly used as weapon or in hunting.
2. n. a light metal or wooden spear that is thrown in track-and-field sport events.
3. n. the event in which a javelin is thrown.
4. v. to strike, as with a javelin.
jazz: 1. n. a type of music that originated in New Orleans and is characterized by rhythmic beats.
2. n. popular dance music influenced by jazz.
3. n. empty talk.
4. ad. of or like jazz: a jazz band, jazz records.
Jennet: n. a small Spanish horse.
jest: 1.n. thing said or done to cause amusement; joke.
2. (idiom) in jest: as a joke ; in fun; not seriously.
3.v.make jokes [/INST] question: Which meaning of the word javelin is used in the sentence below? | options: A: Definition 1 B: Definition 2 C: Definition 3 D: Definition 4 | answer: B </s> |
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