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125132	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester%20Cathedral	Winchester Cathedral	The Cathedral Church of the Holy Trinity, Saint Peter, Saint Paul and Saint Swithun, commonly known as Winchester Cathedral, is the cathedral of the city of Winchester, England, and is amongst the largest of its kind in Northern Europe. The cathedral is the seat of the Bishop of Winchester and is the mother church for the ancient Diocese of Winchester. It is run by a dean and chapter, under the Dean of Winchester. The cathedral as it stands today was built from 1079 to 1532 and is dedicated to numerous saints, most notably Swithun of Winchester. It has a very long and very wide nave in the Perpendicular Gothic style, an Early English retrochoir, and Norman transepts and tower. With an overall length of , it is the longest medieval cathedral in the world, and only surpassed by the more recent churches of St Peter's Basilica in Rome, Basilica of Our Lady of Peace in Yamoussoukro, Liverpool Anglican Cathedral, Cathedral of St John the Divine in New York City and the Basilica of Our Lady in Aparecida. With an area of , it is also the sixth-largest cathedral by area in the UK, surpassed only by Liverpool, St Paul's, York, Westminster (RC) and Lincoln. A major tourist attraction, the cathedral attracted 365,000 visitors in 2019, an increase of 12,000 from 2018. History Earlier buildings Though churches were recorded in Winchester as early as 164, the first Christian church can be traced back to c. 648, when King Cenwalh of Wessex built a small, cross-shaped building just north of the present building. This building, known as the Old Minster, became the cathedral for the new Diocese of Winchester in 662, a vast area stretching from the English Channel to the River Thames, the bishopric having been transferred from Dorchester on Thames, Oxfordshire by Bishop Wine. The design of this early church cannot be confirmed, for no trace other than ground plan exists today, but Wolstan mentions a gateway tower situated some distance from the west end. Wine died in c. 672, but one of his later successors, Swithun, would become one of the most famous Bishops of Winchester. Whether Swithun himself did any expansion of the Old Minster is unknown, but it is recorded in Acta Sanctorum that from 963 to 984, Bishop Æthelwold greatly expanded the church, the works being finished by the following Bishop, Alphege. The church was rededicated in 993, and consisted of a central tower, north and south aisles, transepts, crypt and an apse, and was briefly the largest church in Europe. Also on the same site was the New Minster, in direct competition with the neighbouring Old Minster. The New Minster was begun by Alfred the Great but completed in 901 by his son Edward the Elder. These two monasteries existed side by side, the monks becoming virtually intertwined with one another. Swithun's body, which according to his wishes had been buried in the graveyard outside the church, was brought inside and housed in a magnificent shrine. Norman cathedral When William the Conqueror invaded England in 1066, he began to install his own Norman bishops in place of the Anglo-Saxon bishops. William installed his friend and relative Walkelin as the first Norman Bishop of Winchester in 1070, and nine years later, in 1079, Walkelin begins the construction of a huge new Norman cathedral, on a site just to the south of the Old and New Minsters, the site of the present building. The new cathedral was consecrated with the completion of the east end in 1093, and the many tombs of Saxon kings moved from the Old Minster into the new cathedral. The following day, demolition of the New and Old Minsters began, and quickly progressed, leaving virtually no remains. The outline of the Old Minster can still be seen today to the north of the present nave. Work quickly progressed to the transepts and central tower, and these were certainly complete by 1100 when William Rufus was buried underneath the crossing tower. Work to the nave was probably interrupted in 1107 when the central tower fell, but was restarted following reconstruction of the tower, and completed before the death of William Giffard, who was Bishop of Winchester from 1100 to his death in 1129. The standard of much of this building work was very high, and as such much of it survives in the present building, most notably in the transepts which have an appearance almost as Walkelin left them. This building was monumental in size, more than 500 feet (152 m) in length, and it still makes up the core of the present building. Gothic expansions The first alteration to Walkelin's cathedral was in 1202 when Bishop Godfrey de Luci started construction of a new Early English retrochoir. Luci died in 1204, but the work continued under successive bishops, eventually resulting in the demolition of the Norman apse. The next expansions and rebuilding would not be until the mid 14th century, when in 1346, Bishop Edington demolished the Norman west front and began building a new Perpendicular Gothic facade, featuring a huge west window, which still stands today. Edington also began renovation of the nave, but this was mostly carried out by his successors, most notably William of Wykeham and his master mason, William Wynford, who remodelled the massive Norman nave into a soaring Perpendicular Gothic masterpiece. This they achieved by encasing the Norman stone in new ashlar, recutting the piers with Gothic mouldings and pointed arches, and reorganising the three-tier nave into two tiers, by extending the arcade upwards into what was the triforium and extending the clerestory downwards to meet it. The wooden ceiling was replaced with a decorative stone vault. Following Wykeham's death in 1404, this remodelling work continued under successive bishops, completed in c. 1420. Wykeham's successor, Henry Beaufort (1405–1447) carried out fewer alterations, adding only a chantry on the south side of the retrochoir, although work on the nave continued. From 1450 to 1528, under the leadership of Bishops William Waynflete, Peter Courtenay, Thomas Langton and Richard Foxe, major rebuilding and expansion was carried out on the Norman choir and Early English retrochoir. This work included the building of further chantry chapels in the retrochoir, the replacement of the Norman east end with a Perpendicular Gothic presbytery, and the extension of Luci's retrochoir into a Lady Chapel. Unlike the rebuilding of the nave some 100 years earlier, the Gothic presbytery was vaulted in wood and painted to look like stone, as at York Minster. With its progressive extensions, the east end is now about 110 feet (34 m) beyond that of Walkelin's building. Dissolution of the Monasteries King Henry VIII seized control of the Catholic Church in England and declared himself head of the new Church of England. The Benedictine foundation, the Priory of Saint Swithun, was dissolved. The priory surrendered to the king in 1539. Richard Pollard and Thomas Wriothesley came to dismantle the shrines and altar; the shrine of St Swithun was destroyed. The next year a new chapter was formed, and the last prior, William Basyng, was appointed dean. The monastic buildings, including the cloister and chapter house, were later demolished, mostly during the 1560–1580 tenure of the reformist bishop Robert Horne. 17th – 19th centuries The 17th century saw important changes to the interior, including the erection of a choir screen by Inigo Jones in 1638–39, the insertion of a wooden fan vault underneath the crossing tower (previously the tower was open to the church) and the destruction of much medieval glass and imagery by Parliamentarian soldiers in December 1642, including the near-complete destruction of the massive Great West Window by Cromwell and his forces. The window was put back together by the townspeople as a mosaic following the Restoration of the Monarchy, but it has never regained its original appearance, the damage was too great. In the 18th century, many visitors commented on the neglect of the cathedral and the town; Daniel Defoe described the latter in about 1724 as "a place of no trade… no manufacture, no navigation". Major restoration followed in the early 19th century under the direction of architect William Garbett and then John Nash. Jane Austen was buried in the north nave aisle in 1817, and many visitors continue to come today to see her final resting place. 20th century restoration At the turn of the 20th century, Winchester Cathedral was in grave danger of collapse, and by the summer of 1905, the Dean, William Furneaux, was facing the imminent ruin of the building. Huge cracks had appeared in the walls, some of them large enough for a small child to crawl into, the walls were bulging and leaning, and stone fell from the walls. Furneaux brought in a leading architect of the age, Thomas G. Jackson. Jackson's prognosis was grim, and his survey showed the entire building was listing to the south-east, and sinking into the soft ground, most likely due to problems with the foundations. On his instructions, large sections of the building were shored up with timber. Initial estimates for the cost of the repair were £20,000 in 1905. Jackson, acknowledging he was out of his depth, brought in engineer Francis Fox, whose company had completed projects like the Mersey Tunnel. Jackson and Fox sunk a trench to the foundations of the east end and discovered the Normans had constructed the entire cathedral on a 'floating raft', consisting of a 15-inch-thick layer of beech trees, laid diagonally one on top of the other. Some of these beech trees were solid, but others had rotted and collapsed, and as they did so, the cathedral shifted and sank into the soft ground, which was not strong enough to support the enormous weight of the building, causing the cracks, bulges and leaning walls. Fox removed a layer of topsoil, and ten feet of clay, at which point they arrived at the raft. Below this was a solid layer of peat, about 8 feet thick, and below this at a depth of 16 to 24 feet below the Cathedral floor, they encountered a solid layer of gravel, which they intended to utilise as the new base for the foundations. Jackson and Fox proposed sinking a series of trenches, around 50 in number, around the eastern end, down to the gravel bed and build up to the raft with concrete and brick. However, the upper walls were so weak, that digging under the foundations without supporting the walls could bring the structure down. As such, Fox began grouting the walls using the 'Greathead Grouting Machine', to fill in the cracks. When grouting was completed, a new problem occurred. When the peat was dug through to reach the gravel bed, water rushed up to a height of fourteen feet. The peat acted as a seal, and when it was broken, water from the nearby River Itchen flooded the trenches. This caused a problem, as it was extremely difficult to lay twelve feet worth of bricks and concrete underwater. As a result, Jackson ordered a powerful steam pump. to forcefully pump the water out of the trenches. However, this caused a rift between Fox and Jackson, as Fox believed the power of the steam pump could further destabilise the foundations and cause the collapse of the building. Pumping nevertheless began. In the spring of 1906, there were signs Fox was right – the Cathedral was still moving and sinking, and this time, more rapidly than before. It was realised for the first time that there was a serious risk to lives. Fox made a site visit in March 1906 and was concerned, because the water being pumped out was no longer clear, it was cloudy, now containing chalk. Fox ordered pumping stopped. The pump had disturbed a layer of chalk silt between the peat and gravel bed, which further destabilised the building. Jackson was against stopping pumping, as he could not see an alternative. Fox, however, summoned diver William Walker from London, who arrived in Winchester on 5 April 1906. Walker, who was arguably the most experienced diver in the country at the time, had an extremely challenging job. His task was to descend into the flooded trenches in a primitive and immensely heavy diving suit and level the trenches, by removing the peat topsoil and then laying bags of cement to plug the water coming up from below. Walker's suit weighed 200 lbs dry, and the trenches were extremely cramped and pitch-black; Walker had to feel around with his hands. Additional challenges were that the water was full of bodies and graves, which made the water septic. Walker worked 6 to 7 hour shifts almost every day for six years to achieve this, diving under the majority of the cathedral building. When he had completed his work in 1911, the pump could be used safely to remove the water without disturbing the foundations. In 1911, flying buttresses were added along the length of the south nave to complete the work. A special service was held on St Swithun's Day in 1912, attended by the King and Queen to give thanks for the hard work of Jackson, Fox and Walker. Walker was later rewarded with the MVO and is credited with saving the cathedral from collapse. The total cost of the work was £113,000, equivalent in 2017 to nearly £9 million. Walker laid more than 25,000 bags of concrete, 115,000 concrete blocks, and 900,000 bricks. 21st century In February 2000, a three-year project was completed to clean and conserve the nave and west front, which were last cleaned in 1897. For those three years, the nave had been covered with scaffolding both internally and externally. Following the removal of the scaffolding in early 2000, it was the first time the cathedral interior had been free of scaffolding since 1990. During August 2006, a near-catastrophic fire was narrowly averted, when a flying chinese lantern got caught on the roof and began setting fire to it. Fortunately, no lasting damage took place and the fire was quickly extinguished. A spokesman for Hampshire Fire & Rescue said that had it not been spotted, the fire could have been similar in scale to the 1984 fire at York Minster, which almost completely destroyed the south transept. In March 2011, a new single-story extension in the corner of the north presbytery aisle was completed. Called the Fleury building after it was officially opened by the Abbot of Fleury from L'Abbaye de St-Benôit-sur-Loire in France, it was the first new extension on the cathedral building since the lady chapel was extended in the mid 16th century. The new building housed toilet facilities, storage and a new boiler, replacing a remote facility in the Wessex Hotel a short distance away. The new extension cost £820,000, which was raised by the Friends of Winchester Cathedral. 2012–2019 restoration During September 2012, fundraising begins for a planned £19 million programme of repair and expansion. This project aimed to repair and conserve the ancient stained-glass windows of the presbytery clerestory, restore the wooden vault of the presbytery, replace the lead roof of the east end, rewire the building with a new sound system, and open a new exhibition on the Winchester Bible in the south transept triforium. During the end of 2012, a high-level internal access scaffold was erected in the presbytery to enable close inspection of the vault and clerestory windows. The vault was subject to a detailed construction and paint analyses. The results of the inspection and analysis revealed severe corrosion in the windows, many of which had holes in and collapsed glass, and the failure of the lead roof above, which was causing degrading to the 16th century wooden vault of the presbytery. A trial removal of the 1950s paint revealed the surviving 16th century paint underneath on the nearly 200 roof bosses. In July 2013, a £10.5 million grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund allowed the restoration work to begin. In 2014, a birdcage or suspended scaffold was installed below the vault in the presbytery, where it was expected to stay for four years. This scaffold allowed close contact with the vaults and clerestory windows to be repaired. The scaffold weighed 5 tonnes. Also in 2014, the south transept was removed of all of its items including 7,000 books from the library, to allow it to be restored and made ready for the new exhibition, Kings and Scribes, which was planned to open in the triforium at the end of the restoration project. The south transept was then filled with scaffolding and sealed off at the tower arch from the rest of the cathedral, which was expected to remain for nearly three years. In January 2015, a massive scaffolding frame began to be assembled in the Outer Close, which would be raised to cover the entire presbytery roof. In March 2015, a 300 tonne crane lifted the 27 tonne scaffolding frame to a height of 80 feet (25 m) above the cathedral floor onto the roof. This scaffolding frame, which was moulded to the shape of the roof, was then covered with a waterproof layer to allow the lead underneath to be removed. Over the next few weeks, 54 tonnes of lead were removed from the roof, dating back as far as the early 19th century, and sent to Leicester to be recast. This stage of work was completed in May 2016 with the removal of the external scaffolding and the completion of the lead replacement. As part of the works to restore the south transept ahead of its use as an exhibition space, a statue was discovered on its gable end in 2017. The original statue, made of Caen stone, was in a very poor state of repair. Caen stone was too soft as an external stone, especially on the exposed roof ridge on the south transept, where it is exposed to the prevailing wind. The head had sheared off at the neck and several cracks were found elsewhere in the statue. The plinth supporting the statue was also in very poor condition. Examination of the statue revealed it dated back to c. 1330 to 1352. Thanks to a grant from The Radcliffe Trust, the statue was replaced with a newly carved life-sized figure of a medieval ecclesiastic clad in an alb, made of Portland stone. By February 2017, the cathedral were only £200,000 short of their fundraising goal, which had increased to £20.5 million. Also in February, a pit was created in the south transept floor to allow future insertion of a lift, thus allowing the exhibition on the south transept triforium to be accessible to all. Eight piles were inserted to a depth of below the floor to support the new lift. In June 2017, the lift shaft and outer frame was installed, comprising 4 tonnes of steel rising from the floor. To enable this, the 12th century groin vault of the south transept aisle was opened up in a world first. The lift shaft is entirely free standing, it does not exert any pressure on the vault or walls. By November, the final clerestory window had been reinserted. They had been removed beginning 2015 for restoration and were sent to Wells, Somerset for restoration. The Great East Window was also restored in this time but was so fragile, the conservation works were completed in-situ. Just as these window repairs were completed, conservation on eight windows in the north transept began, including the oldest stained-glass window in the cathedral, dating from 1330. A new oak mezzanine floor was installed in the triforium to prevent visitors from walking on the uneven floor. The glass lift was installed in the frame during this time, comprising 18 panels, the largest weighing some 550 kilograms. Starting in January 2018, the birdcage installed in 2014 was slowly removed due to the completion of the vault and window repairs, allowing the vault and windows to be viewed for the first time in nearly four years. The stone reredos, dating from 1450-1476, called the Great Screen, was cleaned for the first time since 1890. The entire project came to a close on 21 May 2019, with the opening of the Kings and Scribes exhibition in the south transept, the removal of all internal and external scaffolding, and the reopening of the south transept, which had been closed off for five years, some two and a half years longer than originally expected. Architecture Winchester Cathedral is one of the largest Gothic cathedrals in Northern Europe and the longest in overall length. The building shows the development of the architectural building styles from the dramatic Norman work of the transepts, right through to the late Perpendicular Gothic work in the east end. The present building was begun in 1079 and was completed in 1532. It has a cruciform plan, with a long nave, transepts, central crossing tower, choir, presbytery and lady chapel. A variety of stone was used to build the Cathedral, including Quarr limestone from the Isle of Wight, Bath stone or Oolite reused from demolished Old Minster, Caen stone from Normandy, ashlar, Beer stone and Purbeck Marble. The Cathedral is 558 feet (170 m) long, and the vaulting has a height of 78 feet (24 metres). The central tower is 150 feet (46 m) high. The north and south transepts are the oldest unaltered sections of the present cathedral, constructed under the auspices of Bishop Walkelin from 1079 to 1098. They are massive in construction, some 209 feet (64 m) in length across the crossing and the walls are 75 feet (23 m) high. The transepts are divided into three sections of nearly equal height, featuring an arcade at ground level, triforium and clerestory. Both transepts have east and west aisles, each of which contains a small chapel. The windows in the transepts are mostly Norman, except for the clerestory and south gable of the south transept, which has had Decorated Gothic windows inserted, including a small rose window. The south transept aisle vault was pierced in the 2012-2020 restoration (see above) to allow installation of a lift up to the triforium. The central tower, which rises only one story above the steeply pitched roof of the nave, was rebuilt in the Norman style following its collapse in 1107. There are indications it was originally intended to be higher, the interior of the belfry stage is highly decorative, featuring dog-tooth carvings, which additionally indicates it was intended to be a lantern stage, potentially with a belfry stage above. Whether a further stage was planned or not is unknown, but a wooden fan vault was installed in 1635 to allow the installation of bells above, thus closing the upper stages of the tower off to the cathedral below. Underneath the tower is the choir, separated from the nave by a large and intricate wooden screen dating from the 1870s, by George Gilbert Scott. Behind the screen are the choir stalls and misericords, some of which date back to 1308, and are made out of carved oak. The nave, originally built between c.1100 and c.1129, was remodelled into the Perpendicular Gothic style from 1346 to 1420, keeping much of the original Norman work by encasing it in new stone, and remastering the elevations, merging the previous three-tier structure as in the transepts into two. It is amongst the widest Gothic naves in the country and the longest nave of its kind in Europe. The nave has a spectacular stone vault, complete with hundreds of bosses. The nave aisles are also vaulted in stone and are rather narrow by comparison to the central nave, which gives both an impression of width and height. The nave, including the aisles, is 82 feet (25 metres) wide. The east end of the cathedral was built in two stages. The older section is the retrochoir between the high altar and the lady chapel, which was constructed between 1202 and c. 1220 in the Early English Gothic style. This too has a stone vault, with numerous highly decorative chantry chapels of the various bishops of the age. It was said to have been used as a model for Salisbury Cathedral, whose construction began just as the retrochoir at Winchester was nearing completion. When this work was completed at Winchester, the original Norman apse was demolished. There are two great arches in the western wall of the retrochoir, which allow the view of the rear of the reredos to be seen. The retrochoir is unusual in that the central bays are only slightly higher than the aisles that surround them. The aisles are lit with large lancet windows. The newer section of the east end is the presbytery east of the crossing and was built in the Perpendicular Gothic style from 1458 to 1520, It consists of four bays, with north and south aisles. Like the remodelled nave, this features two stages, rather than the three seen in the north and south transepts, the difference being the windows in the presbytery are larger than their counterparts in the nave. Unlike the nave, however, the presbytery is vaulted in wood, painted to look like stone. The vault has some of the most highly decorative and colourful roof bosses in the cathedral. The Lady Chapel was also greatly extended in this time during the time of Bishop Courtenay (1486-1492), given new bays to the east, with a large seven-light window. The vaulting of the western bay, which dates back to the time of the retrochoir, was also redone during Courtenay's time, which now features extremely intricate lierne star vaults. The southeast chapel of the retrochoir, adjoining the lady chapel, was also remodelled at this time, mostly by Courtenay's successor Thomas Langton, who gave it a pseudo fan vault and painted the vaulting blue. Unlike the rest of the cathedral, the coloured vault survives. Underneath the cathedral is the crypt, an extensive Norman survivor, which extends underneath much of the eastern end of the building. The crypt has numerous sections and aisles. The crypt has a stone vault throughout and dates from the late 11th century, similar in date to the transepts. There is a prominent statue in the crypt by Antony Gormley of a life-sized man, which has stood in the crypt since the 1980s. The crypt often floods in winter due to the high water table. Stained glass Much of Winchester's stained glass was lost during the time of Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector when the enormous Great West Window was smashed by Roundheads, as were many other windows in the lower levels of the building. The glass from the Great West Window was put back together with clear glass as a mosaic following the restoration. As such, most of the surviving stained glass is in the upper levels of the cathedral, such as in the Great East Window, which was restored as part of the 2012-2020 restoration. The great east window dates from 1620s, and contains the work of Flemish craftsmen, whose work can also be seen in King's College Chapel in Cambridge. Much of the glass in the presbytery clerestory dates from 1404 to 1426, and was made by Thomas of Oxford. There is also a rose window in the gable of the north transept. The oldest stained-glass window in the cathedral is in the north transept, dating from 1330. Vaults Much of the cathedral building is vaulted, some using stone and other parts, wood. The oldest vaulted part of the building is the 11th century crypt, which is vaulted in stone throughout. The nave and aisles are vaulted using Beer stone. The aisles of the presbytery, the lady chapel and the retrochoir are also vaulted in stone. The vaulting underneath the central tower and spanning the presbytery is vaulted in wood, painted to look like stone. Many of the chantry chapels have fan vaults. The highest vault in the cathedral is 78 feet (24 metres) above ground level. The transepts are not vaulted except for in the aisles, instead, they have 19th century wooden ceilings. Monuments and treasures The Cathedral has numerous monuments and treasures. These include the 12th century Tournai font, the Morley Library, the Kings and Scribes exhibition and the Winchester Bible. The font is a rare survivor from a collection known as the Tournai fonts and dates back to c. 1150. It is one of only ten fonts of its kind in England. The font weighs 1.5 tonnes and is made from Carboniferous limestone from Belgium. It features unique carvings of the healings of Saint Nicholas. The font was gifted to the cathedral by Henry of Blois. The Morley Library, housed in the triforium of the south transept, houses a collection of rare books, all of which were given to the cathedral by George Morley, Bishop of Winchester from 1662 to 1684. The books still rest on their original 17th century carved shelves. The Kings and Scribes exhibition is the culmination of a £20.5 million restoration of the transepts and east end, and displays hundreds of ancient artefacts, including skulls, weaponry and building stone, all displayed alongside 21st century technology. Also in the exhibition is the famous Winchester Bible, which is considered to be the largest and best-preserved 12th century bible in England. The text, in the Latin of St Jerome, was handwritten on 468 sheets of calf-skin parchment, each measuring 23 by 15.75 inches (583 x 396 mm). These sheets were folded down the centre, making 936 pages in all. The illustrations in the bible sometimes used lapis lazuli which was both rare and extremely expensive, coming from Afghanistan. Other illustrations contain gold leaf or paint. The Bible is on display for the public to view as part of the Kings and Scribes exhibition and is kept in a climate-controlled room on the ground floor of the south transept. The physical book cannot be read by the public, but it has been replicated digitally, and visitors can use large screens to read the digitised bible. The cathedral also has a very large number of ancient mortuary chests, including those of Alfred the Great, King Canute and his wife Queen Emma, William Rufus and King Egbert. Chantry Chapels The cathedral building contains a large number of chantry chapels, often dedicated to the various Bishops of Winchester. These chantry chapels, which can be found mostly in the retrochoir but also the nave, are intricately designed. Famous chantry chapels include those of William Wykeham, William Wayneflete, Richard Fox and Henry Beaufort. Music Organ The earliest recorded organ at Winchester Cathedral was in the 10th century; it had 400 pipes and could be heard throughout the city. This first organ required two men to play it, and 70 men to blow it. The present organ has its core dating back to 1851, when a very large instrument was built by Henry Willis and Sons for the Great Exhibition, held at The Crystal Palace, London. The then Cathedral organist, Samuel Wesley, visited the exhibition and was impressed by its size and tone. He recommended to the Dean & Chapter that they purchase the instrument for Winchester. The purchase was completed for £2,500, and the instrument was installed at Winchester three years later, in 1854, after being reduced in size slightly. The instrument, as installed, had four manuals and 49 stops. It was modified in 1897 and 1905, and completely rebuilt by Harrison & Harrison in 1937 and again in 1986–88. Organists at Winchester have included Christopher Gibbons whose patronage aided the revival of church music after the Interregnum, Samuel Sebastian Wesley, the composer of sacred musicand Martin Neary, who arranged the music for the funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales at Westminster Abbey. The organ in its present form contains more than 5,500 pipes and 79 stops. The main organ case is underneath the tower arch adjoining the north transept. Choir The cathedral has several choirs. Its main choir is internationally recognised and currently consists of 22 boy choristers between the ages of 8 and 13, in addition to 12 adult male tenors, known as Lay Clerks. This choir sings six services per week during term time, and all the boys are educated at The Pilgrim School, located in the Cathedral Close. The Cathedral Girls' Choir was founded in 1999 and is made up of 20 girls between the ages of 12 to 17, who are educated across Hampshire. The girls' choir sing a weekly Sunday service with the Lay Clerks during term time and unite with the boys for the major festivals of Christmas and Easter. The Cathedral Chamber Choir is formed of 30 professional adult singers from across Hampshire, and provide choral music for school holidays when the boy and girl choirs are on break, except for Easter and Christmas. The choir regularly performs at concerts. Additionally, there is a volunteer choir formed of members of the congregation, known as the Cathedral Nave Choir, formed of 40 adults. The Nave Choir sing one service per month. There are also two further youth choirs, one called the Junior Choir, and the other called the Youth Choir. The Junior Choir is a mixed choir of boys and girls between the ages of 7 and 13. There is no audition process for the Junior Choir, unlike all the other choirs. The Youth Choir is similar to the Junior Choir, but is for boys and girls over the age of 14, and requires an audition process. Bells Bells have rung out from the Cathedral since Saxon times. It is recorded that King Cnut gave two bells to the Old Minster where he was buried in 1035, though neither of these bells survive. By the middle of the 17th century, following conversion of the tower from a lantern into a tower suitable for bells, seven bells were installed in a very large oak frame made by John Williams. This frame was strengthened and extended several times, and by 1883, there were eight bells installed, the largest bell weighing some 32 long cwt (1,626 kg). Four of these bells were cast by Richard Phelps in 1734, which were the third, fifth, seventh and tenor bells. The second bell was cast by Theodore Ecclestone in 1742, with treble cast by Robert Wells in 1772 and the fourth and sixth cast by James Wells in 1814. In 1891, the tenor bell cracked and was recast by Mears & Stainbank of the Whitechapel Bell Foundry in 1892 to a slightly lighter weight of 30 long cwt (1,524 kg). At the same time, the bells were augmented to ten with two new trebles, also by Mears & Stainbank, hung in a new extension frame. The existing bells were also rehung at the same time. In 1921, the bells were augmented to twelve with the addition of two new treble bells, cast by Gillett & Johnston of Croydon, to give Hampshire and the Diocese of Winchester its first ring of twelve bells. The new bells were dedicated to the fallen of Winchester in the First World War. This peal of twelve was not to last long, however, as the bells were taken down in 1936 and sent to John Taylor & Co of Loughborough, Leicestershire, for complete recasting. The bells were intended to be recast for the coronation of Edward VIII, and the inscription on the tenor bell makes note of this. However, by the time the metal had cooled, the bells tuned and rehung in Winchester, Edward had abdicated, and his brother George VI became king. As a result, the inscription 'Edwardi Octavi' was crossed out, and 'Georgi Sexti' was etched in by hand. The new Taylor bells were a heavier peal of twelve, with the tenor bell weighing some 35 and a half long hundredweight (1,806 kg). The heaviest eight bells were rehung back in the original 1734 oak frame, with the four treble bells hung in a new metal extension. All twelve bells received new fittings, including cast iron headstocks and ball bearings. The new bells were an immediate success, considered far superior to the ring they replaced, being described in The Ringing World as "a truly magnificent peal". In 1967, a redundant bell from St Lawrence's Church in Winchester was transferred to the Cathedral and hung in a new cast iron metal frame as a semitone bell, called a flat sixth. This extra bell enabled a lighter peal of eight to be rung when the natural sixth was substituted for the 'new' flat sixth, thus avoiding using the heaviest bells. This bell weighs 6 and a half long cwt (340 kg) and was cast by Anthony Bond in 1621, thus making it the oldest bell in the cathedral tower. This bell celebrated its 400th anniversary in 2021. By 1991, restoration was required again, though this time it was the tower that required attention. It was found in a survey that the great wooden frame, which was not attached to any of the tower walls as modern frames are, was moving and shifting on the belfry floor during the ringing, and that was damaging both the tower and the floor. Additionally, the floor beams were rotting, and the louvre boards were damaged. Ringing was suspended indefinitely. The resulting restoration involved lowering all 13 bells (the ring of twelve plus the ex-St Laurence bell) to the ringing chamber where they were hung on a special scaffold. With the frame clear of bells, it was hoisted up clear of the belfry floor, suspended from massive steel girders dug into the tower walls. The floor was repaired with new beams replacing some very severely rotted ones, and the newly strengthened bell frame lowered back onto it and the bells rehung. At the same time, it was decided to augment the bells to the world's first diatonic ring of fourteen, with two new treble bells cast by Whitechapel Bell Foundry in 1992, and a third extra bell to become a sharp fourth, to be used in much the same way as the ex-St Laurence bell - to provide a lighter peal of ten without using the three tenor bells. A new frame was provided for the lightest seven bells, constructed of iroko, replacing the metal frame provided in the 1937 recast. No major work has been carried out on the bells since 1992. They remain the only diatonic peal of fourteen change ringing bells in the world. The eight largest bells continue to be hung in John William's 1734 oak frame, which is one of the largest surviving frames of its kind. In 2021, new timber shafted clappers were supplied for the two largest bells by the original founders, John Taylor & Co, which has increased the resonance of the two heaviest bells in the cathedral. Cultural connections Nowadays the cathedral draws many tourists as a result of its association with Jane Austen, who died in Winchester on 18 July 1817. Her funeral was held in the cathedral, and she was buried in the north aisle. The inscription on her tombstone makes no mention of her novels, but a later brass tablet, paid for from the proceeds of her first biography, describes her as "known to many by her writings". There is also a memorial window in her honour by C E Kempe. Having spent three years in the city as a child, the novelist Anthony Trollope borrowed features of the cathedral and the city for his Chronicles of Barsetshire. In 2005, the building was used as a film set for The Da Vinci Code, with the north transept used as the Vatican. Following this, the cathedral hosted discussions and displays to debunk the book. Winchester Cathedral is possibly the only cathedral to have had popular songs written about it. "Winchester Cathedral" was a UK top ten hit and a US number one song for The New Vaudeville Band in 1966. The cathedral was also the subject of the Crosby, Stills & Nash song "Cathedral" from their 1977 album CSN. Liverpool-based band Clinic released an album titled Winchester Cathedral in 2004. In 1992, the British rosarian David Austin introduced a white sport of his rose cultivar "Mary Rose" (1983) as "Winchester Cathedral". When he was posted to England during the First World War, Bill Wilson, the co-founder of Alcoholics Anonymous, visited the Cathedral and had an initial experience of the presence of God. The Cathedral is the starting point of the 34-mile-long St Swithun's Way a Long-distance footpath which was opened in 2002 to commemorate the Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II. The Cathedral and surrounding area has been used multiple times as a filming location for The Crown, a popular Netflix historical drama series based on the monarchy during the time of Queen Elizabeth II's reign. The interior has been used as a substitute for both Westminster Abbey (for the funeral of Lord Louis Mountbatten in Season 4) and St Paul's Cathedral (for Sir Winston Churchill's funeral in Season 3 and for Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer's wedding rehearsals and subsequent wedding in Season 4). Public access In common with many other Anglican cathedrals in the United Kingdom, an admission fee has been charged for visitors to enter the cathedral since March 2006. Visitors may request an annual pass for the same price as a single admission. Dean and chapter As of 2 January 2021: Dean — Catherine Ogle (since 11 February 2017 installation) Vice-Dean, Canon Chancellor and Pastor — Roland Riem (Vice-Dean since 2012; Canon Pastor since end of June 2005; Chancellor since before 2011) Canon Principal (Diocesan Canon) & Principal, School of Mission — Mark Collinson (since 2015) Canon Precentor and Sacrist — Andy Trenier (since 15 September 2019) Receiver General and Canon Treasurer (Chief Operating Officer) — Annabelle Boyes (lay; since 2008) Disposal of the dead Burials Saint Birinus—his relics were eventually translated here Walkelin, first Norman Bishop of Winchester (1070–1098) Henry of Blois (or Henry of Winchester), Abbot of Glastonbury Abbey (1126–1129) and Bishop of Winchester (1129–1171) Richard of Ilchester, Bishop of Winchester (1173–1188) and medieval English statesman Godfrey de Luci, Bishop of Winchester (1189–1204) Peter des Roches, Bishop of Winchester (1205–1238) and Chief Justiciar of England (1213–c.1215) Henry Beaufort (1375–1447), Cardinal and Bishop of Winchester (legitimised son of John of Gaunt and Lord Chancellor of England under Henry V and Henry VI) Izaak Walton, author of The Compleat Angler (9 August 1593 – 15 December 1683) John Ecton, Queen Anne's Bounty official, legal compiler and author, died at Turnham Green, Middlesex, on 20 August 1730—his will, bearing date 7 July 1730, was proved at London, 8 September 1730, by his widow, Dorothea Ecton, noting that he desired to be buried in Winchester Cathedral Jane Austen (1817) Displaced in mortuary chests Cynegils, King of Wessex (611–643) Cenwalh, King of Wessex (643–672) Egbert of Wessex, King of Wessex (802–839) Ethelwulf, King of Wessex (839–856) Eadred, King of England (946–955) Eadwig, King of England and later Wessex (955–959) Cnut or Canute, King of England (1016–1035) and also of Denmark and Norway Emma of Normandy, wife of Cnut and also Ethelred II of England William II 'Rufus', King of England (1087–1100)—not in the traditional tomb associated with him, which may in fact be that of his nephew Henry of Blois, brother of King Stephen of England Also Harthacnut, King of England (1040–1042) and also of Denmark Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1072) One of the mortuary chests also refers to a king 'Edmund', of which nothing else is known. It is possible that this could be Edmund Ironside, King of England (1016) but he is buried at Glastonbury Abbey by most accounts, including the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Originally buried at Winchester Edward the Elder, King of England (899–924)—later moved to Hyde Abbey Alfred the Great, King of Wessex (875–899)—moved from Old Minster and later to Hyde Abbey See also Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England English Gothic architecture Priory of Saint Swithun Romanesque architecture Gothic cathedrals and churches List of Gothic Cathedrals in Europe Notes Bibliography Further reading Willis, Robert (1846; 1980) The Architectural History of Winchester Cathedral; by R. Willis [with] The Normans as Cathedral Builders; by Christopher N. L. Brooke. Winchester: Friends of Winchester Cathedral (First work is facsimile reprint of article from Proceedings at the Annual Meeting of the Archaeological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 1845, published 1846.) External links A history of the Pilgrims' School and of the choristers of Winchester Cathedral Flickr images tagged Winchester Cathedral Images of Fedorov's Iconostasis at Winchester Cathedral 1093 establishments in England Anglican cathedrals in England Cathedral Grade I listed churches in Hampshire Grade I listed cathedrals English churches with Norman architecture English Gothic architecture in Hampshire Tourist attractions in Hampshire Former Roman Catholic churches in England Pre-Reformation Roman Catholic cathedrals Diocese of Winchester Basilicas (Church of England) William II of England	[ -0.17077012360095978, 0.22535333037376404, 0.786055326461792, -0.6829577088356018, -0.3266782760620117, 0.8149597644805908, 0.7934659123420715, 0.61457759141922, -0.9512237906455994, -0.5213833451271057, -0.4973221719264984, 0.005765559151768684, 0.2290262132883072, 0.20517966151237488, 0.7180542349815369, 0.17763036489486694, 0.6598919630050659, 0.2765728533267975, 0.3035252094268799, 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125133	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgeton%2C%20New%20Jersey	Bridgeton, New Jersey	Bridgeton is a city in Cumberland County, New Jersey, United States, in the southern part of the state, on the Cohansey River, near Delaware Bay. As of the 2010 United States Census, the city's population was 25,349, reflecting an increase of 2,578 (+11.3%) from the 22,771 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 3,829 (+20.2%) from the 18,942 counted in the 1990 Census. It is the county seat of Cumberland County. Bridgeton, Millville, and Vineland are the three principal cities of the Vineland-Millville-Bridgeton Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area, which encompasses those cities and all of Cumberland County for statistical purposes and which constitutes a part of the Delaware Valley. The city had the 13th-highest property tax rate in New Jersey, with an equalized rate of 4.598% in 2020, compared to 3.089% in the county as a whole and a statewide average of 2.279%. History Similar to other areas near rivers and the bay, this area was inhabited for thousands of years by indigenous peoples. At the time of European contact, Lenni-Lenape Native Americans lived in the area, following a seasonal pattern of cultivation and hunting and fishing. The state-recognized Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape Indians of New Jersey maintain a cultural center here, serving a community of 12,000 in Cumberland, Gloucester and Salem counties. The first recorded European settlement in what is now Bridgeton was made by 1686 when Richard Hancock established a sawmill here. Settlers established a pioneer iron-works in 1814. Bridgeton was incorporated as a township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 3, 1845, from portions of Deerfield Township. Bridgeton city was incorporated on March 1, 1865, replacing both Bridgeton Township and Cohansey Township. The city was named for its location at a bridge on the Cohansey River and is said to be a corruption of "bridge town". After the American Civil War, Bridgeton's industrial base and commercial centrality in this area of high agricultural production, along with its high profile as an educational center (it was home to the South Jersey Institute, the West Jersey Academy, and two notable academies for women), made it the most prosperous town in the state. Bridgeton was home to glass factories, sewing factories, metal and machine works and other manufacturers, most notably, the Ferracute Machine Works, which was founded and operated by Oberlin Smith, an inventive genius and philanthropist credited with inventing the first device for magnetic recording, and now in the New Jersey Inventors Hall of Fame. Bridgeton Historic District covers a quarter of the city and includes more than 2,000 properties. These range from the early Federal architecture to the 1920s, including many structures eligible for individual listing and some documented by the Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) during the 1930s. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 and is the largest such district of any municipality in New Jersey. Although it is visually dominated by large Victorian homes and a downtown area constructed from the 1880s to the 1920s, the district, besides many neighborhoods of gingerbreaded "doubles" that were essentially working-class housing, includes several notable structures dating from the 18th century and early Federal period. One of these is Potter's Tavern, said to have been built in the 1750s, but restored to its appearance in 1776 when it was home to The Plain Dealer, considered New Jersey's first newspaper. A second is Brearley (Masonic) Lodge, founded by General James Giles in 1795, and still active. A third is the so-called "Nail House" (c. 1815; second build c. 1855), administrative home of the Cumberland Nail & Iron Works that established Bridgeton's industrial prowess in the early nineteenth century. The first Cumberland National Bank building (1816), which was only the second bank chartered in New Jersey, is now part of the Bridgeton Library. There is also the David Sheppard House (1791), recently restored with assistance from the Garden State Historic Trust and home to the Cousteau Coastal Center of Rutgers University since 2008. Bridgeton straddles the tidal Cohansey River and is located near the center of the Delaware Bay lowlands. It derives its name from the original movable bridge that offered the option of regular overland travel on the "King's Highway" across the Cohansey watershed region for the first time in 1716. The name is believed to have been changed from Bridge-towne to Bridgeton in 1816-1817 due to a printing error on documents published by the Cumberland Bank. Bridgeton is home to numerous large municipal parks. The largest of these, consisting of pinelands, wetlands and lakes, as well as the original raceway system that provided waterpower to the mills, was formed out of the property owned and managed by the Cumberland Nail & Iron Works until 1899. Long considered a recreational area for the region even under ownership by the Iron Works, the property was finally purchased in 1902-1903 by the city and preserved in perpetuity as the Bridgeton City Park. It includes three major lakes: Mary Elmer Lake, Sunset Lake, and East Lake. Bridgeton Park encompasses about . It now includes the Cohanzick Zoo, New Jersey's oldest zoo, which is free to the public. The city suffered an economic downturn in the 1980s with the loss of its remaining manufacturing sector jobs in glass and textiles. Agricultural employment, however, has continued to attract immigrant workers largely from Mexico but also Guatemala, creating new challenges and opportunities for revitalization. A significant minority of Bridgeton residents and their children speak Zapoteco, either as their only language or alongside Spanish. Downtown Bridgeton includes an art gallery, second hand stores, a makerspace, and the headquarters of the Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape Tribal Nation. The makerspace, called STEAMWorks, was opened as a collaborative project between the city and the local Cumberland County College, run by the college the space offers specialized equipment and software to the public at a membership based pricing system, as well as workshops and a limited set of certification courses, no involvement with the college is required. Bridgeton Main Street declared its downtown a Culinary Arts district and is highlighting downtown activity through the food and cooking-related retail sector. Bridgeton Main Street Association is the oldest Main Street Association in the state, founded in 1990. In 2008, Rutgers opened the Cousteau Coastal Center of its Institute of Marine & Coastal Sciences in the former David Sheppard House, a base from which it coordinates cutting-edge ecological research and develops modules for environmental learning at all educational levels from elementary school upward. South Woods State Prison, opened near Bridgeton in 1997, is the largest state prison in New Jersey and provides a range of employment. Bridgeton is home to the Rutgers Food Innovation Center, an entry point for startup food manufacturers that allows a new company or entrepreneur to work with a specialized team from Rutgers University to develop, test, brand, and package their product. Geography Bridgeton is located about one hour away from Philadelphia, and 50 minutes away from Wilmington, Delaware. It is also about one hour away from Atlantic City and Cape May. Bridgeton is divided into three sections, Northside, Southside and Hillside. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city had a total area of 6.49 square miles (16.82 km2), including 6.23 square miles (16.13 km2) of land and 0.27 square miles (0.69 km2) of water (4.10%). Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the city include East Lake. Bridgeton borders the Cumberland County municipalities of Fairfield Township, Hopewell Township and Upper Deerfield Township. Climate The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Bridgeton has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. Demographics As of 2015, 32.0% of residents were living in poverty in 2015. The poverty rate was 13.3% for White Non-Hispanic residents, 35.6% for Black residents, 33.7% for Hispanic or Latino residents, 66.3% for American Indian residents, 32.9% for other race residents and 29.9% for two or more races residents. Residents in the town include numerous immigrants from the south of Mexico, whose Amerindian languages include Zapotec, Nahuatl, and Mixtec. Census 2010 The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $31,044 (with a margin of error of +/- $2,412) and the median family income was $38,750 (+/- $2,233). Males had a median income of $31,202 (+/- $3,369) versus $31,031 (+/- $2,158) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $12,418 (+/- $1,023). About 26.3% of families and 27.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 35.4% of those under age 18 and 15.6% of those age 65 or over. Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 22,771 people, 6,182 households, and 4,179 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,659.8 people per square mile (1,413.5/km2). There were 6,795 housing units at an average density of 1,092.1 per square mile (421.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 38.88% White, 41.84% African American, 1.19% Native American, 0.70% Asian, 0.09% Pacific Islander, 13.67% from other races, and 3.63% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 24.49% of the population. There were 6,182 households, out of which 36.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.3% were married couples living together, 26.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.4% were non-families. 27.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.96 and the average family size was 3.49. In the city, the population was spread out, with 26.0% under the age of 18, 11.2% from 18 to 24, 36.0% from 25 to 44, 15.9% from 45 to 64, and 10.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 130.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 139.1 males. The median income for a household in the city was $26,923, and the median income for a family was $30,502. Males had a median income of $28,858 versus $22,722 for females. The per capita income for the city was $10,917. About 22.7% of families and 26.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 33.3% of those under age 18 and 17.8% of those age 65 or over. Economy Portions of Bridgeton are part of an Urban Enterprise Zone. The city was selected in 1983 as one of the initial group of 10 municipalities chosen to participate in the program. In addition to other benefits to encourage employment within the Zone, shoppers can take advantage of a reduced 3.3125% sales tax rate (half of the 6.625% rate charged statewide) at eligible merchants. Established in January 1986, the city's Urban Enterprise Zone status expires in December 2023. The UEZ program in Bridgeton and four other original UEZ cities had been allowed to lapse as of January 1, 2017, after Governor Chris Christie, who called the program an "abject failure", vetoed a compromise bill that would have extended the status for two years. In May 2018, Governor Phil Murphy signed a law that reinstated the program in these five cities and extended the expiration date in other zones. Bridgeton is home to Ardagh Group, one of the largest glass production facilities in the state. In 2016, Ardagh Group, Glass – North America became ISO 14001 certified, which recognizes efforts to minimize their impact on the environment, comply with applicable laws and regulations, and work toward continuous environmental improvement. Government Crime Bridgeton has consistently had violent crime rates above the national average. They are among the highest in the state, along with Camden, Atlantic City, Newark, and Trenton. In 2015, NeighborhoodScout, a real estate analytics firm, ranked it as the 25th most dangerous city in America. It has also ranked within the top 50 several other times. Several government officials have attributed crime in Bridgeton to high levels of poverty. According to census data, the poverty rate in Bridgeton is 32%, nearly three times the national average. Local government The City of Bridgeton is governed within the Faulkner Act system of municipal government, formally known as the Optional Municipal Charter Law, under Mayor-Council plan A, as implemented on July 1, 1970, based on the recommendations of a Charter Study Commission. The city is one of 71 municipalities (of the 565) statewide governed under this form. The governing body is comprised of a mayor and a five-member City Council. Council members are elected at-large in non-partisan elections and serve concurrent four-year terms of office in balloting held as part of the November general election. Based on the results of an ordinance passed in June 2011, Bridgeton's non-partisan elections were shifted from May to November, which took effect with the November 2014 general election. The mayor exercises executive power of the municipality and appoints department heads with council approval. The mayor may remove department heads subject to council disapproval by ⅔ of all members, prepares the budget. The mayor has veto over ordinances, subject to override by ⅔ of all members of the council. The mayor exercises executive power of the municipality. Up to ten departments may be created under the mayor's direction. A business administrator assists the mayor in budget preparation and administers purchasing and personnel systems. By ordinance, the business administrator may supervise administration of departments, subject to mayor's direction. The City Council exercises legislative power of municipality and approves appointment of department heads. The council may disapprove removal of department heads by ⅔ vote of all members and can override the mayor's veto by ⅔ of all members. The council selects one of its own members to serve as its president. , the Mayor is Albert B. Kelly, whose term of office ends on December 31, 2022. Members of the City Council are Council President Edward Bethea, Rosemany DeQuinzio, James Curtis Edwards, Samuel W. Feinstein and David Gonzalez, all of whom are serving concurrent terms of office that end December 31, 2022. Federal, state and county representation Bridgeton is located in the 2nd Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 3rd state legislative district. The New Jersey Department of Corrections South Woods State Prison is located in Bridgeton. When officials from the City of Bridgeton heard of a state report proposing to move over 1,000 prisoners from Riverfront State Prison in Camden to South Woods, Bridgeton officials opposed the plans. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 8,699 registered voters in Bridgeton, of which 2,816 (32.4%) were registered as Democrats, 772 (8.9%) were registered as Republicans and 5,104 (58.7%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 7 voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 81.6% of the vote (4,125 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 17.6% (891 votes), and other candidates with 0.7% (37 votes), among the 5,088 ballots cast by the city's 9,034 registered voters (35 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 56.3%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 77.9% of the vote here (4,238 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain, who received 20.4% (1,111 votes), with 5,440 ballots cast among the city's 8,986 registered voters, for a turnout of 60.5%. In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 66.0% of the vote here (3,044 ballots cast), outpolling Republican George W. Bush, who received 33.6% (1,552 votes), with 4,615 ballots cast among the city's 7,978 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 57.8. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Democrat Barbara Buono received 62.7% of the vote (1,513 cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 35.9% (867 votes), and other candidates with 1.4% (33 votes), among the 2,499 ballots cast by the city's 8,320 registered voters (86 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 30.0%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Democrat Jon Corzine received 67.2% of the vote here (1,806 ballots cast), ahead of both Republican Chris Christie with 24.1% (647 votes) and Independent Chris Daggett with 4.4% (118 votes), with 2,687 ballots cast among the city's 8,524 registered voters, yielding a 31.5% turnout. Education Bridgeton's public schools are operated by Bridgeton Public Schools, which serve students in preschool through twelfth grade. The district is one of 31 former Abbott districts statewide, which are now referred to as "SDA Districts" based on the requirement for the state to cover all costs for school building and renovation projects in these districts under the supervision of the New Jersey Schools Development Authority. As of the 2017–18 school year, the district, comprised of eight schools, had an enrollment of 6,399 students and 500.1 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.8:1. Schools in the district (with 2017-18 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Geraldine O. Foster Early Childhood Center (285 students in PreK), Broad Street School (945; K-8), Buckshutem Road School (604; K-8), Cherry Street School (580; K-8), ExCEL School (enrollment not listed; K-8), Indian Avenue School (645; K-8), Quarter Mile Lane School (733; PreK-8), West Avenue School (723; K-8) and Bridgeton High School (1,378; 9-12). Students from Downe Township and some students from Lawrence Township attend the district's high school for ninth through twelfth grades as part of sending/receiving relationships; Other students from Lawrence Township are sent to Millville Senior High School. Students are also eligible to attend Cumberland County Technology Education Center in Millville, serving students from the entire county in its full-time technical training programs, which are offered without charge to students who are county residents. Previously the school (formerly Cumberland County Technical Education Center) was a part-time school in Deerfield Township, and it had a Bridgeton postal address. It moved to its current location and became full time in 2016. Transportation Roads and highways , the city had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Cumberland County and by the New Jersey Department of Transportation. New Jersey Route 49 and New Jersey Route 77 are the main highways serving Bridgeton. County Route 552 also traverses the city. Public transportation NJ Transit offers service on the 410 route between Bridgeton and Philadelphia, and the 553 route between Upper Deerfield Township and Atlantic City. There is also a shuttle along Landis Avenue to Vineland and a local shuttle that circulates between Bridgeton and Upper Deerfield Township. Airports Bucks Airport is located northeast of the central business district of Bridgeton. Li Calzi Airport, which was located south of the central business district of Bridgeton, closed in 2008. Places of interest Old Broad Street Presbyterian Church and Cemetery, the church was completed in 1795; the cemetery is the burial site of six U.S. Congressman, and a Governor of New Jersey Potter's Tavern - Revolutionary War-era tavern where local patriots met and The Plain Dealer newspaper was published "7 Sisters" - oldest row of commercial buildings in Bridgeton New Sweden Farmstead Museum, open-air museum in City Park Old Brearly Lodge F&AM No.2-Oldest functioning Masonic lodge in New Jersey Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Bridgeton include: Jonathan Adler (born 1966), designer. Ryquell Armstead (born 1996), football running back for the Jacksonville Jaguars of the NFL. Radcliffe Bailey (born 1968), contemporary artist noted for mixed-media, paint, and sculpture works that explore African-American history. Newton Bateman (1822-1897), academic, educational administrator, and editor. Robin Bernstein (born 1953), Florida businesswoman who has been confirmed as United States Ambassador to the Dominican Republic. Ella Reeve Bloor (1862–1951), radical labor organizer. Frank L. Bodine (1874-c. 1930), architect who practiced in Asbury Park, New Jersey and in Orlando, Florida in the first four decades of the twentieth century. Charles Brown (1797-1883), member of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania. Lester R. Brown (born 1934), environmentalist, founder and president of the Earth Policy Institute. Benjamin Champneys (1800-1871), Pennsylvania State Representative, Pennsylvania State Senator and Pennsylvania Attorney General from 1846 to 1848. Nadia Davy (born 1980), track and field athlete, competing internationally for Jamaica, who was a bronze medalist in the 4 × 400 m relay at the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens. Braheme Days Jr. (born 1995), shot putter who won a bronze medal at the 2011 World Youth Championships in Athletics. Lucius Elmer (1793–1883), represented New Jersey's 1st congressional district from 1843 to 1845. Charles Ewing (1780-1832), politician who served as Chief Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court. Douglas H. Fisher (born c. 1948), New Jersey Secretary of Agriculture, member of the New Jersey General Assembly who represented the 3rd Legislative District and served on the Bridgeton City Council from 1990 to 1992. James Galanos (1924-2016), fashion designer. Goose Goslin (1900–1971), Baseball Hall of Fame left fielder who played for the Washington Senators, St. Louis Browns and Detroit Tigers, in a career that ran from 1921 to 1938 Edward Everett Grosscup (1860-1933), chairman of the New Jersey Democratic State Committee from 1911 to 1919 and Treasurer of the State of New Jersey from 1913 to 1915. James G. Hampton (1814–1861) represented New Jersey's 1st congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1845 to 1849. Charles L. Harris (1834–1910), Union Army Brigadier General. Charles Hill (1936–2021), diplomat and academic Alfred Ellet Hitchner (1882-1959), college football pioneer who was head coach of the Rutgers Scarlet Knights football team in 1904. George Jamison (born 1962), NFL linebacker who played for the Detroit Lions. Harvey Johnson (1919–1983), served as head coach for the National Football League's Buffalo Bills. Benjamin F. Lee (1841-1926), religious leader and educator, who was the president of Wilberforce University from 1876 to 1884. Carwood Lipton (1920-2001), commissioned officer with the 101st Airborne Division during World War II, who was portrayed by Donnie Wahlberg in the HBO miniseries Band of Brothers. Frank LoBiondo (born 1946), Congressman who represents New Jersey's 2nd congressional district. Brison Manor (born 1952), defensive lineman who played eight seasons in the National Football League for the Denver Broncos, from 1977 to 1984. Bloomfield H. Minch (1864–1929), President of the New Jersey Senate Rube Oldring (1884-1961), professional baseball player who played outfield in the MLB from 1905 to 1918 for the Philadelphia Athletics and New York Yankees. Harold E. Pierce (1922-2006), dermatologist and cosmetic surgeon. Steve Rammel (born 1968), retired U.S. soccer forward who played two seasons in Major League Soccer. Floyd Reid (1927-1994), running back who played in the NFL for the Green Bay Packers from 1950 to 1956. Jerame Reid (1978-2014), killed by Bridgeton police officers Celeste Riley (born 1960), Clerk of Cumberland County, who was the first woman to represent the 3rd Legislative District. Elias P. Seeley (1791–1846), 11th Governor of New Jersey in 1833. Oberlin Smith (1840–1926), engineer and inventor. John J. Spoltore (1921-1973), Republican Party politician who served as Chairman of the New Jersey Republican State Committee in 1973 after having served four years as Mayor of Bridgeton in the mid-1950s. Thomas Whitaker Trenchard (1863-1942), lawyer and a Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court between 1906 and 1941, who was presiding judge in the Lindbergh kidnapping trial of Richard Hauptmann. Aharon Wasserman (born 1986), entrepreneur and software designer. Melinda Watts (born 1978), urban contemporary gospel artist and musician. Dominique Williams (born 1990), running back for the Calgary Stampeders. Shana Williams (born 1972), former track and field athlete who competed in the long jump. Jason Winrow (1971-2012), offensive guard who played for the New York Giants. H. Boyd Woodruff (1917-2017), soil microbiologist who discovered actinomycin and developed industrial production by fermentation of many natural products, including cyanocobalamin (a synthetic form of Vitamin B12), the avermectins and other important antibiotics. See also Bridgeton, New Jersey Flood of 1934 Columbia Township, New Jersey References Further reading External links 1865 establishments in New Jersey Cities in Cumberland County, New Jersey County seats in New Jersey Faulkner Act (mayor–council) New Jersey Urban Enterprise Zones Populated places established in 1865	[ -0.8313032388687134, -0.046938296407461166, -0.3855374753475189, -0.20305150747299194, 0.9663386940956116, 0.16093513369560242, 0.723194420337677, 1.172104001045227, -0.5191197395324707, -0.3966333866119385, -0.6744441986083984, 0.7051401138305664, 0.2805401384830475, 0.6525754332542419, -0.969290554523468, 0.6579790711402893, 0.469555139541626, 0.40769755840301514, 0.9644657373428345, -0.41201889514923096, -0.38147616386413574, 0.037976302206516266, 0.050156980752944946, 0.5525603890419006, 0.11958128213882446, -0.21851614117622375, 0.6063724160194397, 0.0708916038274765, 0.2024637907743454, -0.04226705804467201, 0.0011172370286658406, 0.8333706259727478, 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125134	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedarville%2C%20New%20Jersey	Cedarville, New Jersey	Cedarville is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) located within Lawrence Township, in Cumberland County, New Jersey, United States. It is part of the Vineland-Millville-Bridgeton Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area for statistical purposes. As of the 2010 United States Census, the CDP's population was 776. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP had a total area of 2.277 square miles (5.897 km2), including 2.236 square miles (5.791 km2) of land and 0.041 square miles (0.107 km2) of water (1.81%). Demographics Census 2010 Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 793 people, 276 households, and 208 families living in the CDP. The population density was 134.9/km2 (349.8/mi2). There were 306 housing units at an average density of 52.0/km2 (135.0/mi2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 85.75% White, 8.83% African American, 1.77% Native American, 0.38% Asian, 2.52% from other races, and 0.76% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.04% of the population. There were 276 households, out of which 34.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.3% were married couples living together, 11.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.3% were non-families. 19.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.87, and the average family size was 3.26. In the CDP the population was spread out, with 26.9% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 28.9% from 25 to 44, 23.0% from 45 to 64, and 13.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.6 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $46,500, and the median income for a family was $48,021. Males had a median income of $35,833 versus $25,962 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $15,446. About 2.6% of families and 3.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.6% of those under age 18 and 3.9% of those age 65 or over. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Cedarville include: Mercedes Mota (1880-1964) educator, writer, developed public education in the Dominican Republic with her sister Antera Mota y Reyes. Attended Pan-American Exposition (Buffalo, NY 1901) as the bearer of a message about Dominican women. A brief dissertation on the feminine intellectual life in Santo Domingo, and her words aroused great interest. She was only a little over twenty years old. After raising her nieces and nephews in New York City, she lived in Cedarville from the 1940s until her death. Ephraim Bateman (1780-1829) represented New Jersey in the United States Senate from 1826 to 1829 and in the United States House of Representatives from 1815 to 1823. Benjamin Franklin Howell (1844-1933) represented New Jersey's 3rd congressional district from 1895 to 1911. Samuel Alexander Kinnier Wilson (1878-1937), neurologist who described hepatolenticular degeneration, a copper metabolism disorder affecting the liver and central nervous system, that would later be called Wilson's disease. 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125135	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial%20Township%2C%20New%20Jersey	Commercial Township, New Jersey	Commercial Township is a township in Cumberland County, New Jersey, United States. It is part of the Vineland-Millville-Bridgeton Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area for statistical purposes. As of the 2010 United States Census, the township's population was 5,178, reflecting a decline of 81 (-1.5%) from the 5,259 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 233 (+4.6%) from the 5,026 counted in the 1990 Census. Commercial Township was incorporated as a township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 27, 1874, from portions of Downe Township. The township was named for its shellfish industry. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 34.41 square miles (89.13 km2), including 31.91 square miles (82.66 km2) of land and 2.50 square miles (6.47 km2) of water (7.26%). Laurel Lake (2010 Census population of 2,989), Port Norris (population of 1,377 as of 2010), and Mauricetown are unincorporated communities and census-designated places (CDPs) located within Commercial Township. Other unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Baileytown, Bivalve, Buckshutem, Haleyville, Lores Mill, North Port Norris and Shell Pile. The township borders Downe Township, Maurice River Township, Millville and the Delaware Bay. Demographics Census 2010 The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $45,323 (with a margin of error of +/- $7,873) and the median family income was $46,790 (+/- $10,373). Males had a median income of $42,297 (+/- $6,069) versus $31,391 (+/- $5,851) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $19,242 (+/- $2,315). About 18.0% of families and 18.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.9% of those under age 18 and 21.2% of those age 65 or over. Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 5,259 people, 1,873 households, and 1,367 families residing in the township. The population density was 162.0 people per square mile (62.6/km2). There were 2,171 housing units at an average density of 66.9/sq mi (25.8/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 82.98% White, 13.42% African American, 0.42% Native American, 0.23% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 1.01% from other races, and 1.92% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.86% of the population. There were 1,873 households, out of which 35.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.1% were married couples living together, 16.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.0% were non-families. 21.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.80 and the average family size was 3.22. In the township the population was spread out, with 28.3% under the age of 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, 29.3% from 25 to 44, 20.8% from 45 to 64, and 12.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.0 males. The median income for a household in the township was $34,960, and the median income for a family was $37,500. Males had a median income of $35,030 versus $21,610 for females. The per capita income for the township was $14,663. About 13.0% of families and 15.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.3% of those under age 18 and 11.9% of those age 65 or over. Government Local government Commercial Township is governed under the Township form of New Jersey municipal government, one of 141 municipalities (of the 565) statewide that use this form, the second-most commonly used form of government in the state. The governing body is comprised of a three-member Township Committee, whose members are elected directly by the voters at-large in partisan elections to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with one seat coming up for election each year as part of the November general election in a three-year cycle. At an annual reorganization meeting, the Township Committee selects one of its members to serve as Mayor and another as Deputy Mayor, each serving a one-year term. , members of the Commercial Township Committee are Mayor Warren "Mike" Vizzard (D, term on committee ends December 31, 2022; term as mayor ends 2020), Deputy Mayor Fletcher Jamison (D, term on committee and as deputy mayor ends 2020) and Ryan O. Broughton Sr. (D, 2021). In March 2016, Mayor Judson Moore resigned from office, with Ronald Sutton named as mayor to replace Moore, and Fletcher Jamison shifted to deputy mayor. In the November 2013 general election, Moore became the first candidate to win election running as an independent, while Ronald Sutton was elected to fill the vacant seat of Bill Riggin, who had resigned from office. Federal, state and county representation Commercial Township is located in the 2nd Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 1st state legislative district. Prior to the 2011 reapportionment following the 2010 Census, Commercial Township had been in the 3rd state legislative district. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 3,183 registered voters in Commercial Township, of which 1,004 (31.5%) were registered as Democrats, 568 (17.8%) were registered as Republicans and 1,608 (50.5%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 3 voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 57.6% of the vote (983 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 41.1% (701 votes), and other candidates with 1.3% (23 votes), among the 1,726 ballots cast by the township's 3,270 registered voters (19 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 52.8%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 55.0% of the vote (1,032 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain, who received 41.7% (781 votes), with 1,875 ballots cast among the township's 3,151 registered voters, for a turnout of 59.5%. In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 50.2% of the vote (849 ballots cast), outpolling Democrat John Kerry, who received 49.2% (832 votes), with 1,690 ballots cast among the township's 2,931 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 57.7. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 60.9% of the vote (691 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 36.4% (413 votes), and other candidates with 2.7% (31 votes), among the 1,191 ballots cast by the township's 3,031 registered voters (56 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 39.3%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Democrat Jon Corzine received 46.5% of the vote (475 ballots cast), ahead of both Republican Chris Christie with 43.6% (446 votes) and Independent Chris Daggett with 6.0% (61 votes), with 1,022 ballots cast among the township's 3,017 registered voters, yielding a 33.9% turnout. Education The Commercial Township School District serves public school students in pre-kindergarten through eighth grade. As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of two schools, had an enrollment of 529 students and 42.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.6:1. Schools in the district (with 2018–19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Haleyville-Mauricetown Elementary School with 368 students in grades PreK-5 and Port Norris Middle School with 166 students in grades 6–8. Students in ninth through twelfth grades for public school attend high school in Millville together with students from Lawrence Township and Maurice River Township, as part of a sending/receiving relationship with the Millville Public Schools under which students attend Memorial High School for ninth grade and half of the tenth grade and Millville Senior High School for half of the tenth grade through the twelfth grade. Students are also eligible to attend Cumberland County Technology Education Center in Vineland, serving students from the entire county in its full-time technical training programs, which are offered without charge to students who are county residents. Transportation , the township had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality and by Cumberland County. County Route 553 is the most significant road serving Commercial Township. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Commercial Township include: Helen Gandy (1897-1988), secretary to J. Edgar Hoover, Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, for 54 years. Elden H. Johnson (1921-1944), United States Army soldier who was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions in World War II. Henry C. Loudenslager (1852–1911), represented New Jersey's 1st congressional district from 1893 to 1911. Larry Milbourne (born 1951), second baseman who played for 11 seasons in Major League Baseball. Dallas Lore Sharp (1870–1929), author and university professor. Points of interest Caesar Hoskins Log Cabin References External links Official website Commercial Township School District School Data for the Commercial Township School District, National Center for Education Statistics 1874 establishments in New Jersey Populated places established in 1874 Township form of New Jersey government Townships in Cumberland County, New Jersey	[ -0.6735464930534363, 0.2593611180782318, -0.5295190811157227, 0.6056852340698242, 1.0657083988189697, 0.1101551204919815, 0.6415649056434631, 0.583869457244873, 0.218904048204422, -0.6061623096466064, -0.5883858799934387, 0.2983502149581909, -0.46184808015823364, -0.037285301834344864, -1.3118404150009155, 0.6686424612998962, 0.41910237073898315, 0.7020730376243591, 0.26222583651542664, -0.5060685276985168, -0.8841689825057983, -0.5676476359367371, 0.043239958584308624, 0.7402886748313904, 0.00500867934897542, -0.21351611614227295, 0.956892192363739, 0.3607974946498871, -0.4463522434234619, 0.06914147734642029, 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125136	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deerfield%20Township%2C%20New%20Jersey	Deerfield Township, New Jersey	Deerfield Township is a township in Cumberland County, New Jersey, United States. It is part of the Vineland-Millville-Bridgeton Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area for statistical purposes. As of the 2010 United States Census, the township's population was 3,119, reflecting an increase of 192 (+6.6%) from the 2,927 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn declined by 6 (-0.2%) from the 2,933 counted in the 1990 Census. Deerfield Township was formed as a precinct on January 19, 1748, and was incorporated by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 21, 1798, as one of New Jersey's initial group of 104 townships. Portions of the township were taken to form Bridgeton Township (March 3, 1845) and Upper Deerfield Township (February 23, 1922). The township was named for Deerfield, Massachusetts. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 16.88 square miles (43.72 km2), including 16.84 square miles (43.62 km2) of land and 0.04 square miles (0.10 km2) of water (0.22%). Rosenhayn (2010 population of 1,098) is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) located within Deerfield Township. Other unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Carmel and Garton. Deerfield Township borders Fairfield Township, Millville, Upper Deerfield Township and Vineland in Cumberland County; and Pittsgrove Township in Salem County. Demographics Census 2010 The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $68,571 (with a margin of error of +/- $6,904) and the median family income was $73,566 (+/- $9,367). Males had a median income of $46,309 (+/- $5,147) versus $31,574 (+/- $6,302) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $26,799 (+/- $3,131). About 3.1% of families and 7.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.6% of those under age 18 and 3.9% of those age 65 or over. Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 2,927 people, 1,013 households, and 785 families residing in the township. The population density was 173.8 people per square mile (67.1/km2). There were 1,065 housing units at an average density of 63.2 per square mile (24.4/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 78.20% White, 13.05% African American, 1.54% Native American, 1.02% Asian, 3.04% from other races, and 3.14% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.94% of the population. There were 1,013 households, out of which 34.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.0% were married couples living together, 14.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.5% were non-families. 17.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.86 and the average family size was 3.22. In the township the population was spread out, with 26.4% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 27.2% from 25 to 44, 24.8% from 45 to 64, and 14.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.3 males. The median income for a household in the township was $45,365, and the median income for a family was $47,225. Males had a median income of $34,196 versus $25,147 for females. The per capita income for the township was $18,468. About 6.3% of families and 9.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.3% of those under age 18 and 14.2% of those age 65 or over. Government Local government Deerfield Township is governed under the Township form of New Jersey municipal government, one of 141 municipalities (of the 565) statewide that use this form, the second-most commonly used form of government in the state. The Township Committee is comprised of five members, who are elected directly by the voters at-large in partisan elections to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with either one or two seats coming up for election each year as part of the November general election in a three-year cycle. At an annual reorganization meeting held in January, the Township Committee selects one of its members to serve as Mayor and another to serve as Deputy Mayor. , members of the Deerfield Township Committee are Mayor Michael A. Terrigno (R, term on committee and as mayor ends December 31, 2020), Deputy Mayor Abigail Perlstein O'Brien (R, term on committee ends 2021; term as deputy mayor ends 2020), Anthony A. Brago (R, 2020), Brian L. Casper (R, 2022), and Rudolph "Rudy" Danna Jr. (R, 2022). After being tied on election day at the November 2014 general election with 362 votes, Democratic incumbent Frank Spatola Jr. was re-elected with 366 votes, edging Republican challenger Jason P. Scythes by three votes once provisional ballots were counted. At the township's January 2015 reorganization meeting, Sparacio was sworn in using a conference call as he was stationed outside the country as part of his service with the Air National Guard. Federal, state and county representation Deerfield Township is located in the 2nd Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 3rd state legislative district. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 2,087 registered voters in Deerfield Township, of which 552 (26.4%) were registered as Democrats, 522 (25.0%) were registered as Republicans and 1,013 (48.5%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were no voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 53.4% of the vote (698 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 45.7% (597 votes), and other candidates with 0.9% (12 votes), among the 1,325 ballots cast by the township's 2,125 registered voters (18 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 62.4%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 52.0% of the vote (744 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain, who received 46.1% (659 votes), with 1,431 ballots cast among the township's 2,066 registered voters, for a turnout of 69.3%. In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 51.0% of the vote (665 ballots cast), outpolling Republican George W. Bush, who received around 47.5% (619 votes), with 1,303 ballots cast among the township's 1,847 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 70.5. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 65.4% of the vote (532 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 33.7% (274 votes), and other candidates with 1.0% (8 votes), among the 831 ballots cast by the township's 2,015 registered voters (17 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 41.2%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 45.8% of the vote (445 ballots cast), ahead of both Democrat Jon Corzine with 42.8% (416 votes) and Independent Chris Daggett with 6.9% (67 votes), with 971 ballots cast among the township's 2,070 registered voters, yielding a 46.9% turnout. Education The Deerfield Township School District serves public school students in pre-kindergarten through eighth grade at Deerfield Township School. As of the 2020–21 school year, the district, comprised of one school, had an enrollment of 277 students and 30.2 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 9.2:1. Public school students in ninth through twelfth grades attend Cumberland Regional High School, which also serves students from Fairfield Township, Greenwich Township, Hopewell Township, Shiloh Borough, Stow Creek Township and Upper Deerfield Township. As of the 2020–21 school year, the high school had an enrollment of 1,032 students and 78.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 13.1:1. The high school district has a nine-member board of education, with board seats allocated to the constituent municipalities based on population, with each municipality assigned a minimum of one seat; Deerfield Township has one seat on the board. Cumberland County Technology Education Center is a public countywide school in Millville. Previously it was a part-time school in Deerfield Township. It moved to its current location and became full time in 2016. Transportation , the township had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Cumberland County and by the New Jersey Department of Transportation. New Jersey Route 56 is the main highway providing access to Deerfield Township. County Route 552 also traverses the township. Points of interest Beth Hillel Synagogue, a classical vernacular synagogue constructed in 1901 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. Southwind Vineyard & Winery Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Deerfield Township include: Joseph W. Chinnici (1919-2007), politician who served in the New Jersey General Assembly from the 1st legislative district from 1972 to 1988. Joseph Bloomfield Leake (1828-1918), attorney and an Iowa state senator who entered the Union Army during the American Civil War. Frank LoBiondo (born 1946), politician who served as the U.S. representative for New Jersey's 2nd congressional district from 1995 to 2019. Al McCoy (1894–1966), boxing world middleweight champion from 1914 to 1917. References External links Deerfield Township website Deerfield Township School District School Data for the Deerfield Township School District, National Center for Education Statistics Cumberland Regional High School 1748 establishments in New Jersey Populated places established in 1748 Township form of New Jersey government Townships in Cumberland County, New Jersey	[ -0.6881083846092224, 0.023446451872587204, -0.5696637630462646, 0.5497755408287048, 0.7183002829551697, -0.16530881822109222, 0.7845367193222046, 0.7488009333610535, 0.18720784783363342, -0.5447181463241577, -0.4197996258735657, 0.3769075870513916, -0.390766441822052, 0.021784396842122078, -1.389855146408081, 0.6697815656661987, 0.26163250207901, 0.8464987874031067, 0.19248314201831818, -0.7112798094749451, -0.4418349266052246, -0.4454815983772278, -0.06961603462696075, 0.9431442022323608, 0.07016341388225555, -0.1597028225660324, 1.1279511451721191, 0.09665849804878235, 0.12835316359996796, 0.021973630413413048, 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125137	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piers%20Gaveston%2C%201st%20Earl%20of%20Cornwall	Piers Gaveston, 1st Earl of Cornwall	Piers Gaveston, 1st Earl of Cornwall (c. 1284 – 19 June 1312) was an English nobleman of Gascon origin, and the favourite of Edward II of England. At a young age, Gaveston made a good impression on King Edward I, who assigned him to the household of the King's son, Edward of Caernarfon. The prince's partiality for Gaveston was so extravagant that Edward I sent Gaveston into exile, but he was recalled a few months later, after the King's death led to the prince's accession as Edward II. Edward bestowed the Earldom of Cornwall on Gaveston, and arranged for him to marry Edward's niece Margaret de Clare, sister of the powerful Earl of Gloucester. Gaveston's exclusive access to the King provoked several members of the nobility, and in 1308, the King was again forced to send him into exile. During this absence, he served as the King's Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. Edward managed to negotiate a deal with the opposition, however, and Gaveston returned the next year. Upon his return his behaviour became even more offensive, and by the Ordinances of 1311 it was decided that Gaveston should be exiled for a third time, to suffer outlawry if he returned. He did however return in late 1311 and in 1312 he was hunted down and executed by a group of magnates led by Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster, and Guy de Beauchamp, 10th Earl of Warwick. It was alleged by medieval chroniclers (as discussed below under "Questions of sexuality") that Edward II and Piers Gaveston were lovers, a rumour that was reinforced by later portrayals in fiction, such as Christopher Marlowe's late 16th-century play Edward II. This assertion has received the support of some modern historians, while others have questioned it. According to Pierre Chaplais, the relationship between the two was that of an adoptive brotherhood, and Gaveston served as an unofficial deputy for a reluctant king. Other historians, like J. S. Hamilton, have pointed out that concern over the two men's sexuality was not at the core of the nobility's grievances, which rather centred on Gaveston's exclusive access to royal patronage. Family background and early life Piers Gaveston's father was Arnaud de Gabaston, a Gascon knight in the service of Gaston VII of Béarn. Gabaston had come into a substantial amount of land in Gascony through his marriage to Claramonde de Marsan, who was co-heir with her brother of the great landowner Arnaud-Guillaume de Marsan. Through the possessions of his wife, Gabaston also became a vassal of the King of England, in the King's capacity of Duke of Aquitaine. His service to Edward I of England stretched over a long period of time, starting in the Welsh Wars of 1282–83, in which he participated with a substantial contingent. Sometime before 4 February 1287, Claramonde died, and for the rest of his life Gabaston struggled to retain his wife's inheritance from rival claims by relatives and neighbours. Because of this, he became financially dependent on the English king, and was continuously in his service. He was used as a hostage by Edward twice: first in 1288 to Aragon, secondly in 1294 to the French king, when he managed to escape and flee to England in 1297. After returning home, he was back in England in 1300, where he served with Edward I in the Scottish Wars. He died at some point before 18 May 1302. Little is known of Piers Gaveston's early years; even his year of birth is unknown. He and Prince Edward of Caernarfon, the future Edward II (born 25 April 1284) were said to be contemporaries (coetanei), so it can be assumed that he was born in or around 1284. Though one chronicle claims he accompanied his father to England in 1297, the first reliable reference to him is from Gascony later that year, when he served in the company of Edward I. In 1300, he sailed to England with his father and his elder brother, Arnaud-Guillaume de Marsan. It was at this time that he became a member of the household of Prince Edward. The King was apparently impressed by Gaveston's conduct and martial skills, and wanted him to serve as a model for his son. In 1304, the King awarded Gaveston the wardship of Roger Mortimer of Wigmore, after the death of Mortimer's father, on the request of Edward, Prince of Wales. This put Gaveston in charge of Mortimer's possessions during the latter's minority, and served as proof of the King's confidence in his son's companion. As part of the circle around the prince, however, Gaveston also became entangled in conflicts between the King and his son. These difficulties first materialised in a dispute between treasurer Walter Langton and Prince Edward. The case enraged King Edward to the point where he banned his son from court, and banished several men from the prince's household. Though the two were reconciled at a later point, the King still prevented Gaveston from rejoining the prince. This matter was settled before 26 May 1306; the date when Gaveston was knighted, four days after the prince. Later that year Gaveston was once more in trouble, when he and twenty-one other knights deserted a Scottish campaign to attend a tournament. An arrest order was sent out for the deserters, but, at the insistence of Queen Margaret, they were all pardoned in January 1307. First exile and return Gaveston's return to grace was only temporary. On 26 February 1307, Edward I announced that the prince's favourite had to leave the realm shortly after 30 April that year. This time it seems the punishment was not intended for Gaveston, though, but for the Prince of Wales. According to Walter of Guisborough, the prince appeared before the King to request that his own county of Ponthieu be given to Gaveston. Edward I, enraged, tore out handfuls of his son's hair and threw him out of the royal chambers. Though Guisborough cannot necessarily be trusted on the details of the events, the story reflects the general exasperation the King felt with the prince's favouritism towards Gaveston, and the lavish gifts bestowed on the favourite. This extravagance was clearly seen on Gaveston's departure, when Prince Edward equipped him with horses, luxurious clothes, and £260 of money. Gaveston's first exile was to be a short one. In early July 1307, Edward I fell ill while once more campaigning in the north, and lay dying at Burgh by Sands near the Scottish border. According to one chronicle, he gathered some of his most trusted men around him, including Henry de Lacy, Earl of Lincoln; Guy de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick; and Aymer de Valence, soon to be Earl of Pembroke. Edward entrusted the magnates with the care of his son, and instructed them particularly to prevent the return of Piers Gaveston from exile. Nevertheless, when the King died on 7 July, one of Edward II's first acts as king was to recall his friend. Gaveston returned almost immediately, and the two were reunited by early August. Earl of Cornwall On 6 August 1307, less than a month after succeeding, Edward II made Piers Gaveston Earl of Cornwall. According to contemporary narrative sources, this was a controversial decision. Gaveston came from relatively humble origins, and his rise to the highest level of the peerage was considered improper by the established nobility. Furthermore, the earldom of Cornwall had traditionally been reserved for members of the royal family, and Edward I had intended it for one of his two younger sons from his second marriage. The discontent reported by the chronicles may have been the result of hindsight, however; there is no sign that the established nobility objected to the ennoblement of Gaveston at the time. The earldom gave Gaveston substantial landholdings over great parts of England, to the value of £4,000 a year. These possessions consisted of most of Cornwall, as well as parts of Devonshire in the south-west, land in Berkshire and Oxfordshire centred on the honour of Wallingford, most of the eastern part of Lincolnshire, and the honour of Knaresborough in Yorkshire, with the territories that belonged to it. In addition to this, Edward also secured a prestigious marriage between Gaveston and Margaret de Clare, sister of the powerful Earl of Gloucester. The possessions and family connection secured Gaveston a place among the highest levels of the English nobility. Even though the new king was initially met with goodwill from his subjects, it was not long before certain members of the nobility became disaffected with Gaveston and the special relationship he enjoyed with Edward. On 2 December 1307, exactly one month after Gaveston's marriage, the King organised a tournament in Gaveston's honour at Wallingford Castle. Here Gaveston and his companions in arms handed a humiliating defeat to the earls of Warenne, Hereford, and Arundel. Gaveston won, according to various accounts of the events, either by bringing too many knights to the field, or simply by having a better contingent. From this point on Warenne – and possibly also the other two earls – became hostile to Gaveston. When Edward II left the country early in 1308 to marry the French king's daughter Isabella, he appointed Gaveston regent in his place. This was a responsibility that would normally be given to a close family member of the reigning king. There is no sign that Gaveston exploited the regency for personal gains, but the other nobles were still offended by his arrogant behaviour. This behaviour continued at the coronation feast after the King's return, during which the King largely ignored his new wife in favour of Gaveston. The collective grievances first found expression in the so-called 'Boulogne agreement' of January 1308, in which the earls of Warenne, Hereford, Lincoln and Pembroke expressed concern about oppression of the people and attacks on the honour of the crown. Though not mentioned by name, Gaveston was the implied target of this document. Later that year, in the April parliament, the so-called Declaration of 1308 demanded the renewed exile of Gaveston, again without explicitly mentioning the favourite by name. The King initially resisted, but had to give in to the demand once it became clear that the barons had the support of King Philip IV of France, who was offended by Edward's treatment of his daughter. On 18 May, Edward consented to sending Gaveston into exile. Ireland and return Gaveston was not exiled immediately; he did not have to leave the realm until 25 June, but faced excommunication by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Robert Winchelsey, should he return. Edward used the intervening period to provide for his favourite's continued prosperity and political importance. As a compensation for the loss of the earldom of Cornwall, which was another condition of the exile, Gaveston was granted land worth 3,000 marks annually in Gascony, and land amounting to the same value in England. Further to this, he was appointed the King's Lieutenant of Ireland, so that a certain amount of honour could be maintained despite the humiliation of the exile. The appointment came the day after Richard de Burgh, Earl of Ulster, had been given the same position, indicating that it was an improvised measure. Gaveston's appointment came with wider authority than Ulster's, however, for he had full regal powers to appoint and dismiss any royal officers. Gaveston's lieutenancy was primarily of a military nature; by the early 14th century, Ireland had become a rebellious and unruly dominion for the English crown. In this capacity Gaveston had considerable success, killing or defeating several major insurgents. He fortified the town of Newcastle McKynegan and Castle Kevin, and rebuilt the road from Castle Kevin to Glendalough. This helped pacify the county at least as far as the Wicklow Mountains, west of Dublin. In the field of administration he made less of a mark. The most notable issue with which he was involved concerned a dispute over murage – a toll on the town walls – between the citizens of Dublin. As during the regency, though, there is no evidence that Gaveston exploited his position for his own advantage and he did nothing to alienate the local elite. Edward II began working towards a recall before Gaveston had even left. Through distribution of patronage and concessions to political demands, he won over several of the earls who had previously been of a hostile disposition. Lincoln, who was the leader of the baronial opposition due to his age and great wealth, was reconciled with Edward by late summer 1308. Even Warwick, who had been the most unyielding of the King's enemies, was gradually mollified. Significantly, though, Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, who had not been involved in the campaign to exile Gaveston, seems to have become disaffected at this time. Nevertheless, by 25 April 1309, Pope Clement V was satisfied that the difficulties between the King and his magnates had been settled, and agreed to lift the interdict against Gaveston. At the parliament that met at Stamford in July, Edward had to agree to a series of political concessions. The so-called Statute of Stamford was based on a similar document Edward I had consented to in 1300, called the articuli super carta, which was in turn based on Magna Carta. Before the Stamford Parliament, however, on 27 June, Gaveston had returned to England. Ordinances and final exile On 5 August 1309, Gaveston was reinstated with the earldom of Cornwall. It did not take long, however, for him to alienate the earls once more. The chronicles tell of how Gaveston gave mocking nicknames to other earls, calling Lincoln 'burst-belly', Pembroke 'Joseph the Jew', Lancaster 'the fiddler' and Warwick 'the black dog of Arden' (from the forest of Arden in Warwickshire). Gaveston also began to exploit his relationship with the King more ostentatiously, obtaining favours and appointments for his friends and servants. The political climate became so hateful that in February 1310, a number of the earls refused to attend parliament as long as Gaveston was present. Gaveston was dismissed, and, when parliament convened, the disaffected barons presented a list of grievances they wanted addressed. On 16 March, the King was forced to appoint a group of men to ordain reforms of the royal household. This group of so-called Lords Ordainers consisted of eight earls, seven bishops and six barons. Among the earls were supporters of the King, like Gloucester and John of Brittany, Earl of Richmond, as well as strong opponents, like Lancaster and Warwick. While the Ordainers were at work drafting their reform document, Edward decided to address one of the main causes behind the discontent: the Scottish situation. Edward II had, almost immediately after his accession, abandoned the relentless Scottish campaigns of his father. As a result, Robert the Bruce had been able to regain the initiative in the war, reconquer lost territory, and stage destructive raids into the north of England. To aggravate matters, Edward had continued to raise extortionate taxes, ostensibly for the war in Scotland, but without showing any result. If the King could produce victory against the Scots, this would go a long way towards undermining the work of the Ordainers. In June, the King summoned the magnates for a military campaign, but most of the Ordainers refused on the basis of the work they were performing. When the King departed for Scotland in September, only Gloucester, Warenne and Gaveston among the earls accompanied him. The campaign proved frustrating for Edward, when Bruce refused to engage in open battle, or even get involved in negotiations. In February, Gaveston was sent with an army north from Roxburgh to Perth, but he failed to track down the Scottish army. While the royal army was in the north, Edward received news from London that the Earl of Lincoln had died on 6 February 1311. This meant that a moderating influence on the baronial party had been lost, at the same time as the antagonistic Earl of Lancaster – who was Lincoln's son-in-law and heir – emerged as the leader of the Ordainers. With the Ordainers ready to present their programme of reform, Edward had to summon a parliament. In late July he appointed Gaveston Lieutenant of Scotland, and departed for London. Bruce still evaded the English successfully, in early August even staging a raid into northern England, and shortly after this Gaveston withdrew to Bamburgh Castle in Northumberland. When parliament met on 16 August, the King was presented with a set of proposed reforms of the royal household, as well as specific attacks on individuals, including a demand for the renewed exile of Piers Gaveston. Edward initially offered to agree to the reforms as long as Gaveston was allowed to stay, but the Ordainers refused. The King held out for as long as he could, but eventually had to agree to the Ordinances, which were published on 27 September. On 3 November, two days after the allotted deadline, Gaveston left England once again. Return and death It is not quite clear where Gaveston spent his time abroad; the conditions of his exile banned him from staying in any of the lands of the English king. This precluded both Aquitaine and Ireland, where he had spent his previous exiles. There is some evidence that he might have gone to France initially, but considering the French king's hostile attitude towards him, he is not likely to have stayed there long. Flanders is a much more likely candidate for Gaveston's third and final exile. This time his absence was even shorter than the second time, lasting no more than two months. Returning around Christmas 1311, he was reunited with the King early in 1312, probably at Knaresborough on 13 January. The reason for his quick return might have been the birth of his child, a daughter named Joan, around this time. On 18 January, Edward declared the judgement against Gaveston unlawful, and restored all lands to him. The royal and baronial parties now both began preparations for war. In March, Gaveston settled at Scarborough, and began to fortify the castle. Around the same time, he was pronounced excommunicate by Archbishop Winchelsey at St Paul's. At the same meeting the barons – under the leadership of Lancaster – divided up the realm to oppose the King. Pembroke and Warenne were given the responsibility of capturing Gaveston. On 4 May, the King and Gaveston were at Newcastle, and barely escaped a force led by Lancaster, Henry Percy and Robert Clifford. Gaveston then returned to Scarborough, while the King left for York. Scarborough was soon besieged by Pembroke, Warenne, Percy and Clifford, and on 19 May Gaveston surrendered to the besiegers. The terms of the surrender were that Pembroke, Warenne and Percy would take Gaveston to York, where the barons would negotiate with the king. If an agreement could not be reached by 1 August, Gaveston would be allowed to return to Scarborough. The three swore an oath to guarantee his safety. After an initial meeting with the King in York, Gaveston was left in the custody of Pembroke, who escorted him south for safekeeping. On 9 June, Pembroke left to visit his wife, leaving Gaveston at the rectory at Deddington in Oxfordshire. When Warwick found out about Gaveston's whereabouts, he immediately rode out to capture him. The next morning he appeared at the rectory, where he took Gaveston captive and brought him back to his castle at Warwick. Pembroke, whose honour had been affronted, appealed for justice both to Gaveston's brother-in-law Gloucester and to the University of Oxford, but to no avail. At Warwick, Gaveston was condemned to death for violating the terms of the Ordinances before an assembly of barons, including Warwick, Lancaster, Hereford and Arundel. On 19 June, he was taken out on the road towards Kenilworth as far as Blacklow Hill, which was on the Earl of Lancaster's land. Here, two Welshmen ran him through with a sword and beheaded him. Aftermath Gaveston's body was simply left behind at the site of his execution. One chronicle tells of how four shoemakers brought it to Warwick, who refused to accept it, and ordered them to take it back outside his jurisdiction. Eventually, a group of Dominican friars brought it to Oxford. A proper burial could not be arranged while Gaveston was still excommunicate, and it was not until 2 January 1315, after the King had secured a papal absolution for his favourite, that he could have his body buried in an elaborate ceremony at the Dominican foundation of King's Langley Priory; the tomb is now lost. A cross with inscription was erected at Blacklow Hill in 1823, by local squire Bertie Greathead, on the site believed to be the location of Gaveston's execution. Edward also provided a generous endowment for Gaveston's widow Margaret, who in 1317 married Hugh de Audley, later Earl of Gloucester. The King tried to find a suitable marriage for Piers' and Margaret's daughter Joan, but these arrangements came to nothing when Joan died in 1325, at the age of thirteen. There is also some evidence that Gaveston might have fathered another, extra-marital daughter; one contemporary document refers to an "Amie filie Petri de Gaveston". This Amie was a chamberlain of Edward III's wife, Queen Philippa, and later married John Driby, a yeoman of the royal family. Edward's initial reaction to the news of Gaveston's execution was rage; according to the Vita Edwardi, he swore to avenge the act. Circumstances, however, prevented him from taking immediate action against the executioners. During the previous raid on Newcastle, the King and Gaveston had to flee quickly, leaving behind horses and jewels worth a great amount of money. At the same time, the barons' extralegal action had alienated many of their former associates; the Earl of Pembroke in particular became strongly tied to the King's cause after the affront to his honour. Through the arbitration of the Earl of Gloucester and others, a settlement was finally reached on 14 October 1313, whereby the barons were given a pardon and the horses and jewels were returned to the King. The following years were marked by a constant power struggle between Edward and Lancaster, centred on the maintenance of the Ordinances. The matter was not finally settled until 1322, when Lancaster was defeated at the Battle of Boroughbridge, and executed. Questions of sexuality It was hinted at by medieval chroniclers, and has been alleged by modern historians, that the relationship between Gaveston and Edward was sexual. The Annales Paulini claims that Edward loved Gaveston "beyond measure", while the Lanercost Chronicle says the intimacy between them was "undue". The Chronicle of Melsa states that Edward "particularly delighted in the vice of sodomy", without making special reference to Gaveston. The portrayal of Gaveston as homosexual continued in fictional portrayals, such as Christopher Marlowe's play Edward II from the early 1590s, and the 1924 adaptation of that work by Bertolt Brecht and Lion Feuchtwanger. Modern historians have been divided on the issue. T. F. Tout, writing in 1914, rejected the idea. J. S. Hamilton, who wrote a biography of Gaveston in 1988, on the other hand says that "there is no question that the king and his favourite were lovers". Pierre Chaplais, writing a few years later, had more reservations. Chaplais cites the fact that Edward had four children with his wife – and even an extra-marital son – as well as the relative silence of contemporary commentators on the topic. He also finds it hard to believe that Philip IV of France would have allowed the English king to marry his daughter Isabella if Edward was known to be homosexual. Mark Ormrod has pointed out the inherent anachronism of speaking of homosexuality in a medieval context. Instead Ormrod suggests the focus should be on the motivation behind the use of sexuality in contemporary attacks on the King and Gaveston. If the King and Gaveston were indeed lovers, the question remains of what effect this had on their respective careers and eventual downfalls. John Boswell, in his Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality, calls Gaveston Edward's lover, and writes that there is little doubt "that [Edward's] wife and the barons of England were violently hostile to Edward's sexual proclivities, although he more than fulfilled his royal duties by fathering four children with Isabella". Boswell argues that Edward and Gaveston fell victim to a new-found concern about sexual morals among the secular powers of Europe, manifested shortly before in the trial of the Knights Templar in 1307. This interpretation is disputed by Hamilton. "The favourite was murdered because of his control of patronage," writes Hamilton, "not because of his access to the king's bedchamber". This same view is also expressed by Roy Martin Haines, in his 2003 biography of the King. Historical assessment Contemporary and near-contemporary chroniclers were generally negative in their attitudes towards Gaveston, blaming the royal favourite for many of the problems of the reign. Gaveston was accused of such various crimes as draining the treasury, orchestrating the arrest of treasurer Walter Langton, and filling the court with foreigners. According to the Lanercost Chronicle, "There was not anyone who had a good word to say about the king or Piers." Nevertheless, the chroniclers did not deny that he had certain good qualities. Irish chroniclers were appreciative both of his military and his administrative skills during his period in Ireland. Likewise, Geoffrey the Baker called him "graceful and agile in body, sharp witted, refined in manner, [and] sufficiently well versed in military matters". Marlowe, however, focused exclusively on the negative aspects of Gaveston's biography, portraying him – according to Hamilton – as "a sycophantic homosexual with a marked tendency towards avarice, nepotism, and especially overweening pride". This was the impression that lived on in the popular imagination. The first modern historians to deal with the reign of Edward II – William Stubbs, Thomas Frederick Tout and James Conway Davies – added little to the understanding of Gaveston. While generally agreeing with the chronicles, they allotted him no importance within their own main field of interest, that of constitutional history. For later generations of historians, the focus shifted from constitutional to personal issues. From the 1970s onwards, the topic of study became the personal relations between magnates and the crown, and the distribution of patronage. It is to this school of thought that Hamilton's biography belongs, in which he argues that it was Gaveston's exclusive access to royal patronage that was the driving force behind the baronial animosity towards him. Chaplais, on the other hand, takes a different approach to the study of Gaveston and his place in the reign of Edward II. According to Chaplais, Edward was more or less indifferent to the practice of kingship, and essentially delegated the job to Gaveston. As an alternative to a homosexual relationship, Chaplais suggests that the bond that existed between the King and Gaveston was that of an adoptive brotherhood. This concept had a Biblical precedent in the traditionalist, platonic interpretation of the relationship between David and Jonathan, and also existed in the Middle Ages, as exemplified in The Song of Roland, the story of Roland and Olivier. In modern popular culture, Gaveston has been portrayed in a variety of ways. In Derek Jarman's 1991 film Edward II, based on Marlowe's play, Edward and Gaveston are presented as victims of homophobia and prejudice. In the 1995 movie Braveheart, on the other hand, Gaveston (thinly disguised as the character "Phillip") is again caricatured as arrogant and effeminate. There is also an Oxford University dining and drinking club called the Piers Gaveston Society. References Sources Primary: Secondary: \|- 1280s births 1312 deaths Medieval murder victims Cornwall, Piers Gaveston, 1st Earl of Assassinated English politicians English murder victims Medieval Cornish people Earls of Cornwall People murdered in England 14th-century English people Edward II of England English landowners People knighted at the Feast of the Swans Holders of the Honour of Wallingford Lords Lieutenant of Ireland	[ -0.411809504032135, 0.41809001564979553, -0.09635873883962631, -0.33957767486572266, -0.5992327332496643, 0.7054438591003418, 0.5148269534111023, 0.16439756751060486, -0.589067280292511, -0.005572384223341942, -0.08954186737537384, -0.11471415311098099, -0.2682546079158783, 0.3261107802391052, -0.052732232958078384, 0.41434866189956665, -0.16535957157611847, 0.34170791506767273, 0.23978078365325928, -0.8981022238731384, 0.3540297746658325, -0.14755256474018097, -0.3336218297481537, -0.05356068164110184, -0.12187439203262329, 0.5122429728507996, 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125138	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downe%20Township%2C%20New%20Jersey	Downe Township, New Jersey	Downe Township is a township in Cumberland County, New Jersey, United States. It is part of the Vineland-Millville-Bridgeton Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area for statistical purposes. As of the 2010 United States Census, the township's population was 1,585, reflecting a decline of 46 (−2.8%) from the 1,631 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn declined by 71 (-4.2%) from the 1,702 counted in the 1990 Census. What is now Downe Township was formed by Royal charter on January 19, 1748, as Downes Township, from portions of Fairfield Township. Downe Township was incorporated as one of New Jersey's initial 104 townships by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 21, 1798. Portions of the township were taken to form Commercial Township on February 27, 1874. Downe Township is a dry township where alcohol cannot be sold. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, Downe township had a total area of 54.26 square miles (140.54 km2), including 48.40 square miles (125.36 km2) of land and 5.86 square miles (15.18 km2) of water (10.80%). Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Beadons Point, Beaver Dam, Dividing Creek, Dragston, Egg Island Point, False Egg Island Point, Fortescue, Gandys Beach, Little Neck, Money Island (surrounded by the Gandy's Beach nature preserve), Nantuxent Point, Newport, Newport Landing, Newport Neck, Newport Station, Shaws Mill, The Glades and Turkey Point. Fortescue was once known as the "weakfish capital of the world", though the population of the fish has sharply declined, sharply impacting the economic vitality of the area. The township borders the Cumberland County municipalities of Commercial Township, Lawrence Township and Millville, along with the Delaware Bay. Demographics Census 2010 The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $45,250 (with a margin of error of +/- $5,437) and the median family income was $49,471 (+/- $9,499). Males had a median income of $36,739 (+/- $5,543) versus $32,841 (+/- $8,768) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $20,428 (+/- $2,019). About 6.7% of families and 14.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.5% of those under age 18 and 13.0% of those age 65 or over. Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 1,631 people, 658 households, and 438 families residing in the township. The population density was 32.1 people per square mile (12.4/km2). There were 1,134 housing units at an average density of 22.3 per square mile (8.6/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 91.05% White, 4.84% African American, 1.47% Native American, 0.18% Asian, 0.98% from other races, and 1.47% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.37% of the population. There were 658 households, out of which 26.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.1% were married couples living together, 10.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.3% were non-families. 27.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.03. In the township the population was spread out, with 23.5% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 24.2% from 25 to 44, 27.0% from 45 to 64, and 18.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 107.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.7 males. The median income for a household in the township was $34,667, and the median income for a family was $39,375. Males had a median income of $35,000 versus $26,397 for females. The per capita income for the township was $17,366. About 11.5% of families and 13.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.1% of those under age 18 and 14.4% of those age 65 or over. Government Local government Downe Township is governed under the Township form of New Jersey municipal government, one of 141 municipalities (of the 565) statewide that use this form, the second-most commonly used form of government in the state. The Township Committee is comprised of five members, who are elected directly by the voters at-large in partisan elections to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with either one or two seats coming up for election each year as part of the November general election in a three-year cycle. At an annual reorganization meeting, the Township Committee selects one of its members to serve as Mayor and another to serve as Deputy Mayor. , members of the Downe Township Committee are Mayor Robert Campbell (R, term on committee ends December 31, 2021; term as mayor ends 2020), Deputy Mayor Michael Rothman (R, term on committee ends 2022; term as deputy mayor ends 2020), Edward Bart (R, 2020), Steven J. Burt (R, 2022) and Stephen Byrne (R, 2020). Federal, state and county representation Downe Township is located in the 2nd Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 1st state legislative district. Prior to the 2011 reapportionment following the 2010 Census, Downe Township had been in the 3rd state legislative district. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 1,128 registered voters in Downe Township, of which 249 (22.1%) were registered as Democrats, 484 (42.9%) were registered as Republicans and 394 (34.9%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There was one voter registered to another party. In the 2012 presidential election, Republican Mitt Romney received 58.8% of the vote (415 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 39.1% (276 votes), and other candidates with 2.1% (15 votes), among the 715 ballots cast by the township's 1,172 registered voters (9 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 61.0%. In the 2008 presidential election, Republican John McCain received 56.7% of the vote (447 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama, who received 38.1% (300 votes), with 788 ballots cast among the township's 1,127 registered voters, for a turnout of 69.9%. In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 59.1% of the vote (445 ballots cast), outpolling Democrat John Kerry, who received 38.9% (293 votes), with 753 ballots cast among the township's 1,071 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 70.3. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 73.4% of the vote (353 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 23.5% (113 votes), and other candidates with 3.1% (15 votes), among the 502 ballots cast by the township's 1,072 registered voters (21 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 46.8%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 51.7% of the vote (306 ballots cast), ahead of both Democrat Jon Corzine with 31.9% (189 votes) and Independent Chris Daggett with 9.8% (58 votes), with 592 ballots cast among the township's 1,127 registered voters, yielding a 52.5% turnout. Education The Downe Township School District serves public school students in pre-kindergarten through eighth grade at Downe Township School. As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of one school, had an enrollment of 186 students and 17.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 10.9:1. In the 2016–17 school year, Downe had the 38th smallest enrollment of any school district in the state, with 185 students. Public school students in ninth through twelfth grades attend Bridgeton High School in Bridgeton, as part of a sending/receiving relationship with the Bridgeton Public Schools. As of the 2018–19 school year, the high school had an enrollment of 1,404 students and 112.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.5:1. Students are also eligible to attend Cumberland County Technology Education Center in Vineland, serving students from the entire county in its full-time technical training programs, which are offered without charge to students who are county residents. Transportation , the township had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality and by Cumberland County. County Route 553 and County Route 555 are the main roads serving Downe Township. References External links Downe Township web site Downe Township School District School Data for the Downe Township School District, National Center for Education Statistics 1748 establishments in New Jersey Populated places established in 1748 Township form of New Jersey government Townships in Cumberland County, New Jersey	[ -0.9448559284210205, 0.11227944493293762, -0.22552616894245148, 0.5077342987060547, 0.6500405073165894, 0.08805305510759354, 0.6910958886146545, 0.657293975353241, 0.050453703850507736, -0.5695899724960327, -0.37590765953063965, 0.23465394973754883, -0.35537344217300415, -0.028074229136109352, -1.0500953197479248, 0.4443179965019226, 0.4163897633552551, 0.7015594244003296, 0.25272560119628906, -0.9430856108665466, -0.6313596963882446, -0.27048081159591675, -0.06168278306722641, 0.655694842338562, 0.12423686683177948, -0.4565527141094208, 0.7020576000213623, 0.13530758023262024, 0.10639054328203201, 0.27525779604911804, -0.08759971708059311, 0.47497859597206116, 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125139	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfield%20Township%2C%20Cumberland%20County%2C%20New%20Jersey	Fairfield Township, Cumberland County, New Jersey	Fairfield Township is a township in Cumberland County, New Jersey, United States. It is part of the Vineland-Millville- Bridgeton Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area for statistical purposes. As of the 2010 United States Census, the township's population was 6,295, reflecting an increase of 12 (+0.2%) from the 6,283 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 584 (+10.2%) from the 5,699 counted in the 1990 Census. Fairfield Township was formed by Royal charter on May 12, 1697, from portions of the Cohansey Township area, while still part of Salem County, and was formed as a precinct in the newly created Cumberland County on January 19, 1748. It was incorporated on February 21, 1798, as one of the initial group of 104 townships in the state by an act of the New Jersey Legislature. Portions of the township were taken to form Downe Township (September 26, 1772), Millville Township (February 24, 1801) and Lawrence Township (February 17, 1885). The name Fairfield refers to its original settlers, who were émigrés from Fairfield, Connecticut who settled in the area in 1697. The oldest Presbyterian church in South Jersey is said to date to June 1697. There is a plaque and an old cemetery which indicates the original log building. When it was first created as one of Cumberland County's original six townships, it included land that would later become Commercial Township, Downe Township, Lawrence Township and Millville. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 43.82 square miles (113.50 km2), including 41.12 square miles (106.50 km2) of land and 2.70 square miles (7.00 km2) of water (6.17%). Fairton (with a 2010 Census population of 1,264) and Gouldtown are unincorporated communities and census-designated places (CDPs) located within Fairfield Township. Other unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Back Neck, Ben Davis Point, Clarks Pond, Fordville, Lanings Wharf, Mulfords Landing, New England Crossroads, Sea Breeze and Tindells Landing. The township has three primary population centers: Sea Breeze, Fairton (originally named Bumbridge) and Gouldtown, an old African American community from the segregation period. Fairfield Township borders the Cumberland County municipalities of Bridgeton, Deerfield Township, Greenwich Township, Hopewell Township, Lawrence Township, Millville and Upper Deerfield Township, along with the Delaware Bay. Demographics Census 2010 Fairfield Township had the highest percentage of Native Americans in any municipality in New Jersey, at 5.10% in the 2010 Census. The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $46,895 (with a margin of error of +/- $3,014) and the median family income was $55,286 (+/- $4,900). Males had a median income of $45,333 (+/- $4,287) versus $32,763 (+/- $2,703) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $20,619 (+/- $1,444). About 6.7% of families and 10.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.1% of those under age 18 and 4.3% of those age 65 or over. Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 6,283 people, 1,751 households, and 1,322 families residing in the township. The population density was 148.6 people per square mile (57.4/km2). There were 1,915 housing units at an average density of 45.3 per square mile (17.5/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 41.41% White, 47.43% African American, 5.08% Native American, 0.56% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 2.39% from other races, and 3.10% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.87% of the population. There were 1,751 households, out of which 28.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.7% were married couples living together, 18.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.5% were non-families. 20.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.78 and the average family size was 3.19. In the township the population was spread out, with 19.8% under the age of 18, 8.8% from 18 to 24, 36.4% from 25 to 44, 24.3% from 45 to 64, and 10.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 146.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 161.7 males. The median income for a household in the township was $37,891, and the median income for a family was $41,326. Males had a median income of $31,858 versus $23,931 for females. The per capita income for the township was $17,547. About 6.9% of families and 11.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.9% of those under age 18 and 7.8% of those age 65 or over. Government Local government Fairfield Township is governed under the Township form of New Jersey municipal government, one of 141 municipalities (of the 565) statewide that use this form, the second-most commonly used form of government in the state. The Township Committee is comprised of five members, who are elected directly by the voters at-large in partisan elections to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with either one or two seats coming up for election each year as part of the November general election in a three-year cycle. At an annual reorganization meeting, the Township Committee selects one of its members to serve as Mayor and another as Deputy Mayor, each serving a one-year term. , members of the Fairfield Township Committee are Mayor Benjamin Byrd Sr. (D, term on committee ends December 31, 2022; term as mayor ends 2020), Deputy Mayor Marvin Pierce Jr. (D, term on committee ends 2021; term as deputy mayor ends 2020), Tommy Clark Jr. (D, 2020), David F. Gonzalez (D, 2022) and Mark K. Pierce Sr. (D, 2021). JoAnne Servais was appointed to serve the unexpired term ending December 2014 of Dennis Pierce, who had resigned from office in June 2012 citing health issues. Federal, state and county representation Fairfield Township is located in the 2nd Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 1st state legislative district. Prior to the 2011 reapportionment following the 2010 Census, Fairfield Township had been in the 3rd state legislative district. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 3,639 registered voters in Fairfield Township, of which 1,603 (44.1%) were registered as Democrats, 409 (11.2%) were registered as Republicans and 1,627 (44.7%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were no voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 76.9% of the vote (1,830 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 22.4% (534 votes), and other candidates with 0.6% (15 votes), among the 2,405 ballots cast by the township's 3,739 registered voters (26 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 64.3%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 75.9% of the vote (1,860 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain, who received 22.3% (547 votes), with 2,451 ballots cast among the township's 3,707 registered voters, for a turnout of 66.1%. In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 68.7% of the vote (1,476 ballots cast), outpolling Republican George W. Bush, who received around 29.6% (636 votes), with 2,149 ballots cast among the township's 3,400 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 63.2. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Democrat Barbara Buono received 61.0% of the vote (774 cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 37.2% (472 votes), and other candidates with 1.7% (22 votes), among the 1,315 ballots cast by the township's 3,584 registered voters (47 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 36.7%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Democrat Jon Corzine received 65.% of the vote (925 ballots cast), ahead of both Republican Chris Christie with 27.2% (387 votes) and Independent Chris Daggett with 3.9% (56 votes), with 1,424 ballots cast among the township's 3,586 registered voters, yielding a 39.7% turnout. Education The Fairfield Township School District serves public school students in pre-kindergarten through eighth grade. The district opened the new Fairfield Township School in September 2006, consolidating all grades into a single building located at 375 Gouldtown-Woodruff Road in the Gouldtown section of the township. As of the 2019–20 school year, the district, comprised of one school, had an enrollment of 554 students and 54.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 10.3:1. Public school students in ninth through twelfth grades attend Cumberland Regional High School, which also serves students from Deerfield Township, Greenwich Township, Hopewell Township, Shiloh Borough, Stow Creek Township and Upper Deerfield Township. As of the 2019–20 school year, the high school had an enrollment of 998 students and 78.3 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.7:1. The high school district has a nine-member board of education, with board seats allocated to the constituent municipalities based on population, with each municipality assigned a minimum of one seat; Deerfield Township has one seat on the board. Students are also eligible to attend Cumberland County Technology Education Center in Vineland, serving students from the entire county in its full-time technical training programs, which are offered without charge to students who are county residents. Transportation Roads and highways , the township had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Cumberland County and by the New Jersey Department of Transportation. New Jersey Route 49 is the main highway serving Fairfield Township. County Route 553 also traverses the township. Public transportation NJ Transit offers service on the 553 route between Upper Deerfield Township and Atlantic City. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Fairfield Township include: Nathaniel Clark Burt (1825-1874), Presbyterian clergyman. Harold Gould (1924-2012), baseball pitcher with the Philadelphia Stars in the Negro leagues from 1947 to 1948. John T. Nixon (1820–1889), represented New Jersey's 1st congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1859 to 1863. Theophilus Gould Steward (1843-1924), author, educator, and clergyman, who was a U.S. Army chaplain and Buffalo Soldier of 25th U.S. Colored Infantry. References External links Fairfield Township web site Cumberland County web page for Fairfield Township Fairfield Township School District Cumberland County web page for the Fairfield Township School District School Data for the Fairfield Township School District, National Center for Education Statistics Cumberland Regional High School 1697 establishments in New Jersey Populated places established in 1697 Township form of New Jersey government Townships in Cumberland County, New Jersey	[ -0.835066020488739, 0.1993323117494583, -0.6488192081451416, 0.3444136679172516, 0.7171425819396973, 0.13733084499835968, 0.7171807289123535, 0.14593563973903656, 0.0832047164440155, -0.7442541718482971, -0.4179646074771881, 0.3264906704425812, -0.06928727775812149, -0.06348702311515808, -1.5363774299621582, 0.5243992805480957, 0.30286431312561035, 0.5836368203163147, 0.03981903940439224, -0.7817702889442444, -0.555589497089386, -0.48124822974205017, 0.3509717881679535, 0.9052808880805969, 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125140	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairton%2C%20New%20Jersey	Fairton, New Jersey	Fairton is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) located within Fairfield Township, in Cumberland County, New Jersey, United States. It is part of the Vineland-Millville-Bridgeton Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area for statistical purposes. As of the 2010 United States Census, the CDP's population was 1,264. History This area was occupied historically by the Lenape and Nanticoke peoples, both part of the Algonquian languages family of the Atlantic coast. Their territory was encroached on by European-American settlers from colonial times. The first industry in Fairfield was a mill, established by English settler Samuel Fithian. He owned part of the Grist Mill on Forke Creek before 1702. No information has been discovered on the other owners, but the shares were probably held in common. At some time before 1763, the owners moved the mill dam to near Clarks Pond Road. The mill was owned by David Clark from 1759 to 1843. In the 1810s, a pork and beef business was the principal industry in this area. In the center of town was a busy public wharf, from which were shipped vegetables, fish and lumber to large city markets. Fairton was also active in the boat-building industry; between 1850 and 1897, its yards built three sloops. In 1978, the indigenous peoples based in Cumberland County reorganized as the Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape Tribal Nation. Their cultural center is based in Fairton, and their tribal headquarters in Bridgeton. The tribe said that in 2016 they had 3,000 enrolled members, whose membership is based on documented descent from core families and blood quantum. The tribe has not obtained federal recognition. They contend that a state resolution recognized them, but in March 2016 a state court of New Jersey said that the state has not officially recognized any American Indian tribe in its territory and had no process to do so. Tribal members have lived for centuries in Cumberland and Salem counties in present-day New Jersey. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP had a total area of 2.988 square miles (7.739 km2), including 2.860 square miles (7.407 km2) of land and 0.128 square mile (0.332 km2) of water (4.29%). Demographics Census 2010 Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 2,253 people, 474 households, and 334 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 308.5/km2 (798.7/mi2). There were 511 housing units at an average density of 70.0/km2 (181.1/mi2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 61.43% White, 33.38% African American, 2.35% Native American, 1.20% Asian, 0.18% from other races, and 1.46% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11.54% of the population. There were 474 households, out of which 26.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.0% were married couples living together, 11.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.5% were non-families. 24.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 2.92. In the CDP the population was spread out, with 11.5% under the age of 18, 9.0% from 18 to 24, 48.0% from 25 to 44, 23.3% from 45 to 64, and 8.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 265.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 313.9 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $37,962, and the median income for a family was $41,000. Males had a median income of $30,750 versus $25,326 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $20,005. About 3.1% of families and 5.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.6% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Fairton include: Nathaniel Clark Burt (1825–1874), Presbyterian clergyman. John T. Nixon (1820–1889), represented New Jersey's 1st congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1859 to 1863. 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125141	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich%20Township%2C%20Cumberland%20County%2C%20New%20Jersey	Greenwich Township, Cumberland County, New Jersey	Greenwich Township () is the westernmost township in Cumberland County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the township's population was 804, reflecting a decline of 43 (-5.1%) from the 847 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn declined by 64 (-7.0%) from the 911 counted in the 1990 Census. It is part of the Vineland-Millville- Bridgeton Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area for statistical purposes. History Greenwich Township was first formed as a precinct on January 19, 1748, and was incorporated by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 21, 1798, as one of New Jersey's initial group of 104 townships. Portions of Hopewell Township and Stow Creek Township were annexed in 1845. The township was named for Greenwich, England. In 1774, during the run-up to the American Revolutionary War, the small community on the Cohansey River was the site of the Greenwich Tea Party, in which a load of tea meant to be sent overland into Philadelphia, Pennsylvania was torched in the night. After the Revolutionary War, the pronunciation of the town was changed to Green-witch to differentiate itself from its English namesake. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 18.75 square miles (48.55 km2), including 17.77 square miles (46.03 km2) of land and 0.97 square miles (2.52 km2) of water (5.19%). The township borders the municipalities of Fairfield Township, Hopewell Township and Stow Creek Township in Cumberland County; and Lower Alloways Creek Township in Salem County and the Delaware Bay. Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Bacons Neck, Bayside, Caviar, Davis Mills, Greenwich, Othello, Sheppards Mill, Springtown and Stathams Neck. Demographics Census 2010 The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $55,833 (with a margin of error of +/- $17,252) and the median family income was $80,000 (+/- $16,466). Males had a median income of $55,938 (+/- $11,759) versus $55,833 (+/- $25,039) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $31,044 (+/- $4,936). About 5.3% of families and 9.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.5% of those under age 18 and 6.5% of those age 65 or over. Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 847 people, 326 households, and 245 families residing in the township. The population density was 46.6 people per square mile (18.0/km2). There were 361 housing units at an average density of 19.9 per square mile (7.7/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 89.96% White, 5.08% African American, 2.60% Native American, 0.24% Asian, 0.12% from other races, and 2.01% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.53% of the population. There were 326 households, out of which 27.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.0% were married couples living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.8% were non-families. 21.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.05. In the township the population was spread out, with 22.0% under the age of 18, 7.0% from 18 to 24, 23.0% from 25 to 44, 33.2% from 45 to 64, and 14.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.1 males. The median income for a household in the township was $52,188, and the median income for a family was $56,111. Males had a median income of $43,214 versus $30,208 for females. The per capita income for the township was $22,233. About 6.1% of families and 8.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.7% of those under age 18 and 17.1% of those age 65 or over. Government Local government Greenwich Township is governed under the Township form of New Jersey municipal government, one of 141 municipalities (of the 565) statewide that use this form, the second-most commonly used form of government in the state. The governing body is comprised of a three-member Township Committee, whose members are elected directly by the voters at-large in partisan elections to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with one seat coming up for election each year as part of the November general election in a three-year cycle. At an annual reorganization meeting, the Township Committee selects one of its members to serve as Mayor and another to serve as Deputy Mayor. , members of the Greenwich Township Committee are Mayor William C. "Bill" Reinhart (D, term on committee ends December 31, 2023; term as mayor ends 2021), Deputy Mayor Daniel J. Orr (D, term on committee ends 2022; term as deputy mayor ends 2021) and Mark Werley (D, 2021). In January 2013, Dan Orr was selected by the Township Council from among three candidates offered by the Democratic municipal committee to serve the unexpired term of Bill Kiefer, who resigned from office earlier that month. In 2018, the township had an average property tax bill of $6,372, the highest in the county, compared to an average bill of $8,767 statewide. Federal, state and county representation Greenwich Township is located in the 2nd Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 1st state legislative district. Prior to the 2011 reapportionment following the 2010 Census, Greenwich Township had been in the 3rd state legislative district. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 590 registered voters in Greenwich Township, of which 172 (29.2%) were registered as Democrats, 176 (29.8%) were registered as Republicans and 242 (41.0%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were no voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 51.5% of the vote (229 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 45.6% (203 votes), and other candidates with 2.9% (13 votes), among the 449 ballots cast by the township's 620 registered voters (4 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 72.4%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 50.4% of the vote (227 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain, who received 48.0% (216 votes), with 450 ballots cast among the township's 605 registered voters, for a turnout of 74.4%. In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 50.3% of the vote (233 ballots cast), outpolling Democrat John Kerry, who received around 48.4% (224 votes), with 463 ballots cast among the township's 600 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 77.2. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 64.9% of the vote (237 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 34.0% (124 votes), and other candidates with 1.1% (4 votes), among the 372 ballots cast by the township's 589 registered voters (7 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 63.2%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 44.7% of the vote (153 ballots cast), ahead of both Democrat Jon Corzine with 43.6% (149 votes) and Independent Chris Daggett with 7.0% (24 votes), with 342 ballots cast among the township's 583 registered voters, yielding a 58.7% turnout. Education The Greenwich Township School District serves public school students in kindergarten through eighth grade at Morris Goodwin School. As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of one school, had an enrollment of 61 students and 14.6 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 4.2:1. In the 2016–17 school year, it had 62 students, the second-smallest enrollment of any school district in the state. Under the terms of the Greenwich - Stow Creek Partnership established in 2009 with the Stow Creek School District in Stow Creek Township, New Jersey, students from both townships attend Morris Goodwin School for grades K-4 and Stow Creek School for grades 5–8. Public school students in ninth through twelfth grades attend Cumberland Regional High School, which also serves students from Deerfield Township, Fairfield Township, Hopewell Township, Shiloh Borough, Stow Creek Township and Upper Deerfield Township. As of the 2018–19 school year, the high school had an enrollment of 1,043 students and 78.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 13.3:1. Seats on the high school district's nine-member board of education are allocated to the constituent municipalities based on population, with each municipality assigned a minimum of one seat; Greenwich Township has one seat on the board. Students are also eligible to attend Cumberland County Technology Education Center in Vineland, serving students from the entire county in its full-time technical training programs, which are offered without charge to students who are county residents. Transportation , the township had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality and by Cumberland County. No Interstate, U.S., state or significant county highways serve Greenwich Township. The only numbered routes are minor county roads such as County Route 620. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Greenwich Township include: Philip Vickers Fithian (1747–1776), peripatetic tutor, best known for his journals and letters of 1773 to 1774 when he tutored at a Virginia plantation. Robert Patterson (1743-1824), educator and director of the United States Mint. Roland Renne (1905-1989), professor of agricultural economics who served as President of Montana State College from 1943 to 1964. References External links Greenwich Township website Cumberland County web page for Greenwich Township Morris Goodwin School Data for Greenwich Township School District, National Center for Education Statistics Cumberland Regional High School 1748 establishments in New Jersey Populated places established in 1748 Township form of New Jersey government Townships in Cumberland County, New Jersey	[ -1.133623480796814, 0.05326548591256142, -0.17587673664093018, 0.22518327832221985, 0.8333118557929993, -0.05080590397119522, 0.20624469220638275, 0.051122989505529404, 0.11915656179189682, -0.5190936326980591, -0.6321614980697632, 0.0676761344075203, -0.011372074484825134, 0.07936307042837143, -1.3430489301681519, 0.8020557761192322, 0.5048201680183411, 0.4492602050304413, 0.05004366114735603, -0.8704200387001038, -0.6645580530166626, -0.7913383841514587, -0.17887037992477417, 0.6225195527076721, 0.28793570399284363, -0.0595092847943306, 0.8291864395141602, -0.020953020080924034, 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125142	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopewell%20Township%2C%20Cumberland%20County%2C%20New%20Jersey	Hopewell Township, Cumberland County, New Jersey	Hopewell Township is a township in Cumberland County, New Jersey, in the United States. It is part of the Vineland-Millville- Bridgeton Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area for statistical purposes. As of the 2010 United States Census, the township's population was 4,571, reflecting an increase of 137 (+3.1%) from the 4,434 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 219 (+5.2%) from the 4,215 counted in the 1990 Census. Hopewell Township was first formed as a precinct on January 19, 1748, and was incorporated by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 21, 1798, as one of New Jersey's initial group of 104 townships. Portions of the township have been taken to form Columbia Township (March 12, 1844, returned to Hopewell Township on March 11, 1845), Cohansey Township (March 6, 1848) and Shiloh borough (April 9, 1929). Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 30.87 square miles (79.96 km2), including 29.89 square miles (77.42 km2) of land and 0.98 square miles (2.54 km2) of water (3.18%). Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Bowentown, Cohansey, Dutch Neck, Harmony, Irlands Mills, Lakeside-Beebe Run, Mary Elmer Lake, Roadstown, and West Park. The township borders the municipalities of Bridgeton, Fairfield Township, Greenwich Township, Shiloh, Stow Creek Township and Upper Deerfield Township in Cumberland County; and Alloway Township in Salem County. Mary Elmer Lake is a reservoir on the Cohansey River in Hopewell Township and Bridgeton that covers and is used for water-supply and recreation purposes. Sunset Lake is a reservoir in Hopewell Township and Upper Deerfield Township covering that was created by damming a stream that feeds to the area from above Seeley Lake and a stream that feeds into the lake from nearby Mary Elmer Lake. Demographics Census 2010 The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $63,059 (with a margin of error of +/- $7,372) and the median family income was $72,520 (+/- $6,301). Males had a median income of $44,688 (+/- $5,244) versus $46,793 (+/- $8,187) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $27,355 (+/- $2,361). About 0.9% of families and 3.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.7% of those under age 18 and 5.1% of those age 65 or over. Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 4,434 people, 1,628 households, and 1,206 families residing in the township. The population density was 148.3 people per square mile (57.3/km2). There were 1,683 housing units at an average density of 56.3 per square mile (21.7/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 87.10% White, 6.90% African American, 2.32% Native American, 0.56% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 1.44% from other races, and 1.65% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.59% of the population. There were 1,628 households, out of which 30.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.6% were married couples living together, 9.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.9% were non-families. 22.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.58 and the average family size was 3.03. In the township the population was spread out, with 22.6% under the age of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 24.5% from 25 to 44, 25.6% from 45 to 64, and 20.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.0 males. The median income for a household in the township was $49,767, and the median income for a family was $59,675. Males had a median income of $40,774 versus $30,402 for females. The per capita income for the township was $22,783. About 3.8% of families and 6.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.3% of those under age 18 and 17.7% of those age 65 or over. Government Local government Hopewell Township is governed under the Township form of New Jersey municipal government, one of 141 municipalities (of the 565) statewide that use this form, the second-most commonly used form of government in the state. The Township Committee is comprised of five members, who are elected directly by the voters at-large in partisan elections to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with either one or two seats coming up for election each year as part of the November general election in a three-year cycle. At an annual reorganization meeting, the Township Committee selects one of its members to serve as Mayor and another as Deputy Mayor. , members of the Hopewell Township Committee are Mayor Bruce R. Hankins (R, term on committee and as mayor ends December 31, 2020), Deputy Mayor Paul J. Ritter III (R, term on committee and as deputy mayor ends 2020), Gregory J. Facemyer (R, 2022), Roberta S. "Robin" Freitag (R, 2021) and Joseph C. Shoemaker Jr. (R, 2021). Federal, state and county representation Hopewell Township is located in the 2nd Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 1st state legislative district. Prior to the 2011 reapportionment following the 2010 Census, Hopewell Township had been in the 3rd state legislative district. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 3,133 registered voters in Hopewell Township, of which 786 (25.1%) were registered as Democrats, 805 (25.7%) were registered as Republicans and 1,538 (49.1%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 4 voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Republican Mitt Romney received 57.6% of the vote (1,188 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 41.5% (856 votes), and other candidates with 0.9% (18 votes), among the 2,086 ballots cast by the township's 3,193 registered voters (24 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 65.3%. In the 2008 presidential election, Republican John McCain received 55.8% of the vote (1,248 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama, who received 40.9% (913 votes), with 2,235 ballots cast among the township's 3,125 registered voters, for a turnout of 71.5%. In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 59.4% of the vote (1,265 ballots cast), outpolling Democrat John Kerry, who received around 38.9% (828 votes), with 2,130 ballots cast among the township's 2,886 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 73.8. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 65.4% of the vote (873 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 33.1% (442 votes), and other candidates with 1.4% (19 votes), among the 1,350 ballots cast by the township's 3,099 registered voters (16 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 43.6%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 52.9% of the vote (779 ballots cast), ahead of both Democrat Jon Corzine with 38.2% (563 votes) and Independent Chris Daggett with 5.5% (81 votes), with 1,472 ballots cast among the township's 3,095 registered voters, yielding a 47.6% turnout. Education The Hopewell Township School District serves public school students in kindergarten through eighth grade at Hopewell Crest School. As of the 2017–18 school year, the district, comprised of one school, had an enrollment of 484 students and 35.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 14.8:1. The Shiloh School was closed after the end of the 2006–07 school year, and all students from Shiloh are being sent to the Hopewell Crest School as part of a sending/receiving relationship, accounting for nearly 10% of the Hopewell district's enrollment. Public school students in ninth through twelfth grades attend Cumberland Regional High School, which also serves students from Deerfield Township, Fairfield Township, Greenwich Township, Shiloh Borough, Stow Creek Township and Upper Deerfield Township. As of the 2017–18 school year, the high school had an enrollment of 1,127 students and 78.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 14.4:1. The high school district has a nine-member board of education, with board seats allocated to the constituent municipalities based on population, with each municipality assigned a minimum of one seat; Hopewell Township has one seat on the board. Students are also eligible to attend Cumberland County Technology Education Center in Vineland, serving students from the entire county in its full-time technical training programs, which are offered without charge to students who are county residents. Transportation , the township had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Cumberland County and by the New Jersey Department of Transportation. New Jersey Route 49 is the main highway providing access to Hopewell Township. County Route 540 also traverses the northern portion of the township. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Hopewell Township include: Bloomfield H. Minch (1864–1929), President of the New Jersey Senate H. Boyd Woodruff (1917-2017), soil microbiologist who discovered actinomycin and developed industrial production by fermentation of many natural products, including cyanocobalamin (a synthetic form of Vitamin B12), the avermectins and other important antibiotics. References External links Hopewell Township website Cumberland County web page for Hopewell Township Hopewell Crest School School Data for the Hopewell Crest School, National Center for Education Statistics Cumberland Regional High School 1748 establishments in New Jersey Populated places established in 1748 Township form of New Jersey government Townships in Cumberland County, New Jersey	[ -0.9687574505805969, 0.18196846544742584, -0.5410826802253723, 0.490398108959198, 1.1050056219100952, 0.05750128999352455, 0.8957606554031372, 0.44375696778297424, 0.32928574085235596, -0.836832582950592, -0.6650193929672241, 0.2191682755947113, -0.423434853553772, 0.09631133824586868, -1.4065825939178467, 0.6736226081848145, 0.33026668429374695, 0.9502372741699219, 0.532183825969696, -0.7683032751083374, -0.6405687928199768, -0.46204760670661926, 0.1711360663175583, 0.9062812924385071, 0.04844192415475845, -0.339891254901886, 1.1229771375656128, -0.03340034931898117, 0.15347899496555328, 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125143	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel%20Lake%2C%20New%20Jersey	Laurel Lake, New Jersey	Laurel Lake is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) located within Commercial Township, in Cumberland County, New Jersey, United States. It is part of the Vineland-Millville-Bridgeton Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area for statistical purposes. As of the 2010 United States Census, the CDP's population was 2,989. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP had a total area of 1.863 square miles (4.827 km2), including 1.740 square miles (4.508 km2) of land and 0.123 square miles (0.319 km2) of water (6.61%). Demographics Census 2010 Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 2,929 people, 1,078 households, and 767 families living in the CDP. The population density was 642.6/km2 (1,663.3/mi2). There were 1,240 housing units at an average density of 272.0/km2 (704.1/mi2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 95.05% White, 1.74% African American, 0.41% Native American, 0.14% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.82% from other races, and 1.81% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.30% of the population. There were 1,078 households, out of which 37.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.3% were married couples living together, 16.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.8% were non-families. 22.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.72 and the average family size was 3.13. In the CDP the population was spread out, with 28.8% under the age of 18, 10.1% from 18 to 24, 30.5% from 25 to 44, 19.7% from 45 to 64, and 10.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.6 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $32,041, and the median income for a family was $32,432. Males had a median income of $33,299 versus $21,048 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $12,965. About 15.7% of families and 17.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.8% of those under age 18 and 19.6% of those age 65 or over. 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125144	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence%20Township%2C%20Cumberland%20County%2C%20New%20Jersey	Lawrence Township, Cumberland County, New Jersey	Lawrence Township is a township in Cumberland County, New Jersey, United States. It is part of the Vineland-Millville-Bridgeton Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area for statistical purposes. As of the 2010 United States Census, the township's population was 3,290, reflecting an increase of 569 (+20.9%) from the 2,721 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 288 (+11.8%) from the 2,433 counted in the 1990 Census. Lawrence Township was incorporated as a township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 17, 1885, from portions of Fairfield Township. The township was named in honor of Captain James Lawrence — commander of the frigate and one of the naval heroes of the War of 1812 — best known for his dying command of "Don't Give up the Ship". Lawrence Township is a dry township, where alcohol cannot be sold. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 38.39 square miles (99.43 km2), including 36.92 square miles (95.63 km2) of land and 1.47 square miles (3.80 km2) of water (3.82%). Cedarville (2010 population of 776) and Centre Grove are unincorporated communities and census-designated places (CDP) located Lawrence Township. Other unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Jones Island, Lummis Mill, Lummistown and Sayres Neck. The township borders the Cumberland County municipalities of Downe Township, Fairfield Township, Millville, and the Delaware Bay. Demographics Census 2010 The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $70,948 (with a margin of error of +/- $4,480) and the median family income was $72,014 (+/- $2,843). Males had a median income of $55,208 (+/- $6,323) versus $30,382 (+/- $5,144) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $27,934 (+/- $3,545). About 5.2% of families and 6.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.1% of those under age 18 and 8.6% of those age 65 or over. Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 2,721 people, 920 households, and 712 families residing in the township. The population density was 72.6 people per square mile (28.0/km2). There were 1,023 housing units at an average density of 27.3 per square mile (10.5/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 81.88% White, 10.40% African American, 1.07% Native American, 0.26% Asian, 0.18% Pacific Islander, 3.42% from other races, and 2.79% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.02% of the population. There were 920 households, out of which 38.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.8% were married couples living together, 11.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.6% were non-families. 17.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.90 and the average family size was 3.27. In the township the population was spread out, with 28.5% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 30.9% from 25 to 44, 23.3% from 45 to 64, and 10.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.2 males. The median income for a household in the township was $46,083, and the median income for a family was $48,456. Males had a median income of $36,891 versus $22,188 for females. The per capita income for the township was $17,654. About 6.2% of families and 8.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.3% of those under age 18 and 7.3% of those age 65 or over. Government Local government Lawrence Township is governed under the Township form of New Jersey municipal government, one of 141 municipalities (of the 565) statewide that use this form, the second-most commonly used form of government in the state. The governing body is comprised of a three-member Township Committee, whose members are elected directly by the voters at-large in partisan elections to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with one seat coming up for election each year as part of the November general election in a three-year cycle. At an annual reorganization meeting, the Township Committee selects one of its members to serve as Mayor and another as Deputy Mayor. , members of the Lawrence Township Council are Mayor G. Erwin Sheppard (R, term on committee ends December 31, 2022; term as mayor ends 2020), Deputy Mayor Elmer "Skip" Bowman (R, term on committee and as deputy mayor ends 2020) and Joseph A. Miletta Jr. (D, 2021). The New Jersey State Police provides police protection in Lawrence Township from the Troop A barracks located in Port Norris. Federal, state and county representation Lawrence Township is located in the 2nd Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 1st state legislative district. Prior to the 2011 reapportionment following the 2010 Census, Lawrence Township had been in the 3rd state legislative district. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 1,917 registered voters in Lawrence Township, of which 584 (30.5%) were registered as Democrats, 364 (19.0%) were registered as Republicans and 969 (50.5%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were no voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Republican Mitt Romney received 52.6% of the vote (618 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 45.9% (539 votes), and other candidates with 1.4% (17 votes), among the 1,187 ballots cast by the township's 1,972 registered voters (13 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 60.2%. In the 2008 presidential election, Republican John McCain received 48.8% of the vote (613 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama, who received 48.3% (607 votes), with 1,256 ballots cast among the township's 1,894 registered voters, for a turnout of 66.3%. In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 51.8% of the vote (586 ballots cast), outpolling Democrat John Kerry, who received 45.7% (517 votes), with 1,131 ballots cast among the township's 1,683 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 67.2. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 68.7% of the vote (450 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 30.1% (197 votes), and other candidates with 1.2% (8 votes), among the 663 ballots cast by the township's 1,902 registered voters (8 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 34.9%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 46.9% of the vote (353 ballots cast), ahead of both Democrat Jon Corzine with 40.7% (306 votes) and Independent Chris Daggett with 7.3% (55 votes), with 752 ballots cast among the township's 1,865 registered voters, yielding a 40.3% turnout. Education The Lawrence Township School District serves public school students in pre-kindergarten through eighth grade at Myron L. Powell School. As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of one school, had an enrollment of 507 students and 42.4 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.0:1. For ninth through twelfth grades, public school students in Lawrence Township are assigned to one of two school districts based on the location of their residence. Students attend high school either in Bridgeton or Millville, based on sending/receiving relationships with the respective school districts, the Bridgeton Public Schools and the Millville Public Schools. Students sent to Bridgeton attend Bridgeton High School. Students sent to Millville join students from Commercial Township, Maurice River Township and Woodbine and attend Memorial High School for ninth grade and half of the tenth grade and Millville Senior High School for half of the tenth grade through the twelfth grade. Students are also eligible to attend Cumberland County Technology Education Center in Vineland, serving students from the entire county in its full-time technical training programs, which are offered without charge to students who are county residents. Transportation , the township had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality and by Cumberland County. County Route 553 is the most significant roadway serving Lawrence Township. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Lawrence Township include: Ephraim Bateman (1780–1829), represented New Jersey in the United States Senate from 1826 to 1829 and in the United States House of Representatives from 1815 to 1823. John Davis (died 1863), United States Navy sailor in the American Civil War who received the Medal of Honor for his action aboard the . Ebenezer Elmer (1752–1843), physician and politician who represented New Jersey in the House of Representatives from 1801 to 1807. Jonathan Elmer (1745–1817), politician who represented New Jersey in the United States Senate from 1789 to 1791. Benjamin Franklin Howell (1844–1933), represented New Jersey's 3rd congressional district from 1895 to 1911. Samuel Alexander Kinnier Wilson (1878–1937), neurologist who described hepatolenticular degeneration, a copper metabolism disorder affecting the liver and central nervous system, that would later be called Wilson's disease. 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125145	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice%20River%20Township%2C%20New%20Jersey	Maurice River Township, New Jersey	Maurice River Township () is the easternmost township in Cumberland County, New Jersey, United States. It is part of the Vineland-Millville- Bridgeton Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area for statistical purposes. As of the 2010 United States Census, the township's population was 7,976, reflecting an increase of 1,048 (+15.1%) from the 6,928 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 280 (+4.2%) from the 6,648 counted in the 1990 Census. Maurice River Township was first formed as a precinct on January 19, 1748, and was incorporated by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 21, 1798, as one of New Jersey's initial group of 104 townships. Portions of the township were taken to form Millville on March 1, 1866. The township derives its name from Maurice, Prince of Orange. It is a dry town where alcohol cannot be sold. History Originally called Wahatquenak by the local Lenni Lenape Native Americans, the Maurice River is said to be named for a local legend, in which a Dutch ship on the river, the Prince Maurice, was sunk by the local Native Americans in 1657. The land was surveyed by John Worledge and Thomas Budd, and the community of Dorchester was laid out. It was not until 1798 on that the township itself was established. Port Elizabeth was established as a port of delivery by an Act of Congress in 1789, and trade was done directly with the West Indies until the 1830s, when trading was done more with Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and New York City. Dorchester and Leesburg were known for shipbuilding industry, and the A.J. Meerwald (the State Ship of New Jersey) was built in the shipyards of Dorchester. The settlement of Heislerville and its surroundings were known for their oystering industry until around 1957, when a parasitic disease called MSX crippled the oyster population of the river. The oystering industry has not recovered since. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, Maurice River township had a total area of 95.90 square miles (248.38 km2), including 93.17 square miles (241.30 km2) of land and 2.73 square miles (7.08 km2) of water (2.85%). Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Bennetts Mill, Bricksboro, Cannon Range, Cumberland, Delmont, Dorchester, East Point, Fries Mill, Halberton, Hands Mill, Heislerville, Hesstown, Hoffmans Mill, Hunters Mill, Jones Mill, Leesburg, Manumuskin, Menhaden, Moores Beach, Ormond, Port Elizabeth, Thompsons Beach, Wall Pond, and some portions of Belleplain and Milmay. The township government is based in the community of Leesburg in the municipal complex. Maurice River Township is mostly rural in character and some of the land is covered by extensive forests of the Pine Barrens. Maurice River Township borders the municipalities of Commercial Township, Millville and Vineland in Cumberland County; Buena Vista Township, Estell Manor and Weymouth Township in Atlantic County; and Dennis Township and Upper Township in Cape May County. Demographics Census 2010 The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $69,419 (with a margin of error of +/- $9,253) and the median family income was $78,713 (+/- $7,665). Males had a median income of $54,893 (+/- $8,742) versus $33,712 (+/- $6,439) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $15,705 (+/- $1,946). About 9.5% of families and 9.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.8% of those under age 18 and 6.9% of those age 65 or over. Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 6,928 people, 1,332 households, and 1,012 families residing in the township. The population density was 74.2 people per square mile (28.6/km2). There were 1,461 housing units at an average density of 15.6 per square mile (6.0/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 98.63% White, 3.98% African American, 0.78% Native American, 0.27% Asian, 11.1% Pacific Islander, 9.43% from other races, and 2.89% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.15% of the population. There were 1,332 households, out of which 31.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.1% were married couples living together, 10.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.0% were non-families. 19.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.03. In the township the population was spread out, with 12.9% under the age of 18, 5.3% from 18 to 24, 55.1% from 25 to 44, 20.3% from 45 to 64, and 6.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 277.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 343.8 males. The median income for a household in the township was $43,182, and the median income for a family was $46,987. Males had a median income of $37,901 versus $27,928 for females. The per capita income for the township was $17,141. About 6.4% of families and 8.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.3% of those under age 18 and 6.9% of those age 65 or over. Parks and recreation In 1993, the Maurice River and its tributaries were designated as the Maurice National Scenic and Recreational River by the Congress. Acres of unspoiled forest and waterways allow residents to enjoy outdoor activities year-round. With an abundance of forests and marshlands, numerous state wildlife refuges in the area are frequented by locals for hunting, fishing, bird-watching, hiking and boating. The preservation of the unique ecosystem of the Maurice River watershed has become an important issue for some residents. One group, Citizens United to Protect the Maurice River and Its Tributaries, Inc. was formed in 1979 to provide education and organize preservation efforts. Government Local government Maurice River Township is governed under the Township form of New Jersey municipal government, one of 141 municipalities (of the 565) statewide that use this form, the second-most commonly used form of government in the state. The governing body is comprised of a three-member Township Committee, whose members are elected directly by the voters at-large in partisan elections to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with one seat coming up for election each year as part of the November general election in a three-year cycle. At an annual reorganization meeting, the Township Committee selects one of its members to serve as Mayor. , members of the Maurice River Township Committee are Mayor Ken Whildin (D, term on committee and as mayor ends December 31, 2022), Deputy Mayor William Ashton (R, term as committee member ends 2024; term as deputy mayor ends 2022)and Joseph Sterling (R, 2023). Federal, state and county representation Maurice River Township is located in the 2nd Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 1st state legislative district. State facilities Two New Jersey Department of Corrections prisons, the Bayside State Prison and the Southern State Correctional Facility are located in the township. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 2,329 registered voters in Maurice River Township, of which 574 (24.6%) were registered as Democrats, 595 (25.5%) were registered as Republicans and 1,157 (49.7%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 3 voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Republican Mitt Romney received 55.5% of the vote (810 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 42.9% (627 votes), and other candidates with 1.6% (23 votes), among the 1,482 ballots cast by the township's 2,394 registered voters (22 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 61.9%. In the 2008 presidential election, Republican John McCain received 56.3% of the vote (906 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama, who received 39.9% (642 votes), with 1,610 ballots cast among the township's 2,355 registered voters, for a turnout of 68.4%. In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 57.7% of the vote (889 ballots cast), outpolling Democrat John Kerry, who received 39.8% (614 votes), with 1,541 ballots cast among the township's 2,322 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 66.4. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 67.4% of the vote (621 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 30.3% (279 votes), and other candidates with 2.3% (21 votes), among the 952 ballots cast by the township's 2,225 registered voters (31 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 42.8%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 46.0% of the vote (533 ballots cast), ahead of both Democrat Jon Corzine with 40.3% (467 votes) and Independent Chris Daggett with 8.1% (94 votes), with 1,158 ballots cast among the township's 2,335 registered voters, yielding a 49.6% turnout. Education The Maurice River Township School District serves public school students in pre-kindergarten through eighth grade at Maurice River Township Elementary School. As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of one school, had an enrollment of 406 students and 34.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.9:1. In the 2007–08 school year, Maurice River Township Elementary School was one of three schools statewide to be designated as a "School to Watch" by the New Jersey Department of Education. Despite this honor, it was one of several schools targeted for closure as part of a plan by the NJ Department of Education that would close and consolidate small school districts within a three-year period. Students at Maurice River Township Elementary School would have been bused to a larger regional school within Cumberland County. By May 2010, the plan had been shelved in the face of inadequate funding to implement the proposal. Students in ninth through twelfth grades for public school attend high school in Millville together with students from Commercial Township, Lawrence Township and Woodbine, as part of a sending/receiving relationship with the Millville Public Schools. Students attend Memorial High School for grades 9 and half of 10th with 701 students and Millville Senior High School for grades 10–12 with 1,107 students. Students are also eligible to attend Cumberland County Technology Education Center in Vineland, serving students from the entire county in its full-time technical training programs, which are offered without charge to students who are county residents. Transportation Roads and highways Maurice River Township is located about a one-hour drive from both Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and Atlantic City. , the township had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Cumberland County and by the New Jersey Department of Transportation. Major roads that pass through include Route 47, Route 49 and Route 55 (a limited access road) and Route 347. Also, County Routes 548, 550 and 552 all pass through. Public transportation NJ Transit offers service on the 313 route between Cape May and Philadelphia. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Maurice River Township include: Merritt Gant (born 1971), former guitarist of heavy metal bands Overkill and Faith or Fear. Mike Lafferty (born 1975) Enduro motorcycle champion. Andy Lapihuska (1922–1996), MLB pitcher who played for the Philadelphia Phillies. Thomas Lee (1780–1856), represented New Jersey at large in the United States House of Representatives from 1833 to 1837. References External links Maurice River Township website Cumberland County webpage for Maurice River Township Maurice River Township School School Data for the Maurice River Township School District, National Center for Education Statistics - More on MSX disease 1748 establishments in New Jersey Populated places in the Pine Barrens (New Jersey) Populated places established in 1748 Township form of New Jersey government Townships in Cumberland County, New Jersey	[ -1.1484979391098022, 0.17921897768974304, -0.35758137702941895, 0.33734917640686035, -0.02852402999997139, 0.3793871998786926, 0.9325156211853027, 0.09076206386089325, -0.05127483978867531, -0.7646171450614929, -0.30046510696411133, 0.38393455743789673, 0.11888767033815384, 0.04841926321387291, -0.7571706771850586, 0.9054825901985168, 0.021694732829928398, 0.761513888835907, 0.19565623998641968, -0.959013044834137, -0.5744932889938354, -0.0439978688955307, -0.18211062252521515, 0.5463945269584656, 0.1865578293800354, 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125146	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millville%2C%20New%20Jersey	Millville, New Jersey	Millville is a city in Cumberland County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the city's population was 28,400, reflecting an increase of 1,553 (+5.8%) from the 26,847 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 855 (+3.3%) from the 25,992 counted in the 1990 Census. Millville, Bridgeton and Vineland are the three principal New Jersey cities of the Vineland-Millville-Bridgeton Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area which encompasses those cities and all of Cumberland County for statistical purposes. Millville was originally incorporated as a township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 24, 1801, from portions of Fairfield Township. Portions of the township were taken to form Landis Township on March 7, 1864. Millville was reincorporated as a city on March 1, 1866, based on the results of a referendum passed that same day. The city derives its name from a proposal to create a mill town in the area. History Around 1720, a sawmill was believed to have existed at Leaming's Mill, known as "Shingle Landing" in its earliest days. The area also had a public road, a boat landing, and a bridge-like structure. In 1790, Joseph Smith and Henry Drinker purchased of land known as the Union Mills Tract. They formed the Union Estates Company, built lumber mills along the Maurice River and established a dam to power these new mills. Joseph Buck, an American Revolutionary War veteran who served under General George Washington, was part of a group that purchased the land in the area in 1795 and laid out the plans for what would become Millville. In 1806, an Irish immigrant, James Lee, opened the area's first glass factory, making use of the large amounts of silica sand and the ample wood that could be used to operate the plant. In the early 1850s, the Smith and Wood Iron Foundry and New Jersey Mills were constructed. In 1860, a bleachery and dye house were added to New Jersey Mills, which then became Millville Manufacturing. David Wood then constructed a dam, forming the largest man-made lake in the state, which powered the entire manufacturing organization. By 1870, the mill had 600 employees, and in 40 years this number doubled. In 1862, Charles K. Landis laid out the city of Vineland about east of the Maurice River. In 1864, Vineland was separated from Millville Township and joined the new Landis Township. In 1936, the town was the site of Roosevelt Park, a project proposed by Effie Maud Aldrich Morrison as the country's first housing development for the elderly. The retirement colony was built on land which had been repossessed by the town of Millville for back taxes, and became known as the "Roosevelt Colony". It was later renamed to the "Roosevelt Park" old age colony, and was sometimes referred to as the Colony for the Aged at Roosevelt Park and Roosevelt Park Colony for Aged. When it opened on October 23, 1936, it became the first senior citizens retirement colony in the United States. The Millville Airport was dedicated "America's First Defense Airport" on August 2, 1941, by local, state, and federal officials. In less than a year, construction of military base facilities began, and in January 1943, the Millville Army Air Field opened as a gunnery school for fighter pilots. Gunnery training began with Curtiss P-40 Warhawk aircraft, but after a few weeks was changed over to the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt. During its three-year existence, thousands of soldiers and civilians served here, with about 1,500 pilots receiving advanced fighter training in the Thunderbolt. Following World War II, the airfield was declared excess to the government's needs, and returned to the City of Millville. Most of the airport buildings were converted to apartments for the many veterans returning from the war. The last of the apartments vanished in the early 1970s, and the airport soon became a hub of industry and aviation for Southern New Jersey. Up to the late 1990s the Millville downtown area was depressed and somewhat isolated, as illustrated by the abandoned Levoy Theatre and Wheaton Glass Factory, with investors reluctant to venture in its development. Major redevelopment has occurred in the past several years, establishing the scenic Riverfront and Downtown areas into an artists' haven, including many studios, shops, and restaurants. Older abandoned buildings have been restored, and continued major development is planned. Millville has an arts district named the Glasstown Arts District. A public art center with galleries and studios is the hub of activity, and is open six days a week. The district includes seven full-time galleries, along with ten part-time galleries and studios, which are open mostly on weekends and on the third Friday of each month. Wheaton Arts and the Creative Glass Center of America includes a major collection of early American glass with contemporary glass from CGCA Fellows and working glass artists in a restored 19th century glass factory. Opened in 1908 and closed in 1974 with declining numbers of customers, the Levoy Theatre re-opened in September 2012. One of Millville's claims to fame is an original paperweight making technique which originated there. Fine paperweights from the classic period (1845-1870) were made with one of three techniques: millefiori, lampwork or cameo incrustations (sulphides). In the first decade of the twentieth century, crimp flowers, mostly roses, originated in Millville, with several glassworkers making them in their off duty time. These paperweights are commonly called "Millville roses," even when sometimes made elsewhere. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the city had a total area of 44.50 square miles (115.25 km2), including 42.00 square miles (108.78 km2) of land and 2.50 square miles (6.47 km2) of water (5.62%). Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the city include Clarks Mill, Farmingdale, Manatico, North Newark and Union Lake. The city borders the Cumberland County municipalities of Commercial Township, Deerfield Township, Downe Township, Fairfield Township, Lawrence Township, Maurice River Township and Vineland. Millville lies between the southern termini of the New Jersey Turnpike, the Garden State Parkway, Route 55 (which runs through the northeastern portion of the city) and the Atlantic City Expressway. Climate The city has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) and the hardiness zone is 7a bordering 6b. Demographics Census 2010 The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $44,925 (with a margin of error of +/- $4,459) and the median family income was $55,000 (+/- $4,433). Males had a median income of $46,186 (+/- $3,934) versus $35,336 (+/- $2,860) for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,364 (+/- $1,573). About 16.2% of families and 19.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 35.2% of those under age 18 and 7.2% of those age 65 or over. Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census, there were 26,847 people, 10,043 households, and 7,010 families residing in the city. The population density was 633.9 people per square mile (244.8/km2). There were 10,652 housing units at an average density of 251.5 per square mile (97.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 76.13% White, 14.99% African American, 0.52% Native American, 0.80% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 5.16% from other races, and 2.37% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11.17% of the population. There were 10,043 households, out of which 35.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.5% were married couples living together, 17.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.2% were non-families. 25.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.65 and the average family size was 2.15. In the city the population was spread out, with 27.9% under the age of 18, 8.6% from 18 to 24, 28.8% from 25 to 44, 21.7% from 45 to 64, and 12.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.3 males. The median income for a household in the city was $40,378, and the median income for a family was $46,093. Males had a median income of $36,915 versus $26,669 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,632. About 12.1% of families and 15.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.8% of those under age 18 and 9.7% of those age 65 or over. Millville has a Ukrainian community and is home to Sts. Peter and Paul Ukrainian Orthodox Church and St. Nicholas Ukrainian Catholic Church. Economy Portions of the city are part of a joint Urban Enterprise Zone (UEZ) with Vineland, one of 32 zones covering 37 municipalities statewide. Millville was selected in 1983 as one of the initial group of 10 zones chosen to participate in the program. In addition to other benefits to encourage employment and investment within the Zone, shoppers can take advantage of a reduced 3.3125% sales tax rate (half of the % rate charged statewide) at eligible merchants. Established in October 1988, the city's Urban Enterprise Zone status expires in December 2023. Government Local government In 1801, Millville was first organized as a township; It became a city in 1866. Until 1913, Millville operated under a Mayor-Council form of government where the mayor was elected by the people. In 1913, a change of form of government to the Walsh Act was passed and the commission form of government became the way the city was run. The city is one of 30 municipalities (of the 565) statewide that use the commission form of government. Under this form of government as used in Millville, the governing body is comprised of five commissioners who are elected to four-year concurrent terms of office at-large on a non-partisan basis as part of the November general election. At a reorganization meeting held after each election, each commissioner is assigned a department to oversee and one commissioner is selected from among its members to serve as the mayor and another as vice mayor. , the Millville City Commission is composed of Mayor Michael Santiago Commissioner of Public Works), Bruce Cooper (Commissioner of Parks and Public Property), W. James Parent (Commissioner of Revenue and Finance), Joseph Pepitone (Commissioner of Public Safety) and Asheligh Udalovas (Commissioner of Public Affairs), all serving concurrent terms of office that end December 31, 2021. Vice Mayor James F. Quinn, who was Commissioner of Revenue and Finance, resigned from office in January 2016 to take a seat on the Cumberland County Board of Chosen Freeholders. As the four remaining commission members were unable to come to agreement on a replacement, the seat remained vacant until the November 2016 general election. In November 2014, Michael Santiago, the city's first Hispanic councilmember, became Millville's first Hispanic mayor. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 17,500 registered voters in Millville, of which 4,652 (26.6%) were registered as Democrats, 2,802 (16.0%) were registered as Republicans and 10,033 (57.3%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 13 voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 60.6% of the vote (6,653 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 38.1% (4,182 votes), and other candidates with 1.3% (146 votes), among the 11,074 ballots cast by the city's 18,821 registered voters (93 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 58.8%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 57.6% of the vote (6,523 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain, who received 39.8% (4,515 votes), with 11,330 ballots cast among the city's 17,715 registered voters, for a turnout of 64.0%. In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 50.9% of the vote (5,082 ballots cast), outpolling Republican George W. Bush, who received around 46.8% (4,677 votes), with 9,992 ballots cast among the city's 15,685 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 63.7. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 57.4% of the vote (3,794 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 40.0% (2,640 votes), and other candidates with 2.6% (171 votes), among the 6,854 ballots cast by the city's 17,941 registered voters (249 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 38.2%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Democrat Jon Corzine received 48.4% of the vote (3,169 ballots cast), ahead of both Republican Chris Christie with 40.9% (2,675 votes) and Independent Chris Daggett with 6.9% (453 votes), with 6,541 ballots cast among the city's 17,167 registered voters, yielding a 38.1% turnout. Federal, state and county representation Millville is located in the 2nd Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 1st state legislative district. Education Primary and secondary Millville Public Schools serves students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade. The district is one of 31 former Abbott districts statewide, which are now referred to as "SDA Districts" based on the requirement for the state to cover all costs for school building and renovation projects in these districts under the supervision of the New Jersey Schools Development Authority. As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of nine schools, had an enrollment of 5,540 students and 420.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 13.2:1. Schools in the district (with 2018–19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Child Family Center with 614 students in PreK, R. M. Bacon Elementary School with 296 students in grades K-5, Holly Heights Elementary School with 500 students in grades K-5, Mt. Pleasant Elementary School with 242 students in grades K-5, Rieck Avenue Elementary School with 470 students in grades K-5, Silver Run Elementary School with 518 students in grades K-5, Lakeside Middle School with 1,074 students in grades 6-8, Memorial High School with 807 students in grades 9-10 and Millville Senior High School with 887 students in grades 11-12; Thunderbolt Academy is a partnership between Millville Public Schools and Camelot Education. Camelot offers an alternative setting for students facing behavioral, emotional or academic challenges. The district has high school sending/receiving relationships with Commercial Township, Lawrence Township and Maurice River Township. Students from Woodbine had attended the district's high school programs until a July 2013 ruling by the New Jersey Department of Transportation under which Woodbine students would start attending Middle Township High School as of September 2014, while Woodbine students who had already started attendance in Millville would be allowed to graduate. As part of a project $137 million project begun in 2019 and funded by the New Jersey Schools Development Authority, Millville Senior High School has undergone a project that will add of space, which will allow all high school students to attend high school in a single building; when complete, the phased high school expansion project will add of new space at the high school, as well as extensive renovations to existing facilities in the building. Starting in the 1960s, grades 9-10 have been served in Memorial High School and grades 9-12 at Millville Senior High School. Facing a deficit of $3 million for the 2017–18 school year, the district closed R.D. Wood Elementary School in order to generate $1.8 million in savings. Students are also eligible to attend Cumberland County Technology Education Center in Millville, serving students from the entire county in its full-time technical training programs, which are offered without charge to students who are county residents. St. Mary Magdalen School was a Catholic school serving children in grades K-8 operating under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Camden. The school opened in 1882 with an enrollment of 45 students. Former Camden Bishop Joseph Galante announced in January 2012 that the school would close in June due to poor finances resulting from a declining student body. Bishop Schad School in Vineland and St. Mary Regional School in East Vineland are nearby. Additionally Bishop McHugh Regional School in Dennis Township in Cape May County takes students from Millville. Sacred Heart High School was in nearby Vineland until its 2013 closure. St. Joseph High School in Hammonton was the closest Catholic high school. However that school closed in 2020. College Rowan College of South Jersey Cumberland Campus (former Cumberland County College) is partially in the Millville city limits with the other portion in Vineland. Library Millville Public Library is the city's public library. Transportation The city had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Cumberland County and by the New Jersey Department of Transportation. Major roads that pass through the city include Route 47, Route 49 and Route 55. Public transportation Millville Municipal Airport, operated by the Delaware River and Bay Authority, serves general aviation. NJ Transit has several bus routes that service the Millville region. Service includes the 313 route from Cape May to Philadelphia, the 408 route between Milville and Philadelphia and the 553 route from Upper Deerfield Township to Atlantic City. Attractions New Jersey Motorsports Park Southwind Vineyard & Winery Levoy Theatre Laurel Lake Community Center, Beaches and Piersites Wheaton Arts and Cultural Center Glasstown Brewing Company Parks and recreation The Cumberland Cape Atlantic YMCA is in nearby Vineland. The corporate name was changed from Vineland YMCA as the board of directors decided to expand the organization's service area to Atlantic County and Cape May County. There was a previous YMCA campus in Millville that in August 1990 stopped operations. In late 1997 Millville Housing Authority purchased the campus. An apartment complex was installed in the former administration building and gymnasium, while a new building was constructed on the site of the former racquetball courts. Millville Housing Authority occupied the second floor with the first floor for a new exercise center. The first floor of the new building and a pre-existing basement became used by the Holly City Development Corp. Family Center (HCDC), which leases from the housing authority and opened its facilities on January 2, 2001. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Millville include: A. R. Ammons (1926–2001), author and poet, winner of the National Book Award. George K. Brandriff (1890-1936), painter. Fred Pierce Corson (1896−1985), Bishop of The Methodist Church. Merritt Gant (born 1971), guitarist for metal band Overkill. Stephen O. Garrison (1853–1900), Methodist minister and scholar who founded The Training School in Vineland, New Jersey. L. Fred Gieg (1890-1977), football and basketball player and coach. Leon Henderson (1895–1986), administrator of the Office of Price Administration from 1941 to 1942. Dwayne Hendricks (born 1986), professional football player who briefly played for the New York Giants. James R. Hurley (born 1932), politician. R. Bruce Land (born 1950), politician and former corrections officer who has represented the 1st Legislative District in the New Jersey General Assembly since 2016. William A. McKeighan (1842–1895), Nebraska Populist politician. Effie Maud Aldrich Morrison (1876–1957), instigator for the plan of Roosevelt Park in Millville, the first senior housing project in the United States. Walter Mulford (1877–1955), forester and professor, regarded as the first state forester in the United States. Chase Petty (born c. 2002-2003), Minor League Baseball player drafted 26th overall by the Minnesota Twins in the 2021 MLB Draft. Steve Romanik (1924–2009), played collegiate football for the Villanova Wildcats, and played quarterback in the NFL from 1950-1954 for the Chicago Bears and Chicago Cardinals. Edward H. Salmon (born 1942), politician who served as mayor of Millville and represented the 1st Legislative District in the New Jersey General Assembly from 1988 to 1991. Hannah Whitall Smith (1832–1911), lay speaker and author in the Holiness movement in the United States and the Higher Life movement in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Logan Pearsall Smith (1865–1946), essayist and critic. Edward C. Stokes (1860–1942), Governor of New Jersey 1905–1908. Mike Trout (born 1991), Major League Baseball player for Los Angeles Angels, nicknamed "The Millville Meteor." Daniel D.W. (born 1979, née Daniel D. Warwick), author of "Hive Propolis" and an award-winning VFX designer, independent film maker and screenplay writer. Anne Waldman (born 1945), poet. Frank H. Wheaton Sr. (1881–1983), known as the "dean of American Glassware" during his tenure as Wheaton Industries president. 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125147	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%20Norris%2C%20New%20Jersey	Port Norris, New Jersey	Port Norris is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) located within Commercial Township, in Cumberland County, New Jersey, United States. It is part of the Vineland-Millville- Bridgeton Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area for statistical purposes. As of the 2000 United States Census, the CDP's population was 1,377. Legislation was passed in 1911 allowing voters to choose to incorporate Port Norris as a borough, independent from Commercial Township, but it was defeated in a referendum. History On a late night in September 2007, an undercover operation to put a halt to the drag racing was commenced, and up to 62 people were caught participating in a major drag race gathering. About 208 summonses were issued and several cars were impounded. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP had a total area of 6.829 square miles (17.685 km2), including 6.335 square miles (16.407 km2) of land and 0.494 square miles (1.279 km2) of water (7.23%). Port Norris is located near the mouth of the Maurice River. Demographics Census 2010 Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 1,507 people, 514 households, and 380 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 91.3/km2 (236.5/mi2). There were 596 housing units at an average density of 36.1/km2 (93.5/mi2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 58.26% White, 37.09% African American, 0.13% Native American, 0.20% Asian, 1.73% from other races, and 2.59% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.64% of the population. There were 514 households, out of which 30.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.8% were married couples living together, 18.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.9% were non-families. 20.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.92 and the average family size was 3.36. In the CDP the population was spread out, with 27.4% under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 27.0% from 25 to 44, 20.8% from 45 to 64, and 16.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.3 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $38,194, and the median income for a family was $42,813. Males had a median income of $36,513 versus $22,176 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $16,195. About 14.0% of families and 16.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.6% of those under age 18 and 7.2% of those age 65 or over. Education Students are zoned to Commercial Township School District. Bivalve and Shell Pile In the Port Norris area are the communities of Bivalve and Shell Pile. They were both centers of the oystering industry, as their names imply. Shell Pile is described in 1939 excerpt of a WPA Guidebook to New Jersey: "Shell Pile is named for the great heaps of oyster shells stacked outside the packing sheds. This is a community of about 1,000 Negroes living in wooden barracks erected on stilts over the salt marshes. Negroes here live their own lives in their own way, and present a united and rather hostile front from the rest of the world. Strange whites are not welcomed in Shell Pile." The oystering industry reached its peak in 1955, declining by 1957 due to oyster pathogen Haplosporidium nelsoni (MSX) which killed 90% of the oysters. Bivalve and Shell Pile are now mostly ghost towns, with a combined population of less than 50. In Cruising the Chesapeake; a Gunkholer's Guide, William Shellenberger says: As the name indicates this is an oystering port, probably the busiest on the Delaware. Don't look for typical pleasure-boat facilities - there aren't any. However, you may be able to find dock space on either shore where you can tie up. 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125148	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosenhayn%2C%20New%20Jersey	Rosenhayn, New Jersey	Rosenhayn is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) located within Deerfield Township, in Cumberland County, New Jersey, United States. It is part of the Vineland-Millville- Bridgeton Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area for statistical purposes. As of the 2010 United States Census, the CDP's population was 1,098. Rosenhayn was founded as a Jewish agricultural colony and the 1898 Rosenhayn synagogue is one of the fewer than 100 surviving nineteenth century synagogue buildings in the United States. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP had a total area of 2.654 square miles (6.874 km2), all land. Demographics Census 2010 Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 1,099 people, 373 households, and 286 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 160.1/km2 (414.4/mi2). There were 393 housing units at an average density of 57.3/km2 (148.2/mi2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 70.43% White, 19.29% African American, 0.64% Native American, 0.18% Asian, 6.28% from other races, and 3.18% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.92% of the population. There were 373 households, out of which 35.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.5% were married couples living together, 17.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.1% were non-families. 17.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.93 and the average family size was 3.29. In the CDP the population was spread out, with 29.9% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 27.8% from 25 to 44, 21.6% from 45 to 64, and 13.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.5 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $38,702, and the median income for a family was $38,155. Males had a median income of $33,092 versus $22,216 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $14,801. About 12.2% of families and 15.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.1% of those under age 18 and 25.2% of those age 65 or over. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Rosenhayn include: Joseph W. Chinnici (1919-2007), politician who served in the New Jersey General Assembly from the 1st legislative district from 1972 to 1988. Frank LoBiondo (born 1946), politician who served as the U.S. representative for New Jersey's 2nd congressional district from 1995 to 2019. Al McCoy (1894-1966), boxing world middleweight champion from 1914 to 1917. 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125149	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabrook%20Farms%2C%20New%20Jersey	Seabrook Farms, New Jersey	Seabrook Farms is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) located within Seabrook, which is in turn located in Upper Deerfield Township, in Cumberland County, New Jersey, United States. It is part of the Vineland-Millville- Bridgeton Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area for statistical purposes. At the 2010 census, Seabrook Farms's population was 1,484. Seabrook Farms is named after Charles F. Seabrook, a businessman who at one point ran the largest irrigated truck farm in the world in this region. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, Seabrook Farms had a total area of 2.177 square miles (5.640 km2), including 2.167 square miles (5.614 km2) of it is land and 0.010 square miles (0.026 km2) of water (0.47%) is water. Demographics Census 2010 Census 2000 At the 2000 census there were 1,719 people, 582 households, and 451 families residing in Seabrook Farms. The population density was 304.5/km2 (788.8/mi2). There were 607 housing units at an average density of 107.5/km2 (278.5/mi2). The racial makeup of Seabrook Farms was 33.86% White, 54.22% African American, 0.76% Native American, 2.04% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 6.52% from other races, and 2.56% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 12.91% of the population. Of the 582 households, 55.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 29.7% were married couples living together, 41.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.5% were non-families. 19.8% of households were one person, and 8.4% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.95 and the average family size was 3.33. In Seabrook Farms the population was spread out, with 42.8% under the age of 18, 10.1% from 18 to 24, 26.2% from 25 to 44, 14.9% from 45 to 64, and 6.1% 65 or older. The median age was 23 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 67.5 males. The median household income was in Seabrook Farms was $16,558, and the median family income was $22,500. Males had a median income of $24,479 versus $24,643 for females. The per capita income for Seabrook Farms was $12,499. About 28.3% of families and 34.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 42.2% of those under age 18 and 16.8% of those age 65 or over. 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125150	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiloh%2C%20New%20Jersey	Shiloh, New Jersey	Shiloh is a borough in Cumberland County, New Jersey, United States. It is part of the Vineland-Millville-Bridgeton Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area for statistical purposes. As of the 2010 United States Census, the borough's population was 516, reflecting a decline of 18 (-3.4%) from the 534 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 126 (+30.9%) from the 408 counted in the 1990 Census. Shiloh was incorporated as a borough by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on April 9, 1929, from portions of Hopewell Township and Stow Creek Township, based on the results of a referendum held on May 16, 1929. The borough was named for the Civil War Battle of Shiloh. It is a dry town, where alcohol cannot be sold, though alcohol is available at the winery in the borough. History The settlement of Shiloh was founded in 1705 by Robert Ayars. He brought over 2,000 Seventh Day Baptists from Rhode Island to be free of religious persecution. Known as Cohansey Crossing when a church was formed in the area in 1737, the name Shiloh was adopted in 1771. When Cumberland County, New Jersey was formed in 1748, the community of Shiloh was divided between Hopewell Township and Stow Creek Township. As part of a political battle over the site of the county seat for Cumberland County, Columbia Township was formed on March 12, 1844, from portions of Hopewell and Stow Creek Townships; the short-lived municipality included all of present-day Shiloh, in addition to extensive additional land, but all was returned to its original home when Columbia Township was dissolved on March 11, 1845, surviving as an independent municipality for a day short of one year. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough had a total area of 1.20 square miles (3.12 km2), including 1.20 square miles (3.12 km2) of land and <0.01 square miles (<0.01 km2) of water (0.08%). Shiloh borders Hopewell Township and Stow Creek Township. Demographics Census 2010 As of the 2010 United States Census, the borough's population was 516, reflecting a decline of 18 (-3.4%) from the 534 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 126 (+30.9%) from the 408 counted in the 1990 Census. The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $61,000 (with a margin of error of +/- $18,454) and the median family income was $63,594 (+/- $11,716). Males had a median income of $44,375 (+/- $18,670) versus $32,105 (+/- $13,923) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $23,003 (+/- $4,509). About 7.0% of families and 8.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.6% of those under age 18 and 10.7% of those age 65 or over. Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 534 people, 194 households, and 152 families residing in the borough. The population density was 446.7 people per square mile (171.8/km2). There were 204 housing units at an average density of 170.6 per square mile (65.6/km2). The racial makeup of the borough was 95.13% White, 2.62% African American, 0.56% Native American, 0.00% from other races, and 1.69% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.00% of the population. There were 194 households, out of which 34.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.9% were married couples living together, 11.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.6% were non-families. 18.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.75 and the average family size was 3.09. In the borough the population was spread out, with 24.5% under the age of 18, 5.8% from 18 to 24, 27.9% from 25 to 44, 26.0% from 45 to 64, and 15.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.7 males. The median income for a household in the borough was $49,191, and the median income for a family was $54,219. Males had a median income of $34,643 versus $20,000 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $16,880. 5.8% of the population and 4.1% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 4.5% are under the age of 18 and 0.0% are 65 or older. Government Local government Shiloh is governed under the Borough form of New Jersey municipal government, which is used in 218 municipalities (of the 565) statewide, making it the most common form of government in New Jersey. The governing body is comprised of a Mayor and a Borough Council, with all positions elected at-large on a partisan basis as part of the November general election. A Mayor is elected directly by the voters to a four-year term of office. The Borough Council is comprised of six members elected to serve three-year terms on a staggered basis, with two seats coming up for election each year in a three-year cycle. The Borough form of government used by Shiloh is a "weak mayor / strong council" government in which council members act as the legislative body with the mayor presiding at meetings and voting only in the event of a tie. The mayor can veto ordinances subject to an override by a two-thirds majority vote of the council. The mayor makes committee and liaison assignments for council members, and most appointments are made by the mayor with the advice and consent of the council. , the Mayor of Shiloh is Republican Brad Campbell, whose term of office ends December 31, 2020. Members of the Borough Council are Council President Dallas Bruso (R, 2021), Hillary Barile (R, 2022), Carman Daddario (R, 2022), Jeffrey E. Knerr (R, 2020), Glenn Newkirk (R, 2021) and Medeia D. Willis (R, 2020). Brad Campbell was appointed to fill the vacant mayoral seat of Harold Davis, following his death in February 2014. The council seat expiring in 2017 held by Carman Daddario became vacant following his being sworn in to serve on the Cumberland County Board of Chosen Freeholders. Federal, state and county representation Shiloh is located in the 2nd Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 1st state legislative district. Prior to the 2011 reapportionment following the 2010 Census, Shiloh had been in the 3rd state legislative district. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 374 registered voters in Shiloh, of which 80 (21.4%) were registered as Democrats, 117 (31.3%) were registered as Republicans and 176 (47.1%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There was one voter registered to another party. In the 2012 presidential election, Republican Mitt Romney received 64.1% of the vote (159 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 35.5% (88 votes), and other candidates with 0.4% (1 vote), among the 248 ballots cast by the borough's 365 registered voters for a turnout of 67.9%. In the 2008 presidential election, Republican John McCain received 57.1% of the vote (160 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama, who received 40.4% (113 votes), with 280 ballots cast among the borough's 371 registered voters, for a turnout of 75.5%. In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 66.8% of the vote (183 ballots cast), outpolling Democrat John Kerry, who received around 33.6% (92 votes), with 274 ballots cast among the borough's 352 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 77.8. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 77.8% of the vote (130 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 19.2% (32 votes), and other candidates with 3.0% (5 votes), among the 170 ballots cast by the borough's 342 registered voters (3 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 49.7%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 56.5% of the vote (109 ballots cast), ahead of both Democrat Jon Corzine with 32.6% (63 votes) and Independent Chris Daggett with 6.7% (13 votes), with 193 ballots cast among the borough's 378 registered voters, yielding a 51.1% turnout. Education After Shiloh School was closed following the end of the 2006–07 school year, all public school students in kindergarten through eighth grade now attend Hopewell Crest School as part of a sending/receiving relationship with the Hopewell Township School District. As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of one school, had an enrollment of 507 students and 36.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 14.1:1. Public school students in ninth through twelfth grades attend Cumberland Regional High School, which also serves students from Deerfield Township, Fairfield Township, Greenwich Township, Hopewell Township, Stow Creek Township and Upper Deerfield Township. As of the 2018–19 school year, the high school had an enrollment of 1,043 students and 78.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 13.3:1. Students are also eligible to attend Cumberland County Technology Education Center in Vineland, serving students from the entire county in its full-time technical training programs, which are offered without charge to students who are county residents. Transportation , the borough had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Cumberland County and by the New Jersey Department of Transportation. Route 49 (Shiloh Pike) traverses the borough for just over one mile, from north to south, connecting Hopewell Township on one side and Stow Creek Township on the other. Winery Swansea Vineyards References External links Borough official website Borough of Shiloh, Cumberland Development Corporation. 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125151	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stow%20Creek%20Township%2C%20New%20Jersey	Stow Creek Township, New Jersey	Stow Creek Township is a township in Cumberland County, New Jersey, United States. It is part of the Vineland-Millville-Bridgeton Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area for statistical purposes. As of the 2010 United States Census, the township had a total population of 1,431, reflecting an increase of 2 (+0.1%) from the 1,429 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn declined by 8 (-0.6%) from the 1,437 counted in the 1990 Census. It is a dry township, where alcohol cannot be sold. History Stow Creek dates back to January 19, 1748, when it was formed as one of six precincts in the newly created Cumberland County. It was formally incorporated as a township on February 21, 1798. As part of a political battle over the site of the county seat for Cumberland County, Columbia Township was formed on March 12, 1844, from portions of Hopewell and Stow Creek Townships; the short-lived municipality included all of present-day Shiloh, in addition to extensive additional land, but all was returned to its original home when Columbia Township was dissolved on March 11, 1845, surviving as an independent municipality for a day short of one year. The spelling of the township's name was changed from "Stoe Creek" to "Stow Creek" on October 1, 1924. On April 9, 1929, portions of the township were taken to create Shiloh. On October 1, 1924, the New Jersey Legislature officially changed the name of the township from "Stoe Creek" to "Stow Creek", though it is unclear when "Stow" had become "Stoe". The township's name is shared with the Stow Creek, a tributary of the Delaware River. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 18.89 square miles (48.93 km2), including 18.27 square miles (47.31 km2) of land and 0.63 square miles (1.62 km2) of water (3.32%). Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Arrowhead Lake, Cumberland Causeway, Garrisons Corner, Gum Tree Corner, Jericho, Kernans Corner, Macanippock, Marlboro, Roadstown, Seventh Day Mill, Stow Creek Landing, Town Hall and Willis Corner. The township borders the municipalities of Hopewell Township, Greenwich Township and Shiloh in Cumberland County; and Alloway Township, Lower Alloways Creek Township and Quinton Township in Salem County. Demographics Census 2010 The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $71,333 (with a margin of error of +/- $7,849) and the median family income was $78,583 (+/- $7,836). Males had a median income of $52,500 (+/- $12,034) versus $38,036 (+/- $3,668) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $29,860 (+/- $3,146). About 4.1% of families and 6.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.3% of those under age 18 and 4.3% of those age 65 or over. Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 1,429 people, 536 households, and 425 families residing in the township. The population density was 77.5 people per square mile (29.9/km2). There were 560 housing units at an average density of 30.4 per square mile (11.7/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 93.42% White, 3.50% African American, 1.61% Native American, 0.21% Asian, 0.84% from other races, and 0.42% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.68% of the population. There were 536 households, out of which 32.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.0% were married couples living together, 6.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.7% were non-families. 17.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.67 and the average family size was 3.01. In the township the population was spread out, with 23.5% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 25.8% from 25 to 44, 29.0% from 45 to 64, and 14.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.8 males. The median income for a household in the township was $52,500, and the median income for a family was $58,583. Males had a median income of $35,500 versus $26,528 for females. The per capita income for the township was $20,925. About 5.7% of families and 6.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.1% of those under age 18 and 12.1% of those age 65 or over. Government Local government Stow Creek is governed under the Township form of New Jersey municipal government, one of 141 municipalities (of the 565) statewide that use this form, the second-most commonly used form of government in the state. The governing body is comprised of a three-member Township Committee, whose members are elected directly by the voters at-large in partisan elections to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with one seat coming up for election each year as part of the November general election in a three-year cycle. At an annual reorganization meeting, the Township Committee selects one of its members to serve as Mayor. , members of the Stow Creek Township Committee are Mayor Melvin R. "Randy" Dickinson Jr. (R, term on committee ends December 31, 2021; term as mayor ends 2020), Thomas R. Burton (R, 2019) and Dale F. Cruzan Sr. (R, 2020). Federal, state and county representation Stow Creek Township is located in the 2nd Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 1st state legislative district. Prior to the 2011 reapportionment following the 2010 Census, Stow Creek Township had been in the 3rd state legislative district. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 979 registered voters in Stow Creek Township, of which 200 (20.4%) were registered as Democrats, 362 (37.0%) were registered as Republicans and 416 (42.5%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There was one voter registered to another party. In the 2012 presidential election, Republican Mitt Romney received 64.9% of the vote (447 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 34.5% (238 votes), and other candidates with 0.6% (4 votes), among the 697 ballots cast by the township's 982 registered voters (8 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 71.0%. In the 2008 presidential election, Republican John McCain received 58.5% of the vote (431 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama, who received 38.4% (283 votes), with 737 ballots cast among the township's 979 registered voters, for a turnout of 75.3%. In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 64.6% of the vote (455 ballots cast), outpolling Democrat John Kerry, who received around 34.4% (242 votes), with 704 ballots cast among the township's 915 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 76.9. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 75.1% of the vote (355 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 24.1% (114 votes), and other candidates with 0.8% (4 votes), among the 483 ballots cast by the township's 942 registered voters (10 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 51.3%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 60.6% of the vote (308 ballots cast), ahead of both Democrat Jon Corzine with 29.1% (148 votes) and Independent Chris Daggett with 6.3% (32 votes), with 508 ballots cast among the township's 962 registered voters, yielding a 52.8% turnout. Education The Stow Creek School District serves public school students in kindergarten through eighth grade at Stow Creek School. As of the 2017–18 school year, the district, comprised of one school, had an enrollment of 111 students and 21.6 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 5.1:1. In the 2016–17 school year, it had the 13th-smallest enrollment of any school district in the state. Under the Greenwich - Stow Creek Partnership established in 2009 with the Greenwich Township School District in Greenwich Township, students from both townships attend Morris Goodwin School for grades K-4 and Stow Creek School for grades 5–8. Public school students in ninth through twelfth grades attend Cumberland Regional High School, which also serves students from Deerfield Township, Fairfield Township, Greenwich Township, Hopewell Township, Shiloh Borough and Upper Deerfield Township. As of the 2017–18 school year, the high school had an enrollment of 1,127 students and 78.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 14.4:1. The high school district has a nine-member board of education, with board seats allocated to the constituent municipalities based on population, with each municipality assigned a minimum of one seat; Stow Creek Township has one seat on the board. Students are also eligible to attend Cumberland County Technology Education Center in Vineland, serving students from the entire county in its full-time technical training programs, which are offered without charge to students who are county residents. Transportation , the township had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Cumberland County and by the New Jersey Department of Transportation. New Jersey Route 49 is the main highway providing access to Stow Creek. References External links Township website Greenwich Stow Creek Partnership Schools School Data for the Stow Creek School, National Center for Education Statistics Cumberland Regional High School 1748 establishments in New Jersey Populated places established in 1748 Township form of New Jersey government Townships in Cumberland County, New Jersey	[ -0.7543528079986572, 0.28887149691581726, -0.43573418259620667, 0.461672842502594, 0.14605185389518738, 0.1495060920715332, 1.13088059425354, 0.684893786907196, 0.2277955710887909, -0.4825778603553772, -0.48168522119522095, 0.27126961946487427, -0.21947595477104187, 0.18784165382385254, -0.9864225387573242, 0.3461863696575165, 0.3581624925136566, 0.747855544090271, 0.15653297305107117, -0.7085620760917664, -0.5327137112617493, -0.42301493883132935, 0.06761934608221054, 0.7150202989578247, 0.08954882621765137, -0.1903090924024582, 0.8460215330123901, -0.1473798304796219, 0.13827498257160187, 0.13647077977657318, -0.1310412734746933, 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125152	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper%20Deerfield%20Township%2C%20New%20Jersey	Upper Deerfield Township, New Jersey	Upper Deerfield Township is a township in Cumberland County, New Jersey, United States. It is part of the Vineland-Millville-Bridgeton Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area for statistical purposes. As of the 2010 United States Census, the township's population was 7,660, reflecting an increase of 104 (+1.4%) from the 7,556 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 629 (+9.1%) from the 6,927 counted in the 1990 Census. Upper Deerfield Township was incorporated as a township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 23, 1922, from portions of Deerfield Township, based on the results of a referendum held on April 3, 1922. The township was named for Deerfield Township, which in turn was named for Deerfield, Massachusetts. It is a dry town, where alcohol cannot be sold, as affirmed by a referendum passed in 1972. Upper Deerfield does not have its own police force and is protected by the New Jersey State Police. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 31.39 square miles (81.31 km2), including 31.24 square miles (80.92 km2) of land and 0.15 square miles (0.39 km2) of water (0.48%). Carlls Corner, Deerfield Street, Laurel Heights, Seabrook Farms (2010 population of 1,484), Seeley, Silver Lake, and Sunset Lake are unincorporated communities and census-designated places (CDPs) within Upper Deerfield Township. Other unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Beals Mills, Delaby, Finley, Friendship, Grammel Mills, Husted Station, Pleasant Grove, Seabrook, Seeley, Sunset, Watsons Corner and Woodruff. The township borders Bridgeton, Deerfield Township, Fairfield Township and Hopewell Township in Cumberland County; and Alloway Township, Pittsgrove Township and Upper Pittsgrove Township in Salem County. Demographics Census 2010 The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $53,646 (with a margin of error of +/- $6,771) and the median family income was $61,974 (+/- $9,964). Males had a median income of $45,532 (+/- $5,633) versus $36,741 (+/- $10,855) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $26,033 (+/- $2,581). About 8.9% of families and 12.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.0% of those under age 18 and 4.8% of those age 65 or over. Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 7,556 people, 2,757 households, and 2,125 families residing in the township. The population density was 242.9 people per square mile (93.8/km2). There were 2,881 housing units at an average density of 92.6 per square mile (35.8/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 75.77% White, 16.41% African American, 0.81% Native American, 3.06% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 1.83% from other races, and 2.12% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.54% of the population. There were 2,757 households, out of which 35.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.1% were married couples living together, 15.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.9% were non-families. 20.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.73 and the average family size was 3.12. In the township the population was spread out, with 27.8% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 25.5% from 25 to 44, 25.1% from 45 to 64, and 14.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.5 males. The median income for a household in the township was $47,861, and the median income for a family was $51,472. Males had a median income of $37,064 versus $23,719 for females. The per capita income for the township was $18,884. About 10.1% of families and 13.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.2% of those under age 18 and 10.8% of those age 65 or over. Parks and recreation Sunset Lake is a reservoir located primarily in Hopewell Township and Upper Deerfield Township that was created by damming a stream that feeds to the area from Seeley Lake. Government Local government Upper Deerfield Township is governed under the Township form of New Jersey municipal government, one of 141 municipalities (of the 565) statewide that use this form, the second-most commonly used form of government in the state. The governing body is comprised of the five-member Township Committee, whose members are elected at-large directly by the voters in partisan elections to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with either one or seats coming up for election each year as part of the November general election. At an annual reorganization meeting, the Township Committee selects one of its members to serve as Mayor and another as Deputy Mayor. , members of the Upper Deerfield Township Committee are Mayor James P. Crilley (R, term on committee and as mayor ends December 31, 2020), Deputy Mayor John T. "Terry" O'Neill Sr. (D, term on committee ends 2021; term as deputy mayor ends 2019), John L. Daddario (R, 2022), Bruce T. Peterson (D, 2022) and Scott R. Smith (R, 2021). Federal, state and county representation Upper Deerfield Township is located in the 2nd Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 3rd state legislative district. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 5,179 registered voters in Upper Deerfield Township, of which 1,296 (25.0%) were registered as Democrats, 1,189 (23.0%) were registered as Republicans and 2,693 (52.0%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There was one voter registered to another party. In the 2012 presidential election, Republican Mitt Romney received 52.7% of the vote (1,839 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 46.2% (1,614 votes), and other candidates with 1.1% (37 votes), among the 3,513 ballots cast by the township's 5,361 registered voters (23 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 65.5%. In the 2008 presidential election, Republican John McCain received 51.2% of the vote (1,864 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama, who received 46.5% (1,694 votes), with 3,640 ballots cast among the township's 5,150 registered voters, for a turnout of 70.7%. In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 54.5% of the vote (1,842 ballots cast), outpolling Democrat John Kerry, who received around 43.2% (1,460 votes), with 3,377 ballots cast among the township's 4,734 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 71.3. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 66.0% of the vote (1,397 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 32.5% (687 votes), and other candidates with 1.6% (33 votes), among the 2,147 ballots cast by the township's 5,158 registered voters (30 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 41.6%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 50.3% of the vote (1,213 ballots cast), ahead of both Democrat Jon Corzine with 39.8% (959 votes) and Independent Chris Daggett with 7.0% (169 votes), with 2,411 ballots cast among the township's 5,064 registered voters, yielding a 47.6% turnout. Education The Upper Deerfield Township Schools serve public school students in pre-kindergarten through eighth grade. As of the 2017–18 school year, the district, comprised of three schools, had an enrollment of 884 students and 79.6 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.1:1. Schools in the district (with 2017-18 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Charles F. Seabrook School with 384 students in grades PreK-3), Elizabeth E. Moore School with 186 students in grades 4-5 and Woodruff School with 307 students in grades 6–8. Public school students in ninth through twelfth grades attend Cumberland Regional High School, which also serves students from Deerfield Township, Fairfield Township, Greenwich Township, Hopewell Township, Shiloh Borough and Stow Creek Township. As of the 2017–18 school year, the high school had an enrollment of 1,127 students and 78.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 14.4:1. high school district has a nine-member board of education, with board seats allocated to the constituent municipalities based on population, with each municipality assigned a minimum of one seat; Upper Deerfield Township has two seats on the board. Students are also eligible to attend Cumberland County Technology Education Center in Vineland, serving students from the entire county in its full-time technical training programs, which are offered without charge to students who are county residents. Transportation Roads and highways , the township had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Cumberland County and by the New Jersey Department of Transportation. Route 77 enters from Bridgeton on the township's southern border and heads north through the center of the township for to Upper Pittsgrove Township at the northern tip of Upper Deerfield Township. Route 56 (Landis Avenue) branches off from Route 77 near the township's border with Bridgeton and heads northeast for towards Pittsgrove Township. County Route 540 (Deerfield Road) traverses the northern quarter of the township for from Hopewell Township in the west towards Pittsgrove Township on the east. County Route 553 (South Woodruff Road / East Finley Road / Centerton Road) runs along the eastern side of the township for from Fairfield Township in the south towards Pittsgrove Township in the northeast corner. County Route 552 (Irving Avenue) follows the southern border of the township for from Bridgeton in the west towards Fairfield Township in the southeast corner of the township. Public transportation NJ Transit offers service on the 410 route between Bridgeton and Philadelphia, and the 553 route between Upper Deerfield Township and Atlantic City. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Upper Deerfield Township include: Charles F. Seabrook (1881–1964), business man and owner of Seabrook Farms, a family-owned frozen vegetable packing plant that at one point was the largest irrigated truck farm in the world, who was the namesake of Seabrook community and the Charles F. Seabrook School. Points of interest Deerfield Pike Tollgate House - added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975, it was demolished in 2001. Deerfield Presbyterian Church References External links Upper Deerfield Township website Cumberland County web page for Fairfield Township Upper Deerfield Township Schools School Data for the Upper Deerfield Township Schools, National Center for Education Statistics Cumberland Regional High School 1922 establishments in New Jersey Populated places established in 1922 Township form of New Jersey government Townships in Cumberland County, New Jersey	[ -0.9166622161865234, 0.25860491394996643, -0.5395937561988831, 0.522366464138031, 0.6383703947067261, -0.043286412954330444, 0.7917419672012329, 0.5439432859420776, 0.19729956984519958, -0.6278052926063538, -0.5620003342628479, 0.3607916235923767, -0.3128599226474762, -0.10922890901565552, -1.23421311378479, 0.6628126502037048, 0.18346917629241943, 0.8292524218559265, 0.23075848817825317, -0.8046131134033203, -0.2561289966106415, -0.36535826325416565, 0.0076454333029687405, 0.8465931415557861, 0.10701475292444229, -0.1484876424074173, 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125153	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vineland%2C%20New%20Jersey	Vineland, New Jersey	Vineland is a city in Cumberland County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the city had a total population of 60,724, reflecting an increase of 4,453 (+7.9%) from the 56,271 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 1,491 (+2.7%) from the 54,780 counted in the 1990 Census. The Census Bureau's Population Estimates Program calculated that the city's population was 59,439 in 2019, ranking the city the 636th-most-populous in the country. Vineland, Millville and Bridgeton are the three principal New Jersey cities of the Vineland–Millville–Bridgeton Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area, which encompasses those three cities and all of Cumberland County for statistical purposes and had a population of 156,898 as of the 2010 Census. Vineland was formed on July 1, 1952, through the merger of Landis Township and Vineland Borough, based on the results of a referendum held on February 5, 1952. Festivities on July 1, 1952, when the merger took effect, included a parade and speeches from such notables as Senator Estes Kefauver. The name is derived from the plans of its founder to use the land to grow grapes. History Charles K. Landis purchased of land in 1861 and another in 1874, near Millville, New Jersey, and along the West Jersey railroad line with service between Camden and Cape May, to create his own alcohol-free utopian society based on agriculture and progressive thinking. The first houses were built in 1862, and train service was established to Philadelphia and New York City, with the population reaching 5,500 by 1865 and 11,000 by 1875. Vineland was established as a temperance town, where the sale of alcohol was prohibited. Landis required that buyers of land in Vineland build a house on the purchased property within a year of acquisition, that of the often heavily wooded land be cleared and farmed each year, and that adequate space be placed between houses and roads to allow for planting of flowers and shade trees along the routes through town. Landis Avenue was constructed as a wide and about long road running east–west through the center of the community, with other, narrower roads connecting at right angles to each other. After determining that the Vineland soil was well-suited for growing grapes (hence the name), Landis started advertising to attract Italian grape growers to Vineland, offering of land that had to be cleared and used to grow grapes. Thomas Bramwell Welch founded Welch's Grape Juice, and purchased the locally grown grapes to make "unfermented wine" (or grape juice). The fertile ground also attracted the glass-making industry and was home to the Progresso soup company. Throughout the first half of the 20th century, most of the city was involved in the poultry industry, which led to the city being dubbed "The Egg Basket of America." Vineland Poultry Laboratories (operations were closed by Lohmann Animal Health in 2007) was started by Arthur Goldhaft. Dr. Goldhaft is credited with putting "a chicken in every pot" after developing the fowl pox chicken vaccine that saved millions of chickens from death. Dr. Goldhaft's work at Vineland Poultry Laboratories in Vineland helped protect the world's chicken supply from the fowl pox disease. Vineland had New Jersey's first school for the intellectually disabled, the Vineland Developmental Center, which now has an east and west campus. These institutions housed mentally handicapped women in fully staffed cottages. Henry H. Goddard, an American psychologist, coined the term "Moron" while directing the Research Laboratory at the Training School for Backward and Feeble-minded Children in Vineland. This facility was so sufficiently well known that one American Prison Association pamphlet in 1955 heralded Vineland as "famous for its contributions to our knowledge of the feebleminded". The city of Vineland celebrated its 150th birthday in 2011. Mayor Robert Romano initially ordered a custom cake from Buddy Valastro of Carlo's Bake Shop in Hoboken; the business is featured in the TLC reality television series Cake Boss. After outcry from local business owners, the order was canceled and five Vineland bakeries donated elaborate cakes for the event as well as over 1,000 servings of cake for the celebration. Since the 1970s, the city has had an annual dandelion festival. Brought to the area by early Italian immigrants, the plant is grown as a crop by farms in Vineland. Barbara Kingsolver's 2018 novel Unsheltered is set in Vineland. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the city had a total area of 68.99 square miles (178.68 km2), including 68.39 square miles (177.14 km2) of land and 0.60 square miles (1.54 km2) of water (0.86%). Of all the municipalities in New Jersey to hold the type of City, Vineland is the largest in total area. (Hamilton Township in Atlantic County is the largest municipality in New Jersey in terms of land area. Galloway Township, also in Atlantic County, is the largest municipality in total area, including open water within its borders.) Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the city include Clayville, Hances Bridge, Leamings Mill, Menantico, North Vineland, Parvins Branch, South Vineland, Willow Grove and Pleasantville. That last community (adjacent to Newfield Boro) is not to be confused with the City of Pleasantville in Atlantic County. Vineland borders the municipalities of Deerfield Township, Millville, and Maurice River Township in Cumberland County; Buena and Buena Vista Township in Atlantic County; Franklin Township and Newfield Boro in Gloucester County; and Pittsgrove Township in Salem County. The city is approximately from the Atlantic Ocean. Demographics Vineland has a diverse community composed of a variety of races. People of various backgrounds of Europe, Eurasia, Africa, and the Americas makeup the collective of the community. 2010 Census The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $54,024 (with a margin of error of +/- $2,798) and the median family income was $64,185 (+/- $2,216). Males had a median income of $48,974 (+/- $1,402) versus $35,513 (+/- $2,565) for females. The per capita income for the city was $24,512 (+/- $895). About 11.0% of families and 12.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.0% of those under age 18 and 9.1% of those age 65 or over. 2000 Census As of the 2000 United States Census there were 56,271 people, 19,930 households, and 14,210 families residing in the city. The population density was 819.2 people per square mile (316.3/km2). There were 20,958 housing units at an average density of 305.1 per square mile (117.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 67.47% White, 13.62% African American, 0.54% Native American, 1.16% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 14.01% from other races, and 3.13% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 30.00% of the population. There were 19,939 households, out of which 80.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.8% were married couples living together, 16.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.7% were non-families. 23.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.70 and the average family size was 3.17. In the city the population was spread out, with 25.7% under the age of 18, 8.3% from 18 to 24, 29.0% from 25 to 44, 22.9% from 45 to 64, and 14.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.9 males. The median income for a household in the city was $40,076, and the median income for a family was $47,909. Males had a median income of $35,195 versus $25,518 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,797. About 9.8% of families and 13.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.3% of those under age 18 and 13.8% of those age 65 or over. Economy Portions of the city are part of a joint Urban Enterprise Zone (UEZ) with Millville, one of 32 zones covering 37 municipalities statewide. Millville was selected in 1983 as one of the initial group of 10 zones chosen to participate in the program. In addition to other benefits to encourage employment and investment within the Zone, shoppers can take advantage of a reduced 3.3125% sales tax rate (half of the % rate charged statewide) at eligible merchants. Established in October 1988, the city's Urban Enterprise Zone status expires in December 2023. The main street in Vineland is Landis Avenue. The traditional downtown area is located several blocks east and west of the intersection of Landis Avenue and the Boulevard. The Boulevard is a pair of roads that flank the main north–south railroad, which connected Vineland with Cape May to the south and Camden/Philadelphia to the north. After many years of decline, there has been much recent activity to restore the vitality of "The Avenue" and the center city area. New construction includes a new transportation center, courthouse, post office, elementary school / community center and sidewalk upgrades. In 2005, Vineland was designated a Main Street Community and, through the work of this group, money has been earmarked to continue this improvement through property and facade improvements, business retention and marketing. Government Local government The City of Vineland is governed within the Faulkner Act, formally known as the Optional Municipal Charter Law, under the Mayor-Council (Plan A), implemented based on the recommendations of a Charter Study Commission as of July 1, 1952, months after the city's formation. The city is one of 71 municipalities (of the 565) statewide that use this form of government. The governing body is comprised of the Mayor and the five-member City Council. The mayor serves as the city's chief executive, while the City Council is its legislative branch. The mayor and council are elected at-large to serve concurrent four-year terms of office in non-partisan elections held in leap years as part of the November general election. An ordinance passed by the council in 2011 shifted elections from May to November, effectively extending the term of those members serving at the time by six months. , the Mayor of Vineland is Anthony Fanucci whose term of office ends on December 31, 2020, along with those of all members of the City Council. Members of the Vineland City Council are Council President Paul F. Spinelli, Council Vice President David Acosta, Elizabeth Arthur (elected to serve an unexpired term), Ronald John Franceschini Jr. and Albert Vargas. In November 2019, the City Council appointed Elizabeth Arthur to fill the seat vacated by Angela Calakos following her resignation after announcing that she was moving out of the city. Arthur served on an interim basis until the November 2019 general election, when she was elected to serve the balance of the term office. In January 2013, Ruben Bermudez took office as the city's first Hispanic mayor. Federal, state and county representation Vineland is located in the 2nd Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 1st state legislative district. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 37,583 registered voters in Vineland, of which 10,388 (27.6%) were registered as Democrats, 6,109 (16.3%) were registered as Republicans and 21,059 (56.0%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 27 voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 64.9% of the vote (15,299 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 34.2% (8,074 votes), and other candidates with 0.9% (218 votes), among the 23,880 ballots cast by the city's 39,605 registered voters (289 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 60.3%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 62.6% of the vote (15,743 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain, who received 35.2% (8,862 votes), with 25,144 ballots cast among the city's 39,098 registered voters, for a turnout of 64.3%. In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 53.8% of the vote (12,506 ballots cast), outpolling Republican George W. Bush, who received around 43.6% (10,131 votes), with 23,253 ballots cast among the city's 35,943 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 64.7. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 55.5% of the vote (7,171 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 42.8% (5,527 votes), and other candidates with 1.7% (221 votes), among the 13,243 ballots cast by the city's 37,789 registered voters (324 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 35.0%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Democrat Jon Corzine received 52.2% of the vote (7,457 ballots cast), ahead of both Republican Chris Christie with 40.1% (5,725 votes) and Independent Chris Daggett with 4.8% (681 votes), with 14,289 ballots cast among the city's 37,092 registered voters, yielding a 38.5% turnout. Education Primary and secondary The Vineland Public Schools serves students in public school for pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade. The district is one of 31 former Abbott districts statewide, which are now referred to as "SDA Districts" based on the requirement for the state to cover all costs for school building and renovation projects in these districts under the supervision of the New Jersey Schools Development Authority. As of the 2017–18 school year, the district, comprised of 14 schools, had an enrollment of 10,720 students and 772.4 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 13.9:1. Schools in the district (with 2017-18 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Casimer M. Dallago Jr. Preschool Center / IMPACT (300 students; in PreK), Dane Barse Elementary School (340; K-5), Solve D'Ippolito Elementary School (634; K-5), Marie Durand School (506; K-5), Edward Johnstone School (443; K-5), Dr. William Mennies Elementary School (607; K-5), Pauline J. Petway Elementary School (550; K-5), Anthony Rossi Elementary School (603; K-5), Gloria M. Sabater Elementary School (757; K-5), Dr. John H. Winslow Elementary School (476; K-5), Sgt. Dominick Pilla Middle School (NA; 6–8), Veterans Memorial Middle School (812; 6–8) Thomas W. Wallace Jr. Middle School (808; 6–8), Vineland High School (2,554; 9-12) and Cunningham Academy for students with "personal or academic challenges that prevent them from reaching their full potential" (NA; 7-12). Students are also eligible to attend Cumberland County Technology Education Center in Millville (with a Vineland post office address), serving students from the entire county in its full-time technical training programs, which are offered without charge to students who are county residents. The school relocated starting in the 2016–17 school year to a campus in Vineland constructed at a cost of $70 million and located next to Cumberland County College. The school initiated a new full-time high school program that included 240 students who will be part of the initial graduating class of 2020. Cumberland Christian School is a private coeducational day school located in Vineland, serving students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade. The school, founded in 1946, has a total enrollment of over 1,000 students. The city is home to two Catholic elementary schools, Bishop Schad Regional School (combining St. Francis and Sacred Heart Schools) and St. Mary Regional School. Both schools operate under the supervision of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Camden. Bishop Schad formed in 2007 from the merger of Sacred Heart Regional School (Sacred Heart/St. Isidore) and St. Francis of Assisi, using the Sacred Heart site. Sacred Heart High School served grades 9-12 from 1927 until its closure by the Camden Diocese in June 2013 due to declining enrollment. St. Joseph High School in Hammonton was the closest Catholic high school. However that school closed in 2020. The Ellison School was a private, nonsectarian coeducational preK-8 day school located on South Spring Road in Vineland. The school was founded in 1959 as a grade 1-3 school, and moved to its current site in 1968. By 2016 enrollment had dropped to the point where closure was considered. By late 2019 the school had 11 instructors, three assistants to the instructors, and 76 students. Ellison closed in December 2019. 25 of the students moved to the PreK-8 Christian school Edgarton Christian Academy, then in Newfield, which planned to move to Buena. College Rowan College of South Jersey Cumberland Campus (former Cumberland County College) is partially in the Vineland city limits with the other portion in Millville. Library Vineland Public Library (VPL) is the city's public library. Points of interest The Delsea Drive-In, located on Route 47 (Delsea Drive) north of County Route 552, was for years the only remaining drive-in theater in the state of New Jersey, the state in which they were first created in 1932 in Camden. Today New Jersey is home to two drive-in theaters -- The Delsea Drive-In and the Newark Moonlight Cinema. The Palace of Depression was built by the mustachioed eccentric George Daynor, a former Alaska gold miner who lost his fortune in the Wall Street Crash of 1929; the house was known as "The Strangest House in the World" or the "Home of Junk", and was built as a testament of willpower against the effects of the Great Depression. a full restoration, undertaken by The Palace of Depression Restoration Association, is ongoing. The Landis MarketPlace opened in 2011 as a two-level indoor public market and would go on to include several vendors on the upper level. In July 2015, the Amish vendors on the lower level departed and the market was purchased by the city the following month. Spataro's Pizza was the sole remaining tenant. The Vineland Historical and Antiquarian Society, a museum and research library that has been in operation since 1910 and holds a large collection exhibiting the city's history. In 2009, as much as $25 million in grants from the Economic Stimulus Act of 2008 were allocated to help with the cleanup of the Vineland Chemical Company site. The company's owners had paid $3 million towards the cleanup of soil and water at the site polluted with arsenic and other toxic materials, though the United States Environmental Protection Agency has spent more than $120 million to remediate the Superfund site. Media Clear Communications owns two locally licensed radio stations; WVLT (92.1) and WMIZ (1270), with WPOV-LP (107.7) owned by the local branch of Calvary Chapel. Vineland is also the city of license for WUVP-DT (channel 65), Philadelphia's Univision station, which has studios in Franklin Township and their news operation and transmitter based in Philadelphia proper. Transportation Roads and highways , the city had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Cumberland County and by the New Jersey Department of Transportation and by the New Jersey Turnpike Authority. Route 47 (Delsea Drive) runs almost north-south in the western quarter of the city, connecting Millville in the south to Franklin Township in Gloucester County at the city's northern tip. Route 55 enters the city from Millville for , heads back into Millville and re-enters Vineland, running along the western border for and heads north into Pittsgrove Township in Salem County. Route 56 (Landis Avenue) heads across the city from Pittsgrove Township to its eastern terminus at Route 47. County Route 540 (Almond Road / Park Avenue / Landis Avenue) enters from the west in Pittsgrove Township and continues for to Buena Vista Township in Atlantic County, on the city's eastern border. County Route 552 (Sherman Avenue / Mays Landing Road) enters from Deerfield Township in the city's southwest corner and continues for into Maurice River Township. County Route 555 (South Main Road / North Main Road) enters from Millville extending for into Franklin Township. Public transportation NJ Transit provides bus transportation on the 313 route between Cape May and Philadelphia, on the 408 route between Millville and Philadelphia and on the 553 route between Upper Deerfield Township and Atlantic City. Two general aviation airports are located nearby. Vineland-Downstown Airport is located northeast of the central business district and Kroelinger Airport, north. Parks and recreation The Cumberland Cape Atlantic YMCA is in Vineland. The corporate name was changed from Vineland YMCA as the board of directors decided to expand the organization's service area to Atlantic County and Cape May County. There was a previous YMCA building in Millville that in August 1990 stopped operations. In late 1997 Millville Housing Authority purchased the building, which opened as the Holly City Development Corp. Family Center in 2001. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Vineland include: Hakeem Abdul-Shaheed (born 1959), convicted drug dealer and organized crime leader. Nelson Albano (born 1954), member of the New Jersey General Assembly who has represented the 1st Legislative District. Nicholas Asselta (born 1951), member of the New Jersey Senate, who served on the Vineland Board of Education (1993–96), Vineland Planning Board (1992–93) and Vineland Environmental Commission (1992–93). Johnny Austin (1910–1983), trumpeter who played with the Glenn Miller Orchestra before forming the Johnny Austin Orchestra in 1947. Herman Bank (1916–2012), mechanical engineer at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory who oversaw the design of several early spacecraft. Wallace M. Beakley (1903–1975), naval aviator who was a vice admiral in the United States Navy. Obie Bermúdez (born 1977), Latin Grammy winner for Best Male Pop Vocal Album in 2005. Stanley Brotman (1924–2014), Judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey. Robert Neil Butler (1927–2010), first director of the National Institute on Aging. Glenn Carbonara (born 1966), former professional soccer player. Thomas Chisholm (1866–1960), Christian songwriter who wrote Great Is Thy Faithfulness. Jamil Demby (born 1996), offensive tackle on the practice squad of the Los Angeles Rams of the NFL. Dick Errickson (1912–1999), pitcher who played in MLB for the Boston Bees / Braves and the Chicago Cubs. Sam Fiocchi (born 1952), member of the New Jersey General Assembly from the 1st Legislative District from 2014 to 2016. Darren Ford (born 1985), MLB outfielder who played for the San Francisco Giants. Ted Ford (born 1947), former MLB outfielder who played for the Cleveland Indians and Texas Rangers. Chris Gheysens (born c. 1972), president and chief executive officer of Wawa Inc. Henry H. Goddard (1866–1957), psychologist and eugenicist and author of The Kallikak Family, who headed the Vineland Training School for Feeble-Minded Girls and Boys, where he introduced the term "moron" to describe a mild form of mental retardation. Jeremiah Hacker (1801–1895), Quaker reformer and journalist. Lee Hull (born 1965), football coach and former player who was the head football coach at Morgan State University from 2014 to 2015. Alan Kotok (1941–2006), computer scientist known for his contributions to the Internet and World Wide Web. R. Bruce Land (born 1950), politician and former corrections officer who has represented the 1st Legislative District in the New Jersey General Assembly since 2016. Charles K. Landis (1833–1900), founder of Vineland. Layle Lane (1893–1976), African American educator and civil rights activist. Miles Lerman (1920–2008), Holocaust survivor who fought as a Jewish resistance fighter during World War II in Nazi occupied Poland and helped to plan and create the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C. Matthew Lipman (1923–2010), founder of Philosophy for Children. Jillian Loyden (born 1985), soccer goalkeeper. Fred Lucas (1903–1987), MLB outfielder who played briefly for the Philadelphia Phillies during the 1935 season. Olivia Lux, drag performer most known for competing on season 13 of RuPaul's Drag Race. Soraida Martinez (born 1956), artist, designer and social activist known for creating the art style of Verdadism. John Landis Mason (1832–1902), inventor of the Mason jar. Matthew W. Milam (born 1961), politician who served in the New Jersey General Assembly from 2008 to 2013. Don Money (born 1947), professional baseball player. Ryan Ogren (born 2000), musician who has performed as part of Over It and Runner Runner. John Pascarella (born 1966), soccer coach who serves as head coach of USL Championship club OKC Energy FC. Lou Piccone (born 1949), wide receiver and kick returner who played in the NFL for the New York Jets and Buffalo Bills, during his nine seasons in the league. James Louis Schad (1917–2002), auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Camden from 1966 to 1993. Jeret Schroeder (born 1969), former driver in the Indy Racing League. Chad Severs (born 1982), professional soccer player. Walter H. Seward (1896–2008), supercentenarian who was, at the time of his death at the age of 111, the third-oldest verified man living in the United States. Walter L. Shaw (1916–1996), telecommunications engineer and inventor who ended up supplying the Mafia with black boxes capable of making free and untraceable telephone calls. Young Steff (born 1988), R&B, Hip Hop, and Pop singer-songwriter. Marc Stern, attorney, business executive and philanthropist who serves as the chairman of the TCW Group. Muriel Streeter (1913–1995), artist known for her surrealist paintings. Mary Treat (1830–1923), naturalist/botanist and correspondent with Charles Darwin, who was the author of Injurious Insects of the Farm and Field (1882). Gina Thompson (born 1973), R&B singer whose song "The Things That You Do" peaked at number 41 on the Billboard Hot 100 charts, and number 12 on Billboard's Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks Chart. Mike Trout (born 1991), Major League Baseball outfielder was born in Vineland. Richard Veenfliet (1843–1922), painter. Vic Voltaggio (born 1941), Major League Baseball umpire from 1977 to 1996. John H. Ware III (1908–1997), member of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania. Anthony Watson (born 1989), American-born skeleton racer who competed on behalf of Jamaica in the 2018 Winter Olympics, becoming the first athlete to represent the Caribbean nation in the winter sport. Mona Weissmark, psychologist who has focused on intergenerational justice. Thomas Bramwell Welch (1825–1903), discoverer of the pasteurization process to prevent the fermentation of grape juice. Elmer H. Wene (1892–1957), represented from 1937 to 1939 and from 1941 to 1945. Freda L. Wolfson (born 1954), District Judge for the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey. Clarence M. York (1867–1906), attorney who served as a law clerk to the justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. References External links Vineland website Vineland Historical and Antiquarian Society 1952 establishments in New Jersey Cities in Cumberland County, New Jersey Faulkner Act (mayor–council) New Jersey Urban Enterprise Zones Populated places established in 1952 Ukrainian communities in the United States	[ -0.4065427780151367, -0.11873673647642136, -0.009675765410065651, 0.012388109229505062, 1.2167872190475464, -0.0077037811279296875, 0.5279499292373657, 0.458397775888443, 0.015941143035888672, -0.48033368587493896, -0.737363874912262, 0.4451623857021332, 0.13463687896728516, 0.5413441061973572, -1.257919430732727, 0.447081595659256, 0.6573881506919861, 0.9417366981506348, 0.6224907636642456, -0.3237769603729248, -0.6605873107910156, -0.1864507794380188, 0.418437659740448, 0.48802649974823, -0.14061281085014343, -0.6863277554512024, 0.48993945121765137, 0.029168637469410896, 0.3467058539390564, 0.09412452578544617, -0.12087076157331467, 0.7725843787193298, -0.19803114235401154, 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125154	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belleville%2C%20New%20Jersey	Belleville, New Jersey	Belleville (French: "Belle ville" meaning "Beautiful city / town") is a township in Essex County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2020 United States Census, the township's population was 38,222, reflecting an increase of 6.4% from the 2010 Census population of 35,926. This increase follows a decline of 2 (0.0%) from the 35,928 counted in the 2000 Census. The population had increased by 1,715 (+5.0%) from the 34,213 counted in the 1990 Census. History Originally known as "Second River" or "Washington", the inhabitants renamed the settlement "Belleville" in 1797. Belleville was originally incorporated as a township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on April 8, 1839, from portions of Bloomfield. Portions of the township were taken to create Woodside Township (March 24, 1869, now defunct) and Franklin Township (February 18, 1874, now known as Nutley). The independent municipality of Belleville city was created within the township on March 27, 1874, and was dissolved on February 22, 1876. On November 16, 1910, Belleville was reincorporated as a town, based on the results of a referendum held eight days earlier. In 1870, Belleville became the first city on the East Coast of the United States with a Chinatown. While much of the country (especially the Western states) had strong anti-Chinese sentiment, the town welcomed a group of Chinese workers from the West Coast who had been workers on building the Central Pacific Railroad. This group of people eventually formed the basis for Chinatowns in Newark and New York City. In 1981, the town was one of seven Essex County municipalities to pass a referendum to become a township, joining four municipalities that had already made the change, of what would ultimately be more than a dozen Essex County municipalities to reclassify as townships in order take advantage of federal revenue sharing policies that allocated townships a greater share of government aid to municipalities on a per capita basis. Frankie Valli and the band The Four Seasons formed in Belleville. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 3.37 square miles (8.71 km2), including 3.30 square miles (8.54 km2) of land and 0.07 square miles (0.18 km2) of water (2.05%). Silver Lake (2010 total population of 4,243) is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) defined by the United States Census Bureau as of the 2010 Census that is split between Belleville (with 3,769 of the CDP's residents) and Bloomfield (474 of the total). Other unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Belwood, Big Tree and Soho. The Second River forms much of the border between Belleville and Newark as it runs through Branch Brook Park. The township of Belleville has given itself the nickname the Cherry Blossom Capital of America, with an annual display that is larger than the famed Tidal Basin in Washington, D.C., site of the National Cherry Blossom Festival. The township borders the municipalities of Bloomfield, Newark and Nutley in Essex County; Lyndhurst and North Arlington in Bergen County; and Kearny in Hudson County. Demographics 2010 Census The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $60,127 (with a margin of error of +/- $2,658) and the median family income was $69,181 (+/- $4,525). Males had a median income of $46,656 (+/- $2,959) versus $42,237 (+/- $2,818) for females. The per capita income for the township was $27,668 (+/- $1,357). About 3.7% of families and 6.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.0% of those under age 18 and 6.6% of those age 65 or over. 2000 Census As of the 2000 United States Census there were 35,928 people, 13,731 households, and 9,089 families residing in the township. The population density was 10,744.3 people per square mile (4,153.3/km2). There were 14,144 housing units at an average density of 4,229.8 per square mile (1,635.0/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 69.44% White, 5.36% African American, 0.17% Native American, 11.31% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 9.83% from other races, and 3.82% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 23.68% of the population. As of the 2000 Census, the most common ancestries listed were Italian (30.9%), Irish (9.4%), German (6.9%), Polish (4.5%), United States (2.6%) and English (2.2%). There were 13,731 households, out of which 29.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.0% were married couples living together, 13.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.8% were non-families. 27.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.23. In the township the population was spread out, with 21.8% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 33.9% from 25 to 44, 22.2% from 45 to 64, and 13.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.8 males. The median income for a household in the township was $48,576, and the median income for a family was $55,212. Males had a median income of $38,074 versus $31,729 for females. The per capita income for the township was $22,093. About 6.3% of families and 8.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.9% of those under age 18 and 7.8% of those age 65 or over. Government Local government Belleville is governed within the Faulkner Act, formally known as the Optional Municipal Charter Law, under the Council-Manager form of New Jersey municipal government. The township is one of 42 municipalities (of the 565) statewide that use this form of government. The governing body is comprised of a seven-member Township Council, of which two members are elected at-large, one is elected at-large as a mayor, and one each is chosen from four wards, with elections held on a non-partisan basis as part of the May municipal election. Members are elected in even-numbered years to serve four-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with the four ward seats up for vote together and the two at-large seats and the mayoral seat up for vote two years later. , the mayor of Belleville is Michael A. Melham, whose term of office ends June 30, 2022. Members of the Belleville Township Council are Deputy Mayor Vincent Cozzarelli (Ward 3; 2024), Naomy De Peña (at-large; 2022), Thomas Graziano (at-large; 2022), John J. Notari (Ward 4; 2024), Steven J. Rovell (Ward 2; 2024) and Marie Strumolo-Burke (Ward 1; 2024). The Township Manager is Anthony D. Iacono. Federal, state and county representation Belleville is located in the 8th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 29th state legislative district. Prior to the 2011 reapportionment following the 2010 Census, Belleville had been in the 28th state legislative district. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 19,684 registered voters in Belleville, of which 7,241 (36.8%) were registered as Democrats, 2,708 (13.8%) were registered as Republicans and 9,729 (49.4%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 6 voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 65.8% of the vote (8,031 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 33.3% (4,071 votes), and other candidates with 0.9% (109 votes), among the 12,956 ballots cast by the township's 20,621 registered voters (745 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 62.8%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 56.9% of the vote here (7,475 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 41.4% (5,444 votes) and other candidates with 0.8% (110 votes), among the 13,135 ballots cast by the township's 19,378 registered voters, for a turnout of 67.8%. In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 50.6% of the vote here (6,046 ballots cast), outpolling Republican George W. Bush with 48.0% (5,728 votes) and other candidates with 0.7% (130 votes), among the 11,940 ballots cast by the township's 17,411 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 68.6. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 53.1% of the vote (3,170 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 45.8% (2,734 votes), and other candidates with 1.1% (67 votes), among the 6,050 ballots cast by the township's 20,904 registered voters (79 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 28.9%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Democrat Jon Corzine received 50.7% of the vote here (3,626 ballots cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 42.6% (3,041 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 4.6% (329 votes) and other candidates with 1.0% (72 votes), among the 7,146 ballots cast by the Township's 19,313 registered voters, yielding a 37.0% turnout. Education The Belleville School District serves public school students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade. As of the 2017–18 school year, the district, comprised of nine schools, had an enrollment of 4,583 students and 328.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 14.0:1. Schools in the district (with 2017–18 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are School 3 (grades K-5; 344 students), School 4 (PreK-5; 319), School 5 (K-5; 351), School 7 (PreK-5; 381), School 8 (K-5; 442), School 9 (K-5; 125), School 10 (K-5; 171), Belleville Middle School (6–8; 973) and Belleville High School (9–12; 1,397). The Belleville Public Library and Information Center had a collection of 105,452 volumes. Transportation Roads and highways , the township had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Essex County and by the New Jersey Department of Transportation. Route 7 and New Jersey Route 21 as well as County Route 506 all pass through Belleville. The Belleville Turnpike Bridge (also known as the Rutgers Street Bridge) crosses the Passaic River, connecting Belleville to North Arlington. The bridge was formally renamed on July 4, 2013, as the "Lance Corporal Osbrany Montes de Oca Memorial Bridge" in memory of a United States Marine Corps soldier killed in February 2012 while serving in Afghanistan. Public transportation The Silver Lake station provides service to Newark Penn Station on the Newark Light Rail. Until 1966, the Newark Branch of the Erie-Lackawanna Railroad (EL) provided stations at Belleville and Cleveland Street. The New York and Greenwood Lake Railway, later the Boonton Line, also served the township. The Newark Branch tracks are now used for freight only, operated by Norfolk Southern. NJ Transit bus service is available to and from Newark on the 13, 27, 72, 74, 90, 92, 93 and 94 bus lines. Places of interest Clara Maass Medical Center is a 469-bed teaching hospital that is part of the Barnabas Health system, founded in 1868 as Newark German Hospital, and named for Clara Maass, a nurse who died after volunteering for medical experiments to study yellow fever Reformed Dutch Church of Second River – The church's original building was constructed in 1697 and replaced in 1725. A new structure was erected in 1807 after a tornado destroyed the previous church building, and the current church dates to 1853. More than 60 Continental Army soldiers are buried in the cemetery that adjoins the church. Christ Church Cemetery & Mausoleum - This cemetery was originally the first Episcopal Church in the area, established in 1746 by a land grant signed by King George II. The original burial ground still exists today, accompanied by a newer mausoleum. Belleville locations in The Sopranos Episode 3 ("Denial, Anger, Acceptance"): Christopher Moltisanti's "mock execution" is on the pier in the Passaic River used by Belleville High School's crew team. Episode 28 ("Proshai, Livushka"): Livia Soprano's funeral is held at the Irvine-Cozzarelli Memorial Home, across the street from Belleville Middle School on Washington Avenue. Season 4- Even though Furio Giunta's house was stated to be in Nutley, its actual location was Belleville on Essex Street. Episode 55 ("Where's Johnny?"): Junior gets lost and tells the policemen who find him that he lives in Belleville. Episode 76 ("Cold Stones"): Rosalie Aprile briefly dates a much younger French motorcyclist named Michel, who hails from Belleville, Paris. Ro expresses a particular sense of kinship with Michel given his connection to a town with the same name as the New Jersey town where members of her inner circle live (e.g., Corrado Soprano) and do business (e.g., the Irvine-Cozzarelli Memorial Home). 1996 Torch Relay On June 18, 1996, the Olympic Torch Relay came through the township of Belleville. The relay entered Belleville from Rutgers, made a left onto Washington Avenue, passing the Belleville Town Hall, a right onto Belleville Avenue and stayed on Belleville into the township of Bloomfield. The torch relay ended at Atlanta, Georgia for the 1996 Summer Olympics. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Belleville include: Platt Adams (1885–1961), winner of gold and silver Olympic medals. Russell Baker (born 1925), Pulitzer Prize-winning writer Growing Up. Chico Borja (born 1959), former professional soccer player. Lonnie G. Bunch III (born 1952), museum director and historian. Gilbert Luis R. Centina III (born 1947), Roman Catholic priest and author. Ralph R. Caputo (born 1940), member of the New Jersey General Assembly who has represented the 28th Legislative District. Kacy Catanzaro (born 1990) is a gymnast noted for being the first woman to qualify for the finals of the television sports challenge American Ninja Warrior. Samuel Cornish (1795–1858), abolitionist and publisher of the first newspaper in the United States owned by African Americans. Bob Crewe (1930–2014), songwriter, dancer, singer, manager, record producer and fine artist best known for producing, and co-writing together with Bob Gaudio, a string of Top 10 singles for The Four Seasons. Robert Curvin (1934–2015), researcher and theorist on issues related to urban poverty. The Delicates, the late 50s / early 60s girl group made up of Denise Ferri, Arleen Lanzotti and Peggy Santiglia Davison. Michael Devaney (1891–1967), track and field athlete who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics and in the 1924 Summer Olympics, and was part of the team that won the gold medal in 1920 in the 3000 metre steeplechase competition. Tommy DeVito (born 1936), musician and singer. Dennis Diken (born 1957), drummer with The Smithereens. Cornelius Ennis (1813–1899), cotton shipper and railroad executive who served as Mayor of Houston, Texas. Connie Francis (born 1938), singer. Dany Garcia (born 1969), businessperson, professional bodybuilder and film / television producer. Bob Gaudio (born 1942), singer, songwriter and producer. Kay Gardella (1923–2005), reporter, critic and columnist for almost 60 years at the New York Daily News. Frances Goodrich (1890–1984) was an American dramatist and screenwriter, best known for her collaborations with her partner and husband Albert Hackett. Scott Graham (born 1965), Philadelphia Phillies broadcaster. David Grant (born 1965), former NFL player. Phil Grippaldi (born 1946) was an Olympic weightlifter who competed for the United States at the games in 1968, 1972 and 1976. Creighton Gubanich (born 1972), catcher who played professionally in 15 games for the Boston Red Sox in 1999 and had a grand slam as his first career hit and only career home run. Llewellyn F. Haskell (1842–1929), United States Army officer and a Union general during the American Civil War. George Hrab, (born 1971), drummer, guitarist, composer and podcaster known for performing rock, funk and jazz. Frank Iero (born 1981), musician best known as the rhythm guitarist for the band My Chemical Romance, lead vocalist for the band Leathermouth and lead vocalist and guitarist for the band Pencey Prep. Doris Kopsky Muller (1922–1997), cyclist who was the first woman to win a national title in cycling. Nick Massi (1935–2000), early member of the Four Seasons. Tony Meola (born 1969), soccer goalie. Paul Mirabella (born 1954), MLB player for the Texas Rangers, New York Yankees, Toronto Blue Jays, Baltimore Orioles, Seattle Mariners, and the Milwaukee Brewers. Joe Pesci (born 1943), actor. Diane Ruggiero, That's Life series creator and Veronica Mars writer. Junior Sanchez, DJ, record producer and remixer. Roxana Saberi (born 1977), Iranian-American journalist arrested in Iran in February 2009. Peggy Santiglia Davison (born 1944), singer, songwriter; lead singer The Angels. Fred Schneider (born 1951), singer, songwriter, arranger and musician, best known as the frontman of the rock band the B-52's, of which he is a founding member. Andrew E. Svenson (1910–1975), children's author, publisher, and partner in the Stratemeyer Syndicate, who authored or coauthored more than 70 books for children, including books in the Hardy Boys and Bobbsey Twins series. Frankie Valli (born 1934), lead singer of the musical group The Four Seasons. Sharon Van Etten (born 1981), singer-songwriter. Gerard Way (born 1977), musician, singer-songwriter, and comic book writer best known as the lead singer of the band My Chemical Romance and writer of the comic series The Umbrella Academy. Mikey Way (born 1980), musician best known as the bassist for the band My Chemical Romance. Gus Wickie (1885–1947), German-born American bass singer, stage actor and voice of Bluto in the Fleischer Studios’ Popeye cartoons from 1935 until 1938. Leonard R. Willette (1921–1944), Tuskegee Airman pilot killed in action in World War II flying over Germany while protecting a group of American bombers. Bob Yudin (born 1939), former chairman of the Bergen County, New Jersey Republican Party. 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125156	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomfield%2C%20New%20Jersey	Bloomfield, New Jersey	Bloomfield is a township in Essex County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2020 United States Census, the township's population was 53,105. It surrounds the Bloomfield Green Historic District. History The initial patent for the land that would become Bloomfield Township was granted to the English Puritan colonists of Newark, and the area assigned to Essex County in 1675, and Newark Township in 1693. From the 1690s to about the 1720s, much of the northern and eastern land was sold to descendants of New Netherland colonists who had settled Acquackanonk, and the remainder mostly to English families. Speertown (now Upper Montclair), Stone House Plains (now Brookdale), and Second River (now Belleville and Nutley) were essentially Dutch and Jersey Dutch-speaking, while Cranetown, Watsessing, and the Morris Neighborhood (now North Center) were predominantly English. Starting in the mid-18th century, the English and Dutch neighborhoods gradually integrated, with Thomas Cadmus being among the first Dutchmen to settle in an English neighborhood. Numerous residents served in the Revolutionary War. No significant engagements occurred in Bloomfield, although the locale was on the Continental Army's retreat route after the Battle of Long Island; British and American troops conducted foraging operations; and General George Washington is believed to have visited at least two residences. The Green was set aside to commemorate the use of that space for drilling of militia. The Presbyterian Society of Bloomfield (now the Bloomfield Presbyterian Church on the Green) was formed in 1794 and named in honor of then-brigadier Joseph Bloomfield, commander of New Jersey troops in the Whiskey Rebellion. About the same time, the Dutch Reformed Church of Stone House Plains (now Brookdale Reformed Church) was established. The two churches became integral institutions of southern and northern Bloomfield, respectively. Bloomfield was incorporated as a township from portions of Newark Township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 23, 1812. At the time, the Presbyterian parish's namesake was governor of New Jersey and had recently been appointed brigadier general for service in the looming War of 1812. At the time it was incorporated, the township covered (almost four times its current area of ) and included several municipalities which were formed from portions of Bloomfield during the course of the nineteenth century, including Belleville (created on April 8, 1839), Montclair (April 15, 1868), Woodside Township (March 24, 1869) and Glen Ridge (February 13, 1895). The Stone House Plains neighborhood was renamed as Brookdale in 1873. In the township's first century, Brookdale farms thrived while southern Bloomfield industrialized, and the township's infrastructure, civil framework and social institutions developed. Several miles of the Morris Canal passed through Bloomfield. The Oakes woollen mill thrived as a major supplier to the Union Army. Bloomfield was incorporated as a town on February 26, 1900. In 1904, The city of Newark failed in its attempts to reannex Bloomfield as part of the "Greater Newark" movement. In 1981, the town was one of seven Essex County municipalities to pass a referendum to become a township, joining four municipalities that had already made the change, of what would ultimately be more than a dozen Essex County municipalities to reclassify themselves as townships in order to take advantage of federal revenue sharing policies that allocated townships a greater share of government aid to municipalities on a per capita basis. In the 20th century, GE, Westinghouse and Schering built major facilities, and among others, the Charms Candy Company was started and grew. After World War I, Brookdale's farms were developed into residential neighborhoods and supporting services. Substantial population growth continued into the 1950s. During World War II, while many Bloomfield men served in the armed forces, Bloomfield's farms and factories, largely staffed by women, supported the war effort. In the decades after the war, the township's industrial base steadily shut down with stricter environmental regulations, rising labor costs, and growing competition. These influences, as well as construction of the Garden State Parkway, further drove urban decay and related population turnover and stagnation through the latter part of the 20th century. In the early 21st century, redevelopment of blighted and underutilized properties has further shifted Bloomfield towards being a primarily residential municipality. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 5.36 square miles (13.88 km2), including 5.34 square miles (13.82 km2) of land and 0.02 square miles (0.06 km2) of water (0.45%). Silver Lake (2010 total population of 4,243) is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) defined by the United States Census Bureau as of the 2010 Census that is split between Belleville (with 3,769 of the CDP's residents) and Bloomfield (474 of the total). Brookdale (2010 population of 9,239) is a CDP located entirely within Bloomfield. Watsessing and Ampere North are CDPs in the southern part of the township that were first listed prior to the 2020 census. Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Halycon. Bloomfield is in the New York metropolitan area. The township borders the municipalities of Belleville, East Orange, Glen Ridge, Montclair, Newark and Nutley in Essex County; and Clifton in Passaic County. Demographics In comparison to the other municipalities in the U.S., the cost of living in Bloomfield was an average 20% higher than the U.S. average. According to a 2007 report from CNNMoney.com, the quality of life in Bloomfield in terms of crime are 3 incidents per 1,000 people as compared to the "best places to live average" of 1.3 incidents per 1,000. There were 35 property crime incidents per 1,000 people in Bloomfield as compared to the "best places to live average" of 20.6. 2010 Census The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $62,831 (with a margin of error of +/- $2,641) and the median family income was $77,936 (+/- $4,120). Males had a median income of $51,498 (+/- $1,805) versus $44,735 (+/- $2,867) for females. The per capita income for the township was $30,421 (+/- $1,122). About 5.8% of families and 7.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.9% of those under age 18 and 7.9% of those age 65 or over. 2000 Census As of the 2000 United States Census there were 47,683 people, 19,017 households, and 12,075 families residing in the township. The population density was 8,961.5 people per square mile (3,460.6/km2). There were 19,508 housing units at an average density of 3,666.3 per square mile (1,415.8/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 70.09% White, 11.69% Black, 0.19% Native American, 8.38% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 6.42% from other races, and 3.16% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 14.47% of the population. There were 19,017 households, out of which 28.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.7% were married couples living together, 12.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.5% were non-families. 30.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 3.16. In the township the population was spread out, with 21.1% under the age of 18, 8.4% from 18 to 24, 34.0% from 25 to 44, 22.3% from 45 to 64, and 14.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.1 males. The median income for a household in the township was $53,289, and the median income for a family was $64,945. Males had a median income of $43,498 versus $36,104 for females. The per capita income for the township was $26,049. About 4.4% of families and 5.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.3% of those under age 18 and 8.2% of those age 65 or over. Parks and recreation Brookdale Park, established in 1928, covers over in Bloomfield and Montclair, making it the third-largest park in Essex County, of which are in Bloomfield. Watsessing Park, which is the county's fourth-largest park, covers split between Bloomfield and East Orange ( in Bloomfield), and features sections of the Second River and Toney's Brook flowing through the park. Both parks are administered by the Essex County Department of Parks, Recreation, and Cultural Affairs. The Bloomfield Parks and Recreation Department administers eight parks covering . Government Local government Bloomfield operates under a Special Charter granted under an Act of the New Jersey Legislature. The township is one of 11 municipalities (of the 565) statewide that operate under a special charter. The township's governing body is comprised of the Mayor and the six-member Township Council. The mayor and three councilmembers are elected at-large, and one member is elected from each of three wards, with all positions chosen on a partisan basis as part of the November general election. Councilmembers are elected to three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with the three at-large seats (and the mayoral seat) up for election together and the three ward seats coming up for election two years later and no election in the middle year of the three-year cycle. Bloomfield's charter retains most of the characteristics of the Town form, with additional powers delegated to an administrator. , the Mayor of Bloomfield is Democrat Michael J. Venezia, whose term of office ends December 31, 2023. Members of the Bloomfield Township Council are Sarah Cruz (D, 2020; Third Ward), Wartyna "Nina" Davis (D, 2022; at-large), Ted Gamble (D, 2022; at-large), Nicholas Joanow (D, 2020; Second Ward), Jenny Mundell (D, 2020; First Ward) and Richard Rockwell (D, 2022; at-large). In January 2018, the Township Council selected Richard Rockwell from a list of three candidates nominated by the Democratic municipal committee to fill the at-large seat expiring in December 2019 that had been vacated the previous month by Carlos Pomares who resigned from office to serve on the Essex County Board of chosen freeholders. Rockwell served on an interim basis until the November 2018 general election, when he was elected to serve the balance of the term of office. The Township Council selected Jenny Mundell to fill the vacant First Ward seat expiring in December 2017 that had been held by Elias N. Chalet until he resigned from office after being charged with accepting $15,000 in bribes in exchange for making sure that the township would proceed with the acquisition of a commercial property. After pleading guilty, Chalet was forced to resign from office and could be sentenced to five years in prison. Emergency services The township maintains its own police department. The town is protected by a fire department consisting of 78 active professional firefighters who operate out of four stations, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. There is also a squad of volunteers. In 2009, the department received international accreditation. The Fire Prevention Bureau established in 1953 and described as the first of its kind in the state, is operated by the department. It consists of one fire inspector, one fire official and a small support staff of civilians and fire personnel. The department apparatus consist of four engines (one is a rescue pumper), one Truck/Ladder, a rescue and three reserve apparatus. Engine 1 located at the fire headquarters frequently closes due to lack of manpower. In 2018, the Insurance Services Office once again listed the fire department as a class 2 agency, recognizing it in the top five percent of the nation's fire departments, a ranking it has held for the past ten years. As of 2020, the department is again working toward achieving accreditation status. Newark's former Police Director, Samuel DeMaio, is Bloomfield's Public Safety Director who currently oversees both police and fire department operations. The Fire Chief is Louis Venezia. He is the brother of the mayor, Michael Venezia. Federal, state, and county representation Bloomfield is split between the 10th and 11th Congressional districts and is part of New Jersey's 28th state legislative district. Prior to the 2010 Census, Bloomfield had been part of the , a change made by the New Jersey Redistricting Commission that took effect in January 2013, based on the results of the November 2012 general elections. In the redistricting that went into effect in 2013, 24,480 residents in the northern portion of the township were placed in the 10th District, while 22,835 in the southern section were placed in the 11th District. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 28,398 registered voters in Bloomfield, of which 11,925 (42.0%) were registered as Democrats, 4,393 (15.5%) were registered as Republicans and 12,061 (42.5%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 19 voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 69.9% of the vote (13,361 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 28.8% (5,501 votes), and other candidates with 1.3% (245 votes), among the 19,242 ballots cast by the township's 29,923 registered voters (135 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 64.3%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 62.9% of the vote here (12,735 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 35.3% (7,154 votes) and other candidates with 0.9% (186 votes), among the 20,251 ballots cast by the township's 27,981 registered voters, for a turnout of 72.4%. In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 57.0% of the vote here (10,829 ballots cast), outpolling Republican George W. Bush with 41.5% (7,891 votes) and other candidates with 0.7% (208 votes), among the 19,012 ballots cast by the township's 27,995 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 67.9. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Democrat Barbara Buono received 53.1% of the vote (5,808 cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 45.6% (4,984 votes), and other candidates with 1.3% (141 votes), among the 11,118 ballots cast by the township's 30,606 registered voters (185 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 36.3%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Democrat Jon Corzine received 53.8% of the vote here (6,241 ballots cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 37.6% (4,359 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 6.6% (761 votes) and other candidates with 1.3% (147 votes), among the 11,599 ballots cast by the township's 27,929 registered voters, yielding a 41.5% turnout. Education Primary and secondary schools Public schools The Bloomfield Public Schools serve students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade. As of the 2017–18 school year, the district, comprised of 11 schools, had an enrollment of 6,487 students and 544.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.9:1. Schools in the district (with 2017-18 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Early Childhood Center at Forest Glen (151 students; in grades PreK-2), Berkeley Elementary School (451; K-6), Brookdale Elementary School (338; K-6), Carteret Elementary School (415; K-6), Demarest Elementary School (518; K-6), Fairview Elementary School (550; K-6), Franklin Elementary School (361; K-6), Oak View Elementary School (384; K-6) and Watsessing Elementary School (323; K-6), Bloomfield Middle School (940; 7–8) and Bloomfield High School / Bridges Academy (1,979; 9-12). As of the 2012–13 school year, the Bloomfield Public Schools had an actual Budgetary Per Pupil Cost of $11,848 (which is 16.4% below the statewide group average was $14,173), while Total Spending Per Pupil for the district was $15,848 (which is 16.0% below the $18,867 statewide). Bloomfield Tech High School is a regional, countywide magnet public high school that offers occupational and academic instruction for students in Essex County, as part of the Essex County Vocational Technical Schools. Catholic schools Saint Thomas the Apostle Parish School, which serves grades K-8, is operated under the supervision of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark. Colleges and universities Bloomfield College, a liberal arts college founded in 1868, is in downtown Bloomfield near the town green. The college has approximately 2,000 students and is affiliated with the Presbyterian Church. Transportation Roads and highways , the township had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Essex County and by the New Jersey Turnpike Authority. The major New Jersey highway artery that serves Bloomfield is the Garden State Parkway, the longest road in the state. It has four interchanges in the township. Interchanges 148 in the south of Bloomfield and 151 in the north are complete interchanges, while 149 and 150 are partials. The Parkway's Essex toll plaza is southbound just south of interchange 150 in the township. There are two service areas on the Parkway in Bloomfield, one for northbound and one southbound. Troop D of the New Jersey State Police, which patrols the full length of the Garden State Parkway, has a station in Bloomfield at northbound milepost 153. County Road 506, 506 Spur and 509 also serve Bloomfield. Commuter rail South Bloomfield is served by two stations of the NJ Transit Montclair-Boonton Line to Hoboken Terminal or to Penn Station in Midtown Manhattan via the Secaucus Junction. About 55% of the weekday trains terminate in Penn Station via Midtown Direct. On weekends the line terminates in Hoboken. The Bloomfield train station is located off of Bloomfield Avenue in the downtown area. The Watsessing Avenue station is at the corner of Watsessing Avenue and Orange Street, and is located below ground. Bloomfield used to be served by other passenger rail lines. The Rowe Street station was served by the Boonton Line until September 2002, when it was closed as part of the addition of Midtown Direct service to the township. The Walnut Street station, on the same line, was closed in 1953 when the Garden State Parkway was built through it. Light rail The Grove Street station on the Newark City Subway line of the Newark Light Rail at the south end of Bloomfield provides service to Newark Penn Station, created as part of an extension to Belleville and Bloomfield that opened in 2002. This station was part of the Orange Branch of the New York & Greenwood Lake Line of the Erie-Lackawanna Railroad with service to Jersey City which last saw passenger service in 1965. Freight service was discontinued in 2010 by Norfolk Southern with the loss of the last remaining shipper Hartz Mountain. Buses NJ Transit bus service is available to and from Newark on the 11, 27, 28, 29, 34, 72, 90, 92, 93 and 94 routes, with local service on the 709 bus line. In October 2009, the Go Bus 28 route was introduced, offering service nearly all day from Bloomfield Train Station to Newark Liberty International Airport. Airports Bloomfield is from Newark Liberty International Airport in Newark / Elizabeth, and from LaGuardia Airport in Flushing, Queens. Points of interest Glendale Cemetery Holsten's Brookdale Confectionery, filming location of the final scene in the final episode of The Sopranos. The Oakes Estate, constructed in 1895 based on a design by Charles Granville Jones, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1981. Notable events In 1942, the Westinghouse Lamp Plant in Bloomfield produced the majority of uranium metal used in the Chicago Pile-1, the world's first self-sustaining chain reaction which was a critical early phase of the Manhattan Project to create the first atomic bomb. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Bloomfield include: Alaa Abdelnaby (born 1968), former NBA basketball player. James Avati (1912–2005), illustrator and paperback cover artist. Fallah Bahh (born 1985 as Francis Flores), professional wrestler signed with Impact Wrestling. Caleb Cook Baldwin (1820–1911), one of the first Presbyterian missionaries to Fuzhou (then Foochow), China. Arthur Hornbui Bell (1891–1973), Ku Klux Klan leader in New Jersey in the 1920s. Robert Birmelin (born 1933), figurative painter, printmaker and draughtsman. Seth Bingham (1882-1972), organist and prolific composer. William D. Bishop (1827–1904), member of the United States House of Representatives from Connecticut's 4th congressional district from 1857 to 1859. Elizabeth Blackwell (1821-1910), first woman doctor. Hank Borowy (1916–2004), Major League Baseball All-Star pitcher who played for the New York Yankees, Chicago Cubs, Philadelphia Phillies, Pittsburgh Pirates and Detroit Tigers. Randolph Bourne (1886-1918), radical writer and opponent of U.S. involvement in World War I. William Batchelder Bradbury (1816–1868), composer of the tune to "Jesus Loves Me" and many other popular hymns. Doug Brien (born 1970), placekicker who played for the New York Jets and six other teams in his 12-season NFL career. Kevin Burkhardt (born 1974), sportscaster who is a play-by-play voices for the NFL on FOX and a reporter with SportsNet New York, who is the field reporter during New York Mets telecasts. Thomas Cadmus (1736-1821), businessman, Revolutionary War officer and community leader. Marco Capozzoli (born 1988), placekicker who has played in the Arena Football League for the Jacksonville Sharks. Roger Cook (born 1930), graphic designer, photographer and artist. Marion Crecco (1930-2015), member of the New Jersey General Assembly from 1986 to 2002. Tom Cudworth (born 1964), screenwriter. Peter David (born 1956), science fiction and fantasy author known for his work in comic books and Star Trek novels. Frank Howard Dodd (1844-1916), publisher. Charles Warren Eaton (1857-1937), artist best known for his tonalist landscapes who lived in Bloomfield from 1888 until his death in 1937. Todd Edwards (born 1972), house music and UK Garage producer, an early pioneer of the genre of UK Garage. Bud Ellor (1905-1932), professional football player who spent one season in the National Football League in 1930, playing with the Newark Tornadoes. Alex Ferguson (1897-1976), pitcher in Major League Baseball who played for five different teams between 1918 and 1929. Tom Fleming (1951-2017), long-distance runner and two-time winner of the New York City Marathon. Connie Francis (born 1938), singer. Bill Geyer (1919-2004), halfback who played for three seasons for the Chicago Bears. Johnny Gibson (1905-2006), Olympic runner. Michael Giuliano (1915–1976), politician who served two terms in the New Jersey Senate. Roger Lee Hall (born 1942), composer and musicologist. Ernie Hambacher (1906–1990), American football fullback who played in the NFL for the Orange Tornadoes. Merton Hanks (born 1968), former NFL safety who played for the San Francisco 49ers and has been the NFL's Vice President of Operations. Larry Hesterfer (1878-1943), pitcher who played a single MLB game in 1901 with the New York Giants, in which he became the only player known to have hit into a triple play in his first major league at bat. Benjamin Holman (1930–2007), pioneering newspaper and television reporter who was one of the nation's few prominent black journalists. Jim Kelly (1884-1961), MLB outfielder. Charles Kinsey (1773–1849), U.S. Representative from New Jersey. Michael Knapp (born 2000), professional soccer player who plays as a midfielder for USL Championship club New York Red Bulls II. Mike Kochel (1916-1994), one of the seven blocks of granite at Fordham University, he played in the NFL for the Chicago Cardinals. Andy Kostecka (1921-2007), professional basketball player who played for the Indianapolis Jets. Ted Leo (born 1970), punk rock singer, songwriter and guitarist. Bob Ley (born 1955), ESPN sportscaster. Michael Maslin, cartoonist for The New Yorker. Keven McDonald (born 1956), basketball player who is best known for his collegiate career at the University of Pennsylvania from 1974 to 1978 with the Penn Quakers men's basketball team. Edward Page Mitchell (1852–1927), editorial and short story writer for The Sun. R. Stevie Moore (born 1952), lo-fi music singer/songwriter. Charles A. Morris (1853–1914), engineer and dredging inventor. Mike Olla (born 1994), professional soccer forward. Clayton Parros (born 1990), track and field sprinter who specializes in the 400-meter dash. Robert A. Pascal (1934–2021), politician who served as County executive of Anne Arundel County, Maryland from 1975 to 1982. Charlie Puleo (born 1955), retired Major League Baseball pitcher who played from 1981 to 1989 with the New York Mets, Cincinnati Reds and Atlanta Braves. Philip Reilly (born 1952), fencer who competed in the team sabre event at the 1984 Summer Olympics. Andrew J. Robinson (c. 1843–1922), builder in New York City. Jack Robinson (1921-2000), professional baseball pitcher whose MLB career consisted of three games played in the Major Leagues for the Boston Red Sox in 1949. Don Savage, (1919-1961), Major League Baseball player for the New York Yankees in 1944 and 1945. Mark Sceurman, graphic artist who is co-creator and publisher of Weird NJ magazine. Anish Shroff (born 1982), ESPN sportscaster. Kristjan Sokoli (born 1991), American football defensive end. Robert Stempel (1933-2011), Chairman and CEO of General Motors. Frank Tripucka (1927–2013), pro football Denver Broncos' quarterback. Owned Trip Distribution, Inc. Kelly Tripucka (born 1959), pro basketball player for several teams, including the New Jersey Nets and New York Knicks. The Tripuckas are father and son, and both played their sports at the University of Notre Dame. Todd Tripucka (born 1954), former basketball player. Marlene VerPlanck (1933-2018), jazz and pop vocalist whose body of work centered on big band jazz, the American songbook and cabaret. E. Duke Vincent (born 1932 as Edward Ventimiglia), television producer, and was from 1960 to 1961 a naval aviator who was a member of the famed Blue Angels flying team, had a 40-year career in television writing and production, involving 2,300 hours of television. Alexander Wilson (1766–1813), the Father of American Ornithology, lived in Bloomfield for several months in 1801, where he was employed as a schoolteacher. Dick Zimmer (born 1944), former member of the United States House of Representatives who was the Republican candidate for United States Senate in 1996 and 2008. References External links Bloomfield Township website Bloomfield Public Schools Brief History of Bloomfield "Bloomfield, NJ: A Starter Spot for Suburbanites", The New York Times, May 24, 2009 1812 establishments in New Jersey Populated places established in 1812 Special Charters in New Jersey Townships in Essex County, New Jersey	[ -1.0522122383117676, 0.48284682631492615, -0.411312460899353, 0.4309980273246765, 0.9223909378051758, 0.21815787255764008, 0.5433481335639954, 0.7640703320503235, 0.39622461795806885, -0.327081561088562, -0.3861274719238281, 0.29216325283050537, 0.3157924711704254, 0.42926526069641113, -1.199669361114502, 0.6182181239128113, 0.08087943494319916, 1.0918114185333252, 0.3985692262649536, -0.414865106344223, -0.43751436471939087, -0.2721186578273773, 0.030642244964838028, 0.7252621650695801, 0.13079403340816498, -0.11199957877397537, 1.1078126430511475, -0.25803837180137634, -0.30088353157043457, -0.019841216504573822, -0.37486928701400757, 0.4326663613319397, 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125158	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvoviridae	Parvoviridae	Parvoviruses are a family of animal viruses that constitute the family Parvoviridae. They have linear, single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) genomes that typically contain two genes encoding for a replication initiator protein, called NS1, and the protein the viral capsid is made of. The coding portion of the genome is flanked by telomeres at each end that form into hairpin loops that are important during replication. Parvovirus virions are small compared to most viruses, at 23–28 nanometers in diameter, and contain the genome enclosed in an icosahedral capsid that has a rugged surface. Parvoviruses enter a host cell by endocytosis, travelling to the nucleus where they wait until the cell enters its replication stage. At that point, the genome is uncoated and the coding portion is replicated. Viral messenger RNA (mRNA) is then transcribed and translated, resulting in NS1 initiating replication. During replication, the hairpins repeatedly unfold, are replicated, and refold to change the direction of replication to progress back and forth along the genome in a process called rolling hairpin replication that produces a molecule containing numerous copies of the genome. Progeny ssDNA genomes are excised from this concatemer and packaged into capsids. Mature virions leave the cell by exocytosis or lysis. Parvoviruses are believed to be descended from ssDNA viruses that have circular genomes that form a loop because these viruses encode a replication initiator protein that is related to NS1 and have a similar replication mechanism. Another group of viruses called bidnaviruses appear to be descended from parvoviruses. Within the family, three subfamilies, 26 genera, and 126 species are recognized. Parvoviridae is the sole family in the order Piccovirales, which is the sole order in the class Quintoviricetes. This class is assigned to the phylum Cossaviricota, which also includes papillomaviruses, polyomaviruses, and bidnaviruses. A variety of diseases in animals are caused by parvoviruses. Notably, the canine parvovirus and feline parvovirus cause severe disease in dogs and cats, respectively. In pigs, the porcine parvovirus is a major cause of infertility. Human parvoviruses are less severe, the two most notable being parvovirus B19, which causes a variety of illnesses including Fifth disease in children, and human bocavirus 1, which is a common cause of acute respiratory tract illness, especially in young children. In medicine, recombinant adeno-associated viruses (AAV) have become an important vector for delivering genes to the cell nucleus during gene therapy. Animal parvoviruses were first discovered in the 1960s, including minute virus of mice, which is frequently used to study parvovirus replication. Many AAVs were also discovered during this time period and research on them over time has revealed their benefit as a form of medicine. The first pathogenic human parvovirus to be discovered was parvovirus B19 in 1974, which became associated with various diseases throughout the 1980s. Parvoviruses were first classified as the genus Parvovirus in 1971 but were elevated to family status in 1975. They take their name from the Latin word parvum, meaning 'small' or 'tiny', referring to the small size of the virus's virions. Genome Parvoviruses have linear, single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) genomes that are about 4–6 kilobases (kb) in length. The parvovirus genome typically contains two genes, termed the NS/rep gene and the VP/cap gene. The NS gene encodes the non-structural (NS) protein NS1, which is the replication initiator protein, and the VP gene encodes the viral protein (VP) that the viral capsid is made of. NS1 contains an HUH superfamily endonuclease domain near its N-terminus, containing both site-specific binding activity and site-specific nicking activity, and a superfamily 3 (SF3) helicase domain toward the C-terminus. Most parvoviruses contain a transcriptional activation domain near the C-terminus that upregulates transcription from viral promoters as well as alternate or overlapping open reading frames that encode a small number of supporting proteins involved in different aspects of the viral life cycle. The coding portion of the genome is flanked at each end by terminal sequences about 116–550 nucleotides (nt) in length that consist of imperfect palindromes folded into hairpin loop structures. These hairpin loops contain most of the cis-acting information required for DNA replication and packaging and act as hinges during replication to change the direction of replication. When the genome is converted to double-stranded forms, replication origin sites are created involving sequences in and adjacent to the hairpins. Genomic DNA strands in mature virions may be positive-sense or negative-sense. This varies from species to species as some have a preference for packaging strands of one polarity, others package varying proportions, and others package both sense strands at equal proportions. These preferences reflect the efficiency with which progeny strands are synthesized, which in turn reflects the efficiency of specific replication origin sites. The 3′-end (usually pronounced "three prime end") of a negative sense strand, and the 5′-end (usually pronounced "five prime end") of a positive sense strand, is called the left end, and the 5′-end of the negative sense strand, and the 3′-end of a positive sense strand, is called the right end. Structure Parvovirus virions are 23–28 nanometers (nm) in diameter and consist of the genome enclosed inside a capsid that is icosahedral in shape with a rugged surface. The capsid is composed of 60 structurally equivalent polypeptide chains derived from the C-terminal end of a VP protein's sequence, interlocking extensively to form an icosahedron with 60 asymmetric, superficial triangular units. These units have 3-fold radial symmetry at two vertices and 5-fold radial symmetry at one, with 2-fold radial symmetry at the line opposite of the 5-fold vertex and a 2/5 circular fold wall surrounding the point of the 5-fold vertex. Twenty 3-fold vertices, thirty 2-fold lines, and twelve 5-fold vertices exist per capsid, the latter corresponding to the 12 vertices of the icosahedron. Typical features of the capsid surface include depressions at each 2-fold axis, elevated protrusions surrounding the 3-fold axes, and raised cylindrical projections made of five beta-barrels surrounded by canyon-like depressions at the 5-fold axes. Each of these cylinders potentially contains an opening to connect the exterior of the capsid to the interior, which mediates entry and exit of the genome. About 20 nucleotides from the 5′-end of the genome may remain exposed outside of the capsid carrying a copy of NS1 bound to the 5′-end, which is a result of how the genome is synthesized and packaged. Varying sizes of the VP protein are expressed for different parvoviruses, the smaller ones, VP2–5, being expressed at a higher frequency than the large size, VP1. The smaller VPs share a common C-terminus with different N-terminus lengths due to truncation. For VP1, the N-terminus is extended to contain regions important in the replication cycle, and it is incorporated into the capsid, typically 5–10 per capsid, with the common C-terminus responsible for assembling capsids. Each VP monomer contains a core beta-barrel structure called the jelly roll motif of eight strands arranged in two adjacent antiparallel beta sheets, labeled CHEF and BIDG after the individual strands, the latter forming the interior surface of the capsid. Individual beta strands are connected by loops that have varying length, sequence, and conformation, and most of these loops extend toward the exterior surface, giving parvoviruses their unique, rough surface. Related parvoviruses share their surface topologies and VP protein folds to a greater degree than their sequence identities, so the structure of the capsid and capsid protein are useful indicators of phylogeny. Life cycle Parvoviruses enter cells by endocytosis, using a variety of cellular receptors to bind to the host cell. In endosomes, many parvoviruses undergo a change in conformation so that the phospholipase A2 (PLA) domain on the VP1 N-termini are exposed so the virion can penetrate lipid bilayer membranes. Intracellular trafficking of virions varies, but virions ultimately arrive to the nucleus, inside of which the genome is uncoated from the capsid. Based on studies of minute virus of mice (MVM), the genome is ejected from the capsid in a 3′-to-5′ direction from one of the openings in the capsid, leaving the 5′-end of the DNA attached to the capsid. Parvoviruses lack the ability to induce cells into their DNA replication stage, called S-phase, so they must wait in the nucleus until the host cell enters S-phase on its own. This makes cell populations that divide rapidly, such as fetal cells, an excellent environment for parvoviruses. Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) are dependent on helper viruses, which may be an adenovirus or a herpesvirus, since coinfection alters the cellular environment to allow for replication. In the absence of coinfection, AAV's genome is integrated into the host cell's genome until coinfection occurs. Infected cells that enter S-phase are forced to synthesize viral DNA and cannot leave S-phase. Parvoviruses establish replication foci in the nucleus that grow progressively larger as infection progresses. Once a cell enters S-phase and the genome is uncoated, a host DNA polymerase uses the 3′-end of the 3′ hairpin as a primer to synthesize a complementary DNA strand for the coding portion of the genome, which is connected to the 5′-end of the 5′ hairpin. Messenger RNA (mRNA) that encodes NS1 is then transcribed from the genome by the DNA polymerase, capped and polyadenylated, and translated by host ribosomes to synthesize NS1. If proteins are encoded in multiple co-linear frames, then alternative splicing, suboptimal translation initiation, or leaky scanning may be used to translate different gene products. Parvoviruses replicate their genome via rolling hairpin replication, a unidirectional, strand displacement form of DNA replication that is initiated by NS1. Replication begins once NS1 binds to and makes a nick in a replication origin site in the duplex DNA molecule at the end of one hairpin. Nicking releases the 3′-end of the nicked strand as a free hydroxyl (-OH) to prime DNA synthesis with NS1 remaining attached to the 5′-end. The nick causes the adjacent hairpin to unfold into a linear, extended form. At the 3′-OH, a replication fork is established using NS1's helicase activity, and the extended telomere is replicated by the DNA polymerase. The two telomere strands then refold back in on themselves to their original configurations, which repositions the replication fork to switch templates to the other strand and move in the opposite direction toward the other end of the genome. Parvoviruses vary in whether the termini are similar or the same, called homotelomeric parvoviruses, or different, called heterotelomeric parvoviruses. In general, homotelomeric parvoviruses, such as AAV and B19, replicate both ends of their genome through the aforementioned process, called terminal resolution, and their hairpin sequences are contained within larger (inverted) terminal repeats. Heterotelomeric viruses, such as minute virus of mice (MVM), replicate one end by terminal resolution and the other end via an asymmetric process called junction resolution so that the correct orientation of the telomere can be copied. During asymmetric junction resolution, the duplex extended-form telomeres refold in on themselves into a cruciform shape. A replication origin site on the lower strand of the right arm of the cruciform is nicked by NS1, leading to the lower arm of the cruciform unfolding into its linear extended form. A replication fork established at the nick site moves down the extended lower arm to copy the lower arm's sequence. The two strands of the lower arm then refold to reposition the replication fork to go back toward the other end, displacing the upper strand in the process. The back and forth, end-to-end pattern of rolling hairpin replication produces a concatemer containing multiple copies of the genome. NS1 periodically makes nicks in this molecule and, through a combination of terminal resolution and junction resolution, individual strands of the genome are excised from the concatemer. Excised genomes may either be recycled for further rounds of replication or packaged into progeny capsids. Translation of mRNA containing VP proteins leads to the accumulation of capsid proteins in the nucleus that assemble into these empty capsids. Genomes are encapsidated at one of the capsid's vertices through a portal, potentially the one opposite the portal used to expel the genome. Once complete virions have been constructed, they may be exported from the nucleus to the exterior of the cell before disintegration of the nucleus. Disruption of the host cell environment may also occur later on in the infection. This results in cell lysis via necrosis or apoptosis, which releases virions to the outside of the cell. Evolution Parvoviruses are believed to be descended from ssDNA viruses that have a circular genome that forms a loop and which replicate via rolling circle replication, which is similar to rolling hairpin replication. These circular ssDNA viruses encode a replication initiator protein that is related to and possesses many of the same characteristics as the replication initiator protein of parvoviruses, such as the HUH endonuclease domain and the SF3 helicase domain. In contrast to these other replication initiator proteins, NS1 shows only vestigial traces of being able to perform ligation, which is a key part of rolling circle replication. The Bidnaviridae family, which are also linear ssDNA viruses, appear to be descended from a parvovirus that had its genome integrated into the genome of a polinton, a type of DNA transposon related to viruses in the realm Varidnaviria. Based on phylogenetic analysis of the SF3 helicase, parvoviruses split into two branches early in their evolutionary history, one of which contains viruses assigned to the subfamily Hamaparvovirinae. The other branch split into two sublineages that constitute the other two subfamilies, Densovirinae and Parvovirinae. Parvoviruses in the Hamaparvovirinae lineage are likely all heterotelomeric, Densovirinae are exclusively homotelomeric, and Parvovirinae varies. Telomere sequences have significant complexity and diversity, suggesting that many species have co-opted them to perform additional functions. Parvoviruses are also considered to have high rates of genetic mutations and recombinations. Classification Parvoviruses constitute the family Parvoviridae. The family is the sole family in the order Piccovirales, which is the sole order in the class Quintoviricetes. The class Quintoviricetes belongs to the phylum Cossaviricota, which also includes papillomaviruses, polyomaviruses, and bidnaviruses. Cossaviricota is included in the kingdom Shotokuvirae, which is assigned to the realm Monodnaviria. Parvoviridae belongs to Group II: ssDNA viruses in the Baltimore classification system, which groups viruses together based on their manner of mRNA synthesis. Within Parvoviridae, three subfamilies, 26 genera, and 126 species are recognized as of 2020 (-virinae denotes subfamily and -virus denotes genus): Densovirinae (11 genera, 21 species) Aquambidensovirus (3 species) Blattambidensovirus (1 species) Diciambidensovirus (1 species) Hemiambidensovirus (2 species) Iteradensovirus (5 species) Miniambidensovirus (1 species) Muscodensovirus (1 species) Pefuambidensovirus (1 species) Protoambidensovirus (2 species) Scindoambidensovirus (3 species) Tetuambidensovirus (1 species) Hamaparvovirinae (5 genera, 21 species) Brevihamaparvovirus (2 species) Chaphamaparvovirus (16 species) Hepanhamaparvovirus (1 species) Ichthamaparvovirus (1 species) Penstylhamaparvovirus (1 species) Parvovirinae (10 genera, 84 species) Amdoparvovirus (5 species) Artiparvovirus (1 species) Aveparvovirus (3 species) Bocaparvovirus (28 species) Copiparvovirus (7 species) Dependoparvovirus (11 species) Erythroparvovirus (7 species) Loriparvovirus (1 species) Protoparvovirus (15 species) Tetraparvovirus (6 species) Parvoviruses are assigned to the same species if they share at least 85% of their protein sequence identities. Species are grouped together in a genus based on phylogeny of the NS1 and SF3 helicase domains, as well as similarity of NS1 sequence identity and coverage. If these criteria aren't satisfied, then genera can still be established provided that common ancestry is supported. The three subfamilies are distinguished based on phylogeny of the SF3 helicase domain, which corresponds to host range: viruses in Densovirinae infect invertebrates, viruses in Hamaparvovirinae infect invertebrates and vertebrates, and viruses in Parvovirinae infect vertebrates. Disease In humans, the most prominent parvoviruses that cause disease are parvovirus B19 and human bocavirus 1. B19 infection is often asymptomatic but can manifest in a variety of ways, including Fifth disease with its characteristic rash in children, persistent anemia in immunocompromised persons and in people who have underlying hemoglobinopathies, transient aplastic crises, hydrops fetalis in pregnant women, and arthropathy. Human bocavirus 1 is a common cause of acute respiratory tract infection, especially in young children, wheezing being a common symptom. Other parvoviruses associated with different diseases in humans include human parvovirus 4 and human bufavirus, though the manner by which these viruses cause disease is unclear. Carnivore-infecting viruses in the genus Protoparvovirus, in contrast to human parvoviruses, are more life-threatening. Canine parvovirus causes severe illness in dogs, the most common symptom being hemorrhagic enteritis, with up to a 70% mortality rate in pups but usually less than 1% in adults. Feline parvovirus, a closely related virus, likewise causes severe illness in cats along with panleukopenia. In pigs, porcine parvovirus is a major cause of infertility as infection frequently leads to death of the fetus. Use in medicine Adeno-associated viruses have become an important vector for gene therapy aimed at treating genetic diseases, such as those caused by a single mutation. The recombinant AAV (rAAV) contains a viral capsid but lacks a complete viral genome. Instead, the typical nucleic acid packaged into the capsid contains a promoter region, the gene of interest, and a terminator region, all contained within two inverted terminal repeats derived from the viral genome. rAAV essentially acts as a container that can traverse the cell membrane and deliver its nucleic acid cargo to the nucleus. History Parvoviruses were discovered relatively late in comparison to other prominent virus families, potentially due to their small size. In the late 1950s and 1960s, a variety of animal parvoviruses were discovered, including minute virus of mice, which has since been used extensively to study rolling hairpin replication. Many AAVs were also discovered during this time period and research on them led to their first usage in gene therapy in the 1980s. Over time, improvements in aspects such as vector design led to certain AAV gene therapy products reaching clinical efficacy in 2008 and being approved in the following years. In 1974, the first pathogenic human parvovirus was discovered by Yvonne Cossart, et al. When testing for the hepatitis B virus's surface antigen, one serum sample gave anomalous results and with electron microscopy was shown to contain a virus resembling animal parvoviruses. This virus was named B19 after the coding of the serum sample, number 19 in panel B. B19 was later recognized as a species by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) in 1985, and throughout the 1980s it increasingly became associated with various diseases. In the ICTV's first report in 1971, parvoviruses were grouped together in the genus Parvovirus. They were elevated to the rank of family in 1975 and remained unassigned to higher taxa until 2019, when they were assigned to higher taxa up to the highest rank, realm. The family was reorganized in 2019, departing from the "traditional" invertebrate-vertebrate distinction between Densovirinae and Parvovirinae and instead distinguishing the subfamilies based on helicase phylogeny, leading to the establishment of a new subfamily, Hamaparvovirinae. Etymology Parvoviruses take their name from Latin parvus or parvum, meaning small or tiny, referring to the small size of parvovirus virions compared to most other viruses. In the family name Parvoviridae, -viridae is the suffix used for virus families. The order Piccovirales takes the first part of its name from the Italian word piccolo, meaning small, and the second part is the suffix used for virus orders. The class Quintoviricetes takes the first part of its name from the Galician word quinto, meaning fifth, referring to fifth disease (erythema infectiosum) caused by parvovirus B19, and viricetes, the suffix used for virus classes. References Bibliography Virus families no:Hundepest nn:Hundepest	[ 0.02402091585099697, 0.3662760853767395, -0.7497632503509521, -0.21436890959739685, 0.010932301171123981, 0.48342999815940857, 0.5747912526130676, 0.4691409468650818, -0.5512811541557312, -0.40584295988082886, 0.3276872932910919, 0.05043822154402733, -1.0157610177993774, 0.4153027832508087, 0.07318968325853348, 0.5564216375350952, 0.5452698469161987, 0.760150134563446, 0.02746185101568699, -0.24897898733615875, 0.062240682542324066, -0.6803455948829651, 0.40844181180000305, -0.34763240814208984, -0.9699323177337646, -0.2724398672580719, 0.6833354830741882, 0.7500175833702087, 0.7270576357841492, -0.5753583908081055, 0.10139111429452896, 1.0624867677688599, 0.5368563532829285, -0.19443081319332123, -0.1283772885799408, -0.07046953588724136, -0.3398110568523407, -0.20472054183483124, 0.25920721888542175, -0.45152464509010315, 0.27999407052993774, -0.7725678086280823, -0.5216438174247742, 0.2434489130973816, 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125159	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldwell%2C%20New%20Jersey	Caldwell, New Jersey	Caldwell is a borough located in northwestern Essex County, New Jersey, about west of New York City and north-west of Newark. As of the 2010 United States Census, the borough's population was 7,822, reflecting an increase of 238 (+3.1%) from the 7,584 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 35 (+0.5%) from the 7,549 counted in the 1990 Census. Caldwell was incorporated as a borough by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 10, 1892, from portions of Caldwell Township (now Fairfield Township), based on the results of a referendum held on the previous day. In 1981, the borough's name was changed to the "Township of the Borough of Caldwell", as one of seven Essex County municipalities to pass a referendum to become a township, joining four municipalities that had already made the change, of what would ultimately be more than a dozen Essex County municipalities to reclassify themselves as townships in order take advantage of federal revenue sharing policies that allocated townships a greater share of government aid to municipalities on a per capita basis. Effective January 26, 1995, it again became a borough. Grover Cleveland, the 22nd and 24th President of the United States, and the only president to serve two non-consecutive terms, was born in Caldwell on March 18, 1837. His father, Rev. Richard Falley Cleveland, was pastor of the First Presbyterian Church. The Grover Cleveland birthplace—the church's former manse—is now a museum and is open to the public. Though today the Caldwell area is considered to be a suburb of both Newark and New York City, the area originally developed as its own individual, self-contained community and economy rather than as urban sprawl from a larger city. When it was formed, miles of woods separated downtown Caldwell from Newark or any of its developing suburbs. New Jersey Monthly magazine ranked Caldwell as its third-best place to live in its 2010 rankings of the "Best Places To Live" in New Jersey. History In 1702, settlers purchased the Horseneck Tract from the Lenni Lenape Native Americans for goods equal to $325. This purchase encompassed much of western Essex County, from the First Mountain to the Passaic River. Caldwell is located in the center of the Horse Neck Tract. Settlement began about 1740 by Thomas Gould and Saunders Sanders. The Horseneck Tract consisted of modern-day Caldwell, West Caldwell, North Caldwell, Fairfield, Verona, Cedar Grove, Essex Fells, Roseland, and portions of Livingston and West Orange. This land was part of the larger purchase and had been referred to as the Horse Neck Tract until February 17, 1787, when the town congregation voted to change the name to Caldwell, in honor of the Reverend James Caldwell who pushed for their organization's creation. Caldwell Township contained what is today the towns of West Caldwell and Caldwell. Soon after, the area of Caldwell Township just to the east of Caldwell Borough between Caldwell Borough and Montclair (present-day Verona and Cedar Grove) decided to follow Caldwell's lead and incorporated itself as its own borough, Verona. Some of the already developed eastern neighborhoods of Caldwell Township chose to become part of Montclair, as it was a rapidly developing suburb of Newark and Paterson. At around the same time, the area north of Caldwell Borough became its own town, North Caldwell. The wooded area directly to the south of downtown Caldwell Borough became Essex Fells. Meanwhile, the farmland to the south of the western portion of Caldwell township attempted to become its own municipality known as South Caldwell. This failed, as much of developed sections of that area lied on its southernmost and easternmost borders, along the expanding Newark suburbs of Livingston and West Orange respectively. Those areas were engulfed by those two towns once they became incorporated municipalities of several small villages and developments. This left only the most rural farmland south of Caldwell Borough and Essex Fells to become its own township, Roseland. At this point, all that remained of the original Caldwell Township was a large piece of undeveloped land in the northwesternmost part of Essex County. In 1963, Caldwell Township changed its name to Fairfield in order to avoid being confused with Caldwell Borough. Immediately following the separation of the original Caldwell, the western part of Caldwell Borough generally remained less developed than downtown Caldwell Borough and contained several farms and a large area of undeveloped swampland known as Hatfield Swamp. However, two individual settlements, known as Franklin and Westville, soon formed in the western part of Caldwell Borough. As development increased and population grew in the western part of Caldwell, the town's more rural western population and more urban east often could not reconcile their differences. This led to the areas of Franklin and Westville consolidating into their own township known as West Caldwell in 1904, leaving only the one square mile of original downtown Horseneck development as the borough of Caldwell. Lewis G. Lockward was elected the first mayor of Caldwell. In 1929, an attempt to consolidate the three Caldwells into a single municipality was rejected by voters. This borough was one of the filming locations for the Columbia Pictures 1994 comedy film North. Historical facts George Washington and his staff made their way through the community during the Revolution. They stopped for lunch at the old stone house of Saunders Sanders (located near present-day Brookside Avenue), one of the two people to settle the original area. Marquis de Lafayette visited in 1824, featuring a celebration party at the Crane Tavern. About 1816, Elias B. Caldwell and family, Presbyterians, helped found Liberia, a nation for free blacks, and the town of Caldwell, Liberia. During the 1928 Presidential campaign, Herbert Hoover visited the Grover Cleveland Birthplace with his wife. Grover Cleveland lived the first four years of his life in Caldwell. In October 1897, a severe fire ripped through a large portion of Bloomfield Avenue, destroying buildings in its wake. These buildings were replaced, in part, by the Hasler Building, opposite the Presbyterian Church. This became Caldwell's first brick building. In 1914, during a Fourth of July fireworks celebration, a bomb fell, injuring 20 people. Local churches raised funds to defray the medical bills of the injured. In 1968, Caldwell's ornate historic bronze dolphin handle cannon was stolen off the town green. The cannon had been given to the borough by Marquis de Lafayette, who was a friend of Caldwell. A poorly cast rusting iron replica cannon was constructed and was placed at the site. On July 14, 1974, the landmark Park Theatre was destroyed by fire. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough had a total area of 1.18 square miles (3.05 km2), including 1.18 square miles (3.05 km2) of land and <0.01 square miles (<0.01 km2) of water (0.08%). Caldwell is part of "The Caldwells", the group of three Essex County municipalities which all have the word Caldwell in their name. Together with North Caldwell and West Caldwell, these communities are named after the Reverend James Caldwell, a Patriot who played an active role supporting the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, most notably his actions at the Battle of Springfield, where he gave the soldiers pages from hymn books to use as wadding for their rifle bullets. While each community has its own independent government, and the three municipalities have no shared governance (other than Essex County), the term is often used to refer to the area, including on highway exit signs. Signage for Exit 47B and 52 on Interstate 80 refer to "The Caldwells" as a destination. Fairfield Township was known as Caldwell Township until it abandoned its original name in 1963 in an effort to avoid confusion of mail distribution in the various Caldwells. The borough borders the Essex County municipalities of Essex Fells, North Caldwell and West Caldwell, New Jersey. Demographics In a report performed by the United Way of Northern New Jersey based on 2012 data, around 34% of Caldwell households were classified as "Asset Limited, Income Constrained, Employed" households (below a threshold of $50,000 for households below 65, below $35,000 for those over 65), struggling with basic necessities, such as housing, childcare, food, health care, and transportation, compared to 38% statewide and 47% in Essex County. Census 2010 The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $76,354 (with a margin of error of +/− $7,683) and the median family income was $99,898 (+/− $10,668). Males had a median income of $75,026 (+/− $12,328) versus $61,667 (+/− $20,342) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $45,693 (+/− $4,350). About 1.1% of families and 2.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.7% of those under age 18 and 5.7% of those age 65 or over. Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 7,584 people, 3,311 households, and 1,814 families residing in the borough. The population density was 6,396.4 people per square mile (2,460.7/km2). There were 3,396 housing units at an average density of 2,864.2 per square mile (1,101.9/km2). The racial makeup of the borough was 91.22% White, 2.27% African American, 0.11% Native American, 4.06% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 1.20% from other races, and 1.08% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.64% of the population. There were 3,311 households, out of which 23.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.5% were married couples living together, 9.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 45.2% were non-families. 38.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.93. In the borough the population was spread out, with 18.1% under the age of 18, 8.9% from 18 to 24, 32.9% from 25 to 44, 22.3% from 45 to 64, and 17.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 82.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 78.6 males. The median income for a household in the borough was $61,250, and the median income for a family was $81,989. Males had a median income of $53,548 versus $40,543 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $34,630. About 2.5% of families and 4.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.0% of those under age 18 and 7.6% of those age 65 or over. Government Local government Caldwell is governed under the Borough form of New Jersey municipal government, which is used in 218 municipalities (of the 565) statewide, making it the most common form of government in New Jersey. The governing body is comprised of a Mayor and a Borough Council, with all positions elected at-large on a partisan basis as part of the November general election. A Mayor is elected directly by the voters to a four-year term of office. The Borough Council is comprised of six members elected to serve three-year terms on a staggered basis, with two seats coming up for election each year in a three-year cycle. The Borough form of government used by Caldwell is a "weak mayor/strong council" government in which council members act as the legislative body with the mayor presiding at meetings and voting only in the event of a tie. The mayor can veto ordinances subject to an override by a two-thirds majority vote of the council. The mayor makes committee and liaison assignments for council members, and most appointments are made by the mayor with the advice and consent of the council. , the Mayor of Caldwell is Democrat John Kelley, whose term of office ends December 31, 2022. Members of the Borough Council are Council President Christine V. Schmidt (D, 2021), Henderson Cole (D, 2020), Frances DePalma-Iozzi (D, 2022), Jeffrey Gates (D, 2022), John Lace (D, 2020) and Francis X. Rodgers III (D, 2021). Caldwell and West Caldwell share services including the Recreation Department and the school system. The Board of Recreation Commissioners of the Boroughs of Caldwell and West Caldwell was established in 1947. Federal, state and county representation Caldwell is located in the 11th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 27th state legislative district. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 5,035 registered voters in Caldwell, of which 1,585 (31.5%) were registered as Democrats, 1,118 (22.2%) were registered as Republicans and 2,331 (46.3%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There was one voter registered to another party. In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 49.8% of the vote (1,814 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 49.4% (1,799 votes), and other candidates with 0.9% (31 votes), among the 3,672 ballots cast by the borough's 5,281 registered voters (28 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 69.5%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 48.4% of the vote (1,823 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 47.0% (1,770 votes) and other candidates with 1.1% (41 votes), among the 3,769 ballots cast by the borough's 4,973 registered voters, for a turnout of 75.8%. In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 52.2% of the vote (1,981 ballots cast), outpolling Democrat John Kerry with 46.6% (1,767 votes) and other candidates with 0.7% (33 votes), among the 3,794 ballots cast by the borough's 4,852 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 78.2. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 62.7% of the vote (1,485 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 36.2% (857 votes), and other candidates with 1.1% (25 votes), among the 2,417 ballots cast by the borough's 5,263 registered voters (50 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 45.9%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 50.5% of the vote (1,353 ballots cast), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 37.7% (1,008 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 9.4% (251 votes) and other candidates with 0.9% (24 votes), among the 2,677 ballots cast by the borough's 4,974 registered voters, yielding a 53.8% turnout. Education The Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools is a public school district that serves students from Caldwell and West Caldwell. The roots of the district date back to 1872, though formal consolidation of the districts was established in 1904. As of the 2017–18 school year, the district, comprised of six schools, had an enrollment of 2,655 students and 218.8 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.1:1. Students are enrolled in an elementary school based on their home location, and students attend one middle school and one high school. Schools in the district (with 2017-18 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Harrison School (West Caldwell; 42 students; grades K-PreK), Jefferson Elementary School (West Caldwell; 274; K-5), Lincoln Elementary School (Caldwell; 247; K-5), Washington Elementary School (West Caldwell; 366; K-5), Wilson Elementary School (West Caldwell; 240; K-5), Grover Cleveland Middle School (Caldwell; 626; 6-8) and James Caldwell High School (West Caldwell; 812; 9-12). The Essex County Vocational Technical Schools offers magnet school and vocational programs to students in eighth through twelfth grades from Caldwell and all of Essex County. Private schools in Caldwell include Trinity Academy for grades PreK-8 which was founded in 1991 and Mount Saint Dominic Academy for grades 9–12, which both operate under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark. In 2015, Trinity Academy was one of 15 schools in New Jersey, and one of six private schools, recognized as a National Blue Ribbon School in the exemplary high performing category by the United States Department of Education. The borough is home to Caldwell University, a catholic liberal arts college with 2,200 students. The West Essex Campus of Essex County College is located in West Caldwell. Transportation Roads and highways , the borough had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality and by Essex County. County Route 506 is the most significant roadway in Caldwell. Public transportation NJ Transit offers bus service to and from Caldwell on the 29 and 71 routes. Commuter train service had been offered at Caldwell station on the Caldwell Branch, which ran from Great Notch to Essex Fells, with service offered starting in 1891. The borough of Caldwell bought the station in 1965 from the Erie Lackawanna Railway and demolished it later that year. Service at Caldwell station ended in October 1966, when Erie Lackawanna discontinued several commuter lines, in the face of unsuccessful legal action in the courts to keep the service operating. In 1979, the tracks on the Caldwell Branch were torn up. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Caldwell include: Madeline Cox Arleo (born 1963), United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey. Alfred M. Best (1876–1958), actuary who founded A. M. Best Company, Inc. in 1899. Whitey Campbell (1926-2015), head baseball coach at the University of Miami in 1958 and from 1960 to 1962. Grover Cleveland (1837–1908), 22nd and 24th President of the United States. Janine di Giovanni (born 1961), war correspondent. Herbert O. Fisher (1909–1990), test pilot for Curtiss-Wright, executive at Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Frank Handlen (born 1916), artist. J. Henry Harrison (1878–1943), lawyer and politician who represented Essex County in the New Jersey Senate. Gerald Henderson Jr. (born 1987), NBA basketball player for the Charlotte Bobcats. Ka Kwong Hui (1922–2003), potter, ceramist and educator. Camryn Manheim (born 1961), actress. Kareem McKenzie (born 1979), offensive tackle for the NFL's New York Giants. George DeGraw Moore, (1822–1891), Wisconsin State Senator and New Jersey jurist, was born in Caldwell. Elizaveta Pletneva (born 2002), rhythmic gymnast who will represent the United States at the 2020 Summer Olympics. Stuart Rabner (born 1960), Chief Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court. Steve Schindler (born 1954), guard who played in the NFL for the Denver Broncos. Richard E. Stearns (born 1936), computer scientist. Peter Stewart, former mayor of Caldwell who served as an Essex County Freeholder and in the New Jersey General Assembly. Johnny Sylvester (1915–1990), childhood home of boy promised by Babe Ruth that he would hit a home run in the 1926 World Series. Calvin Thomas (1885–1964), actor. Claude Thornhill (1908–1965), pianist, arranger, composer and bandleader in the big band era. Gus Troxler (c. 1871-1945), strong man, boxer, actor, sports promoter and physical-training expert. Martin Wenick (1939–2020), employee of the United States Department of State who served as head of the National Council for Soviet Jewry. Andy White (1930–2015), British session drummer who made three records with The Beatles, including Love Me Do. 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125161	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar%20Grove%2C%20New%20Jersey	Cedar Grove, New Jersey	Cedar Grove is a township in north central Essex County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the township's population was 12,411, reflecting an increase of 111 (+0.9%) from the 12,300 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 247 (+2.0%) from the 12,053 counted in the 1990 Census. New Jersey Monthly magazine ranked Cedar Grove as its 4th best place to live in Essex County and 17th best place overall to live in its 2008 rankings of the "Best Places To Live" in New Jersey. In 2016, Cedar Grove was rated the 12th safest city in New Jersey by backgroundchecks.org. What is now Cedar Grove was originally incorporated by an act of the New Jersey Legislature as the Township of Verona on February 7, 1892, from portions of Caldwell Township. Portions of the township were taken to create Verona borough, based on the results of a referendum held on April 30, 1907. On April 9, 1908, the name was formally changed to Cedar Grove. The township's name derives from the Eastern Red Cedar trees that once covered its valley and hillsides. History Cedar Grove was part of the Horseneck Tract, which was an area that consisted of what are now the municipalities of Caldwell, West Caldwell, North Caldwell, Fairfield, Verona, Cedar Grove, Essex Fells, Roseland, and portions of Livingston and West Orange. In 1702, settlers purchased the Horseneck Tract — so-called because of its irregular shape that suggested a horse's neck and head — from the Lenni Lenape Native Americans for goods equal to $325. This purchase encompassed much of western Essex County, from the First Mountain to the Passaic River. Cedar Grove was originally a small farming community. In 1896, Essex County built the county mental institution in Cedar Grove known as Overbrook. In 1908, Cedar Grove was incorporated as a township. In the 1950s and 1960s, Cedar Grove became one of the destination suburbs in Essex County among those looking to escape urban living from Newark and New York City. Cedar Grove was once home to Frank Dailey's Meadowbrook Ballroom, located on Route 23, which regularly hosted well-known bands and vocalists, including Buddy Rich, Glenn Miller, Jimmy and Tommy Dorsey, Frank Sinatra, and Jo Stafford. The ballroom, located on the old Pompton Turnpike, still stands, and is used by Sts. Kiril & Methodij Macedonian Orthodox Church. The first dinner theater was opened at the Meadowbrook in the fall of 1959 by Gary and Helga McHugh. It closed in 1973. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 4.36 square miles (11.29 km2), including 4.24 square miles (10.97 km2) of land and 0.12 square miles (0.32 km2) of water (2.82%). The township is located between the First and Second Watchung Mountains. The center of the township is in a valley that is about above sea level; however, many sections of Cedar Grove are well above , including the Park Ridge Estates, the abandoned Essex County Hospital Center, and the eastern, southeastern and southern sections of Cedar Grove. Cedar Grove's highest point is on hilltop, where elevations reach and above. Cedar Grove is located approximately west of Midtown Manhattan and northwest of Newark. Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Lindsley and Overbrook. Cedar Grove is bordered by the municipalities of Montclair, North Caldwell and Verona in Essex County; and Little Falls in Passaic County. Most of the eastern portion of the township is bordered by Upper Montclair (a neighborhood in Montclair). Neighborhoods The sections of Cedar Grove are: North End: The North End of Cedar Grove starts after the corner of Fairview Avenue and Pompton Avenue. It consists mostly of homes, but there are some businesses located on Pompton Avenue, and at the corner of E. Lindsley Road and Stevens Avenue. A notable part of the north end of town is the Park Ridge Estates, which contains million-dollar homes. Central Cedar Grove: This consists of the center of town and extends from the corner of Fairview Avenue and Pompton Avenue to the corner of Bradford Avenue and Pompton Avenue. The central portion of the town contains Cedar Grove's business district. Also, on the west central side of town is the former location of the Essex County Hospital Center, and on the east central side is the Cedar Grove Reservoir and Mills Reservation. South End: The south end of Cedar Grove is the most urbanized part of the township, as it contains homes that are closer together. The south end extends from the corner of Bradford Avenue and Pompton Avenue to the Verona border. There are mostly homes here, but there are some businesses on Pompton Avenue, including Burger King, and Staples. Like the north end of town, the south end contains a section of million dollar homes. Cedar Grove's population density is less than the surrounding towns of Montclair, Verona, and Little Falls, mainly because significant portions of Cedar Grove are owned or previously owned by county or city governments. The Essex County Hospital Center took up a good amount of land and was owned by Essex County. Mills Reservation is a county-owned park, and the Cedar Grove Reservoir property is owned by the City of Newark. Climate Cedar Grove has a humid continental climate, with warm/hot humid summers and cool/cold winters. The climate is slightly colder overall during the summer and winter than in New York City because the urban heat island effect is not as prevalent. January tends to be the coldest month, with average high temperatures in the upper 30s and low 40s and lows in the lower to mid 20s. July is the warmest months with high temperatures in the mid 80s and lows in the mid 60s. From April to June and from September to early November, Cedar Grove enjoys temperatures from the lower 60s to upper 70s. Rainfall is plentiful, with around a year. Snowfall is common from mid January to early March and nor'easters can bring a lot of snow. In January 1996, Cedar Grove received about record snowfall from the Blizzard of 1996. Demographics Census 2010 The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $95,152 (with a margin of error of +/- $4,156) and the median family income was $117,935 (+/- $15,917). Males had a median income of $81,330 (+/- $13,013) versus $51,525 (+/- $6,616) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $46,514 (+/- $3,662). About none of families and 0.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.3% of those under age 18 and 1.3% of those age 65 or over. Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 12,300 people, 4,403 households, and 3,240 families residing in the township. The population density was 2,913.1 people per square mile (1,125.4/km2). There were 4,470 housing units at an average density of 1,058.7/sq mi (409.0/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 90.05% White, 2.99% African American, 0.05% Native American, 5.42% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.46% from other races, and 1.00% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.20% of the population. As of the 2000 Census, 29.7% of Cedar Grove's residents identified themselves as being of Italian ancestry (adjusted from the 34.8% reported to reflect the fact that residents reported multiple ancestries), the 18th highest of all municipalities in New Jersey. There was also a large Irish population, accounting for 21.7% of the population in the 2000 census, with another 12.1% of German ancestry. There were 4,403 households, out of which 28.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.4% were married couples living together, 7.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.4% were non-families. 23.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.05. In the township the population was spread out, with 19.2% under the age of 18, 5.3% from 18 to 24, 27.0% from 25 to 44, 26.0% from 45 to 64, and 22.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.6 males. The median income for a household in the township was $78,863, and the median income for a family was $94,475. Males had a median income of $66,197 versus $40,582 for females. The per capita income for the township was $36,558. About 1.1% of families and 2.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0.8% of those under age 18 and 3.2% of those age 65 or over. Economy Most of the commercial zone in Cedar Grove is located on Route 23. The central business district starts at about Sweetwood Drive and extends to Little Falls Road just after the railroad bridge. The township has an industrial district located along Commerce Road, which is off Route 23. In this district, there are light industrial factories and different types of commercial businesses. Parks and recreation Cedar Grove has several parks and recreational areas within the township. These include county parks, town parks, and recreational areas. County parks There are three county parks located in Cedar Grove. Mills Reservation, a county park, consisting of a protected wooded area with trails for walking and an overlook of New York City. Hilltop Reservation, composed of lands in the grounds of the former Essex Mountain Sanitorium, opened in spring 2003. Parks Community Park - this park is located near the center of the town off Little Falls Road. It features a baseball field, a large field used for various sports, a barbecue area, two playgrounds, a bocce court, and entrances to the Lenape Trails which are popular for running, walking and biking. Elmer Bowden Taylor Memorial Park - this park and its recreational facilities is located on Little Falls Road; near Bowden Road. It includes tennis courts, basketball court, small playground, and public bathroom. Named for Elmer Bowden Taylor, Cedar Grove resident killed in action in World War I while flying with the Lafayette Flying Corps. South End School Park, This park/playground is located on the grounds of South End Elementary School on Harper Terrace. Features include basketball courts, two baseball fields, and a playground. North End School Park is nearly identical to South End School's park. Cedar Grove High School, in the back of the high school, there is a quarter-mile track for running or walking. There is also a football field, soccer field, and baseball field. Recreational areas Tennis courts are located along Little Falls Road, all for public use. Cedar Grove Community Pool, a community pool which opened in 1963. It features a large pool with 50-meter lanes and 25-meter lanes, three diving boards (two small and a large one), and a water slide. Also, there is a baby pool for children under five. There is a snack bar for refreshments, sun decks for sunbathing, and basketball courts. The pool is open from the Saturday before Memorial Day to Labor Day. Government Local government Cedar Grove operates within the Faulkner Act, formally known as the Optional Municipal Charter Law, under Council-Manager plan B form of municipal government, as implemented as of July 1, 1955, based on the recommendations of a Charter Study Commission. The township is one of 42 municipalities (of the 565) statewide that use this form of government. Cedar Grove's governing body is comprised of a five-member Township Council, whose members are elected at-large for four-year terms by the voters of the municipality on a non-partisan basis as part of the municipal elections held on the second Tuesday in May in odd-numbered years. , members of the Township Council are Mayor Kerry Peterson (term on committee and as mayor ends June 30, 2021), Deputy Mayor Peter H. Tanella (term on committee ends 2023; term as deputy mayor ends 2021), Joseph Cicala (2021), Joseph Maceri (2023) and Joseph Zichelli (2021; elected to serve an unexpired term). In July 2020, Joseph Zichelli was sworn into office to fill the balance of the term of office expiring in June 2021 that had been held by Robbie Vargo until he resigned from office the previous month. In November 2020, Zichelli was elected to serve the balance of the term through June 2021. Mayor Joseph Chiusolo resigned in June 2016 after serving 19 years in office in the wake of charges that he and his business had benefited from contracts with the township in which Chiusolo had a conflict of interest. As of July 2018, Joseph Cicala was chosen as mayor to succeed Peter Tanella, and Robbie Vargo as Deputy Mayor. In August 2015, the Township Council selected Michael Maffucci to fill the vacant seat of John Zunic expiring in December 2017, who left office to serve as a New Jersey Superior Court judge. In the May 2015 municipal election, incumbent Peter Tanella and challenger Harry Kumburis won election to four-year terms on the township council. Federal, state and county representation Cedar Grove is located in the 11th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 40th state legislative district. Prior to the 2010 Census, Cedar Grove had been part of the , a change made by the New Jersey Redistricting Commission that took effect in January 2013, based on the results of the November 2012 general elections. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 8,672 registered voters in Cedar Grove, of which 2,269 (26.2%) were registered as Democrats, 2,215 (25.5%) were registered as Republicans and 4,184 (48.2%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 4 voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Republican Mitt Romney received 56.9% of the vote (3,541 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 42.1% (2,621 votes), and other candidates with 0.9% (58 votes), among the 6,271 ballots cast by the township's 8,965 registered voters (51 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 69.9%. In the 2008 presidential election, Republican John McCain received 59.2% of the vote (4,013 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 39.5% (2,680 votes) and other candidates with 0.6% (43 votes), among the 6,780 ballots cast by the township's 8,695 registered voters, for a turnout of 78.0%. In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 59.8% of the vote (3,817 ballots cast), outpolling Democrat John Kerry with 38.9% (2,479 votes) and other candidates with 0.8% (66 votes), among the 6,378 ballots cast by the township's 8,215 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 77.6. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 67.1% of the vote (2,589 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 32.1% (1,238 votes), and other candidates with 0.9% (33 votes), among the 3,914 ballots cast by the township's 8,963 registered voters (54 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 43.7%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 58.3% of the vote (2,699 ballots cast), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 32.9% (1,524 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 7.0% (323 votes) and other candidates with 1.0% (45 votes), among the 4,628 ballots cast by the township's 8,644 registered voters, yielding a 53.5% turnout. Education Public schools The Cedar Grove Schools serve public school students from pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade. As of the 2019–20 school year, the district, comprised of four schools, had an enrollment of 1,613 students and 148.2 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 10.9:1. Schools in the district (with 2019–20 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are North End Elementary School with 258 students in grades PreK-4, South End Elementary School with 327 students in grades PreK-4, Cedar Grove Memorial Middle School with 500 students in grades 5-8 and Cedar Grove High School with 496 students in grades 9-12. In September 2021, North End School was one of nine schools in New Jersey recognized by the National Blue Ribbon Schools Program. Private schools Washington Academy is an approved private school for special education. Founded in 1982, the Academy provides specialized academic and behavioral services to students whose disabilities disrupt their academic and behavioral growth and progress. It serves students ages 3–21 (pre-K - 12th Grade). Washington Academy is a member of the National Association of Private Special Education Centers (NAPSEC), a non-profit organization dedicated to serving the needs of private special education schools. The school is located in the former Leonard R. Parks Elementary School on Route 23. St. Catherine of Siena School is located on Bradford Avenue and operates under the supervision of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark. Transportation Roads and highways , the township had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Essex County and by the New Jersey Department of Transportation. Route 23 bisects Cedar Grove, making the township accessible via major highways including Interstate 80, Interstate 280, U.S. Route 46, Route 3, and the Garden State Parkway. Cedar Grove is also centrally located to New York City, Newark, Paterson, and Morristown. Public transportation Cedar Grove is served by NJ Transit bus service. The 11 bus line provides service to Newark. The 195 bus line provides transportation to the Port Authority Bus Terminal in Midtown Manhattan. In September 2012, as part of budget cuts, NJ Transit suspended service to Newark on the 75 line. Commuter train stations are located in the neighboring communities of Little Falls and Montclair. The Erie Railroad's Caldwell Branch ran between Little Falls and West Caldwell, but trains were sparsely scheduled and the line was destroyed in the 1970s. Local media Newspapers The Verona-Cedar Grove Times, a weekly newspaper that publishes every Thursday, serves Cedar Grove and Verona. The Cedar Grove Observer, which publishes 50 weeks a year, serves Cedar Grove. Internet Local news is covered by the Cedar Grove Observer and the Verona-Cedar Grove Times. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Cedar Grove include: Ralph L. Brinster (born 1932), genetic research pioneer and National Medal of Science recipient Mark Burstein (born c. 1961), president of Lawrence University Jack Cafferty (born 1942), CNN commentator and host Tommy DeVito, quarterback for the Syracuse Orange football team Bob Diaco (born 1973), head coach of the UConn Huskies football team Gary Dickinson (1938–2000), executive at General Motors Allen B. DuMont (1901–1965), scientist and inventor best known for improvements to the cathode-ray tube in 1931 for use in TV receivers, manufacture of the first commercially successful electronic TVs and founder of the first licensed TV network, DuMont Television Network Amanda Freitag (born 1972), celebrity chef Eli Gottlieb (born 1956), novelist and author of The Boy Who Went Away Tommy James (born 1947), musician, singer/songwriter and record producer, best known as leader of the 1960s rock band Tommy James and the Shondells Ellen Kuras (born 1959), cinematographer whose body of work includes narrative and documentary films, music videos and commercials Jonathan Lebed (born 1984), huckster who used internet technology to hype stocks Amanda Lepore (born 1967), transgender performance artist and entertainer who has received attention for her modeling, fashion, partying, and business skills Marty Liquori (born 1949), competed in the 1968 Summer Olympics in Track and Field. Ranked #5 on the Sports Illustrated list of The 50 Greatest New Jersey Sports Figures Tom Lutz (born 1953), writer and literary critic who is founder and editor-in-chief of the Los Angeles Review of Books C. Edward McVaney (born 1940), co-founder of JD Edwards Michael P. Moran (1944–2004), actor and playwright David Njoku (born 1996), tight end drafted 29th in the first round of the 2017 NFL Draft by the Cleveland Browns Kevin J. O'Toole (born 1964), member of the New Jersey Senate who served as mayor of Cedar Grove for three years Todd Pettengill (born 1966), co-host to the WPLJ morning show "the Big Show" Emilie Poulsson (1853-1939), children's author and campaigner for early childhood education C. Robert Sarcone (1925–2020), politician who served in both houses of the New Jersey Legislature Michael Uslan (born 1951), originator and Executive Producer of the Batman movies and the first professor to teach "Comic Book Folklore" at an accredited university Arthur Wynne (1862–1945), inventor of the crossword puzzle References External links Cedar Grove website Cedar Grove Schools website School Data for the Cedar Grove Schools, National Center for Education Statistics Official website of the Cedar Grove Alumni Assoc. 1892 establishments in New Jersey Faulkner Act (council–manager) Populated places established in 1892 Townships in Essex County, New Jersey	[ -0.8126035332679749, 0.421846866607666, -0.5204483270645142, 0.581936776638031, 0.9193040132522583, -0.1353406012058258, 0.5611304640769958, 0.48363786935806274, 0.028878454118967056, -0.2826784551143646, -0.49960434436798096, 0.1027069017291069, -0.011137307621538639, 0.3398692309856415, -1.4646841287612915, 0.5477162599563599, 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125163	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%20Orange%2C%20New%20Jersey	East Orange, New Jersey	East Orange is a city in Essex County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census the city's population was 64,270, reflecting a decline of 5,554 (−8.0%) from the 69,824 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn declined by 3,728 (−5.1%) from the 73,552 counted in the 1990 Census. The city was the state's 20th most-populous municipality in 2010, after having been the state's 14th most-populous municipality in 2000. The Census Bureau's Population Estimates Program calculated that the city's population was 64,367 in 2019, ranking the city the 590th-most-populous in the country. History East Orange had its origins in Connecticut's New Haven Colony. In 1666, a group of 30 of New Haven's families traveled by water to found "a town on the Passayak" River. They arrived on territory now encompassing Newark, the Oranges, and several other municipalities. The area was situated in the northeast portion of a land grant conveyed by King Charles II of England to his brother James, Duke of York. In 1664, James conveyed the land to two proprietors, Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. Since Carteret had been Royal Governor of the Isle of Jersey, the territory became known as "New Jersey." East Orange was initially a part of the city of Newark, but it was originally known as "Newark Mountains". On June 7, 1780, the townspeople of Newark Mountains officially voted to adopt the name Orange. At the time, there was a significant number of people in favor of secession from Newark. However, this would not occur until November 27, 1806, when the territory now encompassing all of the Oranges was finally detached. On April 13, 1807, the first government was elected, but not until March 13, 1860 was Orange officially incorporated as a city. Immediately, the new city began fragmenting into smaller communities, primarily because of local disputes about the costs of establishing paid police, fire, and street departments. South Orange was organized on January 26, 1861; Fairmount (later to become part of West Orange) on March 11, 1862; East Orange on March 4, 1863; and West Orange (including Fairmount) on March 14, 1863. East Orange was reincorporated as a city on December 9, 1899, based on the results of a referendum held two days earlier. East Orange was known, at one time, for the shade trees that lined the city's residential streets. This is still evident today as many of the tall trees still stand. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the city had a total area of 3.93 square miles (10.17 km2), all of which was land. East Orange shares borders with the Essex County municipalities of Newark to the east and south, South Orange to the southwest, Orange to the west, and Glen Ridge and Bloomfield to the north. Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the city include Ampere and Brick Church. Neighborhoods East Orange is officially divided into five wards, but is also unofficially divided into a number of neighborhoods, still with many well maintained streets and homes. Ampere: Anchored by the now defunct train station of the same name, The Ampere section was developed on land owned by Orange Water Works, after the construction of the Crocker Wheeler Company plant spurred development in the area. The station was named in honor of André-Marie Ampère, a pioneer in electrodynamics and reconstructed as a new Renaissance Revival station in 1907 and 1908. Roughly bounded by Bloomfield to the North, Lawton Street & Newark to the east, 4th Avenue to the south, and North Grove Street to the West. Greenwood (Teen Streets): So named after Greenwood Avenue and the "teen" streets that run through it. It is often grouped together with Ampere. This area was severely disturbed by the construction of Interstate 280 and the Garden State Parkway. The Grove Street Station of the former DL & W Railroad was located here at Grove and Main Streets. Roughly bounded by 4th Avenue to the North, North 15th Street/Newark to the East, Eaton Place/NJ Transit Morris & Essex Lines, and North Grove Street to the West. Presidential Estates: Recently designated due to the streets in this area being named after early presidents of the United States. There are many large well kept homes situated on streets lined with very old, very large shade trees in this neighborhood that are characteristic of the northern section of the city. Roughly Bounded by Bloomfield to the North, Montclair-Boonton Line and North Grove Street to the East, Springdale Avenue to the South and the Garden State Parkway to the West. Elmwood: Located in the southeastern part of the city. Elmwood Park serves this section of the city, with 7 tennis courts on Rhode Island Avenue, a basketball court on the corner of Elmwood Avenue and Oak Street, a swimming pool with a pool house, a walking track, a baseball field, a softball field and a renovated field house. The area holds one of the surviving Carnegie Libraries, the Elmwood Branch of the East Orange Public Library, opened in 1912. Doddtown (Franklin): Named after John Dodd who founded and surveyed the area of the "Watsessing Plain". The former campus of Upsala College is located here. It was converted into the new East Orange Campus High School on the east side of Prospect Street, and an adjacent new housing subdivision. Roughly bounded by Bloomfield to the North, the Garden State Parkway to the East, Park Avenue to the South and Orange to the West. Demographics 2010 Census The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $40,358 (with a margin of error of +/− $1,873) and the median family income was $50,995 (+/− $2,877). Males had a median income of $38,642 (+/− $1,851) versus $39,843 (+/− $2,187) for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,298 (+/− $746). About 17.8% of families and 21.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 32.5% of those under age 18 and 16.4% of those age 65 or over. 2000 Census As of the 2000 United States Census there were 69,824 people, 26,024 households, and 16,082 families residing in the city. The population density was 17,776.6 people per square mile (6,859.8/km2). There were 28,485 housing units at an average density of 7,252.0 per square mile (2,798.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 89.46% Black or African American, 3.84% White, 0.25% Native American, 0.43% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 2.14% from other races, and 3.80% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.70% of the population. There were 26,024 households, out of which 31.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 26.0% were married couples living together, 28.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.2% were non-families. 33.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.37. In the city the population was spread out, with 28.1% under the age of 18, 9.8% from 18 to 24, 30.1% from 25 to 44, 20.8% from 45 to 64, and 11.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 81.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 74.7 males. The median income for a household in the city was $32,346, and the median income for a family was $38,562. Males had a median income of $31,905 versus $30,268 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,488. About 15.9% of families and 19.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.7% of those under age 18 and 14.0% of those ages 65 or over. As part of the 2000 Census, 89.46% of East Orange's residents identified themselves as being Black or African American. This was one of the highest percentages of African American and Caribbean American people in the United States. Migrants from Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Haiti and other smaller Caribbean Islands have a huge presence, and East Orange has the second-highest in New Jersey (behind Lawnside, at 93.6%) of all places with 1,000 or more residents identifying Black American ancestry. East Orange also has a large Haitian American community, with 2,852 persons claiming Haitian ancestry in the 2000 Census. Although still a small percentage of total residents, Orange and East Orange have the largest concentrations of Guyanese Americans in the country. In the 2000 Census, 2.5% of East Orange residents identified as being of Guyanese ancestry. While Queens and Brooklyn had larger populations in terms of raw numbers, Orange (with 2.9%) and East Orange had the highest percentage of people of Guyanese ancestry of all places in the United States with at least 1,000 people identifying their ancestry. Economy Portions of the city are part of an Urban Enterprise Zone (UEZ), one of 32 zones covering 37 municipalities statewide. East Orange was selected in 1996 as one of a group of seven zones added to participate in the program. In addition to other benefits to encourage employment and investment within the UEZ, shoppers can take advantage of a reduced 3.3125% sales tax rate (half of the % rate charged statewide) at eligible merchants. Established in June 1996, the city's Urban Enterprise Zone status expires in June 2027. The main commercial avenues of the city are Central Avenue and Main Street, both of which flow east to west, the latter of which was disturbed by the construction of Interstate 280. Recent efforts have been made to revitalize the commercial area, especially along Main Street and Evergreen Place. New apartments buildings & commercial space have been proposed and built over the last decade. Along South Harrison Street, new apartment buildings have gone up, while existing ones have been updated. Parks and recreation East Orange is served by five parks. Paul Robeson Stadium, located on North Clinton Street, hosts local sports teams and typically, the 4th of July fireworks celebration. The city owns East Orange Golf Course, located 10 miles away in Short Hills. Government East Orange is governed under the City form of New Jersey municipal government. The city is one of 15 municipalities (of the 565) statewide that use this traditional form of government. The government is comprised of a mayor and a city council made up of ten members, two representing each of the city's five geographic political subdivisions called wards. The mayor is elected directly by the voters. The ten members of the city council are elected to four-year terms on a staggered basis, with one seat in each ward coming up for election in odd-numbered years. The City Council performs the legislative functions of municipal government by enacting ordinances, resolutions or motions, and is responsible for review and adoption of the municipal budget that has been submitted by the mayor. , the Mayor of East Orange, New Jersey is Democrat Theodore R. "Ted" Green, whose term of office ends December 31, 2021. Members of the City Council are Christopher Awe (D, 2021; 2nd Ward - elected to serve unexpired term), Mustafa Al-M. Brent (D, 2023; 5th Ward), Brittany D. Claybrooks (D, 2023; 2nd Ward), Tameika Garrett-Ward (D, 2021; 4th Ward - elected to serve unexpired term), Casim L. Gomez (D, 2023; 4th Ward), Alicia Holman (D, 2021; 5th Ward), Christopher D. James (D, 2021; 1st Ward), Bergson Leneus (D, 2021; 3rd Ward), Amy Lewis (D, 2023; 1st Ward) and Vernon Pullins Jr. (D, 2023; 3rd Ward). In July 2018, the City Council selected Christopher Awe to fill the Second Ward seat expiring in December 2021 that became vacant when Romal D. Bullock resigned to become the city's tax assessor. In November 2018, Awe was elected to serve the balance of the term of office. In December 2018, Tameika Garrett-Ward was appointed to fill the Fourth Ward seat expiring in December 2021 that became vacant when Tyshammie L. Cooper was sworn into office on the Essex County Board of chosen freeholders; she was elected to serve the balance of the term in November 2019. The first African-American Mayor of East Orange was William S. Hart Sr., who was elected to two consecutive terms, serving in office from 1970 to 1978. Hart Middle School was named after him. Federal, state and county representation East Orange is located in the 10th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 34th state legislative district. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 36,280 registered voters in East Orange, of which 21,646 (59.7%) were registered as Democrats, 396 (1.1%) were registered as Republicans and 14,228 (39.2%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 10 voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 98.5% of the vote (24,862 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 1.3% (330 votes), and other candidates with 0.2% (46 votes), among the 25,375 ballots cast by the city's 39,668 registered voters (137 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 64.0%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 97.7% of the vote (24,718 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 1.6% (408 votes) and other candidates with 0.1% (35 votes), among the 25,304 ballots cast by the city's 36,891 registered voters, for a turnout of 68.6%. In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 93.2% of the vote (19,447 ballots cast), outpolling Republican George W. Bush with 5.9% (1,225 votes) and other candidates with 0.4% (128 votes), among the 20,856 ballots cast by the city's 33,328 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 62.6. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Democrat Barbara Buono received 88.0% of the vote (9,413 cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 11.3% (1,212 votes), and other candidates with 0.7% (75 votes), among the 11,269 ballots cast by the city's 41,016 registered voters (569 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 27.5%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Democrat Jon Corzine received 94.4% of the vote (12,554 ballots cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 2.9% (380 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 1.2% (153 votes) and other candidates with 0.5% (63 votes), among the 13,295 ballots cast by the city's 36,157 registered voters, yielding a 36.8% turnout. Education The East Orange School District serves students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade. The district is one of 31 former Abbott districts statewide, which are now referred to as "SDA Districts" based on the requirement for the state to cover all costs for school building and renovation projects in these districts under the supervision of the New Jersey Schools Development Authority. As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of 20 schools, had an enrollment of 10,072 students and 744.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 13.5:1. Schools in the district (with 2018–19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Althea Gibson Early Childhood Academy (159 students; in grades PreK and K), Wahlstrom Early Childhood Center (156; PreK-K), Benjamin Banneker Academy (511; PreK-5), Edward T. Bowser, Sr. School of Excellence (609; PreK-5), George Washington Carver Institute of Science and Technology (325; PreK-5), Johnnie L. Cochran Jr. Academy (193; K-5), Mildred Barry Garvin School (356; PreK-5), Whitney E. Houston Academy of Creative & Performing Arts (369; PreK-8), Langston Hughes Elementary School (589; PreK-5), J. Garfield Jackson Sr. Academy (256; K-5), Ecole Touissant Louverture (297; PreK-5), Gordon Parks Academy School of Radio, Animation, Film and Television (285; PreK-5), Cicely L. Tyson Community Elementary School (504; PreK-5), Dionne Warwick Institute of Economics and Entrepreneurship (462; PreK-5), Future Ready Prep (NA; 6-7), Patrick F. Healy Middle School (392; 7), John L. Costley Middle School (367; 8), Sojourner Truth Middle School (406; 6), Cicely Tyson School of Performing and Fine Arts (740; 6-12), East Orange Campus High School located on the former campus of Upsala College (1,651; 9-12), East Orange STEM Academy (358; 9-12) and Fresh Start Academy Middle / High - Glenwood Campus (NA; 6-12). East Orange Community Charter School is a public charter school that operates independently of the school district under a charter granted by the New Jersey Department of Education. The East Orange Public Library at one time included three branch buildings of the original 36 Carnegie-funded libraries in New Jersey. It has a collection of 344,000 volumes and circulates about 319,000 items annually from four locations. Ahlus Sunnah School is a K-12 madrasah that has been in East Orange since 2005. Healthcare East Orange is served by East Orange General Hospital, located on Central Avenue in the southern part of the city. The 211 bed hospital is the only independent, fully accredited, acute care hospital in Essex County. The hospital was recently acquired by Prospect Medical Systems. East Orange is also home to the US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, also known as the East Orange VA Hospital. It is located on Tremont Avenue near S.Orange Ave. and serves many vets from the region. Transportation Roads and highways , the city had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Essex County, by the New Jersey Department of Transportation and by the New Jersey Turnpike Authority. The Garden State Parkway passes through the city, connecting Newark in the south to Bloomfield in the north. The Parkway is accessible at Interchange 145 for Interstate 280 and at Interchange 147 for Springdale Avenue. Interstate 280 crosses the city from east to west, connecting Orange to the west and Newark to the east. Public transportation Local transportation around the city and into neighboring communities is provided by ONE Bus bus routes 24 & 44 and multiple NJ Transit public bus lines, which includes routes 5, 21, 34, 41, 71, 73, 79, 90, 92, 94, and 97. New Jersey Transit operates two commuter rail train stations in East Orange, both located along the Morris & Essex Lines. The East Orange station is located beside the westbound lanes of Interstate 280, directly across its parking lot from East Orange City Hall. Just one mile west up Main Street is Brick Church station, the city's second rail stop and the more heavily used of the two. Both have seven-day service to New York Penn Station in Midtown Manhattan as well as weekday service to Hoboken Terminal. The Montclair-Boonton Line runs through the Ampere neighborhood of the city on the east, after splitting off from the Morris & Essex Lines just east of the city line in Newark. Ampere station was a former stop on the line near Ampere Parkway & Springdale Avenue which opened in 1890, but closed in 1991 due to low ridership. Residents can use nearby Watsessing Avenue station in neighboring Bloomfield. Another former stop was Grove Street Station, a mile east of Brick Church, also closed in 1991. The city is from Newark Liberty International Airport in the nearby cities of Newark and Elizabeth. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with East Orange include: David Ackroyd (born 1940), actor, who first came to prominence in soap operas such as The Secret Storm and Another World. John Amos (born 1939), actor. Jamal Anderson (born 1972), former NFL running back. Billy Ard (born 1959), NFL guard who played for the New York Giants and Green Bay Packers. Robert H. B. Baldwin (1920–2016), chairman of Morgan Stanley when the bank was taken public in the 1970s. Norman Batten (1893–1928), race car driver. James Blish (1921–1975), science fiction writer. Alvin Bowen (born 1983), gridiron football linebacker who played in the NFL for the Jacksonville Jaguars. Clyde Bradshaw (born 1959), basketball player who played for the DePaul Blue Demons. Betty Bronson (1906–1971), television and film actress who began her career during the silent film era. Herbert Brucker (1898–1977), journalist, teacher, and national advocate for the freedom of the press, who served as editor-in-chief of the Hartford Courant. Stephanie R. Bush (born 1953), attorney and politician who served in the New Jersey General Assembly representing the 27th district from 1988 to 1992. Robert L. Carter (1917–2012), civil rights leader and United States District Judge. Kerri Chandler (born 1969), Deep House DJ and producer. Bill Chinnock (1947–2007), singer-songwriter and guitarist who was part of the Asbury Park music scene with Bruce Springsteen in late 1960s. Chino XL (born 1974), hip-hop lyricist. Margaret Clapp (1910–1974, class of 1926), scholar and educator, who served as eighth president of Wellesley College. Troy CLE, pseudonym of Troy Tompkins, author of The Marvelous Effect (set in East Orange). Bob Clifford (c. 1913–2006), football player and coach, who served as the head football coach at Colby College and at the University of Vermont. Randall Davey (1887–1964), painter and art educator. Frances Day (1907–1984), actress and cabaret singer in the United Kingdom during the 1930s, and television celebrity in the United States during the 1950s. Rasul Douglas (born 1995), cornerback for the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League. Philip Egner (1870–1956), longtime director of the West Point Band and composer of the West Point fight song "On, Brave Old Army Team." William Joseph Fallon (born 1944), United States Navy Admiral who is the current Commander of United States Central Command. Gale Fitzgerald (born 1951), athlete who competed in two Olympic pentathlons, winning silver medal in 1975 at the Pan American Games. Chris Fletcher (born 1948), safety who played for the San Diego Chargers during his seven-year NFL career. Franklin W. Fort (1880–1937), represented New Jersey's 9th congressional district from 1925 to 1931. Major Harold Geiger (1884–1927), pioneer in Army aviation and ballooning. Althea Gibson (1927–2003), tennis player. David Garrard (born 1978), quarterback who played for the NFL's New York Jets. Tate George (born 1968), former basketball player who played with the New Jersey Nets for three of his four NBA seasons. Eugenia Gilbert (1902–1978), actress of the silent film era who starred in many westerns. Red Grammer (born 1952), children's music writer. Bessie Mecklem Hackenberger (1876–1942), one of the earliest American-born saxophone soloists. Robert David Hall (born 1947), actor who is best known for his role as coroner Dr. Albert Robbins M.D. on the television show CSI: Crime Scene Investigation. Mary Jeanne Hallstrom (1924–2006), nurse and member of the Illinois House of Representatives, was born in East Orange. Eric P. Hamp (1920-2019), Indo-European linguist and professor at the University of Chicago. Slide Hampton (born 1932), jazz trombonist. Vincent S. Haneman (1902–1978), Associate Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court from 1960 to 1971. Ann Harding (1902–1981), theatre, motion picture, radio, and television actress. Balozi Harvey (1940–2016, class of 1957), diplomat and community organizer. J.C. Hayward (born c. 1945), news anchor formerly at WUSA, who was the first female news anchor in Washington, D.C. and the first African American female news presenter. Carolyn Gold Heilbrun (1926–2003), author who wrote mystery novels under the pen name of Amanda Cross. Frances Cox Henderson (1820–1897), wife of Governor James Pinckney Henderson of Texas, who established the Good Shepherd home for aged women after moving to East Orange following her husband's death. Caroline Herzenberg (born 1932), physicist. Brian Hill (born 1947), former coach of the Orlando Magic. Lauryn Hill (born 1975), singer-songwriter, rapper, producer and actress. Fred Hills, (1934–2020), literary editor, known for his association with writers including Vladimir Nabokov, Raymond Carver and Heinrich Böll. Whitney Houston (1963–2012), singer and actress. Karen Hunter (born 1966), journalist, publisher, talk show host and the co-author of several books. Janis Ian (born 1951), singer-songwriter. Monte Irvin (1919–2016), Major League Baseball player inducted as a member of the Baseball Hall of Fame who was ranked #12 on the Sports Illustrated list of The 50 Greatest New Jersey Sports Figures. Malcolm Jenkins (born 1987), football player for the Philadelphia Eagles. Jarrod Johnson (born 1969), former professional football player who played for the Pittsburgh Steelers, San Diego Chargers and the Sacramento Surge of the World League of American Football. David Jones (born 1968), former NFL tight end who played for the Los Angeles Raiders in 1992. Ernest Lester Jones (1876–1929), head of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey from 1914 until his death. LeRoy J. Jones Jr. (born 1957), member of the New Jersey General Assembly. KayGee (born 1969 as Kier Lamont Gist), DJ and record producer best known as a member of hip hop trio Naughty by Nature. Brandin Knight (born 1981), former professional basketball player, brother of Brevin Knight. Brevin Knight (born 1975), former NBA point guard who played for nine teams during his 13-year career, brother of Brandin Knight. Marietta Patricia Leis (born 1938), multimedia artist and poet Elizabeth Losey (1912–2005), conservationist who is recognized as being the first female refuge biologist. William Lowell Sr. (1863–1954), dentist and an inventor of a wooden golf tee patented in 1921. Clara Maass (1876–1901), nurse who died as a result of volunteering for medical experiments to study yellow fever. Gordon MacRae (1921–1986), actor, singer, he was born in East Orange. Elliott Maddox (born 1947), Major League Baseball outfielder who played for both the New York Mets and New York Yankees. Naomi Long Madgett (1923-2020), poet. Marion Clyde McCarroll (1891-1977), writer and journalist who was the first woman issued a press pass by the New York Stock Exchange and also penned the "Advice for the Lovelorn, a nationally syndicated column, after she inherited it from Dorothy Dix. Stephen A. Mikulak (1948–2014, class of 1966), politician who served in the New Jersey General Assembly from 1992 to 1996, where he represented the 19th Legislative District. Daniel F. Minahan (1877–1947), represented New Jersey's 6th congressional district from 1919 to 1921 and again from 1923 to 1925. Dorian Missick (born c. 1975), actor, known for his role as Damian in the television series Six Degrees and for voicing Victor Vance in the video game Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories. Worrall Frederick Mountain (1909–1992), Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court from 1971 to 1979. Annie Oakley (1860–1926) and her husband Frank E. Butler (1852–1926) lived at 22 Eppirt Street between 1905 and 1908 Naughty by Nature members Treach, Vin Rock and DJ Kay Gee. Naturi Naughton (born 1984), singer and actress who was a member of the early 2000s group, 3LW. C. Milford Orben (1895–1975), politician who served five terms in the New Jersey General Assembly. Robert Peace (c. 1981–2011), the subject of The Short and Tragic Life of Robert Peace. Elizabeth Peer (1936–1984), journalist. Jabrill Peppers (born 1995), football player for the New York Giants of the NFL. Chickie Geraci Poisson (born 1931), former field hockey player and coach. Stewart G. Pollock (born 1933), Justice of the Supreme Court of New Jersey from 1979 to 1999. Queen Latifah (born 1970), rapper, singer, model and actress. Eddie Rabbitt (1941–1998), singer-songwriter. C. Thomas Schettino (1907-1983), Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court from 1959 to 1972. Shareefa (born 1984), R&B singer. Ben Sirmans (born 1970), American football coach and former running back who is the running backs coach for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League. Newton Phelps Stallknecht 1906-1981), philosopher who was a president of the Metaphysical Society of America. Donald J. Strait (1918–2015), flying ace in the 356th Fighter Group during World War II and a career officer in the United States Air Force. Richard Thaler (born 1945), economist who was the recipient of the 2017 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. Tom Verducci (born 1960), sports journalist. Albert L. Vreeland (1901–1975), United States Representative from New Jersey. James Wallwork (born 1930), politician who served in both houses of the New Jersey Legislature. Dionne Warwick (born 1940), singer. Valerie Wilson Wesley (born 1947), mystery writer. Barrence Whitfield (born 1955), soul and R&B vocalist, best known as the frontman for Barrence Whitfield & the Savages. George Whitman (1913–2011), proprietor of the Paris bookstore Shakespeare and Company. William H. Wiley (1842–1925), served on East Orange township committee from 1886 to 1888, president for one year; represented New Jersey's 8th congressional district from 1903 to 1907 and 1909 to 1911, co-founder of publishing company John Wiley & Sons. Bruce Williams (1932–2019), radio host. Jocelyn Willoughby (born 1998), basketball player for the New York Liberty of the WNBA. Marion Thompson Wright (1902–1962), scholar and activist who, in 1940, became the first African-American woman in the United States to earn her Ph.D. in history. References Further reading Hart, William. East Orange. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2006. Stuart, Mark A. A Centennial History of East Orange. East Orange, NJ: East Orange Centennial Committee, 1964. 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125164	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex%20Fells%2C%20New%20Jersey	Essex Fells, New Jersey	Essex Fells is a borough in Essex County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the borough's population was 2,113, reflecting a decline of 49 (-2.3%) from the 2,162 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 23 (+1.1%) from the 2,139 counted in the 1990 Census. Essex Fells was incorporated as a borough by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 31, 1902, from portions of Caldwell Township (now Fairfield Township). The community's name was derived by taking "Essex" from the name of the county and adding "Fells" from the name of John F. Fell which also means hill or down. New Jersey Family magazine ranked Essex Fells as the best town for families in its 2016 rankings of "New Jersey's Best Towns for Families". New Jersey Monthly magazine ranked Essex Fells as its 10th best place to live in its 2008 rankings of the "Best Places To Live" in New Jersey. Niche.com ranked Essex Fells as the seventh best place to live in its 2019 rankings of the "Best Places to Live" in New Jersey. In 2010, Forbes.com listed Essex Fells as 182nd in its listing of "America's Most Expensive ZIP Codes", with a median home price of $1,140,885. History Essex Fells was part of the Horseneck Tract, which was an area that consisted of what are now the municipalities of Caldwell, West Caldwell, North Caldwell, Fairfield, Verona, Cedar Grove, Essex Fells, Roseland, and portions of Livingston and West Orange. In 1702, settlers purchased the Horseneck Tract — so-called because of its irregular shape that suggested a horse's neck and head — from the Lenni Lenape Native Americans for goods equal to $325. This purchase encompassed much of western Essex County, from the Orange, or First Mountain in the Watchung Mountain range to the Passaic River. In the late 1800s, Philadelphia developer Anthony S. Drexel realized the impact of train travel on residential development and sent Charles W. Leavitt to the northern New Jersey area near the end of the Caldwell line. Leavitt, Drexel and Drexel's son-in-law John F. Fell formed the Suburban Land Company and purchased 1,000 acres of land from the estate of Revolutionary War General William J. Gould. In order to create their residential development the group commissioned noted architect Ernest W. Bowditch. The community's name was derived by taking "Essex" from the name of the county and adding "Fells" from the name of John F. Fell which also means hill or down. Based on an ordinance passed in 1928, commercial activity in the borough is limited to a single three-story building constructed to look like a house and two small workshops on a dead end. , Essex Fells had 750 houses, most of which were custom built, with many occupying lots several acres in size. The borough has no apartment buildings, office buildings or traffic lights, and until recently, no condominiums. The only units available for rental are in carriage houses and other ancillary structures. In 1981, the borough was one of seven Essex County municipalities to pass a referendum to become a township, joining four municipalities that had already made the change, of what would ultimately be more than a dozen Essex County municipalities to reclassify themselves as townships in order take advantage of federal revenue sharing policies that allocated townships a greater share of government aid to municipalities on a per capita basis. Effective January 1, 1992, it again became a borough. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough had a total area of 1.41 square miles (3.66 km2), including 1.41 square miles (3.65 km2) of land and 0.01 square miles (0.02 km2) of water (0.43%). The borough borders the Essex County municipalities of Caldwell, North Caldwell, Roseland, Verona, West Caldwell and West Orange. Climate Demographics 2010 Census The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $182,031 (with a margin of error of +/- $16,894) and the median family income was $202,917 (+/- $46,038). Males had a median income of $120,417 (+/- $32,492) versus $72,500 (+/- $12,065) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $94,423 (+/- $11,353). About 0.9% of families and 0.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0.9% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over. 2000 Census As of the 2000 United States Census there were 2,162 people, 737 households, and 605 families residing in the borough. The population density was 1,534.0 people per square mile (592.0/km2). There were 761 housing units at an average density of 540.0 per square mile (208.4/km2). The racial makeup of the borough was 96.95% White, 0.46% African American, 0.19% Native American, 1.02% Asian, 0.14% from other races, and 1.25% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.20% of the population. There were 737 households, out of which 40.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 75.3% were married couples living together, 5.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.9% were non-families. 15.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.93 and the average family size was 3.28. In the borough the population was spread out, with 29.7% under the age of 18, 3.6% from 18 to 24, 24.5% from 25 to 44, 27.5% from 45 to 64, and 14.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.6 males. The median income for a household in the borough was $148,173, and the median income for a family was $175,000. Males had a median income of $100,000 versus $52,266 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $77,434. About 0.3% of families and 1.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0.9% of those under age 18 and 0.6% of those age 65 or over. Parks and recreation Grover Cleveland Park, the seventh-largest park in the Essex County park system, is a heavily wooded park covering in the western section of the county along the Caldwell-Essex Fells border. Essex Fells Pond, or also known as "The Pond" by Essex Fells residents, is a popular destination in the winter. Located on Fells Road, "The Pond" attracts people of all ages, typically during the months of December through March. Popular activities include ice skating, pond hockey, and figure skating. Government Local government Essex Fells is governed under the Borough form of New Jersey municipal government, which is used in 218 municipalities (of the 565) statewide, making it the most common form of government in New Jersey. The governing body is comprised of the Mayor and the Borough Council, with all positions elected at-large on a partisan basis as part of the November general election. The Mayor is elected directly by the voters to a four-year term of office. The Borough Council is comprised of six members elected to serve three-year terms on a staggered basis, with two seats coming up for election each year in a three-year cycle. The Borough form of government used by Essex Fells is a "weak mayor / strong council" government in which council members act as the legislative body with the mayor presiding at meetings and voting only in the event of a tie. The mayor can veto ordinances subject to an override by a two-thirds majority vote of the council. The mayor makes committee and liaison assignments for council members, and most appointments are made by the mayor with the advice and consent of the council. , the Mayor of Essex Fells is Republican Edward Davis, whose term of office ends December 31, 2020. Members of the Essex Fells Borough Council are Michael Cecere (R, 2021), Bernard J. D'Avella (R, 2020), Gregory J. Hindy (R, 2020), John A. King (R, 2020), Margaret D. O'Connor (R, 2022) and William B. Sullivan (R, 2021). In November 2014, the Borough Council appointed Greg Hindy to fill the vacant seat expiring in December 2016 that had been held by Jane McWilliams, until she resigned from office. In the November 2015 general election, Hindy was elected to serve the balance of the term of office. Federal, state and county representation Essex Fells is located in the 11th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 27th state legislative district. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 1,696 registered voters in Essex Fells, of which 347 (20.5%) were registered as Democrats, 847 (49.9%) were registered as Republicans and 499 (29.4%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 3 voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Republican Mitt Romney received 70.0% of the vote (829 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 29.3% (347 votes), and other candidates with 0.7% (8 votes), among the 1,197 ballots cast by the borough's 1,749 registered voters (13 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 68.4%. In the 2008 presidential election, Republican John McCain received 64.6% of the vote (829 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 34.1% (437 votes) and other candidates with 0.9% (11 votes), among the 1,283 ballots cast by the borough's 1,661 registered voters, for a turnout of 77.2%. In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 68.8% of the vote (900 ballots cast), outpolling Democrat John Kerry with 29.9% (392 votes) and other candidates with 0.9% (15 votes), among the 1,309 ballots cast by the borough's 1,621 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 80.8. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 81.3% of the vote (590 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 18.6% (135 votes), and other candidates with 0.1% (1 vote), among the 736 ballots cast by the borough's 1,789 registered voters (10 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 41.1%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 68.5% of the vote (688 ballots cast), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 22.3% (224 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 7.9% (79 votes) and other candidates with 0.5% (5 votes), among the 1,005 ballots cast by the borough's 1,682 registered voters, yielding a 59.8% turnout. On a local level, Essex Fells has elected a Republican mayor in every vote held since becoming a borough in 1902. Education The Essex Fells School District serves public school students in pre-kindergarten through sixth grade at Essex Fells School. As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of one school, had an enrollment of 252 students and 32.4 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 7.8:1. In 2016, the school was one of ten schools in New Jersey recognized as a National Blue Ribbon School by the United States Department of Education, a recognition celebrating excellence in academics. Students in public school for seventh through twelfth grades attend the West Essex Regional School District, a regional school district serving students from Essex Fells, Fairfield, North Caldwell and Roseland. Schools in the district (with 2018–19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are West Essex Middle School with 564 students in grades 7-8 and West Essex High School with 1,123 students in grades 9-12. Seats on the nine-member board of education of the high school district are allocated based on population, with one seat assigned to Essex Fells. Transportation , the borough had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality and by Essex County. The main roads serving Essex Fells are County Route 527 and County Route 506. NJ Transit provides service in the borough to and from Newark on the 29 and 71 routes. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Essex Fells include: Bob Bradley (born 1958), former coach of the United States men's national soccer team. Jeremy Brodeur (born 1996), professional ice hockey goalie. Willis Carrier (1876–1950), known as the "father of the modern day air conditioner". Don Criqui (born 1940), sportscaster for CBS Sports. Ian Eagle (born 1969), sports announcer. Connie Francis (born 1937), singer. Justin Gimelstob (born 1977), retired professional tennis player. Anne Steele Marsh (1901–1995), painter and printmaker whose watercolors, oil paintings and wood engravings were widely exhibited. James Randall Marsh (1896-1965), artist. Henry G. Morse (1884-1934), architect. Elizabeth Parr-Johnston (born 1939), Canadian business woman. Brian Rafalski (born 1973), former NHL defenseman who played for the New Jersey Devils. Scott Stevens (born 1964), former NHL defenseman who played for the New Jersey Devils during his career. Bo Sullivan (1937-2000), chairman of the New Jersey Turnpike Authority and a Republican Party politician who sought the nomination for Governor of New Jersey in the 1981 primary. Johnny Sylvester (1915–1990), lived here when he was visited on October 11, 1926, by Babe Ruth, who promised that he would hit a home run on his behalf during the 1926 World Series. John C. Whitehead (born 1922), former Chairman of Goldman Sachs who also served as the 9th United States Deputy Secretary of State. References External links Essex Fells Borough website Essex Fells School School Data for the Essex Fells School, National Center for Education Statistics West Essex Regional School District 1902 establishments in New Jersey Borough form of New Jersey government Boroughs in Essex County, New Jersey Populated places established in 1902	[ -0.5207314491271973, 0.21162499487400055, -0.30821460485458374, -0.02624034322798252, 0.7619329690933228, -0.13524603843688965, 0.4522898197174072, 0.33181872963905334, -0.1067596822977066, -0.20526647567749023, -0.5147358179092407, 0.34533771872520447, -0.2246617078781128, -0.007812382187694311, -1.339840292930603, 0.23628030717372894, 0.20222236216068268, 0.5001801252365112, 0.5329068303108215, -0.3206581473350525, -0.22576172649860382, -0.18661488592624664, 0.4610949754714966, 0.21858544647693634, -0.06012403219938278, -0.1668354719877243, 0.7194958329200745, 0.08874286711215973, 0.19359567761421204, -0.07415178418159485, -0.30327296257019043, 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125165	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfield%20Township%2C%20Essex%20County%2C%20New%20Jersey	Fairfield Township, Essex County, New Jersey	Fairfield is a township in far northwestern Essex County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the township's population was 7,466, reflecting an increase of 403 (+5.7%) from the 7,063 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn declined by 552 (-7.2%) from the 7,615 counted in the 1990 Census. Fairfield is the least densely populated town in Essex County. The first Europeans to settle in the area were Dutch and the place was called Gansegat. Later it was part of Horse Neck and officially part of Newark Township. What is now Fairfield was formed on February 16, 1798, as Caldwell Township from portions of Acquackanonk Township and Newark Township. The area was named for Rev. James Caldwell. It was incorporated as one of New Jersey's initial 104 townships by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 21, 1798. Portions of the township were taken to create Livingston (February 8, 1813), Fairmount Township (March 11, 1862, now part of West Orange), Caldwell borough (February 10, 1892), Verona Township (February 17, 1892, now known and including what is now Cedar Grove), North Caldwell (March 31, 1898), Essex Fells (March 31, 1902) and West Caldwell (February 24, 1904). On November 6, 1963, Caldwell Township was renamed as Fairfield Township, based on the results of a referendum passed the previous day. Fairfield was reincorporated as borough on June 8, 1964. In 1978, the borough passed a referendum reincorporating itself as a township, becoming the second of more than a dozen Essex County municipalities to reclassify themselves as townships in order take advantage of federal revenue sharing policies that allocated townships a greater share of government aid to municipalities on a per capita basis. History The Dutch, including many acculturated French Huguenots, initially settled this area of the Passaic River Valley after purchasing it from the Native Americans. They named it "Gansegat" which is Dutch for "duck's pond". The Horseneck Tract was an 18,000 acre area that consisted of what are now the municipalities of Fairfield, Caldwell, West Caldwell, North Caldwell, Verona, Cedar Grove, Essex Fells, Roseland, and portions of Livingston and West Orange. Later in 1702, English settlers purchased of the Horseneck Tract without approval of the Proprietary Authorities from the Lenape Native Americans for goods equal to $325. When Proprietary Authorities began eviction proceedings against the settlers, the Horseneck Riots took place. This purchase encompassed much of western Essex County, from the First Mountain to a point on the Passaic River at Pine Brook NJ. The reason for the Horseneck name has never been determined, but historians agree that it is not because of its shape. The Van Ness House, constructed about 1720, is a historic home added in 1977 to the National Register of Historic Places. The Fairfield Dutch Reformed Church dates back to 1720, and its current structure is another historic site, built in 1804. See https://www.07004history.com/ for articles submitted to the Fairfield Historical Society. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 10.35 square miles (26.80 km2), including 10.13 square miles (26.23 km2) of land and 0.22 square miles (0.57 km2) of water (2.14%). Fairfield has the lowest population density of any municipality in Essex County. Fairfield Township is located in the northwest corner of Essex County. The township is bisected by Interstate 80 and Route 46. Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Clinton and Clinton Park. Great Piece Meadows is a swamp covering . The township borders North Caldwell and West Caldwell in Essex County; East Hanover Township, Lincoln Park and Montville in Morris County; and Little Falls and Wayne in Passaic County. Demographics Census 2010 The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $97,361 (with a margin of error of +/- $11,797) and the median family income was $117,004 (+/- $7,881). Males had a median income of $69,081 (+/- $15,627) versus $51,198 (+/- $6,668) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $41,615 (+/- $5,217). About 0.5% of families and 2.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 6.8% of those age 65 or over. Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 7,063 people, 2,296 households, and 1,981 families residing in the township. The population density was 675.8 people per square mile (261.0/km2). There were 2,326 housing units at an average density of 222.5 per square mile (85.9/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 95.63% White, 0.52% African American, 0.10% Native American, 2.82% Asian, 0.40% from other races, and 0.54% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.45% of the population. There were 2,296 households, out of which 33.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 74.7% were married couples living together, 8.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 13.7% were non-families. 10.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.04 and the average family size was 3.29. In the township the population was spread out, with 22.0% under the age of 18, 7.0% from 18 to 24, 27.8% from 25 to 44, 28.1% from 45 to 64, and 15.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.3 males. The median income for a household in the township was $83,120, and the median income for a family was $90,998. Males had a median income of $56,106 versus $39,032 for females. The per capita income for the township was $32,099. About 2.3% of families and 2.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.2% of those under age 18 and 2.2% of those age 65 or over. Economy Corporate residents of Fairfield Township include: Pharmaceutical firm Bradley Pharmaceuticals was headquartered here until the company was acquired by Nycomed in 2008. Cricket Hill, microbrewer of American Ale, Hopnotic IPA, and East Coast Lager. Telebrands, the direct marketing firm best known for its "As Seen on TV" products. Government Fairfield Township operates within the Faulkner Act, formally known as the Optional Municipal Charter Law, under the Small Municipality plan C form of New Jersey government, as implemented as of January 1, 1962, based on direct petition. The township is one of 18 municipalities (of the 565) statewide that use this form of government, which is available to municipalities with less than 12,000 residents at the time of adoption. The governing body is comprised of the Mayor and the four-member Township Council. Members are elected at-large in partisan elections in a three-year cycle, with two council seats up for vote in each of the first two years of the cycle and the mayoral seat up in the third year. The Mayor exercises executive power of the municipality, appoints department heads with Council approval, prepares the annual budget and has veto over ordinances subject to override by 2/3 of all members of Council. The Council exercises legislative power of municipality and approves appointment of department heads. , members of the Fairfield Township Council are Mayor James Gasparini (R, term ends December 31, 2021), Council President Thomas J. Morgan (R, 2020), Joseph Cifelli (R, 2022), John LaForgia (R, 2020) and Michael McGlynn (R, 2022). Federal, state and county representation Fairfield is located in the 11th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 26th state legislative district. Prior to the 2011 reapportionment following the 2010 Census, Fairfield had been in the 27th state legislative district. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 5,378 registered voters in Fairfield, of which 1,004 (18.7%) were registered as Democrats, 2,072 (38.5%) were registered as Republicans and 2,299 (42.7%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 3 voters registered to other parties. In the 2016 presidential election, Republican Donald Trump received 72.5% of the vote (2,858 cast), ahead of Democrat Hillary Clinton with 25.6% (1,009 cast), and other candidates with 1.8% (70 votes), among the 4,003 ballots cast by the township's 5,798 registered voters, for a turnout of 69%. In the 2012 presidential election, Republican Mitt Romney received 69.4% of the vote (2,494 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 29.7% (1,069 votes), and other candidates with 0.9% (32 votes), among the 3,625 ballots cast by the township's 5,459 registered voters (30 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 66.4%. In the 2008 presidential election, Republican John McCain received 70.1% of the vote (2,797 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 28.5% (1,137 votes) and other candidates with 0.5% (21 votes), among the 3,991 ballots cast by the township's 5,380 registered voters, for a turnout of 74.2%. In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 69.6% of the vote (2,742 ballots cast), outpolling Democrat John Kerry with 29.2% (1,151 votes) and other candidates with 0.8% (39 votes), among the 3,939 ballots cast by the township's 5,131 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 76.8. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 73.9% of the vote (1,600 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 25.3% (548 votes), and other candidates with 0.8% (17 votes), among the 2,193 ballots cast by the township's 5,445 registered voters (28 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 40.3%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 68.9% of the vote (1,819 ballots cast), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 25.0% (661 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 5.0% (133 votes) and other candidates with 0.5% (12 votes), among the 2,641 ballots cast by the township's 5,397 registered voters, yielding a 48.9% turnout. Education The Fairfield School District serves public school students in pre-kindergarten through sixth grade. As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of two schools, had an enrollment of 669 students and 63.6 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 10.5:1. Schools in the district (with 2018–19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Adlai E. Stevenson Elementary School with 402 students in pre-Kindergarten through third grade and Winston S. Churchill School with 268 students in fourth through sixth grade. Students in public school for seventh through twelfth grades attend the West Essex Regional School District, a regional school district in western Essex County serving students from Essex Fells, Fairfield, North Caldwell and Roseland. Schools in the district (with 2018–19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are West Essex Middle School with 564 students in grades 7-8 and West Essex High School with 1,123 students in grades 9-12. Seats on the nine-member board of education of the high school district are allocated based on population, with three seats assigned to Fairfield. StenoTech Career Institute is a technical school in Fairfield, established in 1988, that offers court reporting and medical transcription training. Transportation Roads and highways , the borough had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Essex County and by the New Jersey Department of Transportation. U.S. Route 46, Route 159 and Interstate 80 all pass through the Township. Public transportation NJ Transit provides bus service to Newark on the 29 and 71 routes. Lakeland Bus Lines offeres service to and from the Port Authority Bus Terminal in Midtown Manhattan on its Route 46 route. Essex County Airport, managed by the Essex County Improvement Authority, is located in Fairfield. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Fairfield include: Robert Egan (born 1958, class of 1976), restaurateur and an interlocutor between the government of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) and the United States. David Greczek (born 1994), professional soccer player who plays as a goalkeeper, most recently for Swope Park Rangers in the United Soccer League. Gurbir Grewal (born 1973), Attorney General of New Jersey. John LoCascio (born 1991), defenseman for the Rochester Rattlers in Major League Lacrosse. James F. Post (1818–1899), architect, builder, and contractor who designed and oversaw the construction of over 60 buildings, beast known for his buildings in Wilmington, North Carolina. Jake Siciliano (born 1998), actor. Michelle Vizzuso (born 1977), field hockey player recognized by The Star-Ledger as the sport's top athlete of the 20th century. References External links Fairfield Township website Fairfield School District School Data for the Fairfield School District, National Center for Education Statistics West Essex Regional School District School Data for the West Essex Regional School District, National Center for Education Statistics 1798 establishments in New Jersey Faulkner Act (small municipality) Populated places established in 1798 Townships in Essex County, New Jersey	[ -0.8673045635223389, 0.1995825618505478, -0.5228345394134521, 0.1954123079776764, 0.6387893557548523, 0.1080751121044159, 0.46083083748817444, 0.03533289581537247, 0.019397784024477005, -0.5884892344474792, -0.4107079803943634, 0.23600035905838013, 0.1359889805316925, 0.015710003674030304, -1.5787781476974487, 0.5586177110671997, 0.36917543411254883, 0.5833605527877808, 0.14888061583042145, -0.6492480635643005, -0.5529778599739075, -0.4176475703716278, 0.29556435346603394, 0.8127527236938477, -0.2195298820734024, -0.20666474103927612, 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125167	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen%20Ridge%2C%20New%20Jersey	Glen Ridge, New Jersey	Glen Ridge is a borough in Essex County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the borough's population was 7,527, reflecting an increase of 256 (+3.5%) from the 7,271 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 195 (+2.8%) from the 7,076 counted in the 1990 Census. Glen Ridge was incorporated as a borough by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 13, 1895, from portions of Bloomfield Township, based on the results of a referendum held the previous day. In 1982, the borough's official name was changed to "Township of Glen Ridge Borough". Glen Ridge was one of more than a dozen Essex County municipalities to reclassify themselves as townships to take advantage of federal revenue sharing policies that allocated townships a greater share of government aid on a per capita basis. Effective May 1993, the borough's original name of "Glen Ridge Borough" was restored. The borough's name comes from the ridge formed by Toney's Brook. Of the many legacies left to the town by its founders, the one that has become its trademark is the gas lamps. With only 3,000 gaslights remaining in operation in the entire United States, Glen Ridge has 665 such lamps lighting its streets. In 1924, Glen Ridge became the first municipality in New Jersey to establish a zoning ordinance. In 2010, Glen Ridge was ranked as the 38th Best Place to live by New Jersey Monthly magazine. History Glen Ridge traces its beginning to 1666 when 64 Connecticut families led by Robert Treat bought land from the Lenni Lenape Native Americans and named it New Ark to reflect a covenant to worship freely without persecution. The territory included the future towns of Bloomfield, Montclair, Belleville and Nutley. When Bloomfield was established in 1812, Glen Ridge was a section "on the hill" composed mostly of farms and woodlands with the exception of a thriving industrial area along Toney's Brook in the glen. For most of the nineteenth century, three water-powered mills produced lumber, calico, pasteboard boxes and brass fittings. A copper mine and a sandstone quarry were located on the north side of the brook. With the arrival of the Newark and Bloomfield Railroad in 1856 and the construction of the Glen Ridge station and the New York and Greenwood Lake Railway station at today's Benson Street in 1872, Glen Ridge began its transition to a suburban residential community. Stately homes slowly replaced orchards and wooded fields. Mountainside Hospital, a local hospital with more than 300 beds now known as HackensackUMC Mountainside, was founded in 1891. The Glen Ridge Country Club was founded in 1894, making it one of the state's oldest clubs. Residents "on the hill" became unhappy with their representation on the Bloomfield Council. In spite of repeated requests to Bloomfield officials, roads remained unpaved, water and sewer systems were nonexistent, and schools were miles away. Area residents marked out the boundaries of a area to secede from the adjoining town. At the election held on February 12, 1895, the decision to secede passed by only 23 votes. Robert Rudd was elected the first mayor of Glen Ridge. In 1989, athletes from the high school were involved in the sexual assault of a mentally handicapped student. Three teenagers were found guilty of first-degree aggravated sexual assault; a fourth was convicted of third-degree conspiracy. Author Bernard Lefkowitz wrote about the incident in the 1997 book Our Guys: The Glen Ridge Rape and the Secret Life of the Perfect Suburb. Lefkowitz's book was adapted into the 1999 TV movie Our Guys: Outrage at Glen Ridge. Glen Ridge is a frequent location for film, television, and commercial shoots. Notable works include Winter Solstice and Mona Lisa Smile. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough had a total area of 1.28 square miles (3.31 km2), including 1.28 square miles (3.30 km2) of land and 0.01 square miles (0.01 km2) of water (0.39%). It is bounded by Bloomfield, Montclair and East Orange. Glen Ridge is located on a ridge on the east side of the First Mountain of the Watchung Mountains. The town stretches from north to south and a maximum of six blocks wide from east to west, and it is only three or two blocks wide in "the Panhandle" north of Bay Avenue. Glen Ridge borders the Essex County municipalities of Bloomfield, East Orange, Montclair and Orange. The town's US mail ZIP code is 07028. Climate Glen Ridge has a temperate climate, with warm / hot humid summers and cool / cold winters, according to the Köppen climate classification humid subtropical climate. The town gets an average of of rain per year and of snowfall, compared to the US averages of and inches. Glen Ridge has 124 days of measurable precipitation a year. During the winter, it is highly recommended to wear warm clothing because it can get very cold, while the summers can get extremely hot and humid. The majority of February and a bit of March is when there are the most snowfall. Due to the town's elevation and the topography of its river banks, it is not prone to significant flooding. There are typically about 205 sunny days per year in Glen Ridge. The temperature ranges from a high around 86 degrees in July and a low around 21 degrees in January. The comfort index for the town is 47 out of 100, compared to a national average of 44 (with higher numbers being more comfortable). Demographics 2010 Census The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $160,511 (with a margin of error of ±$11,073) and the median family income was $173,466 (±$25,554). Males had a median income of $111,968 (±$11,975) versus $85,938 (±$24,626) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $64,222 (±$8,487). About 1.1% of families and 2.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.9% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over. 2000 Census As of the 2000 United States Census there were 7,271 people, 2,458 households, and 1,978 families residing in the borough. The population density was 5,695.0 people per square mile (2,193.2/km2). There were 2,490 housing units at an average density of 1,950.3 per square mile (751.1/km2). The racial makeup of the borough was 89.18% White, 4.98% African American, 0.15% Native American, 3.34% Asian, 0.99% from other races, and 1.36% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.45% of the population. There were 2,458 households, out of which 46.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.9% were married couples living together, 8.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.5% were non-families. 16.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.95 and the average family size was 3.33. In the borough, the population was spread out, with 30.7% under the age of 18, 4.5% from 18 to 24, 29.5% from 25 to 44, 24.9% from 45 to 64, and 10.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.3 males. The median income for a household in the borough was $105,638, and the median income for a family was $120,650. Males had a median income of $91,161 versus $51,444 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $48,456. About 1.9% of families and 3.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.3% of those under age 18 and 4.1% of those age 65 or over. Government Local government Glen Ridge is governed under the Borough form of New Jersey municipal government, which is used in 218 municipalities (of the 565) statewide, making it the most common form of government in New Jersey. The governing body is comprised of the Mayor and the Borough Council, with all positions elected at-large on a partisan basis as part of the November general election. The Mayor is elected directly by the voters to a four-year term of office. The Borough Council is comprised of six members elected to serve three-year terms on a staggered basis, with two seats coming up for election each year in a three-year cycle. The Borough form of government used by Glen Ridge is a "weak mayor / strong council" government in which council members act as the legislative body with the mayor presiding at meetings and voting only in the event of a tie. The mayor can veto ordinances subject to an override by a two-thirds majority vote of the council. The mayor makes committee and liaison assignments for council members, and most appointments are made by the mayor with the advice and consent of the council. , the mayor of Glen Ridge is Independent Stuart K. Patrick, whose term of office ends December 31, 2023. Members of the borough council are Council President Daniel T. Murphy (I, 2020), Peter A. Hughes (I, 2022), Richard P. Law (I, 2022), Paul A. Lisovicz (I, 2021), Deborah Mans (I, 2020) and Ann Marie Morrow (I, 2021). In January 2016, the borough council chose former mayor Peter Hughes to fill the council seat expiring in December 2016 that was vacated by Stuart K. Patrick, who resigned from the council to take his seat as mayor. Murphy was selected by the borough council in November 2013 to serve the unexpired term of Elizabeth K. Baker. Ann Marie Morrow was elected in November 2014 to fill a one-year unexpired term. The Glen Ridge Civic Conference Committee, established in 1913, is made up of delegates from the community and from local civic organizations, provides a non-partisan method of candidate selection for Borough elections. The CCC endorsement is very significant; in most elections, the CCC's candidates are unopposed. The eight organizations currently sending delegates to the CCC are: The Democratic Club, Freeman Gardens Association, Friends of the Glen Ridge Library, The Glen Ridge Historical Society, The Northside Association, The Republican Club, The Golden Circle, The South End Association and the Women's Club of Glen Ridge. In recent years, the CCC has been weakened both by changing attitudes in the borough, the actions of a number of community residents, and internal conflicts within the CCC itself. Mayor Carl Bergmanson was the first mayor since the establishment of the CCC to be elected without seeking (or receiving) the Committee's endorsement. A member of the council for three terms, he ran for mayor in 1999, losing to the CCC candidate Steven Plate. When Plate was selected as the CCC candidate again in 2003 (contradicting the committee's precedent of one term per mayor), Bergmanson ran again, and won, gaining the majority in all but one of the town's districts. However, the CCC is still firmly in control of the town's political structure – all 16 of the elected officials currently serving Glen Ridge were nominated by the CCC. Generally, when non-CCC candidates run, they run as independents. The Democratic and Republican parties are not forces in local elections. Federal, state and county representation Glen Ridge is located in the 10th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 28th state legislative district. Prior to the 2011 reapportionment following the 2010 Census, Glen Ridge had been in the 34th state legislative district. Prior to the 2010 Census, Glen Ridge had been part of the , a change made by the New Jersey Redistricting Commission that took effect in January 2013, based on the results of the November 2012 general elections. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 5,169 registered voters in Glen Ridge, of which 2,135 (41.3%) were registered as Democrats, 993 (19.2%) were registered as Republicans and 2,037 (39.4%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 4 voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 62.6% of the vote (2,415 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 36.2% (1,396 votes), and other candidates with 1.1% (44 votes), among the 3,871 ballots cast by the borough's 5,380 registered voters (16 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 72.0%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 62.9% of the vote (2,583 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 35.2% (1,444 votes) and other candidates with 0.8% (33 votes), among the 4,104 ballots cast by the borough's 5,185 registered voters, for a turnout of 79.2%. In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 59.1% of the vote (2,381 ballots cast), outpolling Republican George W. Bush with 39.9% (1,608 votes) and other candidates with 0.7% (35 votes), among the 4,031 ballots cast by the borough's 4,967 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 81.2. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 53.2% of the vote (1,450 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 45.5% (1,240 votes), and other candidates with 1.2% (34 votes), among the 2,772 ballots cast by the borough's 5,429 registered voters (48 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 51.1%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Democrat Jon Corzine received 51.0% of the vote (1,388 ballots cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 39.3% (1,071 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 8.5% (231 votes) and other candidates with 0.7% (19 votes), among the 2,722 ballots cast by the borough's 5,144 registered voters, yielding a 52.9% turnout. Education The Glen Ridge Public Schools serve students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade. As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of four schools, had an enrollment of 1,899 students and 148.9 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.8:1. Schools in the district (with 2018–19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Forest Avenue School with 223 students in grades PreK-2, Linden Avenue School with 242 students in grades PreK-2, Ridgewood Avenue School with 575 students in grades 3-6 and Glen Ridge High School with 837 students in grades 7-12. The high school was the 12th-ranked public high school in New Jersey out of 328 schools statewide in New Jersey Monthly magazine's September 2012 cover story on the state's "Top Public High Schools", after being ranked 4th in 2010 out of 322 schools listed. Housing The median price for a house in Glen Ridge in 2014 was $580,000, which is double the national average. Out of the 2,549 houses in the borough, 84.7% of them were single units (detached) and had a median of 7.7 rooms. Glen Ridge is known for its old town charm, with 72.8% of its houses having been built before 1939. In 1895, when the town was chartered, Glen Ridge became one of the first communities to hire a town planner which resulted in many late Victorian and Edwardian elements. The condition of the town has been maintained due to the building codes that were established, the creation of the Building Department which included a Building Inspector, and a zoning ordinance (the first in the state of New Jersey). Although the majority of Glen Ridge consists of houses, many residents live in apartment complexes. One apartment complex is behind the Glen Ridge Community Pool, while the other apartment complex is not far from that. The architecture of the borough includes houses representing every major style from the mid-nineteenth century onward. Some of the architecture styles include the Carpenter Gothic, the Medieval, the High Victorian Period, the Queen Anne Cottage, American Georgian, Shingle Style, and the Prairie Home Style. Notable architects that have left their legacy in the town include Frank Lloyd Wright, Stanford White, and John Russell Pope. To maintain the historical feel of the town and protect the architectural features, the town has created a Historic Preservation Commission which reviews construction on houses in the historic district. Many homes are included in the Glen Ridge Historic District, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1982 and later expanded in two boundary increases. It includes the Glen Ridge and the Benson Street train stations. Transportation Roads and highways , the borough had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality and by Essex County. The primary roads directly serving Glen Ridge include County Route 506 (Bloomfield Avenue) and County Route 509. Major highways near the borough include the New Jersey Turnpike, Interstate 80, Interstate 280, the Garden State Parkway, U.S. Route 46, Route 3 and Route 21. Public transportation Glen Ridge is a little over a mile long, making it accessible for residents by walking or biking. NJ Transit provides bus service to Newark on the 11, 28 and 29 via Bloomfield Avenue. Buses from DeCamp Bus Lines run to and from the Port Authority Bus Terminal in Midtown Manhattan. Commuters can also take trains from the Glen Ridge station (formerly named Ridgewood Avenue), where NJ Transit provides service to Penn Station in Midtown Manhattan and to Hoboken Terminal via the Montclair-Boonton Line. There are many other train stations near Glen Ridge. The town has a jitney service which provides transportation to and from the Glen Ridge Station for commuters. This service has a fee and is only available between certain hours in the day. The Freeman Parkway Bridge, constructed in 1926, is a deck arch bridge that crosses over Toney's Brook and the Montclair-Boonton Line. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Glen Ridge include: Buzz Aldrin (born 1930), second person to walk on the Moon on Apollo 11. Kurt Allerman (born 1955), former football linebacker who played nine seasons in the NFL for the St. Louis Cardinals Green Bay Packers and Detroit Lions. Horace Ashenfelter (1923–2018), 1952 Olympic gold medalist in track and field. Dale Berra (born 1956), former Major League Baseball player and son of Yogi Berra. Charles W. Billings (1866–1928), politician and competitive shooter who was a member of the 1912 Summer Olympics American trapshooting team that won the gold medal in team clay pigeons. Kerry Bishé (born 1984), movie and television actress who appeared in Argo and Scrubs. Regina Bogat (born 1928), abstract artist. Eddie Bracken (1915–2002), character actor. Scott Bradley (born 1960), former MLB catcher. Jon Brion (born 1963), singer, songwriter, composer and record producer. Mark Bryant (born 1965), retired professional basketball player who played for 10 NBA teams during his career. Salvador "Tutti" Camarata (1913–2005), composer, arranger, trumpeter and record producer. Bill Casselman (born 1941), mathematician who works in group theory. Kacy Catanzaro (born 1990), first woman to complete the qualifying course of American Ninja Warrior. Mary Jo Codey (born 1955), former First Lady of New Jersey. Tom Cruise (born 1962), movie star, spent several years of his childhood in Glen Ridge, and graduated from Glen Ridge High School. Gary Cuozzo (born 1941), former quarterback who played in 10 NFL seasons from 1963 to 1972 for four teams. David Demarest (born 1951), Vice President for Public Affairs, Stanford University and a former Republican operative who worked for Presidents Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush. Marion Elza Dodd (1883–1961), bookseller, author, librarian and professor. Michael J. Doherty (born 1963), a New Jersey State Senator who represents the 23rd Legislative District, grew up in Glen Ridge and graduated from Glen Ridge High School. Joe Dubuque (born 1982), amateur wrestler and wrestling coach. Lauren English (born 1989), competitive swimmer who set the United States Open Record in the 50 Meter Backstroke. Cora Farrell (born 1999), curler who was a silver medalist at the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics Anthony Fasano (born 1984), NFL tight end for the Miami Dolphins. Tom Fleming (1951–2017), distance runner who won the 1973 and 1975 New York City Marathon. Buddy Fortunato (born 1946), newspaper publisher and politician who served four terms in the New Jersey General Assembly. Tom Galligan (born 1955), lawyer, legal scholar, administrator and educator who is the dean and professor of law of Louisiana State University's Paul M. Hebert Law Center. Kenny Garrett (born 1960), Grammy Award-winning jazz musician, saxophonist and composer. Nia Gill (born 1948), represents the 34th Legislative District in the New Jersey Senate since 2002. Sean Gleeson (born 1986), offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach for the Rutgers Scarlet Knights football team. Bill Guerin (born 1970), former NHL right winger who played for the New Jersey Devils, won two Stanley Cup championships, and represented the United States in the Olympics in 1998, 2002 and 2006. Roger Lee Hall (born 1942), composer and musicologist. Alfred Jensen (1903–1981), abstract painter Ezra Koenig (born 1984), musician Vampire Weekend. Alexander Kolowrat (1886–1927), pioneer of Austrian Cinema. Frederick Bernard Lacey (1920–2017) United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey. Rodney Leinhardt (born 1970), professional wrestler, better known as Rodney from his appearances with the World Wrestling Federation. Aubrey Lewis (1935–2001), football and track star with the Notre Dame Fighting Irish who was recognized by The Star-Ledger as its Football Player of the Century. Rudy Mancuso (born 1992), actor, producer, internet personality, comedian and musician best known for his comedic videos on YouTube. Katherine MacLean (1925–2019), science fiction author best known for her short fiction of the 1950s which examined the impact of technological advances on individuals and society. Hugh McCracken (1942–2013), rock guitarist and session musician. Wes Miles (born 1984), musician Ra Ra Riot. Edward Page Mitchell (1852–1927), editor-in-chief of The New York Sun. George Musser (born 1965), book author and contributing editor of Scientific American magazine. William J. Nardini (born 1979), Assistant United States Attorney for the District of Connecticut and nominee to be a United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. Gerry Niewood (1943–2009) jazz saxophonist. Joe Orsulak (born 1962), Major League Baseball player from 1983 to 1997. Robert A. Pascal (1934–2021), politician who served as County executive of Anne Arundel County, Maryland from 1975 to 1982. Barbara Rachelson, politician who has served in the Vermont House of Representatives since 2014. Priscilla Roberts (1916–2001), artist known for her still life paintings. Kathy Mueller Rohan, former professional tennis player. Henry Selick (born 1952), stop motion director, producer and writer best known for directing both The Nightmare Before Christmas and James and the Giant Peach. Cindy Sherman (born 1954), artistic photographer. George Steinmetz (born 1957), exploration photographer, winner of the Picture of the Year award, Overseas Press Club, 25 stories for GEO magazine in Germany. Alison Stewart (born 1966), MSNBC news personality and host of The Most with Alison Stewart. Christian Thomas (born 1992), the son of Steve Thomas and the New York Rangers' 40th overall draft pick in 2010 who plays in the AHL for the Connecticut Whale. Steve Thomas (born 1963), former NHL right winger who played for the New Jersey Devils from 1995 to 1998. Stephen S. Trott (born 1939), judge for the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. William Hazlett Upson (1891–1975), author best known stories featuring Alexander Botts, a salesman for the Earthworm Tractor Company. Don Van Natta Jr. (born 1964), investigate reporter at The New York Times. Tom Verducci (born 1960), sportswriter for Sports Illustrated. Dick Zimmer (born 1944), former member of the United States House of Representatives who was the Republican candidate for United States Senate in 1996 and 2008. References Further reading Lefkowitz, Bernard. Our Guys: The Glen Ridge Rape and the Secret Life of the Perfect Suburb. External links Glen Ridge Borough Website Glen Ridge Public Schools Website Glen Ridge Illustrated History 1895 establishments in New Jersey Borough form of New Jersey government Boroughs in Essex County, New Jersey Populated places established in 1895	[ -0.5143136978149414, 0.10315520316362381, -0.1582721322774887, 0.3101283311843872, 0.6714813709259033, -0.10026010870933533, 0.4748353064060211, 0.25640416145324707, 0.2521836459636688, -0.4832502603530884, -0.549828290939331, 0.2810661792755127, -0.005933939479291439, 0.4622139632701874, -1.3844424486160278, 0.47717952728271484, 0.6649465560913086, 0.7757000923156738, 0.5074223875999451, -0.6201446652412415, -0.41900449991226196, -0.5441506505012512, 0.16003188490867615, 0.5948840379714966, -0.1285174936056137, -0.10611520707607269, 0.6281937956809998, -0.12148410081863403, 0.47291016578674316, 0.159250408411026, -0.1858735978603363, 0.44381964206695557, -0.46716517210006714, -0.6255480051040649, 0.4348844587802887, 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125168	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irvington%2C%20New%20Jersey	Irvington, New Jersey	Irvington is a township in Essex County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the township had a total population of 53,926, having declined by 6,769 (−11.2%) from the 60,695 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn declined by 323 (−0.5%) from the 61,018 counted in the 1990 Census. The township had the ninth-highest property tax rate in New Jersey, with an equalized rate of 4.890% in 2020, compared to 2.824% in the county as a whole and a statewide average of 2.279%. History Clinton Township, which included what is now Irvington, Maplewood and parts of Newark and South Orange, was created on April 14, 1834. The area was known as Camptown until the mid-1800s. In 1850, after Stephen Foster published his ballad, Camptown Races, residents were concerned that the activities described in the song would be associated with their community. The town was renamed, Irvingtown, in honor of Washington Irving. Irvington was incorporated as an independent village on March 27, 1874, from portions of Clinton Township. What remained of Clinton Township was absorbed into Newark on March 5, 1902. On March 2, 1898, Irvington was incorporated as a Town, replacing Irvington Village. In 1982, the town was one of four Essex County municipalities to pass a referendum to become a township, joining 11 municipalities that had already made the change, of what would ultimately be more than a dozen Essex County municipalities to reclassify themselves as townships in order take advantage of federal revenue sharing policies that allocated townships a greater share of government aid to municipalities on a per capita basis. The 1967 Newark riots hastened an exodus of families from that city, many of them moving a few short blocks into neighboring Irvington. Until 1965, Irvington was almost exclusively white. By 1980, the town was nearly 40% black; by 1990 it was 70%. On July 1, 1980, Fred Bost, the first black person to serve on the Town Council, was sworn in as East Ward Councilman. At age 24, Michael G. Steele became the first black elected to public office in Irvington when he won a seat on the school board on March 25, 1980, then became the township's first black mayor ten years later, when he was elected in 1990 and served for four years, followed by Sarah Brockington Bost in 1994. In 1994 Steele returned to the Board of Education to pursue his career as the district's certified School Business Administrator, serving over 22 years. The current Mayor is Tony Vauss. Irvington was home to Olympic Park, an amusement park, from 1887 to 1965. The park property straddled the border of Irvington and Maplewood, with the main entrance on Chancellor Avenue and a side entrance on 40th Street. After the park closed, the merry-go-round was sold and transported to Disney World, in Orlando, FL. The book, Smile: A Picture History of Olympic Park, 1887–1965 written by Alan A. Siegel was published in 1983 by Rutgers University Press. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 2.92 square miles (7.55 km2), including 2.91 square miles (7.55 km2) of land and <0.01 square miles (0.01 km2) of water (0.07%). The Elizabeth River runs through the city passing Civic Square and Clinton Cemetery. Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Irving Place. The township is bordered by Maplewood to the west and Newark to the east, both in Essex County, and Hillside to the south and Union to the southwest, both in Union County, New Jersey. Demographics 2010 Census The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $42,580, and the median family income was $50,798. Males had a median income of $38,033 versus $36,720 for females. The per capita income for the township was $20,520. About 14.4% of families and 16.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.4% of those under age 18 and 16.7% of those age 65 or over. 2000 Census As of the 2000 United States Census there were 60,695 people, 22,032 households, and 14,408 families residing in the township. The population density was 20,528.3 people per square mile (7,917.1/km2). There were 24,116 housing units at an average density of 8,156.5 per square mile (3,145.7/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 81.66% Black or African American, 8.97% White, 0.24% Native American, 1.10% Asian, 0.10% Pacific Islander, 3.68% from other races, and 4.24% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.38% of the population. As part of the 2000 Census, 81.66% of Irvington's residents identified themselves as being Black or African American. This was one of the highest percentages of African American people in the United States, and the third-highest in New Jersey (behind Lawnside at 93.6%, and East Orange at 89.46%) of all places with 1,000 or more residents identifying their ancestry. There were 22,032 households, out of which 33.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 30.2% were married couples living together, 27.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.6% were non-families. 29.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.74 and the average family size was 3.39. In the township the age distribution of the population shows 28.0% under the age of 18, 10.7% from 18 to 24, 32.3% from 25 to 44, 21.5% from 45 to 64, and 7.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.5 males. The median income for a household in the township was $36,575, and the median income for a family was $41,098. Males had a median income of $32,043 versus $27,244 for females. The per capita income for the township was $16,874. About 15.8% of families and 17.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.9% of those under age 18 and 12.2% of those age 65 or over. Crime Irvington experienced the crack epidemic of the 1980s and has struggled with its aftermath. The township's violent crime rate was six times higher than New Jersey overall and the murder rate eight times higher than statewide statistics. In 2007, the New Jersey State Police reported that Irvington had a violent crime rate of 22.4 incidents per 1,000 population, the highest of all 15 major urban areas in the state. According to the New Jersey State Police Uniform Crime Report for 2013, year-to-year between 2012 and 2013, Irvington experienced an overall reduction in crime of 9% (from 49.6 to 45.2 incidents per 1,000), with reductions coming from overall non-violent crime (18%) and aggravated assault (22%), but an increase in the violent crime rate of 16% from 13.1 incidents per 1,000 to 15.3. Economy Portions of the township are part of an Urban Enterprise Zone (UEZ), one of 32 zones covering 37 municipalities statewide. Irvington was selected in 1996 as one of a group of seven zones added to participate in the program. In addition to other benefits to encourage employment and investment within the UEZ, shoppers can take advantage of a reduced 3.3125% sales tax rate (half of the % rate charged statewide) at eligible merchants. Established in May 1996, the township's Urban Enterprise Zone status expires in May 2027. In July 2015, the central business district surrounding the Irvington Bus Terminal on Springfield Ave. was designated as one of 33 transit villages statewide, qualifying it for incentives for revitalization. Government Local government Irvington is governed within the Faulkner Act, formally known as the Optional Municipal Charter Law, under the Mayor-Council form of municipal government, one of 71 municipalities (of the 565) statewide that use this form. The governing body is comprised of the Mayor and the seven-member Township Council, whose members are elected to staggered four-year terms of office on a non-partisan basis in municipal elections held on the second Tuesday in May in even-numbered years. The mayor and the three at-large seats are elected together and two years later the four ward seats are up for vote together. The council selects a president, first vice president and second vice president from among its members at a reorganization meeting held after each election. The council is the legislative body of the township and needs a ⅔ majority to make changes to the budget submitted by the mayor. The mayor is the township's chief executive and is responsible for overseeing the day-to-day operations and submitting a budget, but is not eligible to vote on the council and is not required to attend its meetings. , the mayor of Irvington is Tony Vauss, whose term of office ends June 30, 2022. Members of the Township Council are Council President Renee C. Burgess (At-large, 2022), Council First Vice President Octavio Hudley (At-large, 2022), Council Second Vice President Charnette Frederic (At-large, 2022), Jamillah Z. Beasley (South Ward, 2024), Vernal C. Cox Sr. (West Ward, 2024), Sean C. Evans (East Ward, 2024) and Orlander Glen Vick (North Ward, 2024). In April 2019, Jamillah Z. Beasley was appointed to fill the South Ward seat expiring in December 2020 that became vacant following the death of Sandra M. Jones. Council President David Lyons, who had served six terms in office representing the North Ward, died in August 2019. Federal, state and county representation Irvington is located in the 10th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 28th state legislative district. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were 28,545 registered voters in Irvington, of which 14,694 (51.5%) were registered as Democrats, 404 (1.4%) were registered as Republicans and 13,442 (47.1%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 5 voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 97.9% of the vote (18,538 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 1.9% (363 votes), and other candidates with 0.2% (38 votes), among the 19,036 ballots cast by the township's 30,744 registered voters (97 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 61.9%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 96.9% of the vote (18,923 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 2.5% (493 votes) and other candidates with 0.1% (29 votes), among the 19,533 ballots cast by the township's 28,879 registered voters, for a turnout of 67.6%. In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 91.8% of the vote (14,885 ballots cast), outpolling Republican George W. Bush with 7.3% (1,189 votes) and other candidates with 0.3% (80 votes), among the 16,211 ballots cast by the township's 26,594 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 61.0. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Democrat Barbara Buono received 86.4% of the vote (6,800 cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 13.1% (1,028 votes), and other candidates with 0.5% (42 votes), among the 8,030 ballots cast by the township's 31,292 registered voters (160 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 25.7%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Democrat Jon Corzine received 93.2% of the vote (9,218 ballots cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 4.6% (459 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 0.9% (93 votes) and other candidates with 0.7% (66 votes), among the 9,894 ballots cast by the township's 28,189 registered voters, yielding a 35.1% turnout. Education The Irvington Public Schools serve students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade. The district is one of 31 former Abbott districts statewide, which are now referred to as "SDA Districts" based on the requirement for the state to cover all costs for school building and renovation projects in these districts under the supervision of the New Jersey Schools Development Authority. As of the 2019–20 school year, the district, comprised of 12 schools, had an enrollment of 8,020 students and 530.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 15.1:1. Schools in the district (with 2019–20 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Augusta Preschool Academy (with 341 students; in PreK), Berkeley Terrace School (387; PreK–5), Chancellor Avenue School (527; K–5), Florence Avenue School (672; K–5), Grove Street School (428; PreK–5), Madison Avenue School (410; PreK–5), Thurgood G. Marshall School (398; PreK–5), Mount Vernon Avenue School (542; K–5), University Elementary School (403; K–5), Union Avenue Middle School (778; 6–8), University Middle School (403; 6–8) and Irvington High School (1,558; 9–12). The district's high school was the 309th-ranked public high school in New Jersey out of 328 schools statewide in New Jersey Monthly magazine's September 2012 cover story on the state's "Top Public High Schools", after being ranked 287th in 2010 out of 322 schools listed. Transportation Roads and highways , the township had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Essex County, by the New Jersey Turnpike Authority and by the New Jersey Department of Transportation. The Garden State Parkway is the most significant highway in Irvington, passing through the center of the township; it is accessible from exits 143 and 144. Interstate 78 also passes through very briefly along the southeastern border at Exit 54. The most significant local roadway passing through Irvington is County Road 509. Public transportation The Irvington Bus Terminal, which underwent renovation in the early 2000s, is one of NJ Transit's (NJT) busiest facilities and regional transit hubs. Irvington is served by NJ Transit bus routes 107 to the Port Authority Bus Terminal in Midtown Manhattan; the 1, 13, 25, 27, 37, 39, 42, 70, 90 and 94 to Newark; and local service on the 26, 96 and other routes. Scheduled airline service is available at Newark Liberty International Airport in neighboring Newark and Elizabeth. Taxi service is provided primarily by Red Top Taxi and Irvington Cab, the two largest cab companies in the community. Numerous smaller companies (often "gypsy cabs") are also available. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Irvington include: Richie Adubato (born 1937), former NBA coach for the Detroit Pistons, Orlando Magic and Dallas Mavericks. Paul Boris (born 1955), former pitcher for the Minnesota Twins. Glen Burtnik (born 1955), singer, songwriter, entertainer and multi-instrumentalist, best known as a former member of the band Styx. Asnage Castelly (born 1979), wrestler competing for Haiti at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Cyrus Durand Chapman (1856–1918), artist and architect who achieved fame with his painting The Wedding Bonnet. Rakeem Christmas (born 1991), basketball player for the Fort Wayne Mad Ants, on assignment from the Indiana Pacers of the NBA. Josh Evans, (born 1991), free safety who has played in the NFL for the Jacksonville Jaguars. Vera Farmiga (born 1973), Academy Award-nominated actress, film director and producer. Charles Goeller (1901–1955), artist best known for precise and detailed paintings and drawings. Ina Golub (1938–2015), fiber artist specializing in Judaica. Mike Goodson (born 1987), running back who has played in the NFL for the New York Jets. Austin Gunsel (1909–1974), National Football League's interim commissioner following the death of Bert Bell on October 11, 1959. William C. Hill (1917–1998), Associate Justice of the Vermont Supreme Court. Frank Hiller (1920–1987), MLB pitcher from 1946 to 1953 who played for the New York Giants, Chicago Cubs, New York Yankees and Cincinnati Reds. Erna Schneider Hoover (born 1926), mathematician notable for inventing a computerized telephone switching method. James J. Howard (1927–1988), represented New Jersey's 3rd congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1965 to 1988. Kareem Huggins (born 1986) running back for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Sanford Hunt (1881–1943), member of the Cornell Big Red football team who was a consensus All-American at the guard position in 1901 and later an editor and director of The Newark Sunday Call. Jeff Janiak (born 1976), vocalist of the punk rock band Discharge Jay W. Jensen (1931–2007), drama teacher. Cullen Jones (born 1984), gold medal-winning swimmer at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing in the Men's 4 × 100 m Freestyle Relay. Ron Karnaugh (born 1966), former competition swimmer who represented the United States at the 1992 Summer Olympics. Jack Kiley (1929–1982), professional basketball player who played for the Fort Wayne Pistons. Martin E. Kravarik (1936–2018), politician who served in the New Jersey General Assembly from District 7B from 1970 to 1972. Jerry Lewis (born 1926), comedian, actor, director. Kevin Lyles (born 1973), former sprinter. Boris Malenko (1933–1994), professional wrestler and professional wrestling trainer. Adrienne A. Mandel (born 1936), politician who represented the 19th District in the Maryland House of Delegates for more than ten years. Percy A. Miller Jr. (1899–1984), politician who served as Speaker of the New Jersey General Assembly and was Mayor of Irvington from 1934 to 1938. Joe Morello (1928–2011), drummer best known for his work with The Dave Brubeck Quartet. Raheem Morris (born 1976), former head coach of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Sybil Moses (c. 1939–2009), prosecutor of the "Dr. X" Mario Jascalevich murder case and New Jersey Superior Court judge. Frank Muehlheuser (1926–2006), American football fullback and linebacker who played in the NFL for the Boston Yanks and New York Bulldogs. Al-Quadin Muhammad (born 1995), defensive end for the New Orleans Saints of the National Football League. Napoleon (born 1977), rapper known for being a former member of Tupac Shakur's group, the Outlawz. Rocco Neri (1919–2011), politician who served as a member of the New Jersey General Assembly from 1974 to 1976. Blanche Noyes (1900–1981), pioneering female aviator who was among the first ten women to receive a pilot's license. Bob Perina (1921–1991), running back, quarterback and defensive back who played in the NFL for five seasons. Fabiana Pierre-Louis (born 1980/81), lawyer who was nominated in June 2020 to serve on the New Jersey Supreme Court. Pras (born 1972), rapper, record producer, songwriter and actor, best known as one of the founding members of the Fugees. Queen Latifah (born 1970), rapper, singer, actress, producer. Kenneth Raffa (born 1950), entomologist. Robert Randolph, singer and guitarist for Robert Randolph & the Family band. Nicholas Reale (1922–1984), watercolorist with a lengthy career in art and teaching. Nate Robinson (born 1985), former football defensive tackle. Mark Rudd (born 1947), educator and anti-war activist. Al Santorini (born 1948), former MLB pitcher who played for the Atlanta Braves, San Diego Padres and St. Louis Cardinals. O. K. Sato (1871–1921), vaudeville performer best known for his comedic juggling. Artie Schroeck (born 1938), composer and arranger. Art Sinsabaugh (1924–1983), photographer. Craig A. Stanley (born 1955), politician who served in the New Jersey General Assembly from 1996 to 2008, where he represented the 28th Legislative District. Gary Stein (born 1933), attorney and former Associate Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court, who served for 17 years where he wrote over 365 published opinions. Wilbur Summers (1954-2019), American football punter who played in the NFL for the Detroit Lions. Kay Sutton (1915–1988), film actress. Travis Taylor (born 1990), professional basketball player. Bill Wenzel (1918–1987), cartoonist best known as a widely published good girl artist for men's magazines. Lewis Yablonsky (1924—2014), sociologist, criminologist, author, and psychotherapist best known for his innovative and experiential work with gang members. Robert Zoellner (1932–2014), investor and stamp collector who was the second person to have assembled a complete collection of United States postage stamps. Tony Zuzzio (1916–2002), lineman who played for the Detroit Lions during the 1942 NFL season. References External links Township of Irvington homepage Irvington Public Schools School Data for the Irvington Public Schools, National Center for Education Statistics 1874 establishments in New Jersey Faulkner Act (mayor–council) New Jersey Urban Enterprise Zones Populated places established in 1874 Townships in Essex County, New Jersey	[ -0.3449893593788147, 0.0643056333065033, -0.25603604316711426, 0.3769535422325134, 0.9106032252311707, 0.11471176147460938, 0.3525882065296173, 0.7471207976341248, 0.08848188817501068, -0.5007289052009583, -0.4201357364654541, -0.0696026086807251, 0.03151942789554596, 0.29027077555656433, -1.3882336616516113, 0.6035463809967041, 0.20789994299411774, 1.0114140510559082, 0.6768671870231628, -0.5412401556968689, -0.42466938495635986, -0.27940234541893005, 0.13805873692035675, 0.5625239610671997, 0.07863759994506836, -0.3388158977031708, 0.7729003429412842, -0.1865779459476471, -0.03513779863715172, 0.12887628376483917, -0.332489550113678, 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125173	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maplewood%2C%20New%20Jersey	Maplewood, New Jersey	Maplewood is a township in Essex County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2020 United States Census, the township's population was 25,684. As of the 2010 United States Census, the township's population was 23,867, reflecting a decline of 1 person (0.0%) from the 23,868 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 2,216 (+10.2%) from the 21,652 counted in the 1990 Census. History When surveying the area now known as Maplewood, Robert Treat found several trails used by Lenape tribes of Algonquian Native Americans, though there was only sparse pre-European settlement. These paths form the basis for what are the township's main thoroughfares today. The first European settlers arrived around 1675, primarily English, Dutch and French Puritans who had earlier settled Hempstead, Long Island, and Stamford, Connecticut, via Newark and Elizabeth. They had acquired most of today's Essex County from the Native Americans and followed three trails that roughly correspond to South Orange Avenue, Springfield Avenue and Ridgewood Road. These three routes resulted in the development of three separate communities that coalesced to become Maplewood and South Orange. Those who came from Newark on the trail that now corresponds to South Orange Avenue settled the area that became South Orange village. Six families (with last names of Smith, Brown, Pierson, Freeman, Ball and Gildersleeve) came up today's Ridgewood Road and established scattered farms around a center that became Jefferson Village, named after Thomas Jefferson. This settlement, which roughly corresponds to downtown Maplewood today, developed several mills and orchards. John Durand, the son of Hudson River school painter Asher Brown Durand (who was born in Maplewood in 1796), describes the place as a picturesque but slightly backward community with close ties to Springfield. The apple harvest was apparently quite impressive and included the "Harrison" and "Canfield" varieties. By 1815, there were approximately 30 families in the community. Although the residents of the area were predominantly Presbyterian, the first house of worship was a Baptist chapel in 1812. This was in use until 1846 and fell into disrepair until 1858, when it was taken into use as a Methodist Episcopal church. Those who came up today's Springfield Avenue settled on a hill crest near today's intersection between Tuscan and Springfield Avenue and established a hamlet known as North Farms. Over time, this community became known as the Hilton section. It became a stagecoach stop between Newark, Jersey City (then Paulus Hook), and Morristown and thereby a center for trade and light manufacturing. The village changed its name from North Farms to Middleville in 1830, and then to Hilton in 1880 when it was granted a post office. In 1855, Seth Boyden settled in what was then Middleville to retire but innovated a number of agricultural products, especially berries. Boyden also built and put into operation the first steam engines to service the railroad through Maplewood. The area became known for its orchards and related industries, including cider mills and rum distilleries, as well as honey and livestock. In 1802, Jefferson Village and North Farms were named as districts within the Township of Newark. The three communities developed and functioned independently, each establishing their own school associations: South Orange established the Columbian School in 1814, which would form the basis of Columbia High School; North Farms established the North Farms Association in 1817; and Jefferson Village the Jefferson Association in 1818. In 1867, when the State of New Jersey established public education through the School Law, the newly appointed County Superintendent merged the three associations into one school district, which was formalized in 1894 as the South Orange-Maplewood School District. James Ricalton, a teacher born in New York of Scottish parents who became the school district's first permanent teacher, helped set the high standard of education that persists in the school district to this day. Maplewood was originally formed as South Orange Township, which was created on April 1, 1861, from portions of Clinton Township and what was then the Town of Orange. Portions of the township were taken to form South Orange village (established May 4, 1869, within the township and became fully independent on March 4, 1904) and Vailsburg borough (formed March 28, 1894, and annexed by Newark on January 1, 1905) The name of the township was changed to Maplewood on November 7, 1922. When the Morris and Essex Railroad from Newark was extended to the area in 1838, a land speculator by the name of John Shedden built a railroad station in Jefferson Village and named it Maplewood. This name came to comprise areas known as Hilton, Jefferson Village, and areas previously part of Springfield. In 1868, farms were subdivided into parcels for residential housing and the area became a commuter suburb. Edward C. Balch (1858-1934) was a homebuilder who envisioned Maplewood as a suburban community and starting around 1900 developed a total of 176 homes in the township, earning him recognition by The New York Times as the "Father of Maplewood." The 1920s saw significant growth in new residents and structures. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 3.88 square miles (10.04 km2), including 3.87 square miles (10.03 km2) of land and <0.01 square miles (0.01 km2) of water (0.08%). A pond is in Memorial Park, the Rahway River runs through the township and there is a municipal pool club with four man-made pools of water; the remainder of the area is land. The township shares a border with West Orange and South Orange to the north, Newark and Irvington to the east, Union (in Union County) to the south, and Millburn to the west. Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Hilton and Valley View. Climate Maplewood has a hot-summer humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfa). Demographics Census 2010 The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $101,463 (with a margin of error of +/- $6,610) and the median family income was $122,102 (+/- $9,324). Males had a median income of $83,656 (+/- $10,885) versus $57,422 (+/- $5,551) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $47,404 (+/- $2,404). About 1.5% of families and 2.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.5% of those under age 18 and 3.1% of those age 65 or over. Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 23,868 people, 8,452 households, and 6,381 families residing in the township. The population density was 6,207.1 people per square mile (2,393.6/km2). There were 8,615 housing units at an average density of 2,240.4 per square mile (864.0/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 58.78% White, 32.63% Black, 0.13% Native American, 2.86% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 1.56% from other races, and 4.01% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.23% of the population. There were 8,452 households, out of which 40.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.2% were married couples living together, 13.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.5% were non-families. 20.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.81 and the average family size was 3.27. In the township, the age distribution of the population shows 28.0% under the age of 18, 5.6% from 18 to 24, 30.2% from 25 to 44, 24.0% from 45 to 64, and 12.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.1 males. The median income for a household in the township was $79,637, and the median income for a family was $92,724. Males had a median income of $57,572 versus $41,899 for females. The per capita income for the township was $36,794. 4.4% of the population and 3.4% of families were below the poverty line. 4.9% of those under the age of 18 and 6.0% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line. Arts and culture In 2018 Brooke Lea Foster of The New York Times described Maplewood as one of several "least suburban of suburbs, each one celebrated by buyers there for its culture and hip factor, as much as the housing stock and sophisticated post-city life." Performance venues The township owns and operates the Burgdorff Center for the Performing Arts at 10 Durand Road. The Center, a former Christian Science Church, was donated to the town by Jean Burgdorff, a local real estate entrepreneur. The building was transferred to the town on October 15, 1988. In 2008, the township committed to a $130,000 plan to improve the building. Maplewoodstock Every year, on the weekend following the weekend closest to July 4, there is a concert in town called Maplewoodstock. The free concert consists of local and national bands performing alongside various stalls showcasing local businesses. Architecture and landscape Many of the more recognizable buildings and spaces were the work of famous architects and landscape designers. Most of the schools and the Municipal Building were the work of Guilbert & Betelle. The center of town is dominated by Memorial Park, a design of the Olmsted Brothers. The Olmsted firm was also responsible for the landscaping at Ward Homestead, designed by John Russell Pope, and now known as Winchester Gardens, located on Elmwood Avenue. On the opposite side of town is another Olmsted work, South Mountain Reservation. The Maplewood Theater, designed by William E. Lehman, was where Cheryl Crawford first revived Porgy and Bess. Popular culture Ultimate Frisbee (now called simply "Ultimate") was invented in Maplewood in 1968 by students at Columbia High School. A plaque commemorating the birthplace of Ultimate Frisbee is located in the student parking lot. Maplewood is the birthplace of the wooden golf tee, invented by William Lowell at the Maplewood Golf Club in 1921. Maplewood has been the site for several films, including I Wanna Hold Your Hand, Garden State, Gracie, One True Thing, and Stepmom. Zach Braff, a Columbia High School alumnus, filmed a scene in his 2004 film, Garden State, where he and Natalie Portman drive by the front of Columbia High School. In the 2007 film Gracie, the plot is set in and partially filmed in Maplewood and Columbia High School. Producer Andrew Shue and actress Elisabeth Shue both attended Columbia, and the plot is loosely based on their lives during high school. Bullet For My Valentine filmed their music video for "Waking the Demon" in Maplewood. The main character of the Robert Sheckley novel Dimension of Miracles, Thomas Carmody, is from Maplewood. He revisits the town, albeit one belonging in an alternate universe, late in the book. Novelist Philip Roth, who grew up in neighboring Newark refers to Maplewood in several of his novels, including Goodbye, Columbus. StarFish, a rock band for children. Parks and recreation Fishing and canoeing is available on the East Branch of the Rahway River, which travels through the township. Government Local government Maplewood is governed under the Township form of government, one of 141 municipalities (of the 565) statewide that use this form. The governing body is a Township Committee, which is comprised of five members who are elected directly by the voters at-large in partisan elections to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with either one or two seats coming up for election each year as part of the November general election in a three-year cycle. At an annual reorganization meeting, the Township Committee selects one of its members to serve as Mayor for a one-year term, and another to serve as Deputy Mayor. The Mayor has the responsibility of Chair for the Township Committee meetings with voice and vote. The Mayor is considered the head of the municipal government. The Township Committee is the legislative body of the municipality and is responsible for enacting the township's laws. The Township Committee is also an executive body. Under this form of government, the elected Township Committee sets policy and overall direction for the Township. The Township staff, under the direction of the Township Administrator, carries out Committee policy and provides day to day services. The Township Administrator serves as the chief administrative officer and is accountable to the Township Committee. , members of the Maplewood Township Committee are Mayor Dean Dafis (D (D, term on committee ends December 31, 2023; term as mayor ends 2022), Deputy Mayor Victor De Luca (D, term on committee ends 2023; term as deputy mayor ends 2022), Nancy J. Adams (D, 2024), Jamaine L. Cripe (D, 2024) and Frank McGehee (D, 2022). Federal, state and county representation Maplewood is located in the 10th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 27th state legislative district. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 16,399 registered voters in Maplewood, of which 9,306 (56.7%) were registered as Democrats, 1,439 (8.8%) were registered as Republicans and 5,645 (34.4%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 9 voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 84.4% of the vote (10,007 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 14.9% (1,764 votes), and other candidates with 0.8% (91 votes), among the 11,924 ballots cast by the township's 17,391 registered voters (62 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 68.6%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 81.9% of the vote (10,649 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 16.6% (2,156 votes) and other candidates with 0.7% (90 votes), among the 13,003 ballots cast by the township's 16,523 registered voters, for a turnout of 78.7%. In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 76.3% of the vote (9,113 ballots cast), outpolling Republican George W. Bush with 22.7% (2,709 votes) and other candidates with 0.6% (90 votes), among the 11,943 ballots cast by the township's 15,289 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 78.1. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Democrat Barbara Buono received 69.0% of the vote (4,833 cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 29.6% (2,074 votes), and other candidates with 1.4% (97 votes), among the 7,116 ballots cast by the township's 17,502 registered voters (112 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 40.7%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Democrat Jon Corzine received 72.2% of the vote (5,871 ballots cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 20.3% (1,650 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 6.2% (507 votes) and other candidates with 0.8% (65 votes), among the 8,135 ballots cast by the township's 16,202 registered voters, yielding a 50.2% turnout. Community Maplewood is a diverse and family-friendly community. The township has a downtown area alternatively known as "the village" or "Maplewood Center" with a movie theater, several upscale and mid-scale restaurants, a small supermarket, independent café, two liquor stores, a toy store and an independent bookstore. The structure of the downtown is largely unchanged since the 1950s. Maplewood won New Jersey Monthly magazine's Downtown Showdown in 2015, with the editor's noting the community's "myriad boutiques, art galleries and notable restaurants". Maplewood is home to a gayborhood. In June 2018, Maplewood unveiled permanently rainbow-colored crosswalks to celebrate LGBTQ pride across the full year. Maplewood counts among its residents a large number of theater professionals working in Broadway and off-Broadway productions, owing to the town's convenient rail access and relatively short commute via train into Manhattan. In 2010, a group of 32 of these actors and technicians formed their own repertory theater company and named it Midtown Direct Rep, after the NJ Transit line on which they all commuted. Education Maplewood is part of the unified South Orange-Maplewood School District, together with the neighboring community of South Orange. The district has a single high school (located in Maplewood) two middle schools a central pre-school and neighborhood elementary schools in each municipality. As of the 2019–20 school year, the district, comprised of 11 schools, had an enrollment of 7,353 students and 576.1 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.8:1. Schools in the district (with 2019–20 school enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Montrose Early Childhood Center (133 students, in PreK; located in Maplewood), Seth Boyden Elementary Demonstration School (493 students, in grades K–5 located in Maplewood), Clinton Elementary School (605, K–5; Maplewood), Jefferson Elementary School (544, 3–5; Maplewood), Marshall Elementary School (518, K–2; South Orange), South Mountain Elementary School (647, K–5; South Orange), South Mountain Elementary School Annex (NA, K–1; South Orange), Tuscan Elementary School (K–5, 637; Maplewood), Maplewood Middle School (827, 6–8; Maplewood), South Orange Middle School (786, 6–8; South Orange) and Columbia High School (1,967, 9–12; Maplewood). Transportation Roads and highways , the township had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Essex County and by the New Jersey Department of Transportation. Two nearby controlled-access highways serve Maplewood: the Garden State Parkway, which runs north–south, and Interstate 78, which runs east–west. There are approximately 226 streets within Maplewood. Springfield Avenue is a state highway (Route 124, from Irvington to Morristown), and four thoroughfares are Essex County roads (Valley Street, Millburn Avenue, Irvington Avenue, Wyoming Avenue). Public transportation NJ Transit provides passenger rail service to Maplewood station on the Morristown Line and Gladstone Branch to Newark Broad Street Station, Secaucus Junction and New York Penn Station, with connecting service to Hoboken Terminal. NJ Transit bus service to Newark on the 25, 37 and 70, and to the Port Authority Bus Terminal in Midtown Manhattan on the 107 route. Independent Bus provides bus service on its 31 route. The township operates the rush-hour Maplewood Jitney service to and from the train station. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Maplewood include: Harriet Adams (1893–1982), author of some 200 books, including nearly 50 in the Nancy Drew series. Mobolaji Akiode (born 1982), former Nigerian women's professional basketball player. Jason Alexander (born 1959), actor, best known for his role as George Costanza in Seinfeld. Amy Arnsten, neuroscientist. Juliette Atkinson (1873-1944), tennis player who won the US Open singles title three times, in addition to seven US Open titles in doubles and three in mixed doubles. Kathleen Atkinson (1875-1957), tennis player who won two US Open doubles titles together with her sister Juliette. Shan K. Bagby (born 1967), U.S. Army brigadier general and the 28th Chief of the Army Dental Corps. Dan Barry, reporter for The New York Times. Arthur C. Bartner (born 1940), musician best known as the director of Spirit of Troy, the marching band for the University of Southern California. Ahmed Best (born 1973), voice actor who portrayed Jar Jar Binks in the Star Wars film series. Jeremiah Birnbaum (born 1978), singer, songwriter and guitarist. Mark Blum (1950–2020), Obie Award-winning theater actor who also appeared extensively in films and television, including a lead role in the 1985 film Desperately Seeking Susan. Seth Boyden (1788–1870), inventor. Zach Braff (born 1975), actor, Scrubs, Garden State. Marques Brownlee (born 1993), YouTube personality under the name 'MKBHD'. Norbert Leo Butz (born 1967), actor, and his wife Michelle Federer (born 1973), an actress. P. J. Byrne (born 1974), film and television actor who has appeared in Horrible Bosses, Final Destination 5 and Wolf of Wall Street, as well as being the voice of Bolin on Nickelodeon's animated TV series The Legend of Korra. Archie Campbell (1903–1989), Major League Baseball player. Patricia Charache (1929–2015), physician specializing in infectious disease and microbiology. Alta Cohen (1908–2003), former professional baseball player who played outfield from 1931 to 1933 with the Brooklyn Robins/Dodgers and Cincinnati Reds. Robert De Grasse (1900–1971), cinematographer. Paula Dow (born 1955) served from 2010 to 2012 as the 58th Attorney General of New Jersey, appointed by incoming Governor Chris Christie. Asher Brown Durand (1796–1886), painter. Raymond M. Durkin (1936-2014), politician who served as chairman of the New Jersey Democratic State Committee. Christine Ebersole (born 1953), actress and Tony Award winner, is a current resident. Mike Enoch (born 1977), White Nationalist blogger and podcaster, founder of The Right Stuff Radio. Paul R. Ehrlich (born 1932), entomologist, professor of population studies and author of The Population Bomb. Bruce Feirstein (born 1956), screenwriter and humorist best known for his contributions to the James Bond series and his best selling humor books, including Real Men Don't Eat Quiche. Christian Fuscarino (born c. 1981), community organizer, LGBT activist and the Executive Director of Garden State Equality. Justin Brice Guariglia (born 1974), visual artist and former National Geographic photographer. Jules Heningburg (born 1996), professional lacrosse player on the Redwoods Lacrosse Club of the Premier Lacrosse League and New England Black Wolves of the National Lacrosse League. Grace Foster Herben (1864–1938), educator and missionary. David Javerbaum (born 1971), executive producer of The Daily Show with Jon Stewart. Amos E. Joel Jr. (1918–2008), electrical engineer who invented a switching device that allowed for the creation of cell phones, among his more than 70 patents. Benjamin Franklin Jones (1869–1935), Speaker of the New Jersey General Assembly in 1900. Joe Kinney (born c. 1968), college baseball coach and former outfielder who is the head coach of the Lafayette Leopards baseball team. George Ludlow Lee Sr. (1901-1966), chairman of the board of Red Devil, Inc. Leyla McCalla (born 1985), musician. William G. McLoughlin (1922–1992), historian and prominent member of the history department at Brown University from 1954 to 1992. Anisa Mehdi, film director and journalist. Richard Meier (born 1934), architect whose work includes his design of the Getty Center. Bea Miller (born 1999), finalist on The X Factor. Grace Mirabella (1929–2021), fashion journalist who was editor-in-chief of Vogue magazine between 1971 and 1988, after which she founded Mirabella magazine. Candy Moore (born 1947), actress who began her career appearing on television series as Leave It to Beaver, The Lucy Show and Letter to Loretta. Paul J. Moore (1868–1938), represented New Jersey's 8th congressional district from 1927 to 1929. Clayton Morris (born 1976), Fox News Channel co-host. Ibtihaj Muhammad (born 1985), sabre fencer and member of the United States fencing team, best known for being the first Muslim woman to wear a hijab to compete for the U.S. team at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Yosh Nijman (born 1995), American football offensive tackle for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League. Kevin O'Connor (born 1968/1969), television personality who has been the host of the PBS home renovation series This Old House since 2003. Ellen Pao (born 1970), lawyer and business executive, who was CEO of Reddit. Kym Ragusa (born 1966), writer and documentary filmmaker. James Ricalton (1844–1929), teacher, photographer and inventor. Eugene G. Rochow (1909-2002), inorganic chemist who worked on organosilicon chemistry. Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919), spent several summers in Maplewood visiting his uncle Cornelius V.S. Roosevelt's home and property, known as The Hickories, covering , an area now partly covered by Roosevelt Road and Kermit Road. Rotimi (born 1988), actor and singer. Herb Scherer (1929–2012), professional basketball player who played for the Tri-Cities Blackhawks and New York Knicks. Norman Schwarzkopf Sr. (1895–1958), first superintendent of the New Jersey State Police and father of U.S. Army general Norman Schwarzkopf Jr. Robert Sheckley (1928–2005), science fiction writer. Tim Squyres (born 1959), film editor of Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, Hulk, Life of Pi and Syriana, among others. SZA (born 1990), Neo Soul / R&B artist. Agnes Sligh Turnbull (1888–1982), novelist and short story author. Judith Viorst (born 1931), author and journalist. George M. Wallhauser (1900–1993), represented from 1959 to 1965. George W. Webber (1920–2010), president of the New York Theological Seminary. Kiely Williams (born 1986), singer / actress from The Cheetah Girls. Richard Wolin (born 1952), historian. Teresa Wright (1918–2005), actress. References Sources League of Women Voters: Maplewood – More than a Train Stop, published privately Bates, Helen B. 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125175	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millburn%2C%20New%20Jersey	Millburn, New Jersey	Millburn is a suburban township in Essex County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the township's population is 20,149, reflecting an increase of 384 (+1.9%) from the 19,765 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 1,135 (+6.1%) from the 18,630 counted in the 1990 Census. Short Hills is an upscale section and unincorporated community within Millburn. Millburn was created as a township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 20, 1857, from portions of Springfield Township, when Union County was formed. Earlier known variously as Milltown, Millville, Rum Brook and Vauxhall, the name "Millburn" was adopted before the township was established. The township's name derives from the burn (Scottish for a stream) that powered mills in the area. The township is home to the South Mountain Reservation, The Mall at Short Hills and the Paper Mill Playhouse, an established regional theater. New Jersey Monthly magazine ranked Millburn as the 53rd best place to live in New Jersey in its 2008 rankings of the "Best Places to Live" in New Jersey. Millburn had the highest annual property tax bills in New Jersey in 2018 of $24,308, compared to a statewide average of $8,767. The township had the highest annual bill in 2009 of $19,097, compared to the statewide average of $7,300 that year, which was the highest in the United States. This is primarily a function of high property values, as Millburn had the lowest effective property tax rate in 2014 (1.9%) among the 22 municipalities in Essex County. The township is one of New Jersey's highest-income communities. In 2000, Millburn had the 6th-highest per capita income in the state, with $76,796. Based on data from the 2006-2010 American Community Survey, the township had a per-capita income of $84,663, ranked 10th in the state. Based on data from the American Community Survey for 2013–2017, Millburn residents had a median household income of $202,862, ranked highest in the state among municipalities with more than 10,000 residents, more than double the statewide median of $76,475. History Millburn was an agricultural settlement before it became a Victorian residential community. It was part of the Newark settlements in New Jersey in the 19th century made from Charles II from James, his brother, in the 17th century. Springfield Township was founded in 1783 which included Millburn. Millburn played a vital role during the Revolutionary War. With George Washington's military camped outside at Morristown and the British assaulting through the Hobart Gap, Millburn was brought into the Revolutionary War. Washington purportedly saw his soldiers on a vital point in the South Mountain Reservation, then known as Washington Rock. The Battle of Springfield in 1780 was the last push of the British into New Jersey and the first fight since Bunker Hill. A token of the war exists in the Parsil family graveyard on White Oak Ridge Road, where Nicholas Parsil was buried after being killed in a clash with the British. After the Revolution, the Rahway River was dammed in five spots to frame plant lakes. Samuel Campbell created the first paper mill in 1790 and produced banknotes. The majority of the early factories were paper plants, among them the Diamond Mill, that is now the site of the Paper Mill Playhouse. In 1835 the Morris and Essex Railroad was completed, connecting Millburn to enormous urban communities in the east and coal areas in the northwest. Two unincorporated suburbs were created within its borders. Wyoming was made up of of land and purchased by the Wyoming Land and Improvement Company and the latter was founded by Stewart Hartshorn (the namesake of Hartshorn Elementary School) who purchased of land to create Short Hills, New Jersey. In June 2007, Millburn celebrated its 150th birthday in its downtown, in one of the biggest celebrations in Millburn history. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 9.89 square miles (25.62 km2), including 9.33 square miles (24.17 km2) of land and 0.56 square miles (1.45 km2) of water (5.64%). Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Brantwood, Canoe Brook, Short Hills, Washington Rock, White Oak Ridge and Wyoming. Millburn includes the Wyoming district, South Mountain and Millburn center. Short Hills includes Brookhaven, Country Club, Deerfield-Crossroads, Glenwood, Knollwood, Merrywood, Mountaintop, Old Short Hills Estates and White Oak Ridge. Situated approximately from Midtown Manhattan, Millburn is bordered by the Essex County municipalities of Livingston and West Orange to the north and northeast, and Maplewood to the east; the Morris County municipalities of Chatham Borough and Florham Park to the west and southwest; and the Union County municipalities of Summit to the south, and Springfield and Union Townships to the southeast. The West Branch of the Rahway River runs through downtown Millburn. Economy Dun & Bradstreet has its headquarters in the Short Hills section of Millburn. The Mall at Short Hills is an upscale shopping mall anchored by Neiman Marcus, Nordstrom, Bloomingdale's and Macy's, with a gross leasable area of . Arts and culture Paper Mill Playhouse is a 1,200-seat regional theater established in 1938, that has been officially designated as the "State Theatre of New Jersey". B'nai Israel synagogue was designed by architect Percival Goodman and features works by Herbert Ferber, Adolph Gottlieb and Robert Motherwell. Parks and recreation Cora Hartshorn Arboretum and Bird Sanctuary - A site owned by the daughter of Short Hills founder Stewart Hartshorn, the park with its of trails was donated to the township in 1958. Greenwood Gardens - one of sixteen garden preservation projects in the United States overseen by the Garden Conservancy. South Mountain Reservation, an Essex County nature reserve covering more than of land in Millburn, Maplewood and West Orange. Old Short Hills Park, Gero Park, Taylor Park and Slayton Field Park. Fishing and kayaking is available on the Rahway River. Demographics Millburn has one of the largest Jewish communities in Essex County, along with neighboring Livingston and South Orange. Philip Roth's popular novel Goodbye, Columbus about a newly affluent Jewish family in the 1950s, was set in the Short Hills section of Millburn, and a key scene takes place at the Millburn High School track. The township has attracted professionals moving out of Manhattan, thanks to direct train service to Penn Station. In a report performed by the United Way of Northern New Jersey based on 2012 data, around 11% of Millburn households were classified as "Asset Limited, Income Constrained, Employed" households (below a threshold of $50,000 for households below 65, below $35,000 for those over 65), struggling with basic necessities, such as housing, childcare, food, health care, and transportation, compared to 38% statewide and 47% in Essex County. 2010 Census The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $165,603 (with a margin of error of +/- $9,937) and the median family income was $194,421 (+/- $14,492). Males had a median income of $136,031 (+/- $14,137) versus $81,152 (+/- $9,621) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $84,663 (+/- $5,971). About 1.3% of families and 1.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.9% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over. 2000 Census As of the 2000 United States Census there were 19,765 people, 7,015 households, and 5,604 families residing in the township. The population density was 2,106.2 people per square mile (813.6/km2). There were 7,158 housing units at an average density of 762.8 per square mile (294.6/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 88.91% White, 8.40% Asian, 1.10% African American, 0.05% Native American, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.43% from other races, and 1.08% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.04% of the population. The most common reported ancestries in 2000 were 13.5% Italian, 12.2% Irish, 11.7% Russian and 11.5% German. There were 7,015 households, out of which 44.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 71.6% were married couples living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.1% were non-families. 17.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.82 and the average family size was 3.19. In the township the population was spread out, with 30.2% under the age of 18, 3.2% from 18 to 24, 28.4% from 25 to 44, 25.1% from 45 to 64, and 13.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.2 males. The median income for a household in the township was $130,848, and the median income for a family was $158,888. Males had a median income of $100,000+ versus $51,603 for females. The per capita income for the township was $76,796. About 1.2% of families and 1.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.4% of those under age 18 and 1.0% of those age 65 or over. Government Local government Since its incorporation as a municipality in 1857, Millburn has been governed under the Township form of New Jersey municipal government, one of 141 municipalities (of the 565) statewide that use this form, the second-most commonly used form of government in the state. The Township Committee is comprised five members, who are elected directly by the voters at-large in partisan elections to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with either one or two seats coming up for election each year as part of the November general election in a three-year cycle. At an annual reorganization meeting, the Township Committee selects one of its members to serve as Mayor. A Business Administrator manages the day-to-day functions of the Township. , members of the Township Committee are Mayor Maggie Miggins (D, term ends December 31, 2023), Deputy Mayor Dianne Thall-Eglow (D, term on committee ends December 31, 2022), Tara B. Prupis (D, 2024), Richard Wasserman (D, 2022) and Sanjeev Vinayak (D, 2023). Sandra Haimoff became Mayor in 2008 following the expiration of former mayor Daniel Baer's term on December 31, 2007. Daniel Baer's service had marked the first time in the history of the town that a Democrat held the title of Mayor. Federal, state and county representation Millburn is located in the 7th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 27th state legislative district. Prior to the 2011 reapportionment following the 2010 Census, Millburn had been in the 21st state legislative district. Prior to the 2010 Census, Millburn had been split between the and the , a change made by the New Jersey Redistricting Commission that took effect in January 2013, based on the results of the November 2012 general elections. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 14,099 registered voters in Millburn, of which 4,512 (32.0%) were registered as Democrats, 3,214 (22.8%) were registered as Republicans and 6,361 (45.1%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 12 voters registered to other parties. In the 2016 presidential election, Democrat Hillary Clinton received 6,719 votes to the Republican's 2,768. In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 55.3% of the vote (5,142 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 44.0% (4,087 votes), and other candidates with 0.8% (70 votes), among the 11,587 ballots cast by the township's 14,594 registered voters (2,288 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 79.4%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 58.6% of the vote (6,097 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 39.8% (4,144 votes) and other candidates with 0.7% (72 votes), among the 10,410 ballots cast by the township's 14,034 registered voters, for a turnout of 74.2%. In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 55.1% of the vote (5,682 ballots cast), outpolling Republican George W. Bush with 43.9% (4,525 votes) and other candidates with 0.6% (83 votes), among the 10,315 ballots cast by the township's 13,548 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 76.1. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 63.5% of the vote (3,301 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 35.3% (1,833 votes), and other candidates with 1.3% (65 votes), among the 5,320 ballots cast by the township's 14,670 registered voters (121 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 36.3%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 47.9% of the vote (3,308 ballots cast), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 44.6% (3,080 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 6.4% (445 votes) and other candidates with 0.4% (27 votes), among the 6,906 ballots cast by the township's 13,913 registered voters, yielding a 49.6% turnout. Community organizations Down the Block, Inc., a 501(c)3 organization, was formed by residents in 2009 to pay bills on behalf of Millburn residents in financial distress. New Eyes for the Needy is a non-profit organization started in 1932 as New Eyes (incorporated 1948) and based in Short Hills, which provides people in the United States with eyeglasses and sends recycled eyeglasses to needy people overseas. The Millburn-Short Hills Volunteer First Aid Squad, founded in 1958, provides Emergency Medical Services to the township. They are an all-volunteer agency that does not charge for its services, relying solely on private donations to cover the costs of operating. Scouts BSA Troop 19 chartered at St. Rose of Lima Church in Short Hills was founded in February 2019 when the Boys Scouts of America opened their program to girls. Troop 19 is one of the first all-girl troops in New Jersey and is part of Lenape Trail District of the Northern New Jersey Council. In 2019, Troop 19 became the first all-girls troop to march in the New York City Veterans Day Parade. St. Rose of Lima Church also sponsors Boy Scout Troop 17 which was founded in 1945. Education The Millburn Township Public Schools serve students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade. As of the 2017–18 school year, the district, comprised of eight schools, had an enrollment of 4,453 students and 405.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.0:1. Schools in the district (with 2017-18 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Deerfield Elementary School (438 students in grades PreK-4), Glenwood Elementary School (367; K-4), Hartshorn Elementary School (423; K-4), South Mountain Elementary School (318; PreK-4), Washington School (NA; 5), Wyoming Elementary School (310; K-4), Millburn Middle School (1,137; 6-8) and Millburn High School (1,421; 9-12). In its 2015 report on "America's Top High Schools", Newsweek ranked Millburn the #1 open-admission and #4 non-magnet school in the nation. It placed 13th overall in the U.S. and 8th in the state among all participating public high schools (including selective admission and magnet schools). All schools ranked above Millburn are selective enrollment per their respective websites and are listed as magnet programs on Wikipedia. The district's high school was the fifth-ranked public high school in New Jersey out of 339 schools statewide in New Jersey Monthly magazine's September 2014 cover story on the state's "Top Public High Schools", using a new ranking methodology. The school had been ranked 8th in the state of 328 schools in 2012, after being ranked 1st in 2010 out of 322 schools listed. The magazine also ranked Millburn as the top high school in New Jersey in its 2008 rankings. The influx of younger families into the community has led to significant growth in public school enrollment, with enrollment doubling from 1990 to 2007. Far Brook School is a private, nonsectarian coeducational day school located in the Short Hills section of Millburn, serving students in nursery through eighth grade, with a 2018-19 total enrollment of 224 students. The Pingry School's Lower School (K-6) campus is located in Short Hills. St. Rose of Lima Academy is a Catholic school with 260 students in PreK-3 to 8th grade, operating under the auspices of the Archdiocese of Newark, that was established in 1869 and granted academy status in 2008. In September 2013, the St. Rose of Lima Academy was one of 15 schools in New Jersey to be recognized by the United States Department of Education as part of the National Blue Ribbon Schools Program, an award called the "most prestigious honor in the United States' education system" and which Education Secretary Arne Duncan described as honoring schools that "represent examples of educational excellence". Transportation Roads and highways , the township had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Essex County and by the New Jersey Department of Transportation. A variety of roads serve Millburn. Major county routes include CR 510, CR 527 and CR 577. Route 24 and Route 124 also pass through along the southwestern border with Summit. Interstate 78 passes through the very southern tip of the township in the area of exit 49. Public transportation Millburn Township is served by two NJ Transit railroad stations along the Morristown Line, providing service to Newark Broad Street Station, Secaucus Junction, and New York Penn Station, as well as to Hoboken Terminal. The Millburn station is located at the intersection of Essex Street and Lackawanna Place near the Millburn Free Public Library, and the Short Hills station is located near The Crescent Street between Hobart Avenue and Chatham Road. The latter station is also the site of the Millburn-Short Hills Historical Society's museum. New Jersey Transit operates bus service in the township, including the 70 route that stops at the Millburn railroad station on a route between Newark and Livingston, with local service on the 873 route. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Millburn include: Craig Balsam, entertainment industry entrepreneur, Tony Award-winning theatrical producer and film producer. Michael Lewis Becker (born 1940), advertising executive. Lee Bickmore (1908-1986), chairman of the board and CEO of Nabisco. Prince Lorenzo Borghese (born 1973), star of the 9th season of The Bachelor. Courtney Brosnan (born 1995), professional soccer player who plays as a goalkeeper for West Ham United F.C. Women of the Women's Super League. Scott Brunner (born 1957), former professional quarterback for the New York Giants. Andrew Catalon (born 1980), sportscaster who has announced NFL on CBS, PGA Tour on CBS, College Basketball on CBS and NCAA March Madness. Bill Chinnock (1947-2007), singer-songwriter and guitarist who was part of the Asbury Park music scene with Bruce Springsteen in the late 1960s. Ralph Cicerone (1943-2016) atmospheric scientist and administrator, who served as president of the National Academy of Sciences. Richard Coogan (1914-2014), actor best known for playing the lead role in Captain Video and His Video Rangers. Leon G. Cooperman (born 1943), businessman, investor and philanthropist who is chairman and CEO of Omega Advisors, Inc. Joseph P. Day (1874-1944), early land auctioneer and real-estate broker. Ina Drew, former Chief Investment Officer at JP Morgan Chase who resigned following the 2012 JPMorgan Chase trading loss that resulted in billions in losses to the bank. John Ferolito, the founder and current owner of Arizona Beverage Company. James C. Fletcher (1919-1991), 4th and 7th Administrator of NASA. William R. Forstchen (born 1950), author. Martin S. Fox (1924–2020), publisher who served as President of the Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Grace Hartigan (1922–2008), Abstract Expressionist painter and a significant member of the New York School of the 1950s and 1960s. Anne Hathaway (born 1982), actress. Herbert G. Hopwood (1898-1966), Commander in chief of the United States Pacific Fleet from 1958 to 1960. Ariel Horn (born c. 1979), novelist and teacher. Dara Horn (born 1977), novelist and professor of literature. Mia Sinclair Jenness (born 2005), actress. Elliott Kalan (born 1981), head writer for The Daily Show. Peter Kellogg (born 1943), director of the Wall Street investment firm Spear, Leeds & Kellogg, which was sold to Goldman Sachs in 2000 for $5.5 billion. Joe Kernen (born 1956), CNBC news anchor and host of Squawk Box. Irwin I. Kimmelman (1930-2014), politician who served in both houses of the New Jersey Legislature and served as the Attorney General of New Jersey from 1982 – 1986. Igor Larionov (born 1960), center who played for the New Jersey Devils. Conor Leslie (born 1991), actress. David Levithan (born 1972, class of 1990) young adult fiction author and editor. Robert D. Lilley (1912–1986), businessman who served as the president of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) from 1972 to 1976. Betty Liu, Bloomberg TV anchor. Monroe Jay Lustbader (1931-1996), politician who served in the New Jersey General Assembly from 1992 until his death, where he represented the 21st Legislative District. Robert Marcus, CEO of Time Warner Cable. Billy McFarland (born 1991), entrepreneur and founder of the Fyre Festival. John C. McGinley (born 1959), actor. Robert E. Mulcahy III (born 1932), athletic director at Rutgers University. Maureen Ogden (born 1928), seven-term member of the New Jersey General Assembly who served as Mayor of Millburn from 1979 to 1981. C. Milford Orben (1895-1975), politician who served five terms in the New Jersey General Assembly. Julie Parsonnet, infectious disease expert. Sondra Perl, Professor Emerita of English at Lehman College and director of the Ph.D. in Composition and Rhetoric at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. Belva Plain (born 1919), author. Mary Reckford (born 1992), rower who competed in the women's lightweight double sculls event at the 2020 Summer Olympics. Brian Rolston (born 1973), professional hockey player. Alex Rosenberg (born 1991), basketball player who plays for Hapoel Afula B.C. of the Israeli National League. Peter Rost (born 1959), author, speaker, expert witness and drug industry whistleblower. Bess Rous, actress. Annie Russell (1864-1936), British-American theatrical actress. Camille Sabie (1902–1998), athlete who represented the United States at the 1922 Women's World Games, winning gold medals in the 110 yd hurdles and standing long jump and a bronze medal in the conventional long jump. Laura Sydell (born 1961), former senior technology reporter for Public Radio International's Marketplace, and a regular reporter on for National Public Radio's All Things Considered, Morning Edition, and Weekend Edition. Patti Stanger (born 1961), matchmaker. Peter Van Sant (born 1953), reporter 48 Hours. Arthur T. Vanderbilt (1888–1957), judge and judicial reformer who served as Chief Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court from 1948 to 1957. James Wallwork (born 1930), politician who served in both houses of the New Jersey Legislature. Wang Yung-ching (1917-2008), former CEO and co-founder of Formosa Plastics Group. Thomas Watson Jr. (1914-1993), second President of IBM and United States Ambassador to the Soviet Union. Joel Weingarten, former member of the New Jersey General Assembly. Zygi Wilf (born 1950), owner of the Minnesota Vikings. Rachel Zoe (born 1971), fashion stylist. Alan Zweibel (born 1950), television producer and writer. References External links Millburn Township website Millburn Township Public Schools School Data for the Millburn Township Public Schools, National Center for Education Statistics Millburn Public Library Millburn-Short Hills 4th of July Committee "If You're Thinking of Living In/Millburn Township, N.J.; A Town Where Both Halves Live Well", The New York Times, July 16, 2000, by Jerry Cheslow Scouts BSA Troop 19 (girls) - St. Rose of Lima Church, Short Hills 1857 establishments in New Jersey Populated places established in 1857 Township form of New Jersey government Townships in Essex County, New Jersey	[ -0.6210088133811951, 0.31025004386901855, 0.13717997074127197, 0.22387993335723877, 0.7370090484619141, 0.05129881948232651, 0.5585849285125732, 0.6986236572265625, -0.04307929053902626, -0.3418372869491577, -0.45305272936820984, 0.2892623841762543, 0.044479697942733765, 0.7467098832130432, -1.190628170967102, 0.4869203269481659, 0.3284878134727478, 0.8337910771369934, 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125176	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montclair%2C%20New%20Jersey	Montclair, New Jersey	Montclair () is a township in Essex County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the township's population was 37,669, reflecting a decline of 1,308 (−3.4%) from the 38,977 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 1,248 (+3.3%) from the 37,729 counted in the 1990 Census. , it was the 60th-most-populous municipality in New Jersey. Montclair was first formed as a township on April 15, 1868, from portions of Bloomfield Township, so that a second railroad could be built to Montclair. After a referendum held on February 21, 1894, Montclair was reincorporated as a town, effective February 24, 1894. It derives its name from the French mont clair, meaning "clear mountain" or "bright mountain." In 1980, after multiple protests filed by Montclair officials regarding the inequities built into the federal revenue sharing system, Montclair passed a referendum changing its name to the "Township of Montclair," becoming the third of more than a dozen Essex County municipalities to reclassify themselves as townships to take advantage of federal revenue sharing policies that allocated townships a greater share of government aid to municipalities on a per capita basis. Montclair, which opened the state's first dispensary in December 2012, joins Bellmawr, Cranbury, Egg Harbor Township and Woodbridge Township as one of the five municipalities (of 565 in the state) that have authorized dispensaries for the sale of medical marijuana. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 6.25 square miles (16.17 km2), including 6.24 square miles (16.16 km2) of land and 0.01 square miles (0.02 km2) of water (0.11%). Montclair is on the east side of the First Mountain of the Watchung Mountains. Some higher locations in the township provide excellent views of the surrounding area and of the New York City skyline about away. Named localities in the township include Church Street, Frog Hollow, Montclair Heights, South End, Upper Montclair and Watchung Plaza. Montclair citizens use two main ZIP Codes. The central and southern parts of the township are designated 07042. Upper Montclair lies north of Watchung Avenue and has a separate ZIP code, 07043. Because the ZIP codes do not exactly match municipal boundaries, a few homes near the borders with neighboring towns fall into the ZIP codes for those communities. A few homes in some adjoining municipalities use one of the two ZIP codes assigned to Montclair, as does HackensackUMC Mountainside (07042, formerly known as Mountainside Hospital), whose campus straddles the border with Glen Ridge. Small areas in the southeast of the township fall into the Glen Ridge ZIP code 07028. Several streams flow eastward through Montclair: Toney's Brook in the center, Nishuane Brook in the southeast, the Wigwam Brook in the southwest, Pearl Brook in the northwest, and Yantacaw Brook in the northeast – all in the Passaic River watershed. Yantacaw and Toney's brooks are dammed in parks to create ponds. Wigwam, Nishuane, and Toney's brooks flow into the Second River, and the others flow into the Third River. Montclair lies just north of the northernmost extent of the Rahway River watershed. Montclair borders the municipalities of Bloomfield, Cedar Grove, Glen Ridge, Orange, Verona and West Orange in Essex County; and Clifton and Little Falls in Passaic County. The southern border of Montclair is a straight line between Eagle Rock, on the ridge of the First Watchung Mountain, and the point where Orange Road begins at the foot of Ridgewood Avenue. The eastern border is roughly a straight line between that point and a point just southwest of where Broad Street crosses the Third River. The western border runs roughly along the ridge of the First Watchung Mountain between Eagle Rock and the Essex County/Passaic County border. The northern border is the border between those two counties. Climate Montclair has a temperate climate, with warm-to-hot, humid summers and cool to cold winters, as is characteristic of the Köppen climate classification humid continental climate. January tends to be the coldest month, with average high temperatures in the upper 30s Fahrenheit and lows averaging 21. July, the warmest month, features high temperatures in the mid-80s and lows in the 70s, with an average high of 86 degrees. From April to June and from September to early November, Montclair experiences temperatures from the lower 60s to the lower 70s. Montclair gets approximately of rain per year, above the United States average of . Snowfall is common from December to early March, and totals about annually. The number of days each year in Montclair with any measurable precipitation is 90; the area has an average of 202 sunny days. Montclair is one or two degrees warmer than the neighboring municipalities of Verona and Cedar Grove because of the mountain between them, which sometimes blocks winds and clouds, including warmer air from the ocean to the east. Demographics The township has long celebrated its diversity, a feature that has attracted many to the community. The African American population has been stable at around 30% for decades, although it fell from 32% in the 2000 Census to 27% in 2010. Montclair has attracted many New Yorkers. Many residents work for major media organizations in New York City, including The New York Times and Newsweek. A March 11, 2007, posting in the blog Gawker.com listed some of those who work in the media and live in Montclair. Many residents are commuters to New York City and the Metro Area. 2010 Census The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $95,696 (with a margin of error of +/- $5,396) and the median family income was $126,983 (+/- $8,950). Males had a median income of $83,589 (+/- $5,955) versus $66,063 (+/- $3,616) for females. The per capita income for the township was $53,572 (+/- $2,671). About 4.6% of families and 2.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.0% of those under age 18 and 4.6% of those age 65 or over. 2000 Census As of the 2000 United States Census, 38,977 people, 15,020 households, and 9,687 families resided in the township. The population density was 6,184 people per square mile (2,389/km2). There were 15,531 housing units at an average density of 2,464 per square mile (951.8/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 59.77% White, 32.06% African American, 3.15% Asian, 0.19% Native American, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 1.77% from other races, and 3.03% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.12% of the population. Of the 15,020 households in Montclair, 34.3% included children under the age of 18, 47.2% were married couples living together, 14.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.5% were non-families. Individuals living alone accounted for 29.3% of all households, and in 8.6% of households, that individual was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 3.16. Like most stable, mature communities, Montclair had many people in each age group, with 25.6% under the age of 18, 6.6% from 18 to 24, 31.9% from 25 to 44, 24.1% from 45 to 64, and 12.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.7 males. The median income for a household in the township was $74,894, and the median income for a family was $96,252. Males had a median income of $64,151 versus $43,520 for females. The per capita income for the township was $44,870. About 3.9% of families and 5.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.4% of those under age 18 and 7.2% of those age 65 or over. Economy Montclair has six distinct commercial zones: Montclair Center, centered on the intersection of Bloomfield Avenue, South Fullerton Avenue, Glenridge Avenue and Church Street, is the township's main commercial zone. This intersection is also known as Six Corners. It is home to some of Montclair's largest stores and restaurants, and features many upscale restaurants and boutiques near the center of this commercial district. Near the eastern end of this district is Lackawanna Plaza, which once housed the Lackawanna railway station. There is a post office one block to the north of this area. In 2015, Montclair Center won the Great American Main Street Award from the National Trust for Historic Preservation. Upper Montclair, in the north of the town, is the second-largest commercial zone. The center is the intersection of Valley Road and Bellevue Avenue, and incorporates the surrounding areas. The Upper Montclair Business District is home to several restaurants and shops. This commercial zone is home to several chain stores such as Starbucks, Talbots, Williams Sonoma, Athleta, Cold Stone Creamery, Supercuts and CVS. Despite the recession, the area in 2009–2010 saw the opening of several new national and local merchants. Upper Montclair also has both a park, Anderson Park, and a railway station, Upper Montclair, nearby. There is a post office here. Watchung Plaza is located around the intersection of Watchung Avenue and Park Street, and is on the divide between two Montclair ZIP Codes, 07042 and 07043. It is home to many "Mom and Pop Stores" and other small businesses. Watchung Plaza has its own post office. It is served by the Watchung Avenue station. Walnut Street, built around the Walnut Street train station. In the spring, summer, and fall it is home to the Montclair Farmer's Market. South End, in the south of town, at the intersection of Cedar Avenue and Orange Road. Valley Road, between Chestnut Street and Claremont Avenue, is known locally as "Frog Hollow." This area has some strip-mall style shops on one side of Valley Road, and on the other side window shops with residential apartments on top of them. Arts and culture Whole Theatre In 1971 the actors Louis Zorich and his wife, the later Oscar winning actress, Olympia Dukakis, founded a theatre group which included Remi Barclay, Jason Bosseau, Margery Fierst, Gerald Fierst and many others. Some of the acting artistic and administrative participants were permanent, semi permanent. Performances were peppered by visits and occasional celebrity artists. Naming themselves Whole Theatre they based themselves here in Montclair, New Jersey. Being twelve miles from the centre of New York City by the direct route through the Lincoln Tunnel under the Hudson River, the Whole Theatre productions were therefore easily available to New York City and New Jersey audiences. In the two decades in which Whole Theatre flourished, they presented a long list of performances in a wide variety of genres. Productions included the Rose Tattoo, Mother Courage, Rabelais: a Dramatic Game (1985), and America at Full Moon (1986). They enjoyed the support of the local community and the theatre community of New York and New Jersey generally. For example, in 1975-76 the company acknowledged over 120 substantial donors in their program as well as funding from the New Jersey State Council on the Arts and the Rockefeller Brothers Fund. In 1989 Olymypia Dukakis was listed as the company’s Artistic Director. Her two co-directors were Remi Barclay and Gerald Fierst, who were jointly responsible for Education and Outreach. In 2018 Brooke Lea Foster of The New York Times stated that it was one of several "least suburban of suburbs, each one celebrated by buyers there for its culture and hip factor, as much as the housing stock and sophisticated post-city life." Art Institutions Montclair hosts many art institutions and theaters, and despite its relatively small size, has many art venues. It has its own art museum, the Montclair Art Museum, and several small galleries. Montclair also hosts one cinema, the Clairidge Cinema on Bloomfield Avenue which shows different types of movies from documentaries to small scale indie films. The township hosted its first annual film festival in 2012 to provide a platform for filmmakers from New Jersey, the US and the world. Live theaters include The Montclair Operetta Company, the Wellmont Theatre, Montclair State University's Kasser Theater, Montclair State University's theater in Life Hall, and the Studio Playhouse. On Bloomfield Avenue there is a public stage used for concerts and other events. Dotted around Montclair there are also many art galleries, though most are centered in the Bloomfield Avenue Downtown Area. Concerts are held at the Wellmont Theatre and at several churches and auditoriums sponsored by Outpost in the Burbs, a community-based organization. In 2017, The Montclair Orchestra was formed as a semi-professional orchestra, composed of both professionals and students from top colleges. Montclair was the setting for some of the stories in the HBO television series The Sopranos, and many Montclair streets, locations and businesses were featured in the show, such as Bloomfield Avenue. Montclair Public Library is one of the oldest public libraries in New Jersey, with the largest collection of materials in northern New Jersey. Following the COVID-19 pandemic, Montclair City Council became increasing aggressive towards library funding, cutting to the exact limits dictated by New Jersey law. Following a forensic audit, in which no irregularities were found, its Director, Peter Coyl, announced his departure. Music History: As Time Goes By The composer of the second most renowned song in music history "As time goes by", Herman Hupfeld, was born in Montclair, attended Montclair High School, and lived his life here. He is buried in the Montclair cemetery. In 1935 Hupfeld built his home at 259 Park St, Upper Montclair with the royalties from his song, especially when it featured in the most famous movie of all time "Casablanca". The house is now owned by former Whole Theatre Director and civil celebrant Gerald Fierst. The top floor of the house has a grand living room space where soirees were held in the late 1930s attended by such luminaries as Bing Crosby and Mae West. Sports Minor league baseball New Jersey Jackals of the Frontier League. The Jackals play at Yogi Berra Stadium, which has seating for 3,784, plus overflow capacity. New York Red Bulls II, the USL Championship affiliate of Major League Soccer's New York Red Bulls, play at Montclair State University as of 2017. Floyd Hall Arena, an ice rink which is actually located in Little Falls on the grounds of Montclair State University and is host to its ice hockey club. The facility also hosts other hockey leagues and teams and other on-ice sports. Home to the New Jersey Pride of Major League Lacrosse for the 2004 and 2005 seasons. Montclair Rugby Football Club, also known as the Norsemen, of USA Rugby Division 2. They play at Codey Field. Essex Eagles cricket team, a Division III team in the Cricket League of New Jersey. Montclair United Soccer Club Amateur Baseball Association baseball team the Montclair Giants Montclair Athletic Club ice hockey team, member of the American Amateur Hockey League in 1897–98 and 1898–99. Parks and recreation Montclair is home to many parks and nature reserves. Parks in Montclair are both county and municipal. Additional open space includes the Presby Memorial Iris Gardens, and many school owned sports fields, viz., Montclair State University's Sprague Field. In total Montclair has of township park land spread over 18 parks and of county park land consisting of five parks. Municipal parks include Mountainside Park, the township's largest at , which offers extensive tennis and recreation facilities, and includes the Presby Memorial Iris Gardens, a living museum donated by the family of Frank Presby that is maintained by volunteers and dedicated to the iris. Covering nearly of wetlands and uplands along the Third River, the Alonzo F. Bonsal Wildlife Preserve offers hiking trails and other passive recreation. Yantacaw Brook Park, covering , surrounds a pond that is fed by Yantacaw Brook and that in turn feeds into the Third River on its way towards the Passaic River. The township has 18 public tennis courts, four skating rinks (two of which are indoor), and three public swimming pools: the Mountainside pool, the Nishuane pool, and the Essex pool. In 2007, township residents advocated for construction of a public skatepark. Community members revitalized the effort in 2010 and lobbied the Parks and Recreation Committee for support. The township council passed a resolution expressing approval of the project, but allocated no funds for it. In the spring of 2020, an impromptu skatepark was created by community members on two of the unused tennis courts at Rand Park on North Fullerton Avenue during the COVID-19 pandemic. In July 2020, the township held a ribbon-cutting ceremony to officially recognize this space as a temporary skatepark. The township's playground insurance covers skateboarding, allowing it to allocate funds to the park. The township has paid for signage using its playground fund. All skating equipment (ramps, rails, etc.) at Rand Park has been provided by community members with no financial support from the township. At the beginning of the season, much of this equipment consisted of local materials such as picnic tables and garbage cans. By July 2020, all skating equipment present at Rand Park consisted of objects built specifically for skateboarding. On July 13, 2021, a resolution was unanimously passed by the Township Council to make the space at Rand Park a permanent skatepark. This resolution does not allocate any funds for the skatepark. Montclair Councilor-at-Large Peter Yacobellis thinks a skatepark will increase property values and improve quality of life for Montclair residents, and believes the township can afford it. Commenting on how much it would cost the township, Yacobellis said "it's not much to have a kickass skate park in Montclair, in the region." Some locals see the park as a negative community influence, one of whom complained that local tennis enthusiasts were not consulted in the decision to convert the courts to a skatepark. Complaints of that nature have been dismissed by the township thus far, most likely due to the fact that Montclair has 16 other tennis courts, but no other skateparks. Government Local government Since July 1, 1988, Montclair has been governed under the Council-Manager plan 13 form of municipal government under the Faulkner Act, whose originator, Bayard H. Faulkner, was a former mayor of Montclair. The township is one of 42 municipalities (of the 565) statewide that use this form of government. The governing body is comprised of the Mayor and the Township Council, who are elected to concurrent four-year terms on a non-partisan basis in elections held as part of the May municipal elections. The mayor is elected directly by the voters. The Township Council is comprised of six members, of which two council seats are elected from the township at-large and one council seat is elected from each of four wards. A deputy mayor is selected by the six council members from their members, and this position is largely ceremonial. Though the Mayor has no executive powers, the Mayor presides over council meetings and has both a voice and vote in its proceedings. The Mayor appoints members to many local governing groups, most notably the board of education. , the Mayor of Montclair is Sean M. Spiller. Members of the Montclair Township Council are Deputy Mayor William L. Hurlock (First Ward), Lori Price Abrams (Third Ward), David Cummings (Fourth Ward), Robert J. Russo (At-Large), Robin Schlager (Second Ward) and Peter Yacobellis (At-Large), all of whom serve terms of office that end on June 30, 2024. In elections held on May 12, 2020, Sean M. Spiller was elected as mayor, defeating Renée Baskerville. Peter Yacobellis and incumbent Robert Russo won the two at-large seats, defeating the three other candidates – James Cotter, Carmel Loughman, and Roger Terry. Incumbent Robin Schlager won the Second Ward, defeating Christina M. Thomas; Lori Price Abrams defeated Marguerite Joralemon in the Third Ward; incumbent Bill Hurlock won the First Ward seat, defeating John Hearn; and David Cummings, who ran unopposed, won in the Fourth Ward. Federal, state and county representation Montclair is split between the 10th and 11th Congressional Districts and is part of New Jersey's 34th state legislative district. Prior to the 2010 Census, Montclair had been part of the and the 10th Congressional District, a change made by the New Jersey Redistricting Commission that took effect in January 2013, based on the results of the November 2012 general elections. The split that took effect in 2013 drew the southern section of the township (26,730 residents) into the 10th District, while the northern portion (11,299 residents) moved to the 11th District. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 27,289 registered voters in Montclair, of which 14,782 (54.2%) were registered as Democrats, 2,581 (9.5%) were registered as Republicans and 9,903 (36.3%) were registered as unaffiliated. There were 23 voters registered to other parties. In the 2016 presidential election, Democrat Hillary Clinton received 85.8% of the vote (18,048 votes), ahead of Republican Donald Trump with 11.0% (2,318 votes), and other candidates with 3.1% (661 votes), among the 21,382 ballots cast by the township's 31,610 registered voters (355 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 67.6%. In the 2012 presidential election, Barack Obama received 83.0% of the vote (15,811 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 15.9% (3,034 votes), and other candidates with 1.1% (201 votes), among the 19,576 ballots cast by the township's 29,463 registered voters (530 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 66.4%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 83.0% of the vote (17,396 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 15.7% (3,294 votes) and other candidates with 0.6% (132 votes), among the 20,951 ballots cast by the township's 27,476 registered voters, for a turnout of 76.3%. In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 78.8% of the vote (15,597 ballots cast), outpolling Republican George W. Bush with 20.2% (3,995 votes) and other candidates with 0.6% (157 votes), among the 19,804 ballots cast by the township's 25,762 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 76.9. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Democrat Barbara Buono received 70.5% of the vote (7,613 cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 28.3% (3,057 votes), and other candidates with 1.2% (131 votes), among the 10,941 ballots cast by the township's 29,768 registered voters (140 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 36.8%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Democrat Jon Corzine received 73.9% of the vote (10,139 ballots cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 18.7% (2,573 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 5.8% (801 votes) and other candidates with 0.8% (104 votes), among the 13,723 ballots cast by the township's 26,843 registered voters, yielding a 51.1% turnout. Transportation Montclair is considered a commuter suburb of New York City. NJ Transit and DeCamp Bus Lines are the providers of public transportation. The average Montclair commute is 38 minutes each way. Twenty-four percent of commuters take mass transit, while 59% drive alone. Twelve times more Montclair commuters take mass transit than the national average. Roads and highways , the township had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality and by Essex County Road Dept. Major roads in the township include CR 506 (Bloomfield Avenue). There is a taxi stand off of Bloomfield Avenue in eastern Montclair, in front of Lackawanna Plaza, formerly the Montclair train station. Bus NJ Transit buses 11, 28, 29, 34, 97, 191 and 705 run through Montclair, most going along the main street, Bloomfield Avenue. The NJ transit bus routes are: #11 from Downtown Newark through Verona, Cedar Grove, and Little Falls to Willowbrook Mall in Wayne. The only Montclair street it goes along is Bloomfield Avenue. #28 follows the route of #29 on Bloomfield Avenue until halfway through Montclair, where it goes north along Park Street, Watchung Avenue, and Valley Road to Montclair State University, and to Willowbrook Mall on Weekends #29 between West Caldwell and Newark, passing through Caldwell, Verona, Montclair, Glen Ridge, and Bloomfield on Bloomfield Avenue. It goes to Parsippany at rush hour. The only Montclair street it goes along is Bloomfield Avenue. #34 to Newark through East Orange and Orange on some trips, otherwise it goes to Bloomfield along Orange Road, Elm Street, and Bloomfield Avenue. It goes farther to the Montclair High School during that school's start and end times. #97 goes from the Montclair Center south along Orange and Harrison Roads through the Oranges. #191 goes from Willowbrook Mall through Little Falls to Montclair State University, then to the Port Authority Bus Terminal in Midtown Manhattan. #705 goes from Passaic along Alexander Avenue, Grove Street (for one block), Mt. Hebron Road and through Montclair State University to Willowbrook Mall. All of these routes except #97, #191, and #705 were trolley lines originally, operated by the Public Service Railway. A trolley garage existed on Bloomfield Avenue. In the 1930s and 1950s the trolleys were destroyed and replaced with buses. DeCamp Bus Lines routes 33 and 66 run through Montclair to the Port Authority Bus Terminal in New York City, carrying primarily commuters. #33 goes along Bloomfield Avenue, with some buses going onto Grove Street #66 goes along Orange Road, Park Street, Valley Road, and Mt. Hebron Road Montclair State University has shuttle buses going around its campus. The township of Montclair operates a jitney in the evening from the Bay Street train station to the southern end of Montclair. Rail Running through Montclair is the Montclair-Boonton Line, serving New York Penn Station via Hoboken Terminal to the east, and Hackettstown to the west. Seven NJ Transit Rail stations serve Montclair: Bay Street, Walnut Street, Watchung Avenue, Upper Montclair, Mountain Avenue, and Montclair Heights in Montclair, and Montclair State University station in the Great Notch area of Little Falls. Only Bay Street station has weekend train service. Montclair has a long history of railroads. The first railroad to Montclair was built in 1856 by the Newark and Bloomfield Railroad. It terminated at a station in Downtown Montclair. First the Morris and Essex Railroad, then the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad leased the line. In 1868, the Montclair Railway built another line through Montclair, which caused disputes leading to Montclair's separation from Bloomfield. Shortly afterward it was taken over by the New York and Greenwood Lake Railway, a subsidiary of the Erie Railroad. A third railroad to Morristown was planned in 1860 and construction began, but the Panic of 1873 ended the project. In 1912 the Lackawanna Railroad built a large terminal at the end of their line. The Erie and Lackawanna Railroads later merged, forming the Erie-Lackawanna Railroad, which operated both lines for many decades. They were next operated by Conrail for approximately one year, after which NJ Transit took over passenger operations and Conrail continued freight operations. Meanwhile, the 1912 terminal was closed in 1981 and converted into shops. This station was replaced by the Bay Street station. In 2002, the two railway lines were connected with the construction of the Montclair Connection. Housing Montclair is noted for its historic architecture. It is home to six historic districts listed on the Register of Historic Places of both the state and country as a whole, 92 individually listed landmarks, and two locally designated commercial districts. Works by significant architects include designs by Van Vleck and Goldsmith, Charles Follen McKim, McKim, Mead, and White, Henry Hudson Holly, Charles A. Platt, Alexander Jackson Davis, Dudley Van Antwerp, Effingham R. North, Montrose Morris, and Frances Nelson, among others. In 2018, Bobbi Brown, founder and ex-CCO of Bobbi Brown Cosmetics, and her husband, realtor Steven Plofker opened The George, a 32-room boutique hotel on North Mountain Avenue that was originally a private home constructed in 1902. Montclair has also housed many hotels, such as the defunct Hotel Montclair. In 2013, plans were announced to bring a new hotel to Montclair, featuring 100 rooms and a liquor license. Education The Montclair Public Schools serve students in kindergarten through twelfth grade. The district consists of seven elementary schools, three middle schools and one high school. As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of 11 schools, had an enrollment of 6,767 students and 564.8 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.0:1. Schools in the district (with 2018–19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Bradford Elementary School (436 students; in grades K-5, Magnet Theme: The University Magnet), Charles H. Bullock Elementary School (448; K-5, Environmental Science), Edgemont Montessori School (280; K-5, Montessori), Hillside Elementary School (577; 3–5, Gifted and Talented), Nishuane Elementary School (417; K-2, Gifted and Talented), Northeast Elementary School (412; K-5, Global Studies), Watchung Elementary School (425; K-5, Science and Technology), Buzz Aldrin Middle School (667; 6–8, The STEM Magnet), Glenfield Middle School (675; 6–8, Visual and Performing Arts), Renaissance Middle School at the Rand Building (257; 6–8, Liberal Arts) and Montclair High School (2,081; 9-12). Montclair is home to Montclair State University, which was founded in 1908 as the New Jersey State Normal School at Montclair. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark supervises the operation of Immaculate Conception High School (coed) and Lacordaire Academy (for girls)at the high school level and Lacordaire Academy Lower Division and St. Cassian School for grades PreK-8. In 2016, St. Cassian School was one of ten schools in New Jersey, and one of four private schools in the state, recognized as a National Blue Ribbon School by the United States Department of Education, a recognition celebrating excellence in academics. Montclair is also home to a host of private and parochial schools, including Montclair Kimberley Academy, Montclair Community Pre-K, Montclair Cooperative School, Virginia Harkness Sawtelle Learning, Maria Montessori Early Learning, Montclair Cooperative School, Trinity Academy and Deron School II. Media Montclair has three local newspapers, the Montclair Dispatch, the Montclair Times and as of 2017, The Montclair Local. In addition, there is a radio station at 90.3 FM on the campus of Montclair State University, WMSC. The township has a municipal public service television channel, Channel 34, where township council and school board meetings are broadcast. Montclair High School has its own paper the Mountaineer, and Montclair State University has its own student-run paper, the Montclarion. WNJN - one of four stations of state-wide PBS member station NJTV - is also located there. Sister cities Montclair's sister cities are: Aquilonia, Italy Barnet, London, United Kingdom Cherepovets, Russia Graz, Austria Points of interest Montclair Art Museum Howard Van Vleck Arboretum Presby Memorial Iris Gardens Van Vleck House and Gardens Crane House and Museum The Montclair Historical Society, which consists of: Nathaniel Crane House Clark House Evergreens (House) Yogi Berra Stadium and the Yogi Berra Museum and Learning Center Revolutionary War site markers for the temporary headquarters of Marquis de Lafayette and George Washington Note: There is no written record to verify that Washington had spent time in Montclair (then called "Cranetown") or Upper Montclair (then called "Speertown") during the time period, but the story was passed down by generations orally and the two markers were placed in the 1900s. Brookdale Park Parks and dining in Upper Montclair Historic sites Montclair is home to the following locations on the National Register of Historic Places: The Anchorage – 155 Wildwood Avenue (added 1988) Anderson Park – SE corner of Bellevue and North Mountain Avenue (added 2009) Joseph Bardsley House – 345 Park Street (added 1988) Bradner's Pharmacy – 33 Watchung Plaza (added 1988) Carnegie Library – Church Street at Valley Road (added 1988) Casa Deldra – 35 Afterglow Way (added 1988) Central Presbyterian Church – 46 Park Street (added 1986) J. M. Chapman House – 10 Rockledge (added 1988) Cliffside Hose Company No. 4 – 588 Valley Road (added 1988) Congregational Church – 42 S. Fullerton Avenue (added 1988) Israel Crane House – 110 Orange Road(added 1973) Eastward – 50 Lloyd Road (added 1988) Egbert Farm – 128 N. Mountain Avenue (added 1988) Henry Fenn House – 208 N. Mountain Avenue (added 1988) First Methodist Episcopal Church – 24 N. Fullerton Avenue (added 1988) Free Public Library, Upper Montclair Branch – 185 Bellevue Avenue (added 1988) Frank Goodwillie House – 17 Wayside Place (added 1988) Haskell's Bloomfield Villa – 84 Llewellyn Road (added 1988) House at 147 Park Street – 147 Park Street (added 1988) The House that Lives – 83 Watchung Avenue (added 1988) Marlboro Park Historic District – Roughly along Fairfield Street, Waterbury Road, Montclair Avenue, and Watchung Avenue between N. Fullerton and Grove Streets (added 1988) Marsellis House – 190 Cooper Avenue (added 1988) Miller Street Historic District – Miller and Fulton Streets between Elmwood Avenue, Elm and New Streets (added 1988) George A. Miller House – 275 Claremont Avenue (added 1988) Montclair Art Museum – 3 S. Mountain Avenue (added 1986) Montclair Railroad Station – Lackawanna Plaza (added 1973) Mountain Avenue station – 451 Upper Mountain Avenue (added 1984) Mountain District – Roughly bounded by Highland, Bradford, Upper Mountain and Claremont Avenue (added 1988) Mulford House – 207 Union Street (added 1988) Pine Street Historic District – Roughly bounded by Glenridge Avenue, the NJ Transit Boonton Line, Pine and Baldwin Streets (added 2000) Post Office Building, Upper Montclair – 242–244 Bellevue Avenue (added 1988) Presby Memorial Iris Gardens Horticultural Center – 474 Upper Mountain Avenue (added 1980) M. F. Reading House – 87 Midland Avenue (added 1988) Red Gables – 99 S. Fullerton Avenue (added 1988) Charles S. Shultz House – 30 N. Mountain Avenue (added 1979) S. C. Smith House – 40 Northview Avenue (added 1988) St. Luke's Church – 69 S. Fullerton Avenue (added 1988) Stone Eagles – 60 Undercliff Road (added 1988) Upper Montclair station – 275 Bellevue Avenue (added 1984) Van Reyper-Bond House – 848 Valley Road (added 1979) Von Schmid House – 580 Park Street (added 1988) Watchung Avenue station – Park Street (added 1984) Allyn Wight House – 75 Gates Avenue (added 1988) In popular culture Location in, and home to the authors of, Cheaper by the Dozen In the 1948 biographical novel Cheaper by the Dozen, the principal characters Frank Bunker Gilbreth Sr. and Lillian Moller Gilbreth live in Montclair, as the authors did in real life. Motor Vehicle: The Mercury Montclair The Mercury Montclair was an automobile marque of Ford produced in the 1950s and 1960s. The Phaeton model was a significant prize in Ed Sullivan's $425,000 Mercury Contest, an eight week promotion that awarded a total of 80 vehicles and hundreds of other prizes. Notable people References Notes External links Township of Montclair Official Website Montclair Business Improvement District Montclair Historical Society 1868 establishments in New Jersey Cannabis in New Jersey Faulkner Act (council–manager) Populated places established in 1868 Townships in Essex County, New Jersey	[ -0.6630192995071411, -0.15122565627098083, 0.1250869482755661, 0.2262166142463684, 0.4876694679260254, -0.046266257762908936, 0.7065809965133667, 0.5916332006454468, 0.0020117470994591713, -0.20813873410224915, -0.727617621421814, 0.5859411358833313, -0.01609055884182453, 0.15508434176445007, -0.959782600402832, 0.3127255141735077, 0.4771295487880707, 0.8405502438545227, 0.11471407115459442, -0.8110772967338562, -0.5863054990768433, -0.436409592628479, 0.15217715501785278, 0.15466910600662231, 0.023906724527478218, -0.2364540696144104, 0.45129525661468506, 0.13652876019477844, 0.38325536251068115, 0.1871400624513626, -0.18996451795101166, 0.4786534607410431, 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125178	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Caldwell%2C%20New%20Jersey	North Caldwell, New Jersey	North Caldwell is a borough in northwestern Essex County, New Jersey, United States, and a suburb of New York City. As of the 2010 United States Census, the borough's population was 6,183, reflecting a decline of 1,192 (−16.2%) from the 7,375 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 669 (+10.0%) from the 6,706 counted in the 1990 Census. North Caldwell was incorporated by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 31, 1898, from portions of Caldwell Township (now known as Fairfield Township). The borough derives its name from Presbyterian minister James Caldwell. New Jersey Monthly magazine ranked North Caldwell as its 10th best place to live in its 2010 rankings of the "Best Places To Live" in New Jersey, as well as the 3rd best place to live in its 2013 ranking. In 2017, a Bloomberg analysis ranked North Caldwell the 34th richest town in the United States. History North Caldwell was part of the Horseneck Tract, which was an area that consisted of what are now the municipalities of Caldwell, West Caldwell, North Caldwell, Fairfield, Verona, Cedar Grove, Essex Fells, Roseland, and portions of Livingston and West Orange. In 1702, settlers purchased the from the Lenape Native Americans for goods equal to $325. The explanation for the name "Horse Neck" lies in the language of its first Dutch settlers and not (as has been inaccurately reported) because of its irregular shape. This purchase encompassed much of western Essex County, from the First Mountain to the Passaic River. In 1982, the borough was one of four Essex County municipalities to pass a referendum to become a township, joining 11 municipalities that had already made the change. Ultimately, more than a dozen Essex County municipalities reclassified themselves as townships in order take advantage of federal revenue sharing policies that allocated townships a greater share of government aid to municipalities on a per capita basis. Effective January 1, 1992, it again became a borough. The borough housed the Essex County Penitentiary, constructed in 1872 and used as the Essex County Jail Annex until 2004. It was sold to K. Hovnanian Companies in 2002, which redeveloped the site into a residential community. In 1994, the "Unabomber", Theodore Kaczynski, sent a mail bomb that killed Thomas J. Mosser, an advertising executive who lived in the borough. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough had a total area of 3.07 square miles (7.96 km2), including 3.07 square miles (7.95 km2) of land and 0.01 square miles (0.01 km2) of water (0.16%). The highest point in Essex County is located in the Hilltop of North Caldwell at . The borough is bordered by the municipalities of Caldwell, Cedar Grove, Essex Fells, Fairfield Township, Verona and West Caldwell in Essex County; and Little Falls and Wayne in Passaic County. Demographics 2010 Census The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $151,953 (with a margin of error of +/- $28,824) and the median family income was $178,750 (+/- $38,265). Males had a median income of $140,729 (+/- $14,382) versus $74,750 (+/- $15,480) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $71,798 (+/- $8,574). About none of families and 2.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 3.9% of those age 65 or over. 2000 Census As of the 2000 United States Census there were 7,375 people, 2,070 households, and 1,834 families residing in the borough. The population density was 2,464.6 people per square mile (952.3/km2). There were 2,108 housing units at an average density of 704.5 per square mile (272.2/km2). The racial makeup of the borough was 79.63% White, 14.51% African American, 0.03% Native American, 4.71% Asian, 0.26% from other races, and 0.87% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.16% of the population. There were 2,070 households, out of which 42.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 80.5% were married couples living together, 5.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 11.4% were non-families. 9.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.02 and the average family size was 3.23. In the borough the population was spread out, with 23.1% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 31.0% from 25 to 44, 26.4% from 45 to 64, and 10.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 118.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 124.2 males. The median income for a household in the borough was $117,395, and the median income for a family was $125,465. Males had a median income of $87,902 versus $47,904 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $48,249. About 0.8% of families and 1.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.4% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over. Government Local government North Caldwell is governed under the Borough form of New Jersey municipal government, which is used in 218 municipalities (of the 565) statewide, making it the most common form of government in New Jersey. The governing body is comprised of the Mayor and the Borough Council, with all positions elected at-large on a partisan basis as part of the November general election. The Mayor is elected directly by the voters to a four-year term of office. The Borough Council is comprised of six members elected to serve three-year terms on a staggered basis, with two seats coming up for election each year in a three-year cycle. The borough form of government used by North Caldwell is a "weak mayor / strong council" government in which council members act as the legislative body with the mayor presiding at meetings and voting only in the event of a tie. The mayor can veto ordinances subject to an override by a two-thirds majority vote of the council. The mayor makes committee and liaison assignments for council members, and most appointments are made by the mayor with the advice and consent of the council. , the Mayor of North Caldwell is Republican Joseph H. Alessi, whose term of office ends December 31, 2022. Members of the Borough Council are Council President Frank X. Astorino (R, 2021), Matthew J. Atlas (D, 2023), Anthony Floria-Callori (D, 2023), Robert C. Kessler (R, 2021), Arthur J. Rees (R, 2022) and Kenneth Tilton (R, 2022). In October 2014, the borough council appointed Robert Kessler to fill the vacant seat of Patricia Fost. Federal, state and county representation North Caldwell is located in the 11th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 26th state legislative district. Prior to the 2011 reapportionment following the 2010 Census, North Caldwell had been in the 27th state legislative district. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 4,712 registered voters in North Caldwell, of which 1,123 (23.8%) were registered as Democrats, 1,591 (33.8%) were registered as Republicans and 1,994 (42.3%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 4 voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Republican Mitt Romney received 61.1% of the vote (2,043 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 37.5% (1,253 votes), and other candidates with 1.3% (45 votes), among the 3,361 ballots cast by the borough's 4,856 registered voters (20 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 69.2%. In the 2008 presidential election, Republican John McCain received 56.8% of the vote (2,047 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 41.5% (1,495 votes) and other candidates with 0.7% (25 votes), among the 3,603 ballots cast by the borough's 4,704 registered voters, for a turnout of 76.6%. In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 58.9% of the vote (2,137 ballots cast), outpolling Democrat John Kerry with 40.4% (1,465 votes) and other candidates with 0.3% (15 votes), among the 3,628 ballots cast by the borough's 4,502 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 80.6. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 72.9% of the vote (1,446 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 26.1% (517 votes), and other candidates with 1.0% (20 votes), among the 2,012 ballots cast by the borough's 4,920 registered voters (29 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 40.9%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 60.6% of the vote (1,495 ballots cast), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 32.0% (789 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 6.4% (157 votes) and other candidates with 0.3% (8 votes), among the 2,469 ballots cast by the borough's 4,695 registered voters, yielding a 52.6% turnout. Education The North Caldwell Public Schools serve students in pre-kindergarten through sixth grade. As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of two schools, had an enrollment of 672 students and 62.7 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 10.7:1. Schools in the district (with 2018–19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Grandview School 391 students in grades PreK-3 and Gould School 276 students in grades 4-6. Gould / Mountain School was one of nine schools in New Jersey honored in 2020 by the National Blue Ribbon Schools Program, which recognizes high student achievement. North Caldwell is home to the West Essex Regional School District, which also serves public school students from Fairfield, Essex Fells and Roseland in seventh through twelfth grades. Schools in the district (with 2018–19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are West Essex Middle School with 564 students in grades 7-8 and West Essex High School with 1,123 students in grades 9-12. Seats on the nine-member board of education of the high school district are allocated based on population, with three seats assigned to North Caldwell. Transportation Roads and highways , the borough had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality and by Essex County. The main roads serving North Caldwell include County Route 527 and County Route 506. Public transportation NJ Transit provides bus service to Newark on the 29 route. In popular culture In the HBO television show The Sopranos, the house used to portray the home of Tony Soprano and his family is located in North Caldwell. Many scenes from the show were filmed in North Caldwell and other communities in North Jersey. Stuckeyville, the fictional town in the NBC television series Ed, was modeled after North Caldwell. The 1994 film North included scenes which were filmed in North Caldwell. Sylvester Stallone filmed scenes from the movie Cop Land in 1997 at the Hilltop Reservations. Jermaine Jackson filmed the "Dynamite" music video in 1984 at the Essex County Jail Annex. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with North Caldwell include: Martin Brodeur (born 1972), goalie for the New Jersey Devils. Jane Burgio (1922–2005), politician who served as Secretary of State of New Jersey and as a member of the New Jersey General Assembly. Rob Burnett (born 1962), producer, director, and writer, who is the executive producer of the Late Show with David Letterman and president and CEO of Worldwide Pants. David Chase (born 1945), creator of The Sopranos. Ken Daneyko (born 1964), former New Jersey Devils defenseman. Julio M. Fuentes (born 1946), Senior United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, who is the first Hispanic judge to serve the Third Circuit. Josh Gottheimer (born 1975), Congressman who represents New Jersey's 5th congressional district. Wyclef Jean (born 1969), hip hop and R&B music artist. Jamie Langenbrunner (born 1975), winger who played for the New Jersey Devils. * Veronica Miele Beard, fashion designer. David Newsom (born 1962), producer, actor, and fine-arts photographer. Joe Piscopo (born 1951), comedian and actor best known for his work on Saturday Night Live. Barbara Rachelson, politician who has served in the Vermont House of Representatives since 2014. Ronald T. Raines (born 1958), scientist, educator, and entrepreneur who was recognized with a Guggenheim Fellowship in 2001. Frederic Remington (born 1929), politician who served in the New Jersey General Assembly from 1978 to 1992. Josh Saviano (born 1976), actor who played the role of "Paul Pfeiffer" on The Wonder Years. Ernestine Schumann-Heink (1861–1936), opera singer. Johnny Sylvester (1915–1990), who as a young boy achieved national fame when Babe Ruth dedicated home runs to him in the 1926 World Series. Richard Wilbur (1921–2017), poet, critic, and translator that won two Pulitzer Prizes and served as United States Poet Laureate. Joe Yeninas (1934–2020), cartoonist and illustrator for the Newark Evening News, the Associated Press, and The Journal of Commerce. References External links North Caldwell website North Caldwell Public Schools School Data for the North Caldwell Public Schools, National Center for Education Statistics West Essex Regional School District 1898 establishments in New Jersey Borough form of New Jersey government Boroughs in Essex County, New Jersey Populated places established in 1898 The Caldwells, New Jersey	[ -0.42178839445114136, -0.11870216578245163, 0.13415713608264923, -0.05889946594834328, 0.7888004779815674, -0.1734434962272644, 0.1391642838716507, 0.048576340079307556, 0.05550597235560417, -0.48917603492736816, -0.668845534324646, 0.13519345223903656, -0.22720997035503387, 0.49191755056381226, -1.2674713134765625, 0.48842358589172363, 0.4716765284538269, 0.5454347729682922, 0.38753068447113037, -0.44727399945259094, -0.4349663257598877, -0.4807679057121277, -0.19316358864307404, 0.4967938959598541, 0.2693404257297516, 0.2831936180591583, 0.2912823557853699, -0.24436619877815247, 0.020029811188578606, 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125179	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutley%2C%20New%20Jersey	Nutley, New Jersey	Nutley is a township in Essex County, New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States Census, the township's population was 28,434. What is now Nutley was originally incorporated as Franklin Township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 18, 1874, from portions of Belleville Township. Nutley was incorporated as a town on March 5, 1902, replacing Franklin Township. In 1981, the town was one of seven Essex County municipalities to pass a referendum to become a township, joining four municipalities that had already made the change, of what would ultimately be more than a dozen Essex County municipalities to reclassify themselves as townships in order take advantage of federal revenue sharing policies that allocated townships a greater share of government aid to municipalities on a per capita basis. Nutley derived its name from the estate of the Satterthwaite family, established in 1844, which stretched along the Passaic River and from an artist's colony in the area. New Jersey Monthly magazine ranked Nutley as its 38th best place to live in its 2008 rankings of the "Best Places To Live" in New Jersey. History Nutley grew slowly as Newark developed. The first European settler in the area, recorded in the minutes of a Newark town meeting in 1693, was a Dutch painter named Bastian Van Giesen. His house, known as Vreeland Homestead, still stands today on Chestnut Street and is the location of the Nutley Women's Club. John Treat and Thomas Stagg purchased lots adjacent to Van Geisen's in 1695 and 1698 respectively. The Van Riper House is another building from the era. The first brownstone quarry in Nutley is believed to have been in operation by the early 18th century and was the town's first major industry. Jobs at the brownstone quarry in the Avondale section of Nutley provided work for many Italian and Irish immigrants. Mills situated along the Third River in the area now known as Memorial Park I became Nutley's second major industry. John and Thomas Speer, Joseph Kingsland, and Henry Duncan all operated mills in the town during the 1800s. Current streets in Nutley are named after these mill owners. Henry Duncan built several mills throughout the town and established the village of Franklinville consisting of 30 homes and a few small businesses which later became the center of Nutley. One of Duncan's buildings has been modified and now serves as the town hall. Kingsland Manor is a national historic place. During the late 1880s, painter Frank Fowler founded an artists' colony on The Enclosure, a dead-end street that is near the Third River, a stream that runs through the town's parks. Later artist residents of the street included Frederick Dana Marsh, Reginald Marsh and muralist Michael Lenson. Nutley's town historian, John Demmer, is the author of the book in the "Images of America" series titled Nutley; Demmer is also part of The Nutley Historical Society, a not-for-profit organization dedicated to serve the educational, cultural and historical needs of the community. The Nutley Historical Society manages the operation of The Nutley Historical Museum, housed in a former town schoolhouse at 65 Church Street. Several other historical works on Nutley have been written by local historians, notably the late Ann Troy's Nutley: Yesterday – Today; "Nutley" by Marilyn Peters and Richard O'Connor in the "Then and Now" series; and books about the Nutley Velodrome. The board track racing facility was used in the 1930s for racing midget cars. Local resident Chris Economaki wrote extensively about the Nutley Velodrome in his autobiographical racing history Let Them All Go! as the Velodrome was the first racetrack he had visited as a child. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 3.42 square miles (8.86 km2), including 3.37 square miles (8.74 km2) of land and 0.05 square miles (0.12 km2) of water (1.37%). Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Avondale, Franklin, Glendale and Yanticaw. The township borders the municipalities of Belleville and Bloomfield in Essex County; Lyndhurst in Bergen County; and Clifton in Passaic County. Demographics Census 2010 The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $76,167 (with a margin of error of +/- $3,896) and the median family income was $98,042 (+/- $4,394). Males had a median income of $64,736 (+/- $4,840) versus $52,410 (+/- $3,558) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $37,706 (+/- $1,918). About 3.1% of families and 4.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.9% of those under age 18 and 5.9% of those age 65 or over. Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census, there were 27,362 people, 10,884 households, and 7,368 families residing in the township. The population density was 8,123.0 people per square mile (3,134.9/km2). There were 11,118 housing units at an average density of 1, 273.8/km2 (3,300.6/sq mi). The racial makeup of the township was 87.95% White, 1.87% African American, 0.05% Native American, 7.10% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 1.75% from other races, and 1.24% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.69% of the population. As of the 2000 Census, 36.0% of town residents were of Italian ancestry, the 12th-highest percentage of any municipality in the United States, and fifth-highest in New Jersey, among all places with more than 1,000 residents identifying their ancestry. There were 10,884 households, out of which 29.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.0% were married couples living together, 10.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.3% were non-families. 27.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 3.11. In the town the population was spread out, with 21.8% under the age of 18, 6.4% from 18 to 24, 31.6% from 25 to 44, 24.1% from 45 to 64, and 16.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.0 males. The median income for a household in the township was $59,634, and the median income for a family was $73,264. Males had a median income of $51,121 versus $37,100 for females. The per capita income for the township was $28,039. About 3.4% of families and 4.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.4% of those under age 18 and 7.9% of those age 65 or over. Economy Nutley had been the U.S. headquarters of Hoffmann-La Roche and was the site of the creations of the medications Valium and Librium, later becoming one of the major R&D sites for Roche, hosting major research areas in oncology, virology and inflammation. Roche announced in June 2012 that operations at the site would end in 2013, leading to the elimination of 1,000 positions at the company, and that the facility would be shuttered by year end 2015. Located in Nutley since 1929, the company had reached a peak of 10,000 employees on the site, and the $9 million paid by the company in local property taxes accounted for 9% of the township's tax revenues. Parks and recreation Nutley's parks include Booth Park, DeMuro Park, Father Glotzbach Park, Msgr Owens Park, Flora Louden Park, Kingsland Park, Memorial Park I, II, III, Nichols Park, and Rheinheimer Park. They offer fields for baseball, football, basketball, lacrosse, roller hockey, and soccer among other sports. The township hosts a weekly Market Walk and Talk beginning and ending at the township farmer's market where participants take a one-hour loop through the local scenic parks. Government Local representation Nutley has operated a commission form of government under the Walsh Act since 1912. The township is one of 30 municipalities (of the 565) statewide that use the commission form of government. The governing body is comprised of five commissioners, who are elected on a non-partisan basis to serve four-year concurrent terms as part of the May municipal election. The commissioners also serve as department heads in addition to their legislative functions. The Commissioners elect one Commissioner as Mayor. Historically the Commissioner that receives the most votes is appointed Mayor. The mayor is only responsible for his or her departments and serves as the chair of the commission. The Nutley Police Department provides law enforcement services. and continuing through May 19, 2024, members of Nutley's Board of Commissioners are Mayor Mauro G. Tucci (Commissioner of Parks and Public Property), Thomas J. Evans (Commissioner of Revenue and Finance), John V. Kelly III (Commissioner of Public Affairs), Alphonse Petracco (Commissioner of Public Safety) and Dr. Joseph P. Scarpelli (Commissioner of Public Works). After finishing the election tied for first place with 4,586 votes, Scarpelli and Tucci agreed to rotate in the role as mayor, with Tucci serving first. Federal, state and county representation Nutley is located in the 11th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 28th state legislative district. Prior to the 2011 reapportionment following the 2010 Census, Nutley had been in the 36th state legislative district. Prior to the 2010 Census, Nutley had been part of the , a change made by the New Jersey Redistricting Commission that took effect in January 2013, based on the results of the November 2012 general elections. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 18,833 registered voters in Nutley, of which 5,737 (30.5%) were registered as Democrats, 3,753 (19.9%) were registered as Republicans and 9,327 (49.5%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 142 voters registered to other parties. In the 2016 presidential election, Republican Donald Trump received 49.9% (7,061 votes), edging out Democrat Hillary Clinton with 46.9% (6,634 votes). In the 2012 presidential election, incumbent Democrat Barack Obama received 50.33% of the vote (6,507 votes), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 48.52% (6,273 votes) and other candidates with 1.14% (148 votes), among the 12,928 ballots cast by the township's 19,623 registered voters, for a turnout of 65.88%. In the 2008 presidential election, Republican John McCain received 52.4% of the vote (7,325 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 45.6% (6,374 votes) and other candidates with 1.2% (163 votes), among the 13,985 ballots cast by the township's 18,853 registered voters, for a turnout of 74.2%. In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 54.5% of the vote (7,579 ballots cast), outpolling Democrat John Kerry with 43.8% (6,099 votes) and other candidates with 0.6% (106 votes), among the 13,914 ballots cast by the township's 18,087 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 76.9. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 57.4% of the vote (4,497 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 41.3% (3,234 votes), and other candidates with 1.3% (100 votes), among the 7,950 ballots cast by the township's 19,559 registered voters (119 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 40.6%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 52.9% of the vote (4,684 ballots cast), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 38.6% (3,416 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 6.8% (601 votes) and other candidates with 1.0% (92 votes), among the 8,859 ballots cast by the township's 18,793 registered voters, yielding a 47.1% turnout. Education The Nutley Public Schools serve students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade. As of the 2017–18 school year, the district, comprised of seven schools, had an enrollment of 4,135 students and 330.9 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.5:1. Schools in the district (with 2017–18 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics), are Lincoln Elementary School (479; K-6), Radcliffe Elementary School (354; K-6), Spring Garden Elementary School (362; PreK-6), Washington Elementary School (554; K-6), Yantacaw Elementary School (497; K-6), John H. Walker Middle School for grades 7 and 8 (608) and Nutley High School for grades 9–12 (1,218). John H. Walker Middle School, formerly Franklin Middle School, was renamed in 2009 to honor John H. Walker who was a long-time educator and principal in the township. Transportation Roads and highways , the township had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Essex County, by the New Jersey Department of Transportation and by the New Jersey Turnpike Authority. The Garden State Parkway clips the southwest corner of the township, entering in the south from Bloomfield before reentering Bloomfield in the north. Route 21 follows the township's eastern border. Public transportation NJ Transit provides bus service between the township and the Port Authority Bus Terminal in Midtown Manhattan on the 192 route, to Newark on the 13, 27, 72 and 74 routes, with local service on the 709 route. Until 1966, the Newark Branch of the Erie-Lackawanna Railroad served the township with stations at Walnut Street, Highfield Street and at Franklin Avenue. The Newark Branch tracks are now used for freight only, operated by Norfolk Southern. Operation Nutley Cares After Hurricane Katrina devastated the central gulf coast region on August 29, 2005, Mayor Joanne Cocchiola and Commissioner Carmen A. Orechio reached out to local residents who wanted to help victims of the devastation, and formed the Operation Nutley Cares Committee. A decision was made to adopt Bay St. Louis, Mississippi as a sister city, Bay St. Louis, population 8,500, which sits just northeast of New Orleans, and had at least 60% of the community completely destroyed by Katrina and another 20% condemned. Monetary donations are still being accepted to help fund efforts to assist Bay St. Louis. Notable people Alaa Abdelnaby (born 1968), former NBA basketball player. Dorothy Allison (1924–1999), psychic Edith "Big Edie" Ewing Bouvier Beale (1895–1977), socialite, amateur singer and aunt of former U.S. First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis; featured along with her daughter, also named Edith "Little Edie" Bouvier Beale, in the 1975 documentary film Grey Gardens Julian Bigelow (1913–2003), pioneering computer engineer Phyllis Birkby (1932–1994), architect and feminist Julian "Bud" Blake (1918–2005), cartoonist (Tiger) Robert Blake (born 1933), actor (Baretta) Carol Blazejowski, (born 1956), general manager of the WNBA's New York Liberty Ray Blum (1919–2000), speed skater who represented the United States at the 1948 Winter Olympics Anthony Bowens, professional wrestler signed to All Elite Wrestling Alan Branigan (born 1975, class of 1993), Ivorian-born professional soccer player Henry Cuyler Bunner (1855–1896), novelist Barbara Buono (born 1953), New Jersey State Senator who has represented the 18th Legislative District since 2002 Jane Burgio (1922–2005), member of the New Jersey General Assembly who served as secretary of state of New Jersey Tina Cervasio (born 1974), sportscaster, best known for her work as the Boston Red Sox sideline reporter on NESN telecasts P. C. Chang (1892–1957), Chinese academic, philosopher, playwright, human rights activist, and diplomat Clams Casino (born 1987 as Mike Volpe), hip hop producer Joseph N. DiVincenzo Jr. (born 1952), county executive of Essex County since 2003 Gary T. Erbe (born 1944), self-taught oil painter, best known for his trompe-l'œils, who maintains his studio in Nutley Ken Eulo (born 1939), Eugene O'Neill Award-winning writer and bestselling author whose novels have collectively sold over 13 million copies worldwide. Mary Sargant Florence (1857–1954), British painter of figure subjects, mural decorations in fresco and occasional landscapes in watercolour and pastel Philip Sargant Florence (1890–1982), economist Frank Fowler (1852–1910), painter Ron Fraser (1933–2013), "Wizard of College Baseball", Baseball coach at University of Miami Garry Furnari (born 1954), politician who served in the New Jersey Senate and in New Jersey Superior Court and was Mayor of Nutley from 1996 to 2003 Paul Goldberger (born 1950), Pulitzer Prize winner and architecture critic for The New Yorker Frances Goodrich (1890–1984), dramatist and screenwriter, best known for her collaborations with her partner and husband Albert Hackett Al Haig (1922–1982), jazz pianist, best known as one of the pioneers of bebop Ben Hawkins (1944–2017), professional American football wide receiver who played in the NFL for the Philadelphia Eagles and Cleveland Browns, and for the Philadelphia Bell of the World Football League Christine E. Haycock (1924–2008), nurse and surgeon who served as a colonel in the United States Army Reserve and as a professor of surgery and Director of Emergency Services at the New Jersey Medical School Lloyd Huck (1922–2012), business executive, philanthropist and aviation enthusiast, who was chairman of pharmaceutical firms Merck & Co. and of Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Company John V. Kelly (1926–2009), served in the New Jersey General Assembly and elected as Mayor of Nutley in 1988 Frank Kirkleski (1904–1980), football player who played in the early years of the National Football League Frank Lautenberg (1924–2013), United States senator Michael Lenson (1903–1971), painter and muralist Anne Steele Marsh (1901–1995), painter and printmaker whose watercolors, oil paintings and wood engravings were widely exhibited Frederick Dana Marsh (1872–1961), illustrator Reginald Marsh (1898–1954), painter Frank McDonald (born c. 1933), football player who played as an end for the Miami Hurricanes football team Abram Molarsky (1880–1955), Impressionist and Post-Impressionist painter best known for his landscapes Annie Oakley (1860–1926), sharpshooter Carl Orechio (1914–1991), politician who served in the New Jersey General Assembly from 1972 to 1982 Carmen A. Orechio (1926–2018), President of the New Jersey Senate who spent 40 years as a commissioner in Nutley Carlo Jackie Paris (1926–2004), jazz singer and guitarist Andrew Pecora (born 1957), hematologist and oncologist who has been involved in the research on the use of stem cells and oncolytic viruses to treat diseases, including cancer William Pène du Bois (1916–1993), author, artist Stephen Petronio (born 1956), choreographer Eileen Poiani, mathematician who was the first female mathematics instructor at Saint Peter's University Mark Radice, singer, musician, and producer Kevin J. Ryan (born 1969), former member of the New Jersey General Assembly Frederick Scalera (born 1958), politician who served in the New Jersey General Assembly from 2003 to 2011 and serves on the Board of Education of the Nutley Public Schools Connie Siskowski, activist for young people who are caring for ill, disabled, or aging family members Raphael Sonenshein (born 1949), executive director of the Los Angeles Charter Reform Commission and chairman of the political science department at California State University, Fullerton Frederic Dorr Steele (1873–1944), illustrator Martha Stewart (born 1941 as Martha Helen Kostyra), author, magazine publisher and television personality Frank R. Stockton (1834–1902), writer, best known for his short story "The Lady or the Tiger?" Alix Strachey (1892–1973), psychoanalyst, born Alix Sargant-Florence, translated Sigmund Freud's works into English Sharon Van Etten (born 1981), singer-songwriter. Geerat J. Vermeij (born 1946), professor of geology at the University of California, Davis Frank Vincent (1937–2017), actor who played prominent roles in the HBO series The Sopranos and in several films for director Martin Scorsese: Raging Bull (1980), Goodfellas (1990) and Casino (1995) Nick Zano (born 1978), actor Eli Zaret (born 1950), sports broadcaster and journalist Cultural references Aerosmith played at the Nutley prom in the 1960s. George Dorn, in The Illuminatus! Trilogy, is described as having grown up in Nutley, with references to his childhood illustrating that the authors had more than a passing familiarity with the town. Antiwar activist and Quaker Carl Hinke became the last American arrested for the Vietnam War draft Opposition to the Vietnam War on December 12, 1976. He had moved to Canada due to his pacifist convictions after being offered a one-way ticket to North Vietnam by Nutley's American Legion and Veterans of Foreign Wars chapters. Hinke was pardoned by Jimmy Carter on January 21, 1977, in his first official act as president. Weird NJ runs regular features on past and present Nutley destinations such as Franklin Avenue beat coffee house, Angelo Nardone's Villa Capri which town council tried to close for decades and various Nutley "old man" bars such as the Old Canal Inn Nutley was also used as a shooting location for the 1999 film Weird N.J. The courtroom in NBC's television show Ed was an exact replica of Nutley's municipal courtroom, and various locations in the township were used during filming, including the outside of the Public Safety building. The short-lived Fox television show Quintuplets was set in Nutley. Celebrity homemaker Martha Stewart, has shared her childhood memories of Nutley on her television shows, and had a "Nutley Day" on her talk show Martha, in 2006. Nutley was referenced in the Futurama episode No. 210 "Put Your Head on My Shoulders" as the destination of the bus stop where Bender found all of the undesirable Valentine's Day dates for his dating service customers ("Can't hon', I gotta catch my bus back to Nutley.", "Excuse me, did you say '10:15 to Nutley'?" and "Anybody else for Nutley?"), in "The Beast with a Billion Backs" ("This place makes Nutley look like crap.") and in "Into the Wild Green Yonder" ("Beats Nutley on a Saturday night."). ECW wrestler Balls Mahoney was billed as being from Nutley. On Saturday Night Live, aired January 12, 2001, episode hosted by Derek Jeter. Derek Jeter stars in a fake commercial for Derek Jeter's Taco Hole, which is located in Nutley, NJ. Premise: Derek Jeter is a great chef and during the off-season he sells tacos. Lyrics sung to The Beach Boys' Kokomo song: "... Just off Route 3, There's a place called Nutley, New Jersey, If good Mexican food is your goal, There's just one place you should go, Derek Jeter's Taco Hole". References External links Township of Nutley Nutley Public Schools School Data for the Nutley Public Schools, National Center for Education Statistics Nutley Sun NutleyTown.com – All About Nutley, New Jersey 1902 establishments in New Jersey Populated places established in 1902 Townships in Essex County, New Jersey Walsh Act	[ -1.1552433967590332, 0.03903301805257797, -0.36134713888168335, 0.6218698024749756, 0.4878256618976593, 0.08079557120800018, 0.5132520794868469, 0.9994770288467407, -0.33484989404678345, -0.1827705204486847, -0.5843890309333801, 0.21522840857505798, -0.21595728397369385, 0.3658429980278015, -1.2975564002990723, 0.4779892861843109, 0.13686460256576538, 0.8396306037902832, 0.20068135857582092, -0.6169610619544983, -0.2334703505039215, -0.4738052487373352, -0.25220373272895813, 0.8053820133209229, 0.0973682627081871, -0.07163763791322708, 0.9852837324142456, -0.34782856702804565, 0.3130533993244171, -0.05516757816076279, -0.46294617652893066, 0.46708130836486816, 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125181	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange%2C%20New%20Jersey	Orange, New Jersey	The City of Orange is a township in Essex County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the township's population was 30,134, reflecting a decline of 2,734 (−8.3%) from the 32,868 counted in 2000, which had in turn increased by 2,943 (+9.8%) from the 29,925 counted in the 1990 Census. Orange was originally incorporated as a township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on November 27, 1806, from portions of Newark Township. Portions of the township were taken on April 14, 1834, to form the now-defunct Clinton Township. On January 31, 1860, Orange was reincorporated as a town. Portions of the town were taken to form South Orange Township (April 1, 1861, now known as Maplewood), Fairmount (March 11, 1862, now part of West Orange), East Orange Township (March 4, 1863) and West Orange Township (April 10, 1863). On April 3, 1872, Orange was reincorporated as a city. In 1982, the city was one of four Essex County municipalities to pass a referendum to become a township, joining 11 municipalities that had already made the change, of what would ultimately be more than a dozen Essex County municipalities to reclassify themselves as townships in order take advantage of federal revenue sharing policies that allocated townships a greater share of government aid to municipalities on a per capita basis. The city derives its name from William III of England or William IV, Prince of Orange. Despite the differences in the character of the municipalities, Orange is often joined with neighboring East Orange, South Orange and West Orange and referred to as part of "the Oranges". The township had the 12th-highest property tax rate in New Jersey, with an equalized rate of 4.679% in 2020, compared to 2.824% in the county as a whole and a statewide average of 2.279%. History Orange had its origins in Connecticut's New Haven Colony. In 1666, a group of 30 of New Haven's families traveled by water to found "a town on the Passayak" River. They arrived on territory now encompassing Newark, the Oranges, and several other municipalities. The area was situated in the northeast portion of a land grant conveyed by King Charles II of England to his brother James, Duke of York. In 1664, James conveyed the land to two proprietors, Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. Since Carteret had been Royal Governor of the Isle of Jersey, the territory became known as "New Jersey." Orange was initially a part of the city of Newark, but it was originally known as "Newark Mountains". On June 7, 1780, the townspeople of Newark Mountains officially voted to adopt the name Orange. At the time, there was a significant number of people in favor of secession from Newark. However, this would not occur until November 27, 1806, when the territory now encompassing all of the Oranges was finally detached. On April 13, 1807, the first government was elected, but not until March 13, 1860 was Orange officially incorporated as a city. Immediately, the new city began fragmenting into smaller communities, primarily because of local disputes about the costs of establishing paid police, fire, and street departments. South Orange was organized on January 26, 1861; Fairmount (later to become part of West Orange) on March 11, 1862; East Orange on March 4, 1863; and West Orange (including Fairmount) on March 14, 1863. Orange is located on the Newark and Mount-Pleasant Turnpike, the main road from Newark to Morristown, and ultimately to Easton, Pennsylvania. The town became a busy thoroughfare for travelers, and hotels abounded. Initially, the stagecoach was the primary method of transportation. Omnibuses of the Eclipse and the Morris & Newark Lines serviced Orange. The Morris and Essex Railroad arrived in Orange in November 1836, its first cars drawn by horses. On October 2, 1837, the first steam locomotive appeared, and the horses were, with minor exception, relegated to pasture. The "M&E" later became a part of the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad (DL&W), which exists today as NJ Transit's Morristown Line. Trolley cars appeared much later, with the Orange and Newark Horse Car Railroad Company running its first car up Main Street in May 1862. The Orange Crosstown Line, eventually extending from Morris Street, Orange, to Bloomfield, was started in June 1888. (The first electric trolley in the State of New Jersey operated over a section of this line.) Eventually, all of the trolleys, and the buses that replaced them, became part of the sprawling Public Service Coordinated Transport System. Orange was an industrial city from the outset. Early settlers found a profuse growth of hemlock trees, an ideal supply of tannic acid for the tanning industry, and boot and shoemaking factories soon flourished. Orange was once the hatmaking capital of the United States. The industry can be traced there to 1792. By 1892, 21 firms were engaged in that trade, employing over 3,700 people in plants that produced about 4.8 million hats, which had a combined value in excess of $1 million. Several brothers founded the "No-Name Hat Company" in Orange before one of them moved on to make fedoras in Philadelphia under the family name, "Stetson." By 1921, however, only five hatmaking firms were left, many having departed for places such as Norwalk and Danbury, Connecticut. By 1960, all had left. Beer was a major industry in Orange beginning in the early 1900s, when the three Winter Brothers of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, arrived in the city and built the first brewery. The Orange Brewery was constructed in 1901 at a reported cost of $350,000. The production of beer ceased with prohibition in 1920, and after the repeal of the Volstead Act in 1933, the brewery was sold to John F. Trommers of Philadelphia. Trommers brewed beer under that label until 1950, when the concern was again sold to Liebmann Breweries, Incorporated, which bottled Rheingold Beer. Eventually, after several additional owners, the plant was closed permanently in 1977. Other notable firms located in Orange were the Monroe Calculating Company, manufacturers of the patented adding machines of the same name, and the Bates Manufacturing Company, producers of office accessories such as staplers and stampers. The United States Radium Corporation was a notorious resident of Orange. This firm refined ore and extracted the radium used to make luminous paint for dials and hands of watches and other indicators. It was only years later that the terrible carcinogenic effects of this material became known, and the polluted site of the factory became a thorn in the side of the city. Orange has produced such notables as baseball's Monte Irvin and heavyweight boxer Tony Galento. Actor William Bendix lived and worked here for a short while. Presidents, presidential candidates, and governors visited. Orange held major celebrations for its 100th anniversary, and another when it turned 150. Once a multi-ethnic, economically diverse city, Orange suffered indirectly from the 1967 riots in Newark (even though Newark and Orange do not share a border) and directly from the construction of Interstate 280 through the heart of the downtown area, triggering middle-class "white flight" from aging industrial towns to the new automobile suburbs being built in western Essex County and elsewhere. By the end of the 1970s, Orange had many of the urban ills normally associated with larger cities. However, the city still features many tree-lined streets with well-maintained homes. In 1982, citizens voted overwhelmingly to change the designation of Orange from a city to a township, thereby making it eligible for federal Revenue Sharing funds. In 1985, the State of New Jersey named Orange as a State Urban Enterprise Zone, creating tax breaks and investment incentives. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 2.22 square miles (5.74 km2), including 2.21 square miles (5.73 km2) of land and <0.01 square miles (0.01 km2) of water (0.09%). The East Branch of the Rahway River travels through Orange. Orange borders the Essex County municipalities of East Orange, Glen Ridge, Montclair, South Orange and West Orange. Demographics 2010 Census The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $40,818 (with a margin of error of +/- $1,616) and the median family income was $44,645 (+/- $4,033). Males had a median income of $34,986 (+/- $3,168) versus $36,210 (+/- $2,706) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $19,816 (+/- $1,027). About 16.2% of families and 18.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.6% of those under age 18 and 20.6% of those age 65 or over. 2000 Census As of the 2000 United States Census there were 32,868 people, 11,885 households, and 7,642 families residing in the township. The population density was 14,903.7 people per square mile (5,742.3/km2). There were 12,665 housing units at an average density of 5,742.8 per square mile (2,212.7/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 13.20% White, 75.10% Black or African American, 0.34% Native American, 1.26% Asian, 0.10% Pacific Islander, 5.21% from other races, and 4.79% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 12.47% of the population. There were 11,885 households, out of which 33.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 30.7% were married couples living together, 26.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.7% were non-families. 30.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.73 and the average family size was 3.38. In the township the population was spread out, with 27.7% under the age of 18, 10.0% from 18 to 24, 32.2% from 25 to 44, 19.3% from 45 to 64, and 10.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.1 males. The median income for a household in the township was $35,759, and the median income for a family was $40,852. Males had a median income of $33,442 versus $29,520 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $16,861. About 15.4% of families and 18.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.6% of those under age 18 and 16.7% of those age 65 or over. As part of the 2000 Census, 75.10% of Orange's residents identified themselves as being African American, one of the highest percentages of African American people in the United States, and the fourth-highest in New Jersey (behind Lawnside at 93.60%, East Orange at 89.46%, and Irvington at 81.66%) of all places with 1,000 or more residents identifying their ancestry. Orange has a large Haitian American population, with 11.4% of residents identifying themselves as being of Haitian ancestry, the highest of any municipality in New Jersey and the eighth-highest in the United States. Although still a small percentage of total residents, Orange and East Orange have the largest concentrations of Guyanese Americans in the country. In the 2000 Census, 2.9% of Orange residents identified as being of Guyanese ancestry. While Queens and Brooklyn had larger populations in terms of raw numbers, Orange and East Orange (with 2.5%) had the highest percentages of people of Guyanese ancestry as a portion of the total population of all places in the United States. Government Local government Orange is governed within the Faulkner Act, formally known as the Optional Municipal Charter Law, under the Mayor-Council form of municipal government. The city is one of 71 of 565 municipalities statewide that use this form of government. The governing body is comprised of the directly elected mayor and the seven-member City Council. There are four ward representatives on the city council and three at-large representatives. Councilmembers are elected to serve four-year terms of office in non-partisan elections on a staggered basis with the three at-large seats and the mayor up for election together and the four ward seats up together on an alternating cycle in even-numbered years as part of the May municipal election. , the Mayor of Orange is Dwayne D. Warren, whose term of office ends June 30, 2024. Members of the City Council are Council President Kerry J. Coley (East Ward, 2022), Council Vice President Tency A. Eason (North Ward, 2022), Harold Johnson Jr. (West Ward, 2022), Weldon M. Montague III (At-Large, 2024), Clifford Ross (At-Large, 2024), Jamie Summers-Johnson (South Ward, 2022) and Adrienne Wooten (At-Large, 2024). Federal, state and county representation The City of Orange Township is located in the 10th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 34th state legislative district. Prior to the 2011 reapportionment following the 2010 Census, Orange had been in the 27th state legislative district. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 14,943 registered voters in Orange, of which 8,490 (56.8%) were registered as Democrats, 302 (2.0%) were registered as Republicans and 6,147 (41.1%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were no voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 96.7% of the vote (9,828 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 2.9% (291 votes), and other candidates with 0.4% (42 votes), among the 10,230 ballots cast by the township's 16,243 registered voters (69 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 63.0%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 95.5% of the vote (10,001 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 3.8% (397 votes) and other candidates with 0.3% (27 votes), among the 10,476 ballots cast by the city's 15,388 registered voters, for a turnout of 68.1%. In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 89.6% of the vote (8,000 ballots cast), outpolling Republican George W. Bush with 9.1% (811 votes) and other candidates with 0.5% (67 votes), among the 8,931 ballots cast by the city's 14,409 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 62.0. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Democrat Barbara Buono received 85.0% of the vote (3,809 cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 14.4% (643 votes), and other candidates with 0.6% (27 votes), among the 4,560 ballots cast by the township's 16,607 registered voters (81 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 27.5%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Democrat Jon Corzine received 91.7% of the vote (4,993 ballots cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 5.5% (302 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 1.4% (74 votes) and other candidates with 0.6% (31 votes), among the 5,442 ballots cast by the city's 14,891 registered voters, yielding a 36.5% turnout. Emergency services Fire department The City of Orange is served by the professional firefighters of the city of Orange Fire Department (OFD). Founded in 1872, the OFD operates out of two fire stations, located at 419 Central Avenue and 257 Washington Street. The firefighting apparatus consists of two fire engines, two quints and a ladder truck. Education The Orange Board of Education serves public school students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade. The district is one of 31 former Abbott districts statewide, which are now referred to as "SDA Districts" based on the requirement for the state to cover all costs for school building and renovation projects in these districts under the supervision of the New Jersey Schools Development Authority. As of the 2020–21 school year, the district, comprised of 12 schools, had an enrollment of 5,629 students and 507.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.1:1. Schools in the district (with 2020–21) enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Orange Early Childhood Center (188 students; in PreK), John Robert Lewis Early Childhood Center (NA; Pre-K), Central Elementary School (319; K-2), Cleveland Street School (303; K-7), Forest Street Community School (410; PreK-7), Heywood Avenue School (355; PreK-7), Lincoln Avenue School (708; K-7), Oakwood Avenue Community School (425; PreK-7), Park Avenue School (569; K-7), Rosa Parks Central Community School (999; Grades 3–7) formerly Main Street School and Central School), Scholars Academy (NA), Orange Preparatory Academy (679; 8–9, formerly Orange Middle School), Orange High School (840; 10–12) and STEM Innovation Academy of the Oranges (160; 9–12). The Orange Public Library collection contains 200,000 volumes and circulates 43,000 items annually. Built as the Stickler Memorial Library, the imposing structure designed by McKim, Mead, and White opened in 1901. Economy Portions of the city are part of an Urban Enterprise Zone (UEZ), one of 32 zones covering 37 municipalities statewide. Orange was selected in 1983 as one of the initial group of 10 zones chosen to participate in the program. In addition to other benefits to encourage employment and investment within the Zone, shoppers can take advantage of a reduced 3.3125% sales tax rate (half of the % rate charged statewide) at eligible merchants. Established in November 1992, the city's Urban Enterprise Zone status expires in November 2023. Transportation Roads and highways , the city had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Essex County and by the New Jersey Department of Transportation. Interstate 280 is the most significant highway serving the city, traversing along an east-west alignment from the border with West Orange to the East Orange city line. The only other significant roadway serving Orange is County Route 508, which follows Central Avenue. Public transportation The Orange and Highland Avenue stations provide NJ Transit train service along the Morris & Essex Lines (formerly Erie Lackawanna Railway). Service is available via the Kearny Connection to Secaucus Junction and Penn Station in Midtown Manhattan and to Hoboken Terminal. Passengers can transfer at Newark Broad Street or Summit station to reach the other destination if necessary. NJ Transit buses in Orange include the 21, 24, 34, 41, 44, 71, 73 and 79 routes providing service to Newark and local service on the 92 and 97 routes. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Orange include: Anthony Accetturo (born 1938), former caporegime and leader of the New Jersey faction of the Lucchese crime family, The Jersey Crew. Robert Adams (born 1937), photographer who has focused on the changing landscape of the American West. Stephanie Adams (1970–2018), model and author who was the November 1992 Playboy Playmate. Walter G. Alexander (1880–1953), first African American member of the New Jersey Legislature. Jay Alford (born 1983), defensive tackle for the Oakland Raiders drafted in the third round of the 2007 NFL Draft (81st overall). Peter Allgeier, served as U.S. Deputy Trade Representative from May 2001 until August 2009. George Armstrong (1924–1993), catcher who played eight MLB games in 1946 with the Philadelphia Athletics. Tom Auth (born 1968), rower who competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics and the 2000 Summer Olympics. Bobby Bandiera (born 1953), rock guitarist, singer and songwriter who was lead guitarist for Southside Johnny and the Asbury Jukes. James J. Barry Jr. (born 1946), politician who served in the New Jersey General Assembly and as Director of the New Jersey Division of Consumer Affairs. Dan Baum (1956–2020), journalist and author who wrote for The Wall Street Journal, The New Yorker, Rolling Stone, Wired, Playboy, and The New York Times Magazine, among other publications. Stephen J. Benkovic (born 1938), chemist. Douglas J. Bennet (1938–2018), political official who served as the fifteenth president of Wesleyan University. John L. Blake (1831–1899), represented New Jersey's 6th congressional district from 1879 to 1881. Ken Blanchard (born 1939), author, whose works include The One Minute Manager. Thomas Aloysius Boland (1896–1979), prelate of the Roman Catholic Church who was Archbishop of Newark from 1952 to 1974. Cory Boyd (born 1985), former starting tailback for the University of South Carolina. and drafted by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the 7th round (238th pick overall) of the 2008 NFL Draft. Sandra Boynton (born 1953), humorist, songwriter, director, music producer, children's author and illustrator. Garrett Brown Jr. (born 1943), former United States District Judge and later the Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey. Lesley Bush (born 1947), diver who represented the United States at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, where she received a gold medal in platform diving. Samuel P. Bush (1863–1948), industrialist and patriarch of the Bush political family. Bisa Butler (born c. 1975), fiber artist known for her quilted portraits and designs celebrating black life. Peter Cain (1959–1997), artist who is best known for his meticulously executed paintings and drawings of surreal and aberrant versions of automobiles. Ernest Trow Carter (1866–1953), organist and composer who won the Bispham Award. Herbert S. Carter (1869-1927), physician and writer. Dennis M. Cavanaugh (born 1947), retired United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey. Robert Hett Chapman (1771–1833), Presbyterian minister and missionary and the second president of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Evans Clark (1888–1970), writer strongly committed to first to Communist and Socialist causes and then liberal socio-economic issues. Harold L. Colburn Jr. (1925–2012), physician and politician who served in the New Jersey General Assembly representing the 8th Legislative District from 1984 to 1995. Richard Codey (born 1946). politician who served in the New Jersey Legislature since 1974 and was the 53rd Governor of New Jersey, from 2004 to 2006. Steven A. Cohen (born 1953), academic who has taught public management and environmental policy at Columbia University since 1981. Corinne Alsop Cole (1886–1971), politician who served two terms as a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives. Samuel Colgate (1822–1897), manufacturer and philanthropist, who headed the soap company that is now part of Colgate-Palmolive and was a benefactor of Colgate University. John Condit (1755–1834), United States Representative and Senator from New Jersey. Silas Condit (1778–1861), represented New Jersey in the United States House of Representatives from 1831 to 1833. Peter Cortes (born 1947), rower who competed in the men's quadruple sculls event at the 1976 Summer Olympics. Bob Cottingham (born 1966), Olympic fencer who competed in the sabre events at the 1988 and 1992 Summer Olympics. John Crotty (born 1969), former NBA basketball player for the Cleveland Cavaliers, Portland Trail Blazers and Denver Nuggets. Bobby Czyz (born 1962), champion prizefighter. Brian E. Daley (born 1940), professor of theology who received the Ratzinger Prize in 2012. William Howe Davis (1904–1982), politician who served as Mayor of Orange for 12 years and as the Director of the New Jersey Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control during the Administration of Governor Robert B. Meyner. Pete D'Alonzo (1929–2001), football player who played two seasons with the Detroit Lions of the NFL. Constance Adams DeMille (1874–1960), actress and wife of director Cecil B. DeMille. Wayne Dickens, former American football player and coach who was head football coach at Kentucky State University from 2009 to 2012 and The College of New Jersey from 2013 to 2015. S. Kip Farrington (1904–1983), sport fisherman and journalist. Gail Fisher (1935–2000), actress best known for her role on Mannix. Buddy Fortunato (born 1946), newspaper publisher and politician who served four terms in the New Jersey General Assembly. Charles N. Fowler (1852–1932), represented 5th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1895 to 1911. Tony Galento (1910–1979), heavyweight boxer. Robert E. Grady (born 1959), venture capitalist and investment banker Al Harrington (born 1980), professional basketball player for the NBA's Denver Nuggets, Golden State Warriors and Washington Wizards. Edward V. Hartford (1870–1922), founder and President of the Hartford Suspension Company who perfected the automobile shock absorber. George Huntington Hartford (1833–1917), Mayor from 1878 to 1890 and owner of the Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company, the country's largest food retailer at the time of his death. Beatrice Hicks (1919–1979), founder of the Society of Women Engineers in 1950. Cleo Hill (1938–2015), professional basketball player who played one season in the NBA for the St. Louis Hawks. Dulé Hill (born 1975), actor, known for starring in TV series Psych and The West Wing. Monte Irvin (1919–2016), former Negro leagues and MLB outfielder, MLB executive and member of the Baseball Hall of Fame. Bobby M. Jones (born 1972), pitcher who played for the New York Mets during his MLB career. Mark Kelly (born 1964), astronaut who first went into space as the pilot for STS-108 Endeavour (December 5–17, 2001), and returned to space with STS-121 in 2006 as the pilot; His twin brother, Scott Kelly, is also in the Astronaut Corps. Jay Lynch (1945–2017), cartoonist best known for his comic strip Nard n' Pat. Phyllis Mangina (born 1959), college basketball coach who is currently an assistant women's basketball coach at Saint Peter's. John B. Mason (1858–1919), stage actor. Lowell Mason (1792–1872), composer of over 1600 hymn tunes, including his arrangement of "Joy to the World". Elmer Matthews (1927–2015), lawyer and politician who served three terms in the New Jersey General Assembly. George McClellan (1826–1885), American Civil War general and later Governor of New Jersey, died here. Donald W. McGowan (1899–1967), United States Army Major General and Chief of the National Guard Bureau. James T. McHugh (1932–2000), prelate of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Bishop of Camden (1989–98) and Bishop of Rockville Centre (2000). John Milnor (born 1931), mathematician known for his work in differential topology, K-theory and dynamical systems and recipient of the Fields Medal, Wolf Prize, and Abel Prize. Daniel F. Minahan (1877–1947), served as mayor of Orange from May 1914 until August 1919, and represented New Jersey's 6th congressional district from 1919 to 1921 and again from 1923 to 1925. Gordon Allen Newkirk Jr. (1928–1985), astrophysicist best known for his research on the solar corona. Yosh Nijman (born 1995), American football offensive tackle for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League. Col. Henry Steel Olcott (1832–1907), founder and first president of the Theosophical Society, first well-known person of European ancestry to make a formal conversion to Buddhism, helped create a Buddhist renaissance, assisted in designing the Buddhist flag, a national hero of Sri Lanka. Chris Petrucelli (born 1962), soccer manager who is currently the head coach of the Chicago Red Stars in the National Women's Soccer League. Joel A. Pisano (1949–2021), United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey from 2000 to 2001. Carolyn Plaskett (1917–2001), American-born illustrator, international scholar and former first lady of Barbados. Daniel Quillen (1940–2011), mathematician known for being the "prime architect" of higher algebraic K-theory and recipient of the Fields Medal. Jim Ringo (1931–2007), NFL player for the Green Bay Packers and Philadelphia Eagles, member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Stuart Risch, United States Army major general who serves as the Deputy Judge Advocate General of the United States Army. Jack Robinson (1921–2000), professional baseball pitcher whose MLB career consisted of three games played for the Boston Red Sox in 1949. Robert E. Rose (1939-2022), politician who served as the 26th Lieutenant Governor of Nevada, from 1975 to 1979. Dick Savitt (born 1927), tennis player who reached a ranking of No. 2 in the world. Roy Scheider (1932–2008), actor known for films such as Jaws, All That Jazz and The French Connection. Morton Schindel (1918–2016), educator, producer, and founder of Weston Woods Studios, which specializes in adapting children's books into animated films. Peter Shapiro (born 1952), financial services executive and former politician who was the youngest person ever elected to the New Jersey General Assembly and went on to serve as Essex County Executive. John M. Smith (born 1935), prelate of the Roman Catholic Church, who served as the ninth Bishop of Trenton, from 1997 to 2010. Leigh Howard Stevens (born 1953), marimba artist best known for developing, codifying and promoting the Stevens technique. Lucy Stone, (1818–1893), abolitionist and suffragist who staged a tax protest in 1857 over her lack of representation as a homeowner in Orange. Salamishah Tillet (born 1975), feminist activist, scholar and writer. Robert F. Titus (born 1926), United States Air Force brigadier general and fighter pilot. George Tully (1904–1980), former NFL player. Cornelius Clarkson Vermeule III (1925–2008), scholar of ancient art and curator of classical art at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston from 1957 to 1996. Dionne Warwick (born 1940), singer, actress, television host, and former Goodwill Ambassador for the UN's Food and Agriculture Organization. Khalil Wheeler-Weaver, serial killer Points of interest Orange Reservoir Rosedale Cemetery St. Johns Catholic Cemetery St. Johns Church Columbus Hall See also Radium Girls, the name given to a group of women who were harmed, and ultimately died, from radiation exposure at a factory in Orange. References External links City of Orange Township website Orange Board of Education School Data for the Orange Board of Education, National Center for Education Statistics Citizens for Responsible Government website 1806 establishments in New Jersey Cities in Essex County, New Jersey Faulkner Act (mayor–council) New Jersey Urban Enterprise Zones Populated places established in 1806 The Oranges, New Jersey	[ -0.5522711277008057, -0.3661026358604431, -0.1430465131998062, 0.02358642779290676, 0.6493958234786987, -0.002921443432569504, 0.2550279200077057, 0.6813568472862244, -0.20656540989875793, -0.5531355738639832, -0.6244170665740967, 0.3902961015701294, -0.11797170341014862, 0.05688764527440071, -0.8411654233932495, 0.5402435064315796, 0.4232895076274872, 0.9511403441429138, 0.2646174132823944, -0.1719287484884262, -0.6034336686134338, -0.1231900155544281, 0.07763355225324631, 0.4739449620246887, 0.2352810949087143, -0.5674433708190918, 0.7636529207229614, 0.06892425566911697, 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125182	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseland%2C%20New%20Jersey	Roseland, New Jersey	Roseland is a borough in western Essex County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the borough's population was 5,819, reflecting an increase of 521 (+9.8%) from the 5,298 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 451 (+9.3%) from the 4,847 counted in the 1990 Census. New Jersey Monthly magazine ranked Roseland as its 7th best place to live in its 2015 rankings of the "Best Places To Live" in New Jersey. The borough was ranked 14th best place to live in the magazine's 2008 rankings. In 2017, New Jersey Monthly Ranked Roseland as its 106th best place to live in its 2017 Rankings. New Jersey Monthly magazine ranked Roseland as its 14th best place to live in New Jersey in its 2019 rankings. History Roseland was part of the Horseneck Tract, which was an area that consisted of what are now the municipalities of Caldwell, West Caldwell, North Caldwell, Fairfield, Verona, Cedar Grove, Essex Fells, Roseland, and portions of Livingston and West Orange. In 1702, settlers purchased the Horseneck Tract — so-called because of its irregular shape that suggested a horse's neck and head — from the Lenni Lenape Native Americans for goods equal to $325. This purchase encompassed much of western Essex County, from the First Mountain to the Passaic River. Originally named Centerville, the name of the community was changed in 1874 to Roseland to avoid confusion with the several other Centervilles spread across the state, most specifically Centerville, Hunterdon County, New Jersey, which already had a post office under that name. Roseland was chosen over the alternative proposed name of "Roselyn". One of the most notable places of interest in the borough was the Becker Farm Railroad, otherwise known as the Centerville & Southwestern Railroad. A miniature railroad operated from 1938 until 1972 on the Becker Farm, which once comprised nearly half of the total area within Roseland and which is now mostly a large business complex. Some vestiges of the railroad still exist. In 1907, a delegation of residents petitioned Livingston Township officials to construct a school for the growing population in Roseland. The rejection of their request led to the efforts to create an independent municipality, which was established on April 10, 1908. Roseland was incorporated as a borough by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on April 10, 1908, from portions of Livingston Township. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough had a total area of 3.64 square miles (9.43 km2), including 3.62 square miles (9.37 km2) of land and 0.03 square miles (0.06 km2) of water (0.69%). Roseland is located about west of New York City and is part of the New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-CT Metropolitan Statistical Area. The borough borders the municipalities of Essex Fells, Livingston, West Caldwell and West Orange in Essex County; and East Hanover Township in Morris County. Demographics 2010 Census The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $100,289 (with a margin of error of +/- $10,283) and the median family income was $116,118 (+/- $20,786). Males had a median income of $83,864 (+/- $16,862) versus $58,611 (+/- $12,592) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $53,042 (+/- $7,511). About 1.9% of families and 1.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0.8% of those under age 18 and 3.9% of those age 65 or over. 2000 Census As of the 2000 United States Census there were 5,298 people, 2,142 households, and 1,525 families residing in the borough. The population density was 1,463.6 people per square mile (565.1/km2). There were 2,187 housing units at an average density of 604.2 per square mile (233.3/km2). The racial makeup of the borough was 93.43% White, 0.72% African American, 0.04% Native American, 4.72% Asian, 0.43% from other races, and 0.66% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.28% of the population. As of the 2000 Census, 32.0% of Roseland residents were of Italian ancestry, the 27th-highest percentage of any municipality in the United States, and 10th-highest in New Jersey, among all places with more than 1,000 residents identifying their ancestry. There were 2,142 households, out of which 26.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.8% were married couples living together, 7.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.8% were non-families. 25.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 2.99. In the borough the population was spread out, with 20.6% under the age of 18, 4.2% from 18 to 24, 26.3% from 25 to 44, 29.2% from 45 to 64, and 19.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.6 males. The median income for a household in the borough was $82,499, and the median income for a family was $93,957. Males had a median income of $61,049 versus $41,688 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $41,415. None of the families and 1.7% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 2.7% of those over 64. Economy Companies based in Roseland include Automatic Data Processing, law firms Lowenstein Sandler Connell Foley, Curtiss-Wright, jams and jellys manufacturer Polaner, pickles and relish products maker B&G Foods, and pharmaceutical company Organon International, which opened its worldwide headquarters here in 2003. Government Local government Roseland is governed under the Borough form of New Jersey municipal government, which is used in 218 municipalities (of the 565) statewide, making it the most common form of government in New Jersey. The governing body is comprised of the Mayor and the Borough Council, with all positions elected at-large on a partisan basis as part of the November general election. The Mayor is elected directly by the voters to a four-year term of office. The Borough Council is comprised of six members elected to serve three-year terms on a staggered basis, with two seats coming up for election each year in a three-year cycle. The Borough form of government used by Roseland is a "weak mayor / strong council" government in which council members act as the legislative body with the mayor presiding at meetings and voting only in the event of a tie. The mayor can veto ordinances subject to an override by a two-thirds majority vote of the council. The mayor makes committee and liaison assignments for council members, and most appointments are made by the mayor with the advice and consent of the council. , the Mayor of Roseland is Democrat James Spango, whose term of office ends December 31, 2022. Members of the Roseland Borough Council are Christopher Bardi (D, 2023), Eileen Fishman (D, 2021), Roger Freda (D, 2021), Jean Perrotti (R, 2022), Michele Tolli (R, 2023) and Marcelino "Moose" Trillo (D, 2022). Public Access Television Station The Borough of Roseland has a local access television channel, Roseland TV. On Comcast, residents can watch Roseland TV on Channel 35. On Verizon FiOS, residents can watch on Channel 46, though the channel will switch to 2146 in HD by the end of 2021. Federal, state and county representation Roseland is located in the 11th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 27th state legislative district. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 4,686 registered voters in Roseland, of which 1,428 (30.5%) were registered as Democrats, 1,499 (32.0%) were registered as Republicans and 1,756 (37.5%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were no voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Republican Mitt Romney received 58.4% of the vote (1,983 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 40.9% (1,391 votes), and other candidates with 0.7% (23 votes), among the 3,425 ballots cast by the borough's 4,832 registered voters (28 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 70.9%. In the 2008 presidential election, Republican John McCain received 57.5% of the vote (2,065 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 40.8% (1,466 votes) and other candidates with 0.8% (29 votes), among the 3,593 ballots cast by the borough's 4,728 registered voters, for a turnout of 76.0%. In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 59.4% of the vote (2,062 ballots cast), outpolling Democrat John Kerry with 39.6% (1,376 votes) and other candidates with 0.5% (24 votes), among the 3,471 ballots cast by the borough's 4,425 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 78.4. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 69.9% of the vote (1,559 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 29.2% (652 votes), and other candidates with 0.9% (19 votes), among the 2,275 ballots cast by the borough's 4,858 registered voters (45 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 46.8%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 58.7% of the vote (1,579 ballots cast), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 33.1% (891 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 7.2% (193 votes) and other candidates with 0.4% (11 votes), among the 2,691 ballots cast by the borough's 4,658 registered voters, yielding a 57.8% turnout. Education The Roseland School District serves public school students in pre-kindergarten through sixth grade at Lester C. Noecker Elementary School. As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of one school, had an enrollment of 472 students and 40.1 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.8:1. Students in public school for seventh through twelfth grades attend the West Essex Regional School District, a regional school district serving students from four municipalities in western Essex County. Communities served by the district's schools are Essex Fells, Fairfield, North Caldwell and Roseland. Schools in the district (with 2018–19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are West Essex Middle School with 564 students in grades 7-8 and West Essex High School with 1,123 students in grades 9-12. Seats on the nine-member board of education of the high school district are allocated based on population, with two seats assigned to Roseland. Transportation Roads and highways , the borough had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Essex County and by the New Jersey Department of Transportation. Interstate 280 passes for through the borough, connecting East Hanover Township and Livingston. County Route 527 also passes through the borough. Public transportation NJ Transit offers bus service to Newark on the 71 route. The Whippany Line of the Morristown & Erie Railway, a small freight line, traverses and serves a food products manufacturer in the township. Established in 1895, the line runs from Morristown and runs through East Hanover Township and Hanover Township to Roseland. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Roseland include: Denise Borino-Quinn (1964–2010), actress who played the role of Ginny Sacramoni, the wife of New York mob boss Johnny Sack in The Sopranos. Cash Cash members Jean Paul Makhlouf, Alexander Makhlouf and Samuel Frisch signed to Atlantic Records with top 40 hit song "Take Me Home." Mary Jo Codey (born 1955), mental health advocate and schoolteacher who is the former First Lady of New Jersey. Richard Codey (born 1946), member of the New Jersey Senate. Joseph N. DiVincenzo Jr. (born 1952), County Executive of Essex County since 2003. Kevin Monangai (born 1993), running back for the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League. Janet G. Woititz (c. 1939-1994), psychologist and researcher best known for her writings and lectures about the adult children of alcoholic parents. Adella Wotherspoon (1903-2004), survivor of the 1904 General Slocum disaster, in which more than 1,000 passengers were killed in a fire. References External links 1908 establishments in New Jersey Borough form of New Jersey government Boroughs in Essex County, New Jersey Populated places established in 1908	[ -0.6882414817810059, -0.3684277832508087, 0.006408153101801872, 0.3098973035812378, 0.8502263426780701, 0.0747339129447937, 0.710794985294342, 0.2609786093235016, 0.04472668096423149, -0.733725905418396, -0.6583175659179688, -0.14915484189987183, 0.22870823740959167, 0.7529798746109009, -1.4485505819320679, 0.08493863791227341, 0.4676651060581207, 1.1006208658218384, 0.7307771444320679, -0.2648816406726837, -0.7726420760154724, -0.25210195779800415, 0.37001699209213257, 0.2935955226421356, -0.05824337899684906, -0.7638208270072937, 0.5541295409202576, -0.1988382786512375, 0.5364006161689758, 0.32839235663414, -0.4238153100013733, 0.36280515789985657, -0.5432448983192444, -0.6930218935012817, 0.2702959179878235, -0.5789982676506042, -0.10390187054872513, 0.058366820216178894, -0.18914707005023956, 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125183	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20Orange%2C%20New%20Jersey	South Orange, New Jersey	South Orange, officially the Township of South Orange Village, is a suburban township in Essex County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the village's population was 16,198, reflecting a decline of 766 (-4.5%) from the 16,964 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 574 (+3.5%) from the 16,390 counted in the 1990 Census. Seton Hall University is located in the township. "The time and circumstances under which the name South Orange originated will probably never be known," wrote historian William H. Shaw in 1884, "and we are obliged to fall back on a tradition, that Mr. Nathan Squier first used the name in an advertisement offering wood for sale" in 1795. Other sources attribute the derivation for all of The Oranges to King William III, Prince of Orange. Of the 565 municipalities in New Jersey, South Orange Village is one of only four with a village type of government; the others are Loch Arbour, Ridgefield Park and Ridgewood. South Orange Village dates back to May 4, 1869, when it was formed within South Orange Township (now Maplewood). On March 4, 1904, the Village of South Orange was created by an act of the New Jersey Legislature and separated from South Orange Township. In 1978, the village's name was changed by referendum to "The Township of South Orange Village", becoming the first of more than a dozen Essex County municipalities to reclassify themselves as townships in order take advantage of federal revenue sharing policies that allocated townships a greater share of government aid to municipalities on a per capita basis. History What is now South Orange was part of a territory purchased from the Lenape Native Americans in 1666 by Robert Treat, who founded Newark that year on the banks of the Passaic River. The unsettled areas north and west of Newark were at first referred to as the uplands. South Orange was called the Chestnut Hills for a time. There are two claimants to the first English settlement in present-day South Orange. In 1677 brothers Joseph and Thomas Brown began clearing land for a farm in the area northwest of the junction of two old trails that are now South Orange Avenue and Ridgewood Road. A survey made in 1686 states, "note this Land hath a House on it, built by Joseph Brown and Thomas Brown, either of them having an equal share of it" located at the present southwest corner of Tillou Road and Ridgewood Road. Minutes of a Newark town meeting of September 27, 1680, record that "Nathaniel Wheeler, Edward Riggs, and Joseph Riggs, have a Grant to take up Land upon the Chesnut Hill by Rahway River near the Stone House". The phrasing shows that a stone house already existed near (not on) the property. Joseph Riggs (seemingly the son of Edward Riggs) had a house just south of the Browns' house, at the northwest corner of South Orange Avenue and Ridgewood Road, according to a road survey of 1705. The same road survey locates Edward Riggs's residence near Millburn and Nathaniel Wheeler's residence in modern West Orange at the corner of Valley Road and Main Street. Wheeler's property in South Orange extended east of the Rahway River including the site of an old house now known as the "Stone House", standing on the north side of South Orange Avenue just to the west of Grove Park. By 1756 or earlier this property was owned by Samuel Pierson. A survey of adjoining property in 1767 mentions "Pierson's house" forming accidentally the earliest documentation of a house on the property, which may be much older. Bethuel Pierson, son of Samuel, lived in this house and when he inherited it in 1773/74 he was said to live "at the mountain plantation by a certain brook called Stone House Brook." Sometime during his ownership (he died in 1791) "Bethuel Pierson had a stone addition added to his dwelling-house, which he caused to be dedicated by religious ceremonies". This would appear to be the stone-walled portion of the "Stone House". Stone House Brook runs west along the north side of the east–west road, past the "Stone House" and joining the Rahway River at about the location of the Brown and Riggs houses already noted. The oldest parts of the Pierson house are the oldest surviving structure in South Orange. A deed of 1800 locates a property as being in "the Township of Newark, in the Parish of Orange, at a place called South Orange", marking the end of the name Chestnut Hills. Orange had been named after the ruler of England, William of Orange. Most of modern South Orange became part of Orange Township in 1806, part of Clinton Township in 1834, and part of South Orange Township in 1861. South Orange Village split off from South Orange Township in 1869 due to the desire for extensive privileges in the conduct of public affairs. South Orange Village became a haven for those who wanted freedom from the commotion of city life after the end of the American Civil War. A majority of South Orange Township became what is now known as Maplewood, New Jersey. Gordon's Gazetteer circa 1830 describes the settlement as having "about 30 dwellings, a tavern and store, a paper mill and Presbyterian church". A country resort called the Orange Mountain House was established in 1847 on Ridgewood Road in present-day West Orange, where guests could enjoy the "water cure" from natural spring water and walk in the grounds that extended up the slope of South Mountain. The hotel burned down in 1890. The only remnants today are the names of Mountain Station and the Mountain House Road leading west from it to the site of the hotel. South Orange could be reached by the Morris and Essex Railroad which opened in 1837 between Newark and Morristown. As of 1869, the M&E became part of the main line of the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad which ran from Hoboken to Buffalo with through trains to Chicago. The Montrose neighborhood was developed after the Civil War. Its large houses on generous lots attracted wealthy families from Newark and New York City during the decades from 1870 to 1900. The Orange Lawn Tennis Club was founded in 1880 at a location in Montrose, and in 1886 it was the location of the first US national tennis championships. The club moved to larger grounds on Ridgewood Road in 1916. Major tournament events were held at the club throughout the grass court era, and even into the mid-1980s professional events would occasionally be held there. What is now the Baird Community House was up until about 1920 the clubhouse for a golf course that encompassed what is now Meadowlands Park. Until regrading was performed during the 1970s, the outline of one of the course's sand traps was still visible near the base of Flood's Hill, a spot that has historically been one of the favorite sledding spots in Essex County. The construction of Village Hall in 1894 and the "old" library building in 1896 indicate how the village was growing by that date. Horsecar service from Newark started in 1865, running via South Orange Avenue to the station. Electric trolley cars began running the line in 1893 and by about 1900 a branch of this line also ran down Valley Street into Maplewood. Another separate trolley line, eventually dubbed the "Swamp Line", ran from the west side of the station north through what is now park land and along Meadowbrook Lane into West Orange where it ended at Main Street. An old postcard photo shows a station shelter at Montrose Ave. The DL&W rebuilt the railroad through town in 1914–1916, raising the tracks above street level and opening new station buildings at South Orange and Mountain Station. In September 1930, a frail Thomas Edison (he would die about a year later) inaugurated electric train service on the M&E between Hoboken and South Orange, with further extensions of service to Morristown and Dover being initiated over the coming months. The South Orange Library Association was organized by William Beebe, president of the Republican Club, where on November 14, 1864, a group of men and women met. Books were donated and the library was established in a corner room on the second floor of the Republican Club where it remained until 1867 when it was moved to a second floor room of the building next door on South Orange Avenue, near Sloan Street. It stayed there until 1884, when the building, with the library still on its second floor, was moved by horses up South Orange Avenue to the northwest corner of Scotland Road. Although supported as yet only by members' dues and a few gifts of money which were put into an endowment fund, in 1886 a new association was formed to establish a free circulating library and reading room which took over the loan books and other property of the old association. It was during this period, before Village Hall was built, that Village Trustees met in the Library's room. On May 1, 1889, the library was moved to a ground floor space at 59 South Orange Avenue. At an annual meeting in 1895, Library Trustees considered the question of obtaining a library building and Eugene V. Connett's offer of a library site on the corner of Scotland Road and Taylor Place, with condition that $7,500 be subscribed, was accepted and the subscription was met. On May 8, 1896, the library was moved into the building on that corner. A referendum held on April 27, 1926, showed that citizens had voted ten to one in favor of the town taking over full support of the library. It thereupon became "The South Orange Public Library." In February, 1929, the Village Trustees passed an ordinance providing funds to construct a rear wing on the library and to provide a Children's Room in the basement, book stacks and a balcony on the floor above, together with rehabilitation work on the older part of the building. In November 1968, the new library building on the corner of Scotland Road and Comstock Place was dedicated. Good transportation and a booming economy caused South Orange and neighboring communities to begin a major transformation in the 1920s into bedroom communities for Newark and New York City. Large houses were built in the blocks around the Orange Lawn Tennis club, while in other areas, especially south of South Orange Avenue, more modest foursquare houses were constructed. The only large area not developed by 1930 was the high ground west of Wyoming Avenue. There were two rock quarries within the village supplying trap rock for construction. Kernan's operated as late as the 1980s at the top of Tillou Road. The town's other larger businesses were lumber and coal yards clustered around the railroad station that supplied them. The town's business district is still located in the blocks just east of the station. The old Morris and Essex Railroad is operated today by NJ Transit. Midtown Direct, initiated in 1996, offers service directly into Penn Station in Midtown Manhattan, and has since caused a surge in real estate prices as the commute time to midtown dropped from about 50 minutes to 35, as the service eliminated the need for passengers to transfer to PATH trains at Hoboken. As a result, demand for commuter parking permits in lots adjoining the train and bus stations is extremely high, with a waiting list as long as five years for commuter parking spots. Historic designations South Orange has a number of places listed on the State and National Historic Registers. Old Stone House by the Stone House Brook (ID#1364), 219 South Orange Avenue - First mentioned in a document in 1680, the house has been owned by the township which has sought to sell it to ensure that it will be restored. Baird Community Center (ID#3146), 5 Mead Street - The Baird offers arts programs, including the Pierro Gallery of South Orange and The Theater on 3, along with preschool and other educational programming. Chapel of the Immaculate Conception (ID#4121), 400 South Orange Avenue, dates back to Seton Hall's move to South Orange and serves as the center focus of its campus. Eugene V. Kelly Carriage House (Father Vincent Monella Art Center) (ID#1360), Seton Hall University, South Orange Avenue Montrose Park Historic District (ID#3147), roughly bounded by South Orange Avenue, Holland Road, the City of Orange boundary and the NJ Transit railroad right-of-way Mountain Station Railroad Station (ID#1361), 449 Vose Avenue Old Main Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Historic District (ID#3525), Morris and Essex Railroad Right-of-Way (NJ Transit Morristown Line), from Hudson, Hoboken City to Warren, Washington Township, and then along Warren Railroad to the Delaware River. Prospect Street Historic District (ID#4), bounded by South Orange Avenue on the north, Tichenor Avenue on the east, Roland Avenue on the south and railroad track on the west South Orange Fire Department (ID#41), First Avenue and Sloan Avenue South Orange station (ID#1362), 19 Sloan Street South Orange Village Hall (ID#1363), constructed in 1894 at the corner of South Orange Avenue and Scotland Road Temple Sharey Tefilo Israel (ID#78), 432 Scotland Road Local character The village is one of only a few in New Jersey to retain gas light street illumination (others include Riverton, Palmyra, Trenton Mill Hill neighborhood, and Glen Ridge). The gaslight, together with the distinctive Village Hall, has long been the symbol of South Orange. Many of the major roads in town do have modern mercury vapor streetlights (built into gaslight frames), but most of the residential sections of the town are still gas-lit. A proposal to replace all the gaslights in town with electric streetlights was explored as both a cost-saving and security measure during the 1970s. And although the changeover to electric was rejected at the time, the light output of the lamps was increased to provide more adequate lighting. There have been claims that South Orange has more operating gaslights than any other community in the United States. In 2010, the village initiated a project that would automatically shut the lamps in the morning and light them at dusk, as part of an effort to save as much as $400,000 each year in energy costs for the 1,438 gas lamps across the village. As of 2019, these devices have not been installed. Architecture is extremely varied. Most of the town is single-family wood-framed houses, however, there are a few apartment buildings from various eras as well as townhouse-style condominiums of mostly more recent vintage. Houses cover a range that includes every common style of the Mid-Atlantic United States since the late nineteenth century, and in sizes that range from brick English Cottages to giant Mansard-roofed mansions. Tudor, Victorian, Colonial, Ranch, Modern, and many others are all to be found. Most municipal government structures date from the 1920s, with a few being of more modern construction. Many residents commute to New York City, but others work locally or in other parts of New Jersey. South Orange has a central business district with restaurants, banks, and other retail and professional services. There are a few small office buildings, but no large-scale enterprise other than Seton Hall University. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 2.85 square miles (7.38 km2), including 2.85 square miles (7.37 km2) of land and <0.01 square miles (<0.01 km2) of water (0.07%). South Orange is bordered by the Essex County municipalities of Maplewood, Newark, West Orange, Orange, and East Orange. South Orange also comes close to bordering both Livingston and Millburn. The East Branch of the Rahway River, which originates in West Orange, flows through the entire length of the township. Most of the time it is a trickle but flows can be heavy after rain. In the past it would occasionally overflow its banks and flood low-lying parts of town an issue that was addressed by United States Army Corps of Engineers flood control projects that remediated the problem in the mid-1970s. The western part of the town sits on the eastern slope of South Mountain (elevation <660 feet (201 m)), leveling into a small valley near the central business district. At the top of the slope, the western edge of the town runs along the eastern border of South Mountain Reservation. South Orange contains the historic Montrose district, Newstead, Tuxedo Park, and Wyoming sections. Seton Hall University is located in the southeast quadrant of the township. Climate South Orange has a humid continental climate (Dfa). Demographics South Orange is a wealthy and diverse township and has one of the largest Jewish communities in Essex County, along with nearby Livingston and Millburn. 2010 Census The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $123,373 (with a margin of error of +/- $7,803) and the median family income was $147,532 (+/- $9,218). Males had a median income of $86,122 (+/- $7,340) versus $71,625 (+/- $9,896) for females. The per capita income for the township was $49,607 (+/- $4,022). About 2.5% of families and 7.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.4% of those under age 18 and 4.5% of those age 65 or over. 2000 Census As of the 2000 United States Census there were 16,964 people, 5,522 households, and 3,766 families residing in the township. The population density was 5,945.3 people per square mile (2,298.2/km2). There were 5,671 housing units at an average density of 1,987.5 per square mile (768.3/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 60.41% White, 31.30% African American, 0.09% Native American, 3.89% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 1.57% from other races, and 2.71% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.93% of the population. There were 5,522 households, out of which 33.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.2% were married couples living together, 10.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.8% were non-families. 25.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.69 and the average family size was 3.26. In the township the population was spread out, with 22.3% under the age of 18, 17.5% from 18 to 24, 26.1% from 25 to 44, 22.2% from 45 to 64, and 11.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.1 males. The median income for a household in the township was $83,611, and the median income for a family was $107,641. Males had a median income of $61,809 versus $42,238 for females. The per capita income for the township was $41,035. About 1.9% of families and 5.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.6% of those under age 18 and 5.4% of those age 65 or over. Parks and recreation The township has a municipal swimming pool open to all residents. In most area communities, municipal pool memberships are restricted or costly, but the pool in South Orange was built on land willed by a wealthy resident to the town for common use and under the terms of the deal the pool had to remain inexpensive for the residents. Residents may purchase an annual pass for a fee of $35, which provides access to the South Orange Community Pool and full access to all other community facilities and programs; non-residents may use the pool for a small fee on a per visit basis on a guest pass that must be purchased by a resident. The original pool, built in the 1920s, is among the first free community pools to be built in the United States, and was replaced by an Olympic-size pool in 1972. The South Orange River Greenway is currently under construction. The River Greenway will be a promenade for bicyclists and pedestrians that will connect part of West Third Street in South Orange with West Parker Avenue in Maplewood. Several abandoned buildings will be removed near the South Orange Department of Public Works facility to make way for the River Greenway. Arts and culture The Baird Center, located in Meadowland Park, houses the South Orange Department of Recreation and Cultural Affairs, and hosts many activities. Most of the department's programs are housed in The Baird or in adjoining Meadowland Park. The center offers arts programs, including the Pierro Gallery of South Orange, The Theater on 3, and other arts spaces, along with preschool and other educational, arts and recreational programming. The Baird Center is undergoing extensive renovation starting in late 2019. The Baird hosts events together with SOPAC, including the long-running Giants of Jazz concert series. The Pierro Gallery of South Orange, located within The Baird and operating as part of the South Orange Department of Recreation and Cultural Affairs, encourages community involvement in the visual arts and exhibits the non-commercial works of contemporary artists working in the field, in addition to providing arts education and serving local artists. Exhibitions often include the work of area artists, with a juried "Essex Exposed" exhibition conducted twice each year offering materials created by artists from Essex County. South Orange Performing Arts Center (SOPAC) is located at 1 SOPAC Way, located next to the South Orange station. The performance venue is a 415-seat proscenium theater, with a five-screen Bow Tie Cinemas movie theater, and a dance studio/rental space in the same complex. SOPAC presents music, family, dance, theater, and comedy programs throughout the year. Artists and companies who have performed at SOPAC include Paquito D'Rivera, the Tommy Dorsey Orchestra, Olympia Dukakis, Richie Havens, Yo-Yo Ma, James Marsters, Eddie Palmieri, Madeleine Peyroux, Paula Poundstone, Anoushka Shankar, Phoebe Snow, Angie Stone, Sweet Honey in the Rock, Dionne Warwick, and Nancy Wilson. In partnership with Seton Hall University, SOPAC has presented Seton Hall Arts Council events, including a Classical Concert Series, Jazz 'n the Hall, and Seton Hall Theatre—student theater productions. The plans for SOPAC were first conceived in the mid-1990s as part of an effort by the village to develop the downtown area. Seton Hall University partnered with SOPAC and construction in August 2004. The complex opened in November 2006 to the general public, with Paula Poundstone performing at the opening and cellist Yo-Yo Ma performing later that month. Founded in 1949, the South Orange Symphony is a full-sized symphony orchestra made up of volunteer amateur and semi-professional musicians with a wide range of musical backgrounds led by a professional conductor. The ensemble plays repertoire that covers the full range of classical literature from the 18th century to today, and presents three free concerts each year in Sterling Hall at the South Orange Middle School. Government South Orange provides the usual facilities for a municipality of this size; fire, police, a library of over 90,000 volumes, a municipal pool, a recreation center, parks, baseball diamonds, tennis courts, trash and yard waste removal provided by contractors, Public, educational, and government access (PEG) cable TV, among others. As noted above, the school board is shared with adjacent Maplewood. Local government South Orange is governed under a Special Charter granted by the New Jersey Legislature. The township is one of 11 municipalities (of the 565) statewide that operate under a special charter. The governing body is comprised of a six-member board of trustees and a village president (equivalent to a mayor), all of which are unpaid positions. Trustees are elected in non-partisan elections on an at-large basis to staggered four-year terms of office with three trustee seats up for election in odd-numbered years. The village president serves a four-year term of office. Local political parties are formed on an ad-hoc basis, generally focused on key issues of local concern; national political parties do not officially participate in township elections. , the Village President of South Orange is Sheena Collum, whose term of office ends May 14, 2023. Members of the Board of Trustees are Walter Clarke (2021), Donna Coallier (2023), Karen Hartshorn Hilton (2021), Summer Jones (2023), Steve Schnall (2021) and Bob Zuckerman (2023). In the May 2015 municipal election, Sheena Collum was elected as Village President, making her the first woman to serve in the position, while Deborah Davis Ford, Howard Levison and Mark Rosner ran unopposed and won new terms of office on the Board of Trustees. With three incumbents not running for re-election in the May 2013 election, the slate of Walter Clarke, Sheena Collum and Stephen Schnall running together as South Orange 2013 were elected to four-year terms, with the support of Village President Alex Torpey. In the municipal election held in May 2011, with fewer than 10% of the registered voters casting ballots, 23-year-old Alex Torpey was elected as the youngest Village President in the history of South Orange by a margin of 14 votes, while trustees Deborah Davis Ford, Howard Levison and Mark Rosner were re-elected to four-year terms of office, having run unopposed. In the 2009 elections with two incumbents not running for re-election, Michael Goldberg was elected to another four-year term, along with newcomers Janine Bauer and Nancy Gould, by a nearly 2-1 margin. Federal, state and county representation South Orange is located in the 10th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 27th state legislative district. Prior to the 2010 Census, South Orange had been split between the and the 10th Congressional District, a change made by the New Jersey Redistricting Commission that took effect in January 2013, based on the results of the November 2012 general elections. Politics As of 2019, there are a total of 13,564 registered voters in South Orange Village. In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 83.1% of the vote (6,566 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 16.1% (1,270 votes), and other candidates with 0.8% (62 votes), among the 7,962 ballots cast by the township's 12,623 registered voters (64 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 63.1%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 81.1% of the vote (7,228 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 17.6% (1,569 votes) and other candidates with 0.6% (53 votes), among the 8,913 ballots cast by the township's 12,243 registered voters, for a turnout of 72.8%. In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 77.3% of the vote (6,641 ballots cast), outpolling Republican George W. Bush with 21.9% (1,883 votes) and other candidates with 0.4% (45 votes), among the 8,590 ballots cast by the township's 10,990 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 78.2. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Democrat Barbara Buono received 68.3% of the vote (3,314 cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 30.3% (1,469 votes), and other candidates with 1.4% (67 votes), among the 4,963 ballots cast by the township's 12,656 registered voters (113 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 39.2%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Democrat Jon Corzine received 74.6% of the vote (4,275 ballots cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 19.5% (1,119 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 4.8% (273 votes) and other candidates with 0.5% (29 votes), among the 5,727 ballots cast by the township's 12,184 registered voters, yielding a 47.0% turnout. Education The township shares a common school system, the South Orange-Maplewood School District, with the adjacent town of Maplewood. The district has a single high school (located in Maplewood, nearly on the border of the two towns), two middle schools, a central pre-school and neighborhood elementary schools, distributed between the two municipalities. district has a single high school (located in Maplewood) two middle schools a central pre-school and neighborhood elementary schools in each municipality. As of the 2019–20 school year, the district, comprised of 11 schools, had an enrollment of 7,353 students and 576.1 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.8:1. Schools in the district (with 2019–20 school enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Montrose Early Childhood Center (133 students, in PreK; located in Maplewood), Seth Boyden Elementary Demonstration School (493 students, in grades K–5 located in Maplewood), Clinton Elementary School (605, K–5; Maplewood), Jefferson Elementary School (544, 3–5; Maplewood), Marshall Elementary School (518, K–2; South Orange), South Mountain Elementary School (647, K–5; South Orange), South Mountain Elementary School Annex (NA, K–1; South Orange), Tuscan Elementary School (K–5, 637; Maplewood), Maplewood Middle School (827, 6–8; Maplewood), South Orange Middle School (786, 6–8; South Orange) and Columbia High School (1,967, 9–12; Maplewood). Private schools Our Lady of Sorrows School is a K-8 elementary school operated by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark, which also oversaw the now-defunct all-girls Marylawn of the Oranges High School. Higher education Seton Hall University, which serves approximately 9,700 students, was founded in 1856 by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark and named after Elizabeth Ann Seton, the first American Catholic saint. The Division I university is located along the east side of South Orange Avenue, the community's main boulevard. Transportation Roads and highways , the township had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality and by Essex County. The county roads serving South Orange include County Route 510 (South Orange Avenue) and County Route 577 (Wyoming Avenue). Principal local roads include Valley Street / Scotland Road, Irvington Avenue and Centre Street. Public transportation South Orange is served by two NJ Transit railroad stations: the South Orange station, located on South Orange Avenue near the intersection of Sloan Street and the Mountain Station, located in the Montrose section of South Orange. The two stations provide service along the Morris and Essex Line to Newark Broad Street Station and either to New York Penn Station (some stopping at Secaucus Junction) or Hoboken Terminal. NJ Transit operates two bus lines that run through South Orange. These include the 92 route which goes from South Orange train station to Branch Brook Park in Newark, and the 107 route which goes from South Orange Train Station to the Port Authority Bus Terminal in New York City. The 31 Coach USA Bus which travels between South Orange and Newark Penn Station, also makes stops along South Orange Avenue. There is a shuttle connecting South Orange to Livingston, timed with connecting Morristown Line trains. Local media WSOU-FM, "Seton Hall's Pirate Radio", is a non-commercial educational public radio station licensed to South Orange since 1948 with studios, offices, and transmitter on the campus of Seton Hall University while operating at 89.5 FM. The News-Record weekly newspaper reports on both South Orange and Maplewood. "The Village Green", a hyperlocal news site, reports on both South Orange and Maplewood, and includes a daily email newsletter. "The South Orange Patch" Local news and events and latest headlines from South Orange, NJ Patch. https://patch.com/new-jersey/southorange “The Gaslight” is a quarterly newsletter managed by the local government that focuses on the on-goings of South Orange, NJ. Additionally, the newsletter offers advertisements sponsoring local public figures, businesses and job opportunities for the general public. Community information The town was the first in the nation to have an affinity credit card, the idea of the municipal affinity credit card being originated by former village president William Calabrese. When the town was wired for telephones and electricity in the early 20th century, the poles and wires were not allowed to run along the curb lines of streets as they do in most towns. In some sections they run along property lines in the middle of blocks, and in others they run underground. This is aesthetically pleasing but complicates access to the lines, and it delayed the introduction of cable television. Occasional proposals to replace gas lights with electric lights run across the obstacle that there is no source of electric power along the streets. The current 761, 762, and 763 telephone exchanges used for most lines in South Orange and Maplewood, originated as the exchange names South Orange 1,2, and 3. South Orange's full official name is the "Township of South Orange Village." This name was originally adopted in lieu of the Village of South Orange because it allowed South Orange to receive more federal aid that was directed to Townships during the 1970s as many federal authorities were unfamiliar with the New Jersey municipal system, in which a township is not formally different from any other municipal designation. Other municipalities in New Jersey also adopted similar strategies, notably the Township of the Borough of Verona. South Orange was the first municipality in New Jersey to recognize civil unions for homosexual couples. Exactly one hour after unions became legal in South Orange, they were recognized in neighboring Maplewood. Notable people References External links The Township of South Orange Village School Data for the South Orange-Maplewood School District, National Center for Education Statistics News-Record (newspaper serving Maplewood and South Orange since 1958) Orange Lawn Tennis Club South Orange Historical and Preservation Society South Orange-Maplewood Community Coalition on Race (Community organization providing information about town for prospective buyers and organizing events for current residents) South Orange-Maplewood Place (Website providing information about South Orange and Maplewood) South Orange-Maplewood School District South Orange Performing Arts Center The South Orange Public Library South Orange Village Center Alliance (Not-for-profit management entity of South Orange Village Special Improvement District) South Orange Symphony Orchestra (South Orange's community orchestra) 1869 establishments in New Jersey Populated places established in 1869 Special Charters in New Jersey The 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125185	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verona%2C%20New%20Jersey	Verona, New Jersey	Verona is a township in Essex County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the township's population was 13,332 reflecting a decline of 201 (-1.5%) from the 13,533 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn declined by 64 (-0.5%) from the 13,597 counted in the 1990 Census. In 2008, New Jersey Monthly magazine ranked Verona #1 in Essex County and #3 in New Jersey as "Top Places to Live in New Jersey". History Verona and several neighboring towns were all originally one town known as the Horseneck Tract. In 1702, a group of settlers left Newark and purchased a large tract of land northwest of their home city for the equivalent of a few hundred dollars from the Lenni Lenape Native Americans. This piece of land extended west and north to the Passaic River, south to the town center of what would become Livingston, and east to the First Watchung Mountain, and was called Horseneck by the natives because it resembled the neck and head of a horse. What was then known as Horseneck contained most of the present day northern Essex County towns: Verona, along with Caldwell, West Caldwell, Cedar Grove, Essex Fells, Fairfield, North Caldwell, and Roseland are all located entirely in Horseneck, and parts of what are today Livingston, Montclair, and West Orange also were contained in the Horseneck Tract. After the Revolutionary War, the area of Horseneck was incorporated as "Caldwell Township" in honor of local war hero James Caldwell, a pastor who used pages from his church's bibles as wadding to ignite the ammo in soldiers' cannons and helped to drive the British out of Horseneck. The area of present-day Verona was part of what was known in the 1800s as Vernon Valley. The name was rejected when residents applied to the United States Postal Service, as the name had already been in use for an area in Sussex County. Verona was chosen as the alternative name for the community. The township's name is derived from Verona, Italy. At various times between 1798 and 1892, issues arose which caused dissatisfaction between the Caldwell and Verona areas. These included a desire of the citizens of Verona to more closely control their own governmental affairs. With the population growing, Verona needed to centrally locate essential services such as schools and places of worship; problems with the water supply; and the disposition of road repair funds. On February 17, 1892, the citizens of Verona voted to secede from Caldwell Township to form Verona Township. Further growth and the need for a water system and other public utilities found Verona moving ahead of the other half of the township and in 1902 the two areas decided to separate into two separate municipalities: Verona Township and Verona Borough. It took two sessions of the state legislature to approve the new borough, but on April 18, 1907, the borough of Verona was approved by an act of the New Jersey Legislature, pending the results of a referendum held on April 30, 1907, in which the new borough passed by a 224-77 margin. Residents of the newly formed borough had sought to disassociate themselves from the Overbrook County Insane Asylum and the Newark City Home (a reform school), as well as from the settlement of Cedar Grove, which was considered a settlement of farmers. On April 9, 1908, Verona Township changed its name to Cedar Grove Township. In 1981, the borough was one of seven Essex County municipalities to pass a referendum to become a township, joining four municipalities that had already made the change, of what would ultimately be more than a dozen Essex County municipalities to reclassify themselves as townships in order take advantage of federal revenue sharing policies that allocated townships a greater share of government aid to municipalities on a per capita basis. As an example of the potential benefits of switching to a township, Verona Borough received $213,000 in federal aid in 1976, while similarly sized Cedar Grove Township received $1.24 million. Today, Verona uses just "Township of Verona" in most official documents. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 2.82 square miles (7.29 km2), including 2.79 square miles (7.24 km2) of land and 0.02 square miles (0.05 km2) of water (0.74%). Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Hillcrest and Verona Lake. The township is bordered by Cedar Grove Township, Essex Fells, Montclair Township, North Caldwell and West Orange Township. Verona lies between two mountains, the First and Second Watchung Mountains with a small river, the Peckman, flowing at the bottom of the valley towards the Passaic River at Little Falls. Climate Verona has a temperate climate, with warm/hot humid summers and cool/cold winters. The climate is slightly cooler overall during the summer than in New York City because there is no urban heat island effect. January tends to be the coldest month, with average high temperatures in the upper 30s (Fahrenheit) and lows in the lower 20s. July is the warmest months with high temperatures in the mid 80s and lows in the mid 60s. From April to June and from September to early November, Verona enjoys temperatures from the lower 60s to upper 70s. Rainfall is plentiful, with around a year. Snowfall is common from mid-January to early March and nor'easters can bring significant amounts of snow. In January 1996, a weather station in nearby Newark, New Jersey recorded over of snow from the North American blizzard of 1996. Demographics 2010 Census The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $93,839 (with a margin of error of +/- $6,753) and the median family income was $126,000 (+/- $9,193). Males had a median income of $71,917 (+/- $9,659) versus $52,433 (+/- $5,765) for females. The per capita income for the township was $47,689 (+/- $3,282). About 1.8% of families and 2.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0.7% of those under age 18 and 6.2% of those age 65 or over. 2000 Census As of the 2000 United States Census there were 13,533 people, 5,585 households, and 3,697 families residing in the township. The population density was 4,917.4 people per square mile (1,900.0/km2). There were 5,719 housing units at an average density of 2,078.1 per square mile (803.0/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 92.99% White, 1.53% African American, 0.02% Native American, 3.41% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.71% from other races, and 1.27% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.45% of the population. There were 5,585 households, out of which 29.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.3% were married couples living together, 7.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.8% were non-families. 30.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 3.06. In the township the population was spread out, with 22.5% under the age of 18, 4.3% from 18 to 24, 28.8% from 25 to 44, 25.1% from 45 to 64, and 19.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.8 males. The median income for a household in the township was $74,619, and the median income for a family was $97,673. Males had a median income of $60,434 versus $43,196 for females. The per capita income for the township was $41,202, making it the 8th highest community in Essex County and 95th highest in the State of New Jersey. About 1.4% of families and 3.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.6% of those under age 18 and 6.2% of those age 65 or over. Economy Annin & Co. is the world's oldest & largest flag manufacturer and had its main manufacturing plant in Verona from 1916 to 2013. The building was sold and redeveloped as apartments, which opened to tenants in 2018. Annin is the official flag manufacturer to the United Nations, and a major supplier to the United States Government. Annin produced flags that were used on Iwo Jima, at the North and South Poles, atop Mount Everest and the rubble of the World Trade Center. Annin's Verona factory also produced 186 stick flags that were carried to the moon in the Apollo 11 lunar lander and later distributed as mementos of the first moon landing. Annin does not claim that the flag planted on the moon was produced by Annin, either in Verona or at a plant in Bloomfield, NJ that was operating at the time, although the company's current president says that it has been assured by multiple sources that it was. The stars sections of all Annin flags were produced in Verona then. Annin President Carter Beard recently said that uniforms of the Apollo 11 astronauts were decorated with a silk-screened patch that may have been produced in Verona. Parks and recreation Eagle Rock Reservation, a forest reserve and recreational park. Most of this reservation is in West Orange or in Montclair. Everett Field, a small baseball and football park dedicated to the family who donated the land to the township. Hilltop Reservation, opened in spring 2003, is composed of lands in the grounds of the former Essex Mountain Sanatorium, is home to many hiking and mountain biking trails. Kip's Castle Park, the newest park to the Essex County Park System, features a start-of-the-20th-century castle-style mansion with large carriage house on . Verona Park, the fifth-largest in the Essex County Park System, it was designed by the same designer as Central Park in New York City. Lenape Trail, a trail that runs from the Pulaski Skyway in Newark to the Passaic River in Roseland. The Verona section runs from the West Essex Trail, down and through Verona Park, and up toward Eagle Rock Reservation before entering West Orange. Verona Community Center, built in 1997, provides a gym, game room, ballroom, and conference room for any group or organization. also adjacent are: Veteran's Field, a grass turf field, provides two softball/baseball fields as well as an athletic field Centennial Field, an artificial turf field, opened in 2007. Liberty Field, an artificial turf field, opened in 2015. Freedom Field, an artificial turf field, opened in 2016. Verona Pool, features an Olympic-size swimming pool of various depths, with two water slides and two springboards, as well as a wading pool for younger children; playground, volleyball, basketball, racquetball and shuffleboard courts, in addition to ping-pong tables, full showers and a snackbar West Essex Trail, acquired in 1985 through Green Acres funding, is a trail which runs from Arnold Way in Verona to the Passaic County line near the Lenape Trail, on the former right-of-way of the Caldwell Branch of the old Erie Lackawanna Railroad. Government Local government Verona operates within the Faulkner Act, formally known as the Optional Municipal Charter Law, under the Council-Manager form of New Jersey municipal government. The township is one of 42 municipalities (of the 565) statewide that use this form of government. The governing body is comprised of the five-member Township Council, who are elected at-large on a non-partisan basis to staggered four-year terms of office, with either two or three seats coming up for election in odd-numbered years as part of the May municipal election. At a reorganization meeting held on July 1 after each election, the council selects a mayor and deputy mayor from among its members. , the members of the Verona Township Council are Mayor John "Jack" McEvoy (term on council and as mayor ends June 30, 2021), Deputy Mayor Alex Roman (term on council ends 2023; term as deputy mayor ends 2021), Edward "Ted" Giblin (2021), Christine McGrath (2023) and Kevin J. Ryan (2021). The day-to-day operations of the township are supervised by Township Manager Matthew Cavallo, who serves as chief executive officer. Federal, state and county representation Verona is located in the 11th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 26th state legislative district. Prior to the 2011 reapportionment following the 2010 Census, Verona had been in the 40th state legislative district. Prior to the 2010 Census, Verona had been part of the , a change made by the New Jersey Redistricting Commission that took effect in January 2013, based on the results of the November 2012 general elections. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 9,911 registered voters in Verona, of which 3,194 (32.2%) were registered as Democrats, 2,329 (23.5%) were registered as Republicans and 4,387 (44.3%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were no voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 50.3% of the vote (3,662 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 48.9% (3,563 votes), and other candidates with 0.8% (61 votes), among the 7,366 ballots cast by the township's 10,396 registered voters (80 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 70.9%. In the 2008 presidential election, Republican John McCain received 49.6% of the vote (3,730 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 48.8% (3,664 votes) and other candidates with 0.8% (57 votes), among the 7,515 ballots cast by the township's 9,750 registered voters, for a turnout of 77.1%. In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 51.4% of the vote (3,900 ballots cast), outpolling Democrat John Kerry with 47.4% (3,597 votes) and other candidates with 0.7% (67 votes), among the 7,587 ballots cast by the township's 9,697 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 78.2. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 59.2% of the vote (2,645 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 39.6% (1,768 votes), and other candidates with 1.3% (56 votes), among the 4,527 ballots cast by the township's 10,442 registered voters (58 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 43.4%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 49.1% of the vote (2,521 ballots cast), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 40.1% (2,062 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 9.4% (482 votes) and other candidates with 0.8% (43 votes), among the 5,137 ballots cast by the township's 9,738 registered voters, yielding a 52.8% turnout. Education Public schools The Verona Public Schools is the public school district in Verona, which serves students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade. The district has six campuses: four neighborhood elementary schools, one middle school and one high school. As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of six schools, had an enrollment of 2,249 students and 169.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 13.3:1. Schools in the district (with 2018–19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Brookdale Avenue School with 127 students in grades K-4, Frederic N. Brown School with 254 students in grades K-4, Forest Avenue School with 205 students in grades K-4, Laning Avenue School with 245 students in grades PreK-4, Henry B. Whitehorne Middle School with 679 students in grades 5-8 and Verona High School with 705 students in grades 9-12. The high school mascot is the "Hillbilly". However, this mascot has become controversial as a result of opposition from previous school Superintendent Earl Kim. In the face of community support for the traditional name, the mascot was retained. The original mascot was depicted with a rifle and jug of moonshine. The rifle and jug and have been replaced with a fishing pole and a dog. The district has been recognized on three occasions with the Best Practice Award, honoring specific practices implemented by a district for exemplary and/or innovative strategies. In addition, three schools in the district was named a "Star School" by the New Jersey Department of Education, the highest honor that a New Jersey school can achieve. The school was the 70th-ranked public high school in New Jersey out of 328 schools statewide in New Jersey Monthly magazine's September 2012 cover story on the state's "Top Public High Schools", after being ranked 53rd in 2010 out of 322 schools listed. In 2020, Verona High School was the 31st-ranked public high school in New Jersey out of 305 schools statewide. Private schools Founded in 1924, Our Lady of the Lake Catholic School serves students in pre-school through eighth grade, and is situated near Verona Park, operating under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark. The school was recognized by the National Blue Ribbon Schools Program in 2011, one of 305 schools recognized nationwide and one of 14 selected from New Jersey. The school was honored a second time when it was one of eight private schools recognized in 2017 as an Exemplary High Performing School by the Blue Ribbon Schools Program of the United States Department of Education. The Children's Institute (TCI) is a private, non-profit school approved by the New Jersey Department of Education, serving children facing learning, language and social challenges, for children ages 3–21. Dating back to an orphanage founded in 1883 in Newark, New Jersey, the school moved to Verona in 1999 after remodeling a building that had been donated by Hoffmann-LaRoche. Transportation Roads and highways , the township had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Essex County and by the New Jersey Department of Transportation. Within the limits of the township lies Route 23 and CR 506 which runs directly through the township. CR 577 also runs through the southeastern portion of Verona. Other highways near Verona include the Garden State Parkway, Interstate 80 and the New Jersey Turnpike. Public transportation NJ Transit bus routes 11 and 29 serve the township, providing service to and from Newark. In September 2012, as part of budget cuts, NJ Transit suspended service to Newark on the 75 line. DeCamp Bus Lines offers commuter service on their 33 bus route between West Caldwell and the Port Authority Bus Terminal in Midtown Manhattan. Train stations, also run by New Jersey Transit, are located in the neighboring towns of Little Falls and Montclair. Prior to 1966, the Erie Railroad's Caldwell Branch (a part of New York and Greenwood Lake Railway) ran passenger service through Verona from Great Notch. The line was removed in 1979 after a washout four years prior. On July 14, 2010, the township of Verona announced that it was honoring the old freight shed at the Verona station, the last standing structure of the railroad. The project of naming it a historic landmark in Verona, the first of many proposed by the Verona Landmarks Preservation Commission. Proposals include moving the structure to a more accessible place in Verona or turning the shed into a one-room museum. In the early 20th century, Verona was serviced by a trolley line which operated on Bloomfield Avenue. The tracks still lie underneath the roadway, and are visible when the roadway is under construction. Verona is from Newark Liberty International Airport in Newark / Elizabeth, and almost twice as far from John F. Kennedy International Airport and LaGuardia Airport. Local media Newspaper Verona is served by two weekly newspapers: The Verona-Cedar Grove Times and the Verona Observer. The Star-Ledger, the largest newspaper in New Jersey, covers major news stories that occur in Verona. Internet Local news is covered by the Verona-Cedar Grove Times, www.myveronanj.com, www.verona.patch.com, and by the official township website. Radio Verona falls in the New York Market, as well as the Morristown Market. Television Verona Cable television is served by Comcast of New Jersey. However, in 2007, Verizon introduced its Verizon FiOS service to the township. Comcast Channel 35 & Verizon FiOS Channel 24 is Verona Television (VTV) a Government-access television (GATV) channel that runs council meetings, school board meetings and community functions, as well as any other Verona-related Public-access television videos submitted by the residents. VTV is maintained by the Verona Public Library. Community services The Verona Fire Department is one of the largest fully volunteer fire departments in Essex County, staffed by over 60 firefighters. They have two stations, three engines, one ladder truck, one reserve engine, one brush truck, one utility truck, two command vehicles, and a heavy rescue. The Department, founded in 1909 shortly after Verona was created, celebrated its 100th year of service in 2009. The Verona Rescue Squad (volunteer) has three ambulances, two EMS bikes, one first responder vehicle and one command vehicle in one station on Church Street. Formed in 1927 it is one of the oldest EMS organizations in the state. Boasting over 120 members it is one of the largest volunteer EMS agencies in the area. The main street in Verona is Bloomfield Avenue, where the Town Hall, Library, Middle School, and many shops, restaurants, and businesses are located. During the American Revolutionary War, George Washington and his troops used Eagle Rock Reservation as one of a chain of observation posts to monitor British troop movements. The Essex Mountain Sanatorium opened in 1902 as the Newark City Home for Girls. With tuberculosis spreading through Newark, the site was converted into a sanatorium in 1907, against the wishes of local residents. Its location at the highest point in Essex County was believed to be beneficial and the facility was known for its high recovery rate before it closed in 1977. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Verona include: Tommy Albelin (born 1964), NHL defenseman for New Jersey Devils and coach of De Paul High School hockey team. Kevin Bannon (born 1957), former men's college basketball head coach who was the Rutgers Scarlet Knights men's basketball team's head coach from 1997 through 2001. Leila T. Bauman, painter John C. Bogle (1929-2019), founder of The Vanguard Group. Bill Bradley (born 1943), Olympic gold medalist at the 1964 Summer Olympics, professional basketball player for the New York Knicks, member of the Basketball Hall of Fame, US Senator from New Jersey, and 2000 Presidential hopeful. Marion Crecco (1930-2015), member of the New Jersey General Assembly from 1986 to 2002. Jay Curtis (born c. 1950), author, producer, writer, director and actor, who co-directed 75-0: The Documentary, about a 1966 loss by a score of 75–0 to Madison High School, part of a 32-game losing streak. Peter David (born 1956), science fiction and fantasy author who has used Verona as location in his fiction, such as location of villain Morgan le Fay in his first novel, Knight Life. Dan DePalma (born 1989), wide receiver who has played for the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Canadian Football League. Mary Dunleavy (born 1966), operatic soprano. Anthony Fasano (born 1984), tight end for Tennessee Titans. Jed Graef (born 1942), swimmer, gold medalist in 200m backstroke at 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. Fred Hill Jr. (born 1959), coached Rutgers Scarlet Knights men's basketball team. Fred Hill Sr. (born 1934), former head coach of the Rutgers Scarlet Knights baseball team. Philip E. Hoffman (c. 1908–1993), lawyer who served as national president of the American Jewish Committee and as American Ambassador to the United Nations Human Rights Council Fred Krupp, president of Environmental Defense Fund, spent childhood in Verona. Archie Lochhead (1892-1971), first director of the Exchange Stabilization Fund and President of the Universal Trading Corporation. John MacLean (born 1964), player and assistant coach for NHL's New Jersey Devils. Phyllis Mangina (born 1959), college basketball coach who is currently an assistant women's basketball coach at Saint Peter's. Elmer Matthews (1927-2015), lawyer and politician who served three terms in the New Jersey General Assembly. Jay Mohr (born 1970), actor, comedian and radio personality. Jon Okafor (born 1989), professional soccer midfielder. Eugénie Olson, novelist and editor. Henry Orenstein (born c. 1925), professional poker player, helped push Hasbro to produce Transformers (toyline). Kal Parekh, film and television actor who played the role of Sanjeev, an Indian-American flight engineer in the ABC television series, Pan Am, set in the 1960s. Kenneth Posner, lighting designer for such Broadway shows as Wicked, Legally Blonde, The Pirate Queen, and The Coast of Utopia, the latter of which won him a Tony award. Brian Rafalski (born 1973), hockey player, New Jersey Devils defenseman. Saul Robbins (1922-2010), toy manufacturer, co-founder of Remco John Roosma (1900-1983), captain of Ernest Blood's "Wonder Teams" who became first college player to total 1,000 points for his career while at United States Military Academy. Joel Rosenblatt, musician best known as the longtime drummer for the jazz-fusion band Spyro Gyra. David M. Satz Jr. (1926-2009), lawyer who served as U.S. Attorney for District of New Jersey from 1961 to 1969. Brenda Shaughnessy (born 1970), poet. Donald J. Strait (1918–2015), flying ace in the 356th Fighter Group during World War II and a career officer in the United States Air Force. Craig Morgan Teicher (born 1979), author, poet and literary critic whose poetry collection, The Trembling Answers, won the Lenore Marshall Poetry Prize in 2018. Rod Trafford (born 1978), former NFL tight end who played for the Buffalo Bills and the New England Patriots. Chris Wylde (born 1976), actor and comedian. In popular culture The HBO crime drama The Sopranos was set in the area, and the storyline often included scenes filmed in Verona. Livia Soprano's house is in Verona in the series pilot, and a Verona Rescue Squad ambulance is seen when she dies in the episode "Proshai, Livushka". In the episode "Cold Cuts", it's established that Bobby Baccalieri and Janice Soprano live in Verona. The 1987 horror movie Doom Asylum was filmed at the now demolished Essex Mountain Sanatorium. Pizza My Heart, an ABC Family movie, is a contemporary retelling of Romeo and Juliet, that is set in Verona (New Jersey, not Italy). Although the storyline is set in Verona, it was actually filmed in New Orleans, Louisiana. The original, unaired pilot of the television show Strangers With Candy, "Retardation: A Celebration", was filmed at Verona High School. The VHS signboard is also used in almost every episode thereafter to display various witticisms, although the name has been changed to that of the school in the show, Flatpoint High School. Pearl, the hairdresser in "The Saturdays" by Elizabeth Enright (1941), says she ran away from her abusive stepmother in Verona and went to New York City with her brother Perry. References External links Official Website of the Township of Verona Verona Public Schools School Data for the Verona Public Schools, National Center for Education Statistics Verona Fire Department Verona Rescue Squad Verona Illustrated History Verona-Cedar Grove Times (Local Newspaper) Verona Observer (Local Newspaper) Verona Codes & Ordinances 1907 establishments in New Jersey Faulkner Act (council–manager) Populated places established in 1907 Townships in Essex County, New Jersey	[ -1.015334963798523, -0.15135140717029572, -0.33534863591194153, 0.30036619305610657, 0.7651180624961853, -0.12960553169250488, 0.6135463714599609, 0.3328334093093872, -0.052513785660266876, -0.519125759601593, -0.8175919651985168, 0.5002321004867554, 0.23179887235164642, 0.1976293921470642, -0.9336283206939697, 0.05099905654788017, 0.633185088634491, 0.927800714969635, 0.4893035888671875, -0.5446699857711792, -0.41309094429016113, -0.34337085485458374, -0.11446408182382584, 0.9435235857963562, 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125187	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%20Caldwell%2C%20New%20Jersey	West Caldwell, New Jersey	West Caldwell is a township located in the West Essex area in northwestern Essex County, New Jersey. It is located approximately west of Manhattan and northwest of Newark. As of the 2010 United States Census, the township's population was 10,759, reflecting a decline of 474 (-4.2%) from the 11,233 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 811 (+7.8%) from the 10,422 counted in the 1990 Census. West Caldwell was originally incorporated as a borough by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 24, 1904, from portions of Caldwell Township (now known as Fairfield Township). In 1981, the borough was one of seven Essex County municipalities to pass a referendum to become a township, joining four municipalities that had already made the change, of what would ultimately be more than a dozen Essex County municipalities to reclassify themselves as townships in order take advantage of federal revenue sharing policies that allocated townships a greater share of government aid to municipalities on a per capita basis. The borough was named for Caldwell Township, which in turn was named for Presbyterian minister James Caldwell. New Jersey Monthly magazine ranked West Caldwell as its 60th best place to live in its 2010 rankings of the "Best Places To Live" in New Jersey. History Caldwell, West Caldwell, and several neighboring communities were all originally one combined area known as the Horseneck Tract. In the early 18th century, a group of settlers left Newark and purchased a large tract of land northwest of their home city for the equivalent of a few hundred dollars from the Lenape Native Americans. This piece of land extended west and north to the Passaic River, south to the town center of what would become Livingston, and east to the First Watchung Mountain, and was called Horseneck by the natives because it resembled the neck and head of a horse. What was then known as Horseneck contained most of the present day northern Essex County towns: West Caldwell, along with Caldwell, Cedar Grove, Essex Fells, Fairfield, North Caldwell, Roseland, and Verona are all located entirely in Horseneck, and parts of what are today Livingston, Montclair, and West Orange also were contained in the Horseneck tract. After the Revolutionary War, Horseneck changed its name to "Caldwell Township" in honor of a local war hero and pastor, James Caldwell, who used burning pages from his church's bibles to ignite the ammunition in soldiers' cannons and helped to drive the British out of Horseneck. By the late 1880s, Caldwell had become quite a developed and populated town, however the vast majority of the development, residents, and businesses were located in the center of the town along Bloomfield Avenue, its main connecting route with Newark and New York City. The outskirts of town remained farms and swampland in many places. This bothered the people living in the center of town and in 1892, Caldwell's center area decided to form its own independent municipality, naming itself Caldwell Borough and leaving the outskirts of town remaining as Caldwell Township. Caldwell Borough contained what is today the towns of West Caldwell and Caldwell. Soon after, the area of Caldwell Township just to the east of Caldwell Borough between Caldwell Borough and Montclair (present-day Verona and Cedar Grove) decided to follow Caldwell's lead and incorporated itself as its own borough, Verona. Some of the already-developed eastern neighborhoods of Caldwell Township chose to become part of Montclair, as it was a rapidly developing suburb of Newark and Paterson. At around the same time, the area north of Caldwell Borough became its own town, North Caldwell. The ritzy, wooded area directly to the south of downtown Caldwell Borough became Essex Fells. Meanwhile, the farmland to the south of the western portion of Caldwell township attempted to become its own municipality known as South Caldwell. This failed, as much of developed sections of that area lied on its southernmost and easternmost borders, along the expanding Newark suburbs of Livingston and West Orange respectively. Those areas were engulfed by those two towns once they became incorporated municipalities of several small settlements and developments. This left only the most rural farmland south of Caldwell Borough and Essex Fells to become its own township, Roseland. At this point, all that remained of the original Caldwell Township was a large piece of undeveloped land in the northwesternmost part of Essex County; eventually, in the early 1950s, Caldwell Township changed its name to Fairfield in order to avoid being confused with Caldwell Borough. Immediately following the separation of the original Caldwell, the western part of Caldwell Borough generally remained less developed than downtown Caldwell Borough and contained several farms and a large area of undeveloped swampland known as Hatfield Swamp. However, two individual settlements, known as Franklin and Westville, soon formed in the western part of Caldwell Borough. As development increased and population grew in the western part of Caldwell, the town's more rural western population and more urban east often could not reconcile their differences. This led to the areas of Franklin and Westville consolidating into their own borough known as West Caldwell in 1904, leaving only the one square mile of original downtown Horseneck development as the borough of Caldwell. Caldwell Borough became Caldwell Township in the 1980s. To this day, the towns of Caldwell and West Caldwell remain by far the most urbanized, densely populated, and ethnically, racially, and income-diverse in the West Essex area. The town is home Grover Cleveland Park (also partially located in Caldwell and Essex Fells), a county park named in honor of the President of the United States who was born in the neighboring town of Caldwell. Additionally, West Caldwell contains a number of smaller parks and land preserves, such as Memorial Park and Francisco Park. Hatfield Swamp, located in the western section of the town along its borders with the towns of Fairfield, Roseland, and East Hanover, is a protected preservation that usually very little building is allowed to be done on. Though today the Caldwell area is considered to be a suburb of both Newark and New York, the area originally developed as its own individual, self-contained town and economy rather than as urban sprawl from a larger city. When it was formed, a few miles of woods separated downtown Caldwell from Newark or any of its developing suburbs. Bloomfield Avenue is located in the center of town, and is home to many of the locally owned stores of the town. West Caldwell has several stores and strip malls, and two public town pools, Cedar Street Pool and Westville Pool. The township has few violent crimes and only two murders in its history. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 5.11 square miles (13.24 km2), including 5.10 square miles (13.20 km2) of land and 0.02 square miles (0.04 km2) of water (0.31%). Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the borough include Ferncliff, Franklin, Pine Brook Bridge and Westville. West Caldwell borders the municipalities of Caldwell, Essex Fells, Fairfield Township, North Caldwell and Roseland in Essex County; and East Hanover in Morris County. Demographics Census 2010 The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $102,584 (with a margin of error of ± $7,317) and the median family income was $118,018 (± $6,949). Males had a median income of $81,449 (± $7,519) versus $51,936 (± $5,473) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $44,244 (± $3,116). About 3.5% of families and 3.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.5% of those under age 18 and 2.8% of those age 65 or over. Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 11,233 people, 3,990 households, and 3,112 families residing in the township. The population density was 2,224.4 people per square mile (858.8/km2). There were 4,044 housing units at an average density of 800.8 per square mile (309.2/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 93.84% White, 0.89% African American, 0.04% Native American, 3.85% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.61% from other races, and 0.75% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.80% of the population. There were 3,990 households, out of which 35.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.1% were married couples living together, 7.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.0% were non-families. 19.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.75 and the average family size was 3.17. In the township the population was spread out, with 24.7% under the age of 18, 4.6% from 18 to 24, 27.6% from 25 to 44, 24.0% from 45 to 64, and 19.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.2 males. The median income for a household in the township was $83,396, and the median income for a family was $94,379. Males had a median income of $67,108 versus $45,365 for females. The per capita income for the township was $38,345. About 1.2% of families and 2.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.5% of those under age 18 and 2.4% of those age 65 or over. Government Local government West Caldwell is governed under the Borough form of New Jersey municipal government, which is used in 218 municipalities (of the 565) statewide, making it the most common form of government in New Jersey. The governing body is comprised of a Mayor and a Borough Council, with all positions elected at-large on a partisan basis as part of the November general election. A Mayor is elected directly by the voters to a four-year term of office. The Borough Council is comprised of six members elected to serve three-year terms on a staggered basis, with two seats coming up for election each year in a three-year cycle. The Borough form of government used by West Caldwell is a "weak mayor / strong council" government in which council members act as the legislative body with the mayor presiding at meetings and voting only in the event of a tie. The mayor can veto ordinances subject to an override by a two-thirds majority vote of the council. The mayor makes committee and liaison assignments for council members, and most appointments are made by the mayor with the advice and consent of the council. , the Mayor of West Caldwell is Republican Joseph Tempesta Jr., whose term of office ends December 31, 2022. Members of the West Caldwell Township Council are Kathy L. Canale (R, 2020), Joseph P. Cecere (R, 2022), Michael Crudele (R, 2021), Michael Docteroff (R, 2020), Stanley W. Hladik (R, 2021) and Stephen P. Wolsky (R, 2022). Michael Docteroff was sworn into office in December 2013 after being chosen by the Township Council from a list of three candidates nominated by the West Caldwell Republican Committee to fill the seat that became vacant following the resignation of Dominick Aiello. Federal, state and county representation West Caldwell is located in the 11th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 26th state legislative district. Prior to the 2011 reapportionment following the 2010 Census, West Caldwell had been in the 27th state legislative district. Politics As of February 2020, there were a total of 8,820 registered voters in West Caldwell, of which 2,723 (30.9%) were registered as Democrats, 2,533 (28.7%) were registered as Republicans and 3,517 (39.9%) were registered as Unaffiliated. In the 2012 presidential election, Republican Mitt Romney received 54.7% of the vote (3,109 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 44.4% (2,524 votes), and other candidates with 0.9% (50 votes), among the 5,732 ballots cast by the township's 8,055 registered voters (49 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 71.2%. In the 2008 presidential election, Republican John McCain received 55.2% of the vote (3,440 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 42.5% (2,646 votes) and other candidates with 1.0% (60 votes), among the 6,232 ballots cast by the township's 7,747 registered voters, for a turnout of 80.4%. In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 59.1% of the vote (3,573 ballots cast), outpolling Democrat John Kerry with 39.7% (2,398 votes) and other candidates with 0.8% (62 votes), among the 6,046 ballots cast by the township's 7,478 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 80.9. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 65.6% of the vote (2,388 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 33.3% (1,213 votes), and other candidates with 1.0% (37 votes), among the 3,696 ballots cast by the township's 8,102 registered voters (58 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 45.6%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 55.7% of the vote (2,392 ballots cast), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 34.7% (1,489 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 8.4% (360 votes) and other candidates with 0.6% (24 votes), among the 4,292 ballots cast by the township's 7,795 registered voters, yielding a 55.1% turnout. Education The communities of Caldwell and West Caldwell share a public school district, the Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools. The roots of the district date back to 1872, though formal consolidation of the districts was established in 1904. As of the 2017-18 school year, the district, comprised of six schools, had an enrollment of 2,655 students and 218.8 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.1:1. Students are enrolled in an elementary school based on their home location, and students attend one middle school and one high school. Schools in the district (with 2017-18 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Harrison School (West Caldwell; 42 students; grades K-PreK), Jefferson Elementary School (West Caldwell; 274; K-5), Lincoln Elementary School (Caldwell; 247; K-5), Washington Elementary School (West Caldwell; 366; K-5), Wilson Elementary School (West Caldwell; 240; K-5), Grover Cleveland Middle School (Caldwell; 626; 6-8) and James Caldwell High School (West Caldwell; 812; 9-12). West Caldwell is home to West Caldwell Tech, which is part of the Essex County Vocational Technical Schools, offering vocational instruction to high school students from across the county. The West Essex Campus of Essex County College, which opened in 1978, is located in West Caldwell. Transportation Roads and highways , the borough had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality and by Essex County. The most significant roadways directly serving West Caldwell include County Route 506 and County Route 527. Public transportation NJ Transit provides bus transportation to Newark on the 29 and 71 bus routes. Popular culture Scenes from the HBO television series The Sopranos were filmed in West Caldwell, including the exterior shots of the Soprano house and the fifth-season episode "Rat Pack". Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with West Caldwell include: Samuel Alito (born 1950), Supreme Court Associate Justice. Wheeler Antabanez (born 1977 as Matt Kent), author of best selling special issue of Weird NJ, Nightshade on the Passaic. Tim Berra (born 1951), former football player who played for the Baltimore Colts in 1974. Yogi Berra (1925-2015), professional baseball catcher, manager, and coach who played 19 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) (1946–63, 1965), all but the last for the New York Yankees. Eric Bross (born 1964), film director. Mattea Conforti (born 2006), American actress Marcus Gaither (1961–2020), professional basketball player in France and Israel, who played the guard position and led the Israel Basketball Premier League in scoring in 1989–90. Thomas P. Giblin (born 1947), politician who has served in the New Jersey General Assembly since 2006, where he represents the 34th Legislative District. Neale Godfrey (born 1951), author, whose books deal with money, life skills and value issues. The Amazing Kreskin (born 1935), mentalist. G. Gordon Liddy (1930–2021), chief of the White House Plumbers. Camryn Manheim (born 1961), actress. Tommy Page (born 1970), singer best known for his 1990 song "I'll Be Your Everything". Andrew E. Svenson (1910–1975), children's author, publisher, and partner in the Stratemeyer Syndicate, who authored or coauthored more than 70 books for children, including books in the Hardy Boys and Bobbsey Twins series. Michael Tracey (born 1988), independent journalist who covers American politics, freedom of speech, censorship and America's culture war Alex Wujciak (born 1988), football linebacker who was signed by the Cleveland Browns as an undrafted free agent in 2011. 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125191	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beckett%2C%20New%20Jersey	Beckett, New Jersey	Beckett is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) within Logan Township, in Gloucester County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the CDP's population was 4,847. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP had a total area of 1.866 square miles (4.833 km2), including 1.744 square miles (4.517 km2) of land and 0.122 square miles (0.316 km2) of water (6.54%). Demographics Census 2010 Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 4,726 people, 1,516 households, and 1,276 families living in the CDP. The population density was 1,030.9/km2 (2,674.8/mi2). There were 1,549 housing units at an average density of 337.9/km2 (876.7/mi2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 79.12% White, 15.85% African American, 0.08% Native American, 2.09% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 1.25% from other races, and 1.59% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.03% of the population. There were 1,516 households, out of which 53.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 70.3% were married couples living together, 10.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 15.8% were non-families. 12.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.12 and the average family size was 3.42. In the CDP the population was spread out, with 34.3% under the age of 18, 5.8% from 18 to 24, 36.5% from 25 to 44, 20.0% from 45 to 64, and 3.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.4 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $72,156, and the median income for a family was $77,681. Males had a median income of $50,258 versus $36,863 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $24,754. About 2.8% of families and 3.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.7% of those under age 18 and 2.1% of those age 65 or over. 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125192	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton%2C%20New%20Jersey	Clayton, New Jersey	Clayton is a borough in Gloucester County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the borough's population was 8,179, reflecting an increase of 1,040 (+14.6%) from the 7,139 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 984 (+16.0%) from the 6,155 counted in the 1990 Census. Jacob Fisler, who purchased much of the area that is now Clayton, acquired of land after the American Revolutionary War. A settlement called Fislertown developed that had grown to 36 families by 1812. The establishment of a glass factory in the 1850s by one of Fisler's descendants led to the growth of Fislertown. What is now Clayton was originally formed as Clayton Township, which was created on February 5, 1858, from portions of Franklin Township. Portions of the township were taken to form Glassboro Township on March 11, 1878. Clayton was formed as a borough by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on May 9, 1887, from portions of Clayton Township. The remainder of Clayton Township was absorbed by the Borough of Clayton on April 14, 1908, and the township was dissolved. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough had a total area of 7.26 square miles (18.80 km2), including 7.08 square miles (18.32 km2) of land and 0.18 square miles (0.48 km2) of water (2.53%). Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the borough include Silver Lake. Clayton borders Elk Township, Franklin Township, Glassboro and Monroe Township. Demographics Census 2010 The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $70,299 (with a margin of error of +/- $5,649) and the median family income was $70,989 (+/- $5,101). Males had a median income of $52,048 (+/- $6,973) versus $39,524 (+/- $6,308) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $27,437 (+/- $2,649). About 9.6% of families and 11.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.9% of those under age 18 and 8.0% of those age 65 or over. Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 7,139 people, 2,464 households, and 1,884 families residing in the borough. The population density was 994.2 people per square mile (383.9/km2). There were 2,680 housing units at an average density of 373.2 per square mile (144.1/km2). The racial makeup of the borough was 79.23% White, 16.05% African American, 0.42% Native American, 0.66% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.95% from other races, and 2.66% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.28% of the population. There were 2,464 households, out of which 39.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.5% were married couples living together, 13.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.5% were non-families. 19.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.89 and the average family size was 3.31. In the borough the population was spread out, with 29.1% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 31.6% from 25 to 44, 21.0% from 45 to 64, and 9.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.8 males. The median income for a household in the borough was $53,219, and the median income for a family was $63,097. Males had a median income of $37,231 versus $29,063 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $20,006. About 3.1% of families and 2.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.0% of those under age 18 and 1.7% of those age 65 or over. Parks and recreation Parkland covers about a third of the borough, including municipal and state parks. The Glassboro Wildlife Management Area covers almost in portions of Clayton, Glassboro and Monroe Township. Government Local government Clayton is governed under the Borough form of New Jersey municipal government, which is used in 218 municipalities (of the 565) statewide, making it the most common form of government in New Jersey. The governing body is comprised of a Mayor and a Borough Council, with all positions elected at-large on a partisan basis as part of the November general election. A Mayor is elected directly by the voters to a four-year term of office. The Borough Council is comprised of six members elected to serve three-year terms on a staggered basis, with two seats coming up for election each year in a three-year cycle. The Borough form of government used by Clayton is a "weak mayor / strong council" government in which council members act as the legislative body with the mayor presiding at meetings and voting only in the event of a tie. The mayor can veto ordinances subject to an override by a two-thirds majority vote of the council. The mayor makes committee and liaison assignments for council members, and most appointments are made by the mayor with the advice and consent of the council. , the Mayor of the Borough of Clayton is Democrat Thomas Bianco, whose term of office ends on December 31, 2023. Members of the Borough Council are Council President Tony Saban (D, 2022), Franklin Brown Jr. (D, 2021), Christina Moorhouse (D, 2022), Frank Rollo (D, 2021), Charles Simon (D, 2020) and Darlene Vondran (D, 2020). In March 2019, the Borough Council selected Christina Moorhouse from a list of three candidates nominated by the Democratic municipal committee to fill the seat expiring in December 2019 that had been held by Vonzora Jackson until she resigned from office. In 2016, Franklin Brown was appointed to replace Brian Bicking, serving a term of office expiring in December 2016. Clayton describes itself in its motto as "a great place to live and play, work and pray." The seal, which has been used since the late 1960s, features an image of a factory, a house and a figure fishing off a boat, along with a church with a cross, which has been challenged by the Freedom From Religion Foundation in March 2016 as "unmistakably religious" and unconstitutional. Federal, state and county representation Clayton is located in the 2nd Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 3rd state legislative district. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 4,874 registered voters in Clayton, of which 1,755 (36.0%) were registered as Democrats, 819 (16.8%) were registered as Republicans and 2,296 (47.1%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 4 voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 64.2% of the vote (2,247 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 34.5% (1,206 votes), and other candidates with 1.3% (45 votes), among the 3,521 ballots cast by the borough's 5,164 registered voters (23 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 68.2%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 62.1% of the vote (2,270 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 35.8% (1,309 votes) and other candidates with 1.3% (49 votes), among the 3,653 ballots cast by the borough's 5,090 registered voters, for a turnout of 71.8%. In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 54.5% of the vote (1,745 ballots cast), outpolling Republican George W. Bush with 44.6% (1,427 votes) and other candidates with 0.4% (16 votes), among the 3,201 ballots cast by the borough's 4,410 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 72.6. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 56.7% of the vote (1,133 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 41.9% (837 votes), and other candidates with 1.5% (30 votes), among the 2,039 ballots cast by the borough's 5,133 registered voters (39 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 39.7%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Democrat Jon Corzine received 48.2% of the vote (1,055 ballots cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 39.8% (871 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 9.1% (200 votes) and other candidates with 0.8% (17 votes) among the 2,191 ballots cast by the borough's 4,947 registered voters, yielding a 44.3% turnout. Education The Clayton Public Schools serve students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade. As of the 2017–18 school year, the district, comprised of three schools, had an enrollment of 1,453 students and 115.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.6:1. Schools in the district (with 2017-18 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Herma S. Simmons Elementary School with 667 students in grades PreK-5, Clayton Middle School with 345 students in grades 6-8 and Clayton High School with 416 students in grades 9-12. In September 2009, voters approved a referendum that covered a $20 million renovation and expansion project at the middle school / high school. In September 2014, voters approved a referendum that covered $9.7 million to upgrade all three schools in the district. The approved projects include a roof replacement at both the high school and middle school, an addition of a 750-seat auditorium, technology infrastructure at all three schools, a new football field stadium lighting and a new gym floor at Herma Simmons Elementary School. Students from across the county are eligible to apply to attend Gloucester County Institute of Technology, a four-year high school in Deptford Township that provides technical and vocational education programs. As a public school, students and their families do not pay tuition to attend the school. Formed as the result of the merger of two regional schools, St. Michael the Archangel Regional School is a K-8 school that operates under the supervision of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Camden. The former St. Catherine of Siena Regional School in Clayton merged into St. Michael in 2008. Transportation Roads and highways , the borough had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Gloucester County and by the New Jersey Department of Transportation. The main thoroughfare that passes through is Route 47. Route 55 traverses in the southwestern edge briefly, but the closest interchanges are in neighboring communities. A sliver of CR 553 clips the western edge of the borough. Public transportation NJ Transit bus service is available between the borough and Philadelphia on the 313 and 408 routes. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Clayton include: Daniel Dalton (born 1949), politician who served as New Jersey Senate Majority Leader and as Secretary of State of New Jersey. Sunny Gale (born 1927), retired pop singer who had her biggest hit with a cover version of "Wheel of Fortune" in 1952. Granger Hall (born 1962), former professional basketball player. Earl C. Long (1883-1983), United States Marine Corps Major General during World War II who commanded Service Command, Fleet Marine Force Pacific. Nick Rodriguez, submission grappler who competes in no-gi matches. Mel Sheppard (1883-1942), middle-distance runner who won four gold medals at the 1908 Summer Olympics and 1912 Summer Olympics. 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125193	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deptford%20Township%2C%20New%20Jersey	Deptford Township, New Jersey	Deptford Township (pronounced DEP-ford) is a township in Gloucester County, New Jersey, in the United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the township's population was 30,561, reflecting an increase of 3,798 (+14.2%) from the 26,763 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 2,626 (+10.9%) from the 24,137 counted in the 1990 Census. Deptford was first formed on June 1, 1695, at which time it was known as Bethlehem. It was incorporated as a township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 21, 1798, as one of the state's initial group of 104 townships formed under its new Township Act. Over the centuries, portions of the township were taken to create Washington Township (February 17, 1836), Woodbury Borough (March 27, 1854; now Woodbury City), West Deptford Township (March 1, 1871), Wenonah (March 10, 1883), Westville (April 7, 1914) and Woodbury Heights (April 6, 1915). Deptford is a suburb of Philadelphia, located on the eastern side of the Walt Whitman Bridge, one conduit of which joins southern New Jersey with Philadelphia. It is located southeast of Philadelphia and northwest of Atlantic City. History Dutch explorer Cornelius Jacobsen May led some of the earliest European settlement in the area, and was followed by settlers from Sweden and Finland before coming under British colonial rule. When it was first formed in 1695, the township covered an area of that included today's Deptford Township along with present-day Monroe Township, Washington Township, West Deptford Township, Westville, Woodbury and Woodbury Heights. Deptford Township is named after the English port of Deptford. The Clement Oak in Deptford was the site of the first hot air balloon landing in North America, gathering that distinction when Jean-Pierre Blanchard completed his flight to Deptford from Philadelphia in 1793. During his flight, Blanchard carried a personal letter from George Washington to be delivered to the owner of whatever property Blanchard happened to land on, making the flight the first delivery of air mail in the United States as well. The area was hit by a strong EF3 tornado on September 1, 2021, with winds of up to , produced by the remnants of Hurricane Ida. More than 100 homes in the township were damaged in the tornado outbreak. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 17.57 square miles (45.50 km2), including 17.33 square miles (44.89 km2) of land and 0.24 square miles (0.61 km2) of water (1.35%). The township borders the municipalities of Mantua Township, Washington Township, Wenonah, West Deptford Township, Westville, Woodbury and Woodbury Heights in Gloucester County; and Bellmawr, Gloucester Township and Runnemede in Camden County. Oak Valley (with a 2010 Census population of 3,483) is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) located within Deptford Township. Other unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Almonesson, Blackwood Terrace, Clements Bridge, Cooper Village, Country Club Estates, Good Intent, Hammond Heights, Jericho, Lake Tract, New Sharon, Oak Valley, Salina, Westcottville, Westville Grove, Woodbury Gardens, Woodbury Park and Woodbury Terrace. Demographics 2010 Census The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $66,833 (with a margin of error of +/- $2,897) and the median family income was $76,303 (+/- $2,216). Males had a median income of $52,310 (+/- $2,247) versus $46,532 (+/- $4,525) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $30,476 (+/- $1,269). About 6.9% of families and 8.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.7% of those under age 18 and 10.3% of those age 65 or over. 2000 Census As of the 2000 United States Census there were 26,763 people, 10,013 households, and 7,079 families residing in the township. The population density was 1,529.7 people per square mile (590.5/km2). There were 10,647 housing units at an average density of 608.6 per square mile (234.9/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 83.44% White, 12.38% Black, 0.21% Native American, 1.53% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.99% from other races, and 1.41% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.86% of the population. There were 10,013 households, out of which 31.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.9% were married couples living together, 11.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.3% were non-families. 24.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 3.12. In the township the age distribution of the population showed 23.8% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 32.2% from 25 to 44, 21.6% from 45 to 64, and 15.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.2 males. The median income for a household in the township was $50,147, and the median income for a family was $56,642. Males had a median income of $40,641 versus $28,986 for females. The per capita income for the township was $21,477. 5.9% of the population and 4.3% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 6.2% of those under the age of 18 and 8.1% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line. Economy The Deptford Mall is the seventh-largest shopping mall in New Jersey and the largest in the South Jersey region of the state, with a Gross leasable area of . Macerich purchased the mall in 2007 for $241 million. The Deptford Mall is surrounded by an eight-screen movie theater (the other six-screen theater is now demolished for a new strip mall, though another twelve-screen theater is planned nearby), 12 strip malls, bars and numerous restaurants and individual stores. This business district is a major contributor to Deptford having one of the lowest municipal tax rates in Gloucester County. Arts and culture Deptford is featured briefly in the film Patti Smith: Dream of Life, a 2008 documentary about rock musician Patti Smith. Parks and recreation Tall Pines State Preserve is a nature preserve that opened in November 2015 as Gloucester County's first state park and is located along the border of Deptford Township and Mantua Township. Originally a forest that was turned into an asparagus field and then a golf course, the land was preserved through the efforts of the South Jersey Land and Water Trust, the Friends of Tall Pines, Gloucester County Nature Club, and the New Jersey Green Acres Program. Government Local government Deptford Township operates within the Faulkner Act, formally known as the Optional Municipal Charter Law, under the Council-Manager form of municipal government. The township is one of 42 municipalities (of the 565) statewide that use this form of government. The governed body is comprised of the seven-member Township Council, whose members are elected on an at-large basis in partisan elections to serve four-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with either three or four seats coming up for election in odd-numbered years. The council then selects a mayor and a deputy mayor to serve two-year terms from among its members during the reorganization meeting in January. There are no term limits for council, mayor or deputy mayor, and elected officials can remain in those offices as long as they continue to be nominated by the council every two years and as long as they win their council elections every four years. The council hires an independent manager to serve as the chief administrative official of the township. The Township Manager is Rob Hatalovsky. , the members of the Deptford Township Council are Mayor Paul Medany (D, term on committee and ends December 31, 2023; term as mayor ends 2021), Deputy Mayor Tom Hufnell (D, term on committee ends 2023; term as deputy mayor ends 2021), Kenneth Barnshaw (D, 2021), MacKenzie Belling (D, 2023), Bill Lamb (D, 2021), Wayne Love (D, 2021), Phillip Schocklin (D, 2021). Federal, state and county representation Deptford Township is located in the 1st Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 5th state legislative district. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there was a total of 19,449 registered voters in Deptford, of whom 8,169 (42.0%) were registered as Democrats, 2,740 (14.1%) were registered as Republicans and 8,523 (43.8%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 17 voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 62.3% of the vote (8,427 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 36.5% (4,938 votes), and other candidates with 1.2% (168 votes), among the 13,639 ballots cast by the township's 20,488 registered voters (106 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 66.6%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 60.4% of the vote (8,655 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 37.1% (5,311 votes) and other candidates with 1.5% (215 votes), among the 14,332 ballots cast by the township's 20,166 registered voters, for a turnout of 71.1%. In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 58.0% of the vote (7,426 ballots cast), outpolling Republican George W. Bush with 40.8% (5,220 votes) and other candidates with 0.6% (104 votes), among the 12,806 ballots cast by the township's 17,725 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 72.2. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 60.9% of the vote (4,794 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 37.7% (2,969 votes), and other candidates with 1.4% (111 votes), among the 8,093 ballots cast by the township's 20,145 registered voters (219 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 40.2%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Democrat Jon Corzine received 48.9% of the vote (4,158 ballots cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 41.0% (3,487 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 7.3% (622 votes) and other candidates with 0.8% (65 votes), among the 8,500 ballots cast by the township's 19,678 registered voters, yielding a 43.2% turnout. Education The Deptford Township Schools is a public school district, comprising eight school facilities, that serves students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade. As of the 2017–18 school year, the district, comprised of eight schools, had an enrollment of 4,419 students and 329.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 13.4:1. Schools in the district (with 2017-18 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Central Early Childhood Center (639 students; in grades PreK-1), Pine Acres Early Childhood Center (240; PreK-1), Good Intent School (353; 2-6), Lake Tract School (488; 2-6), Oak Valley School (369; 2-6), Shady Lane School (419; 2-6), Monongahela Middle School (643; 7&8), Deptford Township High School (1,092; 9-12) and New Sharon School which serves students ages 3–21 with developmental or cognitive disabilities. Students from across the county are eligible to apply to attend Gloucester County Institute of Technology, a four-year high school in Deptford Township that provides technical and vocational education. As a public school, students do not pay tuition to attend the school. Guardian Angels Regional School (Pre-K-Grade 3 campus in Gibbstown CDP and 4-8 campus in Paulsboro) takes students from Deptford. It is under the Roman Catholic Diocese of Camden. Rowan College at Gloucester County is located in Deptford, and opened there in 1968 as Gloucester County College with classes held at Monongahela Junior High School and Deptford High School. Transportation Roads and highways , the township had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Gloucester County and by the New Jersey Department of Transportation and by the New Jersey Turnpike Authority. Deptford Township is crisscrossed by several major transportation routes, including Route 41, Route 42, Route 45, Route 47, and Route 55. County roads include County Route 534, County Route 544, County Route 551 and County Route 553. The New Jersey Turnpike passes through, but the nearest interchange is Exit 3 in neighboring Bellmawr/Runnemede. A very short section of Interstate 295 also passes through Deptford Township. Public transportation NJ Transit bus service is available to Philadelphia on the 400, 401, 402, 408, 410 and 412 routes, and local service is provided on the 455 and 463 routes. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Deptford Township include: Enrico Di Giuseppe (1932-2005), operatic tenor who performed with the New York City Opera and the Metropolitan Opera. Evan Edinger (born 1990), YouTuber and world traveler. Shaun T. Fitness (born 1978), motivational speaker, fitness trainer and choreographer best known for his home fitness programs T25, Insanity and Hip-Hop Abs. Isaac Hopper (1771–1852), abolitionist, founder of the Underground Railroad. Michael Johns (born 1964), health care executive, former White House speechwriter, conservative policy analyst and writer. Katrina Law (born ), actress. Bob Levy (born 1962), stand-up comic. Dave Rowe (born 1945), former professional football player who played for the Baltimore Colts, New England Patriots, Oakland Raiders and San Diego Chargers. Mel Sheppard (1883–1942), winner of four gold medals at the 1908 Summer Olympics and 1912 Summer Olympics, who lived here for his first nine years. Patti Smith (born 1946), rock musician, songwriter and poet. Gary Stuhltrager (born 1955), eight-term member of the New Jersey General Assembly. 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125194	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%20Greenwich%20Township%2C%20New%20Jersey	East Greenwich Township, New Jersey	East Greenwich Township is a township in Gloucester County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the township's population was 9,555, reflecting an increase of 4,125 (+76.0%) from the 5,430 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 172 (+3.3%) from the 5,258 counted in the 1990 Census. East Greenwich Township was created by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 10, 1881, from the eastern part of Greenwich Township and the western part of Mantua Township. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 14.922 square miles (38.649 km2), including 14.440 square miles (37.400 km2) of land and 0.482 square miles (1.249 km2) of water (3.23%). East Greenwich borders the municipalities of Greenwich Township, Harrison Township, Logan Township, Mantua Township, Paulsboro, Woolwich Township in Gloucester County. Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Clarksboro, Hendricksons Mills, Mickleton, Middleton, Mount Royal, Tomlins, Warringtons Mills and Wolfert. Demographics Census 2010 The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $98,295 (with a margin of error of +/- $13,759) and the median family income was $109,375 (+/- $12,449). Males had a median income of $90,476 (+/- $9,127) versus $50,431 (+/- $6,983) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $38,234 (+/- $3,245). About 3.4% of families and 4.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.2% of those under age 18 and 3.0% of those age 65 or over. Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 5,430 people, 1,901 households, and 1,515 families residing in the township. The population density was 368.1 people per square mile (142.1/km2). There were 1,971 housing units at an average density of 133.6 per square mile (51.6/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 94.68% White, 3.26% African American, 0.13% Native American, 0.64% Asian, 0.24% from other races, and 1.05% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.40% of the population. There were 1,901 households, out of which 35.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.9% were married couples living together, 7.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.3% were non-families. 17.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.77 and the average family size was 3.12. In the township the population was spread out, with 25.0% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 27.0% from 25 to 44, 26.5% from 45 to 64, and 14.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.3 males. The median income for a household in the township was $65,701, and the median income for a family was $74,455. Males had a median income of $51,662 versus $31,619 for females. The per capita income for the township was $25,345. About 2.6% of families and 3.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.2% of those under age 18 and 4.0% of those age 65 or over. Government Local government East Greenwich Township is governed under the Township form of New Jersey municipal government, one of 141 municipalities (of the 565) statewide that use this form, the second-most commonly used form of government in the state. The Township Committee is comprised of five members, who are elected directly by the voters at-large in partisan elections to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with either one or two seats coming up for election each year as part of the November general election in a three-year cycle. At an annual reorganization meeting, the Township Committee selects one of its members to serve as Mayor and another as Deputy Mayor. , East Greenwich Township Committee members are Mayor Dale L. Archer (R, term on committee ends December 31, 2021; term as mayor ends 2020), Deputy Mayor James R. Philbin Jr. (R, term on committee ends 2022; term as deputy mayor ends 2020), Stephen V. Bottiglieri (R, 2022), Richard P. Schober (R, 2020) and Robert Tice (R, 2020). Federal, state and county representation East Greenwich Township is split between the 1st and 2nd Congressional Districts and is part of New Jersey's 3rd state legislative district. Prior to the 2010 Census, all of East Greenwich Township had been part of the 1st Congressional District, a change made by the New Jersey Redistricting Commission that took effect in January 2013, based on the results of the November 2012 general elections. The split placed 7,747 residents living in the township's north and east in the 1st District, while 1,808 residents in the southwestern portion of the township were placed in the 2nd District. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 6,416 registered voters in East Greenwich, of which 2,088 (32.5%) were registered as Democrats, 1,285 (20.0%) were registered as Republicans and 3,042 (47.4%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There was one voter registered to another party. In the 2012 presidential election, Republican Mitt Romney received 53.4% of the vote (2,752 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 45.6% (2,346 votes), and other candidates with 1.0% (52 votes), among the 5,185 ballots cast by the township's 7,019 registered voters (35 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 73.9%. In the 2008 presidential election, Republican John McCain received 50.6% of the vote (2,319 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 47.7% (2,186 votes) and other candidates with 0.7% (32 votes), among the 4,580 ballots cast by the borough's 5,869 registered voters, for a turnout of 78.0%. In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 55.0% of the vote (2,062 ballots cast), outpolling Democrat John Kerry with 43.6% (1,633 votes) and other candidates with 0.6% (29 votes), among the 3,749 ballots cast by the borough's 4,723 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 79.4. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 71.5% of the vote (2,348 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 26.9% (884 votes), and other candidates with 1.5% (50 votes), among the 3,359 ballots cast by the township's 7,070 registered voters (77 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 47.5%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 52.7% of the vote (1,636 ballots cast), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 37.0% (1,148 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 8.7% (269 votes) and other candidates with 0.5% (14 votes), among the 3,103 ballots cast by the borough's 6,096 registered voters, yielding a 50.9% turnout. Education Public school students in pre-kindergarten through sixth grade attend the East Greenwich Township School District. As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of two schools, had an enrollment of 1,312 students and 102.1 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.9:1. The schools in the district (with 2018–19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Jeffrey Clark School located on Quaker Road with 568 students in grades PreK-2 and Samuel Mickle School located on Kings Highway with 737 students in grades 3–6. Public school students in seventh through twelfth grades are educated by the Kingsway Regional School District, which also serves students from South Harrison Township, Swedesboro and Woolwich Township, with the addition of students from Logan Township who attend the district's high school as part of a sending/receiving relationship in which tuition is paid on a per-pupil basis by the Logan Township School District. East Greenwich Township accounts for almost a third of district enrollment. As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprising two schools, had an enrollment of 2,782 students and 210.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 13.2:1. The schools in the district (with 2018–19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Kingsway Regional Middle School with 985 students in grades 7-8 and Kingsway Regional High School with 1,752 students in grades 9-12. Under a 2011 proposal, Kingsway would merge with its constituent member's K-6 districts to become a full K-12 district, with various options for including Logan Township as part of the consolidated district. Students from across the county are eligible to apply to attend Gloucester County Institute of Technology, a four-year high school in Deptford Township that provides technical and vocational education. As a public school, students do not pay tuition to attend the school. Guardian Angels Regional School (Pre-K-Grade 3 campus in Gibbstown CDP and 4-8 campus in Paulsboro) takes students from Clarksboro, Mickleton, Mount Royal, and other sections of East Greenwich township. It is under the Roman Catholic Diocese of Camden. Transportation Roads and highways , the township had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Gloucester County, by the New Jersey Department of Transportation and by the New Jersey Turnpike Authority. The New Jersey Turnpike passes through in the southeast, but the closest interchange is Interchange 2 in neighboring Woolwich. Interstate 295 and U.S. Route 130 pass through with Exit 17 straddling the border between the municipality and neighboring Greenwich. The major county highway to pass through is County Road 551. Public transportation NJ Transit bus service is available to Philadelphia on the 401 route. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with East Greenwich Township include: Danielson Famile (1995–present), family indie rock band. Rachel Davis DuBois (1892-1993), educator, human rights activist and pioneer of intercultural education. George Gill Green (1842–1925), patent medicine manufacturer. Martin A. Herman (born 1939), politician who served in the New Jersey General Assembly, where he represented the 3rd Legislative District from 1974 to 1986, and was later appointed as a judge in New Jersey Superior Court in Gloucester County. Amos J. Peaslee (1887–1969), politician, military official, author and diplomat who served as United States Ambassador to Australia. Hardy Richardson (1855-1931), Major League Baseball player. See also Manor of East Greenwich References External links East Greenwich Township website East Greenwich Township School District School Data for the East Greenwich Township School District, sNational Center for Education Statistics East Greenwich forum East Greenwich Township Republican Club 1881 establishments in New Jersey Populated places established in 1881 Township form of New Jersey government Townships in Gloucester County, New Jersey	[ -1.2334887981414795, -0.14359547197818756, -0.1963391900062561, 0.2412244975566864, 0.7947320938110352, -0.05540437623858452, 0.39974671602249146, 0.17104414105415344, -0.03684540092945099, -0.42683398723602295, -0.6308726668357849, 0.3509632349014282, -0.12796452641487122, 0.08688326925039291, -1.1673544645309448, 0.5948904156684875, 0.590862512588501, 0.6505210995674133, 0.017648600041866302, -0.738892674446106, -0.4878714680671692, -0.5994890928268433, -0.09152096509933472, 0.8868504762649536, 0.1162910908460617, -0.3491459786891937, 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125195	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie%2C%20Countess%20of%20Wessex	Sophie, Countess of Wessex	Sophie, Countess of Wessex, (born Sophie Helen Rhys-Jones; 20 January 1965) is a member of the British royal family. She is married to Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex, the youngest son of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. She grew up in Brenchley, Kent, and later attended West Kent College, training as a secretary. She subsequently began working in public relations, representing firms across the UK, Switzerland and Australia before opening her own agency in 1996. She met Edward in 1987 while working for Capital Radio, and they began dating in 1993. Their engagement was announced in January 1999, and they were married on 19 June at St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle. The couple have two children: Lady Louise and James, Viscount Severn, who are respectively fourteenth and thirteenth in line to the British throne. In 2002, Sophie closed her business interests and began full-time work as a member of the royal family. She is the patron of over 70 charities and organisations, including Childline and the London College of Fashion. She undertakes over 200 engagements each year, including visits to schools, universities, and military bases. Her charity work primarily revolves around people with disabilities, women's rights, avoidable blindness and agriculture. Early life and career Sophie Helen Rhys-Jones was born at Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, on 20 January 1965 into a middle-class family. Her father, Christopher Bournes Rhys-Jones (born 1931), is a retired sales director for an importer of industrial tyres and rubber goods. Her mother was Mary (née O'Sullivan; 1934–2005), a charity worker and secretary. She has an elder brother, David (born 1963), and was named after her father's sister, Helen, who died in a riding accident in 1960. Her godfather, actor Thane Bettany, was her father's stepbrother; both men spent their early life in Sarawak, North Borneo, then a British Protectorate ruled by the White Rajahs. She descends from King Henry IV of England and is related to the family of the Viscounts Molesworth; her grandmother, Margaret Rhys-Jones, née Molesworth, was the great-granddaughter of the Rev. John Molesworth, himself the father of Sir Guilford Molesworth and the great-grandson of Robert Molesworth, 1st Viscount Molesworth. Rhys-Jones was raised in a four-bedroom 17th-century farmhouse in Brenchley, Kent. She began her education at Dulwich Preparatory School, before moving on to Kent College, Pembury, where she was friends with Sarah Sienesi, with whom she subsequently shared a flat in Fulham and who later became her lady-in-waiting. Rhys-Jones then trained as a secretary at West Kent College, Tonbridge. She began a career in public relations, working for a variety of firms, including four years at Capital Radio, where she was assigned to the press and promotions department, as well as public relations companies The Quentin Bell Organisation and MacLaurin Communications & Media. She also worked as a ski representative in Switzerland and spent a year travelling and working in Australia. In 1996, Rhys-Jones launched her public relations agency, RJH Public Relations, which she ran with her business partner, Murray Harkin, for five years. Marriage and children While working at Capital Radio, Rhys-Jones met Prince Edward, the youngest son of the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh, for the first time in 1987 when he was dating her friend. She met Prince Edward again at a charity event in 1993, and the two began their relationship soon afterwards. Their engagement was announced on 6 January 1999. Edward proposed to her with an engagement ring featuring a two-carat oval diamond flanked by two heart-shaped gemstones set in 18-carat white gold. The ring was made by Asprey and Garrard (now Garrard & Co) and is worth an estimated £105,000. Sophie, who was reportedly close to the Queen from the beginning of her relationship with Edward, was allowed to use the royal apartments at Buckingham Palace prior to her engagement. The wedding took place on 19 June of the same year at St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle, a break from the weddings of Edward's older siblings, which were large, formal events at Westminster Abbey or St Paul's Cathedral. On the day of their marriage, Prince Edward was created a hereditary peer as Earl of Wessex with the subsidiary title of Viscount Severn (derived from the Welsh roots of the Countess's family). It is understood that he will be elevated as Duke of Edinburgh when that title reverts to the Crown. The couple spent their honeymoon at Balmoral Castle. Following their union, the Earl and Countess moved to Bagshot Park, their home in Surrey. While their private residence is Bagshot Park, their office and official London residence is based at Buckingham Palace. Due to renovations at Buckingham Palace in 2018, the couple temporarily moved their offices to St James's Palace. In December 2001, the Countess was taken to the King Edward VII Hospital after feeling unwell. It was discovered that she was suffering from an ectopic pregnancy and the foetus had to be removed. Two years later, on 8 November 2003, she prematurely gave birth to her daughter, Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor, resulting from a sudden placental abruption that placed both mother and child at risk, and the Countess had to undergo an emergency caesarean section at Frimley Park Hospital, while the Earl of Wessex rushed back from Mauritius. The Countess returned to Frimley Park Hospital on 17 December 2007, to give birth, again by caesarean section, to her son, James Mountbatten-Windsor, Viscount Severn. Public life The Countess of Wessex's first overseas tour after her marriage was to the Canadian province of Prince Edward Island in 2000. In December 2011, the Countess of Wessex joined her husband visiting troops in Afghanistan. In February and March 2012, the Earl and Countess visited the Caribbean for the Diamond Jubilee, visiting Saint Lucia, Barbados, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Grenada, Trinidad and Tobago, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Anguilla and Antigua and Barbuda. Highlights of the tour included the 50th Anniversary Independence Day celebrations in Saint Lucia, a joint address from both houses of the Barbados Parliament and a visit to sites affected by the recent volcanic eruptions in Montserrat. In June 2012, as part of the Queen's Diamond Jubilee celebrations, the Earl and Countess of Wessex, represented the Queen during a three-day tour to Gibraltar. The couple attended a Queen's Birthday Parade and toured Main Street, in the historic old town. In 2013, the couple visited South Africa. Later that year, the Countess made solo trips to India and Qatar as the patron of the sight-saving charity Orbis UK. She made a similar visit to Bangladesh in November 2017. The Countess, as Colonel-in-Chief of Corps of Army Music, visited The Countess of Wessex's String Orchestra at the Royal Artillery Barracks, in London. On 3 March 2014, the Queen approved the title of "The Countess of Wessex's String Orchestra" for the new Army String Orchestra in recognition of the Corps of Army Music's Colonel-in-Chief. In November 2014, the Countess was in Zambia representing the Queen at the State funeral of the late President of Zambia, Michael Sata. On 26 March 2015, she attended the reburial of Richard III of England in Leicester Cathedral. In May 2015, the Countess represented the Queen in the 70th anniversary celebrations to mark the Liberation Day of the Channel Islands. The Countess delivered a message from the Queen, who paid tribute to the island's continued allegiance and loyalty to the Crown. The Countess visited Canada and the United States in November 2015. While in Toronto, she criss-crossed across the city, making stops at the Royal Agricultural Winter Fair and the UHN's Toronto General Hospital and Toronto Western Hospital, of which she is patron. Sophie then travelled to New York City, paying an emotional visit to the National September 11 Memorial & Museum. The Countess also made an appearance at an Armistice Day service at the Queen Elizabeth II September 11th Garden, which was opened in commemoration of the 67 British victims of the attack. The Countess later attended the 100 Women in Hedge Funds Gala dinner in Manhattan. The Earl and Countess of Wessex toured Canada in June 2016, visiting Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta. The couple visited a variety of places in and around Regina, Saskatchewan before attending the Globe Theatre's 50th anniversary gala. In March 2017, the Countess embarked on a 4-day visit to Malawi as Vice-Patron of The Queen Elizabeth Diamond Jubilee Trust, visiting programmes to end avoidable blindness and champion young leaders. On 9 May 2017, the Countess attended King Harald and Queen Sonja of Norway's 80th Birthday Celebrations on behalf of the royal family. The Earl and Countess of Wessex represented the Queen at the 50th Anniversary Celebrations of Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah's Accession to the Throne of Brunei in October 2017. On 30 November 2017, the Countess visited the 'Making for Change' fashion training and manufacturing unit, a fashion training and manufacturing unit established by the Ministry of Justice and London College of Fashion at HM Prison Downview as patron of the London College of Fashion During her visit, the Countess met staff and prisoners, including female inmates, and awarded participants with certificates as part of their training programme. An avid supporter of charities that deal with learning disabilities, the Countess made a solo trip to Belfast in January 2018 to visit a number of charities that she had supported through her work over the last decade, including Mencap's children's centre. She also opened the new dementia-friendly unit of Northern Ireland Hospice, the first of its kind in the UK. The Earl and Countess of Wessex visited Sri Lanka in February 2018 to celebrate the 70th Anniversary of Independence, Sri Lanka–United Kingdom relations, the Commonwealth, education and young people. In October 2018, the Earl and Countess of Wessex toured the Baltic states. In March 2019, the Countess travelled to New York City to attend the 63rd session of the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women (CSW). The annual event brought together more than 9,000 gender equality representatives from around the world. The CSW is "the principal global intergovernmental body exclusively dedicated to the promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of women." From 29 April to 3 May 2019, the Countess, Vice-Patron of the Queen Elizabeth Diamond Jubilee Trust, visited India in her final overseas tour as vice-patron ahead of the Trust's planned closure in January 2020. The Countess saw the work the charitable foundation has supported to tackle avoidable blindness and heard about programmes successfully launched by Queen's Young Leaders. In July 2019, the Earl and Countess, visited Forfar on their first official visit to the town since the Queen granted the Earl the additional title Earl of Forfar in March 2019. Later in October, the Countess visited Kosovo to meet victims of sexual violence after the Kosovo War and their families. In March 2020, Sophie became the first member of the royal family to visit South Sudan. During the visit, which was requested by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, the Countess of Wessex met victims and survivors of gender-based violence and promoted their rights by meeting the female political leaders in the country. In January 2022, the Countess went on a solo visit to Qatar in her capacity as the global ambassador for the International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness (IAPB) to support the organisation's '2030 in Sight' initiative and visit projects by the Qatar Fund and Orbis International aimed at improving eye tests and treatments in India and Bangladesh. As a supporter of the Women Peace and Security Network she met with Afghan women refugees who had been evacuated from the country following the 2021 Taliban offensive. Charity work and patronage The Earl and Countess of Wessex established their foundation The Wessex Youth Trust in 1999 to support initiatives and charities that help children and young people. After twenty years of operation, the Wessex Youth Trust was renamed the Earl and Countess of Wessex Charitable Trust in 2019 and its management was transferred to the Private Office of the Earl and Countess of Wessex. It was announced that the Trust's broad charitable objectives would not change, however, their future efforts would be aimed towards supporting a different range of charities. In 2000, she became patron of a number of organisations, including Foundation of Light (formerly Sunderland A.F.C Foundation) which develops educational and community programmes in northern England, based around football. Moved by the death of her friend Jill Dando in 1999, the Countess became a trustee of UCL Jill Dando Institute, an institute of crime science established in her name in 2001. As a full-time member of the royal family, part of her focus became charities that dealt with communications difficulties, including Southampton General Hospital, and the New Haven Trust in Toronto, a learning centre for children with autism. In 2003, she became patron of Tomorrow's People Trust, which helps the disadvantaged to find work, housing and a place in society. In February 2003, Countess became patron and ambassador of Meningitis Now, a charity that supports meningitis patients and raises awareness of the disease. Later that month, she became patron to The Scar Free Foundation, a medical research charity coordinating funds in wound healing, burns and cleft research. In 2003, she succeeded Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother as patron of the Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists. The Countess, who was a Brownie as a child, became the new president of Girlguiding UK in 2003, following the death of Princess Margaret in February 2002. She established the Women in Business Group in 2003 to support the Duke of Edinburgh's Award and reach more young people to help them develop skills that can transform their futures. The Countess became president of the Brainwave Centre in 2003, a charity providing therapy for children with developmental delay. In June 2003, she became patron of the Greater London Fund for the Blind, which raises funds for smaller charities for visually impaired people in London. In August 2003, the Countess received patronage of the National Autistic Society, passed down from The Princess Royal. In 2004, she joined St John Ambulance as Grand President, and heads the work of St John's County Presidents, who provide a variety of support for their local St John members. She was associated with ChildLine for many years, preceding her appointment as their first ever royal patron in 2005. In 2006, she lent her support to the Born in Bradford research project, which investigated causes of low birth weight and infant mortality between 2007 and 2010. In September 2006, she was appointed an Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. The Countess is a supporter of agriculture, farming and food production and held the position of Show President of the Royal Bath and West Show in 2010 before becoming Vice Patron in 2011. She is also patron of the Association of Show and Agricultural Organisations and has been Patron of The Border Union Agricultural Society since its bicentennial year in 2012. The Countess works to support the 'Campaign for Wool', which was set up by The Prince of Wales, and aims to promote the use of British wool. During her 2013 trips to India, and Qatar, the Countess visited numerous facilities in her capacity as patron of Vision 2020: The Right to Sight and ambassador for IAPB, in order to raise awareness about preventable blindness. Her work on the issue has been described as influential in creating the Qatar Creating Vision initiative. In 2013, the Countess became the first ever patron of the London College of Fashion. In June 2013, she was appointed global ambassador for The Duke of Edinburgh's International Award Foundation, an umbrella body co-ordinating organisations running The Duke of Edinburgh's Award worldwide. She has been the founder and chairman of the Duke of Edinburgh's Award Women's Network Forum since January 2014, whose goal is the advancement of gender balance and equality by influencing business leaders, inspiring the next generation and sharing best practice. In June 2014, the Countess was appointed the patron of Ubunye Foundation, based in the Eastern Cape, South Africa, a rural development trust dedicated to unlocking the potential of rural communities. On the Countess's 50th birthday, she became Vice-Patron of The Queen Elizabeth Diamond Jubilee Trust, a charitable foundation established in 2012 for Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee. The Trust was a time-limited foundation and closed on 31 January 2020. In February 2015, the Queen gave a joint reception to celebrate the 50th birthdays of the Earl and Countess, as well as their the patronages and affiliations, at Buckingham Palace. Elizabeth, accompanied by the couple, met key supporters, staff, volunteers and alumnus from the charities of their patronage and presidency, as well as representatives from their various military appointments. In November 2015, 100 Women in Hedge Funds announced that the Countess will serve as Global Ambassador of 100WF's Next Generation initiatives. In September 2016, the Countess took part in a cycling challenge from the Holyrood Palace to Buckingham Palace for the Duke of Edinburgh's Award Diamond Challenge. The ride raised more than £180,000 for the Award, which was celebrating its 60th anniversary. The Countess received a diamond pin to mark her completion of the Diamond Challenge. Linking Environment And Farming named the Countess as its new Honorary President in October 2016. In November 2016, she was announced as Women of the Future's official ambassador, which supports and celebrates the successes of young women. In December 2016, the Countess participated in ICAP charity day in order to raise money for Shooting Star Chase, a children's hospice of which she is patron. During the same month. after the Queen stepped down from her position as patron of numerous charities, Sophie replaced her as the principal patron of NSPCC, Blind Veterans UK and British Cycling Federation. The Countess was elected president of the Devon County Agricultural Association in February 2017. In May 2017, as patron of the British Bobsleigh and Skeleton Association the Countess attended its 90th anniversary and commemorative athlete awards dinner. The Ice Maiden, five British Army women, received royal patronage from the Countess for their ambitious coast-to-coast ski expedition across Antarctica in October 2017. The team aimed to inspire women and girls everywhere to challenge perceptions and grow their ambitions. In January 2018, the Countess became the Royal Patron of the Nursing Memorial Appeal. The Appeal aims to create a memorial dedicated to the 1,500 nurses who gave their lives in First and Second World Wars. In February 2018, Westmorland Agricultural Society welcomed the Countess as its president. In January 2019, the Countess became the patron of the Thames Valley Air Ambulance, which saved her life during her ectopic pregnancy in 2001. On 29 January, the Countess was elected President of The Royal Smithfield Club, which promotes the education and knowledge to advance best practice in the meat and livestock industry. On International Women's Day March 2019, the Countess officially announced her involvement in taking a stand against sex crimes in conflict zones, joining Angelina Jolie to work with the Preventing Sexual Violence in Conflict Initiative (PSVI) as well as Women, Peace and Security (WPS) formed 20 years ago to tackle the impact of armed conflict on women and girls, and to promote the positive role women play in building peace and stability. On 25 April 2019, it was announced that the Countess, along with her husband, the Earl of Wessex and her brother-in-law, the Duke of York, have each been appointed vice president of the annual Royal Windsor Horse Show. In May 2019, she took over the patronage of the Chartered Management Institute from the Duke of Edinburgh. In April 2020, the Countess helped Rhubarb, a catering company, in preparing and delivering food to NHS staff amidst the coronavirus pandemic. It was later reported that she was participating in an initiative organised by Ian Wace to help with preparing food for front-line NHS staff across London. To mark the International Nurses Day in May 2020, the Countess helped the Nourish our Nurses charity group with packing and delivering food for nurses and healthcare staff. The Countess has also volunteered at local food banks, including the Hope Hub, in Surrey and delivered parcels to the homeless during the pandemic. In September 2020, Sophie, alongside her husband and children, participated in the Great British Beach Clean at Southsea Beach in support of the Marine Conservation Society. In October 2020, the Earl and Countess visited community engagement programmes in London to commemorate Black History Month. In November 2020, Sophie presented a Commonwealth Points of Light Award on behalf of the Queen during a digital Women Mediators across the Commonwealth Network forum. In February 2021, as the Grand President of St John Ambulance, the Countess started working as a care volunteer at an NHS vaccination centre. In May 2021, Sophie become royal patron of Wellbeing of Women, a charity focused on all areas of women's reproductive health across a woman's life course, from menstrual health to menopause. A patron of this charity, she later discussed her own struggles with menopause and how it affected her memory. In July 2021, Princess Alexandra handed over the patronage of The Guide Dogs for the Blind Association to Sophie. Public image and style At the start of her relationship with Prince Edward, Sophie was referred to as "the girl next door", and noted for her successful career and ordinary background. In the early years of her marriage, Sophie faced public scrutiny for her business interests, and was often compared to the late Princess of Wales, who had died two years earlier. On her transition to becoming a full-time royal, she later stated: "Certainly it took me a while to find my feet. The frustration was I had to reduce my expectations of what I could actually do. I couldn't turn up at a charity and go, right, I think you should be doing this, because that's what I was used to doing in my working life. I had to take a really big step back and go, OK, they want you to be the icing on the cake, the person to come in to thank their volunteers and funders, not necessarily to tell them how to run their communications plan." The Countess has since been cited as an under-the-radar "stabilizing influence" and a "safe pair of hands". She has been said to have a low-key approach to royal engagements, and often drives herself to and from events. Amanda Pullinger stated to Town and Country, "She actually presents herself as an ordinary person and I think that is increasingly what the royal family needs to do." She has also been noted for her long-term work on "gritty" subject matters such as gender-based violence in conflict, and trips to "difficult areas", such as South Sudan and Sierra Leone. The Countess's engagements gained significant attention from the public post-Megxit, with her charity work and style choices receiving increased commentary and analysis. Writer Ingrid Seward states that the Countess "is not a self-publicist....She looks good, without being over-the-top, and she's not craving celebrity. You often wouldn't know she had carried out all those engagements." The Countess was not initially prominent for her fashion, but eventually began to develop her own style and has worn outfits by many notable designers. The Countess has exclusively worn Jane Taylor millinery designs since 2009 on numerous occasions. In a Marie Claire interview, Taylor described her first royal commission: "My first royal client was the Countess of Wessex, and it was quite nerve-racking. But she wears such lovely clothes and she always looks so fabulous, so it's quite easy to design for her. Since she came to see me, she's never worn any other milliner's hats, which is a big compliment. I was really excited, honored, and slightly nervous." Alongside the Duchess of Cambridge and the Duchess of Sussex, Sophie has been named one of the most stylish members of the royal family. The Countess is particularly known for wearing different combinations of hats and coats, and favours silk dresses and frocks. Describing her style in an interview by Sunday Express Sophie said: "It's about my charities, but I recognize that I'm on display. [...] When you walk into a room, yes, people are going to talk about what you're doing there, but they're also going to want to know what you're wearing". She also revealed that she has never had a stylist of her own and that she makes her fashion choices herself. In 2015, the Countess was named on Vanity Fairs Best Dressed List. Together with the Duchess of Cambridge, the Countess hosted the Commonwealth Fashion Exchange reception at Buckingham Palace during the 2018 London Fashion Week. Privacy and the media Violation of privacy In May 1999, less than a month before her wedding, The Sun published a photo of a topless Sophie with her Capital Radio colleague Chris Tarrant, which was taken during a business trip to Spain in 1988. Buckingham Palace immediately issued a statement saying, "This morning's story in The Sun is a gross invasion of privacy and cannot be regarded as in the public interest. It has caused considerable distress." Prime Minister Tony Blair also condemned the publication of the photograph. The Palace made an official complaint to the Press Complaints Commission (PCC). According to Sophie's business partner the incident had left her "distressed", and she was reportedly "devastated" and felt "she was 'letting the side down' before her wedding". Tarrant later said, "There was never, ever the slightest hint of romance between Sophie and myself, let alone these snidey insinuations." Following its publication, the newspaper issued a statement and apologised to Rhys-Jones and the next issue came out with the headline "Sorry, Sophie". It also said that it would again apologise to Sophie in a letter and donate all sale proceeds of the issue to her charities. The photo was sold to the tabloid by Kara Noble, a former friend and colleague of Sophie. Noble later apologised in the following months saying, "I just want to say sorry to everyone who was involved." Both she and the newspaper faced criticism from the public, and Noble was fired from her job at Heart 106.2 FM. The couple later decided not to make a formal complaint. Media sting In April 2001, Sophie appeared in the media after she was misled in a meeting at the Dorchester by a News of the World reporter posing as an Arab sheikh, Mazher Mahmood, who was later exposed for perjury in Southwark Crown Court. It was claimed by the newspapers that during their "secretly taped" conversation, the Countess had insulted the royal family and politicians, calling the Queen "old dear", and referring to Cherie Blair as "absolutely horrid, horrid, horrid", as well as criticising the leadership of Prime Minister Tony Blair and Chancellor of the Exchequer Gordon Brown, and mocking Leader of the Opposition William Hague's appearance. Tabloid newspapers claimed the Countess had sent apology letters to Blair, Hague and Prince Charles. Buckingham Palace denied the accuracy of the reports, saying: "The Countess of Wessex, who is trying to pursue her own career, is obviously vulnerable to set-ups such as this." The Palace released a statement saying the reported comments were "selective, distorted and in several cases, flatly untrue". The Palace officials stated that the Countess had not insulted the Queen, the Queen Mother, or the politicians, and the rumours about her difficulties in marriage and her alleged comments about her husband's sexuality were untrue, while according to the Mail on Sunday multiple reliable sources had confirmed these reports. Subsequently, in 2002, both the Earl and Countess announced that they would quit their business interests in order to focus on activities and official engagements on behalf of the royal family and aid the Queen in her Golden Jubilee year. Jewellery gifts The Countess of Wessex has been criticised for accepting two sets of jewels from the royal family of Bahrain during an official day-long visit to the country in December 2011, as she and her husband returned to the UK from a trip to Afghanistan. She was given one set by Bahrain's king and a second set by the country's prime minister, Sheikh Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa. Her husband, the Earl, received a pen and a watch as well as a silk rug from the Crown Prince of Bahrain, Prince Salman bin Hamad al-Khalifa, who also gave the countess a silver and pearl cup. The value of the jewellery has not been estimated and its precise contents were not disclosed. Given concern about human rights abuses in Bahrain, this gift attracted controversy, with calls for the jewels to be sold, and the proceeds used for the benefit of the Bahraini people. Critics said the Countess should sell the gems and give the proceeds to political protesters in Bahrain. Denis MacShane, then a Labour Member of Parliament (MP) and previously a Foreign Office minister, said: "Given the appalling suffering and repression of the Bahraini people, it would be a fitting gesture for the Countess of Wessex to auction these trinkets and distribute the proceeds to the victims of the regime." Royal family guidelines and procedures relating to gifts published by the government in 2003, state that "before accepting any gift, careful consideration should always be given, wherever practicable, to the donor, the reason for and occasion of the gift and the nature of the gift itself ... Equally, before declining the offer of a gift, careful consideration should be given to any offence that might be caused by such action." Titles, styles, honours and arms Since her marriage, Sophie has been styled as "Her Royal Highness The Countess of Wessex". On 10 March 2019, the Queen granted the Earldom of Forfar to the Earl of Wessex for use in Scotland. Sophie thus uses the title Countess of Forfar when in Scotland. She has since sometimes been referred to as the Countess of Wessex and Forfar, such as at the funeral of her father-in-law. Honours The rose cultivar Rosa 'Countess of Wessex' was named in her honour in 2004. 2002: Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal 2004: Royal Family Order of Queen Elizabeth II 2005: Dame of Justice Venerable Order of Saint John (DStJ) 2005: Commemorative Medal for the Centennial of Saskatchewan 2010: Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO) 2012: Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal 2016: Canadian Forces Decoration (CD) 2017: Service Medal of the Order of St John 2021: Service Medal of the Order of St John (First Bar to the Service Medal) 6 February 2022: Queen Elizabeth II Platinum Jubilee Medal Foreign 2015: Sash of the Order of the Aztec Eagle 2017: Sultan of Brunei Golden Jubilee Medal Honorary military appointments Canada 2004: Colonel-in-Chief of the Lincoln and Welland Regiment 2005: Colonel-in-Chief of the South Alberta Light Horse United Kingdom 2003: Colonel-in-Chief of the Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps 2005: Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Corps of Army Music 2006: Lady Sponsor of HMS Daring 2006: Royal Colonel of the 5th Battalion The Rifles 2008: Honorary Air Commodore Royal Air Force Wittering Arms Authored articles References External links . 1965 births Living people People educated at Kent College, Pembury People from Brenchley People from Oxford People from Bagshot British Anglicans British countesses Wives of British princes British public relations people Dames Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order Dames of Justice of the Order of St John Honorary air commodores Sophie Sophie, Countess of Wessex	[ -0.33048215508461, 0.10582128912210464, 0.1925506442785263, -0.7387444376945496, 0.12980934977531433, 0.47353118658065796, 0.8358529210090637, -0.2943492829799652, -0.63699871301651, 0.31008532643318176, -0.5138698220252991, 0.18276195228099823, -0.034578654915094376, 0.4409128725528717, 0.11380577087402344, 0.16597890853881836, 0.06075620278716087, 0.3666799068450928, 0.06611555814743042, -0.9889684319496155, 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125196	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elk%20Township%2C%20New%20Jersey	Elk Township, New Jersey	Elk Township is a township in Gloucester County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the township's population was 4,216, reflecting an increase of 702 (+20.0%) from the 3,514 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn declined by 292 (-7.7%) from the 3,806 counted in the 1990 Census. Elk Township was formed as a township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on April 17, 1891, from portions of Clayton Township, Glassboro Township and South Harrison Township. The township was named for elk hunted in the area. Until 2016, Elk Township had been a dry township where alcohol could not be sold. That year, the township sold a package goods license for $300,000, which allows the sale of alcohol for off-premise consumption. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 19.34 square miles (50.08 km2), including 19.16 square miles (49.61 km2) of land and 0.18 square miles (0.47 km2) of water (0.93%). Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Aura, Ferrell, Harding, Hardingville and Monroeville. The township borders the municipalities of Clayton, Franklin Township, Glassboro, Harrison Township and South Harrison Township in Gloucester County; and Upper Pittsgrove Township in Salem County. Demographics Census 2010 The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $63,194 (with a margin of error of +/- $18,724) and the median family income was $74,412 (+/- $15,399). Males had a median income of $56,786 (+/- $16,223) versus $39,900 (+/- $15,570) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $27,707 (+/- $3,616). About 9.3% of families and 11.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.8% of those under age 18 and 9.2% of those age 65 or over. Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 3,514 people, 1,263 households, and 958 families residing in the township. The population density was 179.0 people per square mile (69.1/km2). There were 1,347 housing units at an average density of 68.6 per square mile (26.5/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 82.07% White, 14.26% African American, 0.57% Native American, 0.43% Asian, 1.37% from other races, and 1.31% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.93% of the population. There were 1,263 households, out of which 33.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.9% were married couples living together, 11.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.1% were non-families. 19.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.74 and the average family size was 3.16. In the township the population was spread out, with 27.2% under the age of 18, 6.9% from 18 to 24, 28.4% from 25 to 44, 24.9% from 45 to 64, and 12.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.6 males. The median income for a household in the township was $51,047, and the median income for a family was $55,472. Males had a median income of $41,604 versus $27,407 for females. The per capita income for the township was $18,621. About 8.3% of families and 8.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.4% of those under age 18 and 15.7% of those age 65 or over. Government Local government Elk Township is governed under the Township form of New Jersey municipal government, one of 141 municipalities (of the 565) statewide that use this form, the second-most commonly used form of government in the state. The Township Committee is comprised of five members, who are elected directly by the voters at-large in partisan elections to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with either one or two seats coming up for election each year as part of the November general election in a three-year cycle. At an annual reorganization meeting, the Township Committee selects one of its members to serve as Mayor and another as Deputy Mayor. , the members of the Elk Township Committee are Mayor Carolyn King-Sammons (R, term on committee and as mayor ends December 31, 2020), Deputy Mayor Donna M. Nicholson (R, term on committee ends 2021; term as deputy mayor ends 2020), Thomas Hollywood Jr. (R, 2022), Edward Poisker (D, 2021), James Rambo (D, 2020). After the November 2014 general election, Elk Township Republicans declined to file for a recount with John J. Norris coming in third place (with 672 votes), six votes behind Republican Carolyn D. King-Sammons (678) and Democrat James Rambo (685). Federal, state and county representation Elk Township is located in the 2nd Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 3rd state legislative district. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 3,005 registered voters in Elk, of which 1,031 (34.3%) were registered as Democrats, 604 (20.1%) were registered as Republicans and 1,369 (45.6%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There was one voter registered to another party. In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 51.2% of the vote (1,116 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 47.6% (1,039 votes), and other candidates with 1.2% (26 votes), among the 2,201 ballots cast by the township's 3,208 registered voters (20 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 68.6%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 51.3% of the vote (1,187 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 46.7% (1,080 votes) and other candidates with 1.1% (25 votes), among the 2,312 ballots cast by the township's 3,204 registered voters, for a turnout of 72.2%. In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 50.9% of the vote (1,016 ballots cast), outpolling Democrat John Kerry with 47.8% (955 votes) and other candidates with 0.5% (14 votes), among the 1,997 ballots cast by the township's 2,727 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 73.2. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 65.7% of the vote (962 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 33.1% (484 votes), and other candidates with 1.2% (18 votes), among the 1,503 ballots cast by the township's 3,083 registered voters (39 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 48.8%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 50.7% of the vote (784 ballots cast), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 39.2% (607 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 7.2% (112 votes) and other candidates with 0.8% (12 votes), among the 1,547 ballots cast by the township's 3,105 registered voters, yielding a 49.8% turnout. Education The Elk Township School District serves students in public school for pre-kindergarten through sixth grade at Aura School. As of the 2019–20 school year, the district, comprised of one school, had an enrollment of 327 students and 31.7 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 10.3:1. Aura School was built in 1927 and rededicated in 1949 after a fire the previous year, with the newest addition built in 2002. For seventh through twelfth grades, public school students attend the Delsea Regional School District, which serves students from both Elk Township and Franklin Township. Students from Newfield attend the district as part of a sending/receiving relationship begun in September 2010 after Newfield ended its prior relationship with the Buena Regional School District. Schools in the district (with 2019–20 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Delsea Regional Middle School with 540 students in grades 7 and 8, and Delsea Regional High School with 1,028 students in grades 9-12. The seats on the high school district's nine-member board of education are allocated to the constituent municipalities based on population, with two seats assigned to Elk Township. The New Jersey Department of Education has considered a vote by the Board of Education of the Franklin Township Public Schools in June 2010 requesting that the district withdraw from the Delsea Regional School District, which would require that the Delsea region be dissolved as about 80% of the regional district's students come from Franklin. With the withdrawal of Franklin Township, two options being considered were to either have Franklin and Elk Townships create a new regional district with Newfield students attending on a send-receive basis, or having Franklin Township establish its own PreK-12 district which would receive students from both Elk Township and Newfield. Students from across the county are eligible to apply to attend Gloucester County Institute of Technology, a four-year high school in Deptford Township that provides technical and vocational education. As a public school, students do not pay tuition to attend the school. Transportation Roads and highways , the township had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Gloucester County and by the New Jersey Department of Transportation. Major state routes that pass through include Route 77 and the limited access Route 55. The two main county routes that are accessible include Route 538 and Route 553. The New Jersey Turnpike passes through in neighboring Harrison, but the closest exit is two towns away. Public transportation NJ Transit offers bus service on the 410 route between Bridgeton and Philadelphia. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Elk Township include: Sean F. Dalton (born 1962), member of the New Jersey General Assembly. References External links Elk Township official website Elk Township School District School Data for the Elk Township School District, National Center for Education Statistics Delsea Regional School District School Data for the Delsea Regional School District, National Center for Education Statistics 1891 establishments in New Jersey Populated places established in 1891 Township form of New Jersey government Townships in Gloucester County, New Jersey	[ -0.5238556265830994, 0.18296408653259277, -0.5008085370063782, 0.4149795472621918, 0.5197001695632935, -0.17849542200565338, 1.0086827278137207, 0.6772397756576538, -0.028999052941799164, -0.44956183433532715, -0.3292251527309418, 0.4557977616786957, -0.546768069267273, 0.00843727681785822, -1.2366114854812622, 0.7247453927993774, 0.3462322950363159, 0.8383514881134033, 0.056006260216236115, -0.7016589641571045, -0.43676552176475525, -0.3931935727596283, 0.022798657417297363, 0.9705436825752258, 0.11703331768512726, -0.20852132141590118, 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125197	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin%20Township%2C%20Gloucester%20County%2C%20New%20Jersey	Franklin Township, Gloucester County, New Jersey	Franklin Township is a township in Gloucester County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the township's population was 16,820, reflecting an increase of 1,354 (+8.8%) from the 15,466 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 984 (+6.8%) from the 14,482 counted in the 1990 Census. Franklin Township was formed as a township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on January 27, 1820, from portions of Greenwich Township and Woolwich Township. Parts of the township have been taken to form Clayton Township (February 5, 1858) and Newfield (March 8, 1924). The township was named for Benjamin Franklin. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 56.39 square miles (146.04 km2), including 55.83 square miles (144.60 km2) of land and 0.56 square miles (1.44 km2) of water (0.99%). Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Blue Bell, Downstown, Forest Grove. Franklinville, Fries Mills, Iona, Janvier, Lake, Malaga, Marsh Lake, Piney Hollow, Plainville, Star Cross and Porchtown. The township borders the municipalities of Clayton, Elk Township, Monroe Township and Newfield in Gloucester County; Buena and Buena Vista Township in Atlantic County; Vineland in Cumberland County; and Pittsgrove Township and Upper Pittsgrove Township in Salem County. Demographics Census 2010 The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $74,327 (with a margin of error of +/- $6,247) and the median family income was $80,667 (+/- $7,344). Males had a median income of $51,425 (+/- $3,105) versus $42,297 (+/- $2,605) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $32,141 (+/- $3,019). About 4.7% of families and 7.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.9% of those under age 18 and 15.2% of those age 65 or over. Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 15,466 people, 5,225 households, and 4,190 families residing in the township. The population density was 276.1 people per square mile (106.6/km2). There were 5,461 housing units at an average density of 97.5 per square mile (37.6/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 90.22% White, 6.66% African American, 0.31% Native American, 0.41% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 1.25% from other races, and 1.14% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.51% of the population. There were 5,225 households, out of which 40.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.9% were married couples living together, 11.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.8% were non-families. 15.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.94 and the average family size was 3.29. In the township the population was spread out, with 27.7% under the age of 18, 8.5% from 18 to 24, 30.8% from 25 to 44, 23.5% from 45 to 64, and 9.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.7 males. The median income for a household in the township was $55,169, and the median income for a family was $60,518. Males had a median income of $41,159 versus $27,538 for females. The per capita income for the township was $20,277. About 3.5% of families and 5.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.8% of those under age 18 and 6.4% of those age 65 or over. Government Local government Franklin Township is governed under the Township form of New Jersey municipal government, one of 141 municipalities (of the 565) statewide that use this form, the second-most commonly used form of government in the state. The Township Committee is comprised of five members, who are elected directly by the voters at-large in partisan elections to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with either one or two seats coming up for election each year as part of the November general election in a three-year cycle. At an annual reorganization meeting, the Township Committee selects one of its members to serve as Mayor and another as Deputy Mayor. , the Franklin Township Committee is comprised of Mayor John "Jake" Bruno (R, term on committee ends December 31, 2021; term as mayor ends 2021), Deputy Mayor Heather Flaim (R, term on committee ends 2023)term as Deputy Mayor ends 2021), David P. Deegan Jr. (R, 2022), Timothy Doyle (R, 2023), and Mary Petsch-Wilson (R, 2022). In January 2020, Timothy Doyle was chosen from three candidates nominated by the Republican municipal committee to fill the seat expiring in December 2020 that had been held by Leah Vasallo until she resigned from office the previous month. Republican Heather Flaim was appointed to fill the seat expiring in December 2018 that became vacant following the death of Ed Leopardi in September 2016; a judge ruled in May 2017 that Flaim could take the seat in a ruling in a case in which the local Democratic municipal committee claimed that it had submitted a list of three candidates to succeed Leopardi, which the township claims it never received. Flaim won a full three-year term in the November 2017 general election, while Democrat Charles F. Pluta was elected to serve the balance of Leopardi's term of office. Federal, state and county representation Franklin Township is located in the 2nd Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 3rd state legislative district. Prior to the 2011 reapportionment following the 2010 Census, Franklin Township had been in the 4th state legislative district. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 10,760 registered voters in Franklin, of which 2,885 (26.8%) were registered as Democrats, 2,422 (22.5%) were registered as Republicans and 5,444 (50.6%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 9 voters registered to other parties. In the 2020 presidential election, Republican Donald Trump received 61.0% of the vote (5,947 cast), ahead of Democrat Joe Biden with 37.4% (3,644 votes), and other candidates with 1.2% (149 votes) among the 9,740 ballots cast by the township's 12,573 registered voters, for a turnout of 77.4%. In the 2016 presidential election, Republican Donald Trump received 58.8% of the vote (4,631 cast), ahead of Democrat Hillary Clinton with 37.4% (2,646 votes), and other candidates with 3.8% (591 votes) among the 7,868 ballots cast by the township's 11,750 registered voters, for a turnout of 67.0%. In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 50.9% of the vote (3,782 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 47.8% (3,553 votes), and other candidates with 1.4% (101 votes), among the 7,492 ballots cast by the township's 11,180 registered voters (56 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 67.0%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 51.3% of the vote (4,065 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 46.0% (3,646 votes) and other candidates with 1.7% (131 votes), among the 7,923 ballots cast by the township's 11,085 registered voters, for a turnout of 71.5%. In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 49.5% of the vote (3,503 ballots cast), outpolling Democrat John Kerry with 48.7% (3,443 votes) and other candidates with 0.9% (92 votes), among the 7,073 ballots cast by the township's 9,870 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 71.7. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 62.2% of the vote (1,138 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 37.0% (677 votes), and other candidates with 0.8% (14 votes), among the 1,915 ballots cast by the township's 3,654 registered voters (86 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 52.4%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 49.2% of the vote (2,445 ballots cast), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 40.2% (1,998 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 8.4% (417 votes) and other candidates with 0.7% (35 votes), among the 4,969 ballots cast by the township's 11,042 registered voters, yielding a 45.0% turnout. Public safety Franklin Township is served by the Franklin Township Police Department, along with five volunteer fire companies and the County-run Emergency Medical Services. Serving are Forest Grove Volunteer Fire Company (founded 1949), Franklinville Volunteer Fire Company, Janvier Volunteer Fire Company (founded 1946), Malaga Volunteer Fire Company, Star Cross Volunteer Fire Company. Since 2017, Gloucester County EMS provides emergency medical services for the whole township, after the governing body questioned the ability of the Township of Franklin Ambulance Corps to respond to calls with volunteers. Education The Franklin Township Public Schools serve students in pre-kindergarten through sixth grade. As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of three schools, had an enrollment of 1,408 students and 114.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.4:1. Schools in the district (with 2018–19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Mary F. Janvier Elementary School with 597 students in grades K-2, Main Road School with 394 students in grades 3-4 and Caroline L. Reutter School with 406 students in grades 5–6. Students from Newfield attend the Franklin Township district's schools as part of a sending/receiving relationship in which Newfield accounts for about 100 of the nearly 1,400 students in the district. For seventh through twelfth grades, students attend the Delsea Regional School District, which serves students from both Elk Township and Franklin Township. Students from Newfield attend the district as part of a sending/receiving relationship begun in September 2010 after Newfield ended its prior relationship with the Buena Regional School District. As of the 2018–19 school year, the regional high school district, comprised of two schools, had an enrollment of 1,661 students and 123.8 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 13.4:1. Schools in the district (with 2018–19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Delsea Regional Middle School with 563 students in grades 7 and 8, and Delsea Regional High School with 1,047 students in grades 9 - 12. The seats on the high school district's nine-member board of education are allocated to the constituent municipalities based on population, with seven seats assigned to Franklin Township. The New Jersey Department of Education considered a vote by the Franklin Township Board of Education in June 2010 requesting that the district withdraw from the Delsea Regional School District, which would require that the Delsea region be dissolved as about 80% of the regional district's students come from Franklin. With the withdrawal of Franklin Township, two options being considered were to either have Franklin and Elk Townships create a new regional district with Newfield students attending on a send-receive basis, or having Franklin Township establish its own PreK-12 district which would receive students from both Elk Township and Newfield. Students from across the county are eligible to apply to attend Gloucester County Institute of Technology, a four-year high school in Deptford Township that provides technical and vocational education. As a public school, students do not pay tuition to attend the school. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Camden operates St. Michael the Archangel Regional School in Clayton; Nativity Church in Franklinville is one of the sending parishes. Our Lady of Mercy Academy is a college preparatory, all-girls Catholic high school founded in 1962 by the Daughters of Our Lady of Mercy and operated under the supervision of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Camden. Transportation Roads and highways , the township had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Gloucester County and by the New Jersey Department of Transportation. U.S. Route 40 passes through the southern area while both Route 47 and the Route 55 freeway both pass through the eastern area. The county roads that pass through include CR 538, CR 555 and CR 557. Public transportation NJ Transit provides bus service in the township on service between Cape May and Philadelphia on the 313 and between Millville and Philadelphia on the 408 routes. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Franklin Township include: Domenick DiCicco (born 1963), politician who served in the New Jersey General Assembly from 2010 to 2012, where he represented the 4th Legislative District. H. Jay Dinshah (1933-2000), founder and president of the American Vegan Society and editor of its publication, Ahimsa magazine Ed Keegan (1939-2014), MLB pitcher who played for the Philadelphia Phillies and Kansas City Athletics. Eliot Marshall (born 1980), retired mixed martial artist. Wineries Coda Rossa Winery References External links Franklin Township website Franklin Township Public Schools School Data for the Franklin Township Public Schools, National Center for Education Statistics Delsea Regional School District School Data for the Delsea Regional School District, National Center for Education Statistics Franklin forum Franklinville Fire Company 1820 establishments in New Jersey Populated places established in 1820 Township form of New Jersey government Townships in Gloucester County, New Jersey	[ -0.8215007781982422, 0.10786565393209457, -0.7340330481529236, 0.5908176302909851, 1.003614068031311, 0.022438017651438713, 0.8698877692222595, 0.48144957423210144, -0.23635119199752808, -0.6296291351318359, -0.5715661644935608, 0.32490086555480957, -0.4081306755542755, 0.043712910264730453, -1.2102247476577759, 0.639487087726593, 0.6906039118766785, 0.9789965152740479, -0.013933644630014896, -0.9581714868545532, -0.6045745015144348, -0.4588364064693451, 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125199	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbstown%2C%20New%20Jersey	Gibbstown, New Jersey	Gibbstown is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) located within Greenwich Township, in Gloucester County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the CDP's population was 3,739. Gibbstown is the location of C. A. Nothnagle Log House, purportedly the oldest house in New Jersey and the oldest surviving log house in the U.S., dating to around 1638. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, Gibbstown had a total area of 1.642 square miles (4.253 km2), all of which was land. The Port of Paulsboro is located on the Delaware River and Mantua Creek in and around Paulsboro. Traditionally one of the nation's busiest for marine transfer operations of petroleum products, including the Paulsboro Refinery, which is mostly located in Gibbstown. The port is being redeveloped as an adaptable omniport able to handle a diversity of bulk, break bulk cargo and shipping containers. Studies completed in 2012 concluded that the port is well suited to become a center for the manufacture, assembly, and transport of wind turbines and platforms the development of Atlantic Wind Connection Demographics Census 2010 Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 3,758 people, 1,453 households, and 1,060 families living in the CDP. The population density was 890.2/km2 (2,302.4/mi2). There were 1,513 housing units at an average density of 358.4/km2 (927.0/mi2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 96.65% White, 1.09% African American, 0.11% Native American, 0.69% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.32% from other races, and 1.12% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.52% of the population. There were 1,453 households, out of which 31.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.1% were married couples living together, 11.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.0% were non-families. 23.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.58 and the average family size was 3.05. In the CDP the population was spread out, with 23.0% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 28.1% from 25 to 44, 23.6% from 45 to 64, and 17.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.2 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $50,444, and the median income for a family was $59,833. Males had a median income of $41,200 versus $31,225 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $23,931. About 1.2% of families and 3.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.4% of those under age 18 and 4.9% of those age 65 or over. Education Greenwich Township School District operates the area public schools except high school, which is operated by Paulsboro Public Schools. Guardian Angels Regional School is a K-8 school that operates under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Camden. Its PreK-3 campus is in Gibbstown while its 4-8 campus is in Paulsboro. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Gibbstown include: Sylvia Earle (born 1935), marine biologist, oceanographer and explorer. Alex Silvestro (born 1988), former football tight end / defensive end who played in the NFL for the Baltimore Ravens and New England Patriots. Jesse Gordon (born 1986) singer song writer of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania References Census-designated places in Gloucester County, New Jersey Greenwich Township, Gloucester County, New Jersey New Sweden	[ -0.7179120182991028, -0.23637734353542328, -0.2680096924304962, -0.24205410480499268, 1.1379154920578003, 0.12229908257722855, 0.8445348143577576, 0.23860734701156616, -0.1970146894454956, -0.4823826253414154, -0.7396700978279114, 0.2687515616416931, -0.20202624797821045, 0.2384396195411682, -1.1728198528289795, 0.48377203941345215, 0.916903555393219, 0.7811452150344849, 0.300237238407135, -0.04836780205368996, -0.6215489506721497, -0.3127440810203552, 0.2994173765182495, 0.5572388172149658, -0.2848397195339203, -0.3221864104270935, 0.893176257610321, -0.0713275596499443, 0.15098509192466736, 0.11457798629999161, -0.23857928812503815, 0.8732736706733704, -0.5391252636909485, -0.5592124462127686, 0.6481788754463196, -0.362810879945755, -0.3407576084136963, 0.4147728383541107, 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125200	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glassboro%2C%20New%20Jersey	Glassboro, New Jersey	Glassboro is a borough in Gloucester County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the borough's population was 18,579, reflecting a decline of 489 (−2.6%) from the 19,068 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 3,454 (+22.1%) over the 15,614 counted in the 1990 Census. What is now Glassboro was originally formed as a township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 11, 1878, from portions of Clayton Township. Portions of the township were taken to form Elk Township (April 17, 1891) and Pitman (May 24, 1905). Glassboro was incorporated as a borough on March 18, 1920, replacing Glassboro Township. The borough was named for its glass industry. Glassboro is home to Rowan University, founded in 1923 and formerly known as Glassboro State College, which was the site of the Glassboro Summit Conference in 1967 between U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson and Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin. History Glassboro's early history was built on the manufacturing of glass. The town was first established in 1779 by Solomon Stanger as "Glass Works in the Woods"; glass manufacturers over the years since include Heston-Carpenter Glass Works, Olive Glass Works, Harmony Glass Works, Temperanceville Glass Works, Whitney Brothers Glass Works, Owens Bottle Company, Owens Illinois Glass Company, and Anchor Hocking. In 1958, an epidemic of typhoid fever broke out in the predominantly African American neighborhoods of Elsmere and Lawns, which was attributed to 20 years of municipal neglect of the sanitary infrastructure. The Glassboro Summit Conference between U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson and Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin took place in Glassboro. Johnson and Kosygin met for three days from June 23 to June 25, 1967, at Glassboro State College (later renamed Rowan University). The location was chosen as a compromise. Kosygin, having agreed to address the United Nations in New York City, wanted to meet in New York. Johnson, wary of encountering protests against the Vietnam War, preferred to meet in Washington, D.C. They agreed on Glassboro because it was equidistant between the two cities. The generally amicable atmosphere of the summit was referred to as the "Spirit of Glassboro," although the leaders failed to reach agreement on limiting anti-ballistic missile systems. On June 19, 1986, Ronald Reagan became the first sitting president to speak at a high school graduation when he spoke at the Glassboro High School commencement ceremonies. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough had a total area of 9.36 square miles (24.24 km2), including 9.32 square miles (24.14 km2) of land and 0.04 square miles (0.10 km2) of water (0.41%). Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the borough include Elsemere. Glassboro borders the Gloucester County municipalities of Clayton Borough, Elk Township, Harrison Township, Mantua Township, Monroe Township, Pitman and Washington Township. Climate The climate in the area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Glassboro has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. Demographics Census 2010 The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $54,795 (with a margin of error of +/- $3,793) and the median family income was $67,171 (+/- $9,496). Males had a median income of $49,695 (+/- $4,361) versus $43,489 (+/- $2,608) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $23,108 (+/- $1,421). About 9.3% of families and 14.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.6% of those under age 18 and 5.0% of those age 65 or over. Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 19,068 people, 6,225 households, and 4,046 families residing in the borough. The population density was 2,071.3 people per square mile (799.4/km2). There were 6,555 housing units at an average density of 712.0 per square mile (274.8/km2). The racial makeup of the borough was 74.5% White, 19.5% African American, 0.2% Native American, 2.3% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 1.5% from other races, and 2.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.8% of the population. There were 6,225 households, out of which 32.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.3% were married couples living together, 14.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.0% were non-families. 23.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.66 and the average family size was 3.17. In the borough the population was spread out, with 22.1% under the age of 18, 25.6% from 18 to 24, 25.9% from 25 to 44, 16.6% from 45 to 64, and 9.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 27 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.3 males. The median income for a household in the borough was $44,992, and the median income for a family was $55,246. Males had a median income of $40,139 versus $30,358 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $18,113. About 8.5% of families and 15.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.6% of those under age 18 and 7.9% of those age 65 or over. Parks and recreation The Glassboro Wildlife Management Area covers almost in portions of Glassboro, Clayton and Monroe Township. Government Local government Glassboro is governed under the Borough form of New Jersey municipal government, which is used in 218 municipalities (of the 565) statewide, making it the most common form of government in New Jersey. The governing body is comprised of the Mayor and the Borough Council, with all positions elected at-large on a partisan basis as part of the November general election. The Mayor is elected directly by the voters to a four-year term of office. The Borough Council is comprised of six members elected to serve three-year terms on a staggered basis, with two seats coming up for election each year in a three-year cycle. The Borough form of government used by Glassboro is a "weak mayor / strong council" government in which council members act as the legislative body with the mayor presiding at meetings and voting only in the event of a tie. The mayor can veto ordinances subject to an override by a two-thirds majority vote of the council. The mayor makes committee and liaison assignments for council members, and most appointments are made by the mayor with the advice and consent of the council. , the Mayor of Glassboro is Democrat John E. Wallace, whose term of office ends December 31, 2022. Members of the Borough Council are Council President George P. Cossabone Sr. (D, 2022), Joseph M. D'Alessandro (D, 2020), Anthony J. Fiola (D, 2020; elected to serve an unexpired term), Andrew Halter (D, 2021), Anna Miller (D, 2021) and Daniele Brida Spence (D, 2022). In March 2019, Danielle Spence was selected to fill the seat on the Borough Council expiring in December 2019 that had been held by Edward A. Malandro. Spence served on an interim basis until the November 2019 general election, when she was elected to serve the balance of the term of office and won a full three-year term, while Anthony J. Fiola was elected to serve an unexpired term. Anna Miller was appointed by the borough council in March 2013 from among three candidates offered by the municipal Democratic committee to fill the vacant seat of George Cossabone. Federal, state and county representation Glassboro is located in the 1st Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 3rd state legislative district. Prior to the 2011 reapportionment following the 2010 Census, Glassboro had been in the 4th state legislative district. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 9,772 registered voters in Glassboro, of which 3,733 (38.2%) were registered as Democrats, 1,408 (14.4%) were registered as Republicans and 4,617 (47.2%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 14 voters registered to other parties. In the 2020 presidential election, Democrat Joe Biden received 59.9% of the vote (5,162 cast), ahead of Republican Donald Trump with 38.5% (3,320), and other candidates with 1.6% among the 8,798 ballots cast by the borough's 11,661 voters, for a turnout of 75.4%. In the 2016 presidential election, Democrat Hillary Clinton received 56.3% of the vote (4,135 cast), ahead of Republican Donald Trump with 37.8% (2,779 votes), and other candidates with 5.9% among the 7,347 ballots cast by the borough's 11,512 registered voters, for a turnout of 63.8%. In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 63.7% of the vote (4,578 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 34.6% (2,485 votes), and other candidates with 1.8% (128 votes), among the 7,252 ballots cast by the borough's 10,804 registered voters (61 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 67.1%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 62.8% of the vote (4,516 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 35.4% (2,547 votes) and other candidates with 0.9% (62 votes), among the 7,195 ballots cast by the borough's 10,312 registered voters, for a turnout of 69.8%. In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 58.5% of the vote (3,930 ballots cast), outpolling Republican George W. Bush with 40.1% (2,699 votes) and other candidates with 0.6% (60 votes), among the 6,723 ballots cast by the borough's 9,801 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 68.6. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 53.0% of the vote (2,106 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 45.0% (1,786 votes), and other candidates with 2.0% (80 votes), among the 4,074 ballots cast by the borough's 10,838 registered voters (102 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 37.6%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Democrat Jon Corzine received 51.7% of the vote (2,198 ballots cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 39.0% (1,659 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 6.7% (287 votes) and other candidates with 0.7% (29 votes), among the 4,255 ballots cast by the borough's 9,958 registered voters, yielding a 42.7% turnout. Education The Glassboro Public Schools serve students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade. As of the 2017–18 school year, the district, comprised of five schools, had an enrollment of 2,088 students and 179.2 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.7:1. Schools in the district (with 2017–18 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are J. Harvey Rodgers School 291 students in grades PreK and kindergarten, Dorothy L. Bullock School 462 students in grades 1–3, Thomas E. Bowe Elementary School 463 students in grades 4–6, Glassboro Intermediate School 287 students in grades 7-8 and Glassboro High School 533 students in grades 9-12. Students from across the county are eligible to apply to attend Gloucester County Institute of Technology, a four-year high school in Deptford Township that provides technical and vocational education. As a public school, students do not pay tuition to attend the school. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Camden operates St. Michael the Archangel School in Clayton; the former St. Bridget Regional School in Glassboro merged into St. Michael in 2008. Rowan University is a public university with an enrollment of 19,500 undergraduate and graduate students in 2018–19. The university was founded in 1923 as Glassboro Normal School on a site donated by the borough. The school became New Jersey State Teachers College at Glassboro in 1937 and Glassboro State College in 1958. Starting in the 1970s, it expanded into a multi-purpose institution, adding programs in business, communications, and engineering. Rowan Boulevard is a mixed-use development intended to provide a vibrant downtown district for Glassboro, incorporating university student life into its design, as part of an effort to accommodate a student body that is projected to grow to about 25,000 in 2023. Transportation Roads and highways , the borough had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Gloucester County and by the New Jersey Department of Transportation. Glassboro is crisscrossed by a number of major roads. County Route 553, Route 47 and Route 55 (limited access) travel north–south, while U.S. Route 322 (much of which is also Mullica Hill Road) passes through east–west. Public transportation NJ Transit provides bus service to and from Philadelphia on the 313, 408 and 412 routes. The Pureland East-West Community Shuttle connects the Pureland Industrial Complex and the Avandale Park and Ride. Passenger train service to Glassboro existed from 1860 to 1971. The Glassboro station used by the Pennsylvania-Reading Seashore Lines is being renovated as a visitor center. A new station at Rowan University in the vicinity of the historic depot is the planned for the proposed Glassboro–Camden Line, an diesel multiple unit (DMU) light rail system. The terminal station would be one stop further at Main and High streets. Walking and cycling Walking is a popular form of transportation especially around the university where many underclassmen are not permitted to have cars. The Glassboro - Williamstown Trail (also known as the Monroe Township Bikepath) runs for more than between Glassboro and the Williamstown section of Monroe Township. The trail traverses the Glassboro State Wildlife Refuge before terminating at Delsea Drive. Future work will extend this trail along former railroad right of way from Delsea Drive to Rowan U's Bunce Hall. Path links to Elmer and Pitman are also proposed. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Glassboro include: John Aveni (1935–2002), kicker for the Chicago Bears. Gary Brackett (born 1980), linebacker on the Super Bowl XLI champion Indianapolis Colts. Mark Lambert Bristol (1868–1939), rear admiral in the United States Navy. King Kong Bundy (1957-2019) American professional wrestler, stand-up comedian and actor. Mary Carnell (1861-1925), photographer Betty Castor (born 1941), Florida Senate Candidate and former President of The University of South Florida. Corey Clement (born 1994), running back for the Super Bowl LII champion Philadelphia Eagles. Joe Crispin (born 1979), former NBA player for the Phoenix Suns and Los Angeles Lakers. Daniel Dalton (born 1949), politician who served as New Jersey Senate Majority Leader and as Secretary of State of New Jersey. Sean F. Dalton (born 1962), Prosecutor of Gloucester County, New Jersey who previously served two terms in the New Jersey General Assembly, where he represented the 4th Legislative District. Thomas M. Ferrell (1844–1916) represented New Jersey's 1st congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1883 to 1885. Cathe Friedrich (born 1964), athlete, instructor and innovator in the fitness video industry. Kerry Getz (born 1975), professional skateboarder. Jaden (born 1977), professional wrestling manager and commentator. George Johnson (born 1987), defensive end for the Detroit Lions of the National Football League. Juwan Johnson (born 1996), American football wide receiver for the New Orleans Saints of the National Football League. Jarvis Lynch (born 1933), retired major general in the United States Marine Corps. Oscar Moore (born 1938), long-distance runner who competed in the men's 5000 metres at the 1964 Summer Olympics. Thomas J. Osler (born c. 1940), mathematician, former national champion distance runner and author. Brian Oliver (born 1990), professional basketball player. See also References External links Glassboro website 1878 establishments in New Jersey Borough form of New Jersey government Boroughs in Gloucester County, New Jersey Populated places established in 1878	[ -0.4767810106277466, 0.5799114108085632, 0.08411905914545059, 0.033898308873176575, 0.8744615912437439, 0.3626954257488251, 0.8975657224655151, 0.7805190086364746, -0.24763326346874237, -0.6662380695343018, -0.24792829155921936, 0.09815975278615952, -0.288640558719635, 0.5660133361816406, -1.0289515256881714, 0.10112836956977844, 0.7781965732574463, 0.5366220474243164, 0.7495332956314087, -0.524127721786499, -0.5402016043663025, -0.02096710167825222, 0.30574092268943787, 0.2972186803817749, -0.1184174120426178, -0.130488783121109, 0.37280863523483276, -0.13236446678638458, -0.18638049066066742, 0.0873817652463913, -0.019328337162733078, 0.9155494570732117, -0.6402714252471924, -0.5084130167961121, 0.7035275101661682, -0.4674341380596161, -0.35256391763687134, -0.11154163628816605, 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125201	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Dettingen	Battle of Dettingen	The Battle of Dettingen () took place on 27 June 1743 during the War of the Austrian Succession at Dettingen in the Electorate of Mainz, Holy Roman Empire (now Karlstein am Main in Bavaria). It was fought between a Pragmatic Army, composed of the British, Hanoverian and Austrian troops, and a French army commanded by the duc de Noailles. While the Earl of Stair exercised operational control, the Allied army was nominally commanded by George II, accompanied by his son the Duke of Cumberland. As a result, it is now best remembered as the last time a reigning British monarch led troops in combat. Despite being an Allied victory, the battle had little effect on the wider war, and has been described as 'a happy escape, rather than a great victory.' Background The immediate cause of the War of the Austrian Succession was the death in 1740 of Emperor Charles VI, last male Habsburg. This left his eldest daughter, Maria Theresa, as heir to the Habsburg Monarchy, whose laws excluded women from the succession. The 1713 Pragmatic Sanction waived this and allowed her to inherit, but this was challenged by Charles Albert of Bavaria, the closest male heir. The dispute became a European issue because the Monarchy formed the most powerful single element in the Holy Roman Empire. A federation of mostly German states, it was headed by the Holy Roman emperor, in theory an elected position but held by the Habsburgs since 1440. In January 1742, Charles of Bavaria became the first non-Habsburg emperor in 300 years, with the support of France, Prussia and Saxony. Maria Theresa was backed by the so-called Pragmatic Allies, which in addition to Austria included Britain, Hanover and the Dutch Republic. In December 1740, Prussia invaded the Austrian province of Silesia, whose mining, weaving and dyeing industries provided 10% of total Imperial income. France, Saxony and Bavaria occupied Habsburg territories in Bohemia, while Spain joined the war, hoping to regain possessions in Northern Italy lost to Austria in 1713. By early 1742, Austria's position seemed desperate; Britain agreed to send a naval squadron to the Mediterranean and 17,000 troops to the Austrian Netherlands, under the Earl of Stair. However, Austria made peace with Prussia in the June 1742 Treaty of Breslau; by December, they occupied most of Bavaria while the French armies were devastated by disease. The focus of the 1743 campaign switched to Germany; the Austrians defeated the Bavarians at Simbach and in mid-June, the Allied army arrived at Aschaffenburg, on the north bank of the River Main. Here they were joined by George II, who was attending the coronation of a new Elector of Mainz. By late June, the Allies were running short of supplies; the nearest depot to Aschaffenburg was at Hanau, the road to which ran through Dettingen. Here, French commander, the duc de Noailles, positioned 23,000 troops under his nephew, the duc de Gramont. Battle Around 1:00 am on 27 June, the Allies left Aschaffenburg in three columns, and marched along the north bank of the Main, heading for Hanau. The French position at Dettingen was extremely strong; De Gramont's infantry held a line anchored on the village, and running to the Spessart Heights, with the cavalry on level ground to their left. Noailles instructed de Vallière to place his guns on the south bank of the Main, which allowed them to fire into the left flank of the Pragmatic army. Inadequate reconnaissance was a problem for the Pragmatic Army throughout the war, and the French presence in Dettingen took them by surprise. Their danger became clear when Noailles sent another 12,000 troops over the Main at Aschaffenburg, into the Allied rear; he had high hopes of destroying their entire army. Ilton, commander of the Allied infantry, ordered the British and Hanoverian Foot Guards back to Aschaffenburg, while the remainder changed from column of march into four lines to attack the French position. As they did so, they were fired on by the French artillery, although this caused relatively few casualties. Despite being ordered three times by Noailles to hold their position, around midday the elite Maison du Roi cavalry charged the Allied lines. Who initiated it is disputed, de Gramont being the most common choice; French historian De Périni suggests the Maison de Roi, who not seen action since Malplaquet in 1709, saw an opportunity to win the battle on their own. They were followed by the Gardes Françaises infantry, in a disjointed and piecemeal attack. However, led by the duc d'Harcourt, they broke through the first three lines, and throwing the inexperienced British cavalry into confusion. De Vallière ceased fire for fear of hitting his own troops, and the British infantry in the fourth line were able to hold their ground. A Hanoverian artillery battery began firing at close range into the French infantry, while an Austrian brigade took them in the flank. After three hours of fighting, the French retreated to the left bank of the Main, most of their casualties occurring when one of the bridges collapsed. The Pragmatic army continued towards Hanau; although it has been suggested that they could have exploited their victory, they were in no shape to attempt a contested river crossing. Their precarious position was demonstrated by the need to abandon their wounded in order to move faster. Aftermath Although George II handed out numerous promotions and rewards to his subordinates, Dettingen was a lucky escape. The Allies, short of supplies and in retreat, had escaped, but had to abandon their wounded, and would have suffered a serious defeat if Noailles' orders had been followed. Unable to agree how to best exploit their victory, they ended by doing nothing, and in October, took up winter quarters in the Netherlands. It was the last battle for several senior officers; in 1744, Noailles was appointed Foreign Minister, while de Gramont was killed at Fontenoy in 1745. The 70 year old Stair retired, and was replaced by the equally elderly George Wade. The Allied cavalry performed woefully, failing to locate 23,000 men across their line of retreat, less than away, while many troopers were allegedly unable to control their horses. Only the infantry's training and discipline saved the army from destruction; in recognition, one of the training companies at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst is named 'Dettingen.' In honour of the battle, and his patron George II, Handel composed the Dettingen Te Deum and Dettingen Anthem. Notes References Sources Battles of the War of the Austrian Succession Conflicts in 1743 Battles involving Austria Battles involving France Battles involving Hanover Battles involving Great Britain Battles in Bavaria 1743 in the Holy Roman Empire 18th century in Bavaria History of Franconia	[ -0.572691798210144, -0.02554279752075672, 0.3149077892303467, -0.11609669029712677, -0.6962350010871887, 0.533206582069397, 0.9821435809135437, -0.5121971368789673, -0.2889977693557739, -0.20679354667663574, -0.18424184620380402, 0.30291563272476196, -0.08891646564006805, 0.7280902862548828, -0.18541930615901947, 0.11012760549783707, 0.6485114693641663, -0.10804808139801025, -0.20179370045661926, -0.4993124008178711, 0.2160286009311676, -0.5218115448951721, 0.16503702104091644, 0.9455611109733582, 0.6788811683654785, -0.3953957259654999, 0.18844668567180634, -0.4593311548233032, 0.6447082757949829, -0.13529692590236664, 0.21114860475063324, 0.38295650482177734, -0.3055887222290039, 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125202	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich%20Township%2C%20Gloucester%20County%2C%20New%20Jersey	Greenwich Township, Gloucester County, New Jersey	Greenwich Township is a township in Gloucester County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the township's population was 4,899, reflecting an increase of 20 (+0.4%) from the 4,879 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn declined by 223 (-4.4%) from the 5,102 counted in the 1990 Census. Greenwich Township was first formed on March 1, 1695, and was formally incorporated as one of New Jersey's initial group of 104 townships by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 21, 1798. Over the centuries, portions of the township were taken to form Woolwich Township (March 7, 1767), Franklin Township (January 27, 1820), Spicer Township (March 13, 1844; now Harrison Township), Mantua Township (February 23, 1853), East Greenwich Township (February 10, 1881) and Paulsboro (March 2, 1904). The township was named for Greenwich, England. History Nothnagle Log House is believed to be one of the oldest standing wooden structures built by European settlers in the Eastern United States. It is believed that it was built by early Finnish-Swedish settlers at some time after 1638 and before 1700, but its precise age has not been determined with scientific methods. A plaque at the house indicates that the structure was built between 1638 and 1643, while the National Register of Historic Places web site states: "Period of Significance: 1650-1699". The one-room cabin is constructed of square-hewn logs with a low-beamed ceiling with a large corner fireplace in a rear corner. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 12.03 square miles (31.16 km2), including 8.96 square miles (23.21 km2) of land and 3.07 square miles (7.95 km2) of water (25.50%). Gibbstown (with a 2010 Census population of 3,739) is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) located within Greenwich Township. Other unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Clements, Green, Monds Island and Thompsons Point. The township borders the municipalities of East Greenwich Township, Logan Township and Paulsboro in Gloucester County. Greenwich Township also borders the Delaware River. Demographics Census 2010 The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $63,817 (with a margin of error of +/- $7,652) and the median family income was $81,250 (+/- $14,406). Males had a median income of $47,927 (+/- $6,567) versus $41,750 (+/- $4,066) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $30,685 (+/- $3,226). About 8.1% of families and 8.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.7% of those under age 18 and 5.9% of those age 65 or over. Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 4,879 people, 1,866 households, and 1,393 families residing in the township. The population density was 523.7 people per square mile (202.1/km2). There were 1,944 housing units at an average density of 208.7 per square mile (80.5/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 94.55% White, 3.32% African American, 0.10% Native American, 0.68% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.27% from other races, and 1.07% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.54% of the population. There were 1,866 households, out of which 31.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.9% were married couples living together, 10.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.3% were non-families. 22.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 3.05. In the township the population was spread out, with 22.8% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 27.9% from 25 to 44, 23.9% from 45 to 64, and 18.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.0 males. The median income for a household in the township was $53,651, and the median income for a family was $60,565. Males had a median income of $41,875 versus $31,627 for females. The per capita income for the township was $24,791. About 1.3% of families and 3.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.9% of those under age 18 and 5.3% of those age 65 or over. Government Local government Greenwich Township is governed within the Faulkner Act, formally known as the Optional Municipal Charter Law, under the Mayor-Council Plan A form of New Jersey municipal government, one of 71 municipalities (of the 565) statewide that use this form. The governing body is comprised of five members elected at-large in partisan elections to serve three-year terms on a staggered basis, with two council seats up for election in each of the first two years and the mayoral seat up for vote in the third year of a three-year cycle. , the Mayor of Greenwich Township is Republican George W. Shivery Jr., whose term of office ends December 31, 2020. Members of the Greenwich Township Council are Council President Vincent Giovannitti (D, 2022), Tony Chila (D, 2022), William J. "Billy" Franklin (D, 2021) and Kenneth Ridinger (D, 2021). Federal, state and county representation Greenwich Township is located in the 1st Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 3rd state legislative district. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 3,690 registered voters in Greenwich Township, of which 2,246 (60.9%) were registered as Democrats, 444 (12.0%) were registered as Republicans and 1,000 (27.1%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were no voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 53.5% of the vote (1,435 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 45.0% (1,206 votes), and other candidates with 1.5% (39 votes), among the 2,712 ballots cast by the township's 3,711 registered voters (32 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 73.1%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 51.8% of the vote (1,564 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 44.8% (1,353 votes) and other candidates with 1.6% (47 votes), among the 3,022 ballots cast by the township's 3,863 registered voters, for a turnout of 78.2%. In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 53.9% of the vote (1,602 ballots cast), outpolling Republican George W. Bush with 44.0% (1,308 votes) and other candidates with 0.9% (34 votes), among the 2,972 ballots cast by the township's 3,853 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 77.1. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 62.2% of the vote (1,138 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 37.0% (677 votes), and other candidates with 0.8% (14 votes), among the 1,915 ballots cast by the township's 3,654 registered voters (86 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 52.4%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Democrat Jon Corzine received 49.6% of the vote (1,103 ballots cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 36.8% (817 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 8.4% (187 votes) and other candidates with 0.9% (20 votes), among the 2,222 ballots cast by the township's 3,169 registered voters, yielding a 70.1% turnout. Education The Greenwich Township School District serves public school students in kindergarten through eighth grade. As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of two schools, had an enrollment of 408 students and 46.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 8.9:1. Schools in the district (with 2018–19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Broad Street Elementary School with 273 students in grades K-4 and Nehaunsey Middle School with 132 students in grades 5–8. Public school students in ninth through twelfth grades attend Paulsboro High School in Paulsboro as part of a sending/receiving relationship with the Paulsboro Public Schools. As of the 2018–19 school year, the high school had an enrollment of 322 students and 31.1 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 10.4:1. Students from across the county are eligible to apply to attend Gloucester County Institute of Technology, a four-year high school in Deptford Township that provides technical and vocational education. As a public school, students do not pay tuition to attend the school. Guardian Angels Regional School is a K-8 school that operates under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Camden. Its PreK-3 campus is in Gibbstown while its 4-8 campus is in Paulsboro. Transportation Roads and highways , the township had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Gloucester County and by the New Jersey Department of Transportation. Only one state, U.S. and interstate passes through the township. State Route 44 passes through the center of the township while U.S. Route 130 and Interstate 295 (multiplexed together) pass near the southern center of town, with three interchanges: Exits 15, 16 and 17 (on the border with neighboring East Greenwich Township). Public transportation NJ Transit bus service is available between the township and Philadelphia on the 402 route. The Port of Paulsboro includes marine transfer operations at PBF Energy's Paulsboro Refinery in Gibbstown and at Thompson Point, and is served by SMS Rail Lines for the rail spur to the refinery and the freight rail Penns Grove Secondary. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Greenwich Township include: Stanley Druckenmiller (born 1953), hedge fund manager. Lewis Earle (born 1933), member of the Florida House of Representatives from 1968 to 1974. Sylvia Earle (born 1935), marine biologist. Alex Silvestro (born 1988), former football tight end / defensive end who played in the NFL for the Baltimore Ravens and New England Patriots. References External links Greenwich Township website Greenwich Township School District School Data for the Greenwich Township School District, National Center for Education Statistics Paulsboro High School Greenwich forum 1695 establishments in New Jersey Faulkner Act (mayor–council) Populated places established in 1695 Townships in Gloucester County, New Jersey New Jersey populated places on the Delaware River	[ -1.00686514377594, 0.040500860661268234, -0.36932483315467834, 0.19669277966022491, 0.9378786087036133, 0.07502170652151108, 0.48894256353378296, 0.2304999828338623, -0.07544389367103577, -0.5263891220092773, -0.5400837659835815, 0.11665264517068863, -0.11278923600912094, 0.015393699519336224, -1.3772966861724854, 0.5198166966438293, 0.7035391926765442, 0.5080116987228394, 0.10869155824184418, -0.7795434594154358, -0.6473240852355957, -0.552354633808136, -0.23675313591957092, 0.7783467173576355, 0.15759693086147308, -0.23026147484779358, 0.8155669569969177, 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125203	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison%20Township%2C%20New%20Jersey	Harrison Township, New Jersey	Harrison Township is a township in Gloucester County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the township's population was 12,417, reflecting an increase of 3,629 (+41.3%) from the 8,788 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 4,073 (+86.4%) from the 4,715 counted in the 1990 Census. Harrison Township was originally formed as Spicer Township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 13, 1844, from portions of Greenwich Township and Woolwich Township. That name lasted for less than a year, with Harrison Township adopted as of April 1, 1845. The township was named for President William Henry Harrison. Since the institution of Prohibition, Harrison had been a dry township, where alcohol could not be sold. The township's voters passed a referendum in 2009 permitting alcohol by consumption (in a restaurant). A second referendum was passed by the voters in 2015 allowing package goods sales (liquor stores). The first liquor store opened in November 2018 and the first bar opened in July 2019. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 19.02 square miles (49.25 km2), including 18.93 square miles (49.03 km2) of land and 0.08 square miles (0.22 km2) of water (0.44%). Mullica Hill is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) located within Harrison Township that had a 2010 Census population of 3,982. Richwood is a CDP that is in portions of both Harrison Township and Mantua Township, which had a 2010 population of 3,459, of which 3,400 were in Harrison Township and 59 in Mantua Township. Other unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Ewan, Ewans Mills, Heritage, Jefferson and Sherwin. The township borders the Gloucester County municipalities of East Greenwich Township, Elk Township, Glassboro, Mantua Township and South Harrison Township and Woolwich Township. Multiple homes were destroyed when the area was hit by a strong EF3 tornado on September 1, 2021, produced by the remnants of Hurricane Ida. Demographics Census 2010 The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $102,162 (with a margin of error of +/- $10,851) and the median family income was $121,366 (+/- $9,400). Males had a median income of $88,157 (+/- $6,618) versus $47,857 (+/- $10,273) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $36,354 (+/- $2,640). About 5.0% of families and 5.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.4% of those under age 18 and 2.8% of those age 65 or over. Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 8,788 people, 2,848 households, and 2,323 families residing in the township. The population density was 459.3 people per square mile (177.4/km2). There were 2,939 housing units at an average density of 153.6 per square mile (59.3/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 95.16% White, 2.96% African American, 0.13% Native American, 0.73% Asian, 0.41% from other races, and 0.61% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.78% of the population. There were 2,848 households, out of which 49.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 71.8% were married couples living together, 7.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.4% were non-families. 15.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.06 and the average family size was 3.44. In the township the population was spread out, with 33.2% under the age of 18, 5.6% from 18 to 24, 33.7% from 25 to 44, 20.8% from 45 to 64, and 6.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.5 males. The median income for a household in the township was $77,143, and the median income for a family was $84,379. Males had a median income of $61,770 versus $39,583 for females. The per capita income for the township was $28,645. About 2.1% of families and 3.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.5% of those under age 18 and 7.7% of those age 65 or over. Government Local government Harrison Township is governed under the Township form of New Jersey municipal government, one of 141 municipalities (of the 565) statewide that use this form, the second-most commonly used form of government in the state. The Township Committee is comprised of five members, who are elected directly by the voters at-large in partisan elections to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with either one or two seats coming up for election each year as part of the November general election in a three-year cycle. At an annual reorganization meeting held each January, the Township Committee selects one of its members to serve as Mayor and another as Deputy Mayor, each serving a one-year term. , the members of the Harrison Township Committee are Mayor Louis Manzo (I, term on committee ends December 31, 2021; term as mayor ends 2019), Deputy Mayor Don Heim (I, term on committee ends 2021; term as deputy mayor ends 2020), Julie DeLaurentis (I, 2020), John Williams (R, 2022) and Adam Wingate (R, 2022). In December 2018, Vincent Gangemi vacated his seat expiring in December 2019 and was replaced by John Williams. Federal, state and county representation Harrison Township is located in the 2nd Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 5th state legislative district. Prior to the 2011 reapportionment following the 2010 Census, Harrison Township had been in the 3rd state legislative district. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 7,889 registered voters in Harrison Township, of which 1,903 (24.1%) were registered as Democrats, 2,533 (32.1%) were registered as Republicans and 3,447 (43.7%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 6 voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Republican Mitt Romney received 56.9% of the vote (3,561 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 41.8% (2,612 votes), and other candidates with 1.3% (81 votes), among the 6,292 ballots cast by the township's 8,439 registered voters (38 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 74.6%. In the 2008 presidential election, Republican John McCain received 52.3% of the vote (3,280 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 45.7% (2,867 votes) and other candidates with 1.1% (68 votes), among the 6,273 ballots cast by the township's 7,975 registered voters, for a turnout of 78.7%. In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 58.0% of the vote (3,039 ballots cast), outpolling Democrat John Kerry with 40.7% (2,132 votes) and other candidates with 0.6% (42 votes), among the 5,236 ballots cast by the township's 6,540 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 80.1. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 73.8% of the vote (2,515 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 24.6% (839 votes), and other candidates with 1.5% (52 votes), among the 3,454 ballots cast by the township's 8,407 registered voters (48 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 41.1%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 59.5% of the vote (2,214 ballots cast), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 31.7% (1,178 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 7.1% (265 votes) and other candidates with 0.6% (23 votes), among the 3,718 ballots cast by the township's 7,900 registered voters, yielding a 47.1% turnout. Education The Harrison Township School District serves students in public school for pre-kindergarten through sixth grade. As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of two schools, had an enrollment of 1,385 students and 107.6 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.9:1. Schools in the district (with 2018–19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Harrison Township Elementary School with 753 students in grades PreK-3 and Pleasant Valley School with 629 students in grades 4–6. Public school students in seventh through twelfth grades attend the schools of the Clearview Regional High School District, which serves students from Harrison Township and Mantua Township. Schools in the district (with 2018–19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Clearview Regional Middle School with 831 students in grades 7-8 and Clearview Regional High School with 1,450 students in grades 9-12. Students from across the county are eligible to apply to attend Gloucester County Institute of Technology, a four-year high school in Deptford Township that provides technical and vocational education. As a public school, students do not pay tuition to attend the school. Friends School Mullica Hill is a private, nonsectarian, coeducational day school located in the Mullica Hill section of Harrison Township that was established in 1969 and now serves students pre-kindergarten through eighth grade. Guardian Angels Regional School (PreK-Grade 3 campus in Gibbstown and 4-8 campus in Paulsboro) takes students from Mullica Hill. It operates under the supervision of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Camden. Transportation Roads and highways , the township had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Gloucester County, by the New Jersey Department of Transportation and by the New Jersey Turnpike Authority. The New Jersey Turnpike runs through the township for a tenth of a mile, but the nearest interchange is just over the border in neighboring Woolwich Township. U.S. Route 322 passes through the center of town, concurrent with CR 536. State routes include Route 45, Route 55 and Route 77. The other major county road that goes through is CR 581. Public transportation NJ Transit bus service is available between Bridgeton and Philadelphia on the 410 route. Wineries Heritage Vineyards Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Harrison Township include: Jay Accorsi (born 1963), college football coach at Rowan University. John Brancy (born 1988), operatic baritone. Jeff Datz (born 1959), professional baseball scout and a former Major League Baseball player and coach. Wilbur Evans (1905-1987), actor and singer who performed on the radio, in opera, on Broadway, in films, and in early live television. Bob Folwell (1885-1928), pioneering football player and coach. Samuel Gibbs French (1818-1910), author and Confederate General during the Civil War. Big Daddy Graham (1953–2021), comedian, writer, actor, recording artist and sports radio personality on 94 WIP-FM. John W. Hazelton (1814–1878), represented New Jersey's 1st congressional district from 1871 to 1875. Gregg Murphy, sports journalist who has been a broadcaster for the Philadelphia Phillies. Nathan T. Stratton (1813–1887), represented New Jersey's 1st congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1851 to 1855. Al Szolack (born c. 1950), retired basketball player best known for his time spent on the Washington Generals, the traveling exhibition team best known for their spectacular losing streak in exhibition games against the Harlem Globetrotters. Lawrie Tatum (1822-1900), Quaker who was best known as an Indian agent to the Kiowa and Comanche tribes at the Fort Sill agency in Indian Territory. Michelle Tumolo (born 1991), women's lacrosse coach and former player who is the Head Coach of the Army Black Knights women's lacrosse team. 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125204	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnard%20Castle	Barnard Castle	Barnard Castle (, ) is a market town on the north bank of the River Tees, in County Durham, Northern England. The town is named after and built around a mediaeval castle ruin. The town's Bowes Museum's has an 18th-century Silver Swan automaton exhibit and paintings by Goya and El Greco. It sits on the opposite bank to Startforth and is south-west of the county town of Durham. Nearby towns include Bishop Auckland to the north-east, Darlington to the east and Richmond in North Yorkshire to the south-east. The largest employer is GlaxoSmithKline, with a manufacturing facility on the town's outskirts. History Before the Norman conquest the upper half of Teesdale had been combined into an Anglo-Norse estate which was centred upon the ancient village of Gainford and mortgaged to the Earls of Northumberland. The first Norman Bishop of Durham, Bishop Walcher, was murdered in 1080. This led to the surrounding country being attacked and laid waste by the Norman overlords. Further rebellion in 1095 caused the king William II to break up the Earldom of Northumberland into smaller baronies. The Lordship of Gainford was given to Guy de Balliol. The earthwork fortifications of the castle were rebuilt in stone by his successor, Bernard de Balliol I during the latter half of the 12th century, giving rise to the town's name. The castle passed down through the Balliol family (of which the Scottish king, John Balliol, was the most important member) and then into the possession of Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick. King Richard III inherited it through his wife, Anne Neville, but it fell into ruins in the century after his death. The remains of the castle are Grade I listed, whilst the chapel in the outer ward is Grade II listed. Both sets of remains are now in the care of English Heritage and open to the public. John Bowes lived at nearby Streatlam Castle (now demolished). His Streatlam stud never had more than ten breeding mares at one time, but produced no fewer than four Derby winners in twenty years. The last of these, "West Australian", was the first racehorse to win the Triple Crown, in 1853. Bowes and his wife Joséphine Benoîte Coffin-Chevallier founded the Bowes Museum, which is of national status. Housed in its own ornate building, the museum contains an El Greco, paintings by Goya, Canaletto, Boucher, Fragonard and a collection of decorative art. A great attraction is the 18th century silver swan automaton, which periodically preens itself, looks round and appears to catch and swallow a fish. Although never a major manufacturing centre, in the 18th century industry centred on hand loom wool weaving, and in the early 19th century the principal industry was spinning and the manufacture of shoe thread. Notable visitors Walter Scott frequently visited his friend John Sawrey Morritt at Rokeby Hall and was fond of exploring Teesdale. He begins his epic poem Rokeby (1813) with a man standing on guard on the round tower of the Barnard Castle fortress. Charles Dickens (Boz) and his illustrator Hablot Browne (Phiz) stayed at the King's Head in Barnard Castle while researching his novel Nicholas Nickleby in the winter of 1837–38. He is said to have entered William Humphrey's clock-maker's shop, then opposite the hotel, and enquired who had made a certain remarkable clock. William replied that his boy Humphrey had done it. This seems to have prompted Dickens to choose the title "Master Humphrey's Clock" for his new weekly, in which The Old Curiosity Shop and Barnaby Rudge appeared. William Wordsworth, Daniel Defoe, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Hilaire Belloc, Bill Bryson and the artist J. M. W. Turner have also visited the town. In May 2020, Barnard Castle came to national attention when the chief advisor of the British Prime Minister, Dominic Cummings, was discovered to have driven to the town with his family during the COVID-19 pandemic. Following media allegations that he had broken lockdown regulations by driving to the town, he told how he drove there to test his eyesight to reassure his wife that he was able to drive them back to London the next day. Governance Barnard Castle is for all purposes (historic, ceremonial and unitary authority) located in County Durham. Barnard Castle has a Town Council governing a civil parish. The Town Council elects a ceremonial Town Mayor annually. It is part of the Bishop Auckland parliamentary constituency, which as of 2019 is represented in parliament by Dehenna Davison of The Conservative Party. All four Durham County Councillors whose wards (Barnard Castle East and Barnard Castle West) include part of Barnard Castle are Conservative. The local police force is Durham Constabulary. The town is the base for the Barnard Castle division, which covers . This division is within the force's south area. Former Between 1894 and 1974 the town was administratively part of Barnard Castle Urban District. The administrative and ceremonial county boundary was adjusted in 1974. Barnard Castle became administrative centre of the Teesdale district of County Durham non-metropolitan county until its abolition on 1 April 2009 and the county council became the unitary authority of County Durham. Geography Elevation: 180 m (600 ft) Nearest large towns: Darlington, . Bishop Auckland Economy The most important employer in Barnard Castle is Glaxo Smithkline, which has a large pharmaceutical manufacturing plant on the outskirts of the town which employs around 1,000 people. GSK has invested £80 million into the plant since 2007. Transport Barnard Castle has road connections to Bishop Auckland, Spennymoor and central County Durham via the A688 and Darlington, Stockton-on-Tees, and Middlesbrough by the A67. Barnard Castle is also from the A66, with access to the M6 to the west and the A1(M) to the east. The B6278 also connects Barnard Castle with Middleton-in-Teesdale. The old road bridge over the River Tees was built in 1569 and is Grade I listed. Barnard Castle railway station was closed for passenger trains in 1964. A Bill was approved in 1854 for a line from a junction with the Stockton & Darlington Railway at Darlington to Barnard Castle and opened on 9 July 1856, with intermediate stations at Broomielaw, Winston, Gainford and Piercebridge. The terminus at Darlington only lasted five years. In 1856 the South Durham & Lancashire Railway proposed a line from Bishop Auckland to Tebay via Barnard Castle and Kirkby Stephen but only the western section was built with the Company receiving its Bill in 1857. The line opened on 8 August 1861 from a second terminus at Barnard Castle to a junction with the Lancaster & Carlisle Railway at Tebay with intermediate stations at Lartington, Bowes, Barras, Kirkby Stephen, Ravenstondale & Gaisgill. The two stations at Barnard Castle were some distance apart; the earliest station became a through station and closed to passengers on 1 May 1862, but remained in use as a goods depot. The second station was closed for passenger trains under the Beeching cuts in 1964 and completely on 5 April 1965 and the site was eventually built on by GlaxoSmithKline. Today rail access is via , or . There are two bus routes provided by Arriva North East which connect Barnard Castle to Darlington, the X75 and X76. Education Barnard Castle School Barnard Castle School, an independent co-educational boarding school located on the eastern edge of the town. Teesdale School Teesdale School is an 11–18 comprehensive school on the outskirts of the town, just off the A688. Green Lane School Green Lane school is a primary school for 4–11 year olds. St Mary's RCVA Primary school St Mary's is a Roman Catholic school situated on Birch Road near the church of the same name. Culture The town hosts the Bowes Museum, purpose-built as a public gallery to house the collection of John and Josephine Bowes. It is regarded as one of the finest museums in the north of England, being in the style of a French chateau, in extensive grounds, and is by far the largest building in the town. It contains paintings by El Greco, Francisco Goya, Canaletto, Jean-Honoré Fragonard and François Boucher, together with a sizable collection of decorative art, ceramics, textiles, tapestries, clocks and costumes, as well as older items from local history. It is most famous for the Silver Swan automaton, which plays every day at 2pm. The Witham Arts Centre on the Horse Market, holds a wide variety of events including drama, cinema, music, spoken word and children's events as well as being the town's visitor information point. The TCR Hub is a community centre on the edge of the town with a wide range of indoor and outdoor activities for young people and families and for the community more generally. An annual live music festival, organised by Teesdale Community Resources in conjunction with the Barnard Castle Meet Committee, runs over the Whit weekend alongside the many other 'Meet' activities. It is a three-day event with out-of-town bands playing on the Saturday and local bands & up and coming TCR bands playing on the Sunday and Monday. It is a family friendly event and entrance is totally free. The Barnard Castle Meet is an annual carnival festival held on the second bank holiday weekend in May, the schools' summer half-term week. The Meet, as it is known locally, has grown from the North East Cyclists' Meet dating back to 1885, and since the early 1900s the town has staged a carnival and grand procession through the town centre on the bank holiday Monday. The weekend is now probably the largest event in the Barnard Castle and Teesdale calendar. There are around twenty separate events that the Meet Committee asserts 'reach every corner of the community'. In recent years, with the R 'n' B festival no longer in the Meet Weekend programme, the Committee has staged its own music event showcasing local and national talent on the Sunday and Monday, with all technical and musical support from Teesdale Community Resources (TCR). The Barnard Castle Band, founded in 1860, is a brass band based in the town, well known outside the area as a result of the march Barnard Castle by Goff Richards. Notable people Anne Fine – children's writer. Twice Whitbread Prize winner Arthur Henderson – Winner of Nobel Peace prize (1934). Former MP for Barnard Castle and first Labour cabinet minister David Harper - BBC TV Antiques Presenter Glenn Hugill – television presenter and producer David Jennings – composer Ian Usher – traveller, adventurer, writer and speaker. Sold "entire life" on eBay in 2008 Former residents Joshua Harold Burn, FRS 1942, Emeritus Professor of Pharmacology at Oxford University Bob Chatt, footballer for Aston Villa Siobhan Fahey, singer/songwriter from Bananarama/Shakespears Sister lived here for a short time as a child Hannah Hauxwell, English farmer who was the subject of several television documentaries William Hutchinson, 18th-century historian Roderick Murchison, President of both the Royal Geological and the Royal Geographical Societies Cyril Northcote Parkinson, writer and inventor Henry Witham, geologist and philanthropist References External links Barnard Castle Tourist Website Photos and information on Barnard Castle Towns in County Durham Civil parishes in County Durham River Tees	[ -0.3405749499797821, 0.2566128969192505, 0.42269235849380493, -1.0140873193740845, 0.03453895077109337, 0.48466140031814575, 0.48033085465431213, -0.042545102536678314, -0.6554757952690125, 0.3359197974205017, -0.13691166043281555, 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125205	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan%20Township%2C%20New%20Jersey	Logan Township, New Jersey	Logan Township is a township in Gloucester County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the township's population was 6,042, reflecting an increase of 10 (+0.2%) from the 6,032 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 885 (+17.2%) from the 5,147 counted in the 1990 Census. Logan Township was originally formed as West Woolwich Township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 7, 1877, from portions of Woolwich Township. That name lasted just less than a year, as the name was changed to Logan Township as of March 6, 1878. The community is named for John Alexander "Black Jack" Logan, a Union Army General who was behind the establishment of Memorial Day as a national holiday. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 26.60 square miles (68.89 km2), including 21.93 square miles (56.79 km2) of land and 4.67 square miles (12.09 km2) of water (17.55%). Beckett (with a 2010 Census population of 4,847) is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) located within Logan Township. Other unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Bridgeport, Cadwalader, Center Square, Cooper Wharf, Coopers, Flood Gates, New Bridge, Nortonville, Prospect, Raccoon Island and Repaupo. The township is home to Pureland Industrial Complex, a industrial park that is one of the largest in the nation. The township also hosts the Delaware River Equestrian Agriculture Marina (DREAM) Park, a 1,600-acre County Park. The township borders the Gloucester County municipalities of Greenwich Township and Woolwich Township. Logan Township also borders the Delaware River. Oldmans Creek serves as its border with Oldmans Township in Salem County. Raccoon Creek branches off from the Delaware River in Logan Township. Demographics Census 2010 The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $87,209 (with a margin of error of +/- $6,583) and the median family income was $100,688 (+/- $14,321). Males had a median income of $67,192 (+/- $7,690) versus $49,914 (+/- $4,283) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $35,587 (+/- $2,882). About 1.6% of families and 3.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.4% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over. Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 6,032 people, 2,001 households, and 1,610 families residing in the township. The population density was 266.7 people per square mile (103.0/km2). There were 2,077 housing units at an average density of 91.8 per square mile (35.5/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 82.00% White, 13.51% African American, 0.13% Native American, 1.77% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 1.21% from other races, and 1.36% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.74% of the population. There were 2,001 households, of which 48.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.3% were married couples living together, 10.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.5% were non-families. 15.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.00 and the average family size was 3.38. In the township the population was spread out, with 32.1% under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 35.4% from 25 to 44, 20.3% from 45 to 64, and 6.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.5 males. The median income for a household in the township was $67,148, and the median income for a family was $70,771. Males had a median income of $48,415 versus $34,864 for females. The per capita income for the township was $26,853. About 3.0% of families and 4.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.3% of those under age 18 and 1.0% of those age 65 or over. Economy Pureland Industrial Complex was established in the early 1970s when 45 farms comprising were assembled in Logan Township. Under the ownership of State Mutual Life Assurance Company of America, environmental studies were undertaken by Jack McCormick, the first scientist with a doctorate in environmental science. In 1971, The New York Times described the project as "the nation's first ecologically planned industrial complex". In 1973, the Pureland Association was formed and Declaration of Environmental Standards were established and recorded in Gloucester County. Approximately were placed in an environmental reserve in perpetuity and rigid environmental controls were established, prior to the establishment of the United States Environmental Protection Agency or the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. These restrictive covenants protect property owners' value and are enforced by the Pureland Association which consist of property owners. In 1976, the initial infrastructure was established with public water, sewer and rail servicing Pureland. In 1977, Center Square Real Estate Development Company took over management of Pureland for State Mutual Life Assurance Company of America. In 2000, Center Square Real Estate Development Company purchased the undeveloped land from State Mutual and continues to manage and develop Pureland today. Pureland consists of of space and houses in excess of 180 companies employing over 8,500 people, mostly in the arena of warehousing and distribution. Pureland is the largest industrial complex in New Jersey. Logan Township was the proposed location for the Crown Landing LNG Terminal, a liquefied natural gas (LNG) off-loading and processing facility to be sited along the Delaware River. The facility would have included an off-loading pier that would technically enter the waters of the state of Delaware. Delaware opposed the project and filed a lawsuit in federal court to stop the project from going forward on the basis that they control the waters in which part of the pier would be situated; a lawsuit the State of Delaware lost. The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission approved the Crown Landing LNG Terminal on June 15, 2006. In 2009, long after the project should have been completed, Hess Energy acquired the project after BP failed to get plans approved and construction started. On January 6, 2012, Hess Energy surrendered its authorization to construct and operate the terminal. In a letter to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), Hess said it determined that the terminal would not be profitable, saying that "significant increases in natural gas production from North American shale resources" would affect prices and demand for natural gas. Government Local government Logan Township is governed within the Faulkner Act, formally known as the Optional Municipal Charter Law, under the Small Municipality (Plan 3) form of New Jersey municipal government, enacted by direct petition as of January 1, 1984. The township is one of 18 municipalities (of the 565) statewide that use this form of government, which is only available to municipalities with less than 12,000 at the time of adoption. The governing body is comprised of a Mayor and a Township Council, with all positions elected at-large on a partisan basis as part of the November general elections. The Mayor is elected directly by the voters to a four-year term of office. The four members of the Township Council are elected to serve three-year terms on a staggered basis, with either one or two seats up for election each year. This governing body, comprised of five members, oversees the operation of the township, passing resolutions and ordinances, as well as assessing and collecting taxes. Meetings of the Mayor and Township Council are held on a monthly basis and are open to the public. All Legislative powers of the Township are exercised by the Mayor and Council. , the Mayor of Logan Township is Democrat Frank W. Minor, whose term of office ends December 31, 2023. Members of the Logan Township Council are Deputy Mayor Bernadine E. Jackson (D, 2021), Doris Hall (D, 2022), Christopher Morris (D, 2020) and Arthur Smith (D, 2022). Mayor Minor is a member of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition, a bi-partisan group with a stated goal of "making the public safer by getting illegal guns off the streets." The Coalition is co-chaired by Boston Mayor Thomas Menino and New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg. Federal, state and county representation Logan Township is located in the 1st Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 3rd state legislative district. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 4,029 registered voters in Logan Township, of which 1,652 (41.0%) were registered as Democrats, 695 (17.2%) were registered as Republicans and 1,678 (41.6%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were four voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 59.7% of the vote (1,779 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 38.9% (1,157 votes), and other candidates with 1.4% (42 votes), among the 2,997 ballots cast by the township's 4,214 registered voters (19 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 71.1%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 59.3% of the vote (1,868 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 38.7% (1,219 votes) and other candidates with 1.4% (43 votes), among the 3,151 ballots cast by the township's 4,142 registered voters, for a turnout of 76.1%. In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 54.2% of the vote (1,600 ballots cast), outpolling Republican George W. Bush with 44.4% (1,311 votes) and other candidates with 0.7% (28 votes), among the 2,952 ballots cast by the township's 3,820 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 77.3. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 62.6% of the vote (1,041 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 35.6% (591 votes), and other candidates with 1.8% (30 votes), among the 1,703 ballots cast by the township's 4,133 registered voters (41 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 41.2%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Democrat Jon Corzine received 49.8% of the vote (939 ballots cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 39.5% (745 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 8.6% (162 votes) and other candidates with 0.7% (13 votes), among the 1,886 ballots cast by the township's 4,103 registered voters, yielding a 46.0% turnout. Education The Logan Township School District serves public school students in kindergarten through eighth grade. As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of three schools, had an enrollment of 857 students and 88.4 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 9.7:1. Schools in the district (with 2018–19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Center Square School on Peachwood Drive with 247 students in grades PreK - 1, Logan Elementary School located on School Lane with 372 students in grades 2-5 and Logan Middle School with 236 students in grades 6–8. Public school students in ninth through twelfth grades are educated at Kingsway Regional High School under a sending/receiving relationship in which tuition is paid on a per-pupil basis to the Kingsway Regional School District, which serves students in seventh through twelfth grades from East Greenwich Township, South Harrison Township, Swedesboro and Woolwich Township. As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of two schools, had an enrollment of 2,782 students and 210.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 13.2:1. Schools in the district (with 2018–19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Kingsway Regional Middle School with 985 students in grades 7-8 and Kingsway Regional High School with 1,752 students in grades 9-12. Under a 2011 proposal, Kingsway would merge with its constituent member's K-6 districts to become a full K-12 district, with various options for including Logan Township as part of the consolidated district. Guardian Angels Regional School (Pre-K-Grade 3 campus in Gibbstown CDP and 4-8 campus in Paulsboro) takes students from Logan Township. It is under the Roman Catholic Diocese of Camden. Transportation Roads and highways , the township had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Gloucester County, by the New Jersey Department of Transportation and by the Delaware River Port Authority. State highways passing through the township include U.S. Route 130, U.S. Route 322/County Route 536, Route 324 (which runs for , entirely in Logan Township) and Interstate 295. The Commodore Barry Bridge is a cantilever bridge that spans the Delaware River from Chester, Pennsylvania to the Bridgeport section of Logan Township as part of US 322. Owned and operated by the Delaware River Port Authority, construction of the bridge began in 1969 and the bridge opened to traffic in February 1974. The bridge is named for the American Revolutionary War hero and Philadelphia resident, John Barry. Public transportation NJ Transit bus service is available between in the township between Pennsville Township and Philadelphia on the 402 route. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Logan Towsnhip include: Edward Durr (born 1963), politician and truck driver who represents the 3rd Legislative district in the New Jersey Senate. Wineries Cedarvale Winery References External links Official Logan Township Website Logan Township School District School Data for the Logan Township School Districts, National Center for Education Statistics Kingsway Regional School District 1877 establishments in New Jersey Faulkner Act (small municipality) Populated places established in 1877 Townships in Gloucester County, New Jersey New Jersey populated places on the Delaware River	[ -0.8989181518554688, -0.10082893818616867, -0.49778619408607483, 0.602520763874054, 0.8493285775184631, -0.21168972551822662, 0.959985077381134, 0.6049754023551941, 0.08637695014476776, -0.6581963896751404, -0.617948591709137, 0.22329603135585785, -0.16388387978076935, 0.12142140418291092, -1.0926578044891357, 0.7533313035964966, 0.5010632872581482, 0.675889253616333, 0.021450111642479897, -0.7138716578483582, -0.5681346654891968, -0.7148334383964539, 0.048859208822250366, 0.5805952548980713, -0.08836960047483444, -0.35266444087028503, 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125206	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantua%20Township%2C%20New%20Jersey	Mantua Township, New Jersey	Mantua Township (pronounced man-CHEW-uh) is a township in Gloucester County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the township's population was 15,217, reflecting an increase of 1,000 (+7.0%) from the 14,217 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 4,143 (+41.1%) from the 10,074 counted in the 1990 Census. Mantua Township was formed as a township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 23, 1853, from portions of Greenwich Township. Portions of the township were taken to form East Greenwich Township (February 10, 1881) and Pitman (May 24, 1905). The township is named after Mantua, in Italy or for a Mantua sub-tribe of the Lenape Native Americans. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 16.09 square miles (41.67 km2), including 16.01 square miles (41.45 km2) of land and 0.09 square miles (0.22 km2) of water (0.53%). Richwood is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) located within portions of both Harrison Township and Mantua Township. The CDP had a 2010 population of 3,459, of which 3,400 were in Harrison Township and 59 in Mantua Township. Other unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Barnsboro, Boodys Mills, Carpenter's Landing, Centre City, Eastlack Corner, Jessups, Manunkachunk, Sewell and West Landing. The township borders Deptford Township, East Greenwich Township, Glassboro, Harrison Township, Pitman, Washington Township, Wenonah and West Deptford Township. Demographics Census 2010 The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $80,743 (with a margin of error of +/- $4,473) and the median family income was $88,586 (+/- $5,058). Males had a median income of $66,993 (+/- $4,279) versus $49,500 (+/- $7,015) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $35,073 (+/- $2,942). About 2.7% of families and 4.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.1% of those under age 18 and 3.6% of those age 65 or over. Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 14,217 people, 5,265 households, and 3,948 families residing in the township. The population density was 894.3 people per square mile (345.2/km2). There were 5,411 housing units at an average density of 340.4 per square mile (131.4/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 95.81% White, 2.07% African American, 0.20% Native American, 0.86% Asian, 0.28% from other races, and 0.78% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.26% of the population. There were 5,265 households, out of which 36.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.1% were married couples living together, 9.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.0% were non-families. 21.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.69 and the average family size was 3.14. In the township the population was spread out, with 26.7% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 33.6% from 25 to 44, 22.3% from 45 to 64, and 11.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.5 males. The median income for a household in the township was $58,256, and the median income for a family was $63,391. Males had a median income of $46,984 versus $32,495 for females. The per capita income for the township was $24,147. About 2.8% of families and 3.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.3% of those under age 18 and 2.1% of those age 65 or over. Parks and recreation Tall Pines State Preserve is a nature preserve that opened in November 2015 as Gloucester County's first state park and is located along the border of Deptford Township and Mantua Township. Originally a forest that was turned into an asparagus field and then a golf course, the land was preserved through the efforts of the South Jersey Land and Water Trust, the Friends of Tall Pines, Gloucester County Nature Club, and the New Jersey Green Acres Program. Government Local government Mantua Township is governed under the Township form of New Jersey municipal government, one of 141 municipalities (of the 565) statewide that use this form, the second-most commonly used form of government in the state. The Township Committee is comprised of five members, who are elected directly by the voters at-large in partisan elections to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with either one or two seats coming up for election each year as part of the November general election in a three-year cycle. At an annual reorganization meeting, the Township Committee selects one of its members to serve as Mayor and another as Deputy Mayor. , members of the Mantua Township Committee are Mayor Pete Scirrotto (D, term on committee ends December 31, 2022; term as mayor ends 2020), Deputy Mayor Robert T. Zimmerman (D, term on committee ends 2021; term as deputy mayor ends 2020), Shawn K. Layton (D, 2021), John Legge (D, 2020) and Eileen Lukens (D, 2022). Federal, state and county representation Mantua Township is located in the 2nd Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 5th state legislative district. Prior to the 2011 reapportionment following the 2010 Census, Mantua Township had been in the 3rd state legislative district. Prior to the 2010 Census, Mantua Township had been split between the and the 2nd Congressional District, a change made by the New Jersey Redistricting Commission that took effect in January 2013, based on the results of the November 2012 general elections. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 10,232 registered voters in Mantua Township, of which 3,493 (34.1%) were registered as Democrats, 2,020 (19.7%) were registered as Republicans and 4,712 (46.1%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 7 voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 50.3% of the vote (3,855 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 48.2% (3,692 votes), and other candidates with 1.5% (117 votes), among the 7,731 ballots cast by the township's 10,720 registered voters (67 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 72.1%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 50.0% of the vote (3,902 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 47.3% (3,687 votes) and other candidates with 1.6% (126 votes), among the 7,800 ballots cast by the township's 10,429 registered voters, for a turnout of 74.8%. In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 50.0% of the vote (3,704 ballots cast), outpolling Democrat John Kerry with 48.7% (3,604 votes) and other candidates with 0.7% (70 votes), among the 7,408 ballots cast by the township's 9,657 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 76.7. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 66.0% of the vote (2,985 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 31.9% (1,445 votes), and other candidates with 2.1% (94 votes), among the 4,620 ballots cast by the township's 10,604 registered voters (96 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 43.6%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 48.1% of the vote (2,422 ballots cast), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 40.8% (2,055 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 8.6% (435 votes) and other candidates with 0.8% (40 votes), among the 5,031 ballots cast by the township's 10,357 registered voters, yielding a 48.6% turnout. Education Children in pre-kindergarten through sixth grade for public school are served by the Mantua Township School District. As of the 2019–20 school year, the district, comprised of three schools, had an enrollment of 1,266 students and 128.2 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 9.9:1. Schools in the district (with 2019–20 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Sewell School in Sewell with 296 students in pre-kindergarten through Kindergarten, Centre City School with 448 students in grades 1 - 3 and J. Mason Tomlin School with 519 students in grades 4 - 6. Public school students in seventh through twelfth grades attend the schools of the Clearview Regional High School District, which serves students from Harrison Township and Mantua Township. Schools in the district (with 2019–20 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Clearview Regional Middle School with 800 students (grades 7 and 8) and Clearview Regional High School with 1,454 students (grades 9-12). Seats on the high school district's nine-member board are allocated based on population, with five seats assigned to Mantua Township. Students from across the county are eligible to apply to attend Gloucester County Institute of Technology, a four-year high school in Deptford Township that provides technical and vocational education. As a public school, students do not pay tuition to attend the school. Guardian Angels Regional School (Pre-K-Grade 3 campus in Gibbstown CDP and 4-8 campus in Paulsboro) takes students from Mantua Township. It is under the Roman Catholic Diocese of Camden. Transportation Roads and highways , the township had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Gloucester County and by the New Jersey Department of Transportation. New Jersey Route 45 and New Jersey Route 55 are the main highways serving Mantua Township. County Route 553 and County Route 553 Alternate also traverse the township. Public transportation NJ Transit bus service is available in the township between Bridgeton and Philadelphia on the 410 route and between Sewell and Philadelphia on the 412 route. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Mantua Township include: Thomas Carpenter (1752–1847), early American glassmaker. Ryan D'Imperio (born 1987), retired NFL fullback who played for the Minnesota Vikings. George W. F. Gaunt (1865–1918), President of the New Jersey State Senate Tara Lipinski (born 1982), figure skater who won the Olympic gold medal in figure skating at the 1998 Winter Olympics at the age of 15. Major League, pop punk band. Franke Sisto, Winner of Endurance 4. John E. Wallace Jr. (born 1942), Associate Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court. References External links Mantua Township website Mantua Township School District School Data for the Mantua Township School District, National Center for Education Statistics Clearview Regional High School District Sewell Volunteer Fire Company American Cancer Society, Relay For Life of Mantua NJ 1853 establishments in New Jersey Populated places established in 1853 Township form of New Jersey government Townships in Gloucester County, New Jersey	[ -1.0228230953216553, 0.02964719757437706, -0.23539288341999054, 0.3870515525341034, 0.7631615996360779, -0.013482455164194107, 0.8654162883758545, 0.2866665720939636, -0.16330097615718842, -0.7088065147399902, -0.6052468419075012, 0.660279393196106, -0.4217667579650879, 0.003270040499046445, -1.2200151681900024, 0.3795517385005951, 0.5290367603302002, 0.4350299537181854, 0.005667765624821186, -0.7151550054550171, -0.525814414024353, -0.3406427204608917, 0.24578753113746643, 0.7345922589302063, -0.17410825192928314, -0.27485740184783936, 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125207	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe%20Township%2C%20Gloucester%20County%2C%20New%20Jersey	Monroe Township, Gloucester County, New Jersey	Monroe Township is a township in Gloucester County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the township's population was 36,129, reflecting an increase of 7,162 (+24.7%) from the 28,967 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 2,264 (+8.5%) from the 26,703 counted in the 1990 Census. Monroe Township was originally formed as a township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 3, 1859, from portions of Washington Township, while the area was still part of Camden County. Monroe Township was shifted to Gloucester County on February 28, 1871, along with the majority of Washington Township. In 1950, portions of the township were transferred to Winslow Township in Camden County. The township was named for President James Monroe. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 46.93 square miles (121.54 km2), including 46.42 square miles (120.23 km2) of land and 0.51 square miles (1.31 km2) of water (1.08%). Victory Lakes (with a 2010 Census population of 2,111) and Williamstown (15,567 residents as of 2010) are unincorporated communities and census-designated places located within Monroe Township. Other unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Berryland, Broad Lane, Cecil, Cross Keys, Downer, New Brooklyn and Radix. The township borders the municipalities of Clayton, Franklin Township, Glassboro and Washington Township in Gloucester County; Buena Vista Township and Folsom in Atlantic County; and Winslow Township in Camden County. Demographics Census 2010 The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $66,761 (with a margin of error of +/- $4,083) and the median family income was $83,929 (+/- $4,293). Males had a median income of $61,505 (+/- $3,058) versus $41,946 (+/- $1,826) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $28,270 (+/- $1,121). About 6.1% of families and 7.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.3% of those under age 18 and 10.1% of those age 65 or over. Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 28,967 people, 10,521 households, and 7,848 families residing in the township. The population density was 622.3 people per square mile (240.3/km2). There were 11,069 housing units at an average density of 237.8 per square mile (91.8/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 84.83% White, 11.15% African American, 0.25% Native American, 1.23% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.99% from other races, and 1.52% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.71% of the population. There were 10,521 households, out of which 34.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.5% were married couples living together, 11.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.4% were non-families. 21.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.73 and the average family size was 3.18. In the township the population was spread out, with 25.6% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 30.0% from 25 to 44, 24.0% from 45 to 64, and 12.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.1 males. The median income for a household in the township was $50,037, and the median income for a family was $56,810. Males had a median income of $41,062 versus $29,849 for females. The per capita income for the township was $20,488. About 4.0% of families and 6.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.5% of those under age 18 and 7.1% of those age 65 or over. Sports Scotland Run Golf Club is a public golf course and country club located in Williamstown. Opened in 1999, the 18-hole course was built on an old sand quarry. The course was named one of the Top 50 Public Courses in the country by the readers of Golf World in their annual Readers' Choice Awards in 2009 and 2010. Government Local government Monroe Township is governed within the Faulkner Act system of municipal government, formally known as the Optional Municipal Charter Law, under Mayor-Council (Plan F), enacted by direct petition as of January 1, 1971. The township is one of 71 municipalities (of the 565) statewide that use this form of government. The governing body of Monroe Township is comprised of the Mayor and the Township Council. The Mayor is directly elected to a four-year term of office. The Township Council is comprised of seven members, with three at-large seats and four seats selected from wards, all of whom serve four-year terms of office. Officials are chosen in partisan voting as part of the November general election in even-numbered years on a staggered basis, with the Mayor and the three council at-large seats up for vote together and two years later the four ward council seats. , the Mayor of Monroe Township is Democrat Richard DiLucia, whose term of office ends December 31, 2021. Members of the Township Council are Marvin G. Dilks Jr. (D, 2020; Ward 1), Katherine Falcone (D, 2022; At Large), Ronald T. Garbowski (D, 2020; Ward 3), Joseph Marino (D, 2020; Ward 4), Cody D. Miller (D, 2020; Ward 2 - elected to serve an unexpired term), Patrick O'Reilly (D, 2022; At Large) and Gregory A. Wolfe (D, 2022; At Large). In January 2019, Cody Miller was selected to fill the Ward 2 seat expiring in December 2020 that was vacated by Richard DiLucia when he took office as mayor. In the November 2019 general election, Miller was elected to serve the balance of the term of office. Federal, state and county representation Monroe Township is located in the 1st Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 4th state legislative district. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 22,377 registered voters in Monroe Township, of which 9,905 (44.3%) were registered as Democrats, 3,408 (15.2%) were registered as Republicans and 9,051 (40.4%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 13 voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 57.4% of the vote (8,986 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 41.6% (6,513 votes), and other candidates with 0.9% (145 votes), among the 15,767 ballots cast by the township's 23,556 registered voters (123 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 66.9%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 57.4% of the vote (9,296 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 40.5% (6,555 votes) and other candidates with 1.3% (216 votes), among the 16,193 ballots cast by the township's 22,994 registered voters, for a turnout of 70.4%. In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 54.9% of the vote (7,994 ballots cast), outpolling Republican George W. Bush with 43.6% (6,351 votes) and other candidates with 0.6% (133 votes), among the 14,566 ballots cast by the township's 20,814 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 70.0. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 62.4% of the vote (5,182 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 35.9% (2,977 votes), and other candidates with 1.7% (143 votes), among the 8,462 ballots cast by the township's 23,319 registered voters (160 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 36.3%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 47.0% of the vote (4,304 ballots cast), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 44.0% (4,034 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 7.2% (659 votes) and other candidates with 0.7% (64 votes), among the 9,165 ballots cast by the township's 22,698 registered voters, yielding a 40.4% turnout. Education The Monroe Township Public Schools is a comprehensive district serving the educational needs of resident students from pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade. Services are also provided for preschool handicapped students as well as other students with special needs. As of the 2019–20 school year, the district, comprised of six schools, had an enrollment of 5,736 students and 449.2 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.8:1. Schools in the district (with 2019–20 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Holly Glen Elementary School with 437 students in grades K-4, Oak Knoll Elementary School with 529 students in grades K-4, Radix Elementary School with 640 students in grades PreK-4, Whitehall Elementary School with 311 students in grades K-4, Williamstown Middle School with 1,867 students in grades 5-8 and Williamstown High School with 1,837 students in grades 9-12. Students from across the county are eligible to apply to attend Gloucester County Institute of Technology, a four-year high school in Deptford Township that provides technical and vocational education. As a public school, students do not pay tuition to attend the school. St. Mary School is a K-8 elementary school that operates under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Camden. Transportation Roads and highways , the township had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Gloucester County and by the New Jersey Department of Transportation. The Black Horse Pike is a four-lane, arterial highway which traverses the entire township northwest-to-southeast and provides direct access to downtown Philadelphia (30 minutes) and Atlantic City (35 minutes). The northwestern portion within the township is part of New Jersey Route 42, while the southeastern segment forms the eastern portion of U.S. Route 322 within the township. The remainder of U.S. Route 322 in Monroe Township is a two-lane arterial highway which traverses the Township west of the Black Horse Pike. It provides access to the New Jersey Turnpike, north and south (30 minutes), with access to the Commodore Barry Bridge and Delaware Memorial Bridge to Interstate 95 (40 minutes). Major county roads within the township include County Route 536, County Route 538 and County Route 555. Running just outside the township is the Atlantic City Expressway, a four-lane, limited access highway which parallels the Black Horse Pike and provides direct access to downtown Atlantic City (30 minutes) and access to the Garden State Parkway, north and south. Public transportation NJ Transit bus service is available between Cape May and Philadelphia on the 315 route and between Sicklerville and Philadelphia on the 400 route, with local service on the 463 route between Woodbury and the Avondale Park and Ride in Sicklerville. Cross Keys Airport is located in the Cross Keys section. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Monroe Township include: Dave Calloway (born 1968), college basketball coach and the former head men's basketball coach at Monmouth University. Ju-Taun, multi-cultural R&B male vocal group. Brittany Ratcliffe (born 1994), soccer player who plays as a forward for Kansas City NWSL in the NWSL. Points of interest Hall Street School was built in 1887 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 27, 2006. References External links Monroe Township website Monroe Township Public Schools School Data for the Monroe Township Public Schools, National Center for Education Statistics 1859 establishments in New Jersey Faulkner Act (mayor–council) Populated places established in 1859 Townships in Gloucester County, New Jersey	[ -0.769845724105835, 0.24162833392620087, -0.5094476342201233, 0.4930834472179413, 0.9025146961212158, 0.06352797150611877, 1.0635098218917847, 0.5115288496017456, -0.22103121876716614, -0.6864216327667236, -0.5689660906791687, 0.1173437312245369, -0.20295855402946472, 0.2423873394727707, -1.0899890661239624, 0.618189811706543, 0.5215144157409668, 0.8235788345336914, 0.08979742974042892, -0.9127587676048279, -0.6574140191078186, -0.31021639704704285, -0.06438140571117401, 0.6627194285392761, -0.052643321454524994, -0.2655707597732544, 0.9422026872634888, 0.18735851347446442, 0.023632338270545006, -0.13191139698028564, -0.4109944701194763, 0.43488311767578125, 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125208	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullica%20Hill%2C%20New%20Jersey	Mullica Hill, New Jersey	Mullica Hill is a census-designated place (CDP) and unincorporated community in Harrison Township, in Gloucester County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the CDP's population was 3,982. History Spicerville was the name of a village on the south bank of Raccoon Creek, named after prominent landowner Jacob Spicer. Mullica Hill originally referred to the village on the north bank of Raccoon Creek, named after the sons of Eric Pålsson Mullica, whose sons William, Eric, Olag and John Mullica began purchasing land here in 1704. Eventually, both villages became known as just Mullica Hill as the original name of Eric's grandfather's house in Central Finland: "Mullikkamäki" (mullikka meaning bull calf and mäki meaning hill). Some of Mullica Hill's historic buildings were built following the Civil War, notably the town hall that still stands today. The period of industrial and agricultural growth during and after the Civil War is commemorated by a reenactment every fall. The area was hit by a strong EF3 tornado on September 1, 2021, with winds of up to , produced by the remnants of Hurricane Ida, with multiple homes and farms destroyed. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP had a total area of 3.626 square miles (9.392 km2), including 3.603 square miles (9.333 km2) of land and 0.023 square miles (0.059 km2) of water (0.63%). Demographics Census 2010 Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 1,658 people, 697 households, and 432 families living in the CDP. The population density was 533.5/km2 (1,382.0/mi2). There were 737 housing units at an average density of 237.1/km2 (614.3/mi2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 91.07% White, 6.88% African American, 0.06% Native American, 0.72% Asian, 0.84% from other races, and 0.42% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.05% of the population. There were 697 households, out of which 34.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.8% were married couples living together, 13.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.9% were non-families. 33.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 3.09. The population was spread out, with 28.3% under the age of 18, 6.1% from 18 to 24, 33.7% from 25 to 44, 20.9% from 45 to 64, and 11.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 82.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 73.3 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $38,628, and the median income for a family was $62,321. Males had a median income of $48,295 versus $35,250 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $22,503. About 6.4% of families and 8.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.4% of those under age 18 and 20.7% of those age 65 or over. Historic district The Mullica Hill Historic District is a national historic district along East Avenue, Woodstown Road, Church, High, Main, Mill, New and Union streets in the community. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 25, 1991 for its significance in architecture, commerce, industry, community development, and exploration/settlement. The district includes 136 contributing buildings. St. Stephen's Episcopal Church was built in 1852, with a bell tower added in 1879. It has been documented by the Historic American Buildings Survey. Education Mullica Hill hosts Harrison Township Elementary School which serves students in grades K - 3 and Pleasant Valley School (grades 4 - 6) as part of the Harrison Township School District. Public school students from Mullica Hill also attend Clearview Regional Middle School (grades 7 & 8), and Clearview Regional High School (grades 9-12) of the Clearview Regional High School District. All are located in Mullica Hill. Friends School Mullica Hill is a private, nonsectarian, coeducational day school, serving students in pre-kindergarten through eighth grade, as well as giving private music lessons. The current school was originally established in 1969, but is part of a local Quaker tradition in the area extending back over 300 years. Guardian Angels Regional School (PreK-Grade 3 campus in Gibbstown and 4-8 campus in Paulsboro) accepts students from Mullica Hill. The school operates under the Roman Catholic Diocese of Camden. Transportation New Jersey Transit bus service between Mullica Hill and Philadelphia is available on the 410 route. New Jersey Route 45, New Jersey Route 77 and U.S. Route 322 are the main highways serving Mullica Hill. While Route 45 and Route 77 still pass through downtown, in January 2012 a new alignment of US 322 opened which bypasses the downtown area. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Mullica Hill include: Jay Accorsi (born 1963), college football coach at Rowan University. John Brancy (born 1988), operatic baritone. Jeff Datz (born 1959), professional baseball scout and a former Major League Baseball player and coach. Wilbur Evans (1905-1987), actor and singer who performed on the radio, in opera, on Broadway, in films, and in early live television. Samuel Gibbs French (1818-1910), Confederate Major General during the Civil War. George W. F. Gaunt (1865–1918), President of the New Jersey State Senate Big Daddy Graham (1953–2021), comedian, writer, actor, recording artist and sports radio personality on 94 WIP-FM. John W. Hazelton (1814-1878), represented New Jersey's 1st congressional district from 1871-1875. Dan Klecko, (born 1981) former NFL defensive tackle and fullback. Gregg Murphy, sports journalist who has been a broadcaster for the Philadelphia Phillies. Nathan T. Stratton (1813-1887), represented New Jersey's 1st congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1851 to 1855. Al Szolack (born c. 1950), retired basketball player best known for his time spent on the Washington Generals, the traveling exhibition team best known for their spectacular losing streak in exhibition games against the Harlem Globetrotters. Michelle Tumolo (born 1991), women's lacrosse coach and former player who is the Head Coach of the Army Black Knights women's lacrosse team. References External links Mullica Hill Weather and Climate Data Census-designated places in Gloucester County, New Jersey Harrison Township, New Jersey	[ -0.9996265172958374, -0.21205444633960724, -0.2647867798805237, -0.12208015471696854, 1.0884355306625366, 0.2945420444011688, 0.6043198108673096, 0.5265750288963318, -0.20560695230960846, -0.5508313179016113, -0.7907359004020691, 0.37917882204055786, 0.07551509141921997, 0.587885320186615, -1.083208680152893, 0.26129233837127686, 0.486969918012619, 0.4709140658378601, 0.43853119015693665, -0.19297051429748535, -0.20225808024406433, -0.30835965275764465, 0.40527620911598206, 0.46000543236732483, -0.18634718656539917, -0.235287144780159, 0.955633819103241, 0.30683884024620056, 0.38248175382614136, 0.27514246106147766, -0.6944760084152222, 0.7389825582504272, -0.24672923982143402, -0.6432227492332458, 0.5884841680526733, -0.5216426253318787, 0.1521274894475937, 0.3281345069408417, 0.21529878675937653, -0.7929925918579102, 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125209	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince%20Edward%2C%20Earl%20of%20Wessex	Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex	Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex, (Edward Antony Richard Louis; born 10 March 1964) is the youngest child of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. He is 14th in line of succession to the British throne. Born at Buckingham Palace, Edward studied at Heatherdown School and earned his A-levels at Gordonstoun before spending a part of his gap year teaching in New Zealand. He studied at Jesus College, Cambridge and graduated from the University of Cambridge in 1986 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in History. After a brief stint in the Royal Marines, Edward worked as a theatre production assistant at the Really Useful Theatre Company before assisting in television production. He later formed his own company, Ardent Productions. Edward stepped down from the company in 2002 to begin full-time duties as a working member of the royal family, and undertakes engagements on behalf of the Queen. He holds patronage within over 70 charities and organisations, including the National Youth Theatre, the Sport and Recreation Alliance and the British Paralympic Association. His charity work focuses on the arts, athletics, and the development of the Duke of Edinburgh's Award, which centres around fitness, wellbeing and community service. Edward was made Earl of Wessex prior to marrying Sophie Rhys-Jones in 1999. The Earl and Countess of Wessex have two children: Lady Louise Windsor and James, Viscount Severn. Edward was given the additional title of Earl of Forfar in 2019. Early life and education Prince Edward was born on 10 March 1964, at Buckingham Palace, London, as the third son and the fourth and youngest child of Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. He was baptised on 2 May 1964 in the private chapel at Windsor Castle. As with his three older siblings Charles, Anne, and Andrew, a governess was appointed to look after Edward and was responsible for his early education at Buckingham Palace before he attended Collingham College, Kensington (then known as Gibbs School). In September 1972, he joined Heatherdown School, near Ascot in Berkshire. Later, as his father and elder brothers had done before him, he moved to Gordonstoun in northern Scotland, and was appointed head boy in his last term. Edward obtained a C-grade and two D-grades at A-level, and after leaving school spent a gap year abroad, working as a house tutor and junior master for two terms at the Wanganui Collegiate School in New Zealand. Upon his return to Britain, Edward studied at Jesus College, Cambridge, where he read History. His admission to Cambridge despite his A-Level results caused some controversy. Edward graduated in 1986 with a BA degree (lower second class honours). Post-university Royal Marines Upon leaving university in 1986, Edward joined the Royal Marines, who had reportedly sponsored his tuition at Cambridge University on condition of future service. In January 1987, he dropped out of the commando course after having completed one-third of the 12-month training. Media reported that the move prompted a berating from Prince Philip, who was the Captain General Royal Marines at that time and "reduced his son to prolonged tears", while others stated that Philip was the most sympathetic family member toward his son's decision. Theatre and television After leaving the Marines, Edward opted for a career in entertainment. He commissioned the 1986 musical Cricket from Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice, for his mother's 60th birthday celebration, which led to a job offer at Lloyd Webber's Really Useful Theatre Company, where he worked as a production assistant on musicals such as The Phantom of the Opera, Starlight Express, and Cats. While there he met actress Ruthie Henshall, whom he dated for three years. Edward's first foray into television production was the programme The Grand Knockout Tournament, informally known as It's a Royal Knockout, on 15 June 1987, in which four teams sponsored by him, the Princess Royal and the Duke and Duchess of York competed for charity. The programme was criticised by the media and the public, and it was later reported that the Queen was not in favour of the event, with her courtiers having advised against it. The programme raised over £1,000,000 for its selected charities. Ardent Productions In 1993, Edward formed the television production company Ardent Productions. Ardent was involved in the production of a number of documentaries and dramas, but Edward was accused in the media of using his royal connections for financial gain, and the company was referred to by some industry insiders as "a sad joke" due to a perceived lack of professionalism in its operations. Andy Beckett, writing in The Guardian, opined that "to watch Ardent's few dozen hours of broadcast output is to enter a strange kingdom where every man in Britain still wears a tie, where pieces to camera are done in cricket jumpers, where people clasp their hands behind their backs like guardsmen. Commercial breaks are filled with army recruiting advertisements". Ardent's productions were better received in the United States and a documentary Edward made about his great uncle, Edward VIII (the late Duke of Windsor) in 1996, sold well worldwide. Nonetheless, the company reported losses every year it operated, with the exception of one when Edward did not draw a salary. An Ardent two-man film crew later allegedly invaded the privacy of Edward's nephew, Prince William, in September 2001, when he was studying at the University of St Andrews, which went against industry guidelines regarding the privacy of members of the royal family; William's father, Charles, Prince of Wales, was reportedly angered by the incident. In March 2002, Edward announced that he would step down as production director and joint managing director of Ardent to concentrate on his public duties and to support the Queen during her Golden Jubilee year. Ardent Productions was voluntarily dissolved in June 2009, with assets reduced to just £40. Marriage and children Edward met Sophie Rhys-Jones, then a public relations executive with her own firm, in 1994. Their engagement was announced on 6 January 1999. Edward proposed to Sophie with an Asprey and Garrard engagement ring worth an estimated £105,000: a two-carat oval diamond flanked by two heart-shaped gemstones set in 18-carat white gold. Their wedding took place on 19 June 1999 in St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle. This was a departure from the weddings of his elder brothers, which were large, formal events at Westminster Abbey or St Paul's Cathedral, and had ended in divorce. On his wedding day, Prince Edward was created Earl of Wessex, with the subsidiary title of Viscount Severn (derived from the Welsh roots of the Countess's family), breaking from a tradition whereby sons of the sovereign were created royal dukes. However, on the wishes of the Queen, he will be made Duke of Edinburgh (the title held by Edward's father, Prince Philip, between 1947 and his death in 2021) after that dukedom reverts to the Crown, upon the death of the Queen. Formally however, the title has now been inherited by Prince Philip's eldest son, Prince Charles, and it is his decision as to its subsequent destination. Edward's children are styled as the children of an Earl, rather than as prince/ss and royal highness. He and his wife have two children: Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor, born 8 November 2003, and James Mountbatten-Windsor, Viscount Severn, born 17 December 2007. They were born at Frimley Park Hospital in Surrey. They reside at Bagshot Park in Surrey. While their country residence is Bagshot Park, their office and official London residence is based at Buckingham Palace. Activities The Earl and Countess of Wessex established their foundation, The Wessex Youth Trust, in 1999, with a focus on helping, supporting and advancing registered charities which provide opportunities specifically for children and young people. His patronages include: the British Paralympic Association, the International Real Tennis Professionals Association, the Commonwealth Games Federation, BadmintonScotland, the Tennis and Rackets Association, City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra and Chorus, London Mozart Players, Haddo House Choral and Operatic Society, Northern Ballet, the Edinburgh International Festival, and the Royal Birmingham Conservatoire. The Earl of Wessex assumed many duties from his father, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, as the Duke reduced his commitments and retired from royal duties. Prince Edward succeeded the Duke as president of the Commonwealth Games Federation (vice-patron since 2006) and opened the 1990 Commonwealth Games in New Zealand and the 1998 Commonwealth Games in Malaysia. He has also taken over the duke's role in the Duke of Edinburgh's Award Scheme, attending Gold Award ceremonies around the world. In September 2007, the Earl visited Israel in his capacity as chair of the International Council of the Duke of Edinburgh's Award to attend a number of events organised by the Israel Youth Award program, an affiliate of the Duke of Edinburgh's Award which was founded by his father to recognise adolescents and young adults for completing a series of self-improvement exercises. Edward was himself a recipient of the award's gold medal in 1986 for "a 60-mile, four-day trek from Blair Atholl to Tomintoul" that he had planned. Edward later went on to become the chair of the Duke of Edinburgh's International Award, and has promoted its work on different occasions. Edward is also a trustee of the International Award Association, which "encompasses the DofE UK and all its other 61 National Award Authorities across the globe". He was also chair of its international council and in 1999 founded the International Special Projects Group "to provide a capital fund to broaden the reach of the Award". In June 2011, Edward visited Baltimore to meet the students and staff of the Living Classrooms Foundation and encourage them to participate in the Duke of Edinburgh's Award's programme. In December 2011, the Earl and Countess of Wessex visited troops in Afghanistan. On the same trip, the royal couple visited Bahrain, and received two gifts of jewels from the Bahraini royal family and Prime Minister. Given concern about human rights abuses in Bahrain, this gift attracted controversy, with calls for the jewels to be sold, and the proceeds used for the benefit of the Bahraini people. In February and March 2012, the couple visited the Caribbean for the Queen's Diamond Jubilee. The itinerary consisted of Saint Lucia; Barbados, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; Grenada; Trinidad and Tobago; Montserrat; Saint Kitts and Nevis; Anguilla; Antigua and Barbuda. Highlights included Independence Day celebrations in Saint Lucia, addressing Senate and Assembly of Barbados jointly, and a visit to sites affected by the volcanic eruptions in Montserrat. In 2013, the couple visited South Africa. The Queen appointed the Earl of Wessex as Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland for 2014. In 2015, for his contributions to projects associated with badminton, Edward was awarded the President's Medal by the Badminton World Federation President Poul-Erik Høyer. In May 2016, the Earl visited Ghana. Alongside President Mahama, he presented young people with the Head of State Awards for their participation in the Duke of Edinburgh's International Award Scheme. In September 2016, Edward travelled to Chile as a part of the Duke of Edinburgh's Award's diamond anniversary, and visited projects by British and Commonwealth Fire and Rescue Company and Chilean-British Culture University, of which he is an honorary member and patron respectively. The Earl and Countess of Wessex represented the Queen at the 50th Anniversary Celebrations of Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah's Accession to the Throne of Brunei in October 2017. In February 2018, the Earl and Countess toured Sri Lanka, participating in the 70th Independence Day celebrations in Colombo. In April 2018, the Earl visited Australia to attend the XXI Commonwealth Games and attend fundraising events for those participating in the Duke of Edinburgh Award challenges. Twenty years after its inception, the Wessex Youth Trust changed its name to The Earl and Countess of Wessex Charitable Trust, managed by the private office of the Earl and Countess of Wessex. The trust will continue to develop sustainable relationships with a range of selected partner charities, and will expand its remit beyond supporting children and young people. In July 2019, the Earl and Countess visited Forfar on their first official visit to the town since the Queen granted the Earl the additional title Earl of Forfar in March 2019. The Earl was presented with 'Earl of Forfar' tartan, which was designed by Forfar's Strathmore Woollen Company to celebrate their new titles. The weave is based on the existing Forfar tartan, which the company designed in 2004 around the colours on the Forfar coat of arms. The geometry remains virtually the same, but the colours have been strengthened, with azure blue replaced by the St Andrew's blue of the Scottish flag, and white yarns replaced by a brown to reflect the rich agriculture of the surrounding area. In February 2022, Edward was appointed president of the Royal Windsor Horse Show, a position previously held by his father the Duke of Edinburgh. Titles, styles, honours and arms Titles and styles 10 March 1964 – 19 June 1999: His Royal Highness The Prince Edward 19 June 1999 – present: His Royal Highness The Earl of Wessex in Scotland: 10 March 2019 – present: His Royal Highness The Earl of Forfar Before Edward's marriage in 1999, royal commentators conjectured that former royal dukedoms such as Cambridge or Sussex might be granted to him. Instead, the Palace announced the intention that Prince Edward would eventually be created Duke of Edinburgh, once that title had reverted to The Crown upon the death of both his parents. On his marriage in 1999, the prince was ennobled in keeping with tradition; however he was the first prince since the Tudors to be created an earl rather than a duke (while reserving the rank of duke for the future). The Sunday Telegraph reported that he was drawn to the Earldom of Wessex after watching the 1998 film Shakespeare in Love, in which a character with that title is played by Colin Firth. The prince was also given the subsidiary title of Viscount Severn, which subsequently became the courtesy title of his son and heir. On 10 March 2019, on his 55th birthday, the Earl of Wessex was granted the additional title of Earl of Forfar for use in Scotland. He has since sometimes been referred to as the Earl of Wessex and Forfar, such as at the funeral of his father. Honours 6 February 1977: Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal 9 February 1990: New Zealand Commemorative Medal 6 February 2002: Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal 11 May 2005: Honorary Member of the Saskatchewan Order of Merit (SOM) 7 June 2005: Commemorative Medal for the Centennial of Saskatchewan 23 April 2006: Royal Knight of the Most Noble Order of the Garter (KG) 10 March 2011: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO) 2 June 2003 10 March 2011: Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO) 10 March 1989 2 June 2003: Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO) 6 February 2012: Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal 29 October 2015: Canadian Forces' Decoration 6 February 2022: Queen Elizabeth II Platinum Jubilee Medal Foreign 5 October 2017: Sultan of Brunei Golden Jubilee Medal Military appointments October 1986January 1987: Officer Cadet, Royal Marines 1 August 2004present: Personal Aide-de-Camp to the Queen Honorary military appointments Canada 2002: Colonel-in-Chief of the Hastings and Prince Edward Regiment 2003: Colonel-in-Chief of the Saskatchewan Dragoons 2005: Colonel-in-Chief of the Prince Edward Island Regiment 2007: Honorary Deputy Commissioner of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police United Kingdom 19 August 2003: Royal Honorary Colonel of the Royal Wessex Yeomanry 2006: Commodore-in-Chief of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary 2007: Royal Colonel of 2nd Battalion, The Rifles 2008: Honorary Air Commodore of Royal Air Force Waddington 1 May 2011: Royal Honorary Colonel of the London Regiment Civic appointments 2008: Liveryman Honoris Causa, Worshipful Company of Haberdashers 2008: Liveryman Honoris Causa, Worshipful Company of Gardeners 2011: Freeman of the City of London 2011: Member, Court of Assistants, Worshipful Company of Haberdashers 2011: Member, Court of Assistants, Worshipful Company of Gardeners 2013: Master, Worshipful Company of Gardeners 2014: Lord High Commissioner, General Assembly of the Church of Scotland Academic appointments 2013 – present: Chancellor of the University of Bath Honorary degrees 1994: Honorary Doctor of Laws, University of Victoria 2007: Honorary Doctor of Laws, University of Prince Edward Island 2013: Honorary Doctor of Laws, University of Bath Arms Ancestry See also List of British princes Notes References External links 1964 births Living people Alumni of Jesus College, Cambridge British Anglicans British television presenters British television producers Chancellors of the University of Bath Earls of Wessex Earls of Forfar Edward, Earl of Wessex Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order Knights of the Garter Members of the Saskatchewan Order of Merit Edward People educated at Gibbs School People educated at Gordonstoun People educated at Heatherdown School People from Westminster Edward Wessex, Edward Recipients of the Order of the Nation (Antigua and Barbuda) Royal Marines officers Honorary air commodores Earls in the Peerage of the United Kingdom Sons of 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125210	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Park%2C%20New%20Jersey	National Park, New Jersey	National Park is a borough in Gloucester County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the borough's population was 3,036, reflecting a decline of 169 (−5.3%) from the 3,205 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn declined by 208 (−6.1%) from the 3,413 counted in the 1990 Census. Despite its name, National Park is neither a national park nor associated with one. The borough had the 18th-highest property tax rate in New Jersey, with an equalized rate of 4.446% in 2020, compared to 3.212% in the county as a whole and a statewide average of 2.279%. History In 1777, during the American Revolutionary War, the Continental Army under command of George Washington constructed two forts on the Delaware River to block the approach to Philadelphia: Fort Mifflin on the Pennsylvania side and Fort Mercer on the New Jersey side in what is now National Park. The fort was named in honor of Brigadier General Hugh Mercer who had died earlier that year at the Battle of Princeton. A park, monument, and museum commemorate the fort on its original site. On October 22 of that year, in what is known as the Battle of Red Bank, an attack by 900 Hessian troops, serving under British Major General William Howe, who then occupied Philadelphia, was repelled, with heavy losses on the Hessian side (including the death of their commander, Colonel Carl Emil Kurt von Donop) by the 600 Continental defenders under Colonel Christopher Greene. After the loss of Fort Mifflin, Fort Mercer was abandoned without a fight when Lord Charles Cornwallis landed 2,000 British troops nearby on November 18. Beginning in 1895, the area was commercially developed as a religious retreat for members of the Methodist Episcopal Church and called National Park on the Delaware. The founder, the Rev. James E. Lake, also created Ocean City, New Jersey. National Park was formed as a borough by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on April 15, 1902, from portions of West Deptford Township. The town name probably originated in reference to the county park at Red Bank Battlefield. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough had a total area of 1.44 square miles (3.73 km2), including 1.01 square miles (2.61 km2) of land and 0.43 square miles (1.12 km2) of water (30.14%). The borough borders West Deptford Township and the Delaware River. The Delaware River shore faces the southern end of Philadelphia, approximately across from the mouth of the Schuylkill River and the site of Fort Mifflin. Demographics Census 2010 The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $65,852 (with a margin of error of +/- $5,987) and the median family income was $70,341 (+/- $8,049). Males had a median income of $51,886 (+/- $2,493) versus $32,788 (+/- $5,594) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $26,699 (+/- $2,574). About 4.1% of families and 4.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.8% of those under age 18 and 6.7% of those age 65 or over. Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 3,205 people, 1,111 households, and 865 families residing in the borough. The population density was 3,219.0 people per square mile (1,237.5/km2). There were 1,165 housing units at an average density of 1,170.1 per square mile (449.8/km2). The racial makeup of the borough was 98.35% White, 0.09% Black, 0.25% Native American, 0.25% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.53% from other races, and 0.50% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.44% of the population. There were 1,111 households, out of which 37.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.2% were married couples living together, 14.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.1% were non-families. 18.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.86 and the average family size was 3.24. In the borough the population was spread out, with 26.4% under the age of 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, 29.7% from 25 to 44, 22.2% from 45 to 64, and 12.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.8 males. The median income for a household in the borough was $48,534, and the median income for a family was $51,535. Males had a median income of $35,102 versus $27,398 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $18,048. About 6.5% of families and 7.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.7% of those under age 18 and 7.9% of those age 65 or over. Government Local government National Park is governed under the Borough form of New Jersey municipal government, which is used in 218 municipalities (of the 565) statewide, making it the most common form of government in New Jersey. The governing body is comprised of the Mayor and the Borough Council, with all positions elected at-large on a partisan basis as part of the November general election. The Mayor is elected directly by the voters to a four-year term of office. The Borough Council is comprised of six members elected to serve three-year terms on a staggered basis, with two seats coming up for election each year in a three-year cycle. The Borough form of government used by National Park is a "weak mayor / strong council" government in which council members act as the legislative body with the mayor presiding at meetings and voting only in the event of a tie. The mayor can veto ordinances subject to an override by a two-thirds majority vote of the council. The mayor makes committee and liaison assignments for council members, and most appointments are made by the mayor with the advice and consent of the council. , the Mayor of National Park is Democrat Mark Cooper, whose term of office ends December 31, 2023. Members of the Borough Council are Dennis R. Burke (D, 2022), James J. Butler (D, 2021), Aimee Hart (D, 2022; appointed to serve an unexpired term), Larry J. Prelle Sr. (D, 2020) and Joseph N. Smashey Sr. (D, 2020) and Ronald D. Sparks Jr. (D, 2021). Aimee Hart was appointed to fill the seat expiring in December 2022 that had been held by Joy Gunn. Joy Hibbs Gunn was selected by the Borough Council in August 2014 from three names nominated by the municipal Democratic committee to fill the vacant seat of Dennis Mehaffey, who resigned in the previous month due to conflicts with his work schedule. in the November 2014 general election, Hibbs was elected to serve the balance of the term though December 2016. Federal, state and county representation National Park is located in the 1st Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 3rd state legislative district. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 2,045 registered voters in National Park, of which 1,021 (49.9%) were registered as Democrats, 213 (10.4%) were registered as Republicans and 811 (39.7%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were no voters registered to other parties. In the 2020 Presidential election, Republican Donald Trump received 823 votes and Democrat Joe Biden received 717 votes. In the 2016 presidential election, Republican Donald Trump received 627 votes, ahead of Democrat Hillary Clinton with 550 votes. In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 63.8% of the vote (819 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 34.4% (442 votes), and other candidates with 1.8% (23 votes), among the 1,301 ballots cast by the borough's 2,064 registered voters (17 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 63.0%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 59.5% of the vote (892 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 37.3% (560 votes) and other candidates with 1.7% (26 votes), among the 1,500 ballots cast by the borough's 2,164 registered voters, for a turnout of 69.3%. In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 60.9% of the vote (868 ballots cast), outpolling Republican George W. Bush with 37.6% (536 votes) and other candidates with 0.7% (15 votes), among the 1,426 ballots cast by the borough's 2,069 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 68.9. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 64.6% of the vote (469 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 32.0% (232 votes), and other candidates with 3.4% (25 votes), among the 746 ballots cast by the borough's 2,041 registered voters (20 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 36.6%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Democrat Jon Corzine received 46.2% of the vote (408 ballots cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 40.2% (355 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 10.2% (90 votes) and other candidates with 0.8% (7 votes), among the 883 ballots cast by the borough's 2,095 registered voters, yielding a 42.1% turnout. Education The National Park School District serves public school students in pre-kindergarten through sixth grade at National Park Elementary School. As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of one school, had an enrollment of 274 students and 24.8 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.0:1. Students in public school for seventh through twelfth grades attend Gateway Regional High School, which serves students from the boroughs of National Park, Wenonah, Westville and Woodbury Heights as part of the Gateway Regional High School District. As of the 2018–19 school year, the high school had an enrollment of 879 students and 81.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 10.8:1. Students are also eligible to attend Gloucester County Institute of Technology, a four-year high school in Deptford Township that provides technical and vocational education. Because GCIT is a public school, its students do not pay tuition. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Camden operated St. Matthews School, which had campuses in National Park and Verga. In 2007 it was consolidated into Holy Trinity Regional School, in Deptford. In 2017 was moved to the former St. Patrick's Building in Woodbury due to the superior condition of that building, according to the archdiocese. It opened as Holy Angels Catholic School which still operates. Additionally Guardian Angels Regional School (Pre-K-Grade 3 campus in Gibbstown CDP and 4-8 campus in Paulsboro) takes students from National Park. Transportation Roads and highways , the borough had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality and by Gloucester County. No Interstate, U.S., state or major county highways directly serve National Park. The most significant roads are minor county routes, such as County Route 642. Interstate 295 and U.S. Route 130 pass just outside the town in neighboring West Deptford Township. Public transportation NJ Transit local bus service is available on the 455 route operating between Cherry Hill Mall and Paulsboro. Site of Fort Mercer Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with National Park include: Nick Gage (born 1980), professional wrestler. Sue Lowden (born 1952), Miss New Jersey 1973 winner who is a former Chairwoman of the Nevada Republican Party and a former state senator in Nevada. Eleanor Vadala (born 1923), chemist, materials engineer and balloonist. 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125211	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfield%2C%20New%20Jersey	Newfield, New Jersey	Newfield is a borough in Gloucester County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the borough's population was 1,553, reflecting a decline of 63 (-3.9%) from the 1,616 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 24 (+1.5%) from the 1,592 counted in the 1990 Census. Newfield was formed as a borough by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 8, 1924, from portions of Franklin Township, based on the results of a referendum held on April 1, 1924. In the weeks before the legislature approved the formation of the borough, a group of 240 residents traveled to Trenton by train to lobby on behalf of the creation of an independent municipality. The borough's name derives from its status as a new-field development. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough had a total area of 1.74 square miles (4.51 km2), including 1.74 square miles (4.50 km2) of land and <0.01 square miles (0.01 km2) of water (0.17%). The borough borders the municipalities of Franklin Township in Gloucester County and Vineland in Cumberland County. Demographics Census 2010 The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $60,350 (with a margin of error of +/- $5,077) and the median family income was $67,045 (+/- $11,678). Males had a median income of $45,000 (+/- $6,268) versus $47,000 (+/- $8,386) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $25,924 (+/- $1,886). About 7.8% of families and 8.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.8% of those under age 18 and 6.9% of those age 65 or over. Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 1,616 people, 596 households, and 470 families residing in the borough. The population density was 951.1 people per square mile (367.0/km2). There were 620 housing units at an average density of 364.7 per square mile (140.8/km2). The racial makeup of the borough was 95.11% White, 1.30% African American, 0.68% Native American, 0.56% Asian, 1.05% from other races, and 1.30% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.84% of the population. There were 596 households, out of which 33.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.9% were married couples living together, 9.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.0% were non-families. 17.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.71 and the average family size was 3.04. In the borough the population was spread out, with 24.4% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 28.9% from 25 to 44, 25.3% from 45 to 64, and 14.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.8 males. The median income for a household in the borough was $51,875, and the median income for a family was $59,934. Males had a median income of $39,926 versus $28,750 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $21,063. About 5.5% of families and 6.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.8% of those under age 18 and 6.1% of those age 65 or over. Government Local government Newfield is governed under the Borough form of New Jersey municipal government, which is used in 218 municipalities (of the 565) statewide, making it the most common form of government in New Jersey. The governing body is comprised of a Mayor and a Borough Council, with all positions elected at-large on a partisan basis as part of the November general election. A Mayor is elected directly by the voters to a four-year term of office. The Borough Council is comprised of six members elected to serve three-year terms on a staggered basis, with two seats coming up for election each year in a three-year cycle. The Borough form of government used by Newfield is a "weak mayor / strong council" government in which council members act as the legislative body with the mayor presiding at meetings and voting only in the event of a tie. The mayor can veto ordinances subject to an override by a two-thirds majority vote of the council. The mayor makes committee and liaison assignments for council members, and most appointments are made by the mayor with the advice and consent of the council. , the Mayor of Newfield Borough is Republican Donald J. Sullivan, whose term of office ends December 31, 2022. Members of the Newfield Borough Council are Council President Michael Carrow (R, 2020), Thomas D. Corwonski (D, 2022), James V. Mallon (R, 2022), Scott C. Miller (D, 2021), Christina Pierce (D, 2021; elected to serve an unexpired term) and Rachel S. Zaccaria (D, 2020). In August 2019, Christina Pierce was appointed by the Borough Council to fill the seat expiring in December 2021 that had been held by Patricia M. Purdy. In the November 2019 general election, Pierce was elected to serve the balance of the term of office. In January 2015, the Borough Council selected Stephen Boyle from a list of three candidates nominated by the Republican municipal committee to fill the vacant council seat expiring in December 2016 that had been held by Donald Sullivan until he took office as mayor. In the November 2015 general election, Boyle was elected to serve the balance of the term of office. Resident committees were formed in September 2013, which announced that they would mount a petition drive to recall council members Michael Carrow and Everett Marshall III, in the wake of a conflict between the borough council and the volunteer fire department, in which the council passed an ordinance giving the borough control over the fire department and in response the fire company threatened to close in October if the ordinance wasn't overturned. Federal, state and county representation Newfield is located in the 2nd Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 3rd state legislative district. Prior to the 2011 reapportionment following the 2010 Census, Newfield had been in the 4th state legislative district. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 1,139 registered voters in Newfield, of which 514 (45.1%) were registered as Democrats, 245 (21.5%) were registered as Republicans and 380 (33.4%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were no voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Republican Mitt Romney received 49.9% of the vote (405 votes), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 47.8% (388 votes), and other candidates with 2.2% (18 votes), among the 811 ballots cast by the borough's 1,154 registered voters (9 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 70.3%. In the 2008 presidential election, Republican John McCain received 48.9% of the vote (434 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 48.0% (426 votes) and other candidates with 1.9% (17 votes), among the 887 ballots cast by the borough's 1,185 registered voters, for a turnout of 74.9%. In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 50.5% of the vote (442 ballots cast), outpolling Democrat John Kerry with 47.8% (418 votes) and other candidates with 0.7% (8 votes), among the 875 ballots cast by the borough's 1,214 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 72.1. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 66.8% of the vote (362 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 32.3% (175 votes), and other candidates with 0.9% (5 votes), among the 562 ballots cast by the borough's 1,141 registered voters (20 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 49.3%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 44.4% of the vote (283 ballots cast), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 40.8% (260 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 10.2% (65 votes) and other candidates with 1.1% (7 votes), among the 637 ballots cast by the borough's 1,176 registered voters, yielding a 54.2% turnout. Education Newfield is a non-operating school district. In June 2009, the New Jersey Department of Education ruled that Newfield could end its relationship with the Buena Regional School District and as of the 2011–12 school year could start sending incoming high school students in grades 7–9 to Delsea Regional High School. Students in public school for kindergarten through sixth grade attend the Franklin Township Public Schools, as part of a sending/receiving relationship in which Newfield accounts for about 100 of the more than 1,400 students in the district. As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of three schools, had an enrollment of 1,408 students and 114.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.4:1. Schools in the district (with 2018–19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Mary F. Janvier Elementary School with 597 students in grades K-2, Main Road School with 394 students in grades 3-4 and Caroline L. Reutter School with 406 students in grades 5-6. For seventh through twelfth grades, students attend the Delsea Regional School District, which also serves students from both Elk Township and Franklin Township. Students from Newfield attend the district as part of a sending/receiving relationship begun in September 2010 after Newfield ended its prior relationship with the Buena Regional School District. As of the 2018–19 school year, the regional high school district, comprised of two schools, had an enrollment of 1,661 students and 123.8 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 13.4:1. Schools in the district (with 2018–19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Delsea Regional Middle School with 563 students in grades 7 and 8, and Delsea Regional High School with 1,047 students in grades 9 - 12. Edgarton Christian Academy is a non-denominational Christian K-8 school established in 2012. it leases a space in Newfield. When the 76-student The Ellison School in Vineland closed in December 2019, 25 of them moved to Edgarton. The school is building a permanent building on a property in Buena, Atlantic County. Notre Dame Regional School of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Camden had one of its two campuses in Newfield, with the other in Landisville in Buena. The school closed in 2012. It had 270 students at the time of closure. That year remnants of the school formed the non-Catholic Edgarton Christian Academy. 263 of the former Notre Dame students moved to Edgarton. Transportation Roads and highways , the borough had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Gloucester County and by the New Jersey Department of Transportation. U.S. Route 40 is the main highway providing access to Newfield. Public transportation NJ Transit bus service is available between Millville and Philadelphia on the 408 route. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Newfield include: Job Bicknell Ellis (1829–1905), mycologist known for his collection and classification of fungi. Herbert Fortier (1867–1949), a Canadian-born actor of the silent era. Bessie Blount Griffin (1914-2009), physical therapist and inventor References External links Newfield Borough website Franklin Township Public Schools School Data for the Franklin Township Public Schools, National Center for Education Statistics Delsea Regional School District School Data for the Delsea Regional School District, National Center for Education Statistics 1924 establishments in New Jersey Borough form of New Jersey government Boroughs in Gloucester County, New Jersey New Jersey District Factor Group none Populated places established in 1924	[ -0.6105494499206543, -0.0960770919919014, -0.0849018320441246, -0.0904603973031044, 1.1276841163635254, 0.15495778620243073, 0.43733954429626465, 0.5810986757278442, 0.164768248796463, -0.7115458250045776, -0.7036722302436829, 0.3705214262008667, -0.06860342621803284, 0.23092085123062134, -1.283215045928955, 0.3961249887943268, 0.530459463596344, 0.6184824109077454, 0.48315203189849854, -0.37592852115631104, -0.6539130806922913, 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125212	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak%20Valley%2C%20New%20Jersey	Oak Valley, New Jersey	Oak Valley is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) located within Deptford Township, in Gloucester County, New Jersey, in the United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the CDP's population was 3,483. Oak Valley and neighboring Pine Acres are located east of Route 45, isolated from the rest of Deptford Township, requiring residents to drive through the neighboring communities of Woodbury Heights or Wenonah to reach other destinations in the township. The neighborhood was built between the mid-1950s and 1963 on a combination of farmland, fruit orchards and the former grounds of the Forest View Country Club, later known as Oak Valley Country Club, which was a golf course that closed down during the Great Depression. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP had a total area of 0.711 square miles (1.841 km2), including 0.707 square miles (1.831 km2) of land and 0.004 square miles (0.009 km2) of water (0.51%). It is located approximately 10 miles south of Philadelphia. Demographics Census 2010 Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 3,747 people, 1,305 households, and 1,060 families residing in Oak Valley. The population density was 2,066.7/km2 (5,321.6/mi2). There were 1,322 housing units at an average density of 729.2/km2 (1,877.6/mi2). The racial makeup was 93.43% White, 4.06% African American, 0.27% Native American, 0.80% Asian, 0.27% from other races, and 1.17% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.24% of the population. There were 1,305 households, out of which 36.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.4% were married couples living together, 12.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.7% were non-families. 16.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.87 and the average family size was 3.20. In Oak Valley the population was spread out, with 25.4% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 31.8% from 25 to 44, 20.9% from 45 to 64, and 14.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.4 males. The median income for a household was $50,746, and the median income for a family was $55,573. Males had a median income of $36,250 versus $25,350 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $19,148. About 3.0% of families and 3.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.7% of those under age 18 and 3.8% of those age 65 or over. References External links Deptford Township Oak Valley News Census-designated places in Gloucester County, New Jersey Deptford Township, New Jersey	[ -0.5623830556869507, 0.12552261352539062, -0.4098300337791443, -0.10129469633102417, 1.2467143535614014, 0.1940087378025055, 0.638827919960022, 0.42932501435279846, -0.1996617317199707, -0.14749392867088318, -0.6347786784172058, 0.33817631006240845, -0.4087652564048767, 0.2518499195575714, -1.2041192054748535, 0.6786472797393799, 0.44757890701293945, 0.8457823395729065, 0.6069687604904175, -0.48781466484069824, -0.2317122370004654, -0.42174068093299866, 0.12114983797073364, 0.6944829225540161, 0.06738930940628052, -0.331695020198822, 0.5955085158348083, -0.35149988532066345, 0.29442375898361206, -0.01661054603755474, -0.5116508603096008, 0.3888215124607086, -0.44097384810447693, -0.49030211567878723, 0.5025282502174377, -0.3421519100666046, -0.398129940032959, -0.03769681602716446, 0.059206340461969376, -0.523226797580719, 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125213	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulsboro%2C%20New%20Jersey	Paulsboro, New Jersey	Paulsboro is a borough in Gloucester County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the borough's population was 6,097, reflecting a decline of 63 (-1.0%) from the 6,160 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn declined by 417 (-6.3%) from the 6,577 counted in the 1990 Census. Paulsboro was formed as a borough by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 2, 1904, from portions of Greenwich Township. It was named for Samuel Phillip Paul, son of a settler. History Paulsboro is the home of Fort Billingsport, the first land purchase made by the United States, acquired the day after the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence. Paulsboro is the location of the Tinicum Island Rear Range Lighthouse, first lit on the night of December 31, 1880. In 1997 a local citizen's group was established with the purpose of providing tours and public access to the structure. The lighthouse is one of New Jersey's few publicly accessible aids to navigation and is the centerpiece of Paulsboro's cultural revitalization. The East Jefferson Street railroad bridge over Mantua Creek was built in 1917 and rebuilt in 1940 for the Pennsylvania-Reading Seashore Lines (PRSL). It is now part of Conrail's Penns Grove Secondary. On November 30, 2012, it buckled, causing seven cars of a freight train to derail. One of the four tanker cars that fell into the creek was punctured, leaking thousands of gallons of vinyl chloride. Homes in the borough had to be evacuated and dozens of people went to hospitals as a precautionary measure due to exposure to the chemicals. Some residents in the area have filed suit against Conrail and CSX in Pennsylvania State Court having "complained about respiratory and bronchial related illnesses, headaches, eye and skin irritations and multiple other symptoms." In March 2013, Conrail announced that the bridge would be replaced with an expected September 2014 operational date. Normally, between March 1 and November 30 the bridge is left in the open position for maritime traffic and closed when trains approach. It will remain locked in the closed position until the bridge is replaced. In September 2013, another less serious derailment took place along the Paulsboro Gibbstown border, with one car leaving the tracks on a train consisting mostly of empty tanker cars. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough had a total area of 2.63 square miles (6.81 km2), including 1.92 square miles (4.98 km2) of land and 0.71 square miles (1.83 km2) of water (26.81%). Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the borough include Billingsport. The borough borders the Gloucester County municipalities of East Greenwich Township, Greenwich Township and West Deptford Township, as well as the Delaware River. Demographics Census 2010 The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $43,846 (with a margin of error of +/- $9,449) and the median family income was $61,147 (+/- $5,392). Males had a median income of $51,923 (+/- $6,640) versus $37,826 (+/- $5,863) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $21,061 (+/- $2,252). About 8.2% of families and 12.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.6% of those under age 18 and 9.9% of those age 65 or over. Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 6,160 people, 2,353 households, and 1,614 families residing in the borough. The population density was 3,140.8 people per square mile (1,213.5/km2). There were 2,628 housing units at an average density of 1,339.9 per square mile (517.7/km2). The racial makeup of the borough was 63.56% White, 31.64% African American, 0.24% Native American, 0.32% Asian, 0.10% Pacific Islander, 1.31% from other races, and 2.82% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.35% of the population. There were 2,353 households, out of which 33.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.0% were married couples living together, 24.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.4% were non-families. 26.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 3.15. In the borough the population was spread out, with 28.8% under the age of 18, 8.3% from 18 to 24, 29.8% from 25 to 44, 19.3% from 45 to 64, and 13.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.7 males. The median income for a household in the borough was $35,569, and the median income for a family was $41,359. Males had a median income of $32,313 versus $24,779 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $16,368. About 14.6% of families and 17.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27.0% of those under age 18 and 9.2% of those age 65 or over. Government Local government Paulsboro is governed under the Borough form of New Jersey municipal government, which is used in 218 municipalities (of the 565) statewide, making it the most common form of government in New Jersey. The governing body is comprised of a Mayor and a Borough Council, with all positions elected at-large on a partisan basis as part of the November general election. A Mayor is elected directly by the voters to a four-year term of office. The Borough Council is comprised of six members elected to serve three-year terms on a staggered basis, with two seats coming up for election each year in a three-year cycle. The Borough form of government used by Paulsboro is a "weak mayor / strong council" government in which council members act as the legislative body with the mayor presiding at meetings and voting only in the event of a tie. The mayor can veto ordinances subject to an override by a two-thirds majority vote of the council. The mayor makes committee and liaison assignments for council members, and most appointments are made by the mayor with the advice and consent of the council. , the Mayor of the Borough of Paulsboro is Democrat Gary C. Stevenson, whose term of office ends December 31, 2023. Members of the Paulsboro Borough Council are Council President John A. Giovannitti (D, 2022), Eric DiTonno (D, 2022), Alfonso G. Giampola (D, 2021), Larry Haynes Sr. (D, 2021), Theodore D. Holloway II (D, 2020) and Joe L. Kidd (D, 2020). In January 2016, the Borough Council selected Eric DiTonno to fill the seat expiring in December 2016 that was vacated by Gary C. Stevenson when he took office as mayor. Gary Stevenson was chosen in January 2012 to fill the vacant council seat of W. Jeffery Hamilton expiring in 2013, who left his seat after being sworn in as mayor. Alfonso Giampola was appointed in May 2012 to fill the vacant seat of Paul Morina for a term ending in 2014. In 2018, the borough had an average property tax bill of $3,997, the lowest in the county, compared to an average bill of $6,851 in Gloucester County and $8,767 statewide. The borough had the 21st-highest property tax rate in New Jersey, with an equalized rate of 4.427% in 2020, compared to 3.212% in the county as a whole and a statewide average of 2.279%. Federal, state and county representation Paulsboro is located in the First Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 3rd state legislative district. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 3,635 registered voters in Paulsboro, of which 1,866 (51.3%) were registered as Democrats, 251 (6.9%) were registered as Republicans and 1,516 (41.7%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 2 voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 78.8% of the vote (1,945 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 20.3% (501 votes), and other candidates with 0.9% (21 votes), among the 2,489 ballots cast by the borough's 3,817 registered voters (22 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 65.2%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 76.0% of the vote (2,059 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 21.6% (586 votes) and other candidates with 1.2% (33 votes), among the 2,708 ballots cast by the borough's 3,958 registered voters, for a turnout of 68.4%. In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 71.6% of the vote (1,806 ballots cast), outpolling Republican George W. Bush with 27.4% (691 votes) and other candidates with 0.4% (16 votes), among the 2,524 ballots cast by the borough's 3,796 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 66.5. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Democrat Barbara Buono received 55.0% of the vote (741 cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 43.9% (592 votes), and other candidates with 1.0% (14 votes), among the 1,467 ballots cast by the borough's 3,630 registered voters (120 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 40.4%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Democrat Jon Corzine received 63.2% of the vote (1,031 ballots cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 23.3% (381 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 6.3% (102 votes) and other candidates with 0.7% (11 votes), among the 1,632 ballots cast by the borough's 3,814 registered voters, yielding a 42.8% turnout. Education The Paulsboro Public Schools serves students in kindergarten through twelfth grade. As of the 2017–18 school year, the district, comprised of four schools, had an enrollment of 1,205 students and 103.1 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11,7:1. Schools in the district (with 2017-18 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Billingsport Early Childhood Center (351 students; in grades K-2), Loudenslager Elementary School (291; 3–6), Paulsboro Junior High School (163; 7–8) and Paulsboro High School (317; 9–12). Students in ninth through twelfth grades from Greenwich Township attend the district's high school as part of a sending/receiving relationship with the Greenwich Township School District. As of the 2017–18 school year, the high school had an enrollment of 317 students and 39.4 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 8.0:1. Students from across the county are eligible to apply to attend Gloucester County Institute of Technology, a four-year high school in Deptford Township that provides technical and vocational education. As a public school, students do not pay tuition to attend the school. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Camden includes the Guardian Angels Regional School. Its 4-8 campus is in Paulsboro while its PreK-3 campus is in Gibbstown. Transportation Roads and highways , the borough had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Gloucester County and by the New Jersey Department of Transportation. Interstate 295 and U.S. Route 130 pass through the southern tip of Paulsboro and Route 44 also traverses the borough. Public transportation NJ Transit bus service is available between Pennsville Township and Philadelphia on the 402 route, with local service offered on the 455 route between Cherry Hill Mall and Woodbury. The borough operates shuttle bus service throughout the day. Port of Paulsboro The Port of Paulsboro is located on the Delaware River and Mantua Creek in and around Paulsboro, and is traditionally one of the nation's busiest for marine transfer operations of petroleum products. From 1998 to early 2011, the Valero Energy Corporation operated an oil refinery here, which it sold in a 2010 deal to PBF Energy for $360 million. The port is being redeveloped as an adaptable omniport able to handle a diversity of bulk, break bulk cargo and shipping containers. Studies completed in 2012 concluded that the port is well-suited to become a center for the manufacture, assembly, and transport of wind turbines and platforms for the development of Atlantic Wind Connection The port has also been home to America's largest asphalt refinery, scheduled to close in 2017. Popular culture The Kevin Smith film Jersey Girl is set in the Jersey Shore community of Highlands, but was filmed in Paulsboro. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Paulsboro include: Flipper Anderson (born 1965 as Willie Lee Anderson Jr.), wide receiver who played in the NFL for nine seasons for four different teams. John J. Burzichelli (born 1954), member of the New Jersey General Assembly who was also a long-time mayor of Paulsboro. Russell Carter (born 1985), a First Team All-Big East basketball player at the University of Notre Dame in 2006–2007. Julién Davenport (born 1995), offensive tackle for the Indianapolis Colts. Gerald Hodges (born 1991), linebacker who has played in the NFL for the Minnesota Vikings. Isaac F. Hughes (1861–1931), member of the Los Angeles City Council, 1925–1927. Henry C. Loudenslager (1852–1911), represented New Jersey's 1st congressional district from 1893 to 1911. Tony Montanaro (1927-2002), mime artist who switched to the art from stage acting after seeing Marcel Marceau's 1956 performances in New York City. Isaac Redman (born 1984), running back for the Pittsburgh Steelers. Kevin Ross (born 1962), Paulsboro High and Temple University graduate, played in the National Football League for 14 seasons for three different teams. Anthony Scirrotto (born 1986), football safety. Larry Sharpe (born 1951), former professional wrestler who operates the Monster Factory training school in Paulsboro. Alex Silvestro (born 1988), tight end who has played in the NFL for the New England Patriots and Baltimore Ravens. Edwin H. Simmons (1921–2007), highly decorated United States Marine Corps officer. Joan Weber (1935-1981), singer who became a one-hit wonder with her 1954 song "Let Me Go, Lover!" Chazz Witherspoon (born 1981), professional boxer. References External links Borough of Paulsboro website Paulsboro Public Schools School Data for the Paulsboro Public Schools, National Center for Education Statistics 1904 establishments in New Jersey Borough form of New Jersey government Boroughs in Gloucester County, New Jersey Populated places established in 1904 Port cities and towns in New Jersey New Jersey populated places on the Delaware River	[ -0.5443105101585388, 0.07550911605358124, -0.03292747586965561, -0.05672689154744148, 0.7564789056777954, 0.021025676280260086, 0.8445770740509033, 0.272710919380188, -0.6115474104881287, -0.5954914689064026, -0.6110054850578308, 0.14617134630680084, -0.27826690673828125, 0.5002538561820984, -0.9740989208221436, 0.4273475408554077, 0.5721670389175415, 0.5078263282775879, 0.5111176371574402, -0.7414669990539551, -0.5661808848381042, -0.03911871090531349, 0.28122812509536743, 0.2706593871116638, -0.17602375149726868, -0.5874925255775452, 0.4652387797832489, 0.1048932671546936, 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125215	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitman%2C%20New%20Jersey	Pitman, New Jersey	Pitman is a borough in Gloucester County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the borough's population was 9,011, reflecting a decline of 320 (−3.4%) from the 9,331 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn declined by 34 (−0.4%) from the 9,365 counted in the 1990 Census. The borough was named for Rev. Charles Pitman, a Methodist minister. Until August 2014, Pitman was a dry town. Though the borough still does not allow liquor stores or bars, patrons can purchase wine by the bottle from local vineyards at select licensed establishments under the terms of a state law that bypasses municipal oversight. In 2016, a pair of local breweries opened in Pitman's Uptown business district under the terms of a state law that allows the sale of beer by the glass in tasting rooms. History In 1871, land was chosen in both Glassboro Township and Mantua Township to be set aside for a Methodist summer camp. The New Jersey Conference Camp Meeting Association was officially chartered and given authority over the land grant in 1872, and began planning the campground and organizing meetings. The land had an auditorium located on a central meeting ground, and twelve roads originated from the central area as spokes on a wheel. This area became known as the Pitman Grove, and while worshipers' tents originally lined each of the twelve roads, cottages slowly replaced the tents and formed the foundation of the town of Pitman. By the 1880s, the number of cottages had climbed to 400 and residents had begun staying year-round, both of which led to the establishment of the first public school in 1884. In 1904, residents of Pitman Grove voted 122 to 35 for incorporation as an autonomous borough, and on May 24, 1905, Governor of New Jersey Edward C. Stokes signed a law granting the incorporation. Pitman Grove was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough had a total area of 2.26 square miles (5.85 km2), including 2.22 square miles (5.75 km2) of land and 0.04 square miles (0.11 km2) of water (1.81%). The borough borders the Gloucester County municipalities of Glassboro, Mantua Township and Washington Township. Demographics Census 2010 The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $67,234 (with a margin of error of +/− $7,656) and the median family income was $92,120 (+/− $9,726). Males had a median income of $50,119 (+/− $5,616) versus $46,806 (+/− $6,937) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $30,777 (+/− $2,034). About 4.4% of families and 6.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.7% of those under age 18 and 4.9% of those age 65 or over. Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 9,331 people, 3,473 households, and 2,431 families residing in the borough. The population density was 4,068.3 people per square mile (1,573.2/km2). There were 3,653 housing units at an average density of 1,592.7 per square mile (615.9/km2). The racial makeup of the borough was 97.16% White, 0.91% African American, 0.12% Native American, 0.62% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.23% from other races, and 0.95% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.41% of the population. There were 3,473 households, out of which 34.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.5% were married couples living together, 10.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.0% were non-families. Of all households 26.0% were made up of individuals, and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.15. In the borough the population was spread out, with 25.2% under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 28.3% from 25 to 44, 23.5% from 45 to 64, and 15.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.3 males. The median income for a household in the borough was $49,743, and the median income for a family was $59,419. Males had a median income of $40,894 versus $30,889 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $22,133. About 2.8% of families and 5.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.0% of those under age 18 and 8.9% of those age 65 or over. Government Local government Pitman is governed under the Borough form of New Jersey municipal government, one of 218 municipalities (of the 565) statewide that use this form of government, the most common in the state. The governing body is comprised of a Mayor and a Borough Council, with all positions elected at-large on a partisan basis as part of the November general election. A Mayor is elected directly by the voters to a four-year term of office. The Borough Council is comprised of six members elected to serve three-year terms on a staggered basis, with two seats coming up for election each year in a three-year cycle. The Borough form of government used by Pitman is a "weak mayor / strong council" government in which council members act as the legislative body with the mayor presiding at meetings and voting only in the event of a tie. The mayor can veto ordinances subject to an override by a two-thirds majority vote of the council. The mayor makes committee and liaison assignments for council members, and most appointments are made by the mayor with the advice and consent of the council. , the Mayor of Pitman Borough is Republican Michael L. Razze, Jr., whose term of office ends December 31, 2023. Members of the Pitman Borough Council are Council President Paul Blass (D, 2021), John Fitzpatrick (R, 2022), Vanessa James (D, 2022), Adam Mazzola (D, 2023), Amy Rudley (D, 2021), Matt Weng (D, 2023). The borough's police department, established in 1925, is led by Chief of Police Daniel J. McAteer. Federal, state and county representation Pitman is located in the 2nd Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 4th state legislative district. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 6,118 registered voters in Pitman, of which 1,840 (30.1%) were registered as Democrats, 1,446 (23.6%) were registered as Republicans and 2,824 (46.2%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 8 voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 52.5% of the vote (2,340 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 45.7% (2,036 votes), and other candidates with 1.8% (82 votes), among the 4,508 ballots cast by the borough's 6,297 registered voters (50 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 71.6%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 52.4% of the vote (2,529 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 44.8% (2,164 votes) and other candidates with 1.7% (80 votes), among the 4,828 ballots cast by the borough's 6,486 registered voters, for a turnout of 74.4%. In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 49.3% of the vote (2,369 ballots cast), outpolling Democrat John Kerry with 48.8% (2,345 votes) and other candidates with 1.0% (64 votes), among the 4,804 ballots cast by the borough's 6,350 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 75.7. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 61.0% of the vote (1,842 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 36.2% (1,095 votes), and other candidates with 2.8% (85 votes), among the 3,090 ballots cast by the borough's 6,157 registered voters (68 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 50.2%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 46.4% of the vote (1,498 ballots cast), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 42.5% (1,373 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 8.4% (270 votes) and other candidates with 1.1% (34 votes), among the 3,231 ballots cast by the borough's 6,255 registered voters, yielding a 51.7% turnout. Education The Pitman School District serves public school students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade. As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of five schools, had an enrollment of 1,283 students and 142.3 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 9.0:1. Schools in the district (with 2018–19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Elwood Kindle Elementary School with 158 students in grades K-5, Memorial Elementary School with 188 students in grades PreK-5, W. C. K. Walls Elementary School with 229 students in grades PreK-5, Pitman Middle School with 307 students in grades 6-8 and Pitman High School with 380 students in grades 9–12. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Camden operates St. Michael the Archangel Regional School in Clayton; Our Lady Queen of Peace Church in Pitman is one of the sending parishes. Transportation Roads and highways , the borough had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality and by Gloucester County. New Jersey Route 47 is the main highway directly serving Pitman, running along the borough's eastern border with Glassboro. County Route 553 and County Route 553 Alternate are the main county roads passing through Pitman. New Jersey Route 55 passes just to the west of Pitman in neighboring Mantua Township. Public transportation NJ Transit provides bus service between the borough and Philadelphia on the 313, 408 and 412 routes. The community is a planned stop on the Glassboro–Camden Line, an diesel multiple unit (DMU) light rail system that was projected for completion in 2019. However, as of 2019, completion is not expected until 2025. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Pitman include: George Anastasia (born 1947), author and journalist. Madeline Brewer (born 1992), Actress best known for her roles in "Orange is the New Black" and "The Handmaid's Tale" . Joe Crispin (born 1979), Gloucester County's all-time leading scorer for boys' high school basketball (2,651 career points) who played in the NBA for the Lakers and Suns Jon Crispin (born 1981), Gloucester County's fourth all-time leading boys' scorer (2,319 career points) in high school. Played collegiately for two seasons at Penn State with brother Joe, then transferred and spent last two seasons with the UCLA Bruins. Preston Foster (1900-1970), actor. Harry Gamble (1930-2014), football coach and executive. Erica Scanlon Harr (born 1982), Miss New Jersey 2004. John E. Hunt (1908–1989), represented New Jersey's 1st congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1967 to 1975. C. Austin Miles (1868-1946), prolific writer of thousands of hymns and gospel songs, who was best known for his 1912 hymn "In the Garden". Jane Moffet (born 1930), utility player who played for four seasons in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. Patti Smith (born 1946), singer-songwriter, poet and visual artist. John E. Wallace Jr. (born 1942), former Associate Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court. Don Wildman (born 1961), actor and television host. References External links Pitman School District School Data for the Pitman School District, National Center for Education Statistics Historic Images of Pitman, NJ 1905 establishments in New Jersey Borough form of New Jersey government Boroughs in Gloucester County, New Jersey Populated places established in 1905	[ -0.624542772769928, 0.10666826367378235, -0.3839172422885895, 0.06297659128904343, 0.8557929396629333, 0.39883193373680115, 0.6793034672737122, 0.5389939546585083, 0.027796393260359764, -0.6713335514068604, -0.36278489232063293, 0.3148552179336548, -0.2677527964115143, 0.35986804962158203, -1.1281150579452515, 0.3361283540725708, 0.5388279557228088, 0.5401570200920105, 0.36439746618270874, -0.3491404950618744, -0.3865128457546234, 0.0021026383619755507, 0.04309392720460892, 0.39984577894210815, -0.08582547307014465, -0.04891315847635269, 0.34349656105041504, -0.08591754734516144, -0.13198433816432953, 0.013192502781748772, -0.2378876507282257, 0.5743255615234375, 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125216	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20Harrison%20Township%2C%20New%20Jersey	South Harrison Township, New Jersey	South Harrison Township is a township in Gloucester County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the township's population was 3,162, reflecting an increase of 745 (+30.8%) from the 2,417 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 498 (+26.0%) from the 1,919 counted in the 1990 Census. South Harrison was formed as a township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 2, 1883, from portions of Harrison Township. Elk Township was formed from portions of South Harrison Township on April 17, 1891. It is a dry town, where alcohol cannot be sold, though alcohol is available at the winery in the township. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 15.96 square miles (41.32 km2), including 15.90 square miles (41.17 km2) of land and 0.06 square miles (0.15 km2) of water (0.38%). Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Cedar Grove, Harrisonville (served as ZIP Code 08039), Jessups Mills and Lincoln. The township borders the municipalities of Elk Township, Harrison Township and Woolwich Township in Gloucester County; and Pilesgrove Township and Upper Pittsgrove Township in Salem County. Demographics Census 2010 The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $106,667 (with a margin of error of +/- $12,029) and the median family income was $113,875 (+/- $14,397). Males had a median income of $84,408 (+/- $4,334) versus $55,750 (+/- $10,554) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $34,515 (+/- $3,976). About 2.0% of families and 10.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.8% of those under age 18 and 8.1% of those age 65 or over. Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 2,417 people, 800 households, and 663 families residing in the township. The population density was 153.0 people per square mile (59.1/km2). There were 829 housing units at an average density of 52.5 per square mile (20.3/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 93.09% White, 3.76% African American, 0.04% Native American, 0.29% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 2.19% from other races, and 0.58% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.43% of the population. There were 800 households, out of which 41.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 71.9% were married couples living together, 7.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.1% were non-families. 13.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.94 and the average family size was 3.25. In the township the population was spread out, with 26.9% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 28.9% from 25 to 44, 27.8% from 45 to 64, and 9.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.7 males. The median income for a household in the township was $68,491, and the median income for a family was $76,390. Males had a median income of $55,313 versus $32,337 for females. The per capita income for the township was $25,968. About 4.1% of families and 8.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.7% of those under age 18 and 8.0% of those age 65 or over. Government Local government South Harrison Township is governed under the Township form of New Jersey municipal government, one of 141 municipalities (of the 565) statewide that use this form, the second-most commonly used form of government in the state. The Township Committee is comprised of five members, who are elected directly by the voters at-large in partisan elections to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with either one or two seats coming up for election each year as part of the November general election in a three-year cycle. At an annual reorganization meeting, the Township Committee selects one of its members to serve as Mayor and another as Deputy Mayor. , members of the South Harrison Township Committee are Mayor Joseph Marino (R, term on committee ends December 31, 2021; term as mayor ends 2020), Deputy Mayor Robert Diaz (R, term on committee ends and as deputy mayor ends 2020), John Horner (R, 2021), Carmen A. Malignaggi (D, 2022) and Robert Schenk (R, 2020). In 2007, Charles Tyson was elected Mayor, the first African American to hold the post. He was re-elected in 2008. In 2009, however, he declined to seek re-election to a third term, citing the death threats and racist vandalism that had arisen. He had received threatening phone calls and emails, his tires were slashed, and "KKK" was written on a sign on his lawn. A federal indictment has charged a white supremacist from Virginia, Bill White, with "communicating threats in interstate commerce", based on White's emails to Tyson and phone calls to Tyson's wife in 2008. No arrests have been made, however, in connection with the incidents in 2007, even though the town posted a $24,000 reward. Federal, state and county representation South Harrison Township is located in the 2nd Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 3rd state legislative district. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 2,146 registered voters in South Harrison, of which 733 (34.2%) were registered as Democrats, 626 (29.2%) were registered as Republicans and 785 (36.6%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 2 voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Republican Mitt Romney received 60.9% of the vote (1,008 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 37.8% (625 votes), and other candidates with 1.3% (21 votes), among the 1,666 ballots cast by the township's 2,238 registered voters (12 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 74.4%. In the 2008 presidential election, Republican John McCain received 56.2% of the vote (979 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 41.2% (717 votes) and other candidates with 1.9% (33 votes), among the 1,741 ballots cast by the township's 2,168 registered voters, for a turnout of 80.3%. In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 60.8% of the vote (869 ballots cast), outpolling Democrat John Kerry with 38.3% (548 votes) and other candidates with 0.4% (8 votes), among the 1,429 ballots cast by the township's 1,792 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 79.7. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 72.6% of the vote (709 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 24.9% (243 votes), and other candidates with 2.6% (25 votes), among the 996 ballots cast by the township's 2,218 registered voters (19 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 44.9%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 58.7% of the vote (666 ballots cast), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 31.4% (356 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 7.8% (89 votes) and other candidates with 0.8% (9 votes), among the 1,134 ballots cast by the township's 2,175 registered voters, yielding a 52.1% turnout. Education The South Harrison Township School District serves public school students in pre-kindergarten through sixth grade at South Harrison Township Elementary School. As of the 2019–20 school year, the district, comprised of one school, had an enrollment of 331 students and 29.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.4:1. Public school students in seventh through twelfth grades are educated by the Kingsway Regional School District, which also serves students from East Greenwich Township, Swedesboro and Woolwich Township, with the addition of students from Logan Township who attend the district's high school as part of a sending/receiving relationship in which tuition is paid on a per-pupil basis by the Logan Township School District. South Harrison Township accounted for 13% of district enrollment. As of the 2019–20 school year, the district, comprised of two schools, had an enrollment of 2,868 students and 210.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 13.7:1. Schools in the district (with 2019–20 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Kingsway Regional Middle School with 1,025 students in grades 7-8 and Kingsway Regional High School with 1,783 students in grades 9-12. Under a 2011 proposal, Kingsway would merge with its constituent member's K-6 districts to become a full K-12 district, with various options for including Logan Township as part of the consolidated district. Students from across the county are eligible to apply to attend Gloucester County Institute of Technology, a four-year high school in Deptford Township that provides technical and vocational education. As a public school, students do not pay tuition to attend the school. Transportation , the township had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Gloucester County and by the New Jersey Department of Transportation. Route 45 (Woodstown-Mullica Hill Road) traverses the township southwest-to-northeast, from the border with Pilesgrove Township to Harrison Township. County Route 538 (Swedesboro Road) crosses along the northern portion of the township from Woolwich Township in the northwest to Elk Township to the southeast. County Route 581 (Commissioners Pike) crosses from Upper Pittsgrove Township in the south to Harrison Township in the north. Wineries Wagonhouse Winery References External links South Harrison Township website South Harrison Township Elementary School School Data for the South Harrison Township Elementary School, National Center for Education Statistics Kingsway Regional High School 1883 establishments in New Jersey Populated places established in 1883 Township form of New Jersey government Townships in Gloucester County, New Jersey	[ -1.2484532594680786, 0.061699699610471725, -0.43221864104270935, 0.5127271413803101, 0.737625241279602, -0.01014494989067316, 0.6380455493927002, 0.48976778984069824, -0.370777428150177, -0.7411848902702332, -0.3777361810207367, -0.11829350888729095, -0.12784646451473236, 0.3657126724720001, -1.235617756843567, 0.9379452466964722, 0.447503000497818, 0.8740102648735046, 0.21376961469650269, -0.7390566468238831, -0.5776150822639465, -0.3673146367073059, -0.03443237394094467, 0.49761101603507996, -0.14925916492938995, -0.3966127038002014, 0.8725792169570923, -0.20127421617507935, 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125217	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedesboro%2C%20New%20Jersey	Swedesboro, New Jersey	Swedesboro is a borough in Gloucester County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the borough's population was 2,584, reflecting an increase of 529 (+25.7%) from the 2,055 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 31 (+1.5%) from the 2,024 counted in the 1990 Census. Swedesboro was formed as a borough by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on April 9, 1902, from portions of Woolwich Township. The borough was named for its early settlers from Sweden. Swedesboro has been recognized by the National Arbor Day Foundation as a Tree City USA since 2000. History Swedesboro was settled as part of New Sweden around 1650. The early Swedes and Finns were fishermen, hunters and farmers. Swedesboro, initially named Sveaborg by the Swedish settlers, along with Bridgeport (Nya Stockholm) and Finns Point (Varkens Kill), was one of only three settlements established in New Jersey as a part of the New Sweden colony. The oldest extant log cabin in the United States, the Nothnagle Log Cabin (ca. 1640) was built by Antti Niilonpoika (Anthony Neilson/Nelson) in Swedesboro. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, as is Trinity Episcopal "Old Swedes" Church, which was established as a Swedish Lutheran Church in 1703; the present building dates to 1784. As a consequence of the Second Northern War, New Sweden passed into Dutch hands in 1655. In 1667, the English subsequently annexed the region along the Delaware River after the Second Anglo-Dutch War. The English Colonial government needed a road between the communities of Burlington and Salem and built the Kings Highway in 1691, which opened the southern portion of Gloucester County to more settlers, who were drawn to the area by the fertile sandy soil, prime farmland and vast tracts of oak, birch, maple and pine trees. Originally, the community was called Raccoon, until the name was changed to Swedesboro in 1765. Trinity Church Cemetery is the burial place of Governor of New Jersey Charles C. Stratton and Congressman Benjamin Franklin Howey, among other notables. Through the late 1800s, Raccoon Creek was a water route that was naturally deep enough to transport wood and farm produce to Philadelphia by the Delaware River. Carl XVI Gustaf, King of Sweden, visited the borough as part of a 1976 tour of the United States. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough had a total area of 0.77 square miles (1.99 km2), including 0.73 square miles (1.89 km2) of land and 0.04 square miles (0.09 km2) of water (4.55%). Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Ivyside. Swedesboro is an independent municipality surrounded on all sides by Woolwich Township, making it one of only 21 "doughnut towns" in the state, where one municipality entirely surrounds another. Demographics 2010 Census The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $65,085 (with a margin of error of +/- $9,111) and the median family income was $70,050 (+/- $7,451). Males had a median income of $47,974 (+/- $4,268) versus $43,721 (+/- $3,157) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $24,623 (+/- $2,395). About 9.1% of families and 11.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.5% of those under age 18 and 18.8% of those age 65 or over. 2000 Census As of the 2000 United States Census there were 2,055 people, 771 households, and 528 families residing in the borough. The population density was 2,830.8 people per square mile (1,086.9/km2). There were 860 housing units at an average density of 1,184.7 per square mile (454.9/km2). The racial makeup of the borough was 76.93% White, 16.50% African American, 0.05% Native American, 0.34% Asian, 3.36% from other races, and 2.82% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.52% of the population. There were 771 households, out of which 34.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.3% were married couples living together, 16.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.4% were non-families. 25.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.66 and the average family size was 3.22. In the borough the population was spread out, with 27.4% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 32.0% from 25 to 44, 20.0% from 45 to 64, and 12.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.6 males. The median income for a household in the borough was $49,286, and the median income for a family was $58,721. Males had a median income of $41,346 versus $33,125 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $20,857. About 7.8% of families and 9.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.4% of those under age 18 and 8.5% of those age 65 or over. Government Local government Swedesboro is governed under the Borough form of New Jersey municipal government, which is used in 218 municipalities (of the 565) statewide, making it the most common form of government in New Jersey. The governing body is comprised of a Mayor and a Borough Council, with all positions elected at-large on a partisan basis as part of the November general election. A Mayor is elected directly by the voters to a four-year term of office. The Borough Council is comprised of six members elected to serve three-year terms on a staggered basis, with two seats coming up for election each year in a three-year cycle. The Borough form of government used by Swedesboro is a "weak mayor / strong council" government in which council members act as the legislative body with the mayor presiding at meetings and voting only in the event of a tie. The mayor can veto ordinances subject to an override by a two-thirds majority vote of the council. The mayor makes committee and liaison assignments for council members, and most appointments are made by the mayor with the advice and consent of the council. , the Mayor of Swedesboro is Democrat Thomas W. Fromm, whose term of office ends December 31, 2023. The Swedesboro Borough Council consists of Council President Salvatore "Sam" Casella (R, 2021), David Flaherty (D, 2020), Joanna Gahrs (R, 2020), Diane F. Hale (D, 2022), Mary Alice O'Blennis (D, 2021) and George J. Weeks (D, 2022). Federal, state and county representation Swedesboro is located in the 2nd Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 3rd state legislative district. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 1,535 registered voters in Swedesboro, of which 471 (30.7%) were registered as Democrats, 311 (20.3%) were registered as Republicans and 751 (48.9%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 2 voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 59.5% of the vote (632 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 39.3% (417 votes), and other candidates with 1.2% (13 votes), among the 1,076 ballots cast by the borough's 1,618 registered voters (14 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 66.5%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 59.3% of the vote (625 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 38.1% (402 votes) and other candidates with 1.3% (14 votes), among the 1,054 ballots cast by the borough's 1,492 registered voters, for a turnout of 70.6%. In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 49.7% of the vote (448 ballots cast), outpolling Democrat John Kerry with 49.4% (445 votes) and other candidates with 0.4% (5 votes), among the 901 ballots cast by the borough's 1,301 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 69.3. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 65.0% of the vote (372 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 33.4% (191 votes), and other candidates with 1.6% (9 votes), among the 581 ballots cast by the borough's 1,597 registered voters (9 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 36.4%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 46.1% of the vote (316 ballots cast), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 41.5% (284 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 9.5% (65 votes) and other candidates with 0.1% (1 votes), among the 685 ballots cast by the borough's 1,507 registered voters, yielding a 45.5% turnout. Education Public school students in pre-kindergarten through sixth grade attend the Swedesboro-Woolwich School District, a consolidated school district that serves students from both Swedesboro and Woolwich Township. As of the 2019–20 school year, the district, comprised of four schools, had an enrollment of 1,583 students and 143.3 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.0:1. Schools in the district (with 2019–20 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Margaret C. Clifford School with 235 students in grades PreK-K (located in Swedesboro), Governor Charles C. Stratton School with 419 students in grades 1-2 (Woolwich Township), General Charles G. Harker School with 660 students in Grades 3-5 (Woolwich Township) and Walter H. Hill School with 267 students in Grade 6 (Swedesboro). Public school students in seventh through twelfth grades are educated by the Kingsway Regional School District, which also serves students from East Greenwich Township, South Harrison Township and Woolwich Township, with the addition of students from Logan Township who attend the district's high school as part of a sending/receiving relationship in which tuition is paid on a per-pupil basis by the Logan Township School District. Swedesboro accounts for one tenth of district enrollment. As of the 2019–20 school year, the district, comprised of two schools, had an enrollment of 2,868 students and 210.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 13.7:1. The schools in the district (with 2019–20 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Kingsway Regional Middle School with 1,025 students in grades 7-8 and Kingsway Regional High School with 1,783 students in grades 9-12. Under a 2011 proposal, Kingsway would merge with its constituent member's K-6 districts to become a full K-12 district, with various options for including Logan Township as part of the consolidated district. Students from across the county are eligible to apply to attend Gloucester County Institute of Technology, a four-year high school in Deptford Township that provides technical and vocational education. As a public school, students do not pay tuition to attend the school. Guardian Angels Regional School (Pre-K-Grade 3 campus in Gibbstown CDP and 4-8 campus in Paulsboro) takes students from Swedesboro. It is under the Roman Catholic Diocese of Camden. Transportation Roads and highways , the borough had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality and by Gloucester County. The main roads serving Swedesboro are County Route 538 and County Route 551. U.S. Route 322 and the New Jersey Turnpike can be accessed in neighboring Woolwich Township. Public transportation NJ Transit provides bus service between Salem and Philadelphia on the 401 route. The Salem Branch, a freight rail line, changes ownership at Swedesboro. The southern portion to the Port of Salem is owned by Salem County and operated by the Southern Railroad of New Jersey and interchanges with Conrail's South Jersey/Philadelphia Shared Assets Area operations which travels north to Pavonia Yard at Camden. Wineries Wagonhouse Winery Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Swedesboro include: Dorien Bryant (born 1985), former college football wide receiver for the Purdue Boilermakers and Pittsburgh Steelers signatory. Charles G. Garrison (1849-1924), physician, lawyer, and judge who served as Associate Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court from 1888 to 1893 and from 1896 to 1900. Charles Garrison Harker (1837–1864), brigadier general in the Union Army during the American Civil War Benjamin Franklin Howey (1828-1893), politician who represented New Jersey's 4th congressional district from 1883 to 1885. William Nicholson Jeffers (1824–1883), United States Navy officer. Kenneth Lacovara, professor at Rowan University who discovered the dinosaur Dreadnoughtus. Ted Laux (1919-1965), NFL football player who played for the Philadelphia Eagles and the "Steagles", a team formed as a temporary merger between the Eagles and Pittsburgh Steelers due to league-wide manning shortages during World War II. Earl Rapp (1921-1992), professional baseball outfielder and scout. Charles C. Stratton (1796-1859), 15th Governor of New Jersey. Joseph Pere Bell Wilmer (1812-1878), second Episcopal bishop of Louisiana. References External links Borough of Swedesboro Website 1902 establishments in New Jersey Borough form of New Jersey government Boroughs in Gloucester County, New Jersey Populated places established in 1902 Swedish-American history Finnish-American history Swedish American culture in New Jersey Finnish-American culture in New Jersey New Sweden 17th-century establishments in New Sweden	[ -0.6562972664833069, -0.039289746433496475, 0.21044057607650757, -0.03164006397128105, 0.7477574944496155, -0.21269774436950684, 0.5930789113044739, 0.6520329713821411, -0.31270286440849304, -0.6493016481399536, -0.5673767328262329, 0.09486629068851471, -0.2428898960351944, 0.466477632522583, -1.2488346099853516, 0.40919435024261475, 0.34033146500587463, 0.868417501449585, 0.38405248522758484, -0.5043584704399109, -0.535236120223999, -0.33087900280952454, 0.23336640000343323, 0.36646515130996704, 0.21875007450580597, -0.14652764797210693, 0.6978347897529602, -0.42302805185317993, -0.1317972093820572, 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125218	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnersville%2C%20New%20Jersey	Turnersville, New Jersey	Turnersville is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) located within Washington Township, in Gloucester County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the CDP's population was 3,742. It is named after the Turner family, one of the original families of Washington Township. The area falls under the 08012 ZIP code for Blackwood. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, Turnersville had a total area of 1.495 square miles (3.871 km2), including 1.487 square miles (3.851 km2) of land and 0.008 square miles (0.020 km2) of water (0.51%). It is located on the South Branch Big Timber Creek. New Jersey Route 42 forms its eastern boundary and interchanges with the northern terminus of the Atlantic City Expressway there. The CDP has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) and average monthly temperatures range from 33.2° F in January to 77.1° F in July. The local hardiness zone is 7a. Demographics Census 2010 Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 3,867 people, 1,167 households, and 1,060 families living in the CDP. The population density was 1,002.1/km2 (2,603.4/mi2). There were 1,179 housing units at an average density of 305.5/km2 (793.7/mi2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 92.68% White, 3.67% African American, 0.03% Native American, 2.48% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.39% from other races, and 0.72% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.45% of the population. There were 1,167 households, out of which 49.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 81.3% were married couples living together, 7.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 9.1% were non-families. 7.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.31 and the average family size was 3.49. In the CDP the population was spread out, with 29.8% under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 27.0% from 25 to 44, 27.5% from 45 to 64, and 7.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.7 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $86,421, and the median income for a family was $90,863. Males had a median income of $59,911 versus $43,929 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $28,734. About 2.2% of families and 3.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.7% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Turnersville include: Linda Fiorentino (born 1958), actress. Mike Rossman (born 1955), boxer, WBA light-heavyweight champion. 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125219	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory%20Lakes%2C%20New%20Jersey	Victory Lakes, New Jersey	Victory Lakes is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) located within Monroe Township, in Gloucester County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the CDP's population was 2,111. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP had a total area of 2.521 square miles (6.529 km2), including 2.402 square miles (6.221 km2) of land and 0.119 square miles (0.308 km2) of water (4.72%). Demographics Census 2010 Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 2,118 people, 718 households, and 592 families living in the CDP. The population density was 340.7/km2 (883.4/mi2). There were 756 housing units at an average density of 121.6/km2 (315.3/mi2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 91.55% White, 5.00% African American, 0.28% Native American, 0.90% Asian, 0.90% from other races, and 1.37% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.16% of the population. There were 718 households, out of which 36.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.1% were married couples living together, 13.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.5% were non-families. 13.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.95 and the average family size was 3.22. In the CDP the population was spread out, with 26.2% under the age of 18, 9.2% from 18 to 24, 29.7% from 25 to 44, 26.7% from 45 to 64, and 8.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.2 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $53,698, and the median income for a family was $55,313. Males had a median income of $36,385 versus $27,574 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $20,615. About 4.0% of families and 7.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.4% of those under age 18 and 8.1% of those age 65 or over. 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125220	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington%20Township%2C%20Gloucester%20County%2C%20New%20Jersey	Washington Township, Gloucester County, New Jersey	Washington Township is a township in Gloucester County, New Jersey, United States. In the 2010 United States Census, the township's population was 48,559, reflecting an increase of 1,445 (+3.1%) from the 47,114 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 5,154 (+12.3%) from the 41,960 counted in the 1990 Census. For 2019, the Census Bureau's Population Estimates Program calculated a population of 47,753. Washington Township was incorporated by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 17, 1836, from portions of Deptford Township. The township officially moved to the newly created Camden County on March 13, 1844. Monroe Township was created on March 3, 1859, from part of the township. Most of Washington Township, along with all of Monroe Township, was moved back into Gloucester County on February 28, 1871, with the remaining portions of Washington Township that were still in Camden County being transferred to Gloucester Township. Additional transfers to Gloucester Township were made in 1926 and 1931. The township was named for George Washington, one of more than ten communities statewide named for the first president. It is one of five municipalities in the state of New Jersey with the name Washington Township. Another municipality, Washington Borough, is completely surrounded by Washington Township, Warren County. In 2008, CNN/Money and Money Magazine ranked Washington Township 58th on its list of the 100 Best Cities to Live in the United States. History The oldest community in Washington Township, Grenloch Terrace, was a thriving Lenape Native American settlement called Tetamekon. Some of the early settlers to the area were the Collins family of Chestnut Ridge Farm, for whom Chestnut Ridge Middle School is named; the Turner family, for whom Turnersville was named; the Hurff family, for whom Hurffville and Hurffville Elementary School are named; the Heritage family, whose family began the Heritage's Dairy Farm Stores, and for whom the community Heritage Valley is named; the Morgan family, who were the first residents of the Olde Stone House, a landmark for residents of the township; and the Bell Family, who arrived in 1899 and for whom Bells Lake Park and Bells Elementary School are named. Sewell is named after General William Joyce Sewell, who was elected to the United States Senate in 1881 and 1895, and served as president of the New Jersey Senate in 1876, 1879 and 1880. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 21.55 square miles (55.81 km2), including 21.35 square miles (55.28 km2) of land and 0.20 square miles (0.53 km2) of water (0.95%). Turnersville (with a 2010 Census population of 3,742) is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) located within Washington Township. Other unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Bells Lake, Cressville, Dilkesboro, Fairview, Green Tree, Grenloch Terrace, Hurffville, Mount Pleasant and Prossers Mill. The township borders the municipalities of Deptford Township, Glassboro, Mantua Township, Monroe Township, Pitman in Gloucester County; and Gloucester Township in Camden County. Demographics Census 2010 The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $79,017 (with a margin of error of +/- $3,281) and the median family income was $94,585 (+/- $3,639). Males had a median income of $62,702 (+/- $2,103) versus $46,628 (+/- $2,959) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $33,038 (+/- $1,285). About 2.6% of families and 3.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.3% of those under age 18 and 5.4% of those age 65 or over. Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 47,114 people, 15,609 households, and 12,658 families residing in the township. The population density was 2,204.6 people per square mile (851.2/km2). There were 16,020 housing units at an average density of 749.6/sq mi (289.4/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 90.20% White, 4.85% African American, 0.08% Native American, 3.31% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.53% from other races, and 1.01% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.03% of the population. There were 15,609 households, out of which 43.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.3% were married couples living together, 9.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.9% were non-families. 15.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.00 and the average family size was 3.38. In the township the population was spread out, with 28.7% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 29.6% from 25 to 44, 24.7% from 45 to 64, and 9.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.8 males. The median income for a household in the township was $66,546, and the median income for a family was $74,661. Males had a median income of $51,319 versus $35,018 for females. The per capita income for the township was $25,705. About 2.5% of families and 3.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.2% of those under age 18 and 4.5% of those age 65 or over. Government Local government Washington Township is governed under the Faulkner Act (formally known as the Optional Municipal Charter Law) by the Mayor-Council system of New Jersey municipal government (Plan 2), implemented based on direct petition as of January 1, 1985. The township is one of 71 municipalities (of the 565) statewide that use this form of government. The township's governing body is comprised of the Mayor and the five-member Township Council. The mayor is directly elected by township voters and is the chief executive in charge of the administrative functions of the town. Members of the township council are elected on an at-large basis in partisan elections held as part of the November general election. All elected officials serve four-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with the mayor and two council seats up for election in even-numbered years and the other three council seats up for vote two years later. , the mayor of Washington Township is Democrat Joann Gattinelli, whose term of office ends December 31, 2024. Members of the township council are Council President Sean Longfellow (D, 2022), Council Vice-president Andrea Dougherty (D, 2022), Anthony DellaPia (R, 2024), Richard Bennett (R, 2024) and Andra Williams (D, 2022). Federal, state and county representation Washington Township is located in the 1st Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 4th state legislative district. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 33,934 registered voters in Washington, of which 11,872 (35.0%) were registered as Democrats, 7,763 (22.9%) were registered as Republicans and 14,279 (42.1%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 20 voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Republican Mitt Romney received 49.7% of the vote (12,169 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 49.2% (12,050 votes), and other candidates with 1.1% (273 votes), among the 24,648 ballots cast by the township's 35,305 registered voters (156 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 69.8%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 49.6% of the vote (12,815 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 48.6% (12,570 votes) and other candidates with 1.0% (268 votes), among the 25,859 ballots cast by the township's 35,224 registered voters, for a turnout of 73.4%. In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 50.9% of the vote (12,805 ballots cast), outpolling Democrat John Kerry with 48.0% (12,082 votes) and other candidates with 0.5% (163 votes), among the 25,149 ballots cast by the township's 33,043 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 76.1. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 67.1% of the vote (9,129 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 31.6% (4,294 votes), and other candidates with 1.3% (172 votes), among the 13,803 ballots cast by the township's 34,580 registered voters (208 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 39.9%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 52.6% of the vote (7,789 ballots cast), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 38.8% (5,757 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 7.0% (1,043 votes) and other candidates with 0.5% (79 votes), among the 14,820 ballots cast by the township's 34,338 registered voters, yielding a 43.2% turnout. Education The Washington Township Public School District serves students in kindergarten through twelfth grade. As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of 11 schools, had an enrollment of 7,202 students and 651.3 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.1:1. Schools in the district (with 2018–19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Grenloch Terrace Early Childhood Center (with 339 students; in kindergarten), Bells Elementary School (429; 1–5), Birches Elementary School (443; 1–5), Hurffville Elementary School (492; 1–5), Thomas Jefferson Elementary School (527; 1–5), Wedgewood Elementary School (460; 1–5), Whitman Elementary School (494; 1–5), Bunker Hill Middle School (586; 6–8), Chestnut Ridge Middle School (696; 6–8), Orchard Valley Middle School (544; 6–8) and Washington Township High School with 2,237 students in grades 9 - 12. Students from across the county are eligible to apply to attend Gloucester County Institute of Technology, a four-year high school in Deptford Township that provides technical and vocational education. As a public school, students do not pay tuition to attend the school. Local dynamics Washington Township has two major economic centers. The "town center" is focused around the square formed by Greentree Road, Egg Harbor Road, Ganttown Road, and Hurffville-Crosskeys Road. Washington Township High School, the TD Bank Arts Centre, Washington Lake Park, and the township municipal building are located around this general vicinity. The other major center is located around Route 42, which connects Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to the Jersey Shore. Washington Township is sometimes referred to as "South Jersey's Premier Community", "South Philly South", or "Little South Philly" as a large percentage of its citizens moved to the town from the Italian South Philadelphia region over the past several decades. It is also known simply as "Township". Recent expansion Washington Township could be viewed as the frontline between open space and home developers. A township that in the 1960s was composed of several isolated housing areas gravitating around the Wedgwood, Whitman Square, Birches, Birches West, and Hurffville neighborhoods has expanded outwards. Transportation Roads and highways , the township had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Gloucester County, by the New Jersey Department of Transportation and by the South Jersey Transportation Authority. Route 42 (Black Horse Pike) heads along the east side of the township, entering in the south from Monroe Township and continuing north for towards Gloucester Township in Camden County, where the road is known as the North-South Freeway. Route 168 (also known as Black Horse Pike) has its southern terminus at Route 42 in Washington Township and heads north along the township border towards Gloucester Township. Route 47 (Delsea Drive) runs along the western quarter of the township, entering in the south from Glassboro and proceeding north for towards Deptford Township. Route 55 clips the eastern tip of Gloucester Township, extending for from Mantua Township in the south to Deptford Township in the north. The Atlantic City Expressway enters from Gloucester Township, and zig-zags through both until its western terminus in Washington Township at Route 42. County Route 534 (Good Intent Road) enters from Deptford Township on the east and heads into Gloucester Township. County Route 555 (Tuckahoe Road) enters from Monroe Township on the west and continues for to its terminus at Route 42. Public transportation NJ Transit's Atlantic City commuter rail line and PATCO Speedline rapid transit are accessible at the Lindenwold station, located northeast of the township. NJ Transit bus service is available to Philadelphia on the 315, 400, 403, 408 and 412 routes, with local service on the 463 route. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Washington Township include: George Breen (born 1935), former competition swimmer, four-time Olympic medalist and former world record-holder in three events. King Kong Bundy (born 1957), former WWF professional wrestler, stand-up comedian and actor. Ryan D'Imperio (born 1987), fullback drafted by the Minnesota Vikings. Anthony DeAngelo (born 1995), professional ice hockey defenseman for the New York Rangers. Sam Esmail (born 1977), producer, director, and screenwriter and creator of the television series Mr. Robot. Linda Fiorentino (born 1958), actress. Chris Gheysens (born c. 1972), president and chief executive officer of Wawa Inc. I Call Fives, pop punk band Kicking Sunrise, pop/hip-hop group Tara Lipinski (born 1982), 1998 Olympic Gold Medalist figure skater. Gerald Luongo (born 1938), former mayor and one-term member of the New Jersey General Assembly. Fred H. Madden (born 1954), serves in the New Jersey Senate, representing the 4th Legislative District. Paul D. Moriarty (born 1956), former mayor of Washington Township who has served in the New Jersey General Assembly since 2006. Justin Mortelliti (born 1980), actor, singer/songwriter and recording artist. Cheryl Reeve (born 1966), head coach of Minnesota Lynx who is a two-time WNBA Coach of the Year. Mike Rossman (born 1955), boxer, WBA light-heavyweight champion. John Stevens (born 1966), former defenseman who has coached in the NHL at various levels. Mark Tatulli (born 1963), syndicated comic strip cartoonist and children's book author. Milt Thompson (born 1959), former MLB outfielder who played for the Philadelphia Phillies. John E. Wallace Jr. (born 1942), former Associate Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court who is husband of mayor Barbara Wallace. John Yurkow, head coach of the Penn Quakers baseball team. References External links Washington Township website Washington Township Public Schools School Data for the Washington Township Public Schools, National Center for Education Statistics 1836 establishments in New Jersey Faulkner Act (mayor–council) Populated places established in 1836 Townships in Gloucester County, New Jersey	[ -0.7737916707992554, 0.19893857836723328, -0.3477148413658142, 0.4485590159893036, 0.7704199552536011, 0.038657110184431076, 1.0485495328903198, 0.5344306826591492, -0.17832447588443756, -0.7588498592376709, -0.3822864890098572, 0.2792317867279053, -0.17910735309123993, 0.05946272611618042, -1.2610971927642822, 0.45386946201324463, 0.5007489919662476, 0.8342863321304321, 0.3685205280780792, -0.7207450270652771, -0.8131126761436462, -0.5541583895683289, 0.18420477211475372, 0.5273170471191406, 0.195902481675148, -0.34302833676338196, 0.9372186064720154, 0.21335509419441223, -0.11517924070358276, 0.005878590978682041, -0.19906257092952728, 0.48922380805015564, 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125221	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenonah%2C%20New%20Jersey	Wenonah, New Jersey	Wenonah is a borough in Gloucester County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the borough's population was 2,278, reflecting a decline of 39 (-1.7%) from the 2,317 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn declined by 14 (-0.6%) from the 2,331 counted in the 1990 Census. It is located approximately south of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Wenonah was established as a Borough by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 10, 1883, from portions of Deptford Township, based on the results of a referendum that was held two days earlier. The borough was named for the mother of Hiawatha in Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's work The Song of Hiawatha. It is a dry town, where alcohol cannot be sold. The borough had the 29th-highest property tax rate in New Jersey, with an equalized rate of 4.120% in 2020, compared to 3.212% in the county as a whole and a statewide average of 2.279%. History Wenonah was founded in 1871 by Philadelphia businessmen as a country resort, drawn by its location along the Mantua Creek and on the West Jersey Railroad. Over the next 40 years, numerous dams were installed to create recreational lakes. From 1902 until the Great Depression, Wenonah Military Academy, a private military school, trained cadets there. Throughout its history, Wenonah has been almost exclusively a residential area. Over 21% of the borough's land area is conservation land, which is protected by ordinance from development. There are more than of hiking trails are threaded around lakes and alongside waterways in these conserved areas. Wenonah is a close-knit community with holiday events every season. Christmas means the Tree Lighting celebration in the park in the center of town. The grade school children sing, there are cookies and hot chocolate, and live music is played until a countdown to the official lighting of the town's tree for the season. Fourth of July features a variety of activities from a parade to fire truck rides to races. The Wenonah parade is famous around the area and has been ranked by travel magazines as one of the top-ten small town Fourth of July parades. The area was hit by a strong EF3 tornado on September 1, 2021, with winds of up to , produced by the remnants of Hurricane Ida. More than 200 properties in Wenonanh were damaged, the largest number of any municipality hot by the tornado. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough had a total area of 1.01 square miles (2.62 km2), including 1.00 square miles (2.58 km2) of land and 0.02 square miles (0.04 km2) of water (1.58%). The borough borders Deptford Township and Mantua Township. Demographics Census 2010 The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $103,403 (with a margin of error of +/- $8,030) and the median family income was $112,891 (+/- $12,345). Males had a median income of $78,417 (+/- $11,006) versus $64,205 (+/- $16,821) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $47,743 (+/- $6,172). About 1.1% of families and 1.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.4% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over. Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 2,317 people, 844 households, and 652 families residing in the borough. The population density was 2,380.3 people per square mile (922.3/km2). There were 860 housing units at an average density of 883.5 per square mile (342.3/km2). The racial makeup of the borough was 97.546% White, 1.084% African American, 0.093% Native American, 0.65% Asian, and 0.652% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.731% of the population. There were 844 households, out of which 35.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.4% were married couples living together, 8.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.7% were non-families. 19.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.70 and the average family size was 3.13. In the borough the population was spread out, with 25.9% under the age of 18, 5.1% from 18 to 24, 26.0% from 25 to 44, 29.1% from 45 to 64, and 13.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.0 males. The median income for a household in the borough was $71,625, and the median income for a family was $82,505. Males had a median income of $57,381 versus $37,500 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $34,116. About 2.0% of families and 2.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.8% of those under age 18 and 4.3% of those age 65 or over. Government Local government Wenonah is governed under the Borough form of New Jersey municipal government, which is used in 218 municipalities (of the 565) statewide, making it the most common form of government in New Jersey. The governing body is comprised of a Mayor and a Borough Council, with all positions elected at-large on a partisan basis as part of the November general election. A Mayor is elected directly by the voters to a four-year term of office. The Borough Council is comprised of six members elected to serve three-year terms on a staggered basis, with two seats coming up for election each year in a three-year cycle. The Borough form of government used by Wenonah is a "weak mayor / strong council" government in which council members act as the legislative body with the mayor presiding at meetings and voting only in the event of a tie. The mayor can veto ordinances subject to an override by a two-thirds majority vote of the council. The mayor makes committee and liaison assignments for council members, and most appointments are made by the mayor with the advice and consent of the council. , the Mayor of the Borough of Wenonah is Republican John R. Dominy, whose term of office ends December 31, 2022. Members of the Wenonah Borough Council are Council President Daniel Cox (D, 2021), Jonathan Barbato (D, 2020), Jessica Doheny (D, 2022), Anthony Fini (D, 2020), Peter Y. Fu (D, 2022) and Susan Mayer (R, 2021). In May 2016, the Borough Council selected Daniel Cox to fill the vacant seat expiring in December 2018 that had been held by John F. Howard until his death the previous month. Federal, state and county representation Wenonah is located in the 1st Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 5th state legislative district. Prior to the 2011 reapportionment following the 2010 Census, Wenonah had been in the 3rd state legislative district. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 1,748 registered voters in Wenonah, of which 571 (32.7%) were registered as Democrats, 461 (26.4%) were registered as Republicans and 714 (40.8%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 2 voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 53.0% of the vote (727 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 45.1% (619 votes), and other candidates with 1.9% (26 votes), among the 1,383 ballots cast by the borough's 1,780 registered voters (11 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 77.7%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 53.3% of the vote (775 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 44.5% (647 votes) and other candidates with 1.3% (19 votes), among the 1,455 ballots cast by the borough's 1,786 registered voters, for a turnout of 81.5%. In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 49.8% of the vote (715 ballots cast), outpolling Republican George W. Bush with 47.9% (688 votes) and other candidates with 1.4% (25 votes), among the 1,436 ballots cast by the borough's 1,769 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 81.2. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 61.1% of the vote (563 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 36.3% (334 votes), and other candidates with 2.6% (24 votes), among the 933 ballots cast by the borough's 1,748 registered voters (12 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 53.4%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 44.3% of the vote (469 ballots cast), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 41.2% (436 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 12.3% (130 votes) and other candidates with 0.8% (8 votes), among the 1,059 ballots cast by the borough's 1,775 registered voters, yielding a 59.7% turnout. Education The Wenonah School District serves public school students in kindergarten through sixth grade at Wenonah Elementary School. As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of one school, had an enrollment of 177 students and 19.8 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 9.0:1. In the 2016–17 school year, Wenonah had the 37th smallest enrollment of any school district in the state, with 177 students. For seventh through twelfth grades, public school students attend Gateway Regional High School, a regional public high school that also serves students from the boroughs of National Park, Westville and Woodbury Heights, as part of the Gateway Regional High School District. As of the 2018–19 school year, the high school had an enrollment of 879 students and 81.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 10.8:1. Students from across the county are eligible to apply to attend Gloucester County Institute of Technology, a four-year high school in Deptford Township that provides technical and vocational education. As a public school, students do not pay tuition to attend the school. Transportation Roads and highways , the borough had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality and by Gloucester County. County Route 553 and County Route 632 are the main roadways serving Wenonah. Public transportation NJ Transit bus service between Sewell and Philadelphia is available on the 412 route. The borough is the site of a planned stop on the Glassboro–Camden Line, an diesel multiple unit light rail system projected for completion in 2019. However, as of 2019, completion is not expected until 2025. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Wenonah include: B.C. Camplight (born 1979, as Brian Christinzio), singer-songwriter. Michael Capuzzo (born 1957), author of Close to Shore: A True Story of Terror in an Age of Innocence and four-time Pulitzer Prize nominee. Edward Everett Grosscup (1860-1933), chairman of the New Jersey Democratic State Committee from 1911 to 1919 and Treasurer of the State of New Jersey from 1913 to 1915. Carl Hausman (born 1953), journalist, educator and commentator, who is the author of Lies We Live By. Michael Pellegrino (born 2001), soccer player for the University of Notre Dame who played for Bethlehem Steel FC. Isaac Pursell (1853-1910), architect. Grover C. Richman Jr. (1911-1983), lawyer who served as United States Attorney for the District of New Jersey from 1951 to 1953 and New Jersey Attorney General from 1954 to 1958. Joseph C. Salema, New Jersey Governor James Florio's former Chief of Staff who resigned in the Spring of 1993 amid accusations of accepting payments in a pay to play scandal. Steve Squyres (born 1957), astronomer and principal investigator of the Mars Exploration Rover Mission. Tim Squyres (born 1959), film editor of Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, Hulk, Life of Pi and Syriana, among others. Bob Steuber (born 1921), elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1971. References External links Borough of Wenonah Official Website Wenonah Elementary School School Data for the Wenonah Elementary School, National Center for Education Statistics Wenonah Environmental Commission 1883 establishments in New Jersey Borough form of New Jersey government Boroughs in Gloucester County, New Jersey Populated places established in 1883	[ -0.49845147132873535, 0.09522179514169693, 0.08337989449501038, 0.13083454966545105, 0.4110059440135956, 0.15034553408622742, 0.8384907245635986, 0.4023891091346741, -0.1443951427936554, -0.48481789231300354, -0.4989430904388428, 0.2757112979888916, 0.19178982079029083, 0.5134186148643494, -1.3086938858032227, 0.2275550365447998, 0.25966015458106995, 0.8988611102104187, 0.6808327436447144, -0.5671342611312866, -0.4238778054714203, -0.1486804038286209, 0.002238244516775012, 0.6400870084762573, 0.02610580064356327, 0.11115941405296326, 0.403684139251709, -0.40166953206062317, 0.16130392253398895, -0.15991412103176117, 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125222	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%20Deptford%20Township%2C%20New%20Jersey	West Deptford Township, New Jersey	West Deptford Township (pronounced West DEP-ford) is a township in Gloucester County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2020 United States Census, the township's population was 22,197 reflecting an increase of 530 (+2.4%) from the 21,667 counted in the 2010 Census, which had in turn increased by 2,309 (+11.9%) from the 19,368 counted in the 2000 Census. West Deptford Township was formed as a township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 1, 1871, from portions of Deptford Township. Portions of the township were taken to form the boroughs of National Park (April 15, 1902) and Westville (April 7, 1914). Woodbury annexed portions of the township in May 1907. The township was named for Deptford, which in turn was named after the English port of Deptford. History Ladd's Castle (also known as Candor Hall) is a historic building located in the Colonial Manor section that is Gloucester County's oldest brick home. Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972, it was constructed around 1688 by William Ladd, a surveyor who is said to have helped William Penn to lay out a master design for the city of Philadelphia. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 17.81 square miles (46.12 km2), including 15.36 square miles (39.77 km2) of land and 2.45 square miles (6.35 km2) of water (13.77%). Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Colonial Manor, Eagle Point, Greenfields Village, Hoffman Wharf, League Island, Leonards, North Woodbury, Ogens, Paradise, Parkville, Pierces Corner, Red Bank, Tatens, Thorofare, Verga, Washington Park and West End. West Deptford Township borders the municipalities of Deptford Township, East Greenwich Township, Mantua Township, National Park, Paulsboro, Westville, Woodbury and Woodbury Heights in Gloucester County; and Philadelphia Tinicum Township in Pennsylvania, across the Delaware River. Demographics Census 2010 The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $69,316 (with a margin of error of +/- $3,689) and the median family income was $84,900 (+/- $5,549). Males had a median income of $61,346 (+/- $4,244) versus $47,155 (+/- $4,421) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $33,874 (+/- $1,513). About 4.0% of families and 5.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.6% of those under age 18 and 7.0% of those age 65 or over. Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 19,368 people, 7,719 households, and 5,125 families residing in the township. The population density was 1,218.4 people per square mile (470.3/km2). There were 7,999 housing units at an average density of 503.2 per square mile (194.2/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 92.29% White, 5.08% Black, 0.23% Native American, 1.13% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.42% from other races, and 0.82% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.76% of the population. There were 7,719 households, out of which 30.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.7% were married couples living together, 10.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.6% were non-families. 27.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 3.07. In the township, the population was spread out, with 23.5% under the age of 18, 8.2% from 18 to 24, 31.8% from 25 to 44, 24.2% from 45 to 64, and 12.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.1 males. The median income for a household in the township was $50,583, and the median income for a family was $64,477. Males had a median income of $42,711 versus $30,621 for females. The per capita income for the township was $24,219. About 3.0% of families and 5.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.5% of those under age 18 and 7.5% of those age 65 or over. Government Local government West Deptford Township is governed under the Township form of New Jersey municipal government, one of 141 municipalities (of the 565) statewide that use this form, the second-most commonly used form of government in the state. The Township Committee is composed of five members, who are elected directly by the voters at-large in partisan elections to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with either one or two seats coming up for election each year as part of the November general election in a three-year cycle. At an annual reorganization meeting, the Township Committee selects one of its members to serve as Mayor and another as Deputy Mayor. The Township Committee is the legislative branch of the Township government, developing and adopting ordinances that become the laws of the township. , members of the West Deptford Township Committee are Mayor Denice DiCarlo (D, term on committee ends December 31, 2021; term as mayor ends 2020), Deputy Mayor James Mehaffey (D, term on committee ends 2020; term as deputy mayor ends 2019), Megan Kerr (D, 2022), Adam Reid (D, 2020) and Jim Robinson (D, 2022). The pick-up of two seats by Republicans in the 2011 election gave the party control of the Township Committee for the first time since the 1980s. Republicans Jeff Hansen and Gerald P. Maher won three-year seats in the November 2013 election, giving Republicans a 4–1 edge on the 2014 committee. In the 2014 election, Democratic challengers James Mehaffey and Adam Reid defeated incumbent Republicans Raymond Chintall and John Keuler Jr., giving the Democrats a 3-2 majority, with the three Democrats choosing as mayor Denice DiCarlo, who had been the lone Democrat in the previous council. Federal, state and county representation West Deptford Township is located in the 1st Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 3rd state legislative district. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 14,703 registered voters in West Deptford, of which 5,661 (38.5%) were registered as Democrats, 2,312 (15.7%) were registered as Republicans and 6,724 (45.7%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 6 voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 57.1% of the vote (6,119 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 41.7% (4,463 votes), and other candidates with 1.2% (132 votes), among the 10,804 ballots cast by the township's 15,400 registered voters (90 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 70.2%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 57.1% of the vote (6,351 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 40.2% (4,468 votes) and other candidates with 1.4% (158 votes), among the 11,119 ballots cast by the township's 15,030 registered voters, for a turnout of 74.0%. In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 55.3% of the vote (5,566 ballots cast), outpolling Republican George W. Bush with 43.5% (4,375 votes) and other candidates with 0.5% (71 votes), among the 10,065 ballots cast by the township's 13,400 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 75.1. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 66.3% of the vote (4,593 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 32.3% (2,236 votes), and other candidates with 1.4% (96 votes), among the 7,118 ballots cast by the township's 15,194 registered voters (193 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 46.8%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Democrat Jon Corzine received 45.4% of the vote (3,212 ballots cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 43.5% (3,077 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 8.9% (629 votes) and other candidates with 0.6% (39 votes), among the 7,072 ballots cast by the township's 14,879 registered voters, yielding a 47.5% turnout. Education The West Deptford Public Schools serve students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade. As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of five schools, had an enrollment of 2,947 students and 220.6 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 13.4:1. Schools in the district (with 2018–19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Oakview Elementary School with 374 students in grades PreK-1, Red Bank Elementary School with 252 students in grade K and 2, Green-Fields Elementary School with 488 students in grades 3–4, West Deptford Middle School with 900 students in grades 5-8 and West Deptford High School with 879 students in grades 9-12. Students from across the county are eligible to apply to attend Gloucester County Institute of Technology, a four-year high school in Deptford Township that provides technical and vocational education. As a public school, students do not pay tuition to attend the school. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Camden operated St. Matthews School, which had campuses in Verga and National Park. In 2007 it was consolidated into Holy Trinity Regional School, in Deptford. In 2017 was moved to the former St. Patrick's Building in Woodbury due to the superior condition of that building, according to the archdiocese. It opened as Holy Angels Catholic School which still operates. Additionally Guardian Angels Regional School (Pre-K-Grade 3 campus in Gibbstown CDP and 4-8 campus in Paulsboro) takes students from West Deptford Township. Transportation Roads and highways , the township had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Gloucester County and by the New Jersey Department of Transportation and by the New Jersey Turnpike Authority. Major roadways in and around West Deptford Township include Interstate 295, which enters the township's southwest from Paulsboro and continues for towards the northeast to Deptford Township and includes exits 19, 20, 21, 22 and 23. U.S. Route 130 follows a concurrency with Interstate 295, splitting off near interchange 23 towards the township's northeast as Crown Point Road and continuing into Westville. Route 44 (Crown Point Road) enters from Paulsboro, closely paralleling Interstate 295 for to its northern terminus in the township. Route 45 (Mantua Avenue) enters from Mantua Township in the extreme southeast corner of the township and runs along the eastern border with Deptford Township and then Woodbury Heights, enters Woodbury and then re-enters West Deptford Township as its border with Deptford Township before continuing to the north towards its terminus in Westville. County Route 551 (Kings Highway) enters on the south from East Greenwich Township and continues for heading northeast into Woodbury. The New Jersey Turnpike passes through the township's southeastern corner, heading northeast from East Greenwich Township to Woodbury Heights, but the nearest exits are Interchanges 3 and 2. Public transportation NJ Transit bus service between the township and Philadelphia is available on the 401 (Salem to Philadelphia), 402 (Pennsville Township to Philadelphia), 410 (Bridgeton to Philadelphia) and 412 (Glassboro to Philadelphia) routes, with local service offered on the 455 route between Cherry Hill Township and Paulsboro. Port of Paulsboro The Port of Paulsboro is located on the Delaware River and Mantua Creek in Paulsboro and West Deptford. Traditionally one of the nation's busiest for marine transfer operations of petroleum products, the port is being redeveloped as an adaptable omniport able to handle a diversity of bulk, break bulk cargo and shipping containers. Studies completed in 2012. concluded that the port is well suited to become a center for the manufacture, assembly, and transport of wind turbines and platforms the development of Atlantic Wind Connection Community West Deptford is host of the annual Senior Little League Baseball Eastern Regional Tournament. The winner of this tournament advances to the Senior League World Series held annually in Bangor, Maine since 2002. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with West Deptford Township include: Dan Baker (born 1946), sports announcer for the Philadelphia Eagles and Philadelphia Phillies. Martin A. Herman (born 1939), politician who represented the 3rd Legislative District in the New Jersey General Assembly from 1974 to 1986, and was a judge in New Jersey Superior Court in Gloucester County. Jeremy Maclin (born 1988), wide receiver for the Philadelphia Eagles. Anthony Scirrotto (born 1986), former American football safety. Stephen M. Sweeney (born 1959), current President of the New Jersey Senate. Dajuan Wagner, (born 1983), former National Basketball Association player. References External links West Deptford Township website West Deptford Public Schools School Data for the West Deptford Public Schools, National Center for Education Statistics 1871 establishments in New Jersey Populated places established in 1871 Township form of New Jersey government Townships in Gloucester County, New Jersey New Jersey populated places on the Delaware River	[ -1.0110268592834473, -0.023201730102300644, -0.36411798000335693, 0.32416975498199463, 0.5913787484169006, -0.08748183399438858, 0.6419280171394348, 0.32789453864097595, -0.15908673405647278, -0.5829101204872131, -0.634468138217926, 0.4118354618549347, -0.1814587265253067, 0.15823213756084442, -1.2511357069015503, 0.8455735445022583, 0.34223300218582153, 0.8176986575126648, 0.1236480325460434, -1.0284022092819214, -0.6464288830757141, -0.3505229651927948, -0.21851719915866852, 0.7130745649337769, 0.41007983684539795, -0.17768073081970215, 0.710295557975769, -0.12972120940685272, 0.12302003800868988, 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125223	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westville%2C%20New%20Jersey	Westville, New Jersey	Westville is a borough in Gloucester County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the borough's population was 4,288, reflecting a decline of 212 (-4.7%) from the 4,500 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn declined by 73 (-1.6%) from the 4,573 counted in the 1990 Census. The Borough of Westville is known as "The Gateway to South Jersey!" Westville was formed as a borough by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on April 7, 1914, from portions of Deptford Township and West Deptford Township, based on the results of a referendum held on April 28, 1914. The borough was reincorporated on March 8, 1924. Legislation had been passed in 1900 to create Westville, but it had to have a majority vote in favor of the new municipality in both Deptford and West Deptford. The borough was named for Thomas West, who built a home in the area in 1775 that still stands. The borough had the 17th-highest property tax rate in New Jersey, with an equalized rate of 4.502% in 2020, compared to 3.212% in the county as a whole and a statewide average of 2.279%. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough had a total area of 1.38 square miles (3.58 km2), including 1.02 square miles (2.65 km2) of land and 0.36 square miles (0.93 km2) of water (25.94%). Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the borough include Newbold, South Westville and Westville Manor. The borough borders the municipalities of Deptford Township and West Deptford Township in Gloucester County; Bellmawr, Brooklawn and Gloucester City in Camden County; and Philadelphia, across the Delaware River in Pennsylvania. Demographics Census 2010 The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $49,854 (with a margin of error of +/- $4,131) and the median family income was $65,089 (+/- $13,208). Males had a median income of $45,294 (+/- $5,957) versus $39,732 (+/- $7,921) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $26,908 (+/- $3,575). About 13.7% of families and 15.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.7% of those under age 18 and 24.2% of those age 65 or over. Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 4,500 people, 1,812 households, and 1,125 families residing in the borough. The population density was 4,666.1 people per square mile (1,809.9/km2). There were 1,938 housing units at an average density of 2,009.5 per square mile (779.4/km2). The racial makeup of the borough was 93.47% White, 2.71% Black, 0.13% Native American, 1.00% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 1.29% from other races, and 1.38% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.96% of the population. There were 1,812 households, out of which 29.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.4% were married couples living together, 12.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.9% were non-families. 31.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.15. In the borough the age distribution of the population shows 24.5% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 32.0% from 25 to 44, 21.5% from 45 to 64, and 14.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.4 males. The median income for a household in the borough was $39,570, and the median income for a family was $49,005. Males had a median income of $35,909 versus $27,220 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $18,747. About 7.4% of families and 8.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.9% of those under age 18 and 5.9% of those age 65 or over. Government Local government Westville is governed under the Borough form of New Jersey municipal government, which is used in 218 municipalities (of the 565) statewide, making it the most common form of government in New Jersey. The governing body is comprised of a Mayor and a Borough Council, with all positions elected at-large on a partisan basis as part of the November general election. A Mayor is elected directly by the voters to a four-year term of office. The Borough Council is comprised of six members elected to serve three-year terms on a staggered basis, with two seats coming up for election each year in a three-year cycle. The Borough form of government used by Westville is a "weak mayor / strong council" government in which council members act as the legislative body with the mayor presiding at meetings and voting only in the event of a tie. The mayor can veto ordinances subject to an override by a two-thirds majority vote of the council. The mayor makes committee and liaison assignments for council members, and most appointments are made by the mayor with the advice and consent of the council. , the Mayor of Westville is Democrat Fritz H. Sims Jr., who was appointed to serve an unexpired term of office ending December 31, 2022. Members of the Westville Borough Council are Council President Michael O. Ledrich (D, 2021), Travis Lawrence (D, 2022), Paul C. Mailley (D, 2022), Charles D. Murtaugh (D, 2020), Bruce Nordaby (D, 2021), with a vacant seat expiring in December 2020 (that had been held by Fritz H. Sims Jr., until his mayoral appointment). In June 2020, Fritz H. Sims Jr. was appointed to fill the seat expiring in December 2022 that had been held by Russell W. Welsh Jr., until he resigned from office after moving out of Westville. Federal, state and county representation Westville is located in the 1st Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 5th state legislative district. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 2,636 registered voters in Westville, of which 898 (34.1%) were registered as Democrats, 481 (18.2%) were registered as Republicans and 1,256 (47.6%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There was one voter registered to another party. In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 57.2% of the vote (967 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 40.5% (685 votes), and other candidates with 2.4% (40 votes), among the 1,711 ballots cast by the borough's 2,715 registered voters (19 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 63.0%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 57.0% of the vote (1,133 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 38.8% (770 votes) and other candidates with 2.5% (50 votes), among the 1,987 ballots cast by the borough's 2,854 registered voters, for a turnout of 69.6%. In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 55.5% of the vote (1,044 ballots cast), outpolling Republican George W. Bush with 43.1% (812 votes) and other candidates with 0.7% (19 votes), among the 1,882 ballots cast by the borough's 2,623 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 71.7. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 64.2% of the vote (602 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 32.4% (304 votes), and other candidates with 3.4% (32 votes), among the 961 ballots cast by the borough's 2,666 registered voters (23 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 36.0%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 45.0% of the vote (514 ballots cast), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 41.5% (473 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 10.2% (116 votes) and other candidates with 0.9% (10 votes), among the 1,141 ballots cast by the borough's 2,759 registered voters, yielding a 41.4% turnout. Education The Westville School District is a community public school district that serves students in pre-kindergarten through sixth grade at Parkview Elementary School. As of the 2019–20 school year, the district, comprised of one school, had an enrollment of 361 students and 31.7 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.4:1. For seventh through twelfth grade, students attend Gateway Regional High School, a regional public high school serving students from the boroughs of National Park, Wenonah, Westville and Woodbury Heights, as part of the Gateway Regional High School District. As of the 2019–20 school year, the high school had an enrollment of 900 students and 79.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.4:1. Students from across the county are eligible to apply to attend Gloucester County Institute of Technology, a four-year high school in Deptford Township that provides technical and vocational education. As a public school, students do not pay tuition to attend the school. Transportation Roads and highways , the borough had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Gloucester County and by the New Jersey Department of Transportation. Major roads that pass through include County Route 551, Route 45, Route 47, U.S. Route 130 and Interstate 295. Public transportation NJ Transit bus service on the 401 route between Salem and Philadelphia, the 402 between Pennsville Township and Philadelphia, the 408 between Millville and Philadelphia, the 410 between Bridgeton and Philadelphia, the 412 route between Sewell and Philadelphia, the 455 between Cherry Hill Mall and Paulsboro, and the 463 route between Woodbury and the Avandale Park-and-Ride in Sicklerville. Conrai's Penns Grove Secondary freight rail line passes through the town. The planned diesel multiple unit light rail system, the Glassboro-Camden Line, would use the same right-of-way with a stop in Westville at Crown Point Road. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Westville include: George Anastasia (born 1947), author and journalist who has been a long-time writer for The Philadelphia Inquirer. Stephen Decatur (1779–1820), naval officer notable for his heroism in the First Barbary War and the Second Barbary War and in the War of 1812. Malcolm Fox (born 1906), racecar driver. Harold W. Hannold (1911-1995), politician who served in the New Jersey Senate from 1945 to 1959, serving as Senate President in 1952. James Hunter III (1916–1989), judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit. Maria Pallante (born 1964), United States Register of Copyrights. Antwine Perez (born 1988), college football player. Milt Plum (born 1935), NFL quarterback with the Cleveland Browns (1957–1961), Detroit Lions (1962–1967), Los Angeles Rams (1968) and the New York Giants (1969). Larry Sharpe (1951-2017), professional wrestler. References External links Westville Borough website Parkview Elementary School School Data for the Parkview Elementary School, National Center for Education Statistics Gateway Regional High School 1914 establishments in New Jersey Borough form of New Jersey government Boroughs in Gloucester County, New Jersey Populated places established in 1914 New Jersey populated places on the Delaware River	[ -0.6706383228302002, -0.21453264355659485, -0.25183629989624023, 0.1716815084218979, 0.9488243460655212, -0.03908735141158104, 0.5795679092407227, 0.41441798210144043, 0.16893717646598816, -0.6426088809967041, -0.642752468585968, 0.0037730245385318995, 0.0811552032828331, 0.6032010912895203, -1.5856058597564697, 0.42345932126045227, 0.36066359281539917, 0.6882993578910828, 0.29865166544914246, -0.6288709044456482, -0.7428140640258789, -0.06131128594279289, -0.035080429166555405, 0.5131809711456299, -0.020990997552871704, -0.3159603178501129, 0.5827586650848389, -0.09620482474565506, 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125224	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamstown%2C%20New%20Jersey	Williamstown, New Jersey	Williamstown is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) located within Monroe Township, in Gloucester County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the CDP's population was 15,567. History Before settlement in 1737, Williamstown was inhabited by the Lenni-Lenape tribe of Native Americans, from whom the town derived its original name, "Squankum." The name (Lenape for 'place where evil spirits dwell') was changed to Williamstown when the town's first post office was established, due to postal regulations that prohibited two towns from having the same name and there was an older Squankum located northeast. It is generally thought that 'evil spirits' referred to the abundance of mosquitoes in the area, a by-product of the low-lying swamps that characterized the area during that time period. In the early eighteenth century, Richard Penn sold what eventually became Williamstown to his grandson, John Williams, who divided and resold the land in lots to settlers and for whom the town was eventually renamed. The town was officially incorporated as Monroe Township in March 1859, with Williamstown as meeting place to vote and have town discussions. A municipal court was established in the Township of Monroe, in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 264 of the Laws of 1948. The first school was built in 1750 and stood where the Washington Hotel now stands. The local schools operated on a pay-as-you-go basis until the 1850s and were predominantly church-run. The area built its first high school in 1958. The population of the town remained small until the early 1830s when the glass industry sprung up (Glassboro, a neighboring town, still bears the name borne of that commercial boom). The first company to form was called Free Will Glass Manufacturing and caused a population surge. The industry thrived until the early 1900s when agricultural businesses began to flourish in the face of the waning glass industry. One notable company, The John Sharp Canning Co., still operates today as Blue Ribbon. The Monroe Township Historical Society was formed as a volunteer organization on October 16, 1974, by Mayor John W. Sharp (of the Canning Company Sharps), dedicated to the preservation of items that reflect the history of Monroe Township. In 2014, the community had a death rate from heroin that was 25 times the national average, with about five people per year dying of overdoses and other complications in the previous decade. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP had a total area of 7.423 square miles (19.225 km2), including 7.419 square miles (19.216 km2) of land and 0.004 square miles (0.010 km2) of water (0.05%). It has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) and average monthly temperatures range from 33.2° in January to 76.7 °F in July. The hardiness zone is 7a. Demographics 2010 Census 2000 Census As of the 2000 United States Census there were 11,812 people, 4,484 households, and 3,223 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 740.4/km2 (1,916.7/mi2). There were 4,764 housing units at an average density of 298.6/km2 (773.1/mi2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 85.68% White, 10.35% African American, 0.30% Native American, 0.96% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.99% from other races, and 1.67% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.87% of the population. There were 4,484 households, out of which 32.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.6% were married couples living together, 12.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.1% were non-families. 23.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.13. In the CDP the population was spread out, with 25.2% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 29.0% from 25 to 44, 23.0% from 45 to 64, and 14.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.4 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $44,200, and the median income for a family was $51,552. Males had a median income of $40,411 versus $29,112 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $19,112. About 5.5% of families and 7.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.8% of those under age 18 and 4.7% of those age 65 or over. Transportation Cross Keys Airport is a public-use general aviation airport located northwest of the central business district. U.S. Route 322 and New Jersey Route 42 pass through Central Williamstown. Education Monroe Township Public Schools is a comprehensive public school district serving the educational needs of resident students from grades Kindergarten through twelve. St. Mary School is a K-8 elementary school that operates under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Camden. Recreation Scotland Run Golf Club is a public golf course located in Williamstown, near U.S. Route 322. Tall Pines Day Camp is a summer camp in Williamstown, for young children and teenagers. It was founded in 1996 and is accredited by the American Camping Association. Operating since 1961 and located within 5 minutes from the center of Williamstown, Hospitality Creek is a campground consisting of an RV park, olympic size swimming pool, lake and other outdoor amenities. Skydive Cross Keys, operating out of the Cross Keys Airport, offers both tandem skydiving and skydive training. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Williamstown include: Dave Calloway (born 1968), college basketball coach and the former head men's basketball coach at Monmouth University. Vince Kowalski (born 1992), offensive lineman who has played for the Green Bay Packers. Brittany Ratcliffe (born 1994), soccer player who plays as a forward for FC Kansas City in the NWSL. References External links History of Monroe Township Hospitality Creek Campground Census-designated places in Gloucester County, New Jersey Monroe Township, Gloucester County, New Jersey Populated places established in 1737 1737 establishments in New Jersey	[ -0.5586771965026855, 0.05190207064151764, -0.2519821226596832, 0.0604507215321064, 1.2464309930801392, 0.6281495094299316, 0.8229096531867981, 0.5657823085784912, -0.18573252856731415, -0.8102837204933167, -0.6922515630722046, 0.3476833701133728, 0.0466289147734642, 0.09269113093614578, -0.9619365334510803, 0.4227527976036072, 0.5497494339942932, 0.6066630482673645, 0.31955796480178833, -0.3314269483089447, -0.6972011923789978, -0.11717177927494049, 0.38118812441825867, 0.35917818546295166, -0.10983103513717651, -0.45104652643203735, 0.5989941954612732, 0.2500282824039459, 0.04387855529785156, 0.010983891785144806, -0.22758235037326813, 0.7105863094329834, -0.5621344447135925, -0.42803052067756653, 0.7473810315132141, 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125226	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodbury%2C%20New%20Jersey	Woodbury, New Jersey	Woodbury is a city in Gloucester County, New Jersey, in the United States. As of the 2010 United States Census the city's population was 10,174, reflecting a decline of 133 (-1.3%) from the 10,307 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn declined by 597 (-5.5%) from the 10,904 counted in the 1990 Census. Woodbury is the county seat of Gloucester County. Woodbury was originally formed as a borough on March 27, 1854, within Deptford Township, based on the results of a referendum held on March 22, 1854. On January 2, 1871, Woodbury was reincorporated as a city, based on the results of a referendum held that day. The Inspira Health Network is based in Woodbury. The now-defunct Woodbury Country Club operated in Woodbury from 1897 to 2010, closing due to declining membership and mounting debt that led to a bankruptcy filing by the club. The city had the 14th-highest property tax rate in New Jersey, with an equalized rate of 4.582% in 2020, compared to 3.212% in the county as a whole and a statewide average of 2.279%. History As recounted by the historian William McMahon, the Native Americans called the place where the city of Woodbury was to be founded, "Piscozackasing" or, 'place of the black burrs'. Woodbury was founded in 1683 by Henry Wood, a Quaker from the Northwest of England, who had left Great Britain due to religious persecution. Wood was incarcerated in Lancaster gaol for practicing as a Quaker and left his home in the village of Tottington, near Bury, Lancashire, in a boat to set up a community in the new world where he and his family could practice his religion freely. His surname and his home town went to make up the name of the city he founded – Woodbury. In 2000, the Borough of Bury, England, and the City of Woodbury were twinned as part of millennium celebrations in both countries. The twinning ceremony was the culmination of a week where more than 300 school children and college students, local dignitaries and local residents from Bury took part in sporting and cultural events held in and around Woodbury with local people. During the week there was a symbolic meeting and reconciliation of the Vicar of Henry Wood's former church in Tottington and the Quaker meeting house in Woodbury and an ecumenical service attended by many of the residents and visitors. Paleontological discovery In 1787, a fossil bone recovered in Woodbury from local Cretaceous strata was discussed by the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia. The remains were only retrospectively identified as dinosaurian, as dinosaurs would not be scientifically recognized as a distinct group of reptiles until August of 1841. Recycling forerunner Woodbury was the first city in the United States to mandate recycling. This effort was led by then-councilman and later mayor Donald P. Sanderson in the 1970s, and an ordinance was finally passed in December 1980. The idea of towing a "recycling" trailer behind a trash collection vehicle to enable the collection of trash and recyclable material at the same time emerged. Sanderson was asked to speak in municipalities throughout the country and other towns and cities soon followed suit. Historic district .There are numerous contributing properties to the Broad Street Historic District encompassing Broad Street (between Woodbury Creek and Courtland Street) and Delaware Street (between Broad and Wood streets), including the Gloucester County Courthouse, which was listed on the New Jersey Register of Historic Places (#1429) in 1988. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the city had a total area of 2.10 square miles (5.45 km2), including 2.02 square miles (5.23 km2) of land and 0.08 square miles (0.22 km2) of water (3.95%). The city borders Deptford Township, West Deptford Township and Woodbury Heights. Climate Woodbury has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) typical of New Jersey with warm summers and cold winters. Demographics Census 2010 The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $58,629 (with a margin of error of +/- $4,598) and the median family income was $74,276 (+/- $7,880). Males had a median income of $57,019 (+/- $3,425) versus $37,363 (+/- $6,910) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $28,845 (+/- $2,571). About 7.8% of families and 11.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.7% of those under age 18 and 15.0% of those age 65 or over. Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 10,307 people, 4,051 households, and 2,588 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,961.4 people per square mile (1,913.2/km2). There were 4,310 housing units at an average density of 2,074.7 per square mile (800.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 72.45% White, 22.83% African American, 0.22% Native American, 0.99% Asian, 0.14% Pacific Islander, 1.28% from other races, and 2.10% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.94% of the population. There were 4,051 households, out of which 32.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.4% were married couples living together, 18.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.1% were non-families. 31.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 3.08. In the city the population was spread out, with 24.8% under the age of 18, 8.5% from 18 to 24, 29.8% from 25 to 44, 20.4% from 45 to 64, and 16.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.7 males. The median income for a household in the city was $41,827, and the median income for a family was $53,630. Males had a median income of $40,429 versus $30,570 for females. The per capita income for the city was $21,592. About 11.2% of families and 13.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.7% of those under age 18 and 15.4% of those age 65 or over. Government Local government Woodbury is governed under the City form of New Jersey municipal government, which is used in 15 municipalities (of the 565) statewide. The governing body is comprised of the Mayor and the City Council. A Mayor is elected at-large directly by the voters for a two-year term of office. The City Council is comprised of nine members, three from each of three wards, elected to serve three-year terms on a staggered basis, with one seat from each ward coming up for election each year as part of the November general election in a three-year cycle. , the Mayor of the City of Woodbury is Democrat Jessica M. Floyd, whose term ends December 31, 2020. Members of the Woodbury City Council are Council President Tracey L. Parker (D, 2021; Ward 1), Danielle Carter (D, 2022; Ward 1), William H. Fleming Jr. (D, 2021; Ward 2), Philip Haggerty (D, 2021; Ward 3), Theodore Johnson Jr. (D, 2020; Ward 2), Ken McIlvaine (D, 2020; Ward 3), Reed Merinuk (D, 2022; Ward 3), Donna Miller (D, 2020; Ward 1) and Karlene O'Connor (D, 2022; Ward 2). In April 2017, the City Council selected Karlene O'Connor from a list of three candidates nominated by the Democratic municipal committee to fill the Second Ward seat expiring in December 2019 that had been held by David Trovato until he resigned from office earlier in the month. At the January 2017 reorganization meeting, the City Council chose Kenneth McIlvaine from three candidates nominated by the Democratic municipal committee to fill the Third Ward seat expiring in December 2017 that was vacated by Jessica Floyd when she took office as mayor. The Democratic sweep in November 2012 of the three council seats and mayor gave the party a 6-3 majority on the 2013 council. Federal, state and county representation Woodbury is located in the 1st Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 5th state legislative district. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 6,368 registered voters in Woodbury, of which 2,255 (35.4%) were registered as Democrats, 1,162 (18.2%) were registered as Republicans and 2,948 (46.3%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 3 voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 67.7% of the vote (2,972 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 30.9% (1,356 votes), and other candidates with 1.5% (65 votes), among the 4,430 ballots cast by the city's 6,623 registered voters (37 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 66.9%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 66.9% of the vote (3,216 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 30.9% (1,487 votes) and other candidates with 1.2% (58 votes), among the 4,806 ballots cast by the city's 6,829 registered voters, for a turnout of 70.4%. In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 60.1% of the vote (2,735 ballots cast), outpolling Republican George W. Bush with 38.3% (1,742 votes) and other candidates with 0.7% (43 votes), among the 4,547 ballots cast by the city's 6,521 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 69.7. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 58.6% of the vote (1,499 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 39.4% (1,007 votes), and other candidates with 2.0% (51 votes), among the 2,608 ballots cast by the city's 6,370 registered voters (51 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 40.9%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Democrat Jon Corzine received 51.8% of the vote (1,416 ballots cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 36.4% (995 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 8.5% (232 votes) and other candidates with 1.2% (34 votes), among the 2,732 ballots cast by the city's 6,649 registered voters, yielding a 41.1% turnout. Education The Woodbury Public Schools serve students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade. As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of four schools, had an enrollment of 1,550 students and 129.2 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.0:1. Schools in the district (with 2018–19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Evergreen Avenue Elementary School with 291 students in grades PreK-5, Walnut Street Elementary School with 117 students in grades PreK-5, West End Memorial Elementary School with 435 students in grades K-5 and Woodbury Junior-Senior High School with 680 students in grades 6-12. Students from across the county are eligible to apply to attend Gloucester County Institute of Technology, a four-year high school in Deptford Township that provides technical and vocational education. As a public school, students do not pay tuition to attend the school. Holy Angels Catholic School, a Catholic school serving students in PreK-8, is located in the city in the building built as St. Patrick's School in 1944. It was established in 2017 by the Bishop of Camden as the successor to Holy Trinity Regional School, which was created as part of the 2007 merger of the parish catholic schools of St. Patrick's, St. Matthew's of National Park and Most Holy Redeemer of Westville Grove. Transportation Roads and highways , the city had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Gloucester County and by the New Jersey Department of Transportation. Route 45 (Mantua Avenue / Broad Street) enters the city at its southernmost point from West Deptford Township and proceeds for before heading along the Deptford Township / West Deptford Township border at the north end of the city. County Route 551 (Salem Avenue) enters from West Deptford Township in the southwest and proceeds for before beginning a concurrency with Route 45. Public transportation NJ Transit bus service between the city and Philadelphia is available on the 401 (from Salem), 402 (from Pennsville Township), 410 (from Bridgeton) and 412 (from Sewell) routes, with local service offered on the 455 (Cherry Hill Township to Paulsboro) and 463 (between Woodbury and the Avandale Park/Ride in Winslow Township) routes. Beginning in the 1860s passenger train service was provided successively by the Camden and Woodbury Railroad, West Jersey Railroad, West Jersey & Seashore Railroad and the Pennsylvania-Reading Seashore Lines ending in the 1971. The station was built in 1883 and renovated in 2000. A stop on the proposed Glassboro–Camden Line, an diesel multiple unit (DMU) light rail system, is planned. Originally projected for completion in 2019, the line has been delayed until at least 2025. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Woodbury include: King Kong Bundy (1957-2019), former WWE wrestler. Clifford Addams (1876-1942), painter and etcher. Ken Albers (1924–2007), singer with the Four Freshmen. Don Amendolia (born 1945), actor. Anthony Averett (born 1994), cornerback for the Alabama Crimson Tide football team. John Boyd Avis (1875–1944), United States federal judge whose private practice was here. Eli Ayers (1778–1822), physician and the first colonial agent of the American Colonization Society in what would later become Liberia. George Benjamin Jr. (1919–1944), United States Army soldier and a posthumous recipient of the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions during the Philippines campaign of World War II. J. S. G. Boggs (1955–2017), artist best known for his hand-drawn depictions of banknotes. Carroll William "Boardwalk" Brown (1889–1977), a Major League Baseball pitcher for the Philadelphia Athletics. Roscoe Lee Browne (1922–2007), character actor and former athlete; brother of Hugh (above). Dave Budd (born 1938), former NBA player for the New York Knicks who was one of the three centers for the Knicks assigned to guard Wilt Chamberlain in the game in which he scored 100 points vs. 13 points for Budd. Dave Calloway (born 1968), former men's basketball head coach at Monmouth University. Kyle Cassidy (born 1966), professional photographer. Joe Colone (1926–2009), one-year player for the New York Knicks, moved to Woodbury and taught in the school system for over 30 years. John Cooper (1729-1785), member of the Provincial Congress of New Jersey in 1775 and 1776 who served on the committee that drafted New Jersey's first constitution. Mike Cox (born 1985), NFL player, was born in Woodbury. Daniel Dalton (born 1949), politician who served as New Jersey Senate Majority Leader and as Secretary of State of New Jersey. Franklin Davenport (1755–1832), Benjamin Franklin's nephew and a Federalist Party U.S. Senator. Donald J. Farish (born 1942), former president of Rowan University in Glassboro. Joe Fields (born 1953), former professional football center and guard in the National Football League. Oscar Fraley (1914–1994), co-author, with Eliot Ness, of The Untouchables which sold 1.5 million copies, was raised in Woodbury. Craig Goess (born 1981), NASCAR and ARCA Menards Series driver from 2008 to 2011. George Gill Green (1842–1925), a patent medicine entrepreneur and Colonel in the American Civil War. Grace Helbig (born 1985), comedian, actress, author, and creator and host of the web series It's Grace. Robert C. Hendrickson (1898–1964), United States Senator from New Jersey from 1949 to 1955. Donald F. Holmes (1910–1980), inventor. Nelson Jones (born 1964), football player for the San Diego Chargers. John Joseph Kitchen (1911–1973), a United States federal judge whose private practice was in Woodbury. George Knapp (born 1952), investigative journalist. Tom Kovach (born 1969), American attorney and politician who served in the Delaware House of Representatives from 2009 to 2011. George F. Kugler Jr. (1925-2004), lawyer who served as New Jersey Attorney General from 1970 to 1974. David Laganella (born 1974), composer. Jonathan V. Last (born 1974), columnist for The Weekly Standard. James Lawrence (1781–1813), who coined the phrase "Don't give up the ship" during the War of 1812. Mike McBath (born 1946), a defensive end for the Buffalo Bills from 1968 to 1973 and part-owner of the Orlando Predators. Bryant McKinnie (born 1979), professional football player for the Baltimore Ravens at the offensive tackle position. Dan Meyer (born 1981), pitcher for the Florida Marlins, was born in Woodbury. Dave Miller (born 1966), former bullpen coach for the Cleveland Indians of Major League Baseball. Tyler Miller (born 1993), professional soccer player. J. Hampton Moore (1864–1950), former Congressman and Mayor of Philadelphia (1920–24; 1932–36). Tim O'Shea (born 1962), men's basketball head coach of the Bryant Bulldogs. Paul Owens (1924–2003), manager of the 1983 National League Pennant-winning Philadelphia Phillies, lived and died in Woodbury. Francis F. Patterson Jr. (1867–1935), represented New Jersey's 1st congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1920 to 1927. Jack Pierce (born 1962), Olympic bronze medalist in the 100-meter high hurdles at the 1992 Olympic Games. Chris Pressley (born 1986), fullback for the Cincinnati Bengals. John Chandler Rafferty (1816-1880), politician. Ronny J (born 1992), record producer, rapper and singer. H. Browning Ross (1924–1998), Olympian in long-distance running (1948) and gold medal winner in the 1,500-meter at the 1951 Pan American Games. Patti Smith (born 1946), singer-songwriter, was raised in Woodbury. Heather Spytek (born 1977), Playboy Magazine Playmate of the Month in June 2001. Dennis Sullivan (born 1945), Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Camden. Al Szolack (born c. 1950), a member of the Washington Generals traveling basketball team during the 1974–75 season. D. K. Ulrich (born 1944), former NASCAR driver and owner. David Ogden Watkins (1862–1938), acting Governor of New Jersey from 1898 to 1899 and mayor of Woodbury from 1886 to 1890. Ann Cooper Whitall (1716–1797), a prominent Quaker woman known for her actions at the Battle of Red Bank. John M. Whitall (1800–1877), sea captain, businessman and philanthropist, was born in Woodbury. John L. White (1930-2001), politician who served in the New Jersey General Assembly from 1964 to 1968 and in the New Jersey Senate from 1968 to 1972. Raymond Zane (born 1939), politician who served in the New Jersey Senate from 1974 to 2002, where he represented the 3rd Legislative District. References External links Woodbury website 1854 establishments in New Jersey Cities in Gloucester County, New Jersey City form of New Jersey government County seats in New Jersey Populated places established in 1854	[ -0.4233553409576416, 0.13491655886173248, -0.3482211232185364, -0.05120845511555672, 0.9878532886505127, 0.4278789162635803, 0.6075646281242371, 0.26138579845428467, -0.2808965742588043, -0.4472183287143707, -0.3295019268989563, 0.46536847949028015, -0.1185244768857956, 0.4408077895641327, -1.3895262479782104, 0.3619135022163391, 0.8214762806892395, 0.8067644238471985, 0.6493117213249207, -0.4481840431690216, -0.609703779220581, 0.02544795349240303, 0.6312482953071594, 0.464679479598999, 0.09861680120229721, -0.3670012056827545, 0.38221684098243713, 0.04891933873295784, 0.20919117331504822, -0.10918280482292175, -0.21218089759349823, 0.49255087971687317, -0.29831695556640625, -0.7127549052238464, 0.8204092383384705, -0.6064269542694092, 0.1189035102725029, 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125227	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodbury%20Heights%2C%20New%20Jersey	Woodbury Heights, New Jersey	Woodbury Heights is a borough located in Gloucester County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2000 United States Census, the borough's population was 3,055, reflecting an increase of 67 (+2.2%) from the 2,988 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn declined by 404 (-11.9%) from the 3,392 counted in the 1990 Census. Woodbury Heights was formed as a borough by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on April 6, 1915, from portions of Deptford Township, based on the results of a referendum held on April 27, 1915. Portions were exchanged with Woodbury in 1925, and portions of the city were annexed on March 22, 1938. Portions were exchanged with Deptford Township in 1956 and other portions were annexed from the township in 1965. The borough was named for the city of Woodbury, which in turn was named for its founder Henry Wood, who settled in the area in 1683 after arriving from Bury, England, at the age of 80 to escape religious persecution. The borough had the 19th-highest property tax rate in New Jersey, with an equalized rate of 4.442% in 2020, compared to 3.212% in the county as a whole and a statewide average of 2.279%. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough had a total area of 1.25 square miles (3.24 km2), including 1.25 square miles (3.23 km2) of land and 0.01 square miles (0.02 km2) of water (0.48%). Glen Lake, although no longer open for swimming, is available for fishing and non-motorized boating. The borough borders the Gloucester County municipalities of Deptford Township, West Deptford Township and Woodbury. Demographics Census 2010 The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $82,411 (with a margin of error of +/- $6,735) and the median family income was $91,667 (+/- $14,100). Males had a median income of $68,478 (+/- $6,757) versus $49,327 (+/- $4,589) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $33,099 (+/- $2,495). About 0.7% of families and 1.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.0% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over. Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 2,988 people, 1,027 households, and 825 families residing in the borough. The population density was 2,437.2 people per square mile (937.9/km2). There were 1,045 housing units at an average density of 852.4 per square mile (328.0/km2). The racial makeup of the borough was 96.35% White, 1.54% African American or Black, 0.27% Native American, 1.00% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.47% from other races, and 0.37% from two or more races. 1.24% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 1,027 households, out of which 38.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.4% were married couples living together, 9.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.6% were non-families. 16.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.89 and the average family size was 3.24. In the borough the population was spread out, with 26.1% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 29.2% from 25 to 44, 24.7% from 45 to 64, and 13.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.8 males. The median income for a household in the borough was $63,266, and the median income for a family was $70,167. Males had a median income of $51,342 versus $33,220 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $24,001. 4.1% of the population and 2.4% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 3.7% were under the age of 18 and 2.8% were 65 or older. Government Local government Woodbury Heights is governed under the Borough form of New Jersey municipal government, which is used in 218 municipalities (of the 565) statewide, making it the most common form of government in New Jersey. The governing body is comprised of the Mayor and the Borough Council, with all positions elected at-large on a partisan basis as part of the November general election. A Mayor is elected directly by the voters to a four-year term of office. The Borough Council is comprised of six members elected to serve three-year terms on a staggered basis, with two seats coming up for election each year in a three-year cycle. The Borough form of government used by Woodbury Heights is a "weak mayor / strong council" government in which council members act as the legislative body with the mayor presiding at meetings and voting only in the event of a tie. The mayor can veto ordinances subject to an override by a two-thirds majority vote of the council. The mayor makes committee and liaison assignments for council members, and most appointments are made by the mayor with the advice and consent of the council. , the Mayor of Woodbury Heights is Democrat William C. Packer, whose term of office ends December 31, 2022. Borough Council members are Richard J. Gambale (D, 2023), Joseph M. Getsinger (D, 2024), Robert J. Morrison Jr. (D, 2022), Jeffrey A. Pitzo (D, 2023; elected to serve an unexpired term), Harold "Hap" Pye (D, 2024), Cara M. Witasick (D, 2022). At the January 2019 Reorganization Meeting, the Borough Council appointed Robert J. Morrison to fill the seat expiring in December 2019 that became vacant when William C. Packer took office as mayor and appointed Jeffrey A. Pitzo to fill the seat expiring in December 2020 that had been held by Eshia "Jake" Jacob. Federal, state and county representation Woodbury Heights is located in the 1st Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 3rd state legislative district. Prior to the 2011 reapportionment following the 2010 Census, Woodbury Heights had been in the 5th state legislative district. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 2,255 registered voters in Woodbury Heights, of which 843 (37.4%) were registered as Democrats, 397 (17.6%) were registered as Republicans and 1,011 (44.8%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 4 voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 56.9% of the vote (946 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 42.2% (702 votes), and other candidates with 0.9% (15 votes), among the 1,673 ballots cast by the borough's 2,275 registered voters (10 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 73.5%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 54.7% of the vote (990 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 42.4% (768 votes) and other candidates with 1.8% (33 votes), among the 1,811 ballots cast by the borough's 2,304 registered voters, for a turnout of 78.6%. In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 51.5% of the vote (906 ballots cast), outpolling Republican George W. Bush with 47.2% (830 votes) and other candidates with 0.8% (17 votes), among the 1,760 ballots cast by the borough's 2,239 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 78.6. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 61.7% of the vote (625 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 36.6% (371 votes), and other candidates with 1.7% (17 votes), among the 1,040 ballots cast by the borough's 2,249 registered voters (27 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 46.2%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Democrat Jon Corzine received 44.6% of the vote (532 ballots cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 41.4% (494 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 11.4% (136 votes) and other candidates with 0.8% (9 votes), among the 1,193 ballots cast by the borough's 2,274 registered voters, yielding a 52.5% turnout. Education The Woodbury Heights School District serves public school students in kindergarten through sixth grade at Woodbury Heights Elementary School. As of the 2019–20 school year, the district, comprised of one school, had an enrollment of 253 students and 23.9 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 10.6:1. For seventh through twelfth grade, public school students attend Gateway Regional High School, a regional public high school established in 1964 that serves students from the boroughs of National Park, Wenonah, Westville and Woodbury Heights, as part of the Gateway Regional High School District. As of the 2019–20 school year, the high school had an enrollment of 900 students and 79.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.4:1. Students from across the county are eligible to apply to attend Gloucester County Institute of Technology, a four-year high school in Deptford Township that provides technical and vocational education. As a public school, students do not pay tuition to attend the school. St. Margaret Regional School is a PreK-8 elementary school founded in 1963 that operates under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Camden. Transportation Roads and highways , the borough had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Gloucester County, by the New Jersey Department of Transportation and by the New Jersey Turnpike Authority. CR 553 passes through the heart of the borough, while Route 45 runs along the borough's western border. The New Jersey Turnpike passes through, but the closest interchange is 15–20 minutes away at Exit 3 in Camden County. Interstate 295 and Route 55 are accessible in neighboring communities. Public transportation NJ Transit bus service is available on the 410 route between Glassboro and Philadelphia and on the 412 route between Sewell and Philadelphia. The borough is the site of a planned stop on the Glassboro–Camden Line, an diesel multiple unit light rail system that had been projected for completion in 2019. However, as of 2019, completion is not expected until 2025.Completion is expected for 2025. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Woodbury Heights include: Daniel Webster Cluff (1916-1989), United States Coast Guard officer who led the February 1952 effort that resulted in the rescue of 32 survivors from the SS Pendleton. Grace Helbig (born 1985), comedian, actress and YouTube personality. Helen Sommers (born 1932), politician who served in the Washington House of Representatives from 1972 to 2009. Stephen Starr, CEO of Starr Restaurants. References External links Borough of Woodbury Heights Woodbury Heights Elementary School School Data for the Woodbury Heights Elementary School, National Center for Education Statistics 1915 establishments in New Jersey Borough form of New Jersey government Boroughs in Gloucester County, New Jersey Populated places established in 1915	[ -0.38745835423469543, -0.0900711938738823, -0.19930455088615417, 0.16347496211528778, 0.757220983505249, 0.04048321768641472, 0.4570462107658386, 0.06749743968248367, -0.17654982209205627, -0.6867653131484985, -0.3617246747016907, 0.16659292578697205, -0.012590629979968071, 0.3913685083389282, -1.3028234243392944, 0.2856467664241791, 0.764847457408905, 0.8852829337120056, 0.5947274565696716, -0.407620906829834, -0.5994512438774109, -0.30647969245910645, 0.5804351568222046, 0.5134509801864624, -0.12150531262159348, -0.20716623961925507, 0.5163288116455078, -0.06863664090633392, 0.3465365171432495, -0.15947799384593964, -0.20464390516281128, 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125229	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolwich%20Township%2C%20New%20Jersey	Woolwich Township, New Jersey	Woolwich Township is a township in Gloucester County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the township's population was 10,200, reflecting an increase of 7,168 (+236.4%) from the 3,032 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 1,573 (+107.8%) from the 1,459 counted in the 1990 Census. Woolwich was formed by royal charter on March 7, 1767, from portions of Greenwich Township, and was incorporated as one of New Jersey's initial 104 townships by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 21, 1798. Portions of the township were taken to form Franklin Township (January 27, 1820), Spicer Township (March 13, 1844, now known as Harrison Township), West Woolwich Township (March 7, 1877, now known as Logan Township) and Swedesboro (April 9, 1902). The township was named for Woolwich, England. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 21.39 square miles (55.41 km2), including 21.07 square miles (54.58 km2) of land and 0.32 square miles (0.83 km2) of water (1.50%). Swedesboro is an independent municipality entirely surrounded by the township, making it part one of 21 pairs of "doughnut towns" in the state, where one municipality entirely surrounds another. The township borders the Gloucester County municipalities of East Greenwich Township, Harrison Township, Logan Township, Oldmans Township, Pilesgrove Township and South Harrison Township. Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Asbury, Dilkes Mills, Lippencott, Porches Mill, Robbins, Rulons and Scull. Demographics Census 2010 The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $109,360 (with a margin of error of +/- $6,043) and the median family income was $117,708 (+/- $6,397). Males had a median income of $82,370 (+/- $5,125) versus $52,083 (+/- $6,470) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $36,898 (+/- $2,081). About 3.6% of families and 3.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.7% of those under age 18 and 8.7% of those age 65 or over. Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 3,032 people, 959 households, and 838 families residing in the township. The population density was 144.8 people per square mile (55.9/km2). There were 1,026 housing units at an average density of 49.0 per square mile (18.9/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 91.13% White, 4.55% African American, 1.12% Asian, 1.95% from other races, and 1.25% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 3.89% of the population. There were 959 households, out of which 49.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 77.4% were married couples living together, 6.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 12.6% were non-families. 8.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.13 and the average family size was 3.35. In the township the population was spread out, with 31.4% under the age of 18, 5.2% from 18 to 24, 38.0% from 25 to 44, 18.6% from 45 to 64, and 6.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.6 males. The median income for a household in the township was $83,790, and the median income for a family was $87,111. Males had a median income of $54,200 versus $38,571 for females. The per capita income for the township was $29,503. About 1.9% of families and 2.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 19.6% of those age 65 or over. Economy Along U.S. Route 322 at New Jersey Turnpike exit 2, plans call for almost of retail and commercial space and an equal amount of office and flex park. Partnering with the state Office of Smart Growth, a major component of any development along Route 322 will include the use of transfer of development rights (TDR). Government Local government Woolwich Township is governed under the Township form of New Jersey municipal government, one of 141 municipalities (of the 565) statewide that use this form, the second-most commonly used form of government in the state. The Township Committee is comprised of five members, who are elected directly by the voters at-large in partisan elections to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with either one or two seats coming up for election each year as part of the November general election in a three-year cycle. At an annual reorganization meeting, the Township Committee selects one of its members to serve as Mayor and another as Deputy Mayor. , members of the Woolwich Township Committee are Mayor Vernon R. Marino D, term on committee and as mayor ends December 31, 2020), Deputy Mayor Natalie Matthias (D, term on committee ends 2021; term as deputy mayor ends 2020), Craig A. Frederick (R, 2021), Michael Nocentino (D, 2022) and Gina Marie Santore (D, 2020). In 2018, the township had an average property tax bill of $10,727, the highest in the county, compared to an average bill of $8,767 statewide. Federal, state and county representation Woolwich Township is located in the 2nd Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 3rd state legislative district. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 6,032 registered voters in Woolwich, of which 1,675 (27.8%) were registered as Democrats, 1,287 (21.3%) were registered as Republicans and 3,067 (50.8%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 3 voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Republican Mitt Romney received 52.0% of the vote (2,536 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 46.9% (2,289 votes), and other candidates with 1.1% (53 votes), among the 4,897 ballots cast by the township's 6,682 registered voters (19 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 73.3%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 50.9% of the vote (2,316 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 47.6% (2,163 votes) and other candidates with 1.0% (44 votes), among the 4,547 ballots cast by the township's 5,858 registered voters, for a turnout of 77.6%. In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 57.6% of the vote (1,767 ballots cast), outpolling Democrat John Kerry with 41.5% (1,273 votes) and other candidates with 0.5% (20 votes), among the 3,070 ballots cast by the township's 3,736 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 82.2. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 70.8% of the vote (1,989 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 28.1% (788 votes), and other candidates with 1.1% (31 votes), among the 2,848 ballots cast by the township's 6,845 registered voters (40 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 41.6%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 55.1% of the vote (1,594 ballots cast), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 36.5% (1,055 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 6.7% (195 votes) and other candidates with 0.4% (13 votes), among the 2,892 ballots cast by the township's 5,800 registered voters, yielding a 49.9% turnout. Education Public school students in pre-kindergarten through sixth grade attend the Swedesboro-Woolwich School District, a consolidated school district that serves students from both Swedesboro and Woolwich Township. As of the 2019–20 school year, the district, comprised of four schools, had an enrollment of 1,583 students and 143.3 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.0:1. Schools in the district (with 2019–20 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Margaret C. Clifford School with 235 students in grades PreK-K (located in Swedesboro), Governor Charles C. Stratton School with 419 students in grades 1-2 (Woolwich Township), General Charles G. Harker School with 660 students in Grades 3-5 (Woolwich Township) and Walter H. Hill School with 267 students in Grade 6 (Swedesboro). Public school students in seventh through twelfth grades are educated by the Kingsway Regional School District, which also serves students from East Greenwich Township, South Harrison Township and Swedesboro, with the addition of students from Logan Township who attend the district's high school as part of a sending/receiving relationship in which tuition is paid on a per-pupil basis by the Logan Township School District. Woolwich Township accounts for one third of district enrollment. As of the 2019–20 school year, the district, comprised of two schools, had an enrollment of 2,868 students and 210.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 13.7:1. The schools in the district (with 2019–20 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Kingsway Regional Middle School with 1,025 students in grades 7-8 and Kingsway Regional High School with 1,783 students in grades 9-12. Under a 2011 proposal, Kingsway would merge with its constituent member's K-6 districts to become a full K-12 district, with various options for including Logan Township as part of the consolidated district. Students from across the county are eligible to apply to attend Gloucester County Institute of Technology, a four-year high school in Deptford Township that provides technical and vocational education. As a public school, students do not pay tuition to attend the school. Guardian Angels Regional School (Pre-K-Grade 3 campus in Gibbstown CDP and 4-8 campus in Paulsboro) takes students from Woolwich Township. It is under the Roman Catholic Diocese of Camden. Transportation Roads and highways , the township had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Gloucester County and by the New Jersey Department of Transportation and by the New Jersey Turnpike Authority. U.S. Route 322 passes through the center of the municipality while the New Jersey Turnpike passes through the southeastern part of the township for about and connects to Route 322 at Interchange 2. Major county roads that pass through include CR 538 and CR 551. Interstate 295 is accessible outside the municipality in neighboring Logan, Oldmans and Greenwich Townships. Public transportation NJ Transit bus service between Salem and Philadelphia is available on the 401 route. Wineries DiBella Winery Community In its April 2006 issue listing the Top Places to Live in New Jersey, New Jersey Monthly magazine rated Woolwich as the worst place to live in all of New Jersey, placing 566th out of 566 municipalities. As of February 2008, the municipality is ranked as 547 out of 566 municipalities. Meanwhile, its population has grown a staggering 185% from 2000 to 2006. The community was labeled the "Number 1 Area Boomtown" in 2005. Historic sites The Gov. Charles C. Stratton House was built in 1791 and added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 29, 1973. The house was the home of New Jersey Governor Charles C. Stratton. Moravian Church is a historic church building built in 1786 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. Mount Zion African Methodist Episcopal Church and Mount Zion Cemetery is a historic church built in 1834 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001. It played an important role in the Underground Railroad in South Jersey. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Woolwich Township include: Jason Babin (born 1980), defensive end for the Philadelphia Eagles Marlon Byrd (born 1977), baseball outfielder for the Philadelphia Phillies Hank Fraley (born 1977), offensive lineman for the Cleveland Browns Ellis Hobbs (born 1983), former cornerback for the Philadelphia Eagles Michael McCary (born 1971), former bass singer of the R&B group Boyz II Men Jason Peters (born 1982), offensive tackle for the Philadelphia Eagles Jimmy Rollins (born 1978), Major League Baseball shortstop especially known for his time with the Philadelphia Phillies Adam Taliaferro (born 1982), paralyzed former college football player who has served in the New Jersey General Assembly References External links Woolwich Township website Swedesboro-Woolwich School District School Data for the Swedesboro-Woolwich School District, National Center for Education Statistics Kingsway Regional High 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125230	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayonne%2C%20New%20Jersey	Bayonne, New Jersey	Bayonne (pronounced "bay-OWN") is a city in Hudson County, New Jersey, United States. Located in the Gateway Region, Bayonne is situated on a peninsula located between Newark Bay to the west, the Kill Van Kull to the south, and New York Bay to the east. As of the 2020 United States Census, the city's population was 71,686. Bayonne was originally formed as a township on April 1, 1861, from portions of Bergen Township. Bayonne was reincorporated as a city by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 10, 1869, replacing Bayonne Township, subject to the results of a referendum held nine days later. At the time it was formed, Bayonne included the communities of Bergen Point, Constable Hook, Centreville, Pamrapo and Saltersville. While somewhat diminished, traditional manufacturing, distribution, and maritime activities remain a driving force of the economy of the city. A portion of the Port of New York and New Jersey is located there, as is the Cape Liberty Cruise Port. History Originally inhabited by Native Americans, the region presently known as Bayonne was claimed by the Netherlands after Henry Hudson explored the Hudson River which is named after him. According to Royden Page Whitcomb's 1904 book, First History of Bayonne, New Jersey, the name Bayonne is speculated to have originated with Bayonne, France, from which Huguenots settled for a year before the founding of New Amsterdam. However, there is no empirical evidence for this notion, which is considered apocryphal. Whitcomb gives more credence to the idea that Erastus Randall, E.C. Bramhall and B.F. Woolsey, who bought the land owned by Jasper and William Cadmus for real estate speculation, named it Bayonne for purposes of real estate speculation, because it was located on the shores of two bays, Newark and New York. Bayonne became one of the largest centers in the nation for refining crude oil and Standard Oil of New Jersey's facility – which had grown from its original establishment in 1877 – and its 6,000 employees made it the city's largest place of employment. Significant civil unrest arose during the Bayonne refinery strikes of 1915–1916, in which mostly Polish American workers staged labor actions against Standard Oil of New Jersey and Tidewater Petroleum, seeking improved pay and working conditions. Four striking workers were killed when strikebreakers protected by police fired into a crowd. The Cape Liberty Cruise Port is a cruise ship terminal that is on a site that had been originally developed for industrial uses in the 1930s and then taken over by the U.S. government during World War II as the Military Ocean Terminal at Bayonne. Voyager of the Seas, departing from the cruise terminal in 2004, became the first passenger ship to depart from a port in New Jersey in almost 40 years. Geography and climate Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the city had a total area of 11.09 square miles (28.72 km2), including 5.82 square miles (15.08 km2) of land and 5.27 square miles (13.64 km2) of water (47.50%). The city is located on a peninsula earlier known as Bergen Neck surrounded by Upper New York Bay to the east, Newark Bay to the west, and Kill Van Kull to the south. Bayonne is east of Newark, the state's largest city, north of Elizabeth in Union County and west of Brooklyn. It shares a land border with Jersey City to the north and is connected to Staten Island by the Bayonne Bridge. Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the city include: Bergen Point, Constable Hook and Port Johnson. Climate Bayonne has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) bordering a hot-summer humid continental climate (Dfa). The average monthly temperature varies from 32.3 °F in January to 77.0 °F in July. The hardiness zone is 7b and the average absolute minimum temperature is 5.2 °F. Demographics The city has a very ethnically diverse population, home to large populations of Italian Americans, Irish Americans, Polish Americans, Indian Americans, Egyptian Americans, Dominican Americans, Mexican Americans, Salvadoran Americans, Pakistani Americans, Boricua, amongst others. 2010 Census The U.S. Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $53,587 (with a margin of error of +/- $2,278) and the median family income was $66,077 (+/- $5,235). Males had a median income of $51,188 (+/- $1,888) versus $42,097 (+/- $1,820) for females. The per capita income for the city was $28,698 (+/- $1,102). About 9.9% of families and 12.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.5% of those under age 18 and 8.4% of those age 65 or over. 2000 Census As of the 2000 United States Census there were 61,842 people, 25,545 households, and 16,016 families residing in the city. The population density was 10,992.2 people per square mile (4,241.1/km2). There were 26,826 housing units at an average density of 4,768.2 per square mile (1,839.7/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 78.8% White, 5.50% African American, 0.2% Native American, 4.1% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 7.46% from other races, and 4.02% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 17.81% of the population. As of the 2000 Census, the most common reported ancestries of Bayonne residents were Italian (20.1%), Irish (18.8%) and Polish (17.9%). There were 25,545 households, out of which 28.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.8% were married couples living together, 15.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.3% were non-families. 32.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 3.10. In the city the population was spread out, with 22.1% under the age of 18, 8.2% from 18 to 24, 30.7% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 16.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.3 males. The median income for a household in the city was $41,566, and the median income for a family was $52,413. Males had a median income of $39,790 versus $33,747 for females. The per capita income for the city was $21,553. About 8.4% of families and 10.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.9% of those under age 18 and 11.0% of those age 65 or over. Economy Portions of the city are part of an Urban Enterprise Zone (UEZ), one of 32 zones covering 37 municipalities statewide. Bayonne was selected in 2002 as one of a group of three zones added to participate in the program. In addition to other benefits to encourage employment and investment within the Zone, shoppers can take advantage of a reduced 3.3125% sales tax rate (half of the % rate charged statewide) at eligible merchants. Established in September 2002, the city's Urban Enterprise Zone status expires in December 2023. More than 200 businesses have registered to participate in the city's UEZ since it was first established. The Bayonne Town Center, located within the Broadway shopping district, includes retailers, eateries, consumer and small business banking centers. The Bayonne Medical Center is a for-profit hospital that anchors the northern end of the Town Center. It is the city's largest employer, with over 1,200 employees. A 2013 study showed that the hospital charged the highest rates in the United States. Bayonne Crossing on Route 440 in Bayonne, includes a Lowe's, New York Sports Club, and Wal-Mart. On the site of the former Military Ocean Terminal, the Peninsula at Bayonne Harbor includes new housing and businesses. One of them, Cape Liberty Cruise Port is located at the end of the long peninsula with Royal Caribbean. Also found is a memorial park for the Tear of Grief, a , monument commemorating the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks and the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. The firearms manufacturing company Henry Repeating Arms moved from Brooklyn to Bayonne in 2009. Parks and recreation Hackensack RiverWalk begins at Bergen Point where the Kill Van Kull meets the Newark Bay and connect to the Hudson River Waterfront Walkway. A plaque unveiled on May 2, 2006, for the new Richard A. Rutkowski Park, a wetlands preserve on the northwestern end of town that is part of the RiverWalk. Also known as the Waterfront Park and Environmental Walkway, it is located immediately north of the Stephen R. Gregg Hudson County Park. Hudson River Waterfront Walkway is part of a walkway that is intended to run the more than from the Bayonne Bridge to the George Washington Bridge. In August 2014, the Bayonne Hometown Fair, a popular tourist and community attraction that ceased in 2000, was revived by a local business owner and resident. The first revived Bayonne Hometown Fair took place from June 6–7, 2015. Government Local government The City of Bayonne has been governed within the Faulkner Act, formally known as the Optional Municipal Charter Law, under the Mayor-Council system of municipal government (Plan C), implemented based on the recommendations of a Charter Study Commission as of July 1, 1962, before which it was governed by a Board of Commissioners under the Walsh Act. The city is one of 71 municipalities (of the 565) statewide that use this form of government. The governing body is comprised of the Mayor and the five-member City Council, of which two seats are chosen at-large and three from wards, all of whom serve four-year terms of office on a concurrent basis and are chosen in balloting held as part of the May municipal election. , the Mayor of Bayonne is James M. "Jimmy" Davis, whose term of office ends June 30, 2022; Davis was first elected as mayor in a runoff election on June 10, 2014, against incumbent Mayor Mark Smith. Members of the Bayonne City Council are Council President Sharon Ashe-Nadrowski (At-Large), Neil Carroll III (1st Ward; appointed to serve an unexpired term), Salvatore Gullace (2nd Ward), Gary La Pelusa Sr. (3rd Ward) and Juan M. Perez (At-Large), all of whom are serving concurrent terms of office that end on June 30, 2022. In November 2018, the City Council appointed Neil Carroll III to fill the 1st Ward seat vacated by Tommy Cotter, who resigned to take a position as the city's DPW director; at age 27, Carroll became the youngest councilmember in city history. In the November 2019 general election, Carroll was elected to serve the balance of the term of office. Federal, state and county representation Bayonne is split between the 8th and 10th Congressional Districts and is part of New Jersey's 31st state legislative district. Prior to the 2010 Census, Bayonne had been split between the 10th Congressional District and the , a change made by the New Jersey Redistricting Commission that took effect in January 2013, based on the results of the November 2012 general elections. The split placed 33,218 residents living in the city's south and west in the 8th District, while 29,806 residents in the northeastern portion of the city were placed in the 10th District. Hudson County is governed by a directly elected County Executive and by a Board of Chosen Freeholders, which serves as the county's legislative body. Hudson County's Freeholder District 1 includes all of Bayonne and a part of Jersey City. , the district is represented by Kenneth Kopacz The County Executive is Thomas A. DeGise, whose term of office ends December 31, 2019. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 32,747 registered voters in Bayonne, of which 17,087 (52.2%) were registered as Democrats, 2,709 (8.3%) were registered as Republicans and 12,928 (39.5%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 23 voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 66.4% of the vote (13,467 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 32.6% (6,605 votes), and other candidates with 1.0% (197 votes), among the 20,454 ballots cast by the city's 34,424 registered voters (185 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 59.4%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 57.0% of the vote here (13,768 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 40.6% (9,796 votes) and other candidates with 1.2% (283 votes), among the 24,139 ballots cast by the town's 35,823 registered voters, for a turnout of 67.4%. In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 56.0% of the vote here (12,402 ballots cast), outpolling Republican George W. Bush with 42.2% (9,341 votes) and other candidates with 0.6% (184 votes), among the 22,135 ballots cast by the town's 32,129 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 68.9. In the 2013, gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 49.3% of the vote (5,322 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 49.1% (5,297 votes), and other candidates with 1.6% (169 votes), among the 10,987 ballots cast by the city's 34,957 registered voters (199 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 31.4%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Democrat Jon Corzine received 53.8% of the vote here (7,421 ballots cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 38.7% (5,333 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 4.8% (662 votes) and other candidates with 1.3% (183 votes), among the 13,781 ballots cast by the town's 32,588 registered voters, yielding a 42.3% turnout. Local services Municipal Utilities Authority The Bayonne Municipal Utilities Authority (BMUA) is the second agency to use wind power in New Jersey and has built the first wind turbine in the metropolitan area. Construction of a single turbine tower was completed in January 2012. It is the first wind turbine created by Leitwind to be installed in the United States. In December 2012, the autonomous agency entered into a water management agreement with the Bayonne Water Joint Venture (BWJV), a partnership between United Water and investment firm Kohlberg, Kravis, Roberts. The 40-year concession agreement is a public-private partnership between the city and the BWJV in which the private partners pay off the BMUA's $130 million debt and take over the operations, maintenance, and capital improvement of Bayonne's water and wastewater utilities in exchange for a regulated share of the revenue. United Water is managing the operations for the partnership, while KKR is providing 90% of the funding. A rate schedule was included in the agreement, and it contained an immediate 8.5% utility rate increase (the first rate increase since 2006), followed by two years without increases, followed by annual increases estimated to range between 2.5% - 4.5%. This partnership was sought for several reasons, including the BMUA's debt, its shortage of skilled employees, and its lagging rate revenue from years without rate increases and reduced demand. Part of this reduced demand stemmed from the closure of the Military Ocean Terminal at Bayonne, and the fact that the subsequent plans to redevelop the site with housing fell short. The BMUA's $130 million debt that was paid off by the BWJV represented over half of Bayonne's overall debt ($240 million) at the time, and in March 2013, Moody's Investors Service upgraded the credit rating of Bayonne from 'negative' to 'stable', citing the water deal. Fire department The city of Bayonne is protected on a full-time, around-the-clock basis by the 161 professional firefighters of the city of Bayonne Fire Department (BFD), which was founded on September 3, 1906, and operates out of five fire stations located throughout the city. The Bayonne Fire Dept operates a fleet of five engines, one squad (rescue-pumper), three ladder trucks, a heavy rescue truck (which is also part of the Metro USAR Collapse Rescue Strike Team), a large 4,000 gallon foam tanker truck, a haz-mat truck, a multi-service unit, a fireboat, as well as spare apparatus. Each tour is commanded by a battalion chief. The department is part of the Metro USAR Strike Team, which consists of nine North Jersey fire departments and other emergency services divisions working to address major emergency rescue situations. Education Public schools The Bayonne Board of Education serves students from pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade. As of the 2017-18 school year, the district, comprised of 13 schools, had an enrollment of 9,907 students and 689.2 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 14.4:1. Schools in the district (with 2017-18 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Henry E. Harris Community School No. 1 (683 students; in grades PreK-8), Phillip G. Vroom Community School No. 2 (489; PreK-8), Dr. Walter F. Robinson Community School No. 3 (777; PreK-8), Mary J. Donohoe Community School No. 4 (471; PreK-8), Lincoln Community School No. 5 (465; PreK-8), Horace Mann Community School No. 6 (573; PreK-8), William Shemin Midtown Community School No. 8 (1,179; PreK-8), Washington Community School No. 9 (684; PreK-8), Woodrow Wilson Community School No. 10 (700; PreK-8), John M. Bailey Community School No. 12 (664; PreK-8), Nicholas Oresko Community School No. 14 (462; PreK-8) an advanced school for gifted and talented students in academics, the arts, and physical education; and Bayonne High School (2,668; 9-12). Bayonne High School is the only public school in the state to have an on-campus ice rink for its hockey team. During the 1998-99 school year, Midtown Community School No. 8 was recognized with the National Blue Ribbon School Award of Excellence by the United States Department of Education. During the 2008–09 school year, P.S. #14 was recognized as a Blue Ribbon School award, and Washington Community School No. 9 was honored during the 2009–10 school year. For the 2004–05 school year, Mary J. Donohoe No. 4 School was named a "Star School" by the New Jersey Department of Education, the highest honor that a New Jersey school can achieve. It is the fourth school in Bayonne to receive this honor. The other three are Bayonne High School in 1995–96, Midtown Community School in 1996–97 and P.S. #14 in the 1998–99 school year. Private schools Private schools in Bayonne include All Saints Catholic Academy for grades PreK-8 and the co-ed Marist High School for grades 9-12, All Saints operates under the supervision of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark, while Marist High School operates under the Marist Brothers. All Saints was one of eight private schools recognized in 2017 as an Exemplary High Performing School by the National Blue Ribbon Schools Program of the United States Department of Education. Marist High School has been ranked in the top 50 private schools in New Jersey. It is one of a few high schools across the nation that provides an associate degree program. The Yeshiva Gedolah of Bayonne is a yeshiva high school / Bais Medrash / Kolel with 130 students. Holy Family Academy for girls in ninth through twelfth grades was closed at the end of the 2012-13 school year in the wake of financial difficulties and declining enrollment, having lost the support of the Sisters of St. Joseph of Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia in 2008. Libraries and museums The Bayonne Public Library, one of New Jersey's original 36 Carnegie libraries, the Bayonne Community Museum, the Bayonne Firefighters Museum, and the Joyce-Herbert VFW Post 226 Veterans Museum provide educational events and programs. Media and culture Bayonne is located within the New York media market, with most of its daily papers available for sale or delivery. Local, county, and regional news is covered by the daily Jersey Journal. The Bayonne Community News is part of The Hudson Reporter group of local weeklies. Other weeklies, the River View Observer and El Especialito also cover local news. Bayonne-based periodicals include the Bayonne Evening Star-Telegram (B.E.S.T.). Bayonne's local culture is served by the Annual Outdoor Art Show, which was instituted in 2008, in which local artists display their works. Jackie Gleason, a former headliner at the Hi-Hat Club in Bayonne, was fascinated by the city and mentioned it often in the television series The Honeymooners. Films set in Bayonne include the 1991 film Mortal Thoughts, with Demi Moore and Bruce Willis, which was filmed near Horace Mann School and locations around Bayonne and Hoboken; the 2000 drama Men of Honor, starring Robert De Niro and Cuba Gooding Jr.; the 2002 drama Hysterical Blindness; and the 2005 Tom Cruise science fiction film War of the Worlds, which opens at the Bayonne home of the lead character, and depicts the destruction of the Bayonne Bridge by aliens. Films shot in Bayonne include the 2001 film A Beautiful Mind, scenes of which were filmed at the Peninsula at Bayonne Harbor, and the 2008 Mickey Rourke drama The Wrestler, which was partially filmed in the Color & Cuts Salon and the former Dolphin Gym, both of which are on Broadway in Bayonne. The November 16, 2010, episode of The Daily Show with Jon Stewart parodied former Alaska Governor Sarah Palin's reality television series, Sarah Palin's Alaska, in the form of a trailer for a fictional reality show called Jason Jones' Bayonne, New Jersey, whose portrayal of the city was characterized by prostitution, drugs, crime, pollution and a stereotypical Italian-American population. Bayonne Mayor Mark Smith criticized the sketch, saying, "Jon Stewart's unfortunate and inaccurate depiction of Bayonne represents a lame attempt at humor at the expense of a rock solid, all-American community." The comic strip Piranha Club (originally "Ernie"), drawn by Bud Grace, is set in and around Bayonne. The ABC sci-fi comedy television series The Neighbors is about a family that moves from Bayonne into a fictional gated community, Hidden Hills, that is populated by aliens from another planet posing as humans. The Best Show with Tom Scharpling records near Bayonne, and the city is frequently mentioned due to Associate Producer Mike Lisk (a.k.a. AP Mike) being a Bayonne native, who tends bar at Massa's Tavern, a local bar. Religion The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark operates Catholic churches. Two in Bayonne, Blessed Miriam Teresa Demjanovich Church and St. John Paul II Church, were formed from consolidations, in 2016, because the number of people attending Catholic churches declined. Demjanovich church is a merger of St. Andrew and St. Mary Star of the Sea churches, with the merged congregation keeping the two sites for worship. Reverend Alexander Santora in the Jersey Journal wrote that due to the efforts of the pastor, the Demjanovich merger "went off, however, without a hitch." Three other churches, Our Lady of the Assumption, Our Lady of Mt. Carmel, and St. Michael/St. Joseph, merged into John Paul II in 2016. There were unsuccessful protests to keep Assumption open, and the archdiocese committed to closing that church. Transportation Roads and highways , the city had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the city, are overseen by Hudson County, by the New Jersey Department of Transportation and are the responsibility of the New Jersey Turnpike Authority. The Bayonne Bridge stretches , connecting south to Staten Island over the Kill Van Kull. Originally constructed in 1931, the bridge underwent a Navigation Clearance Project that was completed in 2017 at a cost of $1.7 billion, that raised the bridge deck from above the water to , allowing larger and more heavily laden ships to clear their way under the bridge. Kennedy Boulevard is a major thoroughfare along the west side of the city from the bridge north to Jersey City and North Hudson. The Newark Bay Extension (Interstate 78) of the New Jersey Turnpike eastbound travels to Jersey City and, via the Holland Tunnel, Manhattan. Westbound, the Newark Bay Bridge provides access to Newark, Newark Liberty International Airport and the rest of the turnpike (Interstate 95). Route 440 runs along the east side of Bayonne, and the West Side of Jersey City, partially following the path of the old Morris Canal route. Although it has traffic lights it is usually the quickest route north–south within Bayonne. It connects to the Bayonne Bridge, I-78, and to Route 185 to Liberty State Park. Public transportation The Hudson-Bergen Light Rail has four stops in Bayonne, all originally from the former Central Railroad of New Jersey (CNJ). They are located at 45th Street, 34th Street, 22nd Street, all just east of Avenue E, and 8th Street (the southern terminal of the 8th Street-Hoboken Line) at Avenue C, which opened in January 2011. Bus transportation is provided on three main north–south streets of the city: Broadway, Kennedy Boulevard, and Avenue C, both by the state-operated NJ Transit and several private bus lines. The Broadway line runs solely inside Bayonne city limits, while bus lines on Avenue C and Kennedy Boulevard run to various end points in Jersey City. The NJ Transit 120 runs between Avenue C in Bayonne and Battery Park in Downtown Manhattan during rush hours in peak direction while the 81 provides service to Jersey City. MTA Regional Bus Operations provides bus service between Bayonne and Staten Island on the S89 route, which connects the 34th Street light rail station and the Eltingville neighborhood on Staten Island with no other stops in Bayonne. It is the first interstate bus service operated by the New York City Transit Authority. For 114 years, the CNJ ran frequent service through the city. Trains ran north to the Central Railroad of New Jersey Terminal in Jersey City. Trains ran west to Elizabethport, Elizabeth and Cranford for points west and south. The implementation of the Aldene Connection in 1967 bypassed CNJ trains around Bayonne so that nearly all trains would either terminate at Newark Pennsylvania Station or at Hoboken Terminal. By 1973, a lightly used shuttle between Bayonne and Cranford that operated 20 times per day was the final remnant of service on the line. Until August 6, 1978, a shuttle service between Bayonne and Cranford retained the last leg of service with the CNJ trains. Points of interest The Bayonne Bridge is the fifth-longest steel arch bridge in the world. For the more than 45 years from its dedication in 1931 until the completion of the New River Gorge Bridge, the Bayonne Bridge was the world's longest such bridge. Bergen Point Constable Hook is the site of two burials grounds known as the Constable Hook Cemetery, numerous tank farms and the Bayonne Golf Club, situated at the city's highest point Shooters Island, closed to the general public, is a island—of which are in Bayonne—that is operated as a bird sanctuary by the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. To the Struggle Against World Terrorism is a high sculpture by Zurab Tsereteli located at the end of the former Military Ocean Terminal that was given to the United States as an official gift of the Russian government as a memorial to the victims of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks and the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. Russian President Vladimir Putin attended a groundbreaking ceremony in September 2005 and the monument was dedicated on September 11, 2006, in a ceremony attended by former President Bill Clinton as the keynote speaker. National Registered Historic Places and museums See List of Registered Historic Places in Hudson County, New Jersey Bayonne Truck House No. 1, home to Bayonne Firefighters Museum Bayonne Trust Company, home to Bayonne Community Museum First Reformed Dutch Church of Bergen Neck, constructed in 1866. Robbins Reef Light - Built to serve ships heading into New York Harbor, the current structure at the site dates to 1883, replacing an earlier lighthouse constructed in 1839. St. Vincent de Paul R.C. Church, constructed 1927-1930. Hale-Whitney Mansion Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Bayonne include ((B) denotes that the person was born in the city): Marc Acito (born 1966), playwright, novelist and humorist.(B) Walker Lee Ashley (born 1960), linebacker who played seven seasons in the NFL, for the Minnesota Vikings and Kansas City Chiefs.(B) Herbert R. Axelrod (1927-2017), tropical fish expert who was sentenced to prison in a tax fraud case.(B) Louis Ayres (1874-1947), architect best known for designing the United States Memorial Chapel at the Meuse-Argonne American Cemetery and Memorial and the Herbert C. Hoover U.S. Department of Commerce Building.(B) Alexander Barkan (1909-1990), head of the AFL-CIO's Committee on Political Education from 1963 until 1982, and an original member of Nixon's Enemies List.(B) Allan Benny (1867-1942), Bayonne council member who later represented from 1903 to 1905. Ben Bernie (1891-1943), bandleader, author, violinist, composer and conductor who wrote Sweet Georgia Brown.(B) Tammy Blanchard (born 1976), actress who won an Emmy Award for her portrayal of Judy Garland in Life with Judy Garland: Me and My Shadows. Marcy Borders (1973-2015), bank clerk who was known as "the dust lady" for an iconic photo taken of her after she survived the collapse of the World Trade Center. Joe Borowski (born 1971), professional baseball player for the Cleveland Indians. Kenny Britt (born 1988), wide receiver for the New England Patriots.(B) Dick Brodowski (born 1932), Major League Baseball pitcher, who came up with the Boston Red Sox as a 19-year-old. Clem Burke (born 1955), drummer who was an original member of the band Blondie.(B) Walter Chandoha (1920–2019), animal photographer, known especially for his 90,000 photographs of cats.(B) Leon Charney (1938-2016), real estate tycoon, author, philanthropist, political pundit and media personality.(B) Cy Chermak (1929-2021), producer and screenwriter, notable for producing the crime drama television series CHiPs and Ironside.(B) Anthony Chiappone (born 1957), indicted politician who served in the New Jersey General Assembly, where he represented the 31st Legislative District from 2004 to 2005 and again from 2007 until his resignation in 2010. Robert Coello (born 1984), MLB pitcher who has played for the Boston Red Sox, Toronto Blue Jays and the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. Robert B. Cohen (1925-2012), founder of the Hudson News chain of newsstands that began in 1987 with a single location at LaGuardia Airport.(B) Dennis P. Collins (1924-2009), former Mayor of Bayonne who served four terms in office, from 1974 to 1990. George Cummings (born 1938), guitarist for the 1970s iconic pop band, Dr. Hook & The Medicine Show. Bert Daly (1881–1952), physician and MLB infielder for the Philadelphia Athletics who served five terms as mayor of Bayonne.(B) Tom De Haven (born 1949), author, editor and journalist.(B) Sandra Dee (1942-2005), actress best known for her role as Gidget.(B) Teresa Demjanovich (1901-1927), Ruthenian Catholic Sister of Charity, who has been beatified by the Catholic Church.(B) Martin Dempsey (born 1952), retired United States Army general who served as the 18th chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from October 1, 2011 until September 25, 2015. Rich Dimler (born 1956), former nose tackle for the Cleveland Browns and Green Bay Packers.(B) James P. Dugan (born 1929), former member of the New Jersey Senate who served as chairman of the New Jersey Democratic State Committee.(B) Michael Embrich (born 1981) writer, historian, military researcher, federal policy maker. Michael Farber (born 1951), author and sports journalist, who was a writer with Sports Illustrated from 1994 to 2014. Barney Frank (born 1940), member of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts from 1981 until 2013.(B) Rich Glover (born 1950) former professional football player, who played defensive tackle in the NFL for the New York Giants and Philadelphia Eagles.(B) Rick Gomez (born 1972), actor who portrayed Sgt. George Luz, in the HBO television miniseries Band of Brothers. Arielle Holmes (born 1993), actress and writer best known for starring as a lightly fictionalized version of herself in the film Heaven Knows What. Danan Hughes (born 1970), former football wide receiver who played in the NFL for the Kansas City Chiefs.(B) Nathan L. Jacobs (1905-1989), Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court in 1948 and from 1952 to 1975. Herman Kahn (1922-1983), military strategist. Brian Keith (1921-1997), film and TV actor who appeared in The Russians Are Coming, the Russians Are Coming and as Uncle Bill in Family Affair.(B) Frank Langella (born 1940), actor who has appeared in over 70 productions including Dave and Good Night, and Good Luck..(B) Bob Latour (1925-2010), swimming coach who organized and served as the first coach of the men's swimming team at Bucknell University from 1956 to 1968.(B) Joseph A. LeFante (1928-1977), politician who represented New Jersey's 14th congressional district from 1977 to 1978.(B) Jammal Lord (born 1981), former safety for the Houston Texans. Donald MacAdie (1899-1963), Suffragan Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Newark from 1958 to 1963. George R. R. Martin (born 1948), author and screenwriter of science fiction, horror, and fantasy.(B) Benjamin Melniker (1913–2018), film producer who was an executive producer with Michael E. Uslan on the Batman film series.(B) Miriam Moskowitz (1916-2018), schoolteacher who served two years in prison after being convicted for conspiracy as an atomic spy for the Soviet Union. Devora Nadworney (1895-1948), contralto singer who, in 1928, became the first singer heard over a radio network in the United States. Samuel Irving Newhouse Sr. (1895-1979), publishing and broadcasting executive who founded Advance Publications. Jim Norton (born 1968), standup comedian known for The Opie & Anthony Show, the Jim Norton & Sam Roberts show and The Tonight Show with Jay Leno. Denise O'Connor (born 1935), fencer who competed for the United States in the women's team foil events at the 1964 and 1976 Summer Olympics.(B) Jason O'Donnell (born 1971), member of the New Jersey General Assembly who represented the 31st Legislative District from 2010 to 2016. Gene Olaff (1920-2017), early professional soccer goalie.(B) Peter George Olenchuk (1922–2000), United States Army Major General. Shaquille O'Neal (born 1972), all-star basketball player for various NBA teams. Nicholas Oresko (1917-2013), United States Army Master Sergeant and recipient of the Medal of Honor.(B) Ronald Roberts (born 1991), professional basketball player who played for Hapoel Jerusalem of the Israeli Premier League. Steven V. Roberts (born 1943), journalist, writer and political commentator. William Sampson, politician who has represented the 31st Legislative District in the New Jersey General Assembly since 2022.(B) Dick Savitt (born 1927), tennis player who reached a ranking of second in the world.(B) William Shemin (1896–1973), U.S. Army sergeant, Medal of Honor recipient and namesake of the William Shemin Midtown Community School.(B) William N. Stape (born 1968), screenwriter and magazine writer who wrote episodes of Star Trek: The Next Generation and Star Trek: Deep Space Nine. Corey Stokes (born 1988), college basketball player for Villanova University.(B) Robert Tepper (born 1953), singer/songwriter best known for the song "No Easy Way Out" from the Rocky IV motion picture soundtrack.(B) Joseph W. Tumulty (1914-1996), attorney and politician who represented the 32nd Legislative District for a single four-year term in the New Jersey Senate. James Urbaniak (born 1963), film and TV actor best known for his role as the voice of Dr. Thaddeus Venture in The Venture Bros..(B) Michael E. Uslan (born 1951), originator and executive producer of the Batman/Dark Knight/Joker movie franchise. Chuck Wepner (born 1939), hard-luck boxer who was known as "The Bayonne Bleeder". George Wiley (1931–1973), chemist and civil rights leader.(B) Zakk Wylde (born 1967), hard rock and heavy metal guitarist.(B) References External links Bayonne, New Jersey, at City-Data Bayonne Community Profile and Resource Links, NJ HomeTownLocator U.S. Census Bureau - State & County QuickFacts for Bayonne U.S. Census Bureau - Community Facts for Bayonne (enter city and state name) 1869 establishments in New Jersey Cities in Hudson County, New Jersey Faulkner Act (mayor–council) New Jersey Urban Enterprise Zones Populated places established in 1869 Port cities and towns in New Jersey	[ -0.547724723815918, -0.15405654907226562, -0.15363183617591858, -0.49697428941726685, 0.503033459186554, 0.3467642664909363, 0.28738510608673096, 0.6603167057037354, -0.11290564388036728, -0.5883141756057739, -0.627850353717804, 0.6802824139595032, -0.021475691348314285, 0.4212421774864197, -1.0494647026062012, 0.40438178181648254, 0.7418181896209717, 0.7015445232391357, 0.2830553650856018, 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125231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne%2C%20Princess%20Royal	Anne, Princess Royal	Anne, Princess Royal (Anne Elizabeth Alice Louise; born 15 August 1950), is the second child and only daughter of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. She is 17th in the line of succession to the British throne and has been Princess Royal since 1987. Born at Clarence House, Anne was educated at Benenden School and began undertaking royal duties upon adulthood. She became a respected equestrian, winning one gold medal in 1971 and two silver medals in 1975 at the European Eventing Championships. In 1976, she became the first member of the British royal family to have competed in the Olympic Games. The Princess Royal performs official duties and engagements on behalf of her mother. She holds patronage in over 300 organisations, including WISE, Riders for Health, and Carers Trust. Her charity work revolves around sport, sciences, people with disabilities, and health in developing countries. She has been associated with Save the Children for over fifty years and has visited a number of their projects; her work resulted in her nomination for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1990. Anne married Captain Mark Phillips in 1973; they separated in 1989 and divorced in 1992. The couple have two children, Zara and Peter Phillips, and five grandchildren. Within months of her divorce, Anne married Commander (now Vice Admiral) Sir Timothy Laurence, whom she had met while he served as her mother's equerry between 1986 and 1989. In 1988, Princess Anne became a member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC). Early life and education Anne was born during the reign of her maternal grandfather, King George VI, at Clarence House on 15 August 1950 at 11:50 am, the second child and only daughter of Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh, and Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. A 21-gun salute in Hyde Park signalled the birth. Anne was christened in the Music Room of Buckingham Palace on 21 October 1950, by Archbishop of York, Cyril Garbett. At the time of her birth, she was third in the line of succession to the British throne, behind her mother – at that time Princess Elizabeth – and older brother, Charles. She rose to second after her mother's accession; she is currently 17th in line. A governess, Catherine Peebles, was appointed to look after Anne and was responsible for her early education at Buckingham Palace; Peebles also served as early governess for Anne's older brother, Charles. After the death of George VI in February 1952, Anne's mother ascended the throne as Queen Elizabeth II. Given her young age at the time, Anne did not attend the coronation in June 1953. A Girl Guides company, the 1st Buckingham Palace Company to include the Holy Trinity Brompton Brownie pack, was re-formed in May 1959, specifically so that, as her mother and aunt had done as children, Anne could socialise with girls her own age. The company was active until 1963, when Anne went to boarding school. Anne enrolled at Benenden School in 1963. In 1968, she left school with six GCE O-Levels and two A-Levels. She began to undertake royal engagements in 1969, at the age of 18. In 1970, she briefly had a relationship with Andrew Parker Bowles, who later married Camilla Shand. Shand much later married Anne's brother, Prince Charles, as his second wife. Anne was also briefly linked to Olympic equestrian Richard Meade. Equestrianism In spring 1971, Princess Anne finished fourth at the Rushall Horse Trials. At the age of 21, Anne won the individual title at the European Eventing Championship and was voted the BBC Sports Personality of the Year in 1971. She also rode winners in horse racing, competing in the Grand Military Steeplechase in Sandown Park Racecourse and Diamond Stakes at Royal Ascot. For more than five years, she also competed with the British eventing team, with her home-bred horse, Doublet suffering an injury during the 1972 Badminton Horse Trials, and winning a silver medal in both individual and team disciplines in the 1975 European Eventing Championship. The following year, Anne participated in the 1976 Olympic Games in Montreal as a member of the British team, riding the Queen's horse, Goodwill, in Eventing. Anne suffered a concussion halfway through the course but remounted and finished the event; she has stated she cannot remember making the rest of the jumps. The British team had to pull out of the competition after two horses were injured. She finished sixth at the Badminton Horse Trials in 1979. In 1985, she rode in a charity horse race at the Epsom Derby, finishing fourth. Anne assumed the Presidency of the Fédération Équestre Internationale from 1986 until 1994. On 5 February 1987, she became the first member of the royal family to appear as a contestant on a television quiz-show when she competed on the BBC panel game A Question of Sport. Marriages and children Marriage to Mark Phillips Anne met Mark Phillips, a lieutenant in the 1st Queen's Dragoon Guards, in 1968 at a party for horse lovers. Their engagement was announced on 29 May 1973. On 14 November 1973, the couple married at Westminster Abbey in a televised ceremony, with an estimated audience of 100 million. They subsequently took up residence at Gatcombe Park. As was customary for untitled men marrying into the royal family, Phillips was offered an earldom, which he declined; consequently their children were born without titles. Anne and her husband had two children: Peter (born 1977) and Zara Phillips (born 1981). Anne and Phillips have five grandchildren. On 31 August 1989, Anne and Phillips announced their intention to separate; the couple had been rarely seen in public together and both were romantically linked with other people. They shared custody of their children, and initially announced that "there were no plans for divorce." However, on 13 April 1992 the Palace announced that Anne had filed for divorce, which was finalised ten days later. Marriage to Sir Timothy Laurence Anne met Timothy Laurence, a commander in the Royal Navy, while he was serving on the Royal Yacht Britannia. Their relationship developed in early 1989, three years after he was appointed as an equerry to the Queen. In 1989, the existence of private letters from Laurence to the Princess was revealed by The Sun newspaper. The couple married at Crathie Kirk near Balmoral Castle in Scotland, on 12 December 1992. Approximately 30 guests were invited for the private marriage service. Unlike the Church of England at the time, the Church of Scotland considered marriage to be an ordinance of religion rather than a sacrament and permitted the remarriage of divorced persons under certain circumstances. Anne became the first royal divorcée to remarry since Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, granddaughter of Queen Victoria. For the wedding ceremony, Anne wore a white jacket over a "demure, cropped-to-the-knee dress" and a spray of white flowers in her hair. Her engagement ring was made of "a cabochon sapphire flanked by three small diamonds on each side". Following the marriage service, the couple and guests headed to Craigowan Lodge for a private reception. Laurence received no peerage, and the couple leased a flat in Dolphin Square, London. They reside between an apartment at St James's Palace and Gatcombe Park. Kidnapping attempt On 20 March 1974, Princess Anne and Mark Phillips were returning to Buckingham Palace from a charity event when a Ford Escort forced their Princess IV car to stop on the Mall. The driver of the Escort, Ian Ball, jumped out and began firing a pistol. Inspector James Beaton, Anne's personal police officer, responded by exiting the car to shield her and to attempt to disarm Ball. But Beaton's firearm, a Walther PPK, jammed, and he was shot by Ball, as was Anne's chauffeur, Alex Callender, when he tried to disarm Ball. Brian McConnell, a nearby tabloid journalist, also intervened, and was shot in the chest. Ball approached Anne's car and told her that he intended to kidnap her and hold her for ransom, the sum given by varying sources as £2 million or £3 million, which he claimed he intended to give to the National Health Service. Ball told Anne to get out of the car, to which she replied, "Not bloody likely!" She reportedly briefly considered hitting Ball. Eventually, she exited the other side of the limousine, as had her lady-in-waiting, Rowena Brassey. A passing pedestrian, a former boxer named Ron Russell, punched Ball in the back of the head and led Anne away from the scene. At that point, Police Constable Michael Hills happened upon the scene; he too was shot by Ball, but he had already called for police backup. Detective Constable Peter Edmonds answered, gave chase, and finally arrested Ball. Beaton, Hills, Callender, and McConnell were hospitalised, and recovered from their wounds. For his defence of Princess Anne, Beaton was awarded the George Cross by the Queen, who was visiting Indonesia when the incident occurred; Hills and Russell were awarded the George Medal, and Callender, McConnell, and Edmonds were awarded the Queen's Gallantry Medal. It was widely reported that the Queen paid off Russell's mortgage, but this is not true: Russell said in 2020 that a police officer suggested it might happen, so he stopped paying his mortgage in anticipation and nearly had his house repossessed after four months. Anne visited Beaton in hospital and thanked him for his assistance. In 1984, she spoke about the event on Parkinson, saying she was 'scrupulously polite' to Ball as she thought it would be 'silly to be too rude at that stage'. Ball pleaded guilty to attempted murder and kidnapping. , he was still detained under the Mental Health Act at Broadmoor Hospital. The attempted kidnapping of Princess Anne is the focus of the Granada Television-produced docudrama To Kidnap a Princess (2006) and inspired story lines in Tom Clancy's novel Patriot Games. Activities Anne undertakes a number of duties and engagements on behalf of her mother, in support of her role as sovereign of the Commonwealth realms. Kevin S. MacLeod, the Canadian Secretary to the Queen, said of Anne in 2014: "Her credo is, 'Keep me busy. I'm here to work. I'm here to do good things. I'm here to meet as many people as possible'." It was revealed in December 2017 that the Princess Royal had undertaken the most official engagements that year out of all the royal family, her mother included. Among her royal visits, the Princess has toured Norway, Jamaica, Germany, Austria, New Zealand, and Australia. Her first public engagement was at the opening of an educational and training centre in Shropshire in 1969. Anne travels abroad on behalf of the United Kingdom up to three times a year. She began to undertake overseas visits upon leaving secondary school, and accompanied her parents on a state visit to Austria in the same year. Her first tour of Australia was with her parents in 1970, since which she has returned on numerous occasions to undertake official engagements as a colonel-in-chief of an Australian regiment, or to attend memorials and services, such as the National Memorial Service for victims of the Black Saturday bushfires in Melbourne, Australia, on 22 February 2009. In 1990 she was the first member of the royal family to make an official visit to the Soviet Union when she went there as a guest of President Mikhail Gorbachev and his government. Anne is involved with over 200 charities and organisations in an official capacity. She works extensively for Save the Children, serving as president from 1970 to 2017, and has been patron for over 50 years. Anne has visited the organisation's projects in Bangladesh, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Mozambique, Ethiopia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina. As a result of her work, she was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1990 by Kenneth Kaunda, President of Zambia. She initiated The Princess Royal Trust for Carers in 1991. Anne is the patron of Transaid, a charity founded by Save the Children and the Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport which aims to provide safe and sustainable transport in developing countries. She is also the Royal Patron of WISE, an organisation that encourages young women to pursue careers in science, engineering and construction. Her extensive work for St. John Ambulance as Commandant-in-Chief of St. John Ambulance Cadets has helped to develop many young people, as she annually attends the Grand Prior Award Reception. She is Patron of St. Andrew's First Aid. She is a British representative in the International Olympic Committee as an administrator, and was a member of the London Organising Committee for the Olympic Games. She also serves as President of the British Olympic Association. She was President of BAFTA from 1973 to 2001. In 1985 she became president of the Riding for the Disabled Association after serving as their patron for fourteen years. In 1986 she was appointed Master of the Worshipful Company of Carmen. She maintains a relationship with student sport and is the Patron of British Universities and Colleges Sport. She has been Patron of the Royal National Children's Foundation since 2002 and the industrial heritage museum, Aerospace Bristol, since 2016. Following the retirement of the Queen Mother in 1981, Anne was elected by graduates of the University of London as the Chancellor and has been in the position since 1981. Throughout May 1996, Anne served as Her Majesty's High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, and held the post again in 2017. In 2007, she was appointed by the Queen as Grand Master of the Royal Victorian Order, a position her grandmother had also held. She is a Royal Fellow of the Royal Society and the Academy of Medical Sciences. Royal Fellows are members of the Monarchy who are recommended and elected by the Society's Council. The Royal Society has only four Royal Fellows, including the Princess Royal herself, the Prince of Wales, the Duke of Kent, and the Duke of Cambridge. She is the Academy of Medical Sciences' first Royal Fellow. She was elected Chancellor of the University of Edinburgh effective 31 March 2011, succeeding her father, who stepped down from the role in 2010. Likewise, she accepted in 2011 the roles of President of City and Guilds of London Institute, Master of the Corporation of Trinity House and President of the Royal Society of Arts, also in succession to her father. She is also Patron of the Royal College of Occupational Therapists, Edinburgh University's Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Royal Holloway, University of London, International Students House, London, Acid Survivors Trust International, Townswomen's Guilds and Citizens Advice. She represented Great Britain in the International Olympic Committee at the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics in Russia. In August 2016, she returned to the country to visit the Russian city of Arkhangelsk for the 75th anniversary of Operation Dervish, which was one of the first Arctic convoys of World War II. In September 2016, the Princess suffered from chest infection and was required to cancel official engagements. In late October 2016, she visited the Malaysian state of Sarawak for a two-day study tour. In 2017, she became Prime Warden of the Worshipful Company of Fishmongers and a Governor of Gresham's School. Public image and style Anne has been called the royal family's "trustiest anchor" and a "beacon of good, old-fashioned public service", having carried out over 20,000 engagements since her 18th birthday. In her early adulthood, she was cited as a "royal renegade" for choosing to forego titles for her children despite being the "spare to the heir". The media often called the young Anne "aloof" and "haughty", giving her the nickname "her royal rudeness". She spurred controversy for telling photographers to "naff off" at the Badminton Horse Trials in 1982. Vanity Fair wrote that Anne "has a reputation for having inherited her father's famously sharp tongue and waspish wit". Of her early public role, she has said: "It's not just about, Can I get a tick in the box for doing this? No, it's about serving…It took me probably 10 years before I really felt confident enough to contribute to Save the Children's public debates because you needed to understand how it works on the ground and that needed a very wide coverage. So my early trips were really important." Anne remains one of Britain's most popular royals. Telegraph Editor Camilla Tominey called her a "national treasure", writing that she is "hailed as one of the great English eccentrics", whose work ethic contributes to her regard. Tominey wrote that Anne's public role is a "contradiction of both protocol taskmaster and occasional rule-breaker". Reportedly, Anne "insists on doing her own make-up and hair" and drives herself to engagements, having pleaded guilty to two separate speeding fines on account of being late. She does not shake hands with the public during walkabouts, saying, "the theory was that you couldn't shake hands with everybody, so don't start." Members of the public have seen her "mending fences at Gatcombe" and "queuing up for the Portaloos" at her daughter's horse competitions. Her reputation is also coupled with her advocacy for causes out of the mainstream, such as Wetwheels Foundation's commitment to accessible sailing and the National Lighthouse Museum. On her 60th and 70th birthdays, the BBC and Vanity Fair both asked whether she would retire, and she denied it both times, citing her parents' example as well as her commitment to her royal duties. Anne's public personality has been described as "not suffering fools lightly" while maintaining a "still-impressive level of grace and courtesy". British Vogue editor Edward Enninful has said that "Princess Anne is a true style icon and was all about sustainable fashion before the rest of us really knew what that meant". Her style has been noted for its timelessness; she relies almost solely on British fashion brands, with tweed and tailored suits as her hallmarks. She is known for recycling outfits, such as her floral-print dress worn both to the wedding of the Prince of Wales in 1981 and the wedding of Lady Rose Windsor in 2008. Anne is the patron of U.K. Fashion and Textile Association. She has been noted for wearing "bold patterns and vibrant pops of colour". Her style choices often reflect her equestrian interests as well as the practicality of her fast-paced schedule. In the 1970s and 1980s, she was often photographed wearing trends such as puff sleeves, cardigans, bright floral patterns, and multicoloured stripes. Anne is also one of the few women in the royal family to wear a military uniform. According to The Guardian, she is "rarely seen without a brooch" during royal events. Her millinery styles have included jockey caps and hats of multiple colours and bold patterns. She presented the Queen Elizabeth II award for British design at London Fashion Week in 2020. Anne has appeared on three British Vogue covers; after first appearing on the 1971 September issue at age 21, she also featured in the May and November 1973 issues, commemorating her engagement to Mark Phillips. She was featured in the cover story for the April 2020 issue of Vanity Fair. Titles, styles, honours and arms Titles and styles 15 August 1950 – 6 February 1952: Her Royal Highness Princess Anne of Edinburgh 6 February 1952 – 14 November 1973: Her Royal Highness The Princess Anne 14 November 1973 – 13 June 1987: Her Royal Highness The Princess Anne, Mrs Mark Phillips 13 June 1987 – present: Her Royal Highness The Princess Royal Anne is the seventh Princess Royal, an appellation given only to the eldest daughter of the sovereign. The previous holder was King George V's daughter, Mary, Countess of Harewood. Honours 2 June 1953: Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal 1969: Royal Family Order of Queen Elizabeth II 15 August 1974: Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO) – (Grand Master from 20 April 2007) 6 February 1977: Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal 1989: Canadian Forces Decoration (CD) with three clasps (1999, 2009, 2019) 1990: Extra Companion of the Queen's Service Order (QSO) 23 April 1994: Royal Knight of the Most Noble Order of the Garter (KG) 30 November 2000: Extra Knight of the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle (KT) 6 February 2002: Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal 7 June 2005: Commemorative Medal for the Centennial of Saskatchewan 29 September 2005: Chief Grand Companion of the Order of Logohu (GCL) 2009: Dame Grand Cross of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem (GCStJ) 1971–2009: Dame of Justice of the Most Venerable Order of St John of Jerusalem (DJStJ) 6 February 2012: Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal Service Medal of the Order of St John with 2 Gold Bars 6 February 2022: Queen Elizabeth II Platinum Jubilee Medal Foreign 1969: Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold with Sash for Services to the Republic of Austria 1969: Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the White Rose of Finland 1971: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Precious Crown 1971: Commemorative Medal of the 2500th Anniversary of the founding of the Persian Empire 1972: Grand Cross of the Order of the House of Orange 1972: Grand Cross of the Order of the Oak Crown 1972: Member 1st Class of the Order of the Yugoslav Flag 2017: Order of Isabella the Catholic 2017: Grand Cross 2nd Class of the National Order of Madagascar 2021: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit Appointments Fellowships 1986: Fellow of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons (FRCVS) 1987: Royal Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) 1999: Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (FRSE) 2006: Honorary Fellow of the Chartered Institution of Highways and Transportation 2010: Royal Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering (FREng) 2011: President of the Royal Society of Arts (RSA) 2012: Royal Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences (FMedSci) 2017: Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England (FRCS) 16 May 2019: Honorary Fellow of the Royal Canadian Geographical Society (FRCGS). 2021: President of the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers Civic 1986: Master, Worshipful Company of Carmen 1994: Master, Worshipful Company of Woolmen 1996, 2017: Lord High Commissioner, General Assembly of the Church of Scotland 2001: Master, Worshipful Company of Farmers 2017: Prime Warden, Worshipful Company of Fishmongers Academic 1981: University of London, Chancellor 2011: University of Edinburgh, Chancellor 2012: University of the Highlands and Islands, Chancellor 2013: Harper Adams University, Chancellor Honorary academic degrees 2004: University of Regina, Saskatchewan, Doctor of Laws (LLD) 2010: Memorial University of Newfoundland, Doctor of Laws (LLD) 2011: Cranfield University, Doctor of Science (DSc) 2020: University of Aberdeen, Doctor of Laws (LLD) Other appointments 2015: Honorary member of the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews Military appointments As with other senior royals, Princess Anne holds a number of appointments in the armed forces of Commonwealth realms: Australia 1977– : Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Australian Corps of Signals 2011– : Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Australian Corps of Transport Canada 1972– : Colonel-in-Chief of the 8th Canadian Hussars (Princess Louise's) 1977– : Colonel-in-Chief of the Grey and Simcoe Foresters 1977– : Colonel-in-Chief of the Communications and Electronics Branch 1982– : Colonel-in-Chief of The Royal Regina Rifles 1987– : Colonel-in-Chief of Royal Newfoundland Regiment 2003– : Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Canadian Medical Service 2014– : Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Canadian Hussars 2015– : Commodore-in-Chief of the Royal Canadian Navy (Fleet Pacific) 2017– : Deputy Commissioner of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police New Zealand 1977– : Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal New Zealand Army Nursing Corps 1977– : Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal New Zealand Corps of Signals United Kingdom 1970– : Colonel-in-Chief of the Worcestershire and Sherwood Foresters Regiment (29/45 Foot) 1977– : Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Corps of Signals 1981– : Commandant-in-Chief of the First Aid Nursing Yeomanry (Princess Royal's Volunteer Corps) 1983–2006 : Colonel-in-Chief of The Royal Scots (The Royal Regiment) 1989– : Royal Honorary Colonel of the University of London OTC 1992– : Colonel-in-Chief of the King's Royal Hussars 1992– : Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Logistic Corps 1993– : Affiliated Colonel-in-Chief of the Queen's Gurkha Signals 1993– : Affiliated Colonel-in-Chief of the Queen's Own Gurkha Logistic Regiment 1998– : Colonel of the Blues and Royals 2003– : Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Army Veterinary Corps 2006– : Royal Colonel of the Royal Scots Borderers, 1st Battalion Royal Regiment of Scotland 2006– : Royal Colonel of the 52nd Lowland, 6th Battalion Royal Regiment of Scotland 1977–2011: Honorary Air Commodore of RAF Lyneham 1993– : Honorary Air Commodore of the University of London Air Squadron 2011– : Honorary Air Commodore of RAF Brize Norton 1974–1993: Chief Commandant of the Women's Royal Naval Service 1993– : Chief Commandant for Women in the Royal Navy 2006– : Commodore-in-Chief of HMNB Portsmouth 2021– : Admiral of the Sea Cadet Corps 1988– : Lady Sponsor of </ref> 2001– : Lady Sponsor of Other appointments 1971–2014: Lady Sponsor of TS Royalist Military ranks Royal Navy 15 August 1993: Rear Admiral Royal Navy 15 August 2009: Vice Admiral Royal Navy 15 August 2012: Admiral British Army 15 August 2020: General Royal Air Force 15 August 2020: Air Chief Marshal Arms Issue Ancestry The Princess Royal's ancestry can be traced as far back as Cerdic, King of Wessex (519–534). Notes References External links The Princess Royal at the royal family website 1950 births 20th-century British people 21st-century British people 20th-century British women 21st-century British women BBC Sports Personality of the Year winners British event riders British female equestrians British princesses Chancellors of the University of Edinburgh Chancellors of the University of London Companions of the Queen's Service Order Dames Grand Cross of the Order of St John Dames Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order English Anglicans Equestrians at the 1976 Summer Olympics Fellows of King's College London Fellows of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society Female admirals Grand Companions of the Order of Logohu Grand Cordons of the Order of the Precious Crown Grand Crosses of the Order of the House of Orange Honorary air commodores House of Windsor International Olympic Committee members Knights of the Garter Knights of the Thistle Living people Lords High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland Members of Trinity House Mountbatten-Windsor family Olympic equestrians of Great Britain People associated with Harper Adams University People educated at Benenden School People from Westminster Presidents of the British Science Association Princesses Royal Recipients of the Grand Decoration with Sash for Services to the Republic of Austria Recipients of the Order of Isabella the Catholic Royal Navy admirals Royal Olympic participants Spanish Riding School Women in the British Army Women in the Royal Navy Women's Royal Naval Service officers Wives of knights Fellows of the Royal Society of Arts Female Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering Female Fellows of the Royal Society Presidents of the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers Children of Elizabeth II	[ -0.48955097794532776, -0.22816111147403717, 0.7322378754615784, -0.4940424859523773, -0.04035862907767296, 0.3661234676837921, 0.7105649709701538, -0.11855699867010117, -0.8007849454879761, 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125232	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%20Newark%2C%20New%20Jersey	East Newark, New Jersey	East Newark is a borough in the western part of Hudson County, New Jersey, United States. It is a suburb of the nearby city of Newark. The borough is the second-smallest municipality by total area in the state. The Borough of East Newark was established on July 2, 1895, from portions of Kearny lying between the Erie Railroad's Newark Branch right of way and Harrison, based on the results of a referendum held the previous day. As of the 2010 United States Census, the borough's population was 2,406, reflecting an increase of 29 (+1.2%) from the 2,377 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 220 (+10.2%) from the 2,157 counted in the 1990 Census. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough had a total area of 0.13 square miles (0.32 km2), including 0.10 square miles (0.27 km2) of land and 0.02 square miles (0.06 km2) of water (16.92%). The borough is bordered to the north by Kearny and to the south and east by Harrison, both in Hudson County, and to the west by the Passaic River across from which is Newark in Essex County. Demographics 2010 Census The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $54,722 (with a margin of error of +/- $5,909) and the median family income was $59,423 (+/- $9,367). Males had a median income of $41,173 (+/- $3,762) versus $28,224 (+/- $4,249) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $22,242 (+/- $2,054). About 7.9% of families and 12.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.3% of those under age 18 and 16.1% of those age 65 or over. 2000 Census As of the 2000 United States Census, there were 2,377 people, 767 households, and 605 families residing in the borough. The population density was 23,330.0 people per square mile (9,177.6/km2). There were 799 housing units at an average density of 7,842.1 per square mile (3,085.0/km2). The racial makeup of the borough was 67.02% White, 1.68% African American, 0.50% Native American, 2.52% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 20.99% from other races, and 7.24% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 47.54% of the population. As of the 2000 Census, 10.1% of East Newark's residents identified themselves as being of Peruvian American ancestry. This was the highest percentage of Peruvian American people in any place in the United States. In the same census, 6.2% of East Newark's residents identified themselves as being of Brazilian American ancestry, which was the highest percentage of Brazilian American people in any place in the United States. As of the 2000 Census, 7.67% of East Newark's residents identified themselves as being of Ecuadorian ancestry, which was the highest of any municipality in New Jersey and the third highest percentage of Ecuadorian people in any place in the United States with 1,000 or more residents identifying their ancestry. There were 767 households, out of which 41.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.0% were married couples living together, 16.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.1% were non-families. 16.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.10 and the average family size was 3.40. In the borough the population was spread out, with 25.9% under the age of 18, 10.9% from 18 to 24, 36.7% from 25 to 44, 18.8% from 45 to 64, and 7.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.5 males. The median income for a household in the borough was $44,352, and the median income for a family was $46,375. Males had a median income of $31,875 versus $24,231 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $16,415. About 11.3% of families and 12.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.7% of those under age 18 and 8.6% of those age 65 or over. Government Local government East Newark is governed under the Borough form of New Jersey municipal government, one of 218 municipalities (of the 565) statewide that use this form, the most commonly used form of government in the state. The governing body is comprised of the Mayor and the Borough Council, with all positions elected at-large on a partisan basis as part of the November general election. The Mayor is elected directly by the voters to a four-year term of office. The Borough Council is comprised of six members elected to serve three-year terms on a staggered basis, with two seats coming up for election each year in a three-year cycle. The Borough form of government used by East Newark is a "weak mayor / strong council" government in which council members act as the legislative body with the mayor presiding at meetings and voting only in the event of a tie. The mayor can veto ordinances subject to an override by a two-thirds majority vote of the council. The mayor makes committee and liaison assignments for council members, and most appointments are made by the mayor with the advice and consent of the council. , the Mayor of East Newark is Democrat Dina M. Grilo, whose term of office ends December 31, 2023; Mayor Grilo is the first woman to serve as East Newark's mayor. Members of the East Newark Borough Council are Council President Hans Peter Lucas (D, 2023), Jessica Diaz (D, 2022), Rose M. Evaristo (D, 2021), Kenneth J. Graham (D, 2021), Christopher Reis (D, 2022), Jeanne Zincavage (D, 2023). Federal, state and county representation East Newark is located in the 8th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 32nd state legislative district. Prior to the 2010 Census, East Newark had been part of the , a change made by the New Jersey Redistricting Commission that took effect in January 2013, based on the results of the November 2012 general elections. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 753 registered voters in East Newark, of which 469 (62.3%) were registered as Democrats, 35 (4.6%) were registered as Republicans and 249 (33.1%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were no voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 82.3% of the vote (400 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 16.5% (80 votes), and other candidates with 1.2% (6 votes), among the 492 ballots cast by the borough's 844 registered voters (6 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 58.3%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 76.0% of the vote (414 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 22.6% (123 votes) and other candidates with 0.7% (4 votes), among the 545 ballots cast by the borough's 904 registered voters, for a turnout of 60.3%. In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 71.2% of the vote (337 ballots cast), outpolling Republican George W. Bush with 26.4% (125 votes) and other candidates with 0.8% (6 votes), among the 473 ballots cast by the borough's 800 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 59.1. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Democrat Barbara Buono received 64.9% of the vote (148 cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 32.9% (75 votes), and other candidates with 2.2% (5 votes), among the 232 ballots cast by the borough's 884 registered voters (4 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 26.2%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Democrat Jon Corzine received 71.8% of the vote (234 ballots cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 21.8% (71 votes) and Independent Chris Daggett with 4.0% (13 votes), among the 326 ballots cast by the borough's 765 registered voters, yielding a 42.6% turnout. Education The East Newark School District serves students in kindergarten through eighth grade at East Newark Public School. As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of one school, had an enrollment of 247 students and 15.9 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 15.5:1. For ninth through twelfth grades, public school students attend Harrison High School in Harrison, as part of a sending/receiving relationship with the Harrison Public Schools. Citing rising tuition costs, the district announced in 2013 that it was seeking to sever its relationship with Harrison and send its students to Kearny High School, where tuition costs for students would be substantially lower than the $14,674 per student paid to Harrison for the 2012–13 school year. In 2015, the district agreed to a new six-year sending agreement with the Harrison district under which East Newark would pay $13,000 per student, rising by 2% annually, a drop from the $16,100 cost per student paid as of the 2014–15 school year. As of the 2018–19 school year, the high school had an enrollment of 692 students and 54.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.8:1. Public safety East Newark is protected by a volunteer fire department. There are approximately 34 firefighters who staff one ladder and two engines, one of which is a spare. The department also has shared use of a haz-mat mass decontamination trailer unit with the Kearny and Harrison Fire Departments. The Fire Department has mutual aid agreements with all Hudson County departments and is also a member of the Southern Bergen County Mutual Aid Association. East Newark has a police department with nine sworn officers, led by Chief Anthony Monteiro. Transportation Roads and highways , the borough had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality and by Hudson County. Interstate 280 passes through the southern portion of East Newark, but the entrances to interchange 16 lie in adjacent Harrison, and those for interchange 15B lie in Newark across the William A. Stickel Memorial Bridge over the Passaic River, which is crossed by the Clay Street Bridge. Public transportation NJ Transit bus service is available to Newark on the 30 and 76 routes. The closest NJ Transit rail station to East Newark is the Newark Broad Street Station, with connections to the Montclair-Boonton Line and both branches of the Morris & Essex Lines. The station is also served by the Newark Light Rail. The closest rapid transit service is the PATH's Harrison station, a few blocks south of East Newark. The closest airport with scheduled passenger service is Newark Liberty International Airport, located south in Newark and Elizabeth. John F. Kennedy International Airport and LaGuardia Airport are in Queens, New York City. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with East Newark include: Davey Brown (1898–1970), professional soccer player inducted into the National Soccer Hall of Fame in 1951. Jimmy Douglas (1898-1972), soccer goalkeeper who spent his career in the first American Soccer League. Philip Kearny (1815-1862), United States Army officer, notable for his leadership in the Mexican–American War and American Civil War. Cornelius Augustine McGlennon (1878–1931), represented from 1919 to 1921 and was Mayor of East Newark, New Jersey from 1907 to 1919. Erika Vogt (born 1973), sculptor, printmaker and video artist. 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125233	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guttenberg%2C%20New%20Jersey	Guttenberg, New Jersey	Guttenberg ( ) is a town in the northern part of Hudson County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the town's population was 11,176. In the 2010 Census, it was the most densely populated incorporated municipality in the United States, as well as one of the most densely populated municipalities worldwide, with 57,116 people per square mile (22,052/km2) of land area. Only four blocks wide, Guttenberg has been variously ranked as the ninth-smallest municipality in the state (based on data from the U.S. Census Bureau) or as the state's seventh-smallest municipality (based on data from the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection). The population increased by 369 (+3.4%) from the 10,807 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 2,539 (+30.7%) from the 8,268 counted in the 1990 Census. As of the 2010 Census, almost one-fifth of the town's population resides in the Galaxy Towers, a trio of residential skyscrapers overlooking the Hudson River. The current population growth and density in Guttenberg represents a significant change since 1983, when it was described by The New York Times, as "an old community of two-story row houses, small stores and light industry." History Guttenberg was formerly a farm owned by William Cooper, sold in 1853 to a group of New Yorkers, who had formed the Weehawken Land and Ferry Association. Like nearby Union Hill, it was subdivided and lots were sold mostly to Germans. The company ran two ferries, the Hultz and the Flora, which crossed the Hudson from the landings at the foot of Bulls Ferry Road, Pleasant Valley, Fort Lee, and Spring Street in Manhattan. Guttenberg was formed as a town on March 9, 1859, from portions of North Bergen Township, but remained as a part of the township that was not fully independent. Guttenberg became part of Union Township when it was formed on February 28, 1861, and became fully independent as of April 1, 1878. The municipality takes its name from Johannes Gutenberg, the inventor of the European version of the printing press, though other sources indicate that the name derives from "good village" in German. Galaxy Towers, developed by Prudential Insurance Company, were built in the late 1970s on Boulevard East. The three octagonal skyscrapers rise and contain 1,075 apartments. Geography Guttenberg is located atop the Hudson Palisades, south of Woodcliff and the Racetrack Section in North Bergen and north of West New York. The town borders the New York City borough of Manhattan across the Hudson River. Its western border is Kennedy Boulevard. Bergenline Avenue, the commercial corridor of North Hudson, runs north and south through the town, and is the heart of "Havana on the Hudson". Its eastern border is opposite Manhattan's Upper West Side. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town had a total area of 0.24 square miles (0.62 km2), including 0.19 square miles (0.50 km2) of land and 0.05 square miles (0.12 km2) of water (20.00%). The town is four blocks long, and takes less than a minute to drive through. Demographics 2010 Census The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $49,981 (with a margin of error of +/− $8,219) and the median family income was $53,945 (+/− $9,457). Males had a median income of $50,227 (+/− $8,459) versus $32,089 (+/− $6,483) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $33,239 (+/− $8,416). About 14.8% of families and 16.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28.7% of those under age 18 and 11.8% of those age 65 or over. 2000 Census As of the 2000 United States Census there were 10,807 people, 4,493 households, and 2,619 families residing in the town. The population density was 56,012.0 inhabitants per square mile (21,961.1/km2; 87.5 per acre), making it the most densely populated municipality in The United States, with over twice the density of New York City. There were 4,650 housing units at an average density of 24,100.7 per square mile (9,449.3/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 64.98% White, 3.81% African American, 0.38% Native American, 7.30% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 16.42% from other races, and 7.10% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 54.33% of the population. There were 4,493 households, out of which 27.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.3% were married couples living together, 13.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.7% were non-families. 35.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 3.13. In the town, the population was spread out, with 21.2% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 36.9% from 25 to 44, 21.4% from 45 to 64, and 11.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.6 males. The median income for a household in the town was $44,515, and the median income for a family was $47,440. Males had a median income of $38,628 versus $33,154 for females. The per capita income for the town was $27,931. About 11.1% of families and 13.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.7% of those under age 18 and 10.9% of those age 65 or over. The town is a bedroom community with about 36% of its employed residents working in New York City, including 1,648 of the 4,993 Guttenberg residents in the workforce who commute to employment in Manhattan as of the 2000 Census. Economy Portions of the town are part of an Urban Enterprise Zone (UEZ), one of 32 zones covering 37 municipalities statewide. Guttenberg was selected in 1996 as one of a group of seven zones added to participate in the program. In addition to other benefits to encourage employment and investment within the UEZ, shoppers can take advantage of a reduced 3.3125% sales tax rate (half of the % rate charged statewide) at eligible merchants. Established in May 1996, the city's Urban Enterprise Zone status expires in May 2027. Areas included in the Guttenberg UEZ are: Bergenline Avenue – 68th Street to 71st Street Park Avenue – 68th Street to 71st Street 70th Street – Park Avenue to Bergenline Avenue 69th Street – Park Avenue to Boulevard East 69th Street to 71st Street – Boulevard East 70th Street to 71st Street – Broadway Government Local government Guttenberg operates under the Town form of New Jersey municipal government. The town is one of nine municipalities (of the 565) statewide that use this traditional form of government. The governing body is comprised of the Mayor and the five-member Township Council, all elected at-large on a partisan basis as part of the November general election. The mayor is elected directly by the voters. Town council members are elected to four-year terms on a staggered basis, with two seats up for election in one year and three seats together with the mayoral seat up for election in the following year, followed by two years with no elections. , the Mayor of Guttenberg is Democrat Wayne D. Zitt Jr., whose term of office ends December 31, 2021. Members of the Guttenberg Town Council are Richard Delafuente (D, 2021), Monica Fundora (D, 2021) and John D. Habermann (D, 2021), William Hokien (D, 2022) and Juana Malave (D, 2022). In December 2015, Wayne Zitt was selected from three candidates nominated by the Democratic municipal committee to fill the vacant seat expiring in December 2017 of Efrain Velez, who resigned earlier that month. Political scandals Political scandals in the 21st century have included the 2008 convictions of then-mayor David Delle Donna and his wife, a member of the town planning board, on federal extortion and mail fraud charges, for which they were each sentenced to four years in federal prison. A former mayor, Peter LaVilla, pleaded guilty in 2003 to misappropriating campaign funds and using the money for a private brokerage account. In addition, a councilman resigned in 2002 after being accused of receiving illegal advances on his salary, and the same year, a chief financial officer, pleaded guilty to misappropriation of funds. Public safety Guttenberg is served by North Hudson Regional Fire and Rescue, a regional fire department established in 1999 serving communities in northern Hudson County, that also serves North Bergen, Union City, Weehawken and West New York, replacing the five independent departments that had served each of the communities. Federal, state and county representation Guttenberg is located in the 8th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 32nd state legislative district. Prior to the 2011 reapportionment following the 2010 Census, Guttenberg had been in the 33rd Legislative District. Prior to the 2010 Census, Guttenberg had been part of the , a change made by the New Jersey Redistricting Commission that took effect in January 2013, based on the results of the November 2012 general elections. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 4,991 registered voters in Guttenberg, of which 2,997 (60.0%) were registered as Democrats, 376 (7.5%) were registered as Republicans, 4 (0.08%) were registered to other parties, and 1,614 (32.3%) were registered as Unaffiliated. In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 77.4% of the vote (2,507 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 21.4% (692 votes), and other candidates with 1.3% (41 votes), among the 3,266 ballots cast by the town's 5,488 registered voters (26 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 59.5%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 71.6% of the vote (2,524 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 26.3% (928 votes) and other candidates with 1.3% (45 votes), among the 3,526 ballots cast by the town's 5,878 registered voters, for a turnout of 60.0%. In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 67.0% of the vote (2,172 ballots cast), outpolling Republican George W. Bush with 31.9% (1,035 votes) and other candidates with 0.4% (19 votes), among the 3,241 ballots cast by the town's 5,122 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 63.3. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Democrat Barbara Buono received 52.5% of the vote (740 cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 45.7% (645 votes), and other candidates with 1.8% (25 votes), among the 1,478 ballots cast by the town's 5,545 registered voters (68 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 26.7%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Democrat Jon Corzine received 70.9% of the vote (1,341 ballots cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 23.6% (447 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 2.4% (46 votes) and other candidates with 0.6% (12 votes), among the 1,892 ballots cast by the town's 4,983 registered voters, yielding a 38.0% turnout. Education For pre-kindergarten through eighth grade, public school students from Guttenberg attend the Anna L. Klein School as part of the Guttenberg Public School District. As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of one school, had an enrollment of 949 students and 82.8 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.5:1. The principal of Anna L. Klein School is Keith Petry. For ninth through twelfth grades, public school students attend North Bergen High School in North Bergen, as part of a sending/receiving relationship with the North Bergen School District. As of the 2018–19 school year, the high school had an enrollment of 2,376 students and 165.4 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 14.4:1. Transportation Roads and highways , the town had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality and by Hudson County. The only significant roads directly serving Guttenberg are county highways. County Route 501 follows Kennedy Boulevard along the town's western border. County Route 505 follows River Road on the east side of town. Both roads are oriented north–south. Boulevard East passes through the town atop the Palisades. Interstate 95 (the New Jersey Turnpike), U.S. Route 1/9 and New Jersey Route 495 are major highways located in adjacent North Bergen. Public transportation NJ Transit (NJT) bus service is available to the Port Authority Bus Terminal in Midtown Manhattan and Bergen County destinations on the 128, 154, 156, 158, 159, 165, 166, 168 routes. Service north to Fort Lee and the George Washington Bridge Bus Terminal is available the 181 and 188 routes. Hudson County local service is provided on the 22, 23, 84/86, 88 and 89 routes. NJT bus lines are augmented by privately run jitney service. Ferry service to West Midtown Ferry Terminal in Manhattan is provided by NY Waterway. To the south, at Weehawken Port Imperial. To the north, Edgewater Landing is located on River Road at the intersection of Route 5. Notable people People who were born in or residents of Guttenberg include: Troy Archer (1955–1979), defensive tackle who played three seasons in the National Football League for the New York Giants. Steve Carell (born 1962), film and television actor, lived in Guttenberg during his time on The Daily Show. Melissa Fumero (born 1982), actress and director known for portraying Amy Santiago on Brooklyn Nine-Nine and Adriana Cramer on One Life to Live. Joseph Rudolph Grimes (1923–2007), politician in Liberia who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1960 to 1972. Stephen Ledogar (1929–2010), ambassador and diplomat. Boštjan Nachbar (born 1980), NBA athlete for the New Jersey Nets. William Oberhardt (1882–1958), artist, portrait painter, illustrator and sculptor. John Scarne (1903–1985), magician and book author who was particularly adept at playing card manipulation. Jane C. Wright (1919–2013), pioneering cancer researcher and surgeon noted for her contributions to chemotherapy. References External links Town of Guttenberg Guttenberg School District: Anna L. Klein School School Data for the Guttenberg School District, National Center for Education Statistics North Bergen High School North Bergen Reporter, Incorporating the Town of Guttenberg 1859 establishments in New Jersey New Jersey Urban Enterprise Zones North Hudson, New Jersey Populated places established in 1859 New Jersey populated places on the Hudson River Town form of New Jersey government Towns in Hudson County, New Jersey	[ -0.8292496204376221, 0.07122731953859329, -0.15398231148719788, -0.022746745496988297, 0.6499406695365906, 0.2155524045228958, 0.5745556950569153, 0.7591301798820496, 0.09405115246772766, -0.5682390928268433, -0.45272886753082275, 0.09855078905820847, 0.28880664706230164, 0.6096952557563782, -1.0666600465774536, 0.2563997507095337, 0.11374780535697937, 0.8018544316291809, 0.20630235970020294, -0.29365837574005127, -0.30877789855003357, 0.05031941831111908, 0.20744600892066956, 0.6183366775512695, 0.21856150031089783, -0.06262751668691635, 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125234	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison%2C%20New%20Jersey	Harrison, New Jersey	Harrison is a town in the western part of Hudson County, New Jersey, United States. It is a suburb of the nearby city of Newark, New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States Census, Harrison's population was 19,450, reflecting an increase of 5,830 (+42.8%) from the 13,620 counted in the 2010 Census, which had in turn decreased by 804 (-5.6%) from the 14,424 counted in the 2000 Census. Once considered "the beehive of industry", the town is undergoing a residential renewal, particularly along the Passaic River. History Colonial era – 1840s The area that is now Harrison was the southernmost part of the land grant awarded to William Sandford in 1668. When that grant was divided in 1671 between Sandford and his uncle, Nathaniel Kingsland of Barbados, Sandford's 5,000-acre (7.8 square mile) share included Harrison. While Sandford and his family established a plantation on the northern portion of his tract, there is no evidence they developed any significant part of Harrison. Upon his death in 1691, Sandford's land passed to his wife, Sarah Sandford (née Whartman). Upon her death about 1719, she passed most of the land, including Harrison, to her son William (about 1670–1733). In 1729, William transferred the southern parts of his upland to three of his sons, John, Robert and Peter, each receiving a lot that included a portion of Harrison's upland. John and Robert sold their lots to members of the Schuyler family in 1733 and 1736, respectively, and migrated westward, John to Newark and Robert to Pine Brook. The disposition of Peter's lot is not known, but no further record of him is found in or near Harrison. A road to the Hudson Waterfront was completed in 1750, named for Douwe's Ferry which it met at its eastern end to cross the Hackensack River. In 1790 the state legislature decided that "public good would be served by a 64-foot road from Paulus Hook to Newark Courthouse". By 1795, a bridge over the Hackensack long and another over the Passaic long (at the site of the Bridge Street Bridge) were built creating an uninterrupted toll road connection. It is now known as the Newark Turnpike. In 1826, the New Jersey Legislature formed Lodi Township from the southern portion of New Barbadoes Neck in Bergen County. Since Lodi Township was part of Bergen County, matters dealing with the county government and courts had to be taken to Hackensack. In 1840, the inhabitants of Lodi Township joined with present-day Secaucus, Bayonne, Jersey City, Hoboken, Weehawken, and Union City and petitioned for the creation of a new county due to the great distance which the petitioners had to travel to reach the county seat in Hackensack. This appeal resulted in the creation of Hudson County and the first mention of Harrison occurs in the law which was passed on April 13, 1840. Harrison Township was thereby established. The first committee meeting of the Township of Harrison was held on April 16, 1840, and it is widely accepted that Harrison was named for President William Henry Harrison, who was elected that year. 1850s – present day Union Township (now Lyndhurst) was created as of February 19, 1852, from portions of the township and became part of Bergen County. General N. N. Halstead succeeded in getting the necessary laws passed in Trenton and April 8, 1867, Kearny became a separate Township from land that was a part of Harrison, which included East Newark at the time; East Newark later seceded from Kearny, establishing their own Borough. On March 25, 1869, Harrison town was incorporated, replacing the township. While campaigning for re-election in 1912, President William Howard Taft told residents gathered for a rally that "you have reason to be proud of this Hive of Industry", from which was coined the town's motto, "The Beehive of Industry", which is still used today. The town's proximity to rail lines and a large waterfront made Harrison favorably situated for trade. Some of the industries which called Harrison home included the Edison Lamp Works, Worthington Pump and Machinery, the RCA Company, the Peter Hauck Brewery, Driver-Harris Company, Crucible Steel Company, Otis Elevator, Hartz Mountain, Remco Industries, Nopco Chemical and Hyatt Roller Bearing. As the U.S. moved into the 20th century, these facilities played a major role in the development of new products for both the private and public sector, peaking during World War II. The small town of about only 14,000 residents had more than 90,000 workers commuting into it on a daily basis. In the 21st century the town is undergoing a transformation from a manufacturing center to a residential and service sector town. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the town had a total area of 1.33 square miles (3.44 km2), including 1.21 square miles (3.14 km2) of land and 0.12 square miles (0.30 km2) of water (8.72%). Unincorporated communities located partially or completely within Harrison include Manhattan Transfer. The town borders the municipalities of East Newark and Kearny in Hudson County; and Newark across the Passaic River in Essex County. Demographics Census 2010 Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 14,424 people, 5,136 households, and 3,636 families residing in the town. The population density was 11,811.1 people per square mile (4,564.9/km2). There were 5,254 housing units at an average density of 4,302.2 per square mile (1,662.8/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 66.10% White, 0.98% African American, 0.40% Native American, 11.89% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 15.96% from other races, and 4.65% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 36.97% of the population. As of the 2000 Census, 7.22% of Harrison's residents identified themselves as being of Chinese ancestry. This was the fifth-highest percentage of people with Chinese ancestry in any place in New Jersey with 1,000 or more residents identifying their ancestry. There were 5,136 households, out of which 33.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.8% were married couples living together, 13.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.2% were non-families. 22.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.81 and the average family size was 3.27. In the town, the population was spread out, with 21.5% under the age of 18, 10.6% from 18 to 24, 36.8% from 25 to 44, 20.9% from 45 to 64, and 10.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.2 males. The median income for a household in the town was $41,350, and the median income for a family was $48,489. Males had a median income of $33,069 versus $26,858 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,490. About 10.1% of families and 12.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.5% of those under age 18 and 10.8% of those age 65 or over. Government Local government Harrison is governed under the Town form of New Jersey municipal government, one of 9 municipalities (of the 565) statewide that use this form. The governing body is comprised of the mayor and Town Council, all of whom are elected on a partisan basis as part of the November general elections. A mayor is elected directly by the voters at-large to a four-year term of office. The Town Council is comprised of eight members who are elected to serve four-year terms on a staggered basis, with one seat from each of the town's four wards up for vote one year, one seat from each of the four wards up the next year and then two years with no elections. The town is divided into four electoral wards, with each ward represented by two council members, with a total of eight council members on the Town Council. Each ward is divided into three districts (except for the 1st Ward, which has two districts), for a total of 11 electoral districts. The head of the government is the mayor. The mayor chairs the Town Council and heads the municipal government. The Mayor may both vote on legislation before the council and veto ordinances. The Mayor's veto can be overruled by ¾ of the Town Council voting to overrule the veto. Town Council meetings are held on the first Tuesday of the month at 7:00 pm (except in July and August, when no meetings are held, at the call of the chairman), in Council Chambers, which is located on the second floor of the Town Hall at 318 Harrison Avenue. Public Caucus Meetings are held at 6:30 pm. , the Mayor of Harrison is Democrat James A. Fife, who is serving a term of office ending December 31, 2022. Members of the Harrison Town Council are Laurence M. Bennett (D, 2020; Ward 3), Maria J. Camano (D, 2023; Ward 1), Michael T. Dolaghan (D, 2023; Ward 4), James P. Doran (D, 2020; Ward 4), Jesus R. Huaranga (D, 2020; Ward 1), Ellen Mendoza (D, 2020; Ward 2), Francisco Nascimento (D, 2023; Ward 3) and Eleanor Villalta (D, 2023; Ward 2). While serving a term scheduled to end on December 31, 2014, longtime Mayor Raymond McDonough died on February 12, 2014, after suffering a heart attack at town hall. Later that month, the town council selected James Fife, a former Harrison High School principal, to complete term of McDonough's seat as mayor, which he had held since 1995. Harrison had one of the longest-serving mayors in United States history, Frank E. Rodgers, who was first elected in 1946, defeating incumbent Frederick J. Gassert who had served for 16 years, and served for 48 years, from 1947 to 1995, being elected to 24 two-year terms. He also served two terms in the New Jersey State Senate, from 1978 to 1984. In 2018, the town had an average property tax bill of $11,109, the highest in the county, compared to an average bill of $8,767 statewide. Federal, state and county representation Harrison is located in the 8th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 32nd state legislative district. Prior to the 2010 Census, Harrison had been part of the , a change made by the New Jersey Redistricting Commission that took effect in January 2013, based on the results of the November 2012 general elections. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 5,454 registered voters in Harrison, of which 3,207 (58.8%) were registered as Democrats, 312 (5.7%) were registered as Republicans and 1,934 (35.5%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There was one voter registered to another party. In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 78.4% of the vote (2,699 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 20.0% (689 votes), and other candidates with 1.6% (54 votes), among the 3,473 ballots cast by the town's 5,940 registered voters (31 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 58.5%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 68.0% of the vote (2,347 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 30.0% (1,036 votes) and other candidates with 1.1% (38 votes), among the 3,453 ballots cast by the town's 5,827 registered voters, for a turnout of 59.3%. In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 64.8% of the vote (2,142 ballots cast), outpolling Republican George W. Bush with 34.1% (1,128 votes) and other candidates with 0.3% (16 votes), among the 3,306 ballots cast by the town's 5,411 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 61.1. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 53.2% of the vote (896 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 45.2% (762 votes), and other candidates with 1.6% (27 votes), among the 1,718 ballots cast by the town's 6,032 registered voters (33 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 28.5%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Democrat Jon Corzine received 69.0% of the vote (1,542 ballots cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 24.8% (554 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 3.9% (87 votes) and other candidates with 1.3% (30 votes), among the 2,234 ballots cast by the town's 5,225 registered voters, yielding a 42.8% turnout. Emergency services Police Initially, in the 1870s, the township was patrolled by Phillip Mulligan and four constables. In 1878, Mulligan was eventually appointed "Police Justice" and in 1885, an ordinance was passed to regulate and establish a police department. In 1891, the first police officers were appointed under the 1895 ordinance. Michael Rodgers (father of Mayor Frank E. Rodgers) was among those appointed. He eventually became the first chief of police. On March 28, 1897, Officer John J. Clark was electrocuted while investigating a downed power line, becoming the first Harrison police officer to die in the line of duty. A plaque at police headquarters is dedicated in his memory. The Harrison Police Department is presently led by Chief of Police David Strumolo, who was sworn-in March 2018. The department currently consists of 39 members, down from a one-time high of 67 officers in the 1990s. The department consists of several divisions; Administrative, Patrol, Detective, Traffic Safety, Street Crimes, and Community Policing. The department participates in National Night Out, and various cultural and civic events, as well as "meet and greets." The department was among the many Hudson County agencies that responded to the January 2009 crash of Flight 1549, for which they received accolades from the survivors. The Harrison Police Department is recognized as an "accredited police agency" by the New Jersey Law Enforcement Accreditation Commission and the New Jersey Association of Chiefs of Police. Fire The Harrison Fire Department operates out of a fire station located at 634 Sussex Street and operates a fire apparatus fleet of three engines, one ladder, and several support units and spares. Due to cutbacks, the HFD usually is able to staff one engine with three members and one ladder with three members and one tour commander on duty. The HFD has a table of organization of 29 firefighters. In April 2013, officials from neighboring municipalities and fire departments expressed their frustration at the stresses placed on their firefighters in covering fires in Harrison. Currently Harrison is staffing two engines and one ladder 24/7. Engine 1 (Reserve) 1994 Emergency-One Sentry 1250/750 Engine 2 2020 Pierce Enforcer 1500/750 Engine 3 2006 Emergency-One Typhoon 1500/720/10/20 Ladder 1 2018 Pierce Arrow 107' Tillered Aerial Ladder 2 (Reserve) 1991 Duplex/LTI 110' Tillered Aerial Battalion Chief 2019 Ford Explorer Interceptor •Deputy Chief 2013 Ford Expedition EMS As of January 1, 2014, Monmouth Ocean Hospital Service Corporation (MONOC) EMS provides 9-1-1 ambulance service to the city of Harrison and nearby East Newark. As part of the agreement, MONOC pays a $1,500 monthly fee for its use of the firehouse on Cleveland Avenue that had previously been used by Harrison Emergency Management Services. Education The Harrison Public Schools serves students in kindergarten through twelfth grade. The district is one of 31 former Abbott districts statewide, which are now referred to as "SDA Districts" based on the requirement for the state to cover all costs for school building and renovation projects in these districts under the supervision of the New Jersey Schools Development Authority. As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of four schools, had an enrollment of 2,409 students and 166.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 14.5:1. Schools in the district (with 2018–19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Harrison Early Childhood Program (grades Pre-K3 and PreK4), Lincoln Elementary School with 620 students in grades Pre-K to 3, Hamilton Intermediate School with 307 students in grades 4–5, Washington Middle School with 438 students in grades 6-8 and Harrison High School with 692 students in grades 9-12. Holy Cross School of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark operated until 2009, when it merged into Mater Dei Academy in Kearny; the merged school closed in 2012. Civic organizations Harrison Lions Club was chartered on July 25, 1951. The Harrison Club is part of Multiple District 16 (New Jersey) which is part of Lions Clubs International (LCI), the world's largest service organization. The club supports and provides financial aid to the district, state, and international sight projects and is also involved in community programs. Transportation Roads and highways , the town had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Hudson County and by the New Jersey Department of Transportation. By car, Harrison depends on Interstate 280 which runs through town. Westward, I-280 leads to Route 21, the Garden State Parkway, and Interstate 80. Eastward, it leads to Route 7 and the New Jersey Turnpike. Replacement of Interstate 280's partial access in central Harrison with service roads, a new interchange, and an overpass (to improve access to Harrison Avenue, the PATH station, and Red Bull Arena, and to give north–south passage to local street traffic) is in the planning stages. Public transportation The Harrison station on the PATH rapid transit system offers service to Newark, Jersey City, Hoboken and New York City. The station was built in 1913 and relocated to its present location in 1936. A major reconstruction for the Harrison Station was approved on March 28, 2012, and construction started in January 2013. The completion target, originally scheduled for April 2017, was tentatively moved to 2018; the expansion of the station was completed on June 15, 2019. The Northeast Corridor, built in the 19th century by the Pennsylvania Railroad and now owned by Amtrak, carries NJ Transit trains, and passes through the city on the same alignment as the PATH. There was a stop on the Northeast Corridor in Harrison, but it was eliminated due to the ease of picking up trains in Newark at Penn Station. Harrison is served by buses operated by several bus companies. NJ Transit offers service within New Jersey on the 30, 40 routes. The closest airport in New Jersey with scheduled passenger service is Newark Liberty International Airport, located away in Newark and Elizabeth. Harrison Waterfront Development Plan The Harrison Waterfront Redevelopment Plan invited developers to submit plans that capitalize on the presence of the Harrison PATH Station and the Passaic River within a area that covers 35% of the whole town. The Plan seeks to unite the developers' proposals with a design theme that includes motifs from Harrison's industrial, cultural, and environmental history as a means of fostering a new identity for Harrison that provides a variety of mixed-use, transit-oriented, pedestrian-scale development that will make Harrison a regional destination. Red Bull Arena Harrison is the location of the Red Bull Arena soccer stadium, home of the New York Red Bulls of Major League Soccer. After years of construction delays, the arena opened on March 20, 2010, with an exhibition game against the Brazilian club Santos FC. The soccer-specific stadium (SSS) was constructed at a cost of $200 million and has a capacity of approximately 25,000, with a natural grass field, featuring a full wavy translucent European-style roof that covers all of the seats in the stadium but not the field. The stadium sits alongside the Passaic River with a view of the Newark skyline, and is accessible via public transportation at the PATH train stop in Harrison. The stadium is owned and operated by Red Bull GmbH. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Harrison include: Angelo M. "Chubby" Cifelli (born 1939), singer, songwriter, musician. who had a 1967 hit with "Tell it to the Rain" by Frankie Valli & The Four Seasons. Dave D'Errico (born 1952), former professional soccer player. Samuel Taylor Darling (1872–1925), pathologist and bacteriologist. Sam Dente (1922–2002), major league baseball shortstop from 1947 to 1955. Bhairavi Desai, founding member of the Taxi Workers Alliance in New York. Jack Dunleavy (1879–1944), Major League Baseball outfielder and pitcher from 1903 to 1905. Bernard Epstein (1920–2005), mathematician and physicist who wrote several widely used textbooks on mathematics. Robert Firth (1918–1984), United States federal judge. Tom Florie (1897–1966), soccer forward who played in both the first and second American Soccer Leagues, winning two National Challenge Cup titles and was inducted into the U.S. National Soccer Hall of Fame in 1986. Daisy Fuentes (born 1966), model, actress and former MTV VJ. Joe Gardi (c. 1939–2010), head football coach at Hofstra University for 16 seasons, from 1990 to 2005, where he compiled a record of 119–62–2. Kevin Gilmore (1949–1970), college football player who was a member of the 1970 Marshall University football team and died in the crash of Southern Airways Flight 932. His body was not identified and he is buried with five other unidentified players in the Springhill Cemetery. Fred A. Hartley Jr. (1902–1969), served ten terms in the United States House of Representatives where he represented the New Jersey's 8th and New Jersey's 10th congressional districts. Marty Kavanagh (1891–1960), Major League Baseball infielder from 1914 to 1918. Beverly Kenney (1932–1960), jazz singer who recorded six albums before her suicide. Ray Lucas (born 1972), former NFL quarterback who played for the New York Jets, among other teams. Edward F. McDonald (1844–1926), represented New Jersey's 7th congressional district from 1895 to 1899. Patrick "Paddy" McGuigan (c. 1860–1938), bare-knuckle boxer who was inducted into the New Jersey Boxing Hall of Fame. Matt Pinfield (born 1966), music personality and TV host, best known for being a video deejay on MTV and VH1. Henry Pogorzelski (born 1922), mathematician best known for his work on Goldbach's conjecture, the still-unsolved problem of whether every even number can be represented as a sum of two prime numbers. Tab Ramos (born 1966), retired soccer midfielder. Frank E. Rodgers (1909–2000), politician who as Mayor of Harrison for 48 years from 1946 to 1995, having been elected to 24 consecutive two-year terms in office and placing him among the longest-serving mayors in U.S. history. Fred Shields (1912–1985), soccer player for the United States at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin who was elected to the National Soccer Hall of Fame in 1968. Omar Sowe (born 2000), soccer player who plays as a forward for New York Red Bulls II in the USL Championship. Joe Stripp (1903–1989), Major League Baseball third baseman from 1928 to 1938. Aloysius Michael Sullivan (1896-1980), poet, magazine editor, radio announcer and author, best known for his collection of poems Songs of the Musconetcong. Bill Summers (1895–1966), umpire in Major League Baseball who worked in the American League from 1933 to 1959. George Tintle (1892–1975), soccer goalie elected to the National Soccer Hall of Fame in 1952. 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125235	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoboken%2C%20New%20Jersey	Hoboken, New Jersey	Hoboken ( ; Unami: ) is a city in Hudson County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2020 United States Census, the city's population was 60,417. Among cities with a population above 50,000, Hoboken was ranked as the third-most densely populated municipalities in the United States, with more than 42,400 people per square mile. Hoboken is part of the New York metropolitan area and is the site of Hoboken Terminal, a major transportation hub for the tri-state region. Hoboken was first settled as part of the Pavonia, New Netherland colony in the 17th century. During the early 19th century, the city was developed by Colonel John Stevens, first as a resort and later as a residential neighborhood. Originally part of Bergen Township and later North Bergen Township, it became a separate township in 1849 and was incorporated as a city in 1855. Hoboken is the location of the first recorded game of baseball and of the Stevens Institute of Technology, one of the oldest technological universities in the United States. It is also known as the birthplace and hometown of Frank Sinatra; various streets and parks in the city have been named after him. Located on the Hudson Waterfront, the city was an integral part of the Port of New York and New Jersey and was home to major industries for most of the 20th century. The character of the city has changed from an artsy industrial vibe from the days when Maxwell House coffee, Lipton tea, Hostess Cupcakes, and Wonder Bread called Hoboken home, to one of trendy shops and expensive condominiums. It has been ranked 2nd in Niche's "2019 Best Places to Live in Hudson County" list. History Etymology The name "Hoboken" was chosen by Colonel John Stevens when he bought land, on a part of which the city still sits. The Lenape (later called Delaware Indian) tribe of Native Americans referred to the area as the "land of the tobacco pipe", most likely to refer to the soapstone collected there to carve tobacco pipes, and used a phrase that became "Hopoghan Hackingh". Like Weehawken, its neighbor to the north, Communipaw and Harsimus to the south, Hoboken had many variations in the folks-tongue. Hoebuck, old Dutch for high bluff and likely referring to Castle Point (the district of the city highest above sea level), was used during the colonial era and later spelled as Hobuck, Hobock, Hobuk and Hoboocken. However, in the nineteenth century, the name was changed to Hoboken, influenced by Flemish Dutch immigrants and a folk etymology had emerged linking the town of Hoboken to the similarly-named Hoboken district of Antwerp. Today, Hoboken's unofficial nickname is the "Mile Square City", but it actually covers about of land and an area of when including the under-water parts in the Hudson River. During the late 19th/early 20th century the population and culture of Hoboken was dominated by German language speakers who sometimes called it "Little Bremen", many of whom are buried in Hoboken Cemetery, North Bergen. Early-European arrival and colonial Hoboken was originally an island which was surrounded by the Hudson River on the east and tidal lands at the foot of the New Jersey Palisades on the west. It was a seasonal campsite in the territory of the Hackensack, a phratry of the Lenni Lenape, who used the serpentine rock found there to carve pipes. The first recorded European to lay claim to the area was Henry Hudson, an Englishman sailing for the Dutch East India Company, who anchored his ship the Halve Maen (Half Moon) at Weehawken Cove on October 2, 1609. Soon after it became part of the province of New Netherland. In 1630, Michael Reyniersz Pauw, a burgemeester (mayor) of Amsterdam and a director of the Dutch West India Company, received a land grant as patroon on the condition that he would plant a colony of not fewer than fifty persons within four years on the west bank of what had been named the North River. Three Lenape sold the land that was to become Hoboken (and part of Jersey City) for 80 fathoms (146 m) of wampum, 20 fathoms (37 m) of cloth, 12 kettles, six guns, two blankets, one double kettle and half a barrel of beer. These transactions, variously dated as July 12, 1630 and November 22, 1630, represent the earliest known conveyance for the area. Pauw (whose Latinized name is Pavonia) failed to settle the land, and he was obliged to sell his holdings back to the company in 1633. It was later acquired by Hendrick Van Vorst, who leased part of the land to Aert Van Putten, a farmer. In 1643, north of what would be later known as Castle Point, Van Putten built a house and a brewery, North America's first. In series of Indian and Dutch raids and reprisals, Van Putten was killed and his buildings destroyed, and all residents of Pavonia (as the colony was known) were ordered back to New Amsterdam. Deteriorating relations with the Lenape, its isolation as an island, or relatively long distance from New Amsterdam may have discouraged more settlement. In 1664, the English took possession of New Amsterdam with little or no resistance, and in 1668 they confirmed a previous land patent by Nicolas Verlett. In 1674–75 the area became part of East Jersey, and the province was divided into four administrative districts, Hoboken becoming part of Bergen County, where it remained until the creation of Hudson County on February 22, 1840. English-speaking settlers (some relocating from New England) interspersed with the Dutch, but it remained sparsely populated and agrarian. Eventually, the land came into the possession of William Bayard, who originally supported the revolutionary cause, but became a Loyalist Tory after the fall of New York in 1776 when the city and surrounding areas, including the west bank of the renamed Hudson River, were occupied by the British. At the end of the Revolutionary War, Bayard's property was confiscated by the Revolutionary Government of New Jersey. In 1784, the land described as "William Bayard's farm at Hoebuck" was bought at auction by Colonel John Stevens for £18,360 (then $90,000). 19th century In the early 19th century, Colonel John Stevens developed the waterfront as a resort for Manhattanites. On October 11, 1811, Stevens' ship the Juliana, began to operate as a ferry between Manhattan and Hoboken, making it the world's first commercial steam ferry. In 1825, he designed and built a steam locomotive capable of hauling several passenger cars at his estate. Sybil's Cave, a cave with a natural spring, was opened in 1832 and visitors came to pay a penny for a glass of water from the cave which was said to have medicinal powers. In 1841, the cave became a legend, when Edgar Allan Poe wrote "The Mystery of Marie Roget" about an event that took place there. The cave was closed in the late 1880s after the water was found to be contaminated, and it was shut and in the 1930s and filled with concrete, before it was reopened in 2008. Before his death in 1838, Stevens founded the Hoboken Land and Improvement Company, which laid out a regular system of streets, blocks and lots, constructed housing, and developed manufacturing sites. In general, the housing consisted of masonry row houses of three to five stories, some of which survive to the present day, as does the street grid. Hoboken was originally formed as a township on April 9, 1849, from portions of North Bergen Township. As the town grew in population and employment, many of Hoboken's residents saw a need to incorporate as a full-fledged city, and in a referendum held on March 29, 1855, ratified an Act of the New Jersey Legislature signed the previous day, and the City of Hoboken was born. In the subsequent election, Cornelius V. Clickener became Hoboken's first mayor. On March 15, 1859, the Township of Weehawken was created from portions of Hoboken and North Bergen Township. Based on a bequest from Edwin A. Stevens, Stevens Institute of Technology was founded at Castle Point in 1870, at the site of the Stevens family's former estate, as the nation's first mechanical engineering college. By the late 19th century, shipping lines were using Hoboken as a terminal port, and the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad (later the Erie Lackawanna Railroad) developed a railroad terminal at the waterfront, with the present NJ Transit terminal designed by architect Kenneth Murchison constructed in 1907. It was also during this time that German immigrants, who had been settling in town during most of the century, became the predominant population group in the city, at least partially due to its being a major destination port of the Hamburg America Line, though anti-German sentiment during World War I led to a rapid decline in the German community. In addition to the primary industry of shipbuilding, Hoboken became home to Keuffel and Esser's three-story factory and in 1884, to Tietjen and Lang Drydock (later Todd Shipyards). Well-known companies that developed a major presence in Hoboken after the turn-of the-century included Maxwell House, Lipton Tea, and Hostess. Birthplace of baseball The first officially recorded game of baseball took place in Hoboken in 1846 between Knickerbocker Club and New York Nine at Elysian Fields. In 1845, the Knickerbocker Club, which had been founded by Alexander Cartwright, began using Elysian Fields to play baseball due to the lack of suitable grounds on Manhattan. Team members included players of the St George's Cricket Club, the brothers Harry and George Wright, and Henry Chadwick, the English-born journalist who coined the term "America's Pastime". By the 1850s, several Manhattan-based members of the National Association of Base Ball Players were using the grounds as their home field while St. George's continued to organize international matches between Canada, England and the United States at the same venue. In 1859, George Parr's All England Eleven of professional cricketers played the United States XXII at Hoboken, easily defeating the local competition. Sam Wright and his sons Harry and George Wright played on the defeated United States team, a loss which inadvertently encouraged local players to take up baseball. Henry Chadwick believed that baseball and not cricket should become the national pastime after the game drawing the conclusion that amateur American players did not have the leisure time required to develop cricket skills to the high technical level required of professional players. Harry Wright and George Wright then became two of the first professional baseball players in the United States when Aaron Champion raised funds to found the Cincinnati Red Stockings in 1869. In 1865 the grounds hosted a championship match between the Mutual Club of New York City and the Atlantic Club of Brooklyn that was attended by an estimated 20,000 fans and captured in the Currier & Ives lithograph "The American National Game of Base Ball". With the construction of two significant baseball parks enclosed by fences in Brooklyn, enabling promoters there to charge admission to games, the prominence of Elysian Fields diminished. In 1868 the leading Manhattan club, Mutual, shifted its home games to the Union Grounds in Brooklyn. In 1880, the founders of the New York Metropolitans and New York Giants finally succeeded in siting a ballpark in Manhattan that became known as the Polo Grounds. 20th century Few nonwhites had settled in Hoboken by 1901. The Brooklyn Eagle claimed that an unwritten sundown town policy prevented African Americans from residing or working there. World War I When the U.S. entered World War I, the Hamburg-American Line piers in Hoboken (and New Orleans) were taken under eminent domain. Federal control of the port and anti-German sentiment led to part of the city being placed under martial law, and many German immigrants were forcibly moved to Ellis Island or left the city of their own accord. Hoboken became the major point of embarkation and more than three million soldiers, known as "doughboys", passed through the city. Their hope for an early return led to General Pershing's slogan, "Heaven, Hell or Hoboken... by Christmas." Following the war, Italians, mostly stemming from the Adriatic port city of Molfetta, became the city's major ethnic group, with the Irish also having a strong presence. While the city experienced the Great Depression, jobs in the ships yards and factories were still available, and the tenements were full. Middle-European Jews, mostly German-speaking, also made their way to the city and established small businesses. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, which was established on April 30, 1921, oversaw the development of the Holland Tunnel (completed in 1927) and the Lincoln Tunnel (in 1937), allowing for easier vehicular travel between New Jersey and New York City, bypassing the waterfront. Post-World War II The war facilitated economic growth in Hoboken, as the many industries located in the city were crucial to the war effort. As men went off to battle, more women were hired in the factories, some (most notably, Todd Shipyards), offering classes and other incentives to them. Though some returning service men took advantage of GI housing bills, many with strong ethnic and familial ties chose to stay in town. During the 1950s, the economy was still driven by Todd Shipyards, Maxwell House, Lipton Tea, Hostess and Bethlehem Steel and companies with big plants were still not inclined to invest in huge infrastructure elsewhere. Unions were powerful and the pay was good. By the 1960s, though, things began to deteriorate: turn-of-the century housing started to look shabby and feel crowded, shipbuilding was cheaper overseas, and single-story plants surrounded by parking lots made manufacturing and distribution more economical than old brick buildings on congested urban streets. The city appeared to be in the throes of inexorable decline as industries sought (what had been) greener pastures, port operations shifted to larger facilities on Newark Bay, and the car, truck and plane displaced the railroad and ship as the transportation modes of choice in the United States. Many Hobokenites headed to the suburbs, often the close by ones in Bergen and Passaic Counties, and real-estate values declined. Hoboken sank from its earlier incarnation as a lively port town into a rundown condition and was often included in lists with other New Jersey cities experiencing the same phenomenon, such as Paterson, Elizabeth, Camden, and neighboring Jersey City. The old economic underpinnings were gone and nothing new seemed to be on the horizon. Attempts were made to stabilize the population by demolishing the so-called slums along River Street and build subsidized middle-income housing at Marineview Plaza, and in midtown, at Church Towers. Heaps of long uncollected garbage and roving packs of semi-wild dogs were not uncommon sights. Though the city had seen better days, Hoboken was never abandoned. New infusions of immigrants, most notably Puerto Ricans, kept the storefronts open with small businesses and housing stock from being abandoned, but there wasn't much work to be had. Washington Street, commonly called "the avenue", was never boarded up, and the tight-knit neighborhoods remained home to many who were still proud of their city. Stevens remained a premier technology school, Maxwell House kept chugging away, and Bethlehem Steel still housed sailors who were dry-docked on its piers. Italian-Americans and other came back to the "old neighborhood" to shop for delicatessen. In 1975, the western part of the Keuffel and Esser Manufacturing Complex (known as "Clock Towers") was converted into residential apartments, after having been an architectural, engineering and drafting facility from 1907 to 1968; the eastern part portion became residential apartments in 1984 (now called the Grand Adams). Waterfront The Hudson Waterfront defined Hoboken as an archetypal port town and powered its economy from the mid-19th to mid-20th century, by which time it had become essentially industrial (and mostly inaccessible to the general public). The large production plants of Lipton Tea and Maxwell House, and the drydocks of Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation and Todd Shipbuilding dominated the northern portion for many years. On June 30, 1900, a large fire at the Norddeutscher Lloyd piers killed numerous people and caused almost $10 million in damage. The southern portion (which had been a U.S. base of the Hamburg-American Line) was seized by the federal government under eminent domain at the outbreak of World War I, after which it became (with the rest of the Hudson County) a major East Coast cargo-shipping port. With the development of the Interstate Highway System and containerization shipping facilities (particularly at Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal), the docks became obsolete, and by the 1970s were more or less abandoned. A large swath of River Street, known as the Barbary Coast for its taverns and boarding houses (which had been home for many dockworkers, sailors, merchant mariners, and other seamen) was leveled as part of an urban renewal project. Though control of the confiscated area had been returned to the city in the 1950s, complex lease agreements with the Port Authority gave it little influence on its management. In the 1980s, the waterfront dominated Hoboken politics, with various civic groups and the city government engaging in sometimes nasty, sometimes absurd politics and court cases. By the 1990s, agreements were made with the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, various levels of government, Hoboken citizens, and private developers to build commercial and residential buildings and "open spaces" (mostly along the bulkhead and on the foundation of un-utilized Pier A). The northern portion, which had remained in private hands, has also been re-developed. While most of the dry-dock and production facilities were razed to make way for mid-rise apartment houses, many sold as investment "condos", some buildings were renovated for adaptive re-use (notably the Tea Building, formerly home to Lipton Tea, and the Machine Shop, home of the Hoboken Historic Museum). Zoning requires that new construction follow the street grid and limits the height of new construction to retain the architectural character of the city and open sight-lines to the river. Downtown, Frank Sinatra Park and Sinatra Drive honor the man most consider to be Hoboken's most famous son, while uptown the name Maxwell recalls the factory with its smell of roasting coffee wafting over town and its huge neon "Good to the Last Drop" sign, so long a part of the landscape. The midtown section is dominated by the serpentine rock outcropping atop of which sits Stevens Institute of Technology (which also owns some, as yet, undeveloped land on the river). At the foot of the cliff is Sybil's Cave (where 19th century day-trippers once came to "take the waters" from a natural spring), long sealed shut, though plans for its restoration are in place. The promenade along the river bank is part of the Hudson River Waterfront Walkway, a state-mandated master plan to connect the municipalities from the Bayonne Bridge to George Washington Bridge and provide contiguous unhindered access to the water's edge and to create an urban linear park offering expansive views of the Hudson with the spectacular backdrop of the New York skyline. As of 2017, the city was considering using eminent domain to take over the last operating maritime industry in the city, the Union Dry Dock. 1970s–present During the late 1970s and 1980s, the city witnessed a speculation spree, fueled by transplanted New Yorkers and others who bought many turn-of-the-20th-century brownstones in neighborhoods that the still solid middle and working class population had kept intact and by local and out-of-town real-estate investors who bought up late 19th century apartment houses often considered to be tenements. Hoboken experienced a wave of fires, some of which were arson. Applied Housing, a real-estate investment firm, used federal government incentives to renovate "sub-standard" housing and receive subsidized rental payments (commonly known as Section 8), which enabled some low-income, displaced, and disabled residents to move within town. Hoboken attracted artists, musicians, upwardly mobile commuters (known as yuppies), and "bohemian types" interested in the socioeconomic possibilities and challenges of a bankrupt New York and who valued the aesthetics of Hoboken's residential, civic and commercial architecture, its sense of community, and relatively (compared to Lower Manhattan) cheaper rents, and quick, train hop away. Maxwell's (a live music venue and restaurant) opened and Hoboken became a "hip" place to live. Amid this social upheaval, so-called "newcomers" displaced some of the "old-timers" in the eastern half of the city. This gentrification resembled that of parts of Brooklyn and downtown Jersey City and Manhattan's East Village, (and to a lesser degree, SoHo and TriBeCa, which previously had not been residential). The initial presence of artists and young people changed the perception of the place such that others who would not have considered moving there before perceived it as an interesting, safe, exciting, and eventually, desirable. The process continued as many suburbanites, transplanted Americans, internationals, and immigrants (most focused on opportunities in NY/NJ region and proximity to Manhattan) began to make the "Jersey" side of the Hudson their home, and the "real-estate boom" of the era encouraged many to seek investment opportunities. Empty lots were built on, tenements became condominiums. Hoboken felt the impact of the destruction of the World Trade Center intensely, many of its newer residents having worked there. Re-zoning encouraged new construction on former industrial sites on the waterfront and the traditionally more impoverished low-lying west side of the city where, in concert with Hudson-Bergen Light Rail and New Jersey State land-use policy, transit villages are now being promoted. Once a blue collar town characterized by live poultry shops and drab taverns, it has since been transformed into a town filled with gourmet shops and luxury condominiums. In October 2012, Hurricane Sandy caused widespread flooding in Hoboken, leaving 1,700 homes flooded and causing $100 million in damage after the storm "filled up Hoboken like a bathtub". Workers in Hoboken had the highest rate of public transportation use in the nation, with 56% commuting daily via mass transit.<ref>Rivera, Ray. "Its Restaurants Empty and Its Trains Stalled, Hoboken Encounters Storm’s Increasing Toll", The New York Times', December 16, 2012. Accessed August 19, 2020. "According to census surveys, an estimated 56 percent workers here use public transportation every day, surpassing New York City as the most transit-reliant community in the nation."</ref> Hurricane Sandy caused seawater to flood half the city, crippling the PATH station at Hoboken Terminal when more than 10 million gallons of water dumped into the system. In December 2013 Mayor Dawn Zimmer testified before a U.S. Senate Committee on the impact the storm had on Hoboken's businesses and residents,"Mayor Zimmer testifies before Senate on Sandy's impact on Hoboken", Vimeo, December 13, 2012. Accessed June 2, 2016. and in January 2014 she stated that Lieutenant Governor Kim Guadagno and Richard Constable, a member of governor Chris Christie's cabinet, deliberately held back Hurricane Sandy relief funds from the city in order to pressure her to approve a Christie ally's developmental project,Giambusso, David; and Baxter, Chris. "Hoboken Mayor Dawn Zimmer alleges Chris Christie's office withheld Sandy aid over development deal", NJ Advance Media for NJ.com, January 18, 2014. Accessed November 12, 2015. a charge that the Christie administration denied.Giambusso, David. "Hoboken Mayor Dawn Zimmer stands by her allegations against Christie", The Star-Ledger, January 18, 2014. Accessed September 1, 2015. In June 2014, the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development allocated $230 million to Hoboken as part of its Rebuild by Design initiative, adding levees, parks, green roofs, retention basins and other infrastructure to help the low-lying riverfront city protect itself from ordinary flooding and build a network of features to help Hoboken survive future storms. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the city had a total area of 2.00 square miles (5.18 km2), including 1.25 square miles (3.24 km2) of land and 0.75 square miles (1.94 km2) of water (37.50%). Hoboken lies on the west bank of the Hudson River between Weehawken and Union City to the north and Jersey City (the county seat) to the south and west.New Jersey Municipal Boundaries, New Jersey Department of Transportation. Accessed November 15, 2019. Directly across the Hudson River are the Manhattan, New York City neighborhoods of the West Village and Chelsea. Hoboken is laid out in a grid. North–south streets are named (Washington, Adams, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, Jackson, Harrison, and Clinton, for example). The numbered streets running east–west start two blocks north of Observer Highway with First Street, with the grid ending close to 16th near Weehawken Cove and the city line. Neighborhoods in Hoboken often have vague definitions making Downtown, Midtown and Uptown subjective. Castle Point (or Stevens Point), The Projects, Hoboken Terminal, and Hudson Tea are distinct enclaves at the city's periphery. As it transforms from its previous industrial use to a residential district, the "Northwest" is a name being used for that part of the city.Baldwin, Carly. "Northwest corner of Hoboken to be studied as a redevelopment zone", NJ.com, February 18, 2009. Hoboken's ZIP Code is 07030 and its area code is 201. Climate Hoboken's temperatures hover around an average in winter, rising and falling, rather than a consistent pattern with a clear coldest time of year, with minimums occurring in late December and early-mid February, rising and falling repeatedly throughout January. Demographics 2010 Census The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $101,782 (with a margin of error of +/- $3,219) and the median family income was $121,614 (+/- $18,466). Males had a median income of $90,878 (+/- $6,412) versus $67,331 (+/- $3,710) for females. The per capita income for the city was $69,085 (+/- $3,335). About 9.6% of families and 11.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.7% of those under age 18 and 24.4% of those age 65 or over. 2000 Census As of the census of 2000, there were 38,577 people, 19,418 households, and 6,835 families residing in the city. The population density was 30,239.2 inhabitants per square mile (11,636.5/km2), fourth highest in the nation after neighboring communities of Guttenberg, Union City and West New York. There were 19,915 housing units at an average density of 15,610.7 per square mile (6,007.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 80.82% White, 4.26% African American, 0.16% Native American, 4.31% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 7.63% from other races, and 2.78% from two or more races. Furthermore, 20.18% of the total residents also consider themselves to be Hispanic or Latino.DP-1: Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000 – Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1) 100-Percent Data for Hoboken city, Hudson County, New Jersey , United States Census Bureau. Accessed September 24, 2012. There were 19,418 households, out of which 11.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 23.8% were married couples living together, 9.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 64.8% were non-families. 41.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.92 and the average family size was 2.73. In the city the age distribution of the population showed 10.5% under the age of 18, 15.3% from 18 to 24, 51.7% from 25 to 44, 13.5% from 45 to 64, and 9.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females, age 18 and over, there were 103.9 males. The median income for a household in the city as of the 2000 census was $62,550, while the median income for a family was $67,500. Males had a median income of $54,870 versus $46,826 for females. The per capita income for the city was $43,195. 11.0% of the population and 10.0% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 23.6% of those under the age of 18 and 20.7% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line. The city is a bedroom community of New York City, where most of its employed residents work. Based on the 2000 Census Worker Flow Files, about 53% of the employed residents of Hoboken (13,475 out of 25,306) worked in one of the five boroughs of New York City, as opposed to about 15% working within Hoboken. Economy The first centrally air-conditioned public space in the United States was demonstrated at Hoboken Terminal. The first Blimpie restaurant opened in 1964 at the corner of Seventh and Washington Streets.Genovese, Peter. "A story about a hero: Blimpie, which started in Hoboken, celebrates 50th anniversary", The Star-Ledger, April 4, 2014. Accessed December 30, 2014. "They borrowed several thousand dollars from a friend, and 'with a can of paint and hammer and nails' turned a vacant storefront into the first Blimpie, which opened April 4, 1964, on Seventh and Washington in Hoboken." Hoboken is home to one of the headquarters of publisher John Wiley & Sons, which moved from Manhattan in 2002. According to the New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development, Hoboken's unemployment rate as of 2014 was 3.3%, compared to a 6.5% in Hudson County as a whole. In 2018, Hoboken had an unemployment rate of 2.1%, vs. 3.9% countywide. A 2014 study showed that Stevens Institute of Technology contributed $117 million to Hoboken's economy in 2014, reflecting the university's nearly $100 million payroll for salaries and wages, as well as other goods and services acquired, construction and off-campus spending by students and visitors. The university is responsible for 1,285 full-time jobs. Parks and recreation The four parks were originally laid out within city street grid in the 19th century were Church Square Park, Columbus Park, Elysian Park and Stevens Park. Four other parks that were developed later but fit into the street pattern are Gateway Park, Jackson Street Park, Legion Park and Madison Park. More recently built parks throughout the city include Pier C, a reconstructed pier accessed by a curving walkway along lower Sinatra Drive. A multi-use sports field called 1600 Park opened in 2013, while the one-acre Southwest Park was completed along Jackson Street and Paterson Avenue in 2017. As of 2019, the city was considering expanding the park to a property across the street. A two-acre park and public plaza called 7th and Jackson Resiliency Park opened in 2019. It includes a playground, an acre of open lawn space, a new indoor gymnasium, play sculptures, and infrastructure to capture over 450,000 gallons of rainwater to reduce flooding. Construction of the 5.4-acre Northwest Resiliency Park broke ground in 2019 and will include a great lawn, a stage, a central fountain that can be converted into a seasonal ice skating rink, a pavilion, playgrounds, and a multi-purpose field and basketball basin. The $90 million park features many environmentally friendly features and includes an underground stormwater detention system that can store roughly one million gallons of water to help mitigate flooding. The project is expected to be completed sometime in 2022. A 2014 renovation to the 14th Street Viaduct near the city's northwest edge saw the creation of several recreational areas underneath the structure that include a dog park, passive recreation areas, and street hockey and basketball courts amid a new cobblestone streetscape. The Hudson River Waterfront Walkway is a state-mandated master plan to connect the municipalities from the Bayonne Bridge to the George Washington Bridge creating an -long urban linear park and provide contiguous unhindered access to the water's edge. By law, any development on the waterfront must provide a public promenade with a minimum width of . To date, completed segments in Hoboken and the new parks and renovated piers that abut them are at Hoboken Terminal, Pier A, the promenade and bike path from Newark to 5th Streets, Frank Sinatra Park, Castle Point Park, Sinatra Drive to 12th to 14th Streets, New York Waterway Pier, 14th Street Pier, and 14th Street north to southern side of Weehawken Cove. Other segments of river-front held privately are not required to build a walkway until the land is re-developed. Arts and culture Since 1992, the Hudson Shakespeare Company has been the resident Shakespeare Festival of Hudson County performing a free Shakespeare production for each month of the summer. Since 1998, the group has performed "Shakespeare Mondays" at Frank Sinatra Park (410 Frank Sinatra Drive) as part of their annual Shakespeare in the Park tour. Hoboken is also home to cultural attractions such as Barsky Gallery and creative institutions such as the Hoboken Historical Museum and the Monroe Center. Annual cultural events Hoboken has many annual events such as the Frank Sinatra Idol Contest, Hoboken Comedy Festival, Hoboken House Tour, Hoboken International Film Festival, Hoboken Studio Tour, Hoboken Arts and Music Festival, Hoboken (Secret) Garden Tour and Movies Under the Stars. The Hoboken Farmer's Market occurs every Tuesday, June through October. There are also numerous festivals such as the Saint Patrick's Day Parade, Feast of Saint Anthony's, Saint Ann's Feast and the Hoboken Italian Festival. From the 1960s until 2011, Hoboken was home to the Macy's Parade Studio, which houses many of the floats for the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade.Seiler Neary, Kathleen "Ultimate Guide to the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade". TLC. Accessed August 26, 2012. Many Stevens students, alumni, and staff members volunteer in the preparation and piloting of the parade floats. The studio was moved out of Hoboken and into a converted former Tootsie Roll Factory in Moonachie, New Jersey 2011. Government and public service Local government The City of Hoboken is governed within the Faulkner Act (formally known as the Optional Municipal Charter Law) under the mayor-council (Plan D) system of municipal government, implemented based on the recommendations of a Charter Study Commission as of January 1, 1953. The city is one of 71 municipalities (of the 565) statewide that use this form of government. The governing body is comprised of the Mayor and the nine-member City Council. The city council is comprised of three members elected at-large from the city as a whole, and six members who each represent one of the city's six wards. All of the members of the city council are elected to four-year terms of office in non-partisan elections on a staggered basis in odd-numbered years, with the six ward seats up for election together and the three at-large and mayoral seats up for vote two years later. In July 2011, the city council voted to move municipal elections from May to November. The first shifted election were held in November 2013, with all officials elected in 2009 and 2011 having their terms extended by six months. , the mayor of Hoboken is Ravinder Bhalla, whose term of office ends December 31, 2021. Members of the city council are Council President Jennifer Giattino (2023; 6th Ward), Council Vice President Vanessa Falco (2021; at-large), Phil Cohen (2023; 5th Ward), Michael DeFusco (2023; 1st Ward), James J. Doyle (2021; at-large), Tiffanie Fisher (2023; 2nd Ward), Emily Jabbour (2021; at-large), Ruben J. Ramos Jr. (2023; 4th Ward) and Michael Russo (2023; 3rd Ward).2019 Municipal User Friendly Budget, City of Hoboken. Accessed November 13, 2019.Hudson County General Election 2018 Statement of Vote November 5, 2019, Hudson County, New Jersey Clerk, updated November 13, 2019. Accessed January 1, 2020. In the 2017 general election, Ravinder Bhalla was elected to succeed Dawn Zimmer becoming the state's first Sikh mayor; Zimmer had chosen not to run for re-election to a third term and had endorsed Bhalla for the post. Bhalla's running mates, incumbents James Doyle and Emily Jabbour, won two of the at-large seats, while the third seat was won Vanessa Falco who had been aligned with the slate of mayoral candidate Michael DeFusco. Zimmer had been the city council president and first took office as mayor on July 31, 2009, after her predecessor, Peter Cammarano, was arrested on allegations of corruption stemming from a decade-long FBI operation. Zimmer, who lost a June 9, 2009, runoff election to Cammarano by 161 votes, served as acting mayor until winning a special election to fill the remainder of the term on November 3, 2009. She was sworn in as mayor on November 6 as is the first female mayor of Hoboken. Zimmer won re-election in November 2013 to a second term of office and began her second term in January 2014. Federal, state, and county representation Hoboken is located in the 8th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 33rd state legislative district.2019 New Jersey Citizen's Guide to Government, New Jersey League of Women Voters. Accessed October 30, 2019. Prior to the 2010 Census, Hoboken had been part of the , a change made by the New Jersey Redistricting Commission that took effect in January 2013, based on the results of the November 2012 general elections. Hudson County Board of Chosen Freeholders District 5 comprises Hoboken and parts of the Heights in Jersey City and is represented by Anthony Romano.Anthony Romano. Hudson County, New Jersey. Accessed September 1, 2015. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 35,532 registered voters in Hoboken, of which 14,385 (40.5%) were registered as Democrats, 3,881 (10.9%) were registered as Republicans and 17,218 (48.5%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 48 voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 66.1% of the vote (14,443 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 32.4% (7,078 votes), and other candidates with 1.5% (325 votes), among the 22,018 ballots cast by the city's 40,209 registered voters (172 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 54.8%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 71.0% of the vote here (17,051 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 27.5% (6,590 votes) and other candidates with 0.9% (225 votes), among the 24,007 ballots cast by the city's 38,970 registered voters, for a turnout of 61.6%. In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 65.0% of the vote here (13,436 ballots cast), outpolling Republican George W. Bush with 33.4% (6,898 votes) and other candidates with 0.5% (161 votes), among the 20,668 ballots cast by the city's 31,221 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 66.2. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 53.0% of the vote (6,562 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 45.0% (5,565 votes), and other candidates with 2.0% (243 votes), among the 16,331 ballots cast by the city's 41,094 registered voters (3,961 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 39.7%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Democrat Jon Corzine received 62.3% of the vote here (9,095 ballots cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 29.5% (4,307 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 4.6% (673 votes) and other candidates with 0.9% (138 votes), among the 14,593 ballots cast by the city's 34,844 registered voters, yielding a 41.9% turnout. On November 7, 2017, City Councilmember Ravinder Bhalla was elected as mayor, making him the first Sikh mayor in the state's history. Fire department The city is protected by the 132 paid firefighters of the city of Hoboken Fire Department (HFD). Established in 1891, the HFD currently operates under the command of a Department Chief, to whom two Deputy Chiefs report. The department reported to 3,352 emergency calls in 2010, arriving in an average of 2.6 minutes from the time the original call was received. The HFD has been a Class 1 rated fire department since 1996 as determined by the Insurance Services Office, one of only three in New Jersey, joining Hackensack and Cherry Hill.Skoufalos, Matt. "Cherry Hill Fire Department Earns Top International Safety Rating; Cherry Hill FD completed a three-year accreditation process to earn an ISO-1 classification, just the third department in the state to do so. It could mean lower insurance rates for residents and businesses.", NJ PEN, September 6, 2016. Accessed November 13, 2019. "The department joins those of Hoboken and Hackensack as the only three Class I-certified fire departments in New Jersey, and the only one in the Delaware Valley to also have CFAI accreditation. Cherry Hill is one of only 130 ISO-1 fire departments in the United States, in which only 234 of an estimated 30,000 departments are accredited." HFD's firehouses, including its fire museum, are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The department is part of the Metro USAR Strike Team, which consists of nine North Jersey fire departments and other emergency services divisions working to address major emergency rescue situations. Fire station locations and apparatus Fire station and company locations in Hoboken are:New Jersey and National Registers of Historic Places - Hudson County, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Historic Preservation Office, updated April 26, 2016. Accessed June 2, 2016. The Fire Museum is located at 213 Bloomfield Street.About Us, Hoboken Historical Museum. Accessed November 5, 2017. Emergency medical services EMS in the city of Hoboken is provided primarily by the members of the Hoboken Volunteer Ambulance Corps (HVAC), which was established in 1971. HVAC is the county's only all-volunteer EMS organization and does not charge for the services it provides. HVAC has seven emergency vehicles, in addition to six bicycles that can be used to provide coverage at outdoor events. Social services HOPES Community Action Partnership, Incorporated (HOPES CAP, Inc. / HOPES) was established in 1964 under President Lyndon B. Johnson's administration signing the Economic Opportunity Act. The majority of HOPES program participants have incomes below the federal poverty threshold. Services include those for youth enrichment, adults, senior assistance, and early childhood development. Homelessness in the city is addressed by the Hoboken Homeless Shelter, one of the three homeless shelters in the county. In December 2018, the city of Hoboken installed eight parking meters in high foot-traffic areas, painted orange, to collect donations to benefit homelessness initiatives. Transportation Hoboken has the highest public transportation use of any city in the United States, with 56% of working residents using public transportation for commuting purposes each day. Hoboken Terminal, located at the city's southeastern corner, is a national historic landmark originally built in 1907 by the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad. The terminal is the origination/destination point for several modes of transportation and an important hub within the NY/NJ metropolitan region's public transit system. Partly due to car-sharing services, the number of residents parking on Hoboken streets decreased from 2010 to 2015. Hudson Bike Share, a bicycle sharing system operated by nextbike, opened in October 2015. Amid conflicts with Jersey City, which used Citi Bike, Hoboken ceased using Hudson Bike Share in May 2021, and adopted Citi Bike itself, thus connecting the town's bicycle sharing network with the ones already operating in Jersey City and New York City. Rail NJ Transit's Main Line, Bergen County Line, Pascack Valley Line, Montclair-Boonton Line, Morris and Essex Lines and Meadowlands Rail Line terminate at the Hoboken Terminal. The Hudson-Bergen Light Rail, another NJ Transit subsidiary, has three stations in Hoboken–Hoboken Terminal, 2nd Street and 9th Street-Congress Street. PATH, a 24-hour subway system operated by the Port Authority, operates from Hoboken Terminal to 33rd Street Manhattan, World Trade Center, and Journal Square. Water NY Waterway ferry service makes Hudson River crossings from Hoboken Terminal and 14th Street to Battery Park City Ferry Terminal, Wall Street-Pier 11 and the West Midtown Ferry Terminal in Manhattan. Surface New Jersey Transit buses 22, 22X, 23, 64, 68, 85, 87, 89, and 126 terminate at Hudson Place/Hoboken Terminal.Hudson County System Map, NJ Transit. Accessed November 12, 2019. Academy Bus Lines has a garage in Hoboken, operating most of their NYC services from there. Taxi service is available for a flat fare within city limits and negotiated fare for other destinations. Zipcar is located downtown at the Center Parking Garage on Park Avenue, between Newark Street and Observer Highway. Roads and highways , the city had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality and by Hudson County. The 14th Street Viaduct connects Hoboken to Paterson Plank Road in Jersey City Heights. Two highway tunnels that connect New Jersey to New York are located close to Hoboken. The Lincoln Tunnel is north of the city in Weehawken. The Holland Tunnel is south of the city in downtown Jersey City. Air Hoboken has no airports. Airports which serve Hoboken are operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. These airports are Newark Liberty International Airport, LaGuardia Airport and John F. Kennedy Airport. Education Hoboken has a highly educated population. Based on data from the American Community Survey, it was ranked in 2019 as one of the top 15 most-educated municipalities in New Jersey with a population of at least 10,000, placing first on the list, with 50.2% of residents having bachelor's degree or higher, more than double the 23.4% of residents in New Jersey and 19.1% nationwide who have reached that educational level. Public schools The Hoboken Public Schools is a school district that serves students in kindergarten through 12th grade. The district is one of 31 former Abbott districts statewide, which are now referred to as "SDA Districts" based on the requirement for the state to cover all costs for school building and renovation projects in these districts under the supervision of the New Jersey Schools Development Authority.SDA Districts, New Jersey Schools Development Authority. Accessed March 1, 2020. As of the 2017–18 school year, the district, comprised of six schools, had an enrollment of 2,749 students and 203.8 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 13.5:1. Schools in the district (with 2017–18 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Joseph F. Brandt Primary School (242 students in pre-kindergarten and kindergarten) Salvatore R. Calabro Elementary School (123 students; grades K-6) Thomas G. Connors Elementary School (241; K-6) Wallace Elementary School (678; K-6) and Hoboken Middle School (188; 7-8) / Hoboken High School (412; 9-12).New Jersey School Directory for the Hoboken Public Schools, New Jersey Department of Education. Accessed December 29, 2016. Hoboken High School was the 187th-ranked public high school in New Jersey out of 322 schools statewide, in New Jersey Monthly magazine's September 2010 cover story on the state's "Top Public High Schools", after being ranked 139th in 2008 out of 316 schools. In addition, Hoboken has three charter schools, which are schools that receive public funds yet operate independently of the Hoboken Public Schools under charters granted by the Commissioner of the New Jersey Department of Education. Elysian Charter School serves students in grades K-8, Hoboken Charter School in grades K–12 and Hoboken Dual Language Charter School in grades K-8. In 2018 the New Jersey Department of Education named the Dual Language charter as having one of six "Model Programs" in New Jersey. Private schools Private schools in Hoboken include The Hudson School, All Saint's Episcopal Day School, Mustard Seed School and Stevens Cooperative School. Hoboken Catholic Academy, a K-8 school operated by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark, was one of eight private schools recognized in 2017 as an Exemplary High Performing School by the National Blue Ribbon Schools Program of the United States Department of Education. Higher education Stevens Institute of Technology, which was founded in 1870, is located in the Castle Point section of Hoboken. The university is composed of three schools and one college; the Charles V. Schaefer Jr. School of Engineering and Science, School of Business, School of Systems and Enterprises and the College of Arts and Letters. Total enrollment is more than 6,900 undergraduate and graduate students across all schools. Stevens is home to three national research centers of excellence and joint research programs focusing on healthcare, energy, finance, defense, STEM education and coastal stability. Stevens also owns most of Castle Point, which is the highest point in Hoboken. Hoboken is also the headquarters of Education Dynamics, a for-profit corporation that markets and enrolls students. Media Hoboken is located within the New York media market; most of its daily papers available for sale or delivery. Local, county, and regional news is covered by The Jersey Journal, a daily newspaper long based in nearby Jersey City and now based in Secaucus. The Journal, along with other sister newspapers, operates NJ.com, which includes the blog Hoboken Now. The Hoboken Reporter is part of The Hudson Reporter group of local weeklies. Other weeklies, the River View Observer and the Spanish-language El Especialito also cover local news, as does The Stute, the campus newspaper at Stevens Institute of Technology. Magazines that cover Hoboken include the lifestyle magazine hMAG, which launched in 2009. and The Digest, which covers local restaurants and events. The production company for the 2009 film Assassination of a High School President was based in Hoboken. The city has been the home of several filming locations. Elia Kazan's 1954 film On the Waterfront was shot in Hoboken. A wedding scene from the 1997 film Picture Perfect, starring Jennifer Aniston, was filmed at the Elks Club at 1005 Washington Street. The 1998 film Restaurant, starring Adrien Brody was shot there as well. Hoboken is home to Carlo's Bake Shop, which is featured in the TLC reality show Cake Boss. The popularity of the show has resulted in increased business for Carlo's Bake Shop, and increased tourism to the Hoboken area, resulting in both positive and negative reaction from local residents and businesses. The fourth season of A&E's Parking Wars, which documents the lives and duties of parking enforcement personnel, was filmed in Hoboken, in addition to its usual venues of Detroit and Philadelphia. The ABC Primetime magazine Primetime: What Would You Do? has filmed multiple episodes of their social experiments in Hoboken's shops and restaurants.Henault, Bob. "Construction Workers Harass Woman: What Would You Do?", ABC News, January 13, 2011. Accessed September 1, 2015. "In light of these startling numbers, ABC News' What Would You Do? rigged hidden cameras on a busy Hoboken, N.J., street corner and hired three male actors to portray construction workers on a coffee break and an actress playing the victim." The 1989 television series Dream Street'' was set and shot in Hoboken. Notable people See also Bergen, New Netherland Gateway Region Hudson Street References Further reading External links City of Hoboken Official Website Historic photos of Hoboken and Hamburg America Line ports 1849 establishments in New Jersey Cities in Hudson County, New Jersey Faulkner Act (mayor–council) New Jersey populated places on the Hudson River Populated places established in 1849 Establishments in New Netherland Sundown towns in New Jersey	[ -0.6700953245162964, -0.09249351918697357, -0.4397277534008026, -0.29136374592781067, 0.5518707633018494, 0.09290632605552673, 0.0546177439391613, 0.5733211636543274, -0.22587516903877258, -0.3492744565010071, -0.583026647567749, 0.3584333658218384, -0.12732475996017456, 0.17639672756195068, -0.9934014678001404, 0.18536722660064697, 0.7153871655464172, 0.592863917350769, 0.35396644473075867, -0.28379201889038086, -0.33092567324638367, -0.15042945742607117, 0.1381528079509735, 0.4978404641151428, 0.18358105421066284, -0.17600832879543304, 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125237	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey%20City%2C%20New%20Jersey	Jersey City, New Jersey	Jersey City is the second-most populous city in the U.S. state of New Jersey, after Newark. It is the county seat of Hudson County as well as the county's largest city. The 2020 United States census showed that the city's population was 292,449, ranking as the 71st-most-populous incorporated place in the nation. The 2020 census represents an increase of 18.1% from the 2010 United States Census, when the city's population stood at 247,597. After a peak population of 316,715 measured in the 1930 census, the city's population saw a half-century-long decline to 223,532 in the 1980 census. Since then, the city's population has rebounded, with the 2020 population reflecting an increase of 44,852 (18.1%) from the 247,597 counted in the 2010 Census, which had an increase of 7,542 (+3.1%) from the 240,055 counted in the 2000 census, which had in turn increased by 11,518 (+5.0%) from the 228,537 counted in the 1990 census. Part of the New York metropolitan area, Jersey City is bounded on the east by the Hudson River and Upper New York Bay and on the west by the Hackensack River and Newark Bay. A port of entry, with of waterfront and extensive rail infrastructure and connectivity, the city is an important transportation terminus and distribution and manufacturing center for the Port of New York and New Jersey. Jersey City shares significant mass transit connections with Manhattan. Redevelopment of the Jersey City waterfront has made the city one of the largest centers of banking and finance in the United States and has led to the district and city being nicknamed Wall Street West. History Lenape and New Netherland The land comprising what is now Jersey City was inhabited by the Lenape, a collection of tribes (later called Delaware Indian). In 1609, Henry Hudson, seeking an alternate route to East Asia, anchored his small vessel Halve Maen (English: Half Moon) at Sandy Hook, Harsimus Cove and Weehawken Cove, and elsewhere along what was later named the North River. After spending nine days surveying the area and meeting its inhabitants, he sailed as far north as Albany. The contemporary flag of the city is a variation on the Prince's Flag from the Netherlands. The stripes are blue, white and yellow, with the center of the flag showing the city seal, depicting Hudson's ship, the Half Moon, and other modern vessels. By 1621, the Dutch West India Company was organized to manage this new territory and in June 1623, New Netherland became a Dutch province, with headquarters in New Amsterdam. Michael Reyniersz Pauw received a land grant as patroon on the condition that he would establish a settlement of not fewer than fifty persons within four years. He chose the west bank of the North River (Hudson River) and purchased the land from the Lenape. This grant is dated November 22, 1630, and is the earliest known conveyance for what are now Hoboken and Jersey City. Pauw, however, was an absentee landlord who neglected to populate the area and was obliged to sell his holdings back to the Company in 1633. That year, a house was built at Communipaw for Jan Evertsen Bout, superintendent of the colony, which had been named Pavonia (the Latinized form of Pauw's name, which means "peacock"). Shortly after, another house was built at Harsimus Cove and became the home of Cornelius Van Vorst, who had succeeded Bout as superintendent, and whose family would become influential in the development of the city. Relations with the Lenape deteriorated, in part because of the colonialist's mismanagement and misunderstanding of the indigenous people, and led to series of raids and reprisals and the virtual destruction of the settlement on the west bank. During Kieft's War, approximately eighty Lenapes were killed by the Dutch in a massacre at Pavonia on the night of February 25, 1643. Scattered communities of farmsteads characterized the Dutch settlements at Pavonia: Communipaw, Harsimus, Paulus Hook, Hoebuck, Awiehaken, Pamrapo, and other lands "behind Kill van Kull". The village of Bergen (located inside a palisaded garrison) was established on what is now Bergen Square in 1660 and officially chartered on September 5, 1661, as the state's first local civil government. As a result, it is regarded as the first permanent settlement and oldest municipality in what would become the state of New Jersey. In addition, the oldest surviving houses in Jersey City are of Dutch origin including the Newkirk House (1690), the Van Vorst Farmhouse (1740), and the Van Wagenen House (1740). 19th century In 1804, Alexander Hamilton, now a private citizen, was focused on increasing manufacturing in the greater New York City area. To that end, he helped to create the Associates of the Jersey Company which would lay the groundwork for modern Jersey City through private development. The consortium behind the company were predominantly Federalists who, like Hamilton, had been swept out of power in the election of 1800 by Thomas Jefferson and other Democratic-Republicans. Large tracts of land in Paulus Hook were purchased by the company with the titles owned by Anthony Dey, who was from a prominent old Dutch family, and his two cousins, Colonel Richard Varick, the former mayor of New York City (1789–1801), and Jacob Radcliff, a Justice of the New York Supreme Court who would later become mayor of New York City (twice) from 1810 to 1811 and again from 1815 – 1818. They laid out the city squares and streets that still characterize the neighborhood, giving them names also seen in Lower Manhattan or after war heroes (Grove, Varick, Mercer, Wayne, Monmouth and Montgomery among them). Despite Hamilton's untimely death in August 1804, the Association carried on, though the enterprise was mired in a legal dispute between New York City and the state of New Jersey over who owned the waterfront. The unresolved dispute would continue until the Treaty of 1834 where New York City formally ceded control of Jersey City to New Jersey. Over that time though, the Jersey Company applied to the New Jersey Legislature to incorporate the Town of Jersey. The legislature enacted "An Act to incorporate the City of Jersey, in the County of Bergen" on January 28, 1820. Under the provision, five freeholders (including Varick, Dey, and Radcliff) were to be chosen as "the Board of Selectmen of Jersey City," thereby establishing the first governing body of the emerging municipality. The city was reincorporated on January 23, 1829, and again on February 22, 1838, at which time it became completely independent of North Bergen and was given its present name. On February 22, 1840, it became part of the newly created Hudson County. During the 19th century, former slaves reached Jersey City on one of the four routes of the Underground Railroad that led to the city. Soon after the Civil War, the idea arose of uniting all of the towns of Hudson County east of the Hackensack River into one municipality. A bill was approved by the state legislature on April 2, 1869, with a special election to be held on October 5, 1869. An element of the bill provide that only contiguous towns could be consolidated. While a majority of the voters across the county approved the merger, the only municipalities that had approved the consolidation plan and that adjoined Jersey City were Hudson City and Bergen City. The consolidation began on March 17, 1870, taking effect on May 3, 1870. Three years later the present outline of Jersey City was completed when Greenville agreed to merge into the Greater Jersey City. In the late 1880s, three passenger railroad terminals opened in Jersey City next to the Hudson River (Pavonia Terminal, Exchange Place and Communipaw). Tens of millions of immigrants passed through these stations as they made their way westward from Ellis Island into the United States. The railroads transformed the geography of the city by building the Erie Cut as well as several large freight rail yards. 20th and 21st centuries Jersey City was a dock and manufacturing town for much of the 19th and 20th centuries. Much like New York City, Jersey City has always been a destination for new immigrants to the United States. In its heyday before World War II, German, Irish, and Italian immigrants found work at Colgate, Chloro or Dixon Ticonderoga. In 1908, the first permanent disinfection system for drinking water in the U.S. was installed on the water supply for the city by John L. Leal. The Hudson Tubes opened in 1911, allowing passengers to take the train to Manhattan as an alternative to the extensive ferry system. The Black Tom explosion occurred on July 30, 1916, as an act of sabotage on American ammunition supplies by German agents to prevent the materials from being used by the Allies in World War I. From 1917 to 1947, Jersey City was governed by Mayor Frank Hague. Originally elected as a candidate supporting reform in governance, the Jersey City History website says his name is "synonymous with the early twentieth century urban American blend of political favoritism and social welfare known as bossism". Hague ran the city with an iron fist while, at the same time, molding governors, United States senators, and judges to his whims. Boss Hague was known to be loud and vulgar, but dressed in a stylish manner, earning him the nickname "King Hanky-Panky". In his later years in office, Hague would often dismiss his enemies as "reds" or "commies". Hague lived like a millionaire, despite having an annual salary that never exceeded $8,500. He was able to maintain a fourteen-room duplex apartment in Jersey City, a suite at the Plaza Hotel in Manhattan, and a palatial summer home in the seaside community of Deal, and travel to Europe yearly in the royal suites of the best ocean liners. After Hague's retirement from politics, a series of mayors including John V. Kenny, Thomas J. Whelan and Thomas F. X. Smith attempted to take control of Hague's organization, usually under the mantle of political reform. None were able to duplicate the level of power held by Hague, but the city and the county remained notorious for political corruption for years. By the 1970s the city experienced a period of urban decline that saw many of its wealthy residents leave for the suburbs, due to rising crime, civil unrest, political corruption, and economic hardship. From 1950 to 1980, Jersey City lost 75,000 residents, and from 1975 to 1982, it lost 5,000 jobs, or 9% of its workforce. Beginning in the 1980s, development of the waterfront in an area previously occupied by rail yards and factories helped to stir the beginnings of a renaissance for Jersey City. The rapid construction of numerous high-rise buildings increased the population and led to the development of the Exchange Place financial district, also known as "Wall Street West", one of the largest financial centers in the United States. Large financial institutions such as UBS, Goldman Sachs, Chase Bank, Citibank, and Merrill Lynch occupy prominent buildings on the Jersey City waterfront, some of which are among the tallest buildings in New Jersey. Simultaneous to this building boom, the light-rail network was developed. With of office space as of 2011, it has the nation's 12th-largest downtown. City Ordinance 13.097, passed in October 2013, requires employers with ten or more employees to offer up to five paid sick days a year. The bill impacts all businesses employing workers who work at least 80 hours a calendar year in Jersey City. Geography Jersey City is the seat of Hudson County and the second-most-populous city in New Jersey. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city had a total area of 21.13 square miles (54.74 km2), including 14.74 square miles (38.19 km2) of land and 6.39 square miles (16.55 km2) of water (30.24%). As of the 1990 census, it had the smallest land area of the 100 most populous cities in the United States. Jersey City is bordered to the east by the Hudson River, to the north by Secaucus, North Bergen, Union City and Hoboken, to the west, across the Hackensack River, by Kearny and Newark, and to the south by Bayonne. Jersey City includes most of Ellis Island (the parts awarded to New Jersey by the 1998 U.S. Supreme Court in the case of New Jersey v. New York). Liberty Island is surrounded by Jersey City waters in the Upper New York Bay. Given their proximity and accessibility by rapid transit to Manhattan, Jersey City and Hudson County are sometimes referred to as New York City's Sixth borough. Jersey City (and most of Hudson County) is located on the peninsula known as Bergen Neck, with a waterfront on the east at the Hudson River and New York Bay and on the west at the Hackensack River and Newark Bay. Its north–south axis corresponds with the ridge of Bergen Hill, the emergence of the Hudson Palisades. The city is the site of some of the earliest European settlements in North America, which grew into each other rather than expanding from a central point. This growth and the topography greatly influenced the development of the sections of the city and its various neighborhoods. Neighborhoods The city is divided into six wards. Bergen-Lafayette Bergen-Lafayette, formerly Bergen City, New Jersey, lies between Greenville to the south and McGinley Square to the north, while bordering Liberty State Park and Downtown to the east and the West Side neighborhood to the west. Communipaw Avenue, Bergen Avenue, Martin Luther King Drive, and Ocean Avenue are main thoroughfares. The former Jersey City Medical Center complex, a cluster of Art Deco buildings on a rise in the center of the city, has been converted into residential complexes called The Beacon. Completed in 2016 at a cost of $38 million, Berry Lane Park is located along Garfield Avenue in the northern section of Bergen-Lafayette; covering , it the largest municipal park in Jersey City. Downtown Jersey City Downtown Jersey City is the area from the Hudson River westward to the Newark Bay Extension of the New Jersey Turnpike (Interstate 78) and the New Jersey Palisades; it is also bounded by Hoboken to the north and Liberty State Park to the south. Historic Downtown is an area of mostly low-rise buildings to the west of the waterfront that is highly desirable due to its proximity to local amenities and Manhattan. It includes the neighborhoods of Van Vorst Park and Hamilton Park, which are both square parks surrounded by brownstones. This historic downtown also includes Paulus Hook, the Village and Harsimus Cove neighborhoods. Newark Avenue & Grove Street, are the main thoroughfares in Downtown Jersey City, both have seen a lot of development and the surrounding neighborhoods have many stores and restaurants. The Grove Street PATH station is in the process of being renovated and a number of new residential buildings are being built around the stop, including a proposed 50-story building at 90 Columbus. Historic Downtown is home to many cultural attractions including the Jersey City Museum, the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad Powerhouse (planned to become a museum and artist housing) and the Harsimus Stem Embankment along Sixth Street, which a citizens' movement is working to turn into public parkland that would be modeled after the High Line in Manhattan. Newport and Exchange Place are redeveloped waterfront areas consisting mostly of residential towers, hotels and office buildings that are among the tallest buildings in the city. Newport is a planned mixed-use community, built on the old Erie Lackawanna Railway yards, made up of residential rental towers, condominiums, office buildings, a marina, schools, restaurants, hotels, Newport Centre Mall, a waterfront walkway, transportation facilities, and on-site parking for more than 15,000 vehicles. Newport had a hand in the renaissance of Jersey City although, before ground was broken, much of the downtown area had already begun a steady climb (much like Hoboken). In recent years, this area of Jersey City has undergone gentrification. Prior to the September 11 attacks Jersey City had three office towers over 100 meters tall. Since then, three more office towers and 10 residential buildings over 100 meters in height have been completed. In January 2016, the Federal Aviation Administration gave navigational clearance for construction of a 79-story, residential and commercial tower planned by the Chinese Overseas America Corporation, which would succeed the Goldman Sachs Tower, also in Downtown Jersey City, as the tallest skyscraper in New Jersey. The Heights The Heights or Jersey City Heights is a district in the north end of Jersey City atop the New Jersey Palisades overlooking Hoboken to the east and Croxton in the Meadowlands to the west. Previously the city of Hudson City, The Heights was incorporated into Jersey City in 1869. The southern border of The Heights is generally considered to be north of Bergen Arches and The Divided Highway, while Paterson Plank Road in Washington Park is its main northern boundary. Transfer Station is just over the city line. Its postal area ZIP Code is 07307. The Heights mostly contains two- and three-family houses and low rise apartment buildings, and is similar to North Hudson architectural style and neighborhood character. Journal Square Journal Square is a mixed-use district. It takes its name from the newspaper Jersey Journal, whose headquarters were located there from 1911 to 2013. The square was created in 1923 when the city condemned and demolished the offices of the Jersey Journal, creating a broad intersection with Hudson Boulevard which itself had been widened in 1908. McGinley Square is located in close proximity to Journal Square, and has been described as an extension of it. Greenville Greenville is on the south end of Jersey City. In the 2010s, the neighborhood underwent a revitalization. Considered an affordable neighborhood in the New York City area, a number of Ultra-Orthodox Jews and young families purchased homes and built a substantial community there, attracted by housing that costs less than half of comparable homes in New York City. In a December 2019 shooting incident, three bystanders were killed in a kosher market in Greenville. The two assailants, who had earlier killed a police detective, were also shot and killed. Climate The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen climate classification system, Jersey City has a humid subtropical climate in which, its climate is similar to its parallel cities like Newark and New York City, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. Demographics At the 2020 census, Jersey City had a population of 292,449, up from 247,597 at the 2010 United States census. The population density was 17,954.6 persons per square mile. At the 2020 census, Jersey City experienced an increase of 44,852 residents (18.1%) from its 2010 census population of 247,597. Since it was believed the earlier population was under-counted, the 2010 census was anticipated with the possibility that Jersey City might become the state's most populated city, surpassing Newark. The city hired an outside firm to contest the results, citing the fact that development in the city between 2000 and 2010 substantially increased the number of housing units and that new populations may have been under-counted by as many as 30,000 residents based on the city's calculations. Preliminary findings indicated that 19,000 housing units went uncounted. Per the American Community Survey's 2014–2018 estimates, Jersey City's age distribution was 7.7% of the population under 5, 13.2% between 6–18, 69% – from 19 to 64, and 10.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age 34.2 years. Females made up 50.8% of the population and there were 100.1 males per 100 females. 86.5% of the population graduated high school, while 44.9% of the population had a bachelor's degree or higher. 7.1% of residents under 65 were disabled, while 15.9% of residents live without health insurance. There were 110,801 housing units and 102,353 households in 2018. The average household size was 2.57. The average per capita income was $36,453, and the median household income was $62,739. 18.7% of residents lived below the poverty line. 67.9% of residents 16+ were within the civilian labor force. The mean travel time to work for residents was 36.8 minutes. 28.6% of housing units are owner-occupied, with the median value of the homes being $344,200. The median gross rent in the city was $1,271. Race and ethnicity Jersey City is one of the most ethnically diverse cities in the world. The city is a major port of entry for immigration to the United States and a major employment center at the approximate core of the New York City metropolitan area; and given its proximity to Manhattan, Jersey City has evolved a globally cosmopolitan ambiance of its own, demonstrating a robust and growing demographic and cultural diversity with respect to metrics including nationality, religion, race, and domiciliary partnership. There were an estimated 55,493 non-Hispanic whites in Jersey City, according to the 2013–2017 American Community Survey, representing a 4.2% increase from 53,236 non-Hispanic whites enumerated in the 2010 United States census. An estimated 63,788 African Americans resided in Jersey City, or 24.0% of the city's population in 2017, representing a slight decrease from 64,002 African Americans enumerated in the 2010 United States census. This is in contrast with Hudson County overall, where there were an estimated 84,114 African Americans, according to the 2013–2017 American Community Survey, representing a 2.3% increase from 83,925 African Americans enumerated in the county in the 2010 United States census. However, modest growth in the African immigrant population, most notably the growing Nigerian American and Kenyan American populations in Jersey City, is partially offsetting the decline in the city's American-born black population, which as a whole has been experiencing an exodus from northern New Jersey to the Southern United States. Approximately 76,637 Latino and Hispanic Americans lived in Jersey City, composing 28.8% of the population in 2017, representing a 12.3% increase from 68,256 Latino or Hispanic Americans enumerated in the 2010 United States census. Immigrants from South America, led by Ecuador, are a growing component of Jersey City's population. Stateside Puerto Ricans, making up a third of the city's Latin American or Hispanic population, constituted the largest Hispanic group in Jersey City. While Cuban Americans are not as highly concentrated in Jersey City as they are in northern Hudson County, Jersey City has hosted the annual Cuban Parade and Festival of New Jersey at Exchange Place on its downtown waterfront since it was established in 2001. An estimated 67,526 Asian Americans live in Jersey City, constituting 25.4% of the city's population, representing a 15.2% increase from 58,595 Asian Americans enumerated in the 2010 United States census. India Square, also known as "Little India" or "Little Bombay", home to the highest concentration of Asian Indians in the Western Hemisphere, is a rapidly growing Indian American ethnic enclave in Jersey City. Indian Americans constituted 10.9% of the overall population of Jersey City in 2010, the highest proportion of any major U.S. city. India Square has been home to the largest outdoor Navratri festivities in New Jersey as well as several Hindu temples; while an annual, color-filled spring Holi festival has taken place in Jersey City since 1992, centered upon India Square and attracting significant participation and international media attention. In 2017 there were an estimated 31,578 Indian Americans in Jersey City, representing a 16.5% increase from 27,111 Indian Americans enumerated in the 2010 United States census. Filipino Americans, with 16,610 residents, made up 6.2% of Jersey City's population. The Five Corners district is home to a thriving Filipino community and Jersey City's Little Manila, which is the second-largest Asian American subgroup in the city. A variety of Filipino restaurants, shippers and freighters, doctors' officers, bakeries, stores, and an office of The Filipino Channel have made Newark Avenue their home. The largest Filipino-owned grocery store on the East Coast of the United States, Phil-Am Food, has been there since 1973. An array of Filipino-owned businesses can also be found at the section of West Side of Jersey City, where many of its residents are of Filipino descent. In 2006, a Red Ribbon pastry shop, one of the Philippines' most famous food chains, opened its first branch on the East Coast in the Garden State. Manila Avenue in Downtown Jersey City was named for the Philippine capital city because of the many Filipinos who built their homes on this street during the 1970s. A memorial, dedicated to the Filipino American veterans of the Vietnam War, was built in a small square on Manila Avenue. A park and statue dedicated to Jose P. Rizal, a national hero of the Philippines, is located in downtown Jersey City. Jersey City is the host of the annual Philippine-American Friendship Day Parade, an event that occurs yearly in June, on its last Sunday. The City Hall of Jersey City raises the Philippine flag in correlation to this event and as a tribute to the contributions of the Filipino community. The Santacruzan Procession along Manila Avenue has taken place since 1977. Behind English and Spanish, Tagalog is the third-most-common language spoken in Jersey City. Jersey City was home to an estimated 9,379 Chinese Americans in 2017, representing a notably rapid growth of 66.2% from the 5,643 Chinese Americans enumerated in the 2010 United States census. Chinese nationals have also been obtaining EB-5 immigrant visas by investing US$500,000 apiece in new Downtown Jersey City residential skyscrapers. New Jersey's largest Vietnamese American population resides in Jersey City. There were an estimated 1,813 Vietnamese Americans in Jersey City, according to the 2013–2017 American Community Survey, representing a 12.8% increase from 1,607 Vietnamese Americans enumerated in the 2010 United States census. Arab Americans numbered an estimated 18,628 individuals in Hudson County per the 2013–2017 American Community Survey, representing 2.8% of the county's total population. Arab Americans are the second- highest percentage in New Jersey after Passaic County. Arab Americans are most concentrated in Jersey City, led by Egyptian Americans, including the largest population of Coptic Christians in the United States. Sexual orientation and gender identity There were 2,726 same-sex couples in Hudson County in 2010, with Jersey City being the hub, prior to the commencement of same-sex marriages in New Jersey on October 21, 2013. Religion Nearly 59.6% of Jersey City's inhabitants are religious adherents, of which 46.2% are Catholic Christians and 7.3% are Protestant Christians. Muslims constituted 3.4% of religious adherents in Jersey City, with local Latino and Hispanics being the largest demographic converting to Islam after Black or African Americans. Eastern religions including Buddhism, Hinduism and Sikhism make up 1.5% of the city's religious demographic, with Judaism at 0.6%. Jersey City has a growing Orthodox Jewish population, centered in the Greenville neighborhood. Economy Jersey City is a regional employment center with over 100,000 private and public sector jobs, which creates a daytime swell in population. Many jobs are in the financial and service sectors, as well as in shipping, logistics, and retail. Jersey City's tax base grew by $136 million in 2017, giving Jersey City the largest municipal tax base in the State of New Jersey. As part of a 2017 revaluation, the city's property tax base is expected to increase from $6.2 billion to $26 billion. Wall Street West Jersey City's Hudson River waterfront, from Exchange Place to Newport, is known as Wall Street West and has over 13 million square feet of Class A office space. One third of the private sector jobs in the city are in the financial services sector: more than 60% are in the securities industry, 20% are in banking and 8% in insurance. Jersey City is home to the headquarters of Verisk Analytics and Lord Abbett, a privately held money management firm. Companies such as Computershare, ADP, IPC Systems, and Fidelity Investments also conduct operations in the city. In 2014, Forbes magazine moved its headquarters to the district, having been awarded a $27 million tax grant in exchange for bringing 350 jobs to the city over a ten-year period. Retail Jersey City has several shopping districts, some of which are traditional main streets for their respective neighborhoods, such as Central, Danforth, and West Side Avenues. Journal Square is a major commercial district. Newport Mall is a regional shopping area. Portions of the city are part of an Urban Enterprise Zone (UEZ). Jersey City was selected in 1983 as one of the initial group of 10 zones chosen to participate in the program. In addition to other benefits to encourage employment and investment within the Zone, shoppers can take advantage of a reduced 3.3125% sales tax rate (half of the 6.625% rate charged statewide) at eligible merchants. Established in November 1992, the city's Urban Enterprise Zone status expires in November 2023. About one third of Jersey City is included in the state's largest Urban Enterprise Zone. Port Jersey Port Jersey is an intermodal freight transport facility that includes a container terminal located on the Upper New York Bay in the Port of New York and New Jersey. The municipal border of the Hudson County cities of Jersey City and Bayonne runs along the long pier extending into the bay. The north end of the facility houses the Greenville Yard, a rail yard located on a manmade peninsula that was built in the early 1900s by the Pennsylvania Railroad, The central area of the facility contains GCT Bayonne, a major post-panamax shipping facility operated by Global Container Terminals that underwent a major expansion in June 2014. The largest ship ever to call at the Port of New York-New Jersey, the MOL Benefactor, docked at Port Jersey in July 2016 after sailing from China through the newly widened Panama Canal. Other Goya Foods, which had been headquartered in adjacent Secaucus, opened a new headquarters including a warehouse and distribution center in Jersey City in April 2015. In 2014, Paul Fireman proposed a 95-story tower for Jersey City that would have included a casino. The project, which was endorsed by Mayor Steve Fulop, would cost an estimated $4.6 billion. In February 2014, New Jersey State Senate President Stephen Sweeney argued that Jersey City, among other distressed cities, could benefit from a casino—were construction of one outside of Atlantic City eventually permitted by New Jersey. In 2020, Merck & Co spin-off Organon International agreed to locate its headquarters at Goldman Sachs Tower. Art and culture Based upon a 2011 survey of census data on the number of artists as a percentages of the population, The Atlantic magazine called Jersey City the 10th-most-artistic city in the United States. Notable landmarks Statue of Liberty National Monument, Ellis Island and Liberty Island (Liberty Island and part of Ellis Island are located in New York; but closer to the Jersey shore.) Liberty Science Center The Katyń Memorial by well-known Polish-American artist Andrzej Pitynski on Exchange Place is the first memorial of its kind to be raised on American soil to honor the dead of the Katyń Forest Massacre. The Colgate Clock, promoted by Colgate-Palmolive as the largest in the world, sits in Jersey City and faces Lower New York Bay and Lower Manhattan (it is clearly visible from Battery Park in lower Manhattan). The clock, which is in diameter with a minute hand weighing , was erected in 1924 to replace a smaller one that was relocated to a plant in Jeffersonville, Indiana. The Landmark Loew's Jersey Theatre, one of the five Loew's Wonder Theatres constructed in the 1920s and the only one located outside of New York City, is located in Journal Square. Currently presenting classic films, live performances, and events while the theatre undergoes restoration by volunteers. The White Eagle Hall is a renovated and re-opened historic theater. Constructed in 1910, it had served as the practice gym for the Saint Anthony High School Friars basketball program. Museums and libraries The Jersey City Free Public Library has a Main Library and nine branches. Liberty State Park is home to Central Railroad of New Jersey Terminal, the Interpretive Center, and Liberty Science Center, an interactive science and learning center. The center, which first opened in 1993 as New Jersey's first major state science museum, has science exhibits, the world's largest IMAX Dome theater, numerous educational resources, and the original Hoberman sphere. From the park, ferries travel to both Ellis Island and the Immigration Museum and Liberty Island, site of the Statue of Liberty. The Jersey City Museum, Mana Contemporary, and the Museum of Russian Art, which specializes in Soviet Nonconformist Art, include permanent collections and special exhibits. Some stations of the Hudson Bergen Light Rail feature public art exhibitions, including those at Exchange Place, Danforth Avenue and Martin Luther King Drive station. Festivals and events Jersey City is home to several annual visual and performing arts festivals, fairs, and other events. These include Jersey City Art & Studio Tour (JCAST), a city-sponsored visual art showcase founded in 1990, Art Fair 14C, a non-profit juried exhibition for New Jersey artists, and Your Move Modern Dance Festival, which was founded in 2010 and continues to be produced by Art House Productions. Jersey City has also hosted JC Fridays, a city-wide quarterly seasonal arts festival organized by Art House Productions each March, June, September, and December since 2006. Art House Productions also produces the Jersey City Comedy Festival (formerly known as the 6th Borough Comedy Festival), which presents stand up, improv, and sketch comedy. Since 1992, the Hudson Shakespeare Company has been the resident Shakespeare festival of Hudson County performing a free Shakespeare production for each month of the summer throughout various parks in the city. The group regularly performs at Hamilton Park (9th Street & Jersey Avenue), Van Vorst Park (Jersey Avenue & Montgomery Street), and The Historic Jersey City and Harsimus Cemetery (435 Newark Avenue). The Golden Door Film Festival has taken place since 2011. In literature The American poet Wallace Stevens described the city as a place where "the deer and the dachshund are one." Government Local Jersey City is governed under the Faulkner Act (mayor–council) form of municipal government. The city is one of 42 municipalities (of the 565) statewide that use this form of government. The governing body is comprised of the Mayor and the nine-member City Council. The city council is comprised of six members elected from wards and three elected at-large, all elected to concurrent four-year terms on a non-partisan basis as part of the November general election. , the mayor is Steven Fulop, whose term of office ends December 31, 2021. Members of the City Council are Council President Rolando R. Lavarro Jr., Richard Boggiano (Ward C – Journal Square), Mira Prinz-Arey (Ward B – West Side), Denise Ridley (Ward A – Greenville), Daniel Rivera (at large), Jermaine D. Robinson (Ward F – Bergen/Lafayette), Yousef J. Saleh (Ward D – The Heights; appointed to serve an unexpired term), James Solomon (Ward E – Downtown) and Joyce Watterman (at large), all of whom are serving concurrent terms of office that end December 31, 2021. In April 2020, Yousef J. Saleh was appointed to fill the Ward D seat that became vacant following the death earlier that month of Michael Yun from complications related to COVID-19; Saleh will serve on an interim basis until the November 2020 general election, when voters will choose a candidate to serve the balance of the term of office. The Business Administrator is Brian Platt. The City Clerk is Robert Byrne. Federal, state and county representation Jersey City is split between the 8th and 10th Congressional Districts and is part of New Jersey's 31st and 33rd state legislative districts. Prior to the 2011 reapportionment following the 2010 census, Jersey City had been in the 31st, 32nd and the 33rd state legislative districts. Prior to the 2010 census, Jersey City had been split between the , 10th Congressional District and the , a change made by the New Jersey Redistricting Commission that took effect in January 2013, based on the results of the November 2012 general elections. The split that went into effect in 2013 placed 111,678 residents living in the city's north and east in the 8th District, while 139,519 residents in the southwest portion of the city were placed in the 10th District. The city encompasses three Hudson County freeholder districts in their entirety, while three others are shared with adjacent municipalities. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there was a total of 120,229 registered voters in Jersey City, of whom 58,194 (48.4%) were registered as Democrats, 7,655 (6.4%) were registered as Republicans, and 54,293 (45.2%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 87 voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 85.5% of the vote (64,052 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 13.5% (10,120 votes), and other candidates with 1.0% (751 votes), among the 75,506 ballots cast by the city's 133,197 registered voters (583 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 56.7%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 81.8% of the vote (65,780 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 16.8% (13,529 votes) and other candidates with 0.7% (584 votes), among the 80,381 ballots cast by the city's 139,158 registered voters, for a turnout of 57.8%. In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 74.5% of the vote (52,979 ballots cast), out polling Republican George W. Bush with 22.8% (16,216 votes) and other candidates with 0.5% (559 votes), among the 71,130 ballots cast by the city's 119,723 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 59.4. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Democrat Barbara Buono received 66.5% of the vote (20,421 cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 31.8% (9,784 votes), and other candidates with 1.7% (514 votes), among the 32,347 ballots cast by the city's 139,265 registered voters (1,628 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 23.2%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Democrat Jon Corzine received 76.2% of the vote (29,817 ballots cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 18.7% (7,336 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 3.2% (1,263 votes) and other candidates with 0.9% (371 votes), among the 39,143 ballots cast by the city's 120,269 registered voters, yielding a 32.5% turnout. Emergency services Jersey City Fire Department – JCFD has 550 uniformed firefighters operating out of 14 stations Jersey City is a member of the Metro USAR Strike Team, which is composed of nine north Jersey fire departments. Jersey City Police Department (JCPD) dates back to the appointment of watchmen in 1829. Education Colleges and universities Jersey City is home to New Jersey City University and Saint Peter's University. Hudson County Community College is a junior college located in the Journal Square area offering courses to help students transition into a larger university. The Newark-based New Jersey Institute of Technology has an annex at 101 Hudson Street. The University of Phoenix has a facility at Newport, and Rutgers University offers MBA classes at Harborside Financial Center. Public schools The Jersey City Public Schools serve students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade. The district is one of 31 former Abbott districts statewide, which are now referred to as "SDA Districts" based on the requirement for the state to cover all costs for school building and renovation projects in these districts under the supervision of the New Jersey Schools Development Authority. As of the 2017–18 school year, the district, comprised of 38 schools, had an enrollment of 29,634 students and 2,326.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.7:1. High schools in the district (with 2017–18 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are William L. Dickinson High School Academy of the Sciences (1,780; 9–12), James J. Ferris High School Academy of International Enterprise (1,327; 9–12), Infinity Institute (257; 6–12), Innovation High School (319; 9–12), Liberty High School (188; 9–12), Lincoln High School Academy of Governance and Social Sciences (659; 9–12), Dr. Ronald E. McNair Academic High School (683; 9–12), Renaissance Institute (9–12), and Henry Snyder High School Academy of the Arts (804; 9–12). Dr. Ronald E. McNair Academic High School was the first-ranked public high school in New Jersey out of 322 schools statewide, in New Jersey Monthly magazine's September 2010 cover story on the state's "Top Public High Schools", after being ranked second in 2008 out of 316 schools. and was selected as 41st best high school in the United States in Newsweek magazine's national 2011 survey. William L. Dickinson High School is the oldest high school in the city and one of the largest schools in Hudson County in terms of student population. Opened in 1906 as the Jersey City High School it is one of the oldest school sites in the city, it is a four-story Beaux-Arts building located on a hilltop facing the Hudson River. Among Jersey City's elementary and middle schools is Academy I Middle School and Frank R. Conwell Middle School #4, which is part of the Academic Enrichment Program for Gifted Students. Another school is Alexander D. Sullivan P.S. #30, an ESL magnet school in the Greenville district, which serves nearly 800 Pre-k through 5th grade students. The Hudson County Schools of Technology (which also has campuses in North Bergen and Secaucus) has a campus in Jersey City, which includes County Prep High School. Jersey City also has 12 charter schools, which are run under a special charter granted by the Commissioner of the New Jersey Department of Education, including the Mathematics, Engineering, Technology and Science Charter School (for grades 6 – 12) and the Dr. Lena Edwards Charter School (for K-8), which were approved in January 2011. BelovED Community Charter School opened in 2012 and has purchased a half-acre parcel of land on Grand Street to make room for a new , $12 million middle school building designed to serve 240 students in sixth through ninth grades. Private schools Catholic schools The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark maintains a network of elementary and secondary Catholic schools serve every area of Jersey City. High schools administered by the Archdiocese are Hudson Catholic Regional High School, Saint Dominic Academy and St. Peter's Preparatory School. St. Mary High School closed in June 2011 due to declining enrollment. St. Anthony High School, a prep basketball powerhouse known for its success under Bob Hurley and his 26 state championships in 39 years as a coach, closed in June 2017 due to declining funding and enrollment. Catholic K-8 elementary schools include Our Lady of Czestochowa School, Sacred Heart School, Saint Aloysius Elementary Academy, St. Joseph School and St. Nicholas School. In 2015, Our Lady of Czestochowa School was one of 15 schools in New Jersey, and one of six private schools, recognized as a National Blue Ribbon School in the exemplary high performing category by the United States Department of Education. In the face of declining enrollment and rising expenses, the Newark Archdiocese closed Our Lady of Mercy Academy (founded in 1964) and Resurrection School at the end of the 2012–13 school year. St. Anne School closed at the end of the 2011–12 school year after 112 years, as enrollment declined from 700 students in 1976 to 240 in 2010–11 and 188 in the school's final year of operation. Other private schools Other private high schools in Jersey City include First Christian Pentecostal Academy and Stevens Cooperative School. Kenmare High School is operated through the York Street Project as part of an effort to reduce rates of poverty in households headed by women, through a program that offers small class sizes, individualized learning and development of life skills. The French American Academy, located in the century-old three-story building of the former St. Mary's High School, is a private bilingual school PK-3. A number of other private schools are also available. Genesis Educational Center is a private Christian school located in downtown Jersey City for ages newborn through 8th grade. The Jersey City Art School is a private art school located in downtown Jersey City for all ages. Media Jersey City is located in the New York media market, and most of its daily papers are available for sale or delivery. The daily newspaper The Jersey Journal, formerly located at its namesake Journal Square, covers Hudson County, its morning daily, Hudson Dispatch now defunct. The Jersey City Reporter is part of The Hudson Reporter group of local weeklies. The Jersey City Independent is a web-only news outlet that covers politics and culture in the city. The River View Observer is another weekly published in the city and distributed throughout the county. Another countywide weekly, El Especialito, also serves the city. The Jersey City Independent is an online newspaper covering Jersey City and surrounding municipalities. It also publishes JCI Magazine, a print quarterly magazine. The Daily News maintains extensive publishing and distribution facilities at Liberty Industrial Park. WSNR AM 620 is licensed to Jersey City. WFMU 91.1FM (WMFU 90.1 FM in the Hudson Valley), the longest-running freeform radio station in the United States, moved to Jersey City in 1998. Jersey City was the filming location for the debut season of the 2012 reality television series Snooki & JWoww, a spinoff of Jersey Shore that starred Nicole "Snooki" Polizzi and Jennifer "JWoww" Farley living at a former firehouse at 38 Mercer Street at Grove Street in Downtown Jersey City. Transportation Of all Jersey City commuters, 8.17% walk to work, and 46.62% take public transit. This is the second highest percentage of public transit riders of any city with a population of 100,000+ in the United States, behind only New York City and ahead of Washington, D.C. 40.67% of Jersey City households do not own an automobile, the second-highest of all cities in the United States with 50,000 to 250,000 residents. Air Newport Helistop Heliport, at Hudson River at Newport Mass transit Rail Hudson-Bergen Light Rail: One of the most popular forms of transportation in the city. Of the 24 HBLR stations that connect its three terminus points, 13 are located in Jersey City. PATH: 24-hour rapid transit system with four stations in Jersey City: Exchange Place, Newport, Grove Street, and Journal Square. Service goes to Hoboken Terminal in Hoboken, 33rd Street station in Midtown Manhattan, World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan, and Newark Penn Station in Newark. At the last station, inter-state Amtrak connections can be made. Hoboken Terminal, straddling the city's northeast corner: Main Line (to Suffern, and in partnership with MTA/Metro-North, express service to Port Jervis), Bergen County Line, and Pascack Valley Line, all via Secaucus Junction (where transfer is possible to Northeast Corridor Line); Montclair-Boonton Line and Morris and Essex Lines (both via Newark Broad Street Station); North Jersey Coast Line (limited service as Waterfront Connection via Newark Penn Station to Long Branch and Bay Head); Raritan Valley Line (limited service via Newark Penn). Bus The Journal Square Transportation Center, Exchange Place and Hoboken Terminal are major origination/destination points for buses. Service is available to numerous points in Jersey City, Hudson County, and some suburban areas as well as to Newark on the 1, 2, 6, 10, 22, 64, 67, 68, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 123, 125, 319 lines. Also serving Jersey City are various lines operated by Academy Bus and A&C Bus. Increased use of jitneys, locally known as dollar vans, has greatly affected travel patterns in Hudson County, leading to decreased bus ridership on traditional bus lines. After studies examining existing systems and changes in public transportation usage patterns it was determined that a Journal Square-Bayonne bus rapid transit system should be investigated. In 2012, the Board of Chosen Freeholders authorized the identification of possible BRT corridors. Since 2016, two Taiwanese airlines, China Airlines and EVA Air, have provided private bus services to and from John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City for customers based in New Jersey. These bus services stop in Jersey City. Via on-demand public transit In February 2020, the city launched its on-demand transit system in partnership with Via Transportation. The city-run microtransit service, Via Jersey City, complements and extends the existing public transit networks, providing better connections between residential neighborhoods, business districts, government facilities, PATH stations, and ferry and light rail stops in the north and south regions of the city. Commuters can use the Via app to book an on-demand ride from their smartphone. As of March 2021, Via Jersey City was expanding to provide a weekend service. Water NY Waterway ferries operate between Harborside, Paulus Hook Ferry Terminal, Liberty Harbor and Port Liberté to Manhattan at Battery Park City Ferry Terminal, Pier 11/Wall Street, and West Midtown Ferry Terminal, where free transfer is available to a variety of "loop" buses. Statue Cruises provides service to and between Ellis Island and Liberty Island Liberty Water Taxi operates ferries between Liberty Landing Marina, Warren Street and the World Financial Center. Road , the city had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Hudson County and by the New Jersey Department of Transportation, by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey and by the New Jersey Turnpike Authority. Holland Tunnel: From Boyle Plaza in downtown Jersey City to its eastern terminus at Canal Street, Manhattan (carries Interstate 78 and Route 139) Highways include the New Jersey Turnpike Extension (Interstate 78); the Pulaski Skyway (U.S. Route 1/9), Route 7, Route 139, Route 185 and Route 440. Bike A part of the East Coast Greenway, a planned unbroken bike route from Maine to the Florida Keys, will travel through the city. In June 2012, part of the route was officially designated in Lincoln Park and over the Lincoln Highway Hackensack River Bridge. Both the Hudson River Waterfront Walkway and Hackensack RiverWalk are bicycle friendly. In April 2012, the city initiated the Morris Canal Greenway Plan to investigate the establishment of a greenway, including a bicycle path, that would follow the route of the Morris Canal to the greatest extent possible. In the same month, the city established bikes lanes along the length Grove Street, originally meant to temporary. In December 2012, the city announced that Grove Street lanes would become permanent and that it would add an additional of both dedicated and shared bike lanes. The Harbor Ring is an initiative to create a 50-mile bike route along the Lower Hudson River, Upper New York Bay, and Kill van Kull that would incorporate bike paths in the city. In 2013, the city simplified the application and reduced the cost for business and residences to install bike racks as well as making them obligatory for certain new construction projects. Also in 2013, Hudson County had initiated exploration of a bike-share program. Jersey City, Hoboken and Weehawken intended to operate the program starting in 2014 but delayed the launch due to lack of sponsorship. The revamped program officially launched on September 21, 2015, as Citi Bike with membership working in Jersey City and New York City. Modal characteristics Jersey City has a high percentage of residents who commute without a car. In 2015, 40.1 percent of city Jersey City households were without a car, which decreased to 37.1 percent in 2016. The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. Jersey City averaged 0.85 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8 per household. Notable people Sister cities Sister cities of Jersey City are: Cusco, Peru (1988) Karpathos, Greece (1992) Changwon, South Korea (1993) New Delhi, India (1993) Ahmedabad, India (1994) Nantong, China (1994) Ozamiz, Philippines (1995) Jerusalem, Israel (1997) Oviedo, Spain (1998) Sant'Arsenio, Italy (1999) Kolkata, India (2001) Saint John's, Antigua and Barbuda (2002) Palatka, Florida, United States (2016) Gomoa West District, Ghana (2018) Indrawati, Nepal (2018) See also Bergen Township, New Jersey (1661–1862) Demographics of New Jersey Gold Coast, New Jersey Northeast Megalopolis Timeline of Jersey City area railroads Transportation in New Jersey Van Vorst Township, New Jersey References Bibliography External links Official website Jersey City List VisitNJ – Jersey City 1633 establishments in the Dutch Empire 1633 establishments in North America 1838 establishments in New Jersey Cities in Hudson County, New Jersey County seats in New Jersey Faulkner Act (mayor–council) New Jersey Meadowlands District New Jersey Urban Enterprise Zones Populated places established in 1633 Populated places established in 1838 New Jersey populated places on the Hackensack River New Jersey populated places on the Hudson River Populated places on the Underground Railroad Port cities and towns in New Jersey Establishments in New Netherland	[ -0.43330082297325134, -0.5945872664451599, -0.0846317932009697, 0.09239545464515686, 0.28331413865089417, 0.16185149550437927, 0.08649440109729767, 0.8650117516517639, -0.36360839009284973, -0.6593345403671265, -0.22904261946678162, 0.02430683933198452, -0.07278677076101303, 0.38335928320884705, -0.5979598164558411, 0.4920979142189026, 0.5761300325393677, 0.4608977138996124, 0.42472848296165466, -0.3130185306072235, -0.6588694453239441, -0.022637568414211273, 0.3623386025428772, 0.05136141926050186, 0.13956855237483978, -0.4589245319366455, 0.3834587037563324, -0.3678835928440094, -0.15298786759376526, 0.24471087753772736, 0.02950308285653591, 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125239	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kearny%2C%20New%20Jersey	Kearny, New Jersey	Kearny ( ) is a town in the western part of Hudson County, New Jersey, United States and a suburb of Newark. As of the 2010 United States Census, the town's population was 40,684, reflecting an increase of 171 (+0.4%) from the 40,513 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 5,639 (+16.2%) from the 34,874 counted in the 1990 Census. Kearny is named after Civil War general Philip Kearny. It began as a township formed by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on April 8, 1867, from portions of Harrison Township. Portions of the township were taken on July 3, 1895, to form East Newark. Kearny was incorporated as a town on January 19, 1899, based on the results of a referendum held two days earlier. The Arlington section of town was named for Arlington Station on the Erie Railroad at the Arlington Mill plant, owned by Arlington Mills of Lawrence, Massachusetts. History Colonial roots The area of Kearny Township, created in 1867, had been part of the original Crown Grant of obtained by Major William Sandford of Barbados on July 4, 1668. Major Sandford named it New Barbadoes Neck after his old home. As was the custom of the time, the Major paid 20 pounds sterling to Chief Tantaqua of the Hackensack tribe for all their reserve rights and titles. Sanford's Uncle, Major Nathaniel Kingsland acquired the property in 1708 and sold the upper western tract of the Grant for 300 pounds sterling to Captain Arent Schuyler two years later. The new purchase included present-day Kearny, North Arlington, Lyndhurst and Kingsland. Shortly after Schuyler's purchase of his new homestead, a peculiar green stone was uncovered. It was sent to England for analysis and he learned that it contained 80% copper. His opening of a copper mine brought the first steam engine to America from England; it was used to pump out the deep mine shaft. The engine was secretly delivered by its engineer, Josiah Hornblower. The engine and mines were destroyed by fire in 1772 and remained idle for some years. Schuyler Mansion played a role during the American Revolutionary War Era. When Lord Howe of England took possession of New York Harbor, the proximity of Schuyler Mansion drew many of his officers. They generally traveled over a road that today is referred to as the Belleville Turnpike, which was originally constructed in 1759 using cedar logs from the nearby swamps. During September 1777, General Henry Clinton, head of the British Expeditionary Forces in America, selected Schuyler Mansion for his headquarters during one of his more important raiding operations which included the famed Battle of Second River. The Mansion stood until 1924, a period of 214 years, when it was torn down by a land development company, despite the company's offers to transfer the land to an organization that would be able to pay to maintain the property. 19th century In the middle 19th century, Kearny was the upper, or northern, section of the Township of Harrison. A prominent citizen and resident of the upper section, General N. M. Halsted, felt it was impossible under these political conditions for his section to obtain proper recognition. He engaged an energetic campaign for an independent township. He succeeded when the NJ Legislature of 1867 on March 14, adopted "an act creating the Township of Kearny". The town was named to honor Major General Philip Kearny, Commander of the New Jersey Forces in the Civil War and the owner of the mansion known as Belle Grove (or Belgrove), locally called "Kearny Castle". On April 8, 1867, the first election of town officers was held. General N. M. Halsted was elected Chairman. The first official seat of Government was three rooms in the old Lodi Hotel, on the northeast corner of Schuyler and Harrison Avenues. In the early 1870s, Kearny erected its first Town Hall, on the corner of Kearny and Woodland Avenues, the present site of the Knox Presbyterian Church Parish Hall. This served as a Town Hall, Court House, and Schoolhouse. The Minute Book of the Township states on August 16, 1870, the first step toward establishing Kearny's present public school system was taken. The first schoolhouse was housed in the Town Hall built at Kearny and Woodland Avenues in 1873. The Highland Hose No. 4 firehouse, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, was built in 1895. The town's nickname, "Soccer Town, U.S.A." is derived from a soccer tradition that originated in the mid-1870s, when thousands of Scottish and Irish immigrants settled in the town, after two Scottish companies, Clark Thread Company and Nairn Linoleum, opened two local mills and a factory. When the town's growth demanded larger quarters, the present Kearny Town Hall, built of Indiana limestone, was erected in 1909. Factory town The early influx and development of industry in Kearny dates back to 1875 when the Clark Thread Company of Paisley in Scotland extended its activities to the United States by erecting two large mills in Kearny, and adding two others in 1890. These mills brought to Kearny thousands of Scots immigrants. Many of them would play on Kearny's soccer teams in National Association Football League. Many are buried at Arlington Memorial Park in the Kearny Uplands. In 1876, the Mile End Thread Mills started operating, giving employment to several hundred operators. In 1883, the Marshall Flax Spinning Company of England erected a large plant in Kearny, known as the Linen Thread Company. Their need for experienced flax spinners brought an influx of workers from other sections of the British Isles. Families of those early textile workers were the nucleus of Kearny's present population. The Puraline Manufacturing Company, later called the Arlington Company, which became a subsidiary of E. I. DuPont de Nemours Company, had purchased a large tract of land east of the Arlington Station on the Erie Railroad extending well out, north of the railroad embankment, into the meadowland. In 1887, Sir Michael Nairn established the Nairn Linoleum Company of Kirkcaldy in Scotland, now the Congoleum Nairn Company of Kearny, giving further impetus to local industrial growth. This also led to the growth in the Scottish American population which in the 1960s was about 21,000, accounting for more than half of the town's residents. In 1902, the Lovell–Dressel Company, manufacturers of marine and railway lamps and fixtures, located in Kearny adjacent to the Erie Railroad. Other industries which located in Kearny include: Swift & Company, Koppers Company, Theobald Industries, Standard Tool & Manufacturing, Wilkata Box Company, Harris Steel Company and L & R Manufacturing. Between 1926 and 1986, the Kearny Works of Western Electric employed as many as 24,000 in producing a variety of hardware and supplies for the Bell System and was the home of the "Kearny Standard" for tools and equipment, and was sold by AT&T in 1984 by which time the plant had 4,000 employees who earned a total of $128 million a year, making it one of the county's largest employers. Cargo ships were built at Kearny Yards during World War I, and warships during World War II. 21st century The HBO drama series The Sopranos was filmed partially in Kearny. One of its buildings, used for Satriale's Pork Store, was later razed to prepare for a parking lot. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the town had a total area of 10.27 square miles (26.61 km2), including 8.84 square miles (22.91 km2) of land and 1.43 square miles (3.70 km2) of water (13.91%). Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the town include Arlington, New Jersey, Schuylers Corner and West Arlington. The town is bordered by East Newark, Harrison, Lyndhurst, North Arlington (both located in Bergen County) and Secaucus. The Passaic River separates the town from Newark and Belleville, both located in Essex County. The Hackensack River separates it from Jersey City. The town is varied in topography and roughly divided into three parts: the Kearny Uplands, the Kearny Meadows and South Kearny, which is located where the Hackensack and Passaic rivers meet. Main thoroughfares include the eponymous Kearny Avenue (the local segment of Ridge Road / Frank E. Rodgers Boulevard), Bergen Avenue, Midland Avenue, Schuyler Avenue and Passaic Avenue. A number of small parks running along the Passaic River are collectively called Riverbank Park. The largest, located on the colloquial "Bunnyland Hill", is a gift from Kearny's veterans. It is named after a small zoo named Bunnyland, which was maintained by the local Kiwanis Club, that occupied part of the present Bunnyland Hill in the 20th century. During Kearny's Fourth of July celebrations (which include a fireworks display), Bunnyland Hill is the primary gathering spot for celebrants and observers. The largest park is West Hudson Park, shared with Harrison, which contains a variety of sports fields, recreational areas, and an artificial pond. The second largest recreational zone is the Kearny Playground at Gunnel Oval. Demographics Census 2010 The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $58,698 (with a margin of error of ±$3,838) and the median family income was $66,272 (±$3,803). Males had a median income of $45,360 (±$2,598) versus $38,668 (±$3,893) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $24,977 (±$1,022). About 7.6% of families and 10.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.2% of those under age 18 and 8.1% of those age 65 or over. Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 40,513 people, 13,539 households, and 9,802 families residing in the town. The population density was 4,433.2 people per square mile (1,711.4/km2). There were 13,872 housing units at an average density of 1,518.0 per square mile (586.0/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 75.75% White, 3.97% African American, 0.37% Native American, 5.50% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 10.04% from other races, and 4.31% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 27.34% of the population. There were 13,539 households, out of which 34.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.8% were married couples living together, 13.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.6% were non-families. 21.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.81 and the average family size was 3.28. In the town, the population was spread out, with 21.5% under the age of 18, 10.7% from 18 to 24, 35.7% from 25 to 44, 21.3% from 45 to 64, and 10.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 107.0 males. The median income for a household in the town was $47,757, and the median income for a family was $54,596. Males had a median income of $38,672 versus $30,620 for females. The per capita income for the town was $20,886. About 6.1% of families and 8.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.1% of those under age 18 and 10.0% of those age 65 or over. Economy Portions of the town are part of an Urban Enterprise Zone (UEZ), one of 32 zones covering 37 municipalities statewide. Kearny was selected in 1983 as one of the initial group of 10 zones chosen to participate in the program. In addition to other benefits to encourage employment and investment within the Zone, shoppers can take advantage of a reduced 3.3125% sales tax rate (half of the % rate charged statewide) at eligible merchants. Established in November 1992, the town's Urban Enterprise Zone status expires in November 2023. Since its inception, there has been $27 million in tax revenue that has been invested based on revenue from the Urban Enterprise Zone. Government Local government Kearny is governed under the Town form of New Jersey municipal government. The town is one of nine municipalities (of the 565) statewide that use this traditional form of government. The governing body is comprised of the Mayor and Town Council, who are elected on a partisan basis as part of the November general election. The Mayor is elected directly by the voters at-large to a four-year term of office. The Town Council, comprised of eight members, is elected by the voters to four-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with one of the two seats from each of the four wards coming up for election in two consecutive years followed by two years with no elections. The Mayor and Council operate on a legislative basis, with the Mayor having veto power. The day-to-day operations are the responsibility of the Town Administrator whose duties are specified by local ordinance, and who generally carries out the policies adopted by the Mayor and Council. , the Mayor of Kearny is Al Santos, who has been Mayor of Kearny since January 1, 2000, and whose current term of office ends December 31, 2021. Before his election as mayor, Santos served as councilman of Kearny's Second Ward for one year. Members of the Town Council are Albino Cardoso (D, 2022; 1st Ward), Marytrine De Castro (D, 2021; 1st Ward), Carol Jean Doyle (D, 2022; 3rd Ward), Eileen Eckel (D, 2022; 3rd Ward), Gerald J. Ficeto (D, 2021; 4th Ward - elected to serve an unexpired term), Richard P. Konopka (D, 2021; 2nd Ward), Susan A. McCurrie (D, 2022; 4th Ward) and Peter Santana (D, 2022; 2nd Ward). In February 2019, the Town Council appointed Gerald Ficeto to fill the 2nd Ward seat expiring in December 2021 that had been held by Michael D. Landy until he resigned from office in December 2018. in November 2019, Ficeto was elected to serve the balance of the term of office. On January 7, 2017, 2nd Ward Councilman Jonathan Giordano died, creating a vacancy on the Town Council. In February 2017, Peter Santana was selected unanimously to fill Giordano's seat that expires in December 2018; Santana served on an interim basis until the November 2017 general election, when voters elected him to serve the balance of the term of office. In February 2015, the Town Council selected Marytrine De Castro, as chosen by the Democratic municipal committee, to fill the vacant First Ward seat expiring in December 2017 that had been held by Alexa Arce until she resigned from office the previous month. In the November general election, De Castro was elected to serve the balance of the term. Fire department The town is protected by the Kearny Fire Department, which operates out of four fire stations. The current Chief of Department is Steve Dyl. Below is a list of fire station locations and apparatus of the Kearny Fire Department. Federal, state and county representation Kearny is split between the 8th and 9th Congressional Districts and is part of New Jersey's 32nd state legislative district.< Prior to the 2010 Census, Kearny had been part of the 9th Congressional District and the , a change made by the New Jersey Redistricting Commission that took effect in January 2013, based on the results of the November 2012 general elections. In the redistricting that took effect in 2013, 22,572 (about 55%) Kearny residents were placed in the 8th District, with the remaining 18,112 (about 45%) located in the extreme northwest corner of the town placed in the 9th District. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 16,348 registered voters in Kearny, of which 7,030 (43.0%) were registered as Democrats, 1,922 (11.8%) were registered as Republicans and 7,390 (45.2%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 6 voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 68.9% of the vote (7,579 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 29.9% (3,293 votes), and other candidates with 1.2% (129 votes), among the 11,076 ballots cast by the town's 17,601 registered voters (75 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 62.9%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 60.4% of the vote (6,953 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 37.9% (4,365 votes) and other candidates with 1.1% (121 votes), among the 11,508 ballots cast by the town's 18,057 registered voters, for a turnout of 63.7%. In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 57.0% of the vote (6,363 ballots cast), outpolling Republican George W. Bush with 41.7% (4,650 votes) and other candidates with 0.5% (87 votes), among the 11,154 ballots cast by the town's 16,633 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 67.1. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Democrat Barbara Buono received 49.5% of the vote (2,667 cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 48.8% (2,634 votes), and other candidates with 1.7% (92 votes), among the 5,597 ballots cast by the town's 18,001 registered voters (204 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 31.1%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Democrat Jon Corzine received 52.9% of the vote (3,838 ballots cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 38.5% (2,790 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 5.4% (390 votes) and other candidates with 1.1% (80 votes), among the 7,249 ballots cast by the town's 16,417 registered voters, yielding a 44.2% turnout. Education Public Schools The Kearny School District serves public school students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade. As of the 2017-18 school year, the district and its seven schools had an enrollment of 5,619 students and 441.2 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.7:1. Schools in the district (with 2017-18 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Franklin School (955 students; in PreK-6), Garfield School (525; PreK-6), Roosevelt School (437; PreK-6), Schuyler School (454; PreK-6), Washington School (559; PreK-6), Lincoln Middle School (910; 7-8) and Kearny High School (1,731; 9-12). Private schools Schools in Kearny include: Kearny Christian Academy, a Christian school founded in 1981 by the City of Hope International Church that serves students in kindergarten through twelfth grade. Mt. Carmel Guild School The Little Neighborhood Learning Center Happy Time Preschool & Day Care In the face of declining enrollment, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark closed Mater Dei Academy at the conclusion of the 2011–12 school year. Mater Dei had been opened three years earlier as the merger of two existing schools, St. Stephen's and Holy Cross (the latter in Harrison), but attendance declined from 250 in its first year to 170 in its final year. Other former Catholic schools in Kearney include: Sacred Heart School and St. Cecilia School. Library and museum The Kearny Public Library is one of New Jersey's remaining Carnegie libraries, and houses a museum on its third floor which mounts exhibitions related to the history and culture of the town and has a collection of artifacts related to the town's namesake. Transportation Roads and highways , the town had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Hudson County, by the New Jersey Department of Transportation and by the New Jersey Turnpike Authority. The Belleville Turnpike (Route 7) forms the northern border of the town with North Arlington and crosses the Rutgers Street Bridge over the Passaic River into Belleville. Kearny Avenue passes through the town and continues north as Ridge Road, the beginning of Route 17. U.S. Route 1/9 (Pulaski Skyway) and US 1/9 Truck pass through. The Essex Freeway (Interstate 280) passes through the town and ends at Interstate 95(W) (the New Jersey Turnpike eastern and western spurs) at the tollgate for Exit 15W. Public transportation NJ Transit offers bus service to the Port Authority Bus Terminal in Midtown Manhattan and to other New Jersey communities. Bus service to Newark is available on the 1, 30, 40, and 76 routes. Kearny was formerly served by trains of both the Erie Railroad's Newark Branch (later Erie-Lackawanna and then Conrail's Newark Industrial Branch) and its Greenwood Lake Division (later the Erie-Lackawanna's Greenwood Lake-Boonton Line; and Conrail and New Jersey Transit's Boonton Line) which stopped at the now abandoned Arlington station. Newark Branch passenger service was terminated in October, 1966. But freight service continued until 2005 when the last remaining shipper, Spar-Tech PolyCom, shut down. However freight service on the Newark side is still active. New Jersey Transit discontinued Boonton Line service in 2002 when the Montclair Connection was opened. Through the early 1970s trains also stopped at a second station along this route known as West Arlington. This station was just to the east of the now abandoned WR Draw movable bridge. Prior to April 30, 1967, a station in South Kearny, was served by the Central Railroad of New Jersey's Newark and New York Railroad via the PD Draw over the Passaic River. This station was popular with employees of the giant Western Electric plant, and other industries in the area. In the final years of this service a pair of rush hour trains ran in each direction between South Kearny, and the CNJ's Broad Street Station in downtown Newark, as well as a single rush hour round trip between South Kearny, and Plainfield. This train operated via Elizabethport, and the CNJ main line. Kearny is also the location of the Meadows Maintenance Complex, the primary maintenance facility for NJ Transit rail operations. The closest airport with scheduled passenger service is Newark Liberty International Airport, located away in Newark and Elizabeth. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Kearny include: Tomasz Adamek (born 1976), Polish professional heavyweight boxer who is the former WBC Light Heavyweight Champion and the former IBF & IBO & The Ring Cruiserweight Champion. Karen Akunowicz (born 1978), award-winning chef, Top Chef contestant. Marcello Borges (born 1997), soccer player who currently plays college soccer at the University of Michigan. Rachel Breton (born 1990), soccer striker and defender who played for Sky Blue FC and New Jersey Wildcats. Davey Brown (1898–1970), U.S. soccer forward who was inducted into the US Soccer Hall of Fame. Marques Brownlee (born 1993) YouTube personality who reviews technology. Guy W. Calissi (c. 1909–1980), New Jersey Superior Court judge who lived in an orphanage here. Gary Michael Cappetta (born 1952), professional wrestling ring announcer, author, voice over artist, screenwriter and stage performer. Ownie Carroll (1902–1975), Major League Baseball pitcher who played nine seasons in the major, from 1925 to 1934 . Ted Gillen (born 1968), former professional soccer player. Albert Gonzalez (born 1981), government informant and computer criminal. Ed Halicki (born 1950), former professional baseball pitcher with a no-hitter to his credit, pitched on August 24, 1975, against the New York Mets. John Harkes (born 1967), professional soccer player. Al Hartley (1921–2003), comic book writer-artist known for his work on Archie Comics. Fred A. Hartley Jr. (1909–1969), New Jersey Congressman best known for being the House of Representatives sponsor of the Taft-Hartley Act. Herbie Haymer (1916–1949), jazz saxophonist. Frank Iero (born 1981), rhythm guitarist and backup vocalist for My Chemical Romance. Jeffrey Klepacki (born 1968), three-time US Olympian in rowing and three-time world champion. Buzz Kulik (1922–1999), film director and producer. Joe Kyrillos (born 1960), politician who served in the New Jersey Senate from 1992 to 2018, where he represents the 13th Legislative District. Joan Lippincott (born 1935), concert organist. Monroe Jay Lustbader (1931-1996), politician who served in the New Jersey General Assembly from 1992 until his death, where he represented the 21st Legislative District. Kevin Maguire (born 1960), comic book artist. Paul McCurrie (1929–2020), lawyer and politician who served in the New Jersey General Assembly. Tony Meola (born 1969), professional soccer player. Dots Miller (1886–1923), Major League Baseball player from 1909 to 1921. Michael Moran (born 1962), author / analyst of international affairs and digital documentarian. Tony Mottola (1918–2004), jazz guitarist. Shamus O'Brien (1907–1981), soccer player inducted in 1990 into the National Soccer Hall of Fame. Hugh O'Neill (born 1954), soccer player who played in the NASL, ASL, and MISL. Greg Pason (born 1966), National Secretary of the Socialist Party USA. George Paxton (c. 1914–1989), big band jazz leader, saxophonist, composer and producer. Matt Pelissier (born 1979), Drummer for My Chemical Romance Bill Raftery (born 1943), college basketball analyst and former college basketball player for La Salle University. Tab Ramos (born 1966), retired soccer midfielder. James H. Rupp (1918-1998), Illinois state senator, Mayor of Monmouth, Illinois, and businessman Harold Hill Smith (1910–1994), geneticist who first fused a human cell and a plant cell. Bob Stanley (born 1954), professional baseball relief pitcher who played for the Boston Red Sox. Archie Stark (1897–1985), soccer pioneer in the United States and member of the National Soccer Hall of Fame. Ray Toro (born 1977), My Chemical Romance lead guitarist. John Patrick Washington (1908–1943), Roman Catholic priest; one of the Four Chaplains, who gave their lives to save other soldiers during the sinking of the troop transport Dorchester during World War II. Alex Webster (1931-2012), fullback and halfback in the National Football League for the New York Giants, who was later head coach of the Giants from 1969 to 1973. Dick Weisgerber (1915-1984), professional football player for the Green Bay Packers. Kenneth G. Wiman (born 1930), U.S. Coast Guard Rear Admiral. References External links 1867 establishments in New Jersey New Jersey Meadowlands District New Jersey Urban Enterprise Zones Populated places established in 1867 New Jersey populated places on the Hackensack River Town form of New Jersey government Towns in Hudson County, New Jersey	[ -0.7053065896034241, 0.04334034398198128, -0.15321001410484314, 0.023529017344117165, 0.8105533123016357, 0.06170966848731041, 0.315778523683548, 0.4983197748661041, 0.006876545026898384, -0.27142149209976196, -0.7351372241973877, 0.24382594227790833, 0.30397775769233704, 0.7216155529022217, -1.043232798576355, 0.46384575963020325, 0.5998836159706116, 0.7835195660591125, 0.8422570824623108, -0.39337730407714844, -0.5618226528167725, -0.002254100749269128, 0.06915155053138733, 0.434548020362854, -0.1023319736123085, -0.04860590025782585, 0.4331444501876831, -0.32304155826568604, 0.22033998370170593, 0.11332718282938004, -0.25434088706970215, 0.6966860294342041, -0.481752872467041, -0.42719778418540955, 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125240	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Bergen%2C%20New%20Jersey	North Bergen, New Jersey	North Bergen is a township in the northern part of Hudson County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2020 United States Census, the township had a total population of 63,361. The town was founded in 1843. It was much diminished in territory by a series of secessions. Situated on the Hudson Palisades, it is one of the "hilliest" municipalities in the United States. Like neighboring North Hudson communities, North Bergen is among those places in the nation with the highest population density and a majority Hispanic population. History Colonial era At the time of European colonization the area was the territory of Hackensack tribe of the Lenape Native Americans, who maintained a settlement, Espatingh, on the west side of the hills and where a Dutch trading post was established after the Peach Tree War. In 1658, Peter Stuyvesant, then Director-General of New Netherland, repurchased from them the area now encompassed by the municipalities of Hudson County east of the Hackensack River. In 1660 he granted permission to establish the semi-autonomous colony of Bergen, with the main village located at today's Bergen Square, considered to be the first chartered municipality in what would become the state of New Jersey. At the time, the area of North Bergen was heavily forested, traversed by paths used by the indigenous and colonizing population and became known as Bergen Woods, a name recalled in today's neighborhood of Bergenwood. After the 1664 surrender of Fort Amsterdam the entire New Netherland colony came into the possession of the British, who established the Province of New Jersey. In 1682, the East Jersey legislature formed the state's first four counties, including Bergen County, which consisted of all the land in the peninsula between the Hackensack and Hudson Rivers; that is, the eastern portions of what today is Bergen and Hudson Counties. In 1693, Bergen County was divided into two townships: Hackensack Township in the north, and Bergen Township, encompassing the Bergen Neck peninsula, in the south. The border between the two townships is the current Hudson-Bergen county line. While settlement was sparse, communities developed along the Bergen Turnpike at the Three Pigeons and Maisland, later New Durham. French botanist André Michaux developed his gardens nearby. On the Hudson River, Bulls Ferry became an important landing for crossings to Manhattan. While ostensibly under British control during the American Revolutionary War, the area was patrolled by the Americans on foraging, espionage, and raiding expeditions; most notably the Battle of Bull's Ferry. Toponymy, secession, and urbanization On February 22, 1838, Jersey City was incorporated as a separate municipality, and in 1840 Hudson County, comprising the city and Bergen Township, was created from the southern portion of Bergen County. North Bergen was incorporated as a township on April 10, 1843, by an act of the New Jersey Legislature, from the northern portion of Bergen Township. At the time, the town included everything east of the Hackensack River and north of and including what is now Jersey City Heights. The entire region that is now known as North Hudson experienced massive immigration and urbanization during the latter half of the 19th century, and led to the creation of various new towns. Portions of the North Bergen were taken to form Hoboken Township (April 9, 1849, now the City of Hoboken), Hudson Town (April 12, 1852, later part of Hudson City), Hudson City (April 11, 1855, later merged with Jersey City), Guttenberg (formed within the township on March 9, 1859, and set off as an independent municipality on April 1, 1878), Weehawken (March 15, 1859), Union Township and West Hoboken Township (both created on February 28, 1861), Union Hill town (March 29, 1864) and Secaucus (March 12, 1900). During this era many of Hudson County's cemeteries were developed along the town's western slope of the Hudson Palisades. At their foot in the Meadowlands, the Erie, the New York, Susquehanna and Western and the West Shore railroads ran right-of-ways to their terminals on the Hudson, the last building its tunnel through Bergen Hill at North Bergen. The area was important destination during peak German immigration to the United States and is recalled today in Schuetzen Park, founded in 1874. Further north, Nungesser's Guttenberg Racetrack became a notable and notorious destination which, after its closing, became a proving ground for new technologies: the automobile and the airplane. 20th century The development of Hudson County Boulevard, which skirts around the west, north and east of North Bergen, was completed in the early 20th century. By 1913 it was considered to be fine for "motoring". The roadway is now known by its two sections: Kennedy Boulevard and Boulevard East. Residential districts along and between the two boulevards were developed. Bergenline Avenue, a broad street which accommodated the North Hudson County Railway streetcars to Nungesser's became (and remains) an important commercial and transit corridor. The two boulevard sections met at Bergenline Avenue, at the northwest corner of North Hudson/Braddock Park. Soon after the opening of the Lincoln Tunnel Approach, the Susquehanna Transfer was opened in August 1939 to accommodate passengers who wished to transfer to buses through the tunnel. It closed in 1966. At the time of its construction in 1949, the WOR TV Tower, in the midst the residential Woodcliff Section, was the tenth-tallest man-made structure in the world. The tower was dismantled in 1956 but in 1967, about half a mile (2500 m) to the east, the 34-story, 369-feet (112 m) Stonehenge apartment building was constructed on the tip of the Palisades. In the early 1960s two notable paleontological finds of fossils from the Newark Basin were made near the foot of the cliffs at one of several former quarries, the Granton, of which today's avenue is a namesake. The former quarry remained an archeological site until at least 1980. North Hudson Park was renamed the James J. Braddock North Hudson County Park. In 1935, while living in North Bergen, local hero James J. Braddock won the world heavyweight championship in one of the most stunning upsets in boxing history. In contrast to other Hudson County communities during the latter half of the century, North Bergen grew significantly in population. Many residents are part of the wave of Spanish language speakers which had begun in the 1960s with Cuban émigrés, leading to the nickname, Havana on the Hudson. Geography In 1850, the township was roughly rectangular. When the municipalities along the Hudson River (what are now Guttenberg, West New York, Union City and Weehawken) broke away, it left North Bergen roughly shaped as an inverted "L". Its northern section stretches east–west and is south of the Bergen County communities of Cliffside Park, Edgewater, Fairview and Ridgefield. To the east, the Hudson River creates the shared border with the borough of Manhattan in New York City. It shares a border with Carlstadt in the Hackensack River. Its north–south section lies between Secaucus to the west and to the east Guttenberg, West New York and Union City, with which it meets Jersey City at a single point at its southern end. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 5.57 square miles (14.43 km2), including 5.14 square miles (13.30 km2) of land and 0.44 square miles (1.13 km2) of water (7.83%). North Bergen has diverse geological features. Partially situated on the Hudson River, the Hudson Palisades rise from the waterfront, while the northern part of the town sits atop the plateau. The cuesta, or slope, on its west side makes North Bergen the city with the second-most hills per square mile in the United States after San Francisco, some of which are extremely steep. A rock formation along the slope (located at ) is composed of unusual serpentinite rock and made up of small rock cliffs. Because of this, it is one of the few undeveloped parts of North Bergen. Low-lying areas along the west side are part of the New Jersey Meadowlands. The unusual shape and diverse topography of North Bergen have created diverse historical and contemporary neighborhoods: Bergenline Avenue runs to Nungessers at the Fairview border near North Hudson Park. It has been described as the longest commercial avenue in the state, with over 300 retail stores and restaurants. The Racetrack section, between Bergenline and Kennedy Boulevard on the plateau. Bergenwood, on the steep slopes of the west side of the Palisades. New Durham, site of colonial American Three Pigeons near the Bergen Turnpike and Tonnelle Avenue. Meadowview, behind the Municipal Building between the many cemeteries. Bulls Ferry, on the Hudson waterfront, site of Roc Harbor, Palisades Medical Center and the Hudson River Waterfront Walkway Babbitt, in the Meadowlands district, a part of which is a wetlands preserve known as the Eastern Brackish Marsh. Woodcliff on The Palisades around the North Hudson Park. Transfer Station near the tripoint with Union City and Jersey City near Paterson Plank Road, Kennedy Boulevard, and Secaucus Road in Secaucus. Other historical unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Homestead, Granton, Hudson Heights, New Durham, Shadyside, Three Pigeons and Tyler Park. The town has seven cemeteries, more than any other town in the county, including some, such as Weehawken Cemetery and Hoboken Cemetery, that were at one time designated for other towns. This may be due to the layout of the county in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with North Bergen having more land than its more densely populated neighbors, which had to bury their dead outside of town. It may also date back to the Civil War era. Among these cemeteries are Flower Hill Cemetery and Grove Church Cemetery. Demographics 2010 U.S. Census 2000 U.S. Census As of the 2000 United States Census there were 58,092 people, 21,236 households, and 14,249 families residing in the township. The population density was 11,179.6 people per square mile (4,313.4/km2). There were 22,009 housing units at an average density of 1, 634.2/km2 (4,235.5/sq mi). The racial makeup of the township was 67.36% White, 2.72% African American, 0.40% Native American, 6.47% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 15.53% from other races, and 7.47% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 57.25% of the population. There were 21,236 households, out of which 32.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.4% were married couples living together, 14.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.9% were non-families. 27.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.70 and the average family size was 3.33. In the township the population was spread out, with 22.7% under the age of 18, 9.0% from 18 to 24, 33.1% from 25 to 44, 21.4% from 45 to 64, and 13.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.7 males. Males had a median income of $35,626 versus $29,067 for females. The per capita income for the township was $20,058. About 9.6% of families and 11.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.0% of those under age 18 and 14.5% of those age 65 or over. Economy North Bergen has several retail districts, along Bergenline Avenue, Tonnelle Avenue, and near Transfer Station. Portions of the city are part of an Urban Enterprise Zone (UEZ), one of 32 zones covering 37 municipalities statewide. Union City was selected in 1996 as one of a group of seven zones added to participate in the program. In addition to other benefits to encourage employment and investment within the UEZ, shoppers can take advantage of a reduced 3.3125% sales tax rate (half of the % rate charged statewide) at eligible merchants. Established in April 1995, the city's Urban Enterprise Zone status expires in April 2026. The zone was established based on legislation passed in February 1995 through the efforts of Senator Sacco, one of the sponsors of legislation creating the zones. Hudson News and Liz Claiborne are large employers. New York, Susquehanna and Western Railway operates five intermodal freight transport facilities within the township. Government Local government North Bergen has been governed under the Walsh Act form of New Jersey municipal government since 1931. The township is one of 30 municipalities (of the 565) statewide that use the form of government. The governing body is comprised of five commissioners elected at-large to the Township Committee in non-partisan elections to serve four-year terms of office on a concurrent basis. After each election, each individual is assigned to head one of the five commissions and the commissioners select one of their members to serve as mayor. , members of the North Bergen Township Committee are Mayor Nicholas Sacco (Commissioner of Public Affairs), Hugo D. Cabrera (Commissioner of Parks and Public Property), Frank Gargiulo (Commissioner of Public Works), Julio Marenco (Commissioner of Revenue and Finance) and Allen Pascual (Commissioner of Public Safety), all serving concurrent terms of office ending in May 2023. Corruption After serving as Township Clerk from 1971 to 1979, local political leader Joseph Mocco was arrested on August 7, 1986, on charges of illegally dumping tons of construction material within North Bergen and other nearby communities. Mocco was convicted and began serving a prison sentence in July 1995. Mocco was paroled in 1999, with several special conditions imposed on him upon his release by the New Jersey State Parole Board designed to prohibit him from working or participating in local elections. In February 2004, Peter Perez, former commissioner in charge of Parks and Recreation, was sentenced to serve six months in a federal prison for accepting kickbacks and bribes from a contractor who had several business contracts with the township. He received a reduced sentence in light of his cooperation with authorities. On March 27, 2008, North Bergen Athletic Director Jerry Maietta and Guidance Counselor Ralph Marino were among 45 men swept up in a Bergen County raid. Bergen County Prosecutors described the two as lower level operatives in an expansive network of bookies, package holders, drug dealers and drug distributors. Other transactions included knock off woman purses and human organs. On September 11, 2012, North Bergen's Superintendent of the Department of Public Works James Wiley pleaded guilty to one count of second degree conspiracy to commit official misconduct. Wiley was convicted for using the town's resources to participate in political campaigns. In November 2015, two DPW supervisors were sentenced to five years in prison, following their convictions on charges that they had directed department workers to work on political campaigns and perform work on behalf of supervisors and other officials. In 2013, a report issued by the office of the New Jersey State Comptroller revealed that an attorney for North Bergen made $18,800 a year plus health benefits, but township officials had no idea what he was doing, or whether he was even at work. It was reported that he was hired between the years of 1988 and 1990. He had been actively working until 2006, when he had a falling out with a township official and stopped receiving legal work. Despite not being assigned work, the attorney told investigators that throughout his employment with the township, he was routinely solicited to make political contributions to Nick Sacco's political allies. His contributions in 2012 to this committee totaled $6,600. Federal, state and county representation North Bergen is located in the 8th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 32nd state legislative district. Prior to the 2010 Census, North Bergen had been split between the and the , a change made by the New Jersey Redistricting Commission that took effect in January 2013, based on the results of the November 2012 general elections. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 30,595 registered voters in North Bergen, of which 18,816 (61.5%) were registered as Democrats, 2,462 (8.0%) were registered as Republicans and 9,301 (30.4%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 16 voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 78.1% of the vote (15,600 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 21.1% (4,209 votes), and other candidates with 0.8% (164 votes), among the 20,134 ballots cast by the township's 32,627 registered voters (161 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 61.7%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 69.6% of the vote here (14,791 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 28.7% (6,100 votes) and other candidates with 0.8% (169 votes), among the 21,254 ballots cast by the town's 34,402 registered voters, for a turnout of 61.8%. In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 65.4% of the vote here (12,783 ballots cast), outpolling Republican George W. Bush with 33.5% (6,541 votes) and other candidates with 0.4% (118 votes), among the 19,540 ballots cast by the town's 30,540 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 64.0. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Democrat Barbara Buono received 60.5% of the vote (6,802 cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 38.2% (4,296 votes), and other candidates with 1.3% (147 votes), among the 11,704 ballots cast by the township's 33,134 registered voters (459 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 35.3%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Democrat Jon Corzine received 73.9% of the vote here (9,680 ballots cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 22.3% (2,922 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 1.5% (200 votes) and other candidates with 1.2% (151 votes), among the 13,106 ballots cast by the town's 28,555 registered voters, yielding a 45.9% turnout. Public safety The North Bergen Police Force was founded in 1923, replacing the peace force known as "roundsmen", who began patrolling the township at night in 1907. North Bergen's fire department merged with those of the neighboring communities of Guttenberg, Union City, West New York and Weehawken in 1999 to form North Hudson Regional Fire and Rescue (NHRFR). Engine 1, Engine 6, Engine 9 / Battalion 3, Engine 13 and Ladder 5 are all located in North Bergen. NHRFR and North Bergen Emergency Medical Services (headquartered at 63rd Street and Granton Avenue) were among the many Hudson County agencies that responded to the January 2009 crash of Flight 1549, as did Palisades Medical Center, where 57 of the survivors were treated for injuries. Education The North Bergen School District serves students in kindergarten through twelfth grade. As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of seven schools, had an enrollment of 7,576 students and 581.8 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 13.0:1. Schools in the district (with 2018–19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Franklin School (612 students; in grades 1–8), Robert Fulton School (1,180; K-8), John F. Kennedy School (529; 1–8), Lincoln School (1,355; PreK-8), Horace Mann School (1,111; 1–8), McKinley School (334; K-8) and North Bergen High School (2,376; 9–12) Students from Guttenberg attend the district's high school as part of a sending/receiving relationship with the Guttenberg Public School District. North Bergen had been the location of High Tech High School, a county magnet school for ninth through twelfth grades. The Hudson County Schools of Technology constructed a new site for the school in Secaucus at a cost of $160 million, which opened for the 2018–19 school year. The former High Tech High School campus was acquired by the North Bergen district, which plans to construct a new junior high school for grades 7–9 on the site. A Step Ahead Preschool is a private pre-K through kindergarten school established in 1993. Transportation Roads and highways , the township had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Hudson County, by the New Jersey Department of Transportation and by the New Jersey Turnpike Authority. Route 495 travels between the Lincoln Tunnel and the New Jersey Turnpike (I-95) with interchanges for Route 3 and U.S. Route 1/9, which runs north–south on the western edge side of town. CR 501 and CR 505 pass through on the eastern side of town. Public transportation Public transportation in North Bergen is provided by bus and light rail service. Hudson-Bergen Light Rail (HBLR) service is available at the Tonnelle Avenue station and Bergenline Avenue station (in Union City) to points in Weehawken, Hoboken, Jersey City and Bayonne. Bus service is provided along busy north–south corridors on Kennedy Boulevard, Bergenline Avenue, and Boulevard East by NJ Transit and privately operated dollar vans within Hudson County, and to Bergen and Manhattan, New York City. Nungessers is a major origination and transfer point. Lines terminating at Port Authority Bus Terminal in Midtown Manhattan are the 121, 125, 127, 128, 154, 156, 158, 159, 165, 166, 168, 320 routes. The 181 and 188 lines terminate at George Washington Bridge Bus Terminal in Upper Manhattan. Lines 22, 23, 83, 84, 85, 86, 88 and 89 terminate either at Journal Square or Hoboken Terminal. The 751 travels to Edgewater and Hackensack. Jitney commuter buses operate along Bergenline Avenue, providing service to the Port Authority Bus Terminal, the George Washington Bridge Bus Station, the Newport Centre and other local destinations. The county's most frequent route for dollar buses, jitneys operate along Bergenline Avenue as frequently as one bus every minute, some operated by Spanish Transportation. Media and culture North Bergen is located within the New York media market, with most of its daily papers available for sale or delivery. The Jersey Journal is a local daily paper based in Jersey City. Local weeklies include the free bilingual paper, Hudson Dispatch Weekly, (named for the former daily Hudson Dispatch), North Bergen Reporter (part of The Hudson Reporter group of local weeklies), and the Spanish language El Especialito. River View Observer is a monthly newspaper that covers the Hudson Waterfront market. Online news HudsonCountyView.com, HudsonTV.com, and the HudPost.com all cover local North Bergen news. In the late 2000s, North Bergen, Weehawken, Union City, Guttenberg, and West New York came to be dubbed collectively as "NoHu", a North Hudson haven for local performing and fine artists, many of whom are immigrants from Latin America and other countries, in part due to lower housing costs compared to those in nearby art havens such as Hoboken, Jersey City and Manhattan. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with North Bergen include: 070 Shake (born c. 1997), stage name of rapper Danielle Balbuena. Mohamed Mahmood Alessa, charged in 2010 with conspiring to join a terrorist group and kill, maim, and kidnap people outside the U.S. Carlos Alomar (born 1951), musician, musical director, songwriter. Christopher Amoroso (1972–2001) Port Authority Police Department (PAPD) officer who died in the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. Kyle Anderson (born 1993), NBA basketball player for the Memphis Grizzlies. Rick Apodaca (born 1980), Puerto Rican professional basketball player who has played in the NCAA, USBL, NBDL, and the National Superior Basketball League of Puerto Rico. Coco Austin (born 1979), actress, dancer, model and wife of rapper/actor Ice-T. Lidia Bastianich (born 1947), chef, Emmy Award-winning television host, author, and restaurateur. Odell Beckham Jr. (born 1992), wide receiver for the New York Giants. James J. Braddock (1905–1974), heavyweight boxing champion from 1935 to 1937. John O. Brennan (born 1955), Deputy National Security Advisor for Homeland Security in the Obama White House James L. Brooks (born 1940), television and film director. Dan Callandrillo, former professional basketball player. Edd Cartier (1914–2008), pulp magazine illustrator. Richard Castellano (1933 – 1988), American actor C. Judson Child Jr. (1923–2004), seventh bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Atlanta. Gene Cornish (born 1944), guitarist and harmonica player who is an original member of the 1960s blue-eyed soul band The Rascals. Leo Cullum (1942–2010), cartoonist best known for his work in The New Yorker. Frank Cumiskey (1912–2014), artistic gymnast who competed in the 1932 Summer Olympics, in the 1936 Summer Olympics, and in the 1948 Summer Olympics. Paquito D'Rivera (born 1948), musician, composer. Joey Diaz (born 1963), stand-up comedian and actor. Henry Escalante, pop musician, one of 15 finalists from 2007 season of MTV reality show Making Menudo. Edward Feigenbaum (born 1936), computer scientist who collaborated on the development of the first expert system Dendral. Lucio Fernandez, Cuban-American politician and entertainer, who served as the city's Commissioner of Public Affairs. Louis Freeh (born 1950), former FBI director. Greg Herenda (born 1961), head coach of the Fairleigh Dickinson Knights men's basketball team. Ice-T (born 1958), rap music pioneer and actor. Dan Kurzman (1922–2010), military historian. AJ Lee (born 1987), professional wrestler signed to WWE. Lionel Loueke (born 1973), African Jazz guitarist and sideman to Herbie Hancock. Luigi Lucioni (1900–1988), painter known for his realistic and precisely drawn still lifes, landscapes, and portraits. Lucioni's family emigrated from Malnate, Italy in 1911 to New York City, and then subsequently lived for a time in North Bergen. Steve Mocco (born 1981), Olympic wrestler. Ed Murawinski (born 1951), award-winning cartoonist for the Daily News. Fred Orlofsky (born 1937), retired artistic gymnast who competed at the 1960 Summer Olympics. Jesse Pike (1890–1986), cyclist who competed in two events at the 1912 Summer Olympics. Bill Raisch (1905–1984), dancer and actor, known as the One-Armed Man pursued by Richard Kimble (David Janssen) on the 1963-67 TV series The Fugitive. Feisal Abdul Rauf (born 1948), Muslim imam, author and activist. Evan Rodriguez (born 1988), NFL fullback and tight end for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Wilbur Ross (born 1937), investor and former banker. Nicholas Sacco (born 1946), politician who has served in the State Senate and as Mayor of North Bergen. John Scarne (1903–1985), author, expert on gambling, card games and magic tricks. Herbert H. Shaw (1930–2016), independent politician and perennial candidate who has run for office more than 75 times over five decades under the "Politicians Are Crooks" banner. Rena Sofer (born 1968), actress. Robert Sundholm (born 1941), outsider artist. Lou Tepe (born 1930), offensive lineman who played for three seasons with the Pittsburgh Steelers. Terese Terranova (born 1947), retired para table tennis player who won two gold medals at the 1988 Summer Paralympics. Guy F. Tozzoli (1922–2013), directed development of the World Trade Center. Hal Turner (born 1962), far-right political commentator and radio host. Yordenis Ugás (born 1986) amateur lightweight boxer. Anthony P. Vainieri (born 1928), politician who served in the New Jersey General Assembly from the 32nd Legislative District from 1984 to 1986. Mariusz Wach (born 1979), heavyweight boxer. In popular culture Oak Hill, a low-budget film starring Sally Kirkland, and directed by former Guttenberg mayor Peter Lavilla, about three former entertainers whose depression and addiction has led them to a homeless shelter, was filmed in both Union City's PERC homeless shelter, and a synagogue in North Bergen. In 2008, it was entered into the Sundance, Tribeca, and Hoboken Film Festivals. Cinderella Man, a film starring Russell Crowe as boxer James J. Braddock, depicted North Bergen during the Great Depression. A city park bears his name. North Bergen was the production base for the NBC drama Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, with scenes set in the police station and courtroom filmed on a stage at NBC's Central Archives building on West Side Avenue. Meat Men is a Food Network reality show about Pat LaFrieda Meat Purveyors, a North Bergen-based family-owned and -operated meat supplier. See also North Bergen Reporter North Hudson, New Jersey Hudson River Waterfront Walkway Hackensack RiverWalk References External links 1843 establishments in New Jersey New Jersey Meadowlands District New Jersey Urban Enterprise Zones North Hudson, New Jersey Populated places established in 1843 New Jersey populated places on the Hudson River Townships in Hudson County, New Jersey Walsh Act	[ -0.7058994174003601, 0.08295409381389618, 0.06534448266029358, 0.07468662410974503, 0.5407508015632629, -0.156464621424675, 0.25903114676475525, 0.4277918040752411, 0.19620470702648163, -0.45747050642967224, -0.3432867228984833, 0.18171891570091248, -0.238411083817482, 0.11327847093343735, -1.0918182134628296, 0.7650763392448425, 0.3992501497268677, 0.7972219586372375, 0.6207386255264282, -0.8581333756446838, -0.5679807662963867, -0.608241617679596, -0.21902430057525635, 0.25632667541503906, 0.17319628596305847, -0.32525649666786194, 0.4879748821258545, -0.1908053159713745, 0.06040821596980095, 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125241	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secaucus%2C%20New%20Jersey	Secaucus, New Jersey	Secaucus ( ) is a town in Hudson County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the town's population was 16,264, reflecting an increase of 333 (+2.1%) from the 15,931 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 1,870 (+13.3%) from the 14,061 counted in the 1990 Census. Located within the New Jersey Meadowlands, it is the most suburban of the county's municipalities, though large parts of the town are dedicated to light manufacturing, retail, and transportation uses, as well as protected areas. Secaucus is a derivation of the Algonquian words for "black" (seke or sukit) and "snake" (achgook), or "place of snakes", or sekakes, referring to snakes. History Sikakes, once an island, was part of the territory purchased by Director-General of New Netherland, Peter Stuyvesant in 1658. The territory was part of what is considered to be the oldest municipality in the state of New Jersey which was first chartered in 1660 as Bergen in the province of New Netherland and, in 1683, became Bergen Township. Settlement had begun by at least 1733 by the Smith family, whose namesake Abel I. Smith Burial Ground is part of the lore of Secaucus. Secaucus was originally formed as a borough by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 12, 1900, from portions of North Bergen. On June 7, 1917, Secaucus was incorporated as a town, replacing Secaucus borough, based on the results of a referendum held on June 5, 1917. Secaucus was originally an agricultural community specializing in flowers. It later became known for its pig farms in the first half of the 20th century. In the early 1900s the town was home to approximately 55 pig farms, which housed nearly 250,000 pigs, which outnumbered humans 16 to 1. These farms served the meat demands of Newark and New York, and made the farmers wealthy. Many of them were local politicians, most notably pork peddler Henry B. Krajewski, who ran for New Jersey senator, three times for governor and twice for U.S. President. The town's pig farms, rendering plants, and junk yards gave the town a reputation for being one of the most odorous in the New York metropolitan area. In the 1950s the pig farms began to dwindle, partially due to construction on the New Jersey Turnpike, which would carry tourists who would not appreciate the odor. In 1963, debris from the demolition of Pennsylvania Station was dumped in the Secaucus Meadowlands. In later decades Secaucus became more of a commuter town. In a non-binding referendum in 1969, 90% of voters in Secaucus chose to leave Hudson County and join Bergen County, as that county was more similar in character and had lower taxes. However, only the state has the authority to change county lines, so it never came to fruition. Today it remains the most suburban town in Hudson County. Despite being geographically located within Hudson County, Secaucus Public Library is a member of the Bergen County Cooperative Library System. On February 9, 1996, two NJ Transit commuter trains collided at Bergen Junction in Secaucus when a train operating on the Bergen Line ran a signal and sideswiped a train running on the Main Line. The accident occurred during the morning rush hour just south of the current Secaucus Junction station. With three fatalities, the incident is NJ Transit's deadliest accident and was the first to involve fatalities of the passenger and crew on NJ Transit. New Jersey Monthly magazine ranked Secaucus as its 182nd best place to live in its 2010 rankings of the "Best Places To Live" in New Jersey, after ranking the borough 11th in its 2008 rankings. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the town had a total area of 6.54 square miles (16.95 km2), including 5.83 square miles (15.09 km2) of land and 0.72 square miles (1.86 km2) of water (10.96%). At the southern end of Secaucus is Snake Hill (officially known as Laurel Hill), an igneous rock diabase intrusion jutting up some from the Meadowlands below, near the New Jersey Turnpike. Being partly surrounded by the Hackensack Meadowlands, Secaucus provides opportunities to observe the recovery of natural marshes in the town's post-industrial, post-agricultural age. Some marsh areas in the northeast part of town have been filled to provide a new commercial area, and some to build footpaths for nature walks with signs illustrating birds and other wildlife to be seen there. At 27.4%, it has the most open "green" space in of any town in Hudson County. Secaucus borders the municipalities of Jersey City, Kearny and North Bergen in Hudson County; and Carlstadt, East Rutherford, Lyndhurst, Rutherford in Bergen County. Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the town include: County Avenue – from Municipal Building to Secaucus Junction Harmon Cove – along the Hackensack River and Meadowlands Turnpike Harmon Meadow – site of Mill Creek Mall and Meadowlands Convention Center Laurel Hill Little Snake Hill Mill Creek Marsh North End – north of New Jersey Route 3; home of Secaucus High School, Schmiddt's Woods, and Mill Creek Marsh Riverbend – a wetlands preserve at the meander in the Hackensack River Secaucus Junction – NJ Transit's central rail hub Secaucus Plaza Central Business District at Paterson Plank Road south of Route 3 Snake Hill – site of Laurel Hill County Park Subsections North End As its name suggests, the North End in Secaucus, New Jersey, is the section of town north of New Jersey Route 3 and the Secaucus Plaza Central Business District, to which it is connected by Paterson Plank Road. The Hackensack River and its tributary Mill Creek create the other borders for the district. The North End is one of the older, traditional residential neighborhoods of Secaucus, which itself has been transformed to a commuter town and retail and outlet shopping area in the late 20th century. It is home to Secaucus High School, whose athletic fields are used by the Bergen County Scholastic League. Nearby Schmiddt's Wood is one of the last original hardwood forests in urban North Jersey. As part of the New Jersey Meadowlands District, the areas along the river are characterized by wetlands preservation and restoration areas. Mill Creek Marsh is park administered by the New Jersey Meadowlands Commission and will eventually connect to the Secaucus Greenway. It southern counterpart is known as Riverbend. The Mill Creek Mall, also north of Route 3, but on the other side of Mill Creek close to New Jersey Turnpike Eastern Spur is part of Harmon Meadow Harmon Cove Harmon Cove is the western section of Secaucus, New Jersey along the Hackensack River, south of New Jersey Route 3. The name is portmanteau taken from Hartz Mountain, a corporation that owns much land in the New Jersey Meadowlands, which originally developed the area as a gated community in the 1970s with townhouses and highrise residential buildings. Part of the Hackensack RiverWalk Secaucus Greenway passes through the neighborhood, which is north of Anderson Marsh and Snake Hill, home to Hudson County's Laurel Hill Park. NJ Transit maintained a Harmon Cove station from 1978 until the re-routing of the Bergen County Line and the opening of Secaucus Junction in August 2003. The HX Draw is used by the line to cross the river. NJ Transit bus 329 serves the area. The Hudson Regional Hospital and several hotels are located in Harmon Cove, whose main thoroughfare is Meadowlands Parkway, along which office and manufacturing buildings are found. The Harmon Cove Outlet Center is an outlet shopping district further inland from the Hackensack riverfront. Hartz Mountain Industries operates many facilities and properties in Harmon Cove. Demographics About 20% of the town's employed residents commute to New York City to work. 2010 Census The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $82,289 (with a margin of error of +/- $6,523) and the median family income was $96,475 (+/- $10,189). Males had a median income of $58,902 (+/- $7,548) versus $54,665 (+/- $4,626) for females. The per capita income for the town was $38,375. About 4.7% of families and 6.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.9% of those under age 18 and 7.9% of those age 65 or over. 2000 Census According to the 2000 United States Census there were 15,931 people, 6,214 households, and 3,945 families residing in the town. The population density was 2,706.7 people per square mile (1,044.3/km2). There were 6,385 housing units at an average density of 1,084.8 per square mile (418.6/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 78.54% White, 4.45% African American, 0.11% Native American, 11.80% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 2.79% from other races, and 2.26% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 12.26% of the population. There were 6,214 households, out of which 25.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.2% were married couples living together, 10.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.5% were non-families. 31.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 3.08. In the town, the population was spread out, with 19.2% under the age of 18, 6.4% from 18 to 24, 33.5% from 25 to 44, 24.8% from 45 to 64, and 16.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.2 males. The median income for a household in the town was $59,800, and the median income for a family was $72,568. Males had a median income of $49,937 versus $39,370 for females. The per capita income for the town was $31,684. About 3.9% of families and 7.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.4% of those under age 18 and 9.0% of those age 65 or over. Economy There are several large retail areas in Secaucus. Secaucus Plaza is the "downtown" area of Secaucus, just off of Route 3. The Outlets are a collection of outlet shops selling discounted name-brand merchandise in southwest Secaucus. Many factory retail outlets are scattered throughout the Harmon Cove industrial section, often located in warehouses or converted factories. Harmon Cove Outlet Center is the largest outlet mall, on Enterprise Avenue. The Mill Creek Mall is a mall on Route 3 on the west side of the Turnpike. Harmon Meadow Plaza is a large hotel, restaurant and shopping complex that features gyms, a pool hall, the Meadowlands Convention Center, a 14-screen Showplace Theatres and a Wal-Mart and Sam's Club located east of the New Jersey Turnpike, near Route 3 and Interchange 16E. Best Buy, Raymour & Flanigan, Ashley Furniture, Home Depot and Daffy's are located on Paterson Plank Road off Interchange 16E. National Retail Systems is another large employer. Secaucus is home to several corporate headquarters, including The Children's Place, FiberMedia, Hartz Mountain Industries and Quest Diagnostics. Goya Foods previously had its headquarters there. In 2011, two companies announced that they would be leaving Secaucus. The Manischewitz Company announced that it would relocate its administrative offices to Newark after being located in Secaucus for seven years. Panasonic's North American headquarters, with of offices and of warehouse space, had been located in Secaucus since 1973. After considering new locations in New York, California and Georgia, the company announced it would relocate to Newark and would receive an Urban Transit Hub Tax Credit of $102 million from the State of New Jersey for the relocation from its Secaucus location. The company also cited the environmental benefits possible by reducing the need of 1,000 employees to drive to work. Sports As of the 2014–15 NBA season, Secaucus became the official review headquarters of the NBA. All reviews of controversial calls and plays take place in the replay center. Referees consult the headquarters for guidance on the correct call. The high-tech center features over 94 HD televisions, with multiple feeds of every live NBA game. Sports companies headquartered in Secaucus include Red Bull New York, Major League Baseball's MLB Network, National Hockey League's NHL Network, and NBA Entertainment/NBA TV (whose studios are also the site of the NBA Draft Lottery). It is also home to men's soccer team Secaucus FC, which is part of the Garden State Soccer League. Secaucus was the headquarters of Major League Lacrosse for the first four seasons of the league. The headquarters have since moved to Boston. Secaucus held a pre-Super Bowl "Winter Blast" party during the first weekend of February 2014 to celebrate Super Bowl XLVIII being played in New Jersey. The party featured a number of activities, including an ice skating rink. The town had planned for large crowds, even planning special court sessions in advance to handle the projected surge of potentially disruptive visitors. The turnout was much lower than expected, with Mayor Gonnelli citing the NFL's focus on activities in Manhattan aimed at visitors. Government Local government Secaucus is governed under the Town form of New Jersey municipal government. The town is one of nine municipalities (of the 565) statewide that use this form of government. The governing body is comprised of the Mayor and a Town Council made up of six council members elected from three wards. The Mayor is elected at-large directly by the voters. The Town Council is comprised of six members elected to serve four-year terms on a staggered basis, with three seats up at the same time as the mayor and three seats the following year, followed by two years with no elections. , the Mayor of Secaucus is Independent Michael Gonnelli, whose term of office ends December 31, 2021. Members of the Town Council are James J. Clancy Sr. (I, 2022; Ward 2), Robert V. Constantino (I, 2021; Ward 1), Mark Dehnert (I, 2021; Ward 2), John Gerbasio (I, 2022; Ward 1), William McKeever (I, 2021; Ward 3) and Orietta Turci-Tringali (I, 2022; Ward 3). Orietta Tringali was chosen in January 2018 to fill the Ward 3 seat expiring in December 2018 that had been held by Susan Pirro until she resigned from office. On June 9, 2018 the Office of Emergency Management Building was dedicated to Pirro, who died on March 18, 2018. In October 2016, Gary Jeffas resigned from office to fill the position as Town Administrator; his Ward 1 seat expiring in December 2018 was filled by John Gerbasio, who served on an interim basis until the November 2017 election, when he was chosen to serve the balance of the term of office. Richard Steffens was chosen unanimously by the council in August 2009 to step in as mayor to finish the term of Dennis Elwell who resigned amid corruption charges on July 28, 2009, and was later convicted. Michael Gonnelli then won a full four-year term in November 2009 and was re-elected for another four years in 2013. In 2018, the town had an average property tax bill of $6,258, the lowest in the county, compared to an average bill of $7,762 in Hudson County and $8,767 statewide. Fire Department Secaucus is served around the clock by five volunteer fire companies that make up the Secaucus Fire Department, with a combined fire apparatus fleet of four Engines, two Ladders, one Rescue, one squad/brush unit, and one fireboat, operating out of five fire stations located throughout the town. Federal, state and county representation Secaucus is located in the 9th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 32nd state legislative district. Parts of the town are in Hudson County's 8th and 9th freeholder districts. Politics According to The Hudson Reporter, Secaucus is "arguably Hudson County's most conservative town". As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 10,298 registered voters in Secaucus, of which 5,886 (57.2%) were registered as Democrats, 876 (8.5%) were registered as Republicans and 3,531 (34.3%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 5 voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 61.1% of the vote (4,188 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 38.1% (2,609 votes), and other candidates with 0.8% (56 votes), among the 6,893 ballots cast by the town's 10,819 registered voters (40 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 63.7%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 53.0% of the vote here (3,889 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 45.6% (3,348 votes) and other candidates with 0.9% (63 votes), among the 7,344 ballots cast by the town's 10,650 registered voters, for a turnout of 69.0%. In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 50.6% of the vote here (3,460 ballots cast), outpolling Republican George W. Bush with 48.6% (3,320 votes) and other candidates with 0.3% (33 votes), among the 6,838 ballots cast by the town's 9,767 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 70.0. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 54.5% of the vote (2,214 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 42.8% (1,738 votes), and other candidates with 2.7% (108 votes), among the 4,376 ballots cast by the town's 10,966 registered voters (316 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 39.9%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Democrat Jon Corzine received 50.7% of the vote here (2,959 ballots cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 35.9% (2,096 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 5.4% (315 votes) and other candidates with 2.3% (132 votes), among the 5,833 ballots cast by the town's 10,158 registered voters, yielding a 57.4% turnout. Education Students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade are educated by the Secaucus Public Schools. As of the 2017–18 school year, the district, comprised of four schools, had an enrollment of 2,187 students and 177.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.3:1. Schools in the district (with 2017-18 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Millridge School / Early Learning Center (PreK) Clarendon Elementary School (431 students; in grades K-5), Huber Street Elementary School (631; PreK-5), Secaucus Middle School (473; 6-8) and Secaucus High School (635; 9-12). The athletic teams of Secaucus High School are nicknamed the "Patriots". For the 2018–19 school year, the Hudson County Schools of Technology moved High Tech High School from its previous location in North Bergen to a newly built school building in Secaucus constructed at a cost of $160 million on a site. The former building was sold to the North Bergen School District to become the new home of North Bergen High School. Immaculate Conception School, the town's only Catholic private day school, serving grades pre-K through 8th grade, closed in 2008. The Nicholas G. Hayek Watchmaking School, established in 2005, offers a two-year training program that prepares students to service watches. Transportation Secaucus contains a wide variety of road and rail transportation. Because of its central location, many shipping warehouses and truck freight transfer stations are located in Secaucus, both for shipping companies such as UPS and for numerous retailers. For example, Barnes & Noble's "same day delivery" service to Manhattan operates from a warehouse in Secaucus. The town also has a large rail yard and multimode terminal run by CSX and Norfolk Southern where loads are switched between trains or transferred to or from trucks. Roads and highways , the town had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Hudson County and by the New Jersey Department of Transportation and by the New Jersey Turnpike Authority. The town is roughly divided into four parts by the intersecting roads of Route 3, which runs east and west, and the Eastern Spur of the New Jersey Turnpike (Interstate 95), which runs north–south. Two turnpike interchanges are located within the town: Exit 16E/17 for Route 3 and Route 495 (which leads to the Lincoln Tunnel), and Exit 15X for the Secaucus Junction station (which opened in late 2005). Public transportation Secaucus is the site of NJ Transit's Frank R. Lautenberg Secaucus Junction rail station, which connects NJ Transit's two commuter rail networks in northern New Jersey. As the station is in the south end of the town, access from the rest of Secaucus is limited via County Avenue, Meadowlands Parkway or NJ Turnpike Interchange 15X. The station opened in December 2003, with a 1,100-spot parking lot that allows commuters to park and ride. Discount curbside intercity bus service is also provided outside the station by Megabus, with direct service to Boston and Philadelphia, among other locations. Numerous NJ Transit buses serve Secaucus, including the 124, 129, 190 and 320 buses to the Port Authority Bus Terminal in Midtown Manhattan, the 78 bus to Newark, the 2 route to Jersey City, the 85 route to Hoboken and local service provided on the 772 route. There is a bus park-and-ride at the northeast corner of Secaucus. In the first half of the 20th century the Jersey City, Hoboken and Rutherford Electric Railway operated a trolley line through the then main business district of Secaucus, on Paterson Plank Road from Jersey City and across the Hackensack River to East Rutherford. The closest airport with scheduled passenger service is Newark Liberty International Airport, which straddles Newark and Elizabeth. The nearest intercity rail station is New York Penn Station, a one-seat ride from Secaucus Junction. Media Secaucus is located within the New York media market, with most of its daily papers available for sale or delivery. Local, county and regional news is covered by The Jersey Journal, the daily newspaper that relocated its offices to Secaucus in 2014 from Jersey City's Journal Square, an area of the city that was named for the newspaper that operated there for 90 years. The Secaucus Reporter is part of The Hudson Reporter group of local weeklies. Locally, Secaucus is covered by weeklies the River View Observer and El Especialito. The town had been served by the Secaucus Home News, a weekly newspaper that published for 107 years before abruptly shutting down in 2017. WWOR-TV, channel 9, is a television station licensed to Secaucus, serving the New York metro area television market as the flagship station of the MyNetworkTV programming service. Its studios and main offices are located in Secaucus. The 1987–89 talk show The Morton Downey Jr. Show was among the WWOR-TV programs filmed in Secaucus. The warehouse at 10 Enterprise Avenue was used as the primary filming location for the hospital drama Mercy, which aired on NBC from 2009–2010. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Secaucus include the following:(B) denotes that the person was born there. Robert John Burck (born 1970), Times Square street performer known as the Naked Cowboy. Jerry Casale (1933-2019), former Major League Baseball starting pitcher for the Boston Red Sox, Los Angeles Angels and Detroit Tigers. Dave Draper (born 1942), bodybuilder. Dennis Elwell (born 1945), mayor of Secaucus from 2000 until 2009, when he resigned after allegations of political corruption. Paul Iacono (born 1988), actor known for the 2009 film Fame, and the TV series The Hard Times of RJ Berger.(B) Anthony Impreveduto (1948–2009), served on the Town Council from 1981 to 1992 and in the New Jersey General Assembly from 1987–2004 until he was forced to resign after pleading guilty to corruption charges. Louis King (born 1999), college basketball player for the Oregon Ducks. Henry B. Krajewski (1912–1966), pig farmer and frequent political candidate. Margarita Levieva (born 1980), actress. Mark Lukasiewicz (born 1973), former MLB pitcher who played two seasons for the Anaheim Angels. Blaine Morris, cast member on the MTV drama Skins. Vincent Prieto (born 1960), member of the New Jersey General Assembly since 2004 who was chosen as Assembly Speaker for the 2014–2015 Legislative Session. Dan Resin (1931–2010), actor known as Dr. Beeper in the film Caddyshack and as the Ty-D-Bol man in toilet cleaner commercials. Ian Roberts (born 1965), founding member of the Upright Citizens Brigade improv troupe. Bart Shatto, actor. Seven Volpone (born 1972), entrepreneur, business executive, singer, songwriter and record producer. The Wrens, indie rock band that named its 1996 album Secaucus for the town where they resided and worked for a decade. 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125242	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union%20City%2C%20New%20Jersey	Union City, New Jersey	Union City is a city in the northern part of Hudson County, New Jersey, United States. According to the 2010 United States Census the city had a total population of 66,455, reflecting a decline of 633 (−0.9%) from the 67,088 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 9,076 (+15.6%) from the 58,012 counted in the 1990 Census. The Census Bureau's Population Estimates Program calculated that the city's population was 67,982 in 2019, ranking the city the 540th-most-populous in the country. As of the 2010 Census, among cities with a population of more than 50,000, it was the most densely populated city in the United States, with a density of 54,138 per square mile. Union City was incorporated as a city by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on June 1, 1925, with the merger of Union Hill and West Hoboken Township. The city's name references the merger of those two municipalities. Two major waves of immigration, first of German speakers and then of Spanish speakers, greatly influenced the development and character of Union City. Its two nicknames, "Embroidery Capital of the United States" and "Havana on the Hudson", reflect important aspects of that history. Thousands visit Union City each year to see the nation's longest-running passion play and the annual Cuban Day Parade of New Jersey. The city is notable for being the location where Mallomars were first sold and the site of the first lunch wagon built by Jerry and Daniel O'Mahoney and John Hanf, which helped spark New Jersey's golden age of diner manufacturing, for which the state is colloquially referred to by author Richard J.S. Gutman as the "diner capital of the world". History Early history and civic boundaries The area of what is today Union City was originally inhabited by the Munsee-speaking branch of Lenape Native Americans, who wandered into the vast woodland area encountered by Henry Hudson during the voyages he conducted from 1609 to 1610 for the Dutch, who later claimed the area (which included the future New York City) and named it New Netherland. The portion of that land that included the future Hudson County was purchased from members of the Hackensack tribe of the Lenni-Lenape and became part of Pavonia, New Netherland. The relationship between the early Dutch settlers and Native Americans was marked by frequent armed conflict over land claims. In 1658 by New Netherland colony Director-General Peter Stuyvesant re-purchased the territory. The boundaries of the purchase are described in the deed preserved in the New York State Archives, as well as the medium of exchange: "80 fathoms of wampum, 20 fathoms of cloth, 12 brass kettles, 6 guns, one double brass kettle, 2 blankets, and one half barrel of strong beer." In 1660, he ordered the building of a fortified village at Bergen to protect the area. It was the first permanent European settlement in New Jersey, located in what is now the Journal Square area of Jersey City near Academy Street. In 1664, the British captured New Netherland from the Dutch, at which point the boundaries of Bergen Township encompassed what is now known as Hudson County. North of this was the unpopulated Bergen Woods, which would later be claimed by settlers, after whom a number of Union City streets today are named, including Sipp Street, Brown Street, Golden Lane, Tournade Street and Kerrigan Avenue, which is named after J. Kerrigan, the owner of Kerrigan Farm, who donated the land for Saint Michael's Monastery. The area that would one day be Union City, however, remained sparsely populated until the early 19th century. The British granted Bergen a new town charter in 1668. In 1682 they created Bergen County, which was named to honor their Dutch predecessors. That county comprised all of present-day Hudson, Bergen and Passaic counties. Sparsely inhabited during the 17th and 18th centuries, the southeast section of Bergen County had grown by the early 19th century to the point where it was deemed necessary to designate it a separate county. The New Jersey legislature created Hudson County in 1840, and in 1843, it was divided into two townships: Old Bergen Township (which eventually became Jersey City) and North Bergen Township, which was gradually separated into Hudson County's present day municipalities: Hoboken in 1849, Weehawken and Guttenberg in 1859, and West Hoboken and Union Township. West Hoboken was incorporated as a township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 28, 1861, from portions of North Bergen Township. The township was reincorporated on April 6, 1871, and again on March 27, 1874. Portions of the township were ceded to Weehawken in 1879. On June 28, 1884, West Hoboken was reincorporated as a town, based on an ordinance passed nine days earlier. The town was reincorporated on April 24, 1888, based on the results of a referendum passed 12 days earlier. Union Township, or simply Union, was formed in 1864 through the merger of a number of villages, such as Dalleytown, Buck's Corners and Cox's Corners. The largest of these villages, Union Hill, became the colloquial name for the merged town of Union itself. The northern section of Union Township was later incorporated as West New York in 1898. Union City was incorporated on June 1, 1925, by merging the two towns of West Hoboken and Union Hill. The name of one of the city's schools, Union Hill Middle School, recalls the former town. Immigration and industry In the 18th century, Dutch and English merchants first settled the area. Later, German immigrants immigrated from Manhattan. Irish, Polish, Armenians, Syrians, Eastern European Jews and Italians followed. In 1851, Germans moved across the Hudson River from New York City in search of affordable land and open space. During the Civil War a military installation, Camp Yates, covered an area now bounded by Bergenline and Palisade Avenues from 22nd to 32nd Street. Germans began to settle what would become Union Hill in 1851, and some descendants of the immigrants of this period live in the city today. Although the area's diversity was represented by the more than 19 nationalities that made their home in the Dardanelles (a five-block area of Central Avenue from 23rd Street to 27th Street) from the mid-19th century to the early 20th century, German Americans and Dutch dominated the area. Along with Swiss and Austrian immigrants, they founded the European-style lace making industries for which they were famous. The introduction of Schiffli lace machines in Hudson County made Union City the "embroidery capital of the United States". The trademark of that industry is on the Union City Seal, though foreign competition and austere prevailing fashions led to the decline of embroidery and other industries in the area by the late 1990s. In May 2014 the city dedicated "Embroidery Square" at New York Avenue to commemorate that history. As immigration to the area progressed throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, Belgians, Armenians, Greeks, Chinese, Jews and Russians found a home in the area, though its domination by Germans by the turn of the 20th century was reflected in the fact that the minutes of town meetings were recorded in German. By this time, the area was witnessing a period of urbanization, as an extensive trolley system was developed by the North Hudson County Railway, spurred by both electrification in 1890 and the arrival of Irish and Italian immigrants, which dominated the city until the late 1960s. Successive waves of immigrants from Eastern Europe, the Near East and Latin America contributed to the embroidery industry in subsequent years. "The Cultural Thread"/"El Hilo", an exhibit highlighting this industry, is on display at Union City's Park Performing Arts Center. The town was famous for being the home of the rowdy Hudson Burlesque. Theaters in Union City featured vaudeville and burlesque and acts including Fred Astaire and Harry Houdini. It was at a vaudeville theater in Union City that comedian George Burns would meet his longtime partner and wife, Gracie Allen. Union City was also for a time the home to the headquarters of sports publisher Joe Weider. The first Cubans immigrated to Union City from New York City in the late 1940s, having been attracted to the city in search of work after hearing of its famed embroidery factories. A majority of these Cubans hailed from small towns or cities, particularly Villa Clara Province in central Cuba. After World War II, veterans relocated to Bergen County, causing a short-lived decline in the population. By the 1960s the city was predominantly an old-line Italian enclave. This began to change when large numbers of Cubans emigrated to the city after Fidel Castro took power in 1962. This made Union City for many years the city with the largest Cuban population in the U.S. after Miami, hence its nickname, "Little Havana on the Hudson." Following the Mariel boatlift in 1980, 10,000 Cubans settled in New Jersey, leading to a second wave of Cubans to Union City, which totaled 15,000 by 1994. The city, as well as neighboring towns such as West New York, experienced a profound cultural impact as a result of this, as seen in such aspects of local culture as its cuisine, fashion, music, entertainment and cigar-making. Amid a redevelopment boom in the early 1960s, The Troy Towers, a 22-story twin tower luxury apartment complex, was completed in 1966 on the edge of the Palisades cliffs on Mountain Road at 19th Street, at the former site of the Abbey Inn, just north of where a motorized vehicle elevator and a staircase called the Lossburg Steps were located. The former was an angled ramp originally built for horse-drawn carriages, which along with the steps, connected to Hackensack Plank Road beneath the cliffs, in the Shades section of Weehawken. According to the Hudson County Multiple Listing service, between 2016 and 2018 the median list price of residential properties on the market in Union City fluctuated between $345,000 and $509,000. The most expensive home on the market in May 2018 was a four-family building on sale for $1.6 million, while the lowest was a studio apartment in Troy Towers for $148,000. A typical residential property was a six-bedroom, three-family house in need of updating, listed at $568,000. Development in the 21st century Since its inception in 2000, the Cuban Day Parade of New Jersey became a major annual event in North Hudson, beginning in North Bergen and traveling south to its end in Union City. Union City has historically been a family-oriented city predominantly made up of brownstones, two-family homes and locally owned businesses. Another wave of modestly sized residences began development approximately in 2003, spurred by similar development in neighboring Hoboken, and the city's attempt to attract developers to what had historically been a town unfriendly to them, according to Mayor Brian P. Stack. Through approval of varied construction projects to address the needs of residents of different incomes, improved rent control laws and community input on such issues, this "Hobokenization" resulted in positive comparisons with the redeveloped Hoboken of the mid-to-late 1990s, with new restaurants, bars, and art galleries cited as evidence of renewal. The city recorded $192 million in new construction in 2007, and 600 certificates of occupancy, with 500-700 projected for 2008–2009, compared with previous years, in which 50 certificates was considered a high amount. This development continued for several years, reaching a milestone in 2008 with the completion of Union City's first high-rise condominium tower, The Thread, whose name evokes the city's historical association with the embroidery industry. Other such buildings followed, such as the Altessa, Park City Grand, and Hoboken Heights. In 2015, the AARP ranked Union City #6 on its list of the best small cities to live in. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the city had a total area of 1.29 square miles (3.33 km2), all of which was land. Part of the New York metropolitan area, it is one of the municipalities which comprise North Hudson. Located atop the ridge of the lower Hudson Palisades (just south of the highest point in the county), many of its streets offer glimpses and views of the surrounding municipalities, the New York City skyline, and the New Jersey Meadowlands. The city is bisected by New Jersey Route 495, a vehicular cut built in conjunction with the Lincoln Tunnel. Soon after its construction, many street names were abandoned in favor of numbering in most of North Hudson starting at 2nd Street, just north of Paterson Plank Road, which runs through the city's only major park and creates its border with Jersey City. 49th Street is the northern boundary with West New York. Apart from a small section between Bergen Turnpike and Weehawken Cemetery, Kennedy Boulevard, a major north–south thoroughfare, creates the western border with North Bergen. A former colonial road and previous border between the merged municipalities takes three names as it diagonally crosses the city's urban grid: Hackensack Plank Road, 32nd Street, and Bergen Turnpike. Most of the city north of the street, formerly Union Hill, shares its eastern border along Park Avenue with Weehawken. The southern section of the city, formerly West Hoboken, is indeed west of Hoboken, which it overlooks and is connected by the road which creates their shared border, the Wing Viaduct. The city borders the Hudson County municipalities of Hoboken, Jersey City, North Bergen, Weehawken and West New York. Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the city include Union Hill and West Hoboken. Demographics Union City is a working class community. One of Hudson County's three homeless shelters, Palisades Emergency Residence Corp. (PERC), is located in Union City. The PERC facility, which includes a soup kitchen, food pantry and 40-bed shelter on 37th Street, lost $100,000 in federal funding in 2011, and in January and August 2012, aided a record-breaking number of guests. 2000 Census According to the 2000 United States Census, Union City had a population of 67,088, making it the second-most populous municipality in the county after Jersey City. The population density was 52,977.8 inhabitants per square mile (20,395.9/km2) in 2000, approximately twice as high as New York City as a whole, but less than Manhattan alone. Union City is the most densely populated city in the United States, though neighboring Guttenberg (legally incorporated as a town) was more densely populated. In 2000, the median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.8 males. As of the 2000 Census, 58.7% of the population was foreign born and 21.6% of residents were naturalized citizens, while 13.9% only speak English at home, whereas 80.7% reported that they spoke Spanish at home. 2010 Census Union City's 2010 population of 66,455 made it the state's 17th largest municipality, having seen a decline of 633 residents (-0.9%) from its population of 67,088 in the 2000 Census, when it was the state's 16th most populous municipality. , it was still the country's second-most densely populated incorporated municipality (after the nearby Town of Guttenberg) and the most densely populated U.S. city. The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $40,173 (with a margin of error of +/− $1,946) and the median family income was $43,101 (+/− $2,185). Males had a median income of $31,987 (+/− $1,696) versus $25,010 (+/− $1,517) for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,506 (+/− $719). About 17.0% of families and 20.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29.4% of those under age 18 and 20.8% of those age 65 or over. Hispanics remained the dominant ethnic group in the city, and their percentage of the population increased from 82.3% in the 2000 Census to 84.7% in the 2010 Census. Non-Hispanic whites made up 15.3% of the city's population in 2010; up from 13.3% in the 2000 Census. Blacks made up 5.2% of the city's population in 2010; up from 3.3% in the 2000 Census. The rest of the racial makeup of the city was 0.70% Native American, 2.15% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 28.19% from other races, and 6.87% from two or more races. Though Native Americans comprise less than 1% of the city's population, they doubled between the 2000 and 2010 Census, and combined with West New York's Native Americans, comprise 38% of the county's Native American population. Spanish was spoken at home by more than half of the residents of Union City, according to U.S. Census Bureau data released in 2017. Demographics in the 2010s and 2020s As of May 2017, the age breakdown of the city was as follows: 22.5% of residents were under the age of 18, of which 6.6% were under the age of five; and 10.9% who were 65 years of age or older. In 2019, the median age was 37.8 years. As of July 2019, Union City's employment breakdown was: 7.8% Construction; 9.6% Manufacturing; 4.4% Wholesale trade; 12.3% Retail; 9.4% Transportation and warehousing; 0.4% Utilities; 1.8% Information; 3.7% Finance and insurance; 2.1% Real estate, rental, leasing; 4.1% Professional, scientific, technical services; 8.2% Administrative, support, waste management; 5.2% Educational services; 10.1% Health care and social assistance; 2.1% Arts, entertainment, recreation; 11.0% Accommodation, food services; 5.7$ Other services; and 2.1% Public administration. As of July 2019, 71.5% of residents age 25 or older had completed high school or a higher level of education, and 21.6% had a Bachelor's degree or higher degree of education. As of the 2000 Census, 17% of the city's employed residents work in New York City. Of Union City's 24,931 housing units in 2010 (up 1,190 from the 2000 Census), 2,117 of them, or 8%, were vacant, twice the vacancy rate of the 2000 Census. As of May 2017, the average income of a Union City resident was $19,834 a year, and the compared to a national average of $28,555 a year. The median household income of a Union City resident is $40,939 a year, compared to the national median of is $53,482. By July 2019, the median household income was $48,992. In the 2000s, the Brookings Institution studies ranked Union City among the 92 most economically depressed localities in the United States, with 18.1% of the population and 27.5% of the children falling below the poverty line. In 1997, the New Jersey Municipal Distress Index, which is based on social, economic, fiscal and physical indicators, ranked Union City as the third most distressed community in the state. By July 2019, 19.6% of residents lived in poverty. The Latino and Hispanic community Immigration from Cuba to Union City began slowly in the late 1940s and early 1950s, when jobs in the local embroidery and textile factories were abundant. By 1955, the city's Cuban population was large enough that Fidel Castro visited Union City to raise money for his revolt against Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista, though a speech he gave one night at a bar on 26th Street, Le Molino Rojo ("The Red Mill") led to a brawl that resulted in Castro's arrest. Following the Cuban Revolution of 1959, large numbers of Cubans in professional occupations emigrated to Union City, resulting in Union City's status as the nation's second-largest Cuban population, behind Miami, Florida, leading to the nickname "Little Havana on the Hudson". Aspects of the enclave are explored in the 2009 publication The Cubans of Union City: Immigrants and Exiles in a New Jersey Community. In the ensuing decades, Cuban residents spread out to other communities of North Hudson County. West New York, at 19.64%, now has the highest percentage of Cubans in New Jersey, with Union City in second place, with 15.35%. These two municipalities have the highest Cuban population percentage in the United States outside of Florida. Moreover, Union City still boasts the largest Hispanic population percentage in New Jersey, at 84.7% by the 2010 Census. By the early 2000s Union City had become a mix of the Latin and Asian diasporas, with Dominicans cited as the fastest-growing ethnic group, and other groups including Colombians, Ecuadoreans and Salvadorans. Despite the decline in the size of the Cuban population, the major New York City television news outlets will often journey to Union City to interview citizens when developments in Cuba–United States relations occur. As of the 2000 Census, 5.94% of Union City's residents identified themselves as being of Ecuadorian ancestry, which was the third highest of any municipality in New Jersey and the seventh highest percentage of Ecuadorian people in any place in the United States with 1,000 or more residents identifying their ancestry. That number increased to 12.6%, according to December 2017 Census figures. Parks and recreation The Hudson County Park System maintains Washington Park, a 22-acre area that straddles the city and Jersey City Heights. The idea for the park likely originated in the late 1880s or early 1890s. The two sets of residents most instrumental in its creation were the Suckley and Allen families. The Suckleys owned the land on which the park was built for generations, which came to be called the Suckley estate. The family, however, did not pay much attention to the plot, which was just a flat expanse of dirt, and eventually came to be used to host visiting carnivals, circuses, and Wild West shows, including Buffalo Bill's Wild West show, which put on its performance there in 1908, when the plot was called the North Street Grounds. On January 12, 1909, a joint committee representing various Hudson County groups was formed to petition the relevant government agencies, such as the Hudson County freeholders, for the money needed to purchase the Suckley estate and other smaller properties that were part of the site. Assemblyman William R. Davidson argued at the committee's first meeting that the 14th Street viaduct being constructed at the time in Hoboken, which the park site overlooked, would be a significant transportation corridor, and that turning the Suckley estate into a park would be a shrewd long-term investment that would increase property values. In that same spirit, the Suckley Park Association was founded that same year for the purpose of turning the plot into a park. Its co-founder and first president was doctor and civic leader Ulamor Allen, who has been called the Father of Washington Park. On June 8 that year, Allen addressed the Hudson County Park Commission to argue for the park, joining with others who lobbied for the purchase the Curries Woods site for a county park, which would later straddle the Bayonne-Jersey City border. The County Park Commission agreed that both "border line" parks deserved to be developed, though bureaucratic red tape would delay the endeavor for years. In July 1914, the Suckley Park Association asked the Park Commission to requisition the County Board of Freeholders for $500,000 for the park. The following month, the commissioners passed a resolution asking the Freeholders to borrow that money. In 1917 the county reached an agreement to purchase the land from the property owners for a total of $562,435. The park took its current shape in approximately the 1930s, partially as a result of the input of the Works Progress Administration. Reservoir Park, located around Hackensack Reservoir on Palisade Avenue between 20th and 22nd Streets, opened on September 25, 2015. The passive park, at the city border in Weehawken, was created on the site of a reservoir that had been owned by United Water but had not been used since 1996. Commerce and economy Originally, Bergenline Avenue was the width of a cowpath, and was not regarded as a business center. Street car tracks were expected to be laid on Palisade Avenue where the Town Hall was located. However, an influential citizen named Henry Kohlmeier, who had just built his residence on Palisade Avenue, did not wish to be disturbed by the noise of the passing cars, and proposed that the tracks be laid on Bergenline Avenue, two blocks to the west, and before those who would have objected to this became aware of this change, the motion was approved. Today Bergenline Avenue remains the city's main commercial thoroughfare. Currently the longest commercial avenue in the state, boasting over 300 retail stores and restaurants, Bergenline runs through not only the entire length of Union City from north to south, but also through West New York, Guttenberg and North Bergen, making it the main commercial strip for Northern Hudson County. Also known as the "Miracle Mile", Bergenline's largest concentration of retail and chain stores begins at the intersection of 32nd Street and continues north until 92nd Street in North Bergen, and while it is a narrow one-way, southbound street throughout most of Union City, it becomes a four lane, two-way street at 48th Street, one block south of the town's northern boundary. Bergenline Avenue is also used as the route for local parades, such as the annual Memorial Day Parade. At Union City's southern end, Bergenline is primarily a residential street, with the shopping district concentrated at Summit Avenue and Transfer Station, so called because it was a transfer point for buses and three trolley lines. The neighborhood was also the site, in 1912, of the first lunch wagon built by Jerry and Daniel O'Mahoney and John Hanf, which was bought for $800 and operated by restaurant entrepreneur Michael Griffin, who chose the location for its copious foot traffic. The wagon helped spark New Jersey's so-called "golden age of diner manufacturing", which in turn made the state the informal "diner capital of the world". In the decades that followed, nearly all major U.S. diner manufacturers, including Jerry O'Mahoney Inc., started in New Jersey. During World War II, the area was a 24-hour hotspot for U.S. servicemen, who patronized the dozens of nightclubs located there. In later decades, Summit Avenue was not as busy a shopping area as upper Bergenline, so the city implemented a series of improvements in 2009 to improve business there, such as improved sidewalks, landscaping and street lights from Seventh Street to 13th Street. In terms of business, Union City is notable for being the location where Mallomars were first sold. Nabisco sold them to a grocer in the southern half of the town, when it was West Hoboken. Union City is one of several cities in Hudson County that contains a state-established Urban Enterprise Zone (UEZ), under a program that was implemented in 1983 by the New Jersey Department of Commerce and Economic Development assist businesses and revitalize economically distressed communities in New Jersey. One of 32 zones covering 37 municipalities statewide, Union City was selected in 1994 as one of a group of 10 zones added to participate in the program and one of four of those chosen based on a competition. In addition to other benefits to encourage employment and investment within the UEZ, shoppers can take advantage of a reduced 3.3125% sales tax rate (half of the % rate charged statewide) at eligible merchants. Established in April 1995, the city's Urban Enterprise Zone status expires in April 2026. There are approximately 180 UEZ-certified businesses in the city, which includes Bergenline Avenue from 49th to 15th Streets, 32nd Street from Bergenline Avenue to Kennedy Boulevard, Summit Avenue from 18th to Fifth Street, and Paterson Plank Road from Fifth to Seventh Streets. In addition to providing an incentive for shoppers and for business owners to invest in the area without raising taxes, up to $30,000 in annual UEZ revenue is also used for area upkeep and safety projects, marketing campaigns, and holiday decorations. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Union City's unemployment rate as of September 2009 was 15%, the highest in the state, compared with the lowest, Hoboken, at 6.3%, and a statewide rate of 9.8%. By 2018, the city's unemployment rate was 4.5%, compared to a rate of 3.9% in Hudson County. Government Local government Union City's City Hall is located at 3715 Palisade Avenue. The oldest municipal building in North Hudson, it was built in the 1890s as the town hall for Union Hill. Prior to the 1914 opening of Union Hill High School, classes were also held in the building. After the 1925 consolidation of West Hoboken and Union Hill into Union City, the town hall for the former was converted into the new fire headquarters for the city. It also served as the second police precinct for many years. The governing body is comprised of a five-member Board of Commissioners, as per the city's Walsh Act form of government, which has been in place since 1930. The members of the commission are elected at-large on a non-partisan basis in the May municipal election. At a reorganization meeting held after the election, each commissioner is assigned a department to oversee. The mayor of Union City also serves as a commissioner. The city is one of 30 municipalities (of the 565) statewide that use this form. , the mayor of Union City is Brian P. Stack, who became mayor in 2000 after a recall election forced the resignation of then-mayor Raúl "Rudy" Garcia. The five members of the Union City Board of Commissioners serve in both administrative and legislative capacities, with each commissioner acting as the director of one of the five major departments of the city, administering the daily operations of a designated department. The five commissioners and their departmental assignments are Mayor Brian P. Stack (Commissioner of Public Safety), Lucio P. Fernandez (Commissioner of Public Affairs), Wendy A. Grullon (Commissioner of Public Works), Maryury A. Martinetti (Commissioner of Revenue and Finance) and Celin J. Valdivia (Commissioner of Parks and Public Property), all serving concurrent terms ending on May 15, 2022. In March 2013, the Board of Commissioners chose Celin Valdivia to fill the seat vacated by Christopher F. Irizarry. The budget adopted by the city in 2021 was $151 million, which remained balanced despite the COVID-19 pandemic. Federal, state, and county representation Union City is located in the 8th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 33rd state legislative district. Prior to the 2010 Census, Union City had been part of the , a change made by the New Jersey Redistricting Commission that took effect in January 2013, based on the results of the November 2012 general elections. Hudson County Board of Chosen Freeholders District 6 is represented by Tilo Rivas. Political demographics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 28,503 registered voters in Union City, of which 18,589 (65.2%) were registered as Democrats, 1,839 (6.5%) were registered as Republicans and 8,062 (28.3%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 13 voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 82.1% of the vote (14,569 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 17.2% (3,050 votes), and other candidates with 0.8% (134 votes), among the 17,893 ballots cast by the city's 30,841 registered voters (140 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 58.0%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 74.6% of the vote (13,657 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 23.9% (4,366 votes) and other candidates with 0.8% (150 votes), among the 18,305 ballots cast by the city's 32,030 registered voters, for a turnout of 57.1%. In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 64.8% of the vote here (10,894 ballots cast), outpolling Republican George W. Bush with 32.0% (5,375 votes) and other candidates with 0.3% (90 votes), among the 16,811 ballots cast by the city's 27,727 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 60.6. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 58.1% of the vote (6,653 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 40.6% (4,651 votes), and other candidates with 1.3% (148 votes), among the 12,583 ballots cast by the city's 31,515 registered voters (1,131 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 39.9%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Democrat Jon Corzine received 76.8% of the vote here (8,611 ballots cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 20.2% (2,265 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 1.4% (152 votes) and other candidates with 0.8% (89 votes), among the 11,218 ballots cast by the city's 27,373 registered voters, yielding a 41.0% turnout. Public safety The Union City Police Department consists of over 200 officers. Union City's Chief of Police is Nichelle Luster, the city's first female Police Chief, who replaced former Chief Richard Molinari. Luster had been a captain since 2013, when she became the first female to attain that position. Until 1999, the Union City Fire Department consisted of 100 firefighters, and four fire stations. In January 1999 Union City and four other cities in North Hudson merged their fire departments into North Hudson Regional Fire and Rescue. The other municipalities include Guttenberg, North Bergen, Weehawken and West New York. Three of the NHRFR's fire stations are located in Union City: Battalion 1 / Squad 2 / Ladder 1 - 1600 New York Avenue Deputy 1 / Engine 4 - 541-29th Street Battalion 2 / Rescue 1 / Squad 1 - 4300 Kennedy Boulevard Transportation Roads and highways , the city had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Hudson County and by the New Jersey Department of Transportation and by the New Jersey Turnpike Authority. New Jersey Route 495 is the most significant highway passing through Union City, which connects directly to the Lincoln Tunnel into New York City, Interstate 95 (the New Jersey Turnpike), U.S. Route 1/9 and New Jersey Route 3. Within the city, Bergenline Avenue and the marginal highway of Route 495 are major public transportation corridors. Public transportation The Bergenline Avenue station of the Hudson-Bergen Light Rail is located at 49th Street near the city line with West New York and North Bergen. New Jersey Transit bus service transportation is available to points in Hudson, Bergen, and Passaic counties and to the Port Authority Bus Terminal in Midtown Manhattan. Routes which stop in the city are the 111, 121, 123, 124, 125, 127, 129, 154, 156, 159, 144, 190 (and the 107, 108, 160, 161, 163, 167, 191, 192 by passenger request for travel to the Port Authority Bus Terminal only), and the 195 (Saturdays only). The George Washington Bridge Bus Terminal is served by the 181. Jersey City can be reached on the 22, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 88 and 89 routes. OurBus routes link Union City to Washington, D.C. Additional public transportation service is augmented by privately operated dollar vans that link Union City to various points throughout the New York metropolitan area, such as the Hudson County Courthouse, Newport Mall, 42nd Street in Manhattan, and Paterson, New Jersey. The minibuses, locally known by their Spanish language name guagua, have come subject to greater scrutiny due to alleged safety issues. In 2021, Union City was among the municipalities in Hudson County that formally codified regulations governing the use of electric bicycles and scooters. Newark Liberty International Airport is located south in Newark/Elizabeth. LaGuardia Airport in Queens, New York, is away. John F. Kennedy Airport is also in Queens. The Colombian airline Avianca operates a private bus service from to Union City and Elizabeth for passengers on Avianca flights departing from and arriving to JFK. Education The student population was 9,730 as of November 2009. In 2021, its 14 public schools served 11,893 students. Historically, Union City schools have ranked among the highest in Hudson County in reported incidents of violence compared to the size of the student population more than once, most recently in a November 2009 report by the New Jersey Department of Education, which annually records incidents of violence, vandalism, weapons and substance abuse or possession. According to the report, such incidents declined statewide between the 2006–07 and the 2007–08 school years, but rose slightly in Hudson County, with Union City schools having the second-highest number of reported incidents behind the Jersey City Public Schools. University of California, Berkeley Professor David L. Kirp, in his 2011 book, Kids First, and his 2013 book, Improbable Scholars, praised Union City's education system for bringing poor, mostly immigrant kids (three quarters of whom live in homes where only Spanish is spoken and a quarter of which are thought to be undocumented and fearful of deportation) into the educational mainstream. Kirp, who spent a year in Union City examining its schools, notes that while in the late 1970s, Union City schools faced the threat of state takeover, they now boast achievement scores that approximate the statewide average. Kirp also observes that in 2011, Union City boasted a high school graduation rate of 89.5 percent—roughly 10 percentage points higher than the national average, and that in 2012, 75 percent of Union City graduates enrolled in college, with top students winning scholarships to the Ivy League. Kirp singles out the city's practice of enrolling almost every 3- and 4-year-old in kindergarten, and the leadership of Union City High School principal John Bennetti for the positive educational atmosphere in that school. Public schools The Union City School District operates public schools in Union City, serving students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade. The district is one of 31 former Abbott districts statewide, which are now referred to as "SDA Districts" based on the requirement for the state to cover all costs for school building and renovation projects in these districts under the supervision of the New Jersey Schools Development Authority. As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of 14 schools, had an enrollment of 13,768 students and 837.2 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 16.4:1. Schools in the district (with 2018–19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Eugenio Maria de Hostos Center for Early Childhood Education (298; grades PreK - K), Thomas A. Edison Elementary School (1,019; PreK - 6), Sara Gilmore Academy School (399; 1 - 8), Henry Hudson Elementary School (367; PreK - 2), Jefferson Elementary School (329; PreK-4), Colin Powell Elementary School (833; K - 5), Theodore Roosevelt School (1,010; K - 6), Veteran's Memorial Elementary School (606; PreK - 5), George Washington Elementary School (796; PreK - 6), Robert Waters Elementary School (1,084; PreK - 6), Emerson Middle School (1,023; 6 - 8), Union Hill Middle School (885; 7 - 8), José Martí STEM Academy (700; 9-12) and Union City High School (2,882; 9 - 12). The city's single public high school, Union City High School, opened September 3, 2009, and was built on the site of the former Roosevelt Stadium. The $178 million school, whose signature feature is an athletic field on its second floor roof, replaced the former Emerson High School and Union Hill High School, which converted to middle schools. The newest school to open in Union City is Colin Powell Elementary School, which opened in September 2012 and was dedicated on February 7, 2013. It is the seventh educational city created over the course of a decade, and the 14th school in the city. For the 2013–14 school year students from Gilmore and Hudson Schools were relocated to Colin Powell, so that the former schools, both of which are over 100 years old, could undergo renovations. Woodrow Wilson School was awarded the Blue Ribbon School Award of Excellence by the United States Department of Education, the highest award an American school can receive, during the 2004–05 school year. The Blue Ribbon School Award of Excellence was awarded again to Woodrow Wilson for the 2014–2015 school year. Hudson County Community College's $28.1 million North Hudson Higher Education Center opened in September 2011. The seven story, Center is located on Kennedy Boulevard, adjacent to the Bergenline Avenue Light Rail station. It incorporates green technology, such as photovoltaic electrical systems, rainwater harvesting tanks, daylight and occupancy sensors, low-flow fixtures, and high-efficiency mechanical equipment. The NHHEC also houses offices for the Hudson County Career Development Center and the County Clerk. Private schools Mother Seton Interparochial School, St. Augustine's School and St. Francis Academy are elementary schools operated under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark. In September 2013, St. Francis Academy was one of 15 schools in New Jersey to be recognized by the United States Department of Education as part of the National Blue Ribbon Schools Program, an award called the "most prestigious honor in the United States' education system" and which Education Secretary Arne Duncan described as honoring schools that "represent examples of educational excellence". Other schools in Union City include two Islamic schools, Miftaahul Uloom Academy and Rising Star Academy, a Jewish school, Mesivta Sanz, and Union City Daycare Program School. Notable landmarks The former Monastery and Church of Saint Michael the Archangel on West Street, once the largest Roman Catholic church in Hudson County, is the one landmark on the National Register of Historic Places in Union City, and one of several locations which have been designated by New Jersey Register of Historic Places. It is now known as the Hudson Presbyterian Church. The José Martí Freshman Academy and Union City Public Library are located on the grounds of the complex. The Park Performing Arts Center was originally built in 1931 by the German congregation the Catholic parish of Holy Family Church (and still owned by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark) to house their cultural and educational programs Its outstanding feature is the Park Theater which seats 1,400. Incorporated in 1983 the non-profit arts center presents works of local, national, and international artists, as well as permanent and rotating exhibitions. Union City High School and Athletic Complex opened in September 2009 on the site of the former Roosevelt Stadium, demolished in 2005 to make way for it. The sports field is located on the second floor roof of the building, which also houses the Union City Performing Arts Center and a community health center. Emerson Middle School, was opened in April 1915 as West Hoboken High School, and was home to the Bulldogs. It was renamed Emerson High School for the writer Ralph Waldo Emerson, when the two towns merged. Located on New York Avenue at 18th Street, the original building is connected with the gym building, built in the 1980s, by a second story enclosed bridge that runs over New York Avenue. The school became the South campus of Union City High School in September 2008, before converting to a middle school in September 2009, with the opening of the new Union City High School proper. The mascot of Union City was also changed to the Soaring Eagles. Alumni of the school include DJ and music producer Erick Morillo and former Green Bay Packers center Frank Winters. Union City is home to two Carnegie Libraries funded by the donations of steel magnate Andrew Carnegie. Both are considered historically and architecturally significant by the city. The first was built in 1903 by the Cranwell family builders, who were active in the construction of many of the city's buildings, with a $25,000 donation by Carnegie in what was once West Hoboken on 15th Street between Bergenline Avenue and New York Avenue. The second was built in 1905 at the corner of 43rd Street and New York Avenue in what was once Union Hill, and is the main branch. The 15th Street library retains its original stained glass, but was closed in 2004 upon the completion of a new library on the corner of Summit Avenue and 18th Street, housed in the same building as José Martí Middle School. It was converted into the William V. Musto Cultural Center, which opened in June 2011. It houses the Union City Museum of Art, the Union City Police Museum, the Union City Art Gallery & Concert Hall, the Union City Museum of History, and a senior citizen center. On June 4, 2004, nearly a year after the death of Cuban-American salsa singer Celia Cruz (who lived in nearby Fort Lee), Union City heralded its annual Cuban Day Parade by dedicating its new Celia Cruz Park (also known as Celia Cruz Plaza) at 31st Street and Bergenline Avenue, with Cruz's widower, Pedro Knight, present. The park featured a sidewalk star in Cruz's honor, and an 8' × 10' mural by Union City's Edgardo Davila, a collage of Cruz's career throughout the decades. There are four other similar dedications to Cruz around the world. The Latin American Kiwanis Club refurbished the park in early June 2006, replacing the mural with a backlit photograph of Cruz. Cruz's star has expanded into Union City's "Walk of Fame", as new marble stars are added each spring to honor Latin entertainment and media personalities. People so honored at the park include merengue singer Joseíto Mateo, salsa singer La India, Cuban musician Israel "Cachao" Lopez, Cuban tenor Beny Moré, Tito Puente, Spanish language television news anchor Rafael Pineda, salsa pioneer Johnny Pacheco, singer/bandleader Gilberto Santa Rosa and music promoter Ralph Mercado. September 11 memorials The city's first memorial to honor the five Union City citizens who died in the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks was a sculpture placed in Doric Park, in whose courtyard citizens gathered on September 11, 2001 to view the attacks' aftermath. On September 11, 2007, the city dedicated its Liberty Plaza to commemorate the event. The Plaza, which serves as a transit hub through which commuters pass on their way to and from Manhattan, includes two memorial markers. Doric Park was later rebuilt as Firefighters Memorial Park, which opened in August 2009. The park includes a public swimming pool, and a new memorial to local fallen firefighters that stands at the entrance. Its popularity has attracted visitors from Manhattan and Staten Island. The Monastery of the Perpetual Rosary, known as The Blue Chapel, was constructed between 1912 and 1914, as the first monastery dedicated to the recitation of the Perpetual Rosary in the United States. Although the monastery was well-maintained for many decades, after the number of resident nuns and finances dwindled, the chapel deteriorated and was vacated in mid-2009. Plans were announced later that year to renovate and expand the monastery in order to create housing units and underground parking, but negative public reaction squelched those plans. In 2010, the chapel was included on Preservation New Jersey's annual 10 Most Endangered Historic Sites list, which is intended to draw attention to historical sites in need of preservation. The site's caretakers have previously indicated that it will likely be abandoned or sold, but the city Board of Commissioners passed a November 3, 2010 resolution designating it as a historic site as part of efforts to protect it. Since 2009, Union City has erected a series of historical markers to commemorate the lives of its noteworthy natives. The first marker was dedicated to the memory of boxer Joe Jeanette on April 17, 2009, and placed at the corner of Summit Avenue and 27th Street on April 17, 2009, where Jeanette's former residence and gym once stood. The marker lies two blocks from a street, located between Summit Avenue and Kennedy Boulevard, that was named Jeanette Street in his honor. Present at the dedication ceremony was Jeanette's grandniece, Sabrina Jennette. The city's second historical marker was dedicated September 26, 2009 to Peter George Urban, a 10th degree karate grandmaster, writer and teacher who founded an American karate system, American Goju Do. Present at the dedication ceremony was Urban's daughter, Julia Urban-Kimmerly. The city's third historical marker was dedicated on May 22, 2010 to novelist and screenwriter Pietro di Donato, and placed at Bergenline Avenue and 31st Street, where di Donato once lived, and which was named Pietro di Donato Plaza in his honor. Present at the dedication ceremony was di Donato's son, Richard. The fourth was dedicated to painter William Tylee Ranney on September 18, 2010. In addition to those honoring people, subsequent markers were erected to honor particular sites. As of December 2012, the city had eight historic markers. Media and culture Union City is located within the New York media market, with most of its daily papers available for sale or delivery. Until its closing in 1991 the Hudson Dispatch, a morning daily newspaper that once had a circulation of 39,132, was based in Union City for 117 years. It later relaunched as a free bilingual weekly. Local, county, and regional news is covered by the daily Jersey Journal. The Union City Reporter is part of the Hudson Reporter group of local weeklies. Other weeklies, the River View Observer and El Especialito, also cover local news. Among the films set or shot in the city are Union City (1980) (which was released in conjunction with the Blondie song "Union City Blue"), Out of the Darkness (1985), Bloodhounds of Broadway (1989), and Far from Heaven (2002). The low-budget film directed by former Guttenberg mayor Peter Lavilla, Oak Hill, features local institutions including Union City's Palisades Emergency Residence Corporation homeless shelter and a synagogue in North Bergen. The first segment of the April 12, 2013 episode of the American version of the reality television series Undercover Boss was filmed in Union City. In the segment, Tony Wells, the CMO for the home security provider ADT, visits Union City to pose as a new employee being trained by a local ADT dealer. In the late 2000s, Union City, West New York, Weehawken and North Bergen came to be dubbed collectively as "NoHu", a North Hudson haven for local performing and fine artists, many of whom are immigrants from Latin America and other countries, in part due to lower housing costs compared to those in nearby art havens such as Hoboken, Jersey City and Manhattan. The Union City area is a major training ground for actors in the county. In September 2008, Union City held its first annual month-long Art Month, which originated with the September 2006 "Celebrate Art" show at St. John's Episcopal Church. Art Month includes events such as the Union City Arts and Crafts Festival, held the second week of every September. Group shows are also arranged by organizations such as La Ola, a group formed to help unite local artists, and Federación Mercantil, which provides support to artists in the form of bank loan assistance and help avoiding foreclosure, and puts on an annual show of work by Spanish-American painters. Another is the Union City Artists Collective, founded in 2007 by a group of artists and public officials that includes painter/sculptor Amado Mora, who was named Union City's first Art Curator, responsible for the Union City Art Gallery at City Hall. Locations in which artists reside or have put on tours or shows include the Yardley Building, a former Yardley of London soap factory on Palisade Avenue that overlooks Hoboken, and the old R.H. Simon Silk Mill on 39th Street, which has been dubbed the "Union Hill Arts Building". The Park Performing Arts Center is also a popular arts venue in the city, as it houses Hudson Theatre Works, a theatre company founded in 2011. It was also the first venue for the Park Players, an acting troupe founded in the early 1980s by local teacher Joseph Conklin, and formerly hosted the NoHu Visions show, and the annual two-day Multi-Arts Festival until 2010, when the latter moved to Union City High School, which houses the Union City Performing Arts Center. In 2009 poet/musician Graciela Barreto was named Union City's first poet laureate. By April 2010 she was succeeded by Ben Figueroa. During the late 2000s the city also named a City Historian and organized a Historical Committee. The 2010 independent gothic horror art film, Vampire in Union City, was filmed entirely in Union City, and was directed by entertainer and Union City Commissioner Lucio Fernandez. Produced by MeLu Films, it premiered on September 3, 2010 at the Summit Theater, marking the city's first movie premiere, and the 2010 Celebrate Art Month, which included art exhibits, jazz, dance and opera performances, a film festival, and the public release of Francisco Rivadeneira's book, Los Amos del Planeta, Tomo II. On April 20, 2018, Union City's Performing Arts Center hosted the official premiere Union City, U.S.A., a documentary on the city's history and culture. It was written, directed, and produced by Fernandez, who began research for the film in 2008. Fernandez and city historian Gerard Karabin conducted interviews with numerous past and current residents of the city for the film, which was edited by Mauro De Trizio, who served as director of photography. It was narrated by Tom Colavito. The Multi-Arts Festival is an exhibition of artwork, musical performances and workshops held every May since 1981. Students and alumni of the various schools of Union City display their artwork, put on musical performances, and put on free demonstrations of sculpture, portraiture and caricature for attendees. It was created by Agnes Dauerman, a Union Hill High School art teacher, who coordinated the program for 25 years before she retired in 2005. The Union City Museum of Art, the Union City Police Museum, the Union City Art Gallery and Concert Hall and the Union City Museum of History are housed in the William V. Musto Cultural Center, formerly the 15th Street library. The Musto Center hosts a number of events, including various concerts and theatrical performances. Specific events it has hosted include the Union City Artist Awards, the NoHu International Film Festival, and Artists Assemble!, a comics festival first held in February 2013. The first annual Union City International Film Festival began in December 2010, with the short film X, which was written and directed by Josh Brolin, as the opening film. Later that month Union City unveiled the Union City Plaza of the Arts on Bergenline Avenue between 30th and 31st Streets, as a venue for artists to congregate and showcase their work. The location, which sees copious traffic to and from Midtown Manhattan, was chosen in order to showcase the city in a positive light to commuters, and so that the plaza could represent fine arts alongside the adjacent Pietro Di Donato Plaza and Celia Cruz Plaza, which represent literature and music, respectively. On June 11, 2014, the city's Board of Commissioners passed a resolution adopting "Union City" as the city's official song. The song was composed by Union City native Phil Gallo and Weehawken native Mike Boldt, and performed by the group Dez Manku, which features Boldt and Gallo. An accompanying music video was produced and edited by Mauro DeTrizio for Action Productions, and released on YouTube and iTunes. The guitar-driven rock song's lyrics make references to local streets such as Bergenline Avenue and Monastery Place, and landmarks such as the Roosevelt Theater, the Hudson Burlesque, and the former high schools, Emerson and Union Hill. Notable people See also Notes References Ryman, Ella-May. History of West Hoboken and Union Hill (1965) Primont, Daniel A.; Fiedler, William G.; and Zuccaro, Fred. The Historical Background of Union City: A Monograph, Prepared for the Commemoration of New Jersey's Tercentenary 1664–1964 and As a Teaching Material and Aid in the Union City School System by (1964) The City of Union City (A 1996 calendar) External links Union City's official website Union City Board of Education Data for the Union City Board of Education, National Center for Education Statistics Official Site of the Hudson Reporter Park Performing Arts Center 1925 establishments in New Jersey Cities in Hudson County, New Jersey New Jersey Urban Enterprise Zones North Hudson, New Jersey Populated places established in 1925 Walsh Act	[ -0.40763264894485474, -0.1438254565000534, -0.18772956728935242, -0.2756720185279846, 0.9604210257530212, 0.3500935733318329, 0.272940069437027, 0.6341960430145264, -0.002946695778518915, -0.8642922043800354, -0.6658853888511658, 0.14521083235740662, -0.3127290904521942, 0.5449358820915222, -1.2332860231399536, 0.733637809753418, 0.5038256645202637, 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125244	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weehawken%2C%20New%20Jersey	Weehawken, New Jersey	Weehawken is a township in the northern part of Hudson County, New Jersey, United States. It is located largely on the Hudson Palisades overlooking the Hudson River. As of the 2020 United States Census, the population was 17,197. Name The name Weehawken is generally considered to have evolved from the Algonquian language Lenape spoken by the Hackensack and Tappan. It has variously been interpreted as "maize land", "place of gulls", "rocks that look like trees", which would refer to the Palisades, atop which most of the town sits, or "at the end", among other suggested translations. Three U.S. Navy ships have been named for the city. The USS Weehawken, launched on November 5, 1862, was a Passaic-class monitor, or ironclad ship, which sailed for the Union Navy during the American Civil War, encountered battles at the Charleston, South Carolina coast, and sank in a moderate gale on December 6, 1863. The Weehawken was the last ferry to The West Shore Terminal on March 25, 1959, at 1:10 am, ending 259 years of continuous ferry service. Weehawken Street in Manhattan's Greenwich Village was the site of a colonial Hudson River ferry landing. The name and the place have inspired mention in multiple works of popular culture. History Weehawken was formed as a township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature, on March 15, 1859, from portions of Hoboken and North Bergen. A portion of the township was ceded to Hoboken in 1874. Additional territory was annexed in 1879 from West Hoboken. The township's written history began in 1609, when Henry Hudson, on his third voyage to the New World, sailed down what was later named the North River on the Half Moon and weighed anchor in Weehawken Cove. At the time it was the territory of the Hackensack and Tappan, of the Turtle Clan, or Unami, a branch of the Lenni Lenape. They were displaced by immigrants to the province of New Netherland, who had begun to settle the west bank of the Hudson at Pavonia in 1630. On May 11, 1647, Maryn Adriansen received a patent for a plantation (of 169 acres) at Awiehaken. In 1658, Director-General of New Netherland Peter Stuyvesant negotiated a deal with the Lenape to purchase all the land from "the great rock above Wiehacken", west to Sikakes (Secaucus) and south to Konstapels Hoeck (Constable Hook). In 1661, Weehawken became part of Bergen when it (and most of northeastern New Jersey) came under the jurisdiction of the court at Bergen Square. In 1674, New Netherland was ceded to the British, and the town became part of the Province of East Jersey. John Luby, in 1677, acquired several parcels comprising along the Hudson. Most habitation was along the top of the cliffs since the low-lying areas were mostly marshland. Descriptions from the period speak of the dense foliage and forests and excellent land for growing vegetables and orchard fruits. As early as 1700 there was regular, if sporadic ferry service from Weehawken. In 1752, King George II made the first official grant for ferry service, the ferry house north of Hoboken primarily used for farm produce, and likely was sold at the Greenwich Village landing that became Weehawken Street. During the American Revolutionary War, Weehawken was used as a lookout for the patriots to check on the British, who were situated in New York and controlled the surrounding waterways. In fact, in July 1778, Lord Stirling asked Aaron Burr, in a letter written on behalf of General George Washington, to employ several persons to "go to Bergen Heights, Weehawk, Hoebuck, or any other heights thereabout to observe the motions of the enemy's shipping" and to gather any other possible intelligence. Early documented inhabitants included a Captain James Deas, whose stately residence at Deas' Point was located atop a knoll along the river. Lafayette had used the mansion as his headquarters and later Washington Irving came to gaze at Manhattan. Not far from Deas' was a ledge 11 paces wide and 20 paces long, situated above the Hudson on the Palisades. This ledge, long gone, was the site of 18 documented duels and probably many unrecorded ones in the years 1798–1845. The most famous is the duel between General Alexander Hamilton, first Secretary of the Treasury, and Colonel Aaron Burr, sitting third Vice President of the United States, which took place on July 11, 1804; this duel was re-enacted on its 200th anniversary (July 11, 2004) by descendants of Hamilton and Burr. Three years earlier, a duel was held at this spot between Philip Hamilton (Alexander Hamilton's son) and George Eacker; Phillip Hamilton, who had been defending his father's honor, suffered a fatal wound in his hip and his left arm and died two days later on November 24, 1801. In the mid-19th century, James G. King built his estate Highwood on the bluff that now bears his name, and entertained many political and artistic figures of the era, including Daniel Webster. With the ferry, the Hackensack Plank Road (a toll road that was a main artery from Weehawken to Hackensack), and later, the West Shore Railroad, built during the early 1870s, the waterfront became a transportation hub. The wealthy built homes along the top of the New Jersey Palisades, where they might flee from the sweltering heat of New York, and breathe the fresh air of the heights. Weehawken became the playground of the rich during the middle to late 19th century. A series of wagon lifts, stairs, and even a passenger elevator designed by the same engineer as those at the Eiffel Tower (which at the time was the world's largest) were put in place to accommodate the tourists and summer dwellers. The Eldorado Amusement Park, a pleasure garden which opened in 1891, drew massive crowds. Geography Weehawken is part of the New York metropolitan area. Situated on the western shore of the Hudson River, along the southern end of the New Jersey Palisades across from Midtown Manhattan, it is the western terminus of the Lincoln Tunnel. Weehawken is one of the towns that comprise North Hudson, sometimes called NoHu in the artistic community. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 1.48 square miles (3.82 km2), including 0.78 square miles (2.03 km2) of land and 0.69 square miles (1.79 km2) of water (46.69%). The township borders the municipalities of Hoboken, Union City and West New York in Hudson County; and the New York City borough of Manhattan, across the Hudson River. While the Palisades defines Weehawken's natural topography, the Lincoln Tunnel (which cuts the town in half) looms as an inescapable man-made feature. Geographically, Weehawken has distinct neighborhoods: Downtown, the Heights, Uptown (which includes Kingswood Bluff, known as "The Bluff"), and the Waterfront, which since the 1990s has been developed for transportation, commercial, recreational and residential uses. Though some are long abandoned (e.g., Grauert Causeway), there are still several outdoor public staircases (e.g., Shippen Steps) throughout the town, and more than 15 "dead-end" streets. At its southeastern corner is Weehawken Cove which, along with the rail tracks farther inland, defines Weehawken's border with Hoboken. Its northern boundary is shared with West New York. Traversing Weehawken is Boulevard East, a scenic thoroughfare offering a sweeping vista of the Hudson River and the Manhattan skyline. Local zoning laws prohibit the construction of high-rise buildings that would obstruct sight-lines from higher points in town. In a 1999 decision that blocked the development of a pair of waterfront towers that would have stood , a judge cited the panoramic vistas from Weehawken as "a world-class amenity that encourages people to live, work and locate businesses in the area". In 2021, the development company Roseland donated 14.5 acres of the Palisades cliff face to the town in order to preserve its beauty and its history. The turn of the 20th century saw the end of the large estates, casinos, hotels, and theaters as tourism gave way to subdivisions (such as Highwood Park and Clifton Park) and the construction of many of the private homes still seen in town. This coincided with the influx of the Germans, Austrians, and Swiss, who built them and the breweries and embroidery factories in nearby Union City and West New York. While remaining essentially residential, Weehawken continued to grow as Hudson County became more industrial and more populated. Shortly after World War I, a significant contingent of Syrian immigrants from Homs (a major textile center in its own right) moved into Weehawken to take advantage of the burgeoning textile industry. Demographics 2010 Census The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $62,435 (with a margin of error of +/- $6,887) and the median family income was $90,903 (+/- $17,797). Males had a median income of $53,912 (+/- $7,426) versus $50,129 (+/- $3,238) for females. The per capita income for the township was $45,206 (+/- $5,011). About 10.1% of families and 12.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.2% of those under age 18 and 20.4% of those age 65 or over. 2000 Census As of the 2000 United States Census there were 13,501 people, 5,975 households, and 3,059 families residing in the township. The population density was 15,891.3 people per square mile (6,132.7/km2). There were 6,159 housing units at an average density of 7,249.4 per square mile (2,797.7/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 73.05% White, 3.58% African American, 0.20% Native American, 4.67% Asian, 0.10% Pacific Islander, 13.94% from other races, and 4.47% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 40.64% of the population. There were 5,975 households, out of which 20.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.1% were married couples living together, 11.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 48.8% were non-families. 35.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 3.02. In the township the population was spread out, with 16.6% under the age of 18, 8.9% from 18 to 24, 42.4% from 25 to 44, 19.9% from 45 to 64, and 12.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.9 males. The median income for a household in the township was $50,196, and the median income for a family was $52,613. Males had a median income of $41,307 versus $36,063 for females. The per capita income for the township was $29,269. About 9.3% of families and 11.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.0% of those under age 18 and 11.3% of those age 65 or over. Weehawken, with a population density about equal to that of Jersey City, is among the most densely populated municipalities in the United States. Economy Weehawken has a retail district along Park Avenue (its boundary with Union City) and large office and apartment/townhouse developments along the Hudson River. Weehawken is a mostly residential community, but has a business district at Lincoln Harbor between the Lincoln Tunnel and Weehawken Cove. UBS, Swatch Group USA, Hartz Mountain Telx Technologies (colocation center) are among the corporations which maintain offices in the neighborhood, which also hosts a Sheraton Hotels and Resorts-branded hotel. Sports Formula One announced plans in 2011 to host a street race on a circuit stretching in Weehawken and West New York called Grand Prix of America, that was planned to have its first event in June 2013. The three-day event was anticipated to attract 100,000 people and bring in approximately $100 million in economic activity. The 2013 race was dropped from the calendar, with Formula One President and CEO Bernie Ecclestone stating that the promoters were in breach of contract and that new proposals from other parties would be welcome. The race was repeatedly added then removed from future Formula One provisional calendars, and dropped completely from the provisional calendar by 2016. Points of interest Though the panoramic view (from the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge to George Washington Bridge) may be its most famous attraction, Weehawken is also home to other sites of historic, aesthetic, and engineering importance: The city's main commercial thoroughfare is Park Avenue, which is populated mostly by locally owned stores, eateries and bars. Hamilton Park, on Boulevard East, is located at the site of the former Eldorado Amusement Resort. King's Bluff, a historic district at "the end of the Palisades", includes many of Weehawken's most expensive homes, in an eclectic array of architectural styles The Weehawken Water Tower on Park Avenue was built in 1883 as part of the Hackensack Water Company Complex, and inspired by Palazzo Vecchio in Florence, Italy. The Tower is cited on the Federal Maritime Chart as the "Red Tower" and serves as a warning to ships traveling south along the Hudson that they are approaching New York Bay. The former North Hudson Hospital is located on Park Avenue. Hackensack Plank Road, an early colonial thoroughfare first laid out in 1718, climbs from Downtown to The Heights and further north, originally connecting Hoboken and Hackensack. The "Horseshoe" on Shippen Street is a cobbled double hairpin street leading to Hackensack Plank Road and Shippen Street Steps, at the bottom of which is located Weehawken's original town hall, and is the home of VFW Post 1923 and the Weehawken Historical Commission. Hackensack Number Two, a reservoir previously part of Hudson County's water system along with No. 1 (demolished), in the Gregory/Highpoint Historic District, is named for the river from which water was pumped into them. The Lincoln Tunnel Approach and Helix is the eight-lane circular viaduct that leads into the Art Deco style Lincoln Tunnel Toll Plaza. Nearby are the ventilation towers at Lincoln Harbor. The Weehawken Public Library, which was built in 1904 as the home the son of William Peter Sr., wealthy brewer/beer baron of the William Peter Brewing Company, is located at 49 Hauxhurst Avenue. It opened as a library in 1942, and underwent renovations from 1997 to 1999. The Atrium, which is home to Hudson River Performing Arts Center-sponsored events. NY Waterway's Weehawken Port Imperial Ferry Terminal, a state-of-the-art facility opened in 2006, is located at the site of the United Fruit Company, which was the largest banana import facility in the nation from the time of its opening in 1952. Reservoir Park, located at 20th to 22nd Streets on Palisade Avenue, opened on September 25, 2015, The passive park at the border of Union City and Weehawken, was created on the site of a reservoir that had been owned by United Water but hadn't been used since 1996. The West Shore Railroad Tunnel, carved through the cliffs, is now used for the Hudson-Bergen Light Rail. The Hudson Riverfront 9/11 Memorial on the Hudson River Walkway near the foot of Pershing Road consists of two trident-shaped beams that served as supports for the twin towers of the World Trade Center. Hamilton Monument The Alexander Hamilton Monument on Hamilton Avenue, next to Hamilton Park, is the site of the second memorial to the Burr–Hamilton duel between Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr. The first, on the original duel site, was constructed in 1806 by the Saint Andrew Society, of which Hamilton had been a member. A 14-foot (4.3-m) marble cenotaph, consisting of an obelisk, topped by a flaming urn and a plaque with a quote from Horace, surrounded by an iron fence, was raised about where Hamilton was believed to have fallen. Duels continued to be fought at the site, and the marble was slowly vandalized and removed for souvenirs, disappearing entirely by 1820. The tablet turned up in a junk store and found its way to the New-York Historical Society in Manhattan, where it still resides. From 1820 to 1857, the site was marked by two stones, with the names Hamilton and Burr, placed where they were thought to have stood during the duel. When a road from Hoboken to Fort Lee was built through the site in 1858, an inscription on a boulder where a mortally wounded Hamilton was thought to have rested—one of the many pieces of graffiti left by visitors—was all that remained. No primary accounts of the duel confirm the boulder anecdote. In 1870, railroad tracks were built directly through the site, and the boulder was hauled to the top of the Palisades, where it remains today, located just off the Boulevard East. In 1894, an iron fence was built around the boulder, supplemented by a bust of Hamilton and a plaque. The bust was thrown over the cliff on October 14, 1934, by vandals, and the head was never recovered; a new bust was unveiled on July 12, 1935. The plaque was stolen by vandals in the 1980s, and an abbreviated version of the text was inscribed on the indentation left in the boulder, which remained until the early 1990s, when a granite pedestal was added in front of the boulder, and the bust was moved to the top of the pedestal. New historical markers were added on July 11, 2004, the 200th anniversary of the duel. Government Local government Weehawken operates within the Faulkner Act, formally known as the Optional Municipal Charter Law, under the Council-Manager form of municipal government. The township is one of 42 municipalities (of the 565) statewide that use this form of government. The governing body is comprised of a five-member Township Council, whose members are elected to serve four-year terms of office on a concurrent basis in non-partisan elections held in May. Two council members are elected from the township at-large and the remainder are chosen from each of three wards. The council selects a mayor from among its members in a reorganization meeting held in the first week of July after the election. , the mayor of Weehawken is Richard F. Turner (at-large), whose term of office ends June 30, 2022. Turner has served in office since he first became mayor in 1990 after Stanley Iacono chose not to run for reelection. Other members of the Township Council are Council President Rosemary J. Lavagnino (2nd Ward), David J. Curtis (at large), Raul I. Gonzalez (3rd Ward) and Carmela Silvestri-Ehret (1st Ward), all serving terms of office expiring on June 30, 2022. Giovanni D. Ahmad is the township manager. Federal, state and county representation Weehawken is located in the 8th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 33rd state legislative district. Prior to the 2010 Census, Weehawken had been part of the , a change made by the New Jersey Redistricting Commission that took effect in January 2013, based on the results of the November 2012 general elections. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 7,335 registered voters in Weehawken, of which 3,717 (50.7%) were registered as Democrats, 850 (11.6%) were registered as Republicans and 2,753 (37.5%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 15 voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 74.7% of the vote (3,692 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 23.6% (1,169 votes), and other candidates with 1.7% (83 votes), among the 4,969 ballots cast by the township's 7,995 registered voters (25 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 62.2%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 72.4% of the vote (3,895 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 26.1% (1,406 votes) and other candidates with 1.0% (52 votes), among the 5,381 ballots cast by the township's 8,230 registered voters, for a turnout of 65.4%. In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 65.0% of the vote (3,250 ballots cast), outpolling Republican George W. Bush with 33.8% (1,688 votes) and other candidates with 0.4% (26 votes), among the 4,997 ballots cast by the township's 7,293 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 68.5. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Democrat Barbara Buono received 55.5% of the vote (1,407 cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 42.2% (1,070 votes), and other candidates with 2.4% (60 votes), among the 2,637 ballots cast by the township's 8,135 registered voters (100 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 32.4%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Democrat Jon Corzine received 69.9% of the vote (2,209 ballots cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 25.1% (792 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 3.8% (119 votes) and other candidates with 0.9% (27 votes), among the 3,161 ballots cast by the township's 7,220 registered voters, yielding a 43.8% turnout. Public safety Weehawken is served by North Hudson Regional Fire and Rescue (NHRFR). Engine 3 and Engine 5 are assigned to two fire stations located in the township. Weehawken Volunteer First Aid and the Weehawken Police Department were among the many Hudson County agencies that responded to the January 2009 crash of Flight 1549, for which they received accolades from the survivors. Mayors Simon Kelly, 1887 to 1897. Edward W. Berger circa 1905. Morris Frost, in 1908 for a week. William H. Wood circa 1908. George Gonzales circa 1908. William M. Brady in 1917. Emile W. Grauert (1855–1931), 1912 to April 20, 1931. He was born in 1855 in Manhattan and later worked as an architect. His mayorship was possibly split over non-consecutive terms. He died in the mayor's office on April 20, 1931, from a heart attack. Clara E. Grauert, the 72-year-old widow of Emile W. Grauert starting in 1931 filling the office of her husband. John Meister in 1949. Charles F. Krause Jr. in 1956. Stanley D. Ianoco from before 1972 to 1979. Wally P. Lindsley (born 1949), from 1979 to 1982. Stanley D. Ianoco, 1982 to 1990, in his second non-consecutive turn. Richard F. Turner (born 1950), from 1990 to present. Education The Weehawken School District serves public school students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade. As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of three schools, had an enrollment of 1,458 students and 120.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.1:1. Schools in the district (with 2018–19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Daniel Webster School served 418 students in PreK through 2nd grade, Theodore Roosevelt School served 420 students in grades 3-6 and Weehawken High School served 569 students in grades 7-12 The school system is known for its small classes and high ratings. The Woodrow Wilson Arts Integrated School (grades 1–8), located in Weehawken, was part of the Union City School District. Hoboken Catholic School, a consolidation of existing Catholic schools, is located in Hoboken. A K-8 school, it was formerly co-sponsored by St. Lawrence Church in Weehawken and four Hoboken churches before the archdiocese's Lighting the Way program changed the allocation of money for schools in the archdiocese. The Weehawken Public Library has a collection of approximately 43,000 volumes and circulates 40,600 items annually. and is a member of the Bergen County Cooperative Library System. The landmark building, extensively renovated and updated in 1999. Transportation Roads and highways , the township had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Hudson County and by the Port Authority of NY & NJ. Route 495 travels east-west between the Lincoln Tunnel and the New Jersey Turnpike (Interstate 95) with interchanges for Route 3 and U.S. Route 1/9 in North Bergen Township. County Route 505 also passes through the township. Public transportation Public transportation in Weehawken is provided by bus, ferry, and light rail. Bus service is provided along busy north-south corridors on Park Avenue, Boulevard East and Port Imperial Boulevard by NJ Transit and privately operated jitneys within Hudson County, and to Manhattan and Bergen County. NJT 123, 126, 128, 156, 158, 159, 165, 166, 168 originate/terminate at the Port Authority Bus Terminal. NJT 23 and 89 travel between Nungessers and Hoboken Terminal, where transfer is possible to PATH and NJT commuter rail. NJ Transit buses 84 and 86 travel between Nungessers and Journal Square or Pavonia/Newport in Jersey City. Routes 68 and 67 provide minimal peak service from Lincoln Harbor to the Jersey Shore. Hudson-Bergen Light Rail (HBLR) service is available westbound to Bergenline and Tonnelle Avenue and southbound to Hoboken, Jersey City and Bayonne at the Lincoln Harbor station and Port Imperial station, where transfer to NY Waterway ferries to Midtown and Lower Manhattan is possible. Bieber Transportation Group formerly provided intercity bus service from Reading, Kutztown, Wescosville, and Hellertown in Pennsylvania to Port Imperial in Weehawken, where NY Waterway ferries provided a connection to New York City; the ferry ride was included in the ticket price for the bus. The service started on August 27, 2018 and ended on November 6, 2018, with Bieber resuming direct bus service into New York City. NY Waterway headquarters are located at Weehawken Port Imperial. In 2013, a planned regional bike share system was announced by the Mayors of Weehawken and two cities to its south. Hudson Bike Share, launched in Hoboken in 2015, expanded to Weehawken in 2017. Media and culture Weehawken is located within the New York media market, with most of its daily papers available for sale or delivery. The Jersey Journal is a local daily paper covering news in the county. Local weeklies include the free bilingual paper, Hudson Dispatch Weekly, (named for the former daily Hudson Dispatch), The Hudson Reporter, the Weehawken Reporter, the Spanish language El Especialito. and the River View Observer. The Weehawken Sequence, an early 20th-century series of approximately 100 oil sketches by local artist John Marin, who worked in the city, is considered among, if not the first, abstract paintings done by an American artist. The sketches, which blend aspects of Impressionism, Fauvism and Cubism, have been compared to the work of Jackson Pollock. The Hudson Riverfront Performing Arts Center is a non-profit organization whose mission is to build a world-class performing arts center on the waterfront. Since 2004, it has presented both indoor and outdoor events at Lincoln Harbor. In popular culture The name and the place have inspired mention in multiple works of popular culture. For example, on the Fox Channel animated television series, Futurama, Weehawken is the home of the former DOOP headquarters. In visual art, Weehawken is the subject of the American painter Edward Hopper's East Wind Over Weehawken. Additionally, the Broadway musical Hamilton includes a scene depicting the duel between Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton, as well as the duel between Phillip Hamilton and George Eacker. In Dr. Seuss's classic children's book Horton Hatches the Egg, Horton the Elephant visits Weehawken while he is in the circus, and in Dr. Seuss's The Lorax, the Onceler gives directions to the land of the Truffula trees that include "turn left at Weehawken." In the Apple TV+ animated musical, Central Park, a rap about Weehawken recorded by Daveed Diggs is sung by Helen, one of the characters. Jazz composer and pianist Thelonious Monk lived during his final decade until his death in 1982 in a modernist home at 63 Kingswood Road owned by Jazz patron and heiress Pannonica de Koenigswarter - which she bought from film director Josef von Sternberg and later dubbed "the Mad Pad" and "the Cathouse." The 1980 Italian science fiction/horror film Contamination features an Edwardian home on the corner of Boulevard East and 46th Street, in the scene in which a disgraced former astronaut is visited by the colonel who disgraced him. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Weehawken include Maryn Adriansen (1600–1654), the first European settler to Weehawken. Ed Alberian (1920–1997), entertainer, whose credits include early television's Clarabell the Clown on the Howdy Doody Show, The Beachcomber Bill Show, and Let's Have Fun. Adele Astaire (1896–1981), Fred Astaire's elder sister, dancer and entertainer in vaudeville, on Broadway and the West End. Fred Astaire (1899–1987), Hollywood actor/dancer. Eleanor Barooshian (1950–2016), singer and a member of the band the Cake Myril Axelrod Bennett (1920–2014), an early female executive in the advertising industry Francis Bitter (1902–1967), son of Karl Bitter, physicist known for his research with magnets and long career at MIT. Karl Bitter (1867–1915), sculptor, established atelier in town, where he lived and worked until his death. John H. Bonn (1829–1891), founder of North Hudson County Railway. Marlene Caride (born 1963), politician who has represented the 36th Legislative District in the New Jersey General Assembly since 2012 and was nominated in 2017 to lead the New Jersey Department of Banking and Insurance. Justin Casquejo, free solo climber and stunt performer Helen Castillo, fashion designer and cast member of season 12 of the reality television series Project Runway who was born and raised in Weehawken Franck de Las Mercedes (born 1972), postmodern artist. John Diebold (1926–2005), computer scientist, considered to be an automation evangelist. John J. Eagan (1872–1956), a Democrat who represented New Jersey's 11th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1913 to 1921. Gary T. Erbe (born 1944), self-taught oil painter who is best known for his trompe-l'œils. John Erskine (1879–1951), educator and author, who reflects on the town in The Memory of Certain Persons. Stephen Farrell (1878-1946) U.S. Navy Lieutenant, pilot of missing Navy balloon A-5598 Edward Feigenbaum (born 1936), computer scientist who collaborated on the development of the first expert system Dendral. Peter Fiordalisi (1904–1988), modern artist whose work was inspired by the New Jersey Palisades. Marie L. Garibaldi (born 1934), former Associate Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court who became the first woman to serve on New Jersey's highest court when she was appointed by Governor Thomas Kean in 1982. João Gilberto (1931–2019), Brazilian singer and guitar player, composer and bossa nova pioneer. Nancy Giles, CBS News reporter who, during the COVID-19 pandemic, produced "A brisk walk with Nancy Giles", which documented her walk around the town, in particular up the inclined block on which Weehawken High School is located and up Boulevard East. Baker Grace, musician and songwriter. Emile Griffith (1938–2013), professional boxer who was a World Champion in the welterweight, junior middleweight and middleweight classes. Janet Hamill (born 1945), poet and spoken word artist. Barry Harris (born 1929), jazz pianist and educator. Glenn Hauman (born 1969), writer, artist, editor and electronic publisher. Robert Hilferty (1959–2009), journalist, filmmaker and AIDS activist. Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter (1897–1982), director of the Central Intelligence Agency (1947–1950). Bob Kennedy (1928–1991), defensive back and halfback who played in the All-America Football Conference for the Los Angeles Dons. James G. King (1791–1853), businessman and politician who represented from 1849 to 1851. Nica de Koenigswarter née Rothschild, (1913–1988), known as the "bebop baroness" for her patronage of many jazz musicians. Ed Lucas (1939 – 2021), an blind sportswriter Lori Majewski, entertainment writer, communications strategist and consultant. John Marin (1870–1953), early American modernist artist. Trade Martin (born 1945), composer, songwriter, and producer. Steven Massarsky (1948–2007), lawyer and businessman who founded Voyager Communications. David Mearns (born 1958), marine scientist and deep water search and recovery expert, specializing in the discovery of the location of historic shipwrecks. Alice Duer Miller (1874–1942), poet and novelist whose work actively influenced political thought during the American suffrage movement and the nations's entry into World War II. Miúcha (1937–2018), Brazilian singer and composer. Thelonious Monk (1917–1982), jazz pianist. Liam O'Brien (born 1976), voice actor, writer, and voice director. William E. Ozzard (1915–2002), New Jersey Senate president, 1963. Kate Pierson (born 1948), vocalist and one of the lead singers and founding members of The B-52's. William Ranney (1813–1857), painter best known for his depictions of Western life, sporting scenery, historical subjects and portraiture. Dan Resin (1931–2010), actor known as Dr. Beeper in the film Caddyshack, and as the Ty-D-Bol man in toilet cleaner commercials. Henry Reuterdahl (1870–1925), Swedish-American painter highly acclaimed for his nautical artwork. Jerome Robbins (1918–1998), choreographer, famous for West Side Story and many works for the New York City Ballet. Wilbur Ross (born 1937), United States Secretary of Commerce and investor known for restructuring companies in industries such as steel, coal, telecommunications, foreign investment and textiles. Gerard Schwarz (born 1947), conductor, currently with the Seattle Symphony Orchestra. Theodore Seltzer (died 1957), manufacturer of Bengay. Kenneth Steiglitz, professor of computer science at Princeton University. Fred Stickel (1921–2015) was an American newspaperman, notably publisher of The Oregonian Frank Tashlin (1913–1972), film director, whose credits include The Glass Bottom Boat and The Alphabet Murders. Paul van K. Thomson (1916–1999), Roman Catholic priest, author and educator. Amani Toomer (born 1974), wide receiver who played for the New York Giants. Percie Vivarttas, architect whose work includes Temple Beth-El in Jersey City. Josef von Sternberg (1894–1969), film noir director who built a home in the 1940s that was sold in 1958 to Nica de Koenigswater. Derrick Ward (born 1980), running back who played for the New York Giants. Daniel Webster (1782–1852), statesman. Grant Wright (1865–1935), cartoonist, illustrator and painter. See also Bergen, New Netherland Bergen Township, Bergen County, New Jersey (Historical 1693) Gateway Region Gold Coast, New Jersey Hudson River Waterfront Walkway National Register of Historic Places listings in Hudson County, New Jersey North Hudson, New Jersey References External links 1859 establishments in New Jersey Faulkner Act (council–manager) North Hudson, New Jersey Populated places established in 1859 New Jersey populated places on the Hudson River Townships in Hudson County, New Jersey	[ -0.31850990653038025, 0.005049473140388727, -0.45013925433158875, -0.1879774034023285, 0.841373860836029, -0.3428551256656647, 0.8304791450500488, 0.4329881966114044, -0.352477490901947, -0.42631036043167114, -0.386340469121933, 0.5448310971260071, -0.3212035000324249, 0.4544435739517212, -1.006955862045288, 0.6382654905319214, 0.894559383392334, 0.730769693851471, 0.6921259164810181, -0.7549310922622681, -0.4390246570110321, -0.37114661931991577, -0.049580492079257965, 0.549710214138031, 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125245	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%20New%20York%2C%20New%20Jersey	West New York, New Jersey	This article describes the New Jersey town. For the geographic region of New York State, see Western New York. West New York is a town in the northern part of Hudson County, New Jersey, United States, situated upon the New Jersey Palisades. As of the 2020 United States census, the town's population was 52,912. Among places with a population above 50,000, West New York is the second-most densely populated municipality in the United States, with more than 52,800 people per square mile. History West New York was incorporated as a town by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on July 8, 1898, replacing Union Township, based on the results of a referendum held three days earlier. West New York underwent a massive growth at the beginning of the 20th century, driven by development of textile industries that made North Hudson the "Embroidery Capital of the United States". The town was populated mainly with Italian Americans and German Americans. The 1960s saw an influx of Cuban émigrés to the area, once called Havana on the Hudson; it has since become one of the United States cities with a majority Hispanic population. Simultaneously, high-rise apartments, some of the tallest buildings in North Hudson, were built along Boulevard East, adding to the population of the town, giving it one of highest population densities in the country. Since the 1980s the Hudson waterfront, which had been part of the Weehawken Terminal has been redeveloped from industrial to residential and recreational uses, including the Hudson River Waterfront Walkway. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the town had a total area of 1.33 square miles (3.44 km2), including 0.99 square miles (2.58 km2) of land and 0.33 square miles (0.86 km2) of water (25.11%). The ZIP Code for West New York is 07093. West New York is part of the New York metropolitan area and is at the heart of the North Hudson, New Jersey region. West New York is bordered on the north by Guttenberg, on the east by the Hudson River, on the south by Union City and Weehawken, and on the west by North Bergen. West New York is one of North Hudson's communities atop The Palisades above the Hudson River, and home to the highest point in the county. Its Hudson Waterfront has been known as Bulls Ferry since before the American Revolutionary War. Bergenline Avenue is its main commercial thoroughfare, while the wide two-way 60th Street is a major cross-town thoroughfare, and site of Town Hall. More than half of U.S. Presidents have streets bearing their name in the town. The town borders the municipalities of Guttenberg, North Bergen, Union City and Weehawken in Hudson County; and the New York City borough of Manhattan across the Hudson River. Demographics One of 41 municipalities statewide where a majority of residents do not speak English as their primary language, Spanish is spoken at home by more than half of the residents of West New York, according to data from the United States Census Bureau's 2012-2016 American Community Survey data. The town had 83.6% of residents not speaking English as their dominant language, the second highest in the state. 2010 census As of the 2010 United States Census, West New York had the third-highest percentage of Hispanics in the state, at 78.1%, accounting for 2.5% of the state's Hispanic population. Though Native Americans comprise less than 1% of the city's population, they doubled in the 2000s, and combined with Union City's Native Americans comprise 38% of the county's Native American population. The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $44,657 (with a margin of error of ± $2,850) and the median family income was $42,534 (± $3,689). Males had a median income of $36,768 (± $2,414) versus $30,688 (± $1,952) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $24,419 (± $1,215). About 15.8% of families and 18.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.6% of those under age 18 and 25.6% of those age 65 or over. 2000 census As of the 2000 United States Census, there were 45,768 people, 16,719 households, and 11,034 families residing in the town. The population density was 44,995.1/mi2 (17,324.6/km2). There were 17,360 housing units at an average density of 17,066.8/mi2 (6,571.3 km2). The racial makeup of the town was 60.09% White, 3.55% African American, 0.67% Native American, 2.93% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 25.16% from other races, and 7.57% from two or more races. 78.74% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 16,719 households, out of which 31.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.9% were married couples living together, 16.9% had a woman whose husband did not live with her, and 34.0% were non-families. 27.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.74 and the average family size was 3.30. In the town, the age distribution of the population showed 22.3% under the age of 18, 10.9% from 18 to 24, 34.1% from 25 to 44, 19.9% from 45 to 64, and 12.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.5 males. The median income for a household in the town was $31,980, and the median income for a family was $34,083. Males had a median income of $26,703 versus $22,326 for females. The per capita income for the town was $16,719. 18.9% of the population and 16.1% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 25.4% were under the age of 18 and 22.3% were 65 or older. As of the 2000 Census, West New York was ranked as #52 on a list of cities with the highest percentage of renters. 80.1% of West New York residents lived in renter-occupied housing units, vs. 33.8% nationwide. Economy Bergenline Avenue is the main shopping district of North Hudson. West New York's Urban Enterprise Zone, one of seven established by legislation in 1996, covers portions of Bergenline Avenue from 49th to 67th Streets. Portions of town are part of an Urban Enterprise Zone, including portions of Bergenline Avenue from 49th to 67th Streets. West New York was selected in 1996 as one of a group of seven zones added to participate in the program. In addition to other benefits to encourage employment and investment within the UEZ, shoppers can take advantage of a reduced 3.3125% sales tax rate (half of the % rate charged statewide) at eligible merchants. Established in May 1996, the town's Urban Enterprise Zone status expires in May 2027. Until the 1880s, the primary commercial area of West New York was Palisade Avenue. An influential citizen named Henry Kohlmeier who lived there objected to the noise created by horse-drawn public coaches, which led to the route being transferred one block west to what is now Bergenline Avenue (formerly Lewis Street), which runs parallel to Palisade Avenue, and which remains the city's main commercial thoroughfare. Currently the longest commercial avenue in the state, boasting over 300 retail stores and restaurants, Bergenline runs through not only the entire length of West New York from north to south, but also through Union City, Guttenberg and North Bergen, making it the main commercial strip for North Hudson. Also known as the "Miracle Mile", Bergenline's largest concentration of retail and chain stores begins at the intersection of 32nd Street in Union City, and continues north until 92nd Street in North Bergen. Bergenline Avenue is also used as the route for local parades, such as the annual Memorial Day Parade Cuban Day Parade and Dominican-American Parade. Sports In 1898, the Brooklyn Bridegrooms played two games at the West New York Field Club Grounds. The New York Giants played one game at the field in 1898 and four in 1899. In 2011, Formula One announced plans to host a street race on a in West New York and Weehawken called Grand Prix of America, which would begin in June 2013. Government Local government Since 1931, West New York has been governed under the Walsh Act form of New Jersey municipal government. The town is one of 30 municipalities (of the 565) statewide that use the commission form of government. The governing body is comprised of a five-member commission, whose members are elected at-large in non-partisan elections to serve four-year terms of office on a concurrent basis as part of the May municipal election. Each Commissioner is assigned to head one of five departments. The Commission selects one of its members to serve as mayor. , the five members of the West New York Board of Commissioners are Mayor Gabriel Rodriguez (Commissioner of Public Safety), Victor M. Barrera (Commissioner of Parks and Public Property), Cosmo A. Cirillo (Commissioner of Public Affairs), Margarita A. Guzman (Commissioner of Revenue and Finance) Yoleisy Yanez (Commissioner of Public Works), all serving concurrent terms of office ending May 16, 2023. In the May 2011 municipal election, the "Together We Can" slate of five candidates led by Roque took all five seats on the Town Council, knocking off the slate of incumbents led by then-mayor Silverio Vega. At the town council's reorganization meeting, the five commissioners unanimously voted to appoint Roque to a four-year term as Mayor of West New York. In February 2015, Cosmo Cirillo was selected to fill the vacant seat of Rubin Vargas, making Cirillo the youngest commissioner on town history at the age of 27. Federal, state and county representation West New York is located in the 8th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 32nd state legislative district. Prior to the 2011 reapportionment following the 2010 census, West New York had been in the 33rd state legislative district. Prior to the 2010 census, West New York had been part of the , a change made by the New Jersey Redistricting Commission that took effect in January 2013, based on the results of the November 2012 general elections. West New York is in Hudson County's 7th Freeholder District. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 19,438 registered voters in West New York, of which 10,510 (54.1%) were registered as Democrats, 2,460 (12.7%) were registered as Republicans and 6,456 (33.2%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 12 voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 77.5% of the vote (9,682 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 21.8% (2,725 votes), and other candidates with 0.7% (85 votes), among the 12,605 ballots cast by the town's 21,268 registered voters (113 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 59.3%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 69.6% of the vote (9,071 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 29.0% (3,773 votes) and other candidates with 0.6% (78 votes), among the 13,026 ballots cast by the town's 21,023 registered voters, for a turnout of 62.0%. In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 60.8% of the vote (7,229 ballots cast), outpolling Republican George W. Bush with 36.4% (4,329 votes) and other candidates with 0.3% (54 votes), among the 11,883 ballots cast by the town's 18,058 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 65.8. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Democrat Barbara Buono received 55.9% of the vote (3,188 cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 42.4% (2,416 votes), and other candidates with 1.6% (94 votes), among the 5,978 ballots cast by the town's 22,092 registered voters (280 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 27.1%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Democrat Jon Corzine received 71.2% of the vote (5,328 ballots cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 25.5% (1,907 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 1.3% (97 votes) and other candidates with 0.9% (67 votes), among the 7,481 ballots cast by the town's 19,045 registered voters, yielding a 39.3% turnout. Education West New York is served by the West New York School District for pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade. The district is one of 31 former Abbott districts statewide, which are now referred to as "SDA Districts" based on the requirement for the state to cover all costs for school building and renovation projects in these districts under the supervision of the New Jersey Schools Development Authority. As of the 2019–20 school year, the district, comprised of nine schools, had an enrollment of 8,545 students and 593.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 14.3:1. Schools in the district (with 2019–20 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Early Childhood School with 502 students in PreK, Public School #1 with 860 students in grades K-6, Public School #2 with 716 students in grades K-6, Robert Menendez Elementary School (School #3) with 574 students in grades K-6, Albio Sires Elementary School (School #4) with 678 students in grades K-6, Public School #5 with 673 students in grades K-6, Harry L. Bain Elementary School (School #6) with 675 students in grades K-6, West New York Middle School with 1,125 students in grades 7-8 and Memorial High School with 2,079 students in grades 9-12. Private schools in West New York include St. Joseph of the Palisades Grammar School, which is overseen by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark. American Training School for Medical Professionals is a bilingual medical school founded in 1998 by Professor Dante Joa. Emergency services West New York does not have its own fire department, but is one of five municipalities served by the North Hudson Regional Fire and Rescue. The West New York Emergency Medical Squad consists of 26 people (as of May 2011) who are based at the EMS house on 62nd Street, which houses four trucks, to which each is assigned two workers. The Squad's second, larger facility, at 66th Street, opened May 11, 2011. West New York's Emergency Medical Services was among the many Hudson County agencies that responded to the January 2009 crash of US Airways Flight 1549, for which they received accolades from the survivors. Transportation Roads and highways , the town had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Hudson County. The only significant roads directly serving West New York are county highways. County Route 501 follows Kennedy Boulevard along the town's western border. County Route 505 follows Boulevard East and Anthony Defino Way on the east side of town. Both roads are oriented north–south. Interstate 95 (the New Jersey Turnpike), U.S. Route 1/9 and New Jersey Route 495 are major highways located in adjacent municipalities. Public transportation NJ Transit bus service is available to the Port Authority Bus Terminal in Midtown Manhattan on the 128, 154, 156, 158, 159, 165, 166 and 168 routes. The 181 and 188 routes offer service to the George Washington Bridge Bus Terminal. Travel to other New Jersey communities, including Jersey City, is offered on the 22, 23, 84, 86, 88 and 89. The Bergenline Avenue station of Hudson-Bergen Light Rail is located at the city line with Union City, while the Weehawken Port Imperial station is located on the Weehawken waterfront at the foot of Pershing Road near the NY Waterway ferry terminal. Regular ferry crossings of the Hudson River run daily. Jitney commuter buses operate along Bergenline Avenue, providing service to the Port Authority Bus Terminal, the George Washington Bridge Bus Station, the Newport Centre and other local destinations. The county's most frequent route for dollar buses, jitneys operate along Bergenline Avenue as frequently as one bus every minute. The closest airport in New Jersey with scheduled passenger service is Newark Liberty International Airport, located away in Newark and Elizabeth. New York City's LaGuardia Airport is away in Queens via the Lincoln Tunnel. Media and culture West New York is located within the New York media market, with most of its daily papers available for sale or delivery. The Jersey Journal is a local daily paper based in Jersey City. Local weeklies include the free bilingual paper, Hudson Dispatch Weekly, a former daily, The West New York Reporter, which is part of the Hudson Reporter group of local weeklies, and the Spanish language El Especialito. River View Observer is a monthly newspaper that covers the Hudson County waterfront market. In the late 2000s, West New York, Weehawken, Union City and North Bergen came to be dubbed collectively as "NoHu", a North Hudson haven for local performing and fine artists, many of whom are immigrants from Latin America and other countries, in part due to lower housing costs compared to those in nearby art havens such as Hoboken, Jersey City and Manhattan. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with West New York include: Christine Elizabeth Abrahamsen (1916–1995), author of science fiction and gothic novels. George Alvarez, actor known for the soap operas General Hospital, Port Charles and Guiding Light. Manuela Arbeláez (born 1988), model and actress who has appeared on The Price Is Right. Oscar L. Auf der Heide (1874–1945), represented New Jersey's 11th congressional district from 1925 to 1933, and the 14th congressional district from 1933 to 1935. Auf der Heide was a member of the town council from 1899 to 1902, and was a member and president of the board of education in 1903 and 1904, served on the board of assessors in 1912 and 1913 and was mayor of West New York from 1914 to 1917. Tyson Beckford (born 1970), male supermodel. Warren Boroson (born 1935), financial journalist, author and playwright. James J. Braddock (1905–1974), heavyweight boxing champion. Rob Byrnes (born 1958), author and blogger. Sebastian Capozucchi (born 1995), professional footballer who plays as a defender for USL League One club Chattanooga Red Wolves. Vincent J. Dellay (1907–1999), Congressman who represented . Emil Draitser (born 1937), author of 12 books and 135 short stories, professor of Russian at Hunter College. Ruth Brewer Eisenberg (1902–1996), pianist who was "Ivory" of the inter-racial piano duo Ebony and Ivory. Amber Lee Ettinger (born 1982), actress and internet celebrity who rose to fame in 2007 as "Obama Girl". Zulima Farber (born 1946), former New Jersey Attorney General. Ada Ferrer (1963), historian, writer, professor Noli Francisco (1941–2017), professional poker player. Morton Freedgood (1913–2006), author of the novel The Taking of Pelham One Two Three. Alan Gewirth (1912–2004), philosopher, a professor of philosophy at the University of Chicago and author of Reason and Morality. Don Guardian (born 1953), politician who has represented the 2nd Legislative District in the New Jersey General Assembly since 2022. Walter Hendl (1917–2007), conductor, composer and pianist. Arthur Imperatore Sr. (1925-2020), businessman who founded the NY Waterway service. Christopher Jackman (1916–1991), politician who served in both houses of the New Jersey Legislature, and was Speaker of the New Jersey General Assembly from 1978 until 1982. Angelica M. Jimenez (born 1965), politician who has served in the New Jersey General Assembly since 2012, where she represents the 32nd Legislative District. King Kamali (born 1972), IFBB professional bodybuilder. AJ Lee (born 1987), actress and retired professional wrestler, best known for her time in WWE. Herb Maack (1917–2007), former Brooklyn Dodgers (AAFC) player and college football head coach. Ray Machado, Cuban-American musician and founder of the Cuban fusion band Máxima Alerta. John Mahnken (born 1922), former professional basketball player. Harold Martin (1918–2010), member of the New Jersey General Assembly. Mayte Martínez (born 1991), Cuban American model, designer and television personality. Edward James Olmos (born 1947), actor who lived in West New York from 1979 to 1987, while he built his stage career following his emigration from East Los Angeles. Harry Otis (1886–1976), pitcher who played in five games for the Cleveland Naps in 1909. Artie Pitt (1913–2002) gymnast who competed in eight events at the 1936 Summer Olympics. Gene Prebola (born 1938), tight end who played in the NFL for the Oakland Raiders, Denver Broncos and New York Jets. Caridad Rodriguez (born 1947), former member of the New Jersey General Assembly. Jeff Roehl (born 1980), offensive lineman who played for the New York Giants. Louis Romano (born 1930), member of the New Jersey General Assembly. Felix Roque, Former Mayor of West New York. Mathieu Schneider (born 1969), former professional ice hockey defenseman who played 1,289 games in the National Hockey League with ten different teams. Dick Seay (1904–1981), Negro league baseball all-star second baseman. Jeremy Shockey (born 1980), NFL football player who has played for the New York Giants, New Orleans Saints and Carolina Panthers. Ozzie Silna (1932–2016), businessmen best known as being co-owner of the American Basketball Association's Spirits of St. Louis and the lucrative deal cut to fold that team during the ABA-NBA merger. Albio Sires (born 1951), former Mayor of West New York who serves in Congress representing . Isabel Toledo (1960–2019), fashion designer. Vito Valentinetti (1928–2021), professional pitcher who played for five MLB seasons. Silverio Vega (born 1956), former Mayor of West New York who served in the New Jersey General Assembly. Armando Vilaseca, Commissioner of the Vermont Department of Education. Jessica Vosk (born 1983), Broadway actress who has starred as Elphaba in the Second National Tour of Wicked. Gerard Way (born 1977), musician, frontman of the alternative rock band, My Chemical Romance. Jacqueline Walker (born 1941), politician who served in the New Jersey General Assembly from 1984 to 1986. Warren Wolf (1927–2019), high school football head coach and politician who served as an Ocean County freeholder and a New Jersey State Assemblyman. References External links 1898 establishments in New Jersey New Jersey Urban Enterprise Zones North Hudson, New Jersey Populated places established in 1898 New Jersey populated places on the Hudson River Towns in Hudson County, New Jersey Walsh Act	[ -0.5665050745010376, -0.15861938893795013, -0.1808633655309677, 0.18812143802642822, 0.6611618399620056, -0.26347339153289795, 0.2821241021156311, 0.4186646044254303, -0.29753899574279785, -0.6013609170913696, -0.16793633997440338, 0.18915337324142456, 0.29662197828292847, 0.5817946195602417, -1.4058969020843506, 0.7002580165863037, 0.32414811849594116, 0.6527677178382874, 0.3436013162136078, -0.7073180675506592, -0.5729789733886719, -0.22373227775096893, 0.17232488095760345, 0.06195317581295967, -0.05653856694698334, -0.1817259043455124, 1.1002472639083862, -0.038046352565288544, 0.09192166477441788, 0.1698569804430008, -0.09860006719827652, 0.4416722059249878, -0.41153523325920105, -0.15325643122196198, 0.6682417988777161, 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125246	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria%20Township%2C%20New%20Jersey	Alexandria Township, New Jersey	Alexandria Township is a township in Hunterdon County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the township's population was 4,938, reflecting an increase of 240 (+5.1%) from the 4,698 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 1,104 (+30.7%) from the 3,594 counted in the 1990 Census. Alexandria was formed by Royal charter on March 5, 1765, from portions of Bethlehem Township, and was incorporated as one of New Jersey's initial 104 townships by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 21, 1798. Portions of the township were taken to form Frenchtown (April 4, 1867), Holland Township (April 13, 1874, restored to Alexandria on March 4, 1878, and recreated on March 11, 1879) and Milford (April 15, 1911). The township was named for James Alexander, a surveyor who served as New Jersey Attorney General and who had acquired of land in the area in 1744. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 27.75 square miles (71.87 km2), including 27.53 square miles (71.31 km2) of land and 0.22 square miles (0.56 km2) of water (0.79%). Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Everittstown, Little York, Mechlings Corner, Mount Pleasant, Mount Salem, Palmyra and Swinesburg. Pittstown is an unincorporated community that is also spread across Franklin Township and Union Township. The township borders the municipalities of Bethlehem Township, Franklin Township, Frenchtown, Holland Township, Kingwood Township, Milford and Union Township in Hunterdon County; and both Bridgeton Township and Tinicum Township in Bucks County across the Delaware River border with the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Demographics Census 2010 The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $117,404 (with a margin of error of +/- $11,426) and the median family income was $137,821 (+/- $24,473). Males had a median income of $101,927 (+/- $22,844) versus $60,875 (+/- $7,233) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $47,777 (+/- $5,059). About 3.0% of families and 3.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.9% of those under age 18 and 3.1% of those age 65 or over. Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 4,698 people, 1,535 households, and 1,290 families residing in the township. The population density was 170.6 people per square mile (65.9/km2). There were 1,598 housing units at an average density of 58.0 per square mile (22.4/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 97.02% White, 0.79% African American, 0.11% Native American, 0.72% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.45% from other races, and 0.87% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.72% of the population. There were 1,535 households, out of which 42.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 77.9% were married couples living together, 4.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 15.9% were non-families. 13.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.95 and the average family size was 3.25. In the township the population was spread out, with 28.1% under the age of 18, 4.9% from 18 to 24, 27.1% from 25 to 44, 27.8% from 45 to 64, and 12.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.0 males. The median income for a household in the township was $92,730, and the median income for a family was $93,619. Males had a median income of $70,996 versus $39,904 for females. The per capita income for the township was $34,622. About 4.3% of families and 5.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.7% of those under age 18 and 2.7% of those age 65 or over. Government Local government Alexandria Township is governed under the Township form of New Jersey municipal government, one of 141 municipalities (of the 565) statewide that use this form, the second-most commonly used form of government in the state. The governing body is comprised of a three-member Township Committee, whose members are elected directly by the voters at-large in partisan elections to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with one seat coming up for election each year as part of the November general election in a three-year cycle. At an annual reorganization meeting, the Township Committee selects one of its members to serve as Mayor. , members of the Alexandria Township Committee are Mayor Gabriel C. "Gabe" Plumer (R, term on committee ends December 31, 2022; term as mayor ends 2020), Deputy Mayor James Kiernan (R, term on committee and as deputy mayor ends 2020) and Committeeman Rudolph C. "Chris" Pfefferle (R, 2021). In September 2015, the Township Committee selected Michelle Garay from three candidates nominated by the Republican municipal committee to fill the vacant seat expiring in December 2016 that had been held by Harry Swift until his death in office earlier that month. Christian Pfefferle took office in November 2014 after running unopposed to fill the 14 months remaining in the term of the seat that had been vacated by Gabe Plummer when he resigned after he had moved outside of the township in January 2014; Curtis Schick had filled the seat on an interim basis. Federal, state and county representation Alexandria Township is located in the 7th Congressional district and is part of New Jersey's 23rd state legislative district. Politics Like most municipalities in Hunterdon County, the Township leans very strongly towards the Republican Party on the national and state levels. As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 3,411 registered voters in Alexandria Township, of which 533 (15.6%) were registered as Democrats, 1,458 (42.7%) were registered as Republicans and 1,417 (41.5%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 3 voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Republican Mitt Romney received 64.4% of the vote (1,695 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 34.1% (899 votes), and other candidates with 1.5% (39 votes), among the 2,651 ballots cast by the township's 3,571 registered voters (18 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 74.2%. In the 2008 presidential election, Republican John McCain received 60.2% of the vote here (1,643 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 37.4% (1,019 votes) and other candidates with 1.8% (48 votes), among the 2,728 ballots cast by the township's 3,378 registered voters, for a turnout of 80.8%. In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 65.9% of the vote here (1,665 ballots cast), outpolling Democrat John Kerry with 36.2% (916 votes) and other candidates with 0.9% (28 votes), among the 2,528 ballots cast by the township's 3,030 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 83.4. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 78.7% of the vote (1,332 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 19.6% (332 votes), and other candidates with 1.7% (28 votes), among the 1,726 ballots cast by the township's 3,588 registered voters (34 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 48.1%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 72.3% of the vote here (1,520 ballots cast), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 18.5% (388 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 6.7% (140 votes) and other candidates with 1.2% (25 votes), among the 2,102 ballots cast by the township's 3,386 registered voters, yielding a 62.1% turnout. Education The Alexandria Township School District serves students in pre-kindergarten through eighth grade. As of the 2017–18 school year, the district, comprised of two schools, had an enrollment of 493 students and 52.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 9.4:1. The two schools in the district (with 2017-18 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Lester D. Wilson School with 207 students in pre-kindergarten through third grade and Alexandria Middle School with 285 students in grades four through eight. Students in public school for ninth through twelfth grades attend Delaware Valley Regional High School, together with students from Frenchtown, Holland Township, Kingwood Township and Milford. The school is part of the Delaware Valley Regional High School District. As of the 2017–18 school year, the high school had an enrollment of 728 students and 68.8 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 10.6:1. Seats on the high school district's nine-member board of education are allocated based on the populationof the constituent municipalities, with two seats assigned to Alexandria Township. The Alexandria Township Education Foundation, is a non-profit organization established in 1997, whose mission is to help achieve and maintain an extra margin of excellence by employing private resources to supplement traditional school district funding. Eighth grade students from all of Hunterdon County are eligible to apply to attend the high school programs offered by the Hunterdon County Vocational School District, a county-wide vocational school district that offers career and technical education at its campuses in Raritan Township and at programs sited at local high schools, with no tuition charged to students for attendance. Transportation Alexandria Field Airport is a privately owned public-use general aviation airport located in the geographic center of the township. , the township had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality and by Hunterdon County. No Interstate, U.S. or State routes pass through. The most significant roads to pass through Alexandria are CR 513, CR 519 and CR 579 (which only runs along the northeast border). Interstate 78 is the closest limited access road which is accessible outside the municipality in bordering Union and Franklin Townships. Wineries Beneduce Vineyards Mount Salem Vineyards Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Alexandria Township include: Carla Katz (born 1959), union leader. Frank Muehlheuser (1926–2006), American football fullback and linebacker who played in the NFL for the Boston Yanks and the New York Bulldogs. Jayson Williams (born 1968), former NBA player with the New Jersey Nets and Philadelphia 76ers, who owned an estate that featured a private basketball court, a personalized movie theatre and many other features. Surrounding communities References External links Official Township website Alexandria NJ website Alexandria Township School District School Data for the Alexandria Township School District, National Center for Education Statistics Delaware Valley Regional High School District Hunterdon Land Trust 1798 establishments in New Jersey Populated places established in 1798 Township form of New Jersey government Townships in Hunterdon County, New Jersey New Jersey populated places on the Delaware River	[ -1.0722453594207764, 0.02693621814250946, -0.09797792136669159, 0.5676935911178589, 0.5472562313079834, 0.11667752265930176, 0.6016352772712708, 0.36559200286865234, -0.21518798172473907, -0.6915315985679626, -0.5244539380073547, 0.12136860191822052, -0.444388210773468, 0.0014713137643411756, -1.1760029792785645, 0.8604673147201538, 0.5049087405204773, 0.7145969867706299, -0.16213639080524445, -0.7610896825790405, -0.5933983325958252, -0.5998973250389099, 0.10147713124752045, 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125247	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annandale%2C%20New%20Jersey	Annandale, New Jersey	Annandale is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) located within Clinton Township, in Hunterdon County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the CDP's population was 1,695. The Annandale Historic District was listed on the state and national registers of historic places in 1994. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, Annandale had a total area of 1.452 square miles (3.760 km2), all of which was land. It has a hot-summer humid continental climate (Dfa) and average monthly temperatures range from 28.2 °F in January to 72.9 °F in July. The hardiness zone is 6b. Demographics Census 2010 Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 1,276 people, 451 households, and 354 families living in the CDP. The population density was 339.8/km2 (880.0/mi2). There were 472 housing units at an average density of 125.7/km2 (325.5/mi2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 96.47% White, 0.63% African American, 2.19% Asian, 0.63% from other races, and 0.08% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.72% of the population. There were 451 households, out of which 43.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.7% were married couples living together, 6.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.5% were non-families. 16.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.83 and the average family size was 3.23. In the CDP the population was spread out, with 29.0% under the age of 18, 4.7% from 18 to 24, 32.1% from 25 to 44, 25.7% from 45 to 64, and 8.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.4 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $80,738, and the median income for a family was $104,009. Males had a median income of $65,814 versus $37,171 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $30,176. None of the families and 1.0% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 8.0% of those over 64. Historic district The Annandale Historic District is a historic district encompassing the village of Annandale. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 8, 1994, for its significance in architecture, commerce, and industry from 1852 to 1930. It includes 191 contributing buildings. Education Immaculate Conception School (PreK-8) operates under the supervision of Roman Catholic Diocese of Metuchen. Points of interest Jones Tavern, former recruiting station for the militia of Hunterdon County Gallery Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Annandale include: Matthew Acosta (born 2002), soccer player who plays as a midfielder for USL Championship club New York Red Bulls II. Walter Chandoha (1920–2019), animal photographer, known especially for his 90,000 photographs of cats. John B. Evans (1942-2004), publisher of The Village Voice. In popular culture According to the deed from "Previously On", the fictional town of Westview from WandaVision is coextensive with Annandale. References External links Census-designated places in Hunterdon County, New Jersey Clinton Township, New Jersey National Register of Historic Places in Hunterdon County, New Jersey Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey New Jersey Register of Historic Places	[ -1.1100131273269653, 0.09649835526943207, -0.2693009674549103, -0.14430689811706543, 1.1936637163162231, 0.3729294240474701, 0.6042068600654602, 0.5114501714706421, -0.23856444656848907, -0.6209328174591064, -0.42136943340301514, 0.3799681067466736, -0.0596565343439579, 0.48694130778312683, -0.7899817228317261, 0.5276901721954346, 0.4970669150352478, 0.864852249622345, 0.5511044263839722, -0.36027196049690247, -0.47089245915412903, -0.3942113518714905, 0.43785515427589417, 0.7468390464782715, 0.1047418937087059, -0.4068900942802429, 0.7933626770973206, -0.08411525934934616, 0.22679711878299713, -0.20498406887054443, -0.43453171849250793, 1.0640257596969604, -0.5152769684791565, 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125248	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%2C%20Prince%20of%20Wales	Charles, Prince of Wales	Charles, Prince of Wales (Charles Philip Arthur George; born 14 November 1948), is the heir apparent to the British throne as the eldest son of Queen Elizabeth II. He has been heir apparent as well as Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay since 1952 and is both the oldest and the longest-serving heir apparent in British history. He is also the longest-serving Prince of Wales, having held the title since July 1958. Upon the death of his father, Prince Philip, on 9 April 2021, Charles also inherited the title of Duke of Edinburgh. Charles was born in Buckingham Palace as the first grandchild of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. He was educated at Cheam and Gordonstoun schools, both of which his father attended as a child. He later spent a year at the Timbertop campus of Geelong Grammar School in Victoria, Australia. After earning a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Cambridge, Charles served in the Royal Air Force and Royal Navy from 1971 to 1976. In 1981, he married Lady Diana Spencer, with whom he had two sons: Prince William and Prince Harry. In 1996, the couple divorced following well-publicised extramarital affairs by both parties. Diana died as the result of a car crash in Paris the following year. In 2005, Charles married his long-term partner Camilla Parker Bowles. As the Prince of Wales, Charles undertakes official duties on behalf of the Queen. He founded The Prince's Trust in 1976, sponsors The Prince's Charities, and is a patron, president, or a member of over 400 other charities and organisations. As a self-described environmentalist, Charles has spoken publicly about issues such as organic farming and climate change, which has earned him awards and recognition from environmental groups. His support for alternative medicine, including homeopathy, has been the subject of criticism. His views on the role of architecture in society and the conservation of historic buildings have received significant attention from British architects and design critics. Since 1993, Charles has worked on the creation of Poundbury, an experimental new town based on his architectural tastes. He is also an author or co-author of a number of books. Early life, family and education Charles was born in Buckingham Palace on 14 November 1948, during the reign of his maternal grandfather George VI, as the first child of Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh, and Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, who was born into the Greek and Danish royal families. He was baptised there by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Geoffrey Fisher, on 15 December 1948. The death of his grandfather and the accession of his mother as Queen Elizabeth II in 1952 made Charles the heir apparent. As the monarch's eldest son, he automatically assumed the titles Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, Baron of Renfrew, Lord of the Isles, and Prince and Great Steward of Scotland. Charles attended his mother's coronation at Westminster Abbey on 2 June 1953. As was customary for upper-class children at the time, a governess, Catherine Peebles, was appointed and undertook his education between the ages of five and eight. Buckingham Palace announced in 1955 that Charles would attend school rather than have a private tutor, making him the first heir apparent to be educated in that manner. On 7 November 1956, Charles commenced classes at Hill House School in west London. He did not receive preferential treatment from the school's founder and headmaster, Stuart Townend, who advised the Queen to have Charles train in football because the boys were never deferential to anyone on the football field. Charles then attended two of his father's former schools, Cheam Preparatory School in Berkshire, England, from 1958, followed by Gordonstoun in the north-east of Scotland, beginning classes there in April 1962. In his 1994 authorised biography by Jonathan Dimbleby, Elizabeth and Philip were described as physically and emotionally distant parents, with Philip being blamed for his disregard of Charles's sensitive nature and forcing him to attend Gordonstoun, where he was bullied. Though Charles reportedly described Gordonstoun, noted for its especially rigorous curriculum, as "Colditz in kilts", he subsequently praised Gordonstoun, stating it had taught him "a great deal about myself and my own abilities and disabilities. It taught me to accept challenges and take the initiative." In a 1975 interview, he said he was "glad" he had attended Gordonstoun and that the "toughness of the place" was "much exaggerated". He spent two terms in 1966 at the Timbertop campus of Geelong Grammar School in Victoria, Australia, during which time he visited Papua New Guinea on a school trip with his history tutor, Michael Collins Persse. In 1973, Charles described his time at Timbertop as the most enjoyable part of his whole education. Upon his return to Gordonstoun, Charles emulated his father in becoming Head Boy. He left in 1967, with six GCE O-levels and two A-levels in history and French, at grades B and C respectively. On his early education, Charles later remarked, "I didn't enjoy school as much as I might have, but that was only because I'm happier at home than anywhere else." Charles broke royal tradition a second time when he proceeded straight to university after his A-levels, rather than joining the British Armed Forces. In October 1967, he was admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he read archaeology and anthropology for the first part of the Tripos, and then changed to history for the second part. During his second year, Charles attended the University College of Wales in Aberystwyth, studying Welsh history and language for a term. He graduated from the University of Cambridge with a 2:2 Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree on 23 June 1970, the first British heir apparent to earn a university degree. On 2 August 1975, he was awarded a Master of Arts (MA Cantab) degree by Cambridge. At Cambridge, Master of Arts is an academic rank, not a postgraduate degree. Prince of Wales Charles was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester on 26 July 1958, though his investiture was not held until 1 July 1969, when he was crowned by his mother in a televised ceremony held at Caernarfon Castle. He took his seat in the House of Lords in 1970, and he made his maiden speech in June 1974, the first royal to speak from the floor since the future Edward VII in 1884. He spoke again in 1975. Charles began to take on more public duties, founding The Prince's Trust in 1976, and travelling to the United States in 1981. In the mid-1970s, the prince expressed an interest in serving as Governor-General of Australia, at the suggestion of Australian prime minister Malcolm Fraser, but because of a lack of public enthusiasm nothing came of the proposal. Charles commented: "So, what are you supposed to think when you are prepared to do something to help and you are just told you're not wanted?" Charles is the longest-serving Prince of Wales, having surpassed the record held by Edward VII on 9 September 2017. He is the oldest and longest-serving British heir apparent, the longest-serving Duke of Cornwall, and the longest-serving Duke of Rothesay. If he becomes monarch, he will be the oldest person to do so, the current record holder being William IV, who was 64 when he became king in 1830. Official duties In 2008, The Daily Telegraph described Charles as the "hardest-working member of the royal family." He carried out 560 official engagements in 2008, 499 in 2010, and over 600 in 2011. As Prince of Wales, Charles undertakes official duties on behalf of the Queen. He officiates at investitures and attends the funerals of foreign dignitaries. Prince Charles makes regular tours of Wales, fulfilling a week of engagements each summer, and attending important national occasions, such as opening the Senedd. The six trustees of the Royal Collection Trust meet three times a year under his chairmanship. Prince Charles travels abroad on behalf of the United Kingdom. Charles has been regarded as an effective advocate of the country. In 1983, Christopher John Lewis, who had fired a shot with a .22 rifle at the Queen in 1981, attempted to escape a psychiatric hospital in order to assassinate Charles, who was visiting New Zealand with Diana and William. While visiting Australia in January 1994, two shots from a starting pistol were fired at him on Australia Day by David Kang in protest of the treatment of several hundred Cambodian asylum seekers held in detention camps. In 1995, Charles became the first member of the royal family to visit the Republic of Ireland in an official capacity. In 2000, Charles revived the tradition of the Prince of Wales having an official harpist, in order to foster Welsh talent at playing the harp, the national instrument of Wales. He and the Duchess of Cornwall also spend one week each year in Scotland, where he is patron of several Scottish organisations. His service to the Canadian Armed Forces permits him to be informed of troop activities, and allows him to visit these troops while in Canada or overseas, taking part in ceremonial occasions. For instance, in 2001 he placed a specially commissioned wreath, made from vegetation taken from French battlefields, at the Canadian Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, and in 1981 he became the patron of the Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum. At the funeral of Pope John Paul II in 2005, Charles unintentionally caused controversy when he shook hands with Robert Mugabe, the President of Zimbabwe, who had been seated next to him. Charles's office subsequently released a statement saying: "The Prince of Wales was caught by surprise and not in a position to avoid shaking Mr Mugabe's hand. The Prince finds the current Zimbabwean regime abhorrent. He has supported the Zimbabwe Defence and Aid Fund, which works with those being oppressed by the regime. The Prince also recently met Pius Ncube, the Archbishop of Bulawayo, an outspoken critic of the government." In November 2001, Charles was struck in the face with three red carnations by teenager Alina Lebedeva, whilst he was on an official visit to Latvia. In 2010, Charles represented the Queen at the opening ceremony of the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi, India. He attends official events in the United Kingdom in support of Commonwealth countries, such as the Christchurch earthquake memorial service at Westminster Abbey in 2011. From 15 to 17 November 2013, he represented the Queen for the first time at a Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Letters sent by Prince Charles to government ministers during 2004 and 2005 – the so-called black spider memos – presented potential embarrassment following a challenge by The Guardian newspaper to release the letters under the Freedom of Information Act 2000. In March 2015, the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom decided that the Prince's letters must be released. The letters were published by the Cabinet Office on 13 May 2015. Reaction to the memos upon their release was largely supportive of Charles, with little criticism of him. The memos were variously described in the press as "underwhelming" and "harmless" and that their release had "backfired on those who seek to belittle him", with reaction from the public also supportive. The Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall made their first joint trip to the Republic of Ireland in May 2015. The trip was called an important step in "promoting peace and reconciliation" by the British Embassy. During the trip, Charles shook hands with Sinn Féin and supposed IRA leader Gerry Adams in Galway, which was described by the media as a "historic handshake" and a "significant moment for Anglo-Irish relations". In the run up to the Prince's visit, two Irish republican dissidents were arrested for planning a bomb attack. Semtex and rockets were found at the Dublin home of suspect Donal Ó Coisdealbha, member of a self-styled Óglaigh na hÉireann organisation, who was later jailed for five and a half years. He was connected to a veteran republican, Seamus McGrane of County Louth, a member of the Real IRA, who was jailed for 11 and a half years. In 2015, it was revealed that Prince Charles had access to confidential UK cabinet papers. Charles has made frequent visits to Saudi Arabia in order to promote arms exports for companies such as BAE Systems. In 2013, 2014, and 2015, he met with the commander of Saudi Arabia's National Guard Mutaib bin Abdullah. In February 2014, he took part in a traditional sword dance with members of the Saudi royal family at the Janariyah festival in Riyadh. At the same festival, British arms company BAE Systems was honoured by Prince Salman bin Abdulaziz. Charles was criticised by Scottish MP Margaret Ferrier in 2016 over his role in the sale of Typhoon fighter jets to Saudi Arabia. According to Charles's biographer Catherine Mayer, a Time magazine journalist who claims to have interviewed several sources from Prince Charles's inner circle, he "doesn't like being used to market weaponry" in deals with Saudi Arabia and other Arab Gulf states. According to Mayer, Charles has only raised his objections to being used to sell weapons abroad in private. Commonwealth heads of government decided at their 2018 meeting that the Prince of Wales will be the next Head of the Commonwealth after the Queen. The head is chosen and therefore not hereditary. On 7 March 2019, the Queen hosted a Buckingham Palace event to mark the 50th anniversary of Charles's investiture as the Prince of Wales. Guests at the event included the Duchess of Cornwall, the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge, the Duke and Duchess of Sussex, Prime Minister Theresa May and Welsh First Minister Mark Drakeford. The same month, at the request of the British government, the Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall went on an official tour to Cuba, making them the first British royalty to visit the country. The tour was seen as effort to form a closer relationship between the UK and Cuba. In October 2020, a letter sent by Prince Charles to Governor-General Sir John Kerr after the 1975 dismissal from office of the Australian Prime Minister Gough Whitlam was released as a part of the collection of palace letters regarding the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis. In the letter, Charles appeared to be supportive of Kerr's decision, writing that what Kerr "did last year was right and the courageous thing to do – and most Australians seemed to endorse your decision when it came to the point," adding that he should not worry about "demonstrations and stupidities" that arose following his decision. In November 2021, Charles attended the ceremonies held to mark Barbados's transition into a parliamentary republic, which removed the Queen as their head of state. Health On 25 March 2020, it was announced that Charles had contracted COVID-19 during the pandemic. He and his wife subsequently isolated at their Birkhall residence. Camilla was also tested, but returned a negative result. Clarence House stated that he showed "mild symptoms" but "remains in good health". They further explained, "It is not possible to ascertain from whom the prince caught the virus owing to the high number of engagements he carried out in his public role during recent weeks." Several newspapers were critical that Charles and Camilla were tested promptly at a time when many NHS doctors, nurses and patients had been unable to be tested expeditiously. On 30 March 2020, Clarence House announced that Charles had recovered from the virus, and that, after consulting his doctor, he was no longer isolating. Two days later, he stated in a video that he would continue to practice social distancing. In February 2021, Charles and his wife received doses of a COVID-19 vaccine. On 10 February 2022, it was announced that Charles had tested positive for COVID-19 for a second time and was self-isolating. His wife later also confirmed contracting the virus, followed by the Queen herself 10 days after Charles's second diagnosis. Military training and career Charles served in the Royal Air Force and, following in the footsteps of his father, grandfather and two of his great-grandfathers, in the Royal Navy. During his second year at Cambridge, he requested and received Royal Air Force training. On 8 March 1971, he flew himself to the Royal Air Force College Cranwell to train as a jet pilot. After the passing-out parade that September, he embarked on a naval career and enrolled in a six-week course at the Royal Naval College Dartmouth. He then served on the guided-missile destroyer (1971–1972) and the frigates (1972–1973) and (1974). In 1974, he qualified as a helicopter pilot at RNAS Yeovilton, and then joined 845 Naval Air Squadron, operating from . On 9 February 1976, Charles took command of the coastal minehunter for his last ten months of active service in the navy. He learned to fly on a Chipmunk basic pilot trainer, a BAC Jet Provost jet trainer, and a Beagle Basset multi-engine trainer; he then regularly flew the Hawker Siddeley Andover, Westland Wessex and BAe 146 aircraft of The Queen's Flight until he gave up flying after crash landing the BAe 146 in the Hebrides in 1994, for which he was found negligent by a board of inquiry. Relationships and marriages Bachelorhood In his youth, Charles was amorously linked to a number of women. His great-uncle Lord Mountbatten advised him:In a case like yours, the man should sow his wild oats and have as many affairs as he can before settling down, but for a wife he should choose a suitable, attractive, and sweet-charactered girl before she has met anyone else she might fall for ... It is disturbing for women to have experiences if they have to remain on a pedestal after marriage. Charles's girlfriends included Georgiana Russell, the daughter of Sir John Russell, who was British ambassador to Spain; Lady Jane Wellesley, the daughter of the 8th Duke of Wellington; Davina Sheffield; Lady Sarah Spencer; and Camilla Shand, who later became his second wife and Duchess of Cornwall. Early in 1974, Mountbatten began corresponding with Charles about a potential marriage to Amanda Knatchbull, who was Mountbatten's granddaughter. Charles wrote to Amanda's mother—Lady Brabourne, who was also his godmother—expressing interest in her daughter, to which she replied approvingly, though she suggested that a courtship with the not yet 17-year-old girl was premature. Four years later, Mountbatten arranged for Amanda and himself to accompany Charles on his 1980 tour of India. Both fathers, however, objected; Philip feared that Charles would be eclipsed by his famous uncle (who had served as the last British Viceroy and first Governor-General of India), while Lord Brabourne warned that a joint visit would concentrate media attention on the cousins before they could decide on becoming a couple. However, in August 1979, before Charles would depart alone for India, Mountbatten was killed by the IRA. When Charles returned, he proposed to Amanda, but in addition to her grandfather, she had lost her paternal grandmother and youngest brother Nicholas in the bomb attack and was now reluctant to join the royal family. In June 1980, Charles officially turned down Chevening House, placed at his disposal since 1974, as his future residence. Chevening, a stately home in Kent, was bequeathed, along with an endowment, to the Crown by the last Earl Stanhope, Amanda's childless great-uncle, in the hope that Charles would eventually occupy it. In 1977, a newspaper report mistakenly announced his engagement to Princess Marie-Astrid of Luxembourg. Marriages Marriage to Lady Diana Spencer Charles first met Lady Diana Spencer in 1977 while he was visiting her home, Althorp. He was the companion of her elder sister, Sarah, and did not consider Diana romantically until mid-1980. While Charles and Diana were sitting together on a bale of hay at a friend's barbecue in July, she mentioned that he had looked forlorn and in need of care at the funeral of his granduncle Lord Mountbatten. Soon, according to Charles's chosen biographer, Jonathan Dimbleby, "without any apparent surge in feeling, he began to think seriously of her as a potential bride", and she accompanied Charles on visits to Balmoral Castle and Sandringham House. Charles's cousin Norton Knatchbull and his wife told Charles that Diana appeared awestruck by his position and that he did not seem to be in love with her. Meanwhile, the couple's continuing courtship attracted intense attention from the press and paparazzi. When Prince Philip told him that the media speculation would injure Diana's reputation if Charles did not come to a decision about marrying her soon, and realising that she was a suitable royal bride (according to Mountbatten's criteria), Charles construed his father's advice as a warning to proceed without further delay. Prince Charles proposed to Diana in February 1981; she accepted and they married in St Paul's Cathedral on 29 July of that year. Upon his marriage, Charles reduced his voluntary tax contribution from the profits generated by the Duchy of Cornwall from 50% to 25%. The couple lived at Kensington Palace and at Highgrove House, near Tetbury, and had two children: Princes William (b. 1982) and Henry (known as "Harry") (b. 1984). Charles set a precedent by being the first royal father to be present at his children's births. Within five years, the marriage was in trouble due to the couple's incompatibility and near 13-year age difference. In a videotape recorded by Peter Settelen in 1992, Diana admitted that by 1986, she had been "deeply in love with someone who worked in this environment." It is thought she was referring to Barry Mannakee, who was transferred to the Diplomatic Protection Squad in 1986 after his managers had determined that his relationship with Diana had been inappropriate. Diana later commenced a relationship with Major James Hewitt, the family's former riding instructor. Charles and Diana's evident discomfort in each other's company led to them being dubbed "The Glums" by the press. Diana exposed Charles's affair with Camilla in a book by Andrew Morton, Diana, Her True Story. Audio tapes of her own extramarital flirtations also surfaced. Persistent suggestions that Hewitt is Prince Harry's father have been based on a physical similarity between Hewitt and Harry. However, Harry had already been born by the time Diana's affair with Hewitt began. Legal separation and divorce In December 1992, British Prime Minister John Major announced the couple's legal separation in Parliament. Earlier that year, the British press had published transcripts of a passionate bugged telephone conversation between Charles and Camilla from 1989, which was dubbed Camillagate by the press. Prince Charles sought public understanding in a television film, Charles: The Private Man, the Public Role, with Jonathan Dimbleby that was broadcast on 29 June 1994. In an interview in the film, he confirmed his own extramarital affair with Camilla, saying that he had rekindled their association in 1986 only after his marriage to Diana had "irretrievably broken down". Charles and Diana divorced on 28 August 1996. Diana was killed in a car crash in Paris on 31 August of the following year; Charles flew to Paris with Diana's sisters to accompany her body back to Britain. Marriage to Camilla Parker Bowles The engagement of Charles and Camilla Parker Bowles was announced on 10 February 2005; he presented her with an engagement ring that had belonged to his grandmother. The Queen's consent to the marriage (as required by the Royal Marriages Act 1772) was recorded in a Privy Council meeting on 2 March. In Canada, the Department of Justice announced its decision that the Queen's Privy Council for Canada was not required to meet to give its consent to the marriage, as the union would not result in offspring and would have no impact on the succession to the Canadian throne. Charles was the only member of the royal family to have a civil rather than a church wedding in England. Government documents from the 1950s and 1960s, published by the BBC, stated that such a marriage was illegal, though these were dismissed by Charles's spokesman, and explained to be obsolete by the sitting government. The marriage was scheduled to take place in a civil ceremony at Windsor Castle, with a subsequent religious blessing at St George's Chapel. The venue was subsequently changed to Windsor Guildhall, because a civil marriage at Windsor Castle would oblige the venue to be available to anyone who wished to be married there. Four days before the wedding, it was postponed from the originally scheduled date of 8 April until the following day in order to allow Charles and some of the invited dignitaries to attend the funeral of Pope John Paul II. Charles's parents did not attend the civil marriage ceremony; the Queen's reluctance to attend possibly arose from her position as Supreme Governor of the Church of England. The Queen and Duke of Edinburgh did attend the service of blessing and later held a reception for the newlyweds at Windsor Castle. The blessing, by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Rowan Williams, at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, was televised. Social interests Philanthropy and charity Since founding The Prince's Trust in 1976, Charles has established 16 more charitable organisations, and now serves as president of all of those. Together, these form a loose alliance called The Prince's Charities, which describes itself as "the largest multi-cause charitable enterprise in the United Kingdom, raising over £100 million annually ... [and is] active across a broad range of areas including education and young people, environmental sustainability, the built environment, responsible business and enterprise and international." In 2010, The Prince's Charities Canada was established in a similar fashion to its namesake in the UK. Charles is also patron of over 400 other charities and organisations. He uses his tours of Canada as a way to help draw attention to youth, the disabled, the environment, the arts, medicine, the elderly, heritage conservation, and education. In Canada, Charles has supported humanitarian projects. Along with his two sons, he took part in ceremonies that marked the 1998 International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. Charles has also set up The Prince's Charities Australia, which is based in Melbourne, Victoria. The Prince's Charities Australia is to provide a coordinating presence for the Prince of Wales's Australian and international charitable endeavours Charles was one of the first world leaders to express strong concerns about the human rights record of Romanian dictator Nicolae Ceaușescu, initiating objections in the international arena, and subsequently supported the FARA Foundation, a charity for Romanian orphans and abandoned children. In 2013, Charles donated an unspecified sum of money to the British Red Cross Syria Crisis appeal and DEC Syria appeal, which is run by 14 British charities to help victims of the Syrian civil war. According to The Guardian, It is believed that after turning 65 years old in 2013, Charles donated his state pension to an unnamed charity that supports elderly people. In March 2014, Charles arranged for five million measles-rubella vaccinations for children in the Philippines on the outbreak of measles in South-East Asia. According to Clarence House, Charles was affected by news of the damage caused by Typhoon Yolanda in 2013. International Health Partners, of which he has been Patron since 2004, sent the vaccines, which are believed to protect five million children below the age of five from measles. In January 2020, the Prince of Wales became the first British patron of the International Rescue Committee, a charity which aims to help refugees and those displaced by war, persecution, or natural disaster. In April 2021 and following a surge in COVID-19 cases in India, Charles issued a statement, announcing the launch of an emergency appeal for India by the British Asian Trust, of which he is the founder. The appeal, called Oxygen for India, helped with buying oxygen concentrators for hospitals in need. In January 2022, Charles commissioned seven artists to paint portraits of seven Holocaust survivors. The paintings are set to be exhibited at the Queen's Gallery in Buckingham Palace and at the Palace of Holyroodhouse and will be featured in a BBC Two documentary titled Survivors: Portraits of the Holocaust. Built environment The Prince of Wales has openly expressed his views on architecture and urban planning; he fostered the advancement of New Classical Architecture and asserted that he "care[s] deeply about issues such as the environment, architecture, inner-city renewal, and the quality of life." In a speech given for the 150th anniversary of the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) on 30 May 1984, he memorably described a proposed extension to the National Gallery in London as a "monstrous carbuncle on the face of a much-loved friend" and deplored the "glass stumps and concrete towers" of modern architecture. He asserted that "it is possible, and important in human terms, to respect old buildings, street plans and traditional scales and at the same time not to feel guilty about a preference for facades, ornaments and soft materials," called for local community involvement in architectural choices, and asked: His book and BBC documentary A Vision of Britain (1987) was also critical of modern architecture, and he has continued to campaign for traditional urbanism, human scale, restoration of historic buildings, and sustainable design, despite criticism in the press. Two of his charities (The Prince's Regeneration Trust and The Prince's Foundation for Building Community, which were later merged into one charity) promote his views, and the village of Poundbury was built on land owned by the Duchy of Cornwall to a master plan by Léon Krier under the guidance of Prince Charles and in line with his philosophy. Charles helped establish a national trust for the built environment in Canada after lamenting, in 1996, the unbridled destruction of many of the country's historic urban cores. He offered his assistance to the Department of Canadian Heritage in creating a trust modelled on Britain's National Trust, a plan that was implemented with the passage of the 2007 Canadian federal budget. In 1999, the Prince agreed to the use of his title for the Prince of Wales Prize for Municipal Heritage Leadership, awarded by the Heritage Canada Foundation to municipal governments that have shown sustained commitment to the conservation of historic places. While visiting the United States and surveying the damage caused by Hurricane Katrina, Charles received the National Building Museum's Vincent Scully Prize in 2005, for his efforts in regard to architecture; he donated $25,000 of the prize money towards restoring storm-damaged communities. From 1997, the Prince of Wales has visited Romania to view and highlight the destruction of Orthodox monasteries and Transylvanian Saxon villages during the Communist rule of Nicolae Ceaușescu. Charles is patron of the Mihai Eminescu Trust, a Romanian conservation and regeneration organisation, and has purchased a house in Romania. Historian Tom Gallagher wrote in the Romanian newspaper România Liberă in 2006 that Charles had been offered the Romanian throne by monarchists in that country; an offer that was reportedly turned down, but Buckingham Palace denied the reports. Charles also has "a deep understanding of Islamic art and architecture", and has been involved in the construction of a building and garden at the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies that combine Islamic and Oxford architectural styles. Charles has occasionally intervened in projects that employ architectural styles such as modernism and functionalism. In 2009, Charles wrote to the Qatari royal family, the developers of the Chelsea Barracks site, labelling Lord Rogers's design for the site "unsuitable". Subsequently, Rogers was removed from the project and The Prince's Foundation for the Built Environment was appointed to propose an alternative. Rogers claimed the Prince had also intervened to block his designs for the Royal Opera House and Paternoster Square, and condemned Charles's actions as "an abuse of power" and "unconstitutional". Lord Foster, Zaha Hadid, Jacques Herzog, Jean Nouvel, Renzo Piano, and Frank Gehry, among others, wrote a letter to The Sunday Times complaining that the Prince's "private comments" and "behind-the-scenes lobbying" subverted the "open and democratic planning process". Piers Gough and other architects condemned Charles's views as "elitist" in a letter encouraging colleagues to boycott a speech given by Charles to RIBA in 2009. In 2010, The Prince's Foundation for the Built Environment decided to help reconstruct and redesign buildings in Port-au-Prince, Haiti after the capital was destroyed by the 2010 Haiti earthquake. The foundation is known for refurbishing historic buildings in Kabul, Afghanistan and in Kingston, Jamaica. The project has been called the "biggest challenge yet" for the Prince's Foundation for the Built Environment. For his work as patron of New Classical Architecture, in 2012 he was awarded the Driehaus Architecture Prize for patronage. The prize, awarded by the University of Notre Dame, is considered the highest architecture award for New Classical Architecture and urban planning. Livery company commitments The Worshipful Company of Carpenters installed Charles as an Honorary Liveryman "in recognition of his interest in London's architecture." The Prince of Wales is also Permanent Master of the Worshipful Company of Shipwrights, a Freeman of the Worshipful Company of Drapers, an Honorary Freeman of the Worshipful Company of Musicians, an Honorary Member of the Court of Assistants of the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths, and a Royal Liveryman of the Worshipful Company of Gardeners. Natural environment Since the 1970s, Charles has promoted environmental awareness. In order to decrease his carbon footprint, he has used biomass boilers for heating Birkhall, where has also installed a hydroelectric turbine in the river beside the estate. He has utilised solar panels at Clarence House and Highgrove, and – besides using electric cars on his estates – runs his Aston Martin DB6 on E85. Upon moving into Highgrove House, Charles developed an interest in organic farming, which culminated in the 1990 launch of his own organic brand, Duchy Originals, which now sells more than 200 different sustainably produced products, from food to garden furniture; the profits (over £6 million by 2010) are donated to The Prince's Charities. Documenting work on his estate, Charles co-authored (with Charles Clover, environment editor of The Daily Telegraph) Highgrove: An Experiment in Organic Gardening and Farming, published in 1993, and offers his patronage to Garden Organic. Along similar lines, the Prince of Wales became involved with farming and various industries within it, regularly meeting with farmers to discuss their trade. Although the 2001 foot-and-mouth epidemic in England prevented Charles from visiting organic farms in Saskatchewan, he met the farmers at Assiniboia town hall. In 2004, he founded the Mutton Renaissance Campaign, which aims to support British sheep farmers and make mutton more attractive to Britons. His organic farming has attracted media criticism: According to The Independent in October 2006, "the story of Duchy Originals has involved compromises and ethical blips, wedded to a determined merchandising programme." In 2007, he received the 10th annual Global Environmental Citizen Award from the Harvard Medical School's Center for Health and the Global Environment, the director of which, Eric Chivian, stated: "For decades the Prince of Wales has been a champion of the natural world ... He has been a world leader in efforts to improve energy efficiency and in reducing the discharge of toxic substances on land, and into the air and the oceans". Charles's travels by private jet drew criticism from Plane Stupid's Joss Garman. In 2007, Charles launched The Prince's May Day Network, which encourages businesses to take action on climate change. Speaking to the European Parliament on 14 February 2008, he called for European Union leadership in the war against climate change. During the standing ovation that followed, Nigel Farage, the leader of the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP), remained seated and went on to describe Charles's advisers as "naive and foolish at best." In a speech to the Low Carbon Prosperity Summit in a European Parliament chamber on 9 February 2011, Charles said that climate change sceptics are playing "a reckless game of roulette" with the planet's future and are having a "corrosive effect" on public opinion. He also articulated the need to protect fisheries and the Amazon rain forest, and to make low-carbon emissions affordable and competitive. In 2011, Charles received the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds Medal for his engagement with the environment, such as the conservation of rainforests. On 27 August 2012, the Prince of Wales addressed the International Union for Conservation of Nature – World Conservation Congress, supporting the view that grazing animals are needed to keep soils and grassland productive: I have been particularly fascinated, for example, by the work of a remarkable man called Allan Savory, in Zimbabwe and other semi arid areas, who has argued for years against the prevailing expert view that is the simple numbers of cattle that drive overgrazing and cause fertile land to become desert. On the contrary, as he has since shown so graphically, the land needs the presence of feeding animals and their droppings for the cycle to be complete, so that soils and grassland areas stay productive. Such that, if you take grazers off the land and lock them away in vast feedlots, the land dies. In February 2014, Charles visited the Somerset levels to meet residents affected by winter flooding. During his visit, Charles remarked that "There's nothing like a jolly good disaster to get people to start doing something. The tragedy is that nothing happened for so long." He pledged a £50,000 donation, provided by the Prince's Countryside Fund, to help families and businesses. In December 2015, Charles delivered a speech at the opening ceremony for COP21, making a plea to industries to put an end to practices that cause deforestation. In August 2019, it was announced that the Prince of Wales had collaborated with British fashion designers Vin and Omi to produce a line of clothing made out of nettles found in his Highgrove estate. Nettles are a type of plants which are usually "perceived to have no value". The Highgrove plant waste was also used to create the jewellery worn with the dresses. In September 2020, the Prince of Wales launched RE:TV, an online platform featuring short films and articles on issues such as climate change and sustainability. He serves as the platform's editor-in-chief. The platform later partnered with Amazon Prime Video and WaterBear, another streaming platform dedicated to environmental issues. In the same month, he stated in a speech that a military-style response similar to the Marshall Plan was required to combat climate change. In January 2020, Chares launched the Sustainable Markets Initiative at the World Economic Forum's annual meeting in Davos, a project which encourages putting sustainability at the centre of all activities. In May 2020, the Prince of Wales's Sustainable Markets Initiative and the World Economic Forum launched the Great Reset project, a five-point plan concerned with enhancing sustainable economic growth following the global recession caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. In January 2021, Charles launched Terra Carta ("Earth Charter"), a sustainable finance charter that would ask its signatories to follow a set of rules towards becoming more sustainable and make investments in projects and causes that help with preserving the environment. In July 2021, Charles and Jony Ive announced the Terra Carta Design Lab, a competition conceived by the Royal College of Art to find solutions to climate change and environmental issues, winners of which would be supported financially and introduced to the industry leads of the Sustainable Markets Initiative. In September 2021, he launched the Food for the Future initiative, a programme with contributions from Jimmy Doherty and Jamie Oliver which aims to educate secondary school children about the food system and eliminating food waste. In his role as patron of the National Hedgelaying Society, Charles has hosted receptions for the organisation's rural competition at his Highgrove estate to assist with preserving hedgerows planted in the UK. In June 2021, he attended a reception hosted by the Queen during the 47th G7 summit, and a meeting beween G7 leaders and sustainable industry CEOs to discuss governmental and corporate solutions to environmental problems. In October 2021, he delivered a speech at the 2021 G20 Rome summit, describing COP26 as "the last chance saloon" for preventing climate change and asking for actions that would lead to a green-led sustainable economy. In his speech at the opening ceremony for COP26, he repeated his sentiments from the previous year, stating that a "a vast military-style campaign" was needed "to marshal the strength of the global private sector" for tackling climate change. In 2021, Prince Charles spoke to the BBC about the environment and said two days a week he eats no meat nor fish and one day a week he eats no dairy products. Alternative medicine Charles has controversially championed alternative medicine. The Prince's Foundation for Integrated Health attracted opposition from the scientific and medical community over its campaign encouraging general practitioners to offer herbal and other alternative treatments to National Health Service patients, and in May 2006, Charles made a speech at the World Health Assembly in Geneva, urging the integration of conventional and alternative medicine and arguing for homeopathy. In April 2008, The Times published a letter from Edzard Ernst, Professor of Complementary Medicine at the University of Exeter, which asked the Prince's Foundation to recall two guides promoting alternative medicine, saying "the majority of alternative therapies appear to be clinically ineffective, and many are downright dangerous." A speaker for the foundation countered the criticism by stating: "We entirely reject the accusation that our online publication Complementary Healthcare: A Guide contains any misleading or inaccurate claims about the benefits of complementary therapies. On the contrary, it treats people as adults and takes a responsible approach by encouraging people to look at reliable sources of information ... so that they can make informed decisions. The foundation does not promote complementary therapies." That year, Ernst published a book with Simon Singh, mockingly dedicated to "HRH the Prince of Wales", called Trick or Treatment: Alternative Medicine on Trial. The last chapter is highly critical of Charles's advocacy of complementary and alternative treatments. The Prince's Duchy Originals produce a variety of complementary medicinal products including a "Detox Tincture" that Edzard Ernst has denounced as "financially exploiting the vulnerable" and "outright quackery". In 2009, the Advertising Standards Authority criticised an email that Duchy Originals had sent out to advertise its Echina-Relief, Hyperi-Lift and Detox Tinctures products saying that it was misleading. The Prince personally wrote at least seven letters to the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) shortly before they relaxed the rules governing labelling of such herbal products, a move that has been widely condemned by scientists and medical bodies. In October 2009, it was reported that Charles had personally lobbied the Health Secretary, Andy Burnham, regarding greater provision of alternative treatments in the NHS. In 2016, Charles said in a speech that he used homeopathic veterinary medicines to reduce antibiotic use at his farm. In April 2010, following accounting irregularities, a former official at the Prince's Foundation and his wife were arrested for fraud believed to total £300,000. Four days later, the foundation announced its closure, claiming that it "has achieved its key objective of promoting the use of integrated health." The charity's finance director, accountant George Gray, was convicted of theft totalling £253,000 and sentenced to three years in prison. The Prince's Foundation was re-branded and re-launched later in 2010 as The College of Medicine. Religious and philosophical interests Prince Charles was confirmed at age 16 by Archbishop of Canterbury Michael Ramsey at Easter 1965, in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle. He attends services at various Anglican churches close to Highgrove, and attends the Church of Scotland's Crathie Kirk with the rest of the royal family when staying at Balmoral Castle. In 2000, he was appointed as Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. Charles has visited (amid some secrecy) Orthodox monasteries several times on Mount Athos as well as in Romania. Charles is also patron of the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies at the University of Oxford, and in the 2000s, he inaugurated the Markfield Institute of Higher Education, which is dedicated to Islamic studies in a plural multicultural context. Sir Laurens van der Post became a friend of Charles in 1977; he was dubbed his "spiritual guru" and was godfather to Charles's son, Prince William. From van der Post, Prince Charles developed a focus on philosophy and interest in other religions. Charles expressed his philosophical views in his 2010 book, Harmony: A New Way of Looking at Our World, which won a Nautilus Book Award. In November 2016, he attended the consecration of St Thomas Cathedral, Acton, to be Britain's first Syriac Orthodox Cathedral. In October 2019, he attended the canonisation of Cardinal Newman. Charles visited Eastern Church leaders in Jerusalem in January 2020 culminating in an ecumenical service in the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem, after which he walked through that city accompanied by Christian and Muslim dignitaries. Although it had been rumoured that Charles would vow to be "Defender of the Faiths" or "Defender of Faith" as king, he stated in 2015 that he would retain the monarch's traditional title of "Defender of the Faith", whilst "ensuring that other people's faiths can also be practised", which he sees as a duty of the Church of England. Hobbies and personal interests Sports From his youth until 1992, Prince Charles was an avid player of competitive polo. He continued to play informally, including for charity, until 2005. Charles also frequently took part in fox hunting until the sport was banned in the United Kingdom in 2005. By the late 1990s, opposition to the activity was growing when Charles's participation was viewed as a "political statement" by those who were opposed to it. The League Against Cruel Sports launched an attack against Charles after he took his sons on the Beaufort Hunt in 1999. At that time, the government was trying to ban hunting with hounds. Charles has been a keen salmon angler since youth and supports Orri Vigfússon's efforts to protect the North Atlantic salmon. He frequently fishes the River Dee in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, while he claims his most special angling memories are from his time in Vopnafjörður, Iceland. Charles is a supporter of Burnley Football Club. Visual, performing and contemporary arts Prince Charles is president or patron of more than 20 performing arts organisations, which include the Royal College of Music, the Royal Opera, the English Chamber Orchestra, the Philharmonia Orchestra, Welsh National Opera, and the Purcell School. In 2000, he revived the tradition of appointing harpists to the Royal Court, by appointing an Official Harpist to the Prince of Wales. As an undergraduate at Cambridge he played cello, and has sung with the Bach Choir twice. Charles founded The Prince's Foundation for Children and The Arts in 2002, to help more children experience the arts first-hand. He is president of the Royal Shakespeare Company and attends performances in Stratford-Upon-Avon, supports fundraising events and attends the company's annual general meeting. He enjoys comedy, and is interested in illusionism, becoming a member of The Magic Circle after passing his audition in 1975 by performing the "cups and balls" effect. Charles has also been patron of the British Film Institute since 1978. Charles is a keen and accomplished watercolourist who has exhibited and sold a number of his works to raise money for his charities and also published books on the subject. To mark the 25th anniversary of his investiture as the Prince of Wales in 1994, the Royal Mail issued a series of postage stamps which featured his paintings. For his 50th birthday, 50 of his watercolours were exhibited at Hampton Court Palace. In 2001, 20 lithographs of his watercolour paintings illustrating his country estates were exhibited at the Florence International Biennale of Contemporary Art. In 2016, it was estimated that he had sold lithographs of his watercolours for a total of £2 million from a shop at his Highgrove House residence. For his 70th birthday in 2018, his works were exhibited at the National Gallery of Australia. In 2022, 79 of his paintings were put on display in London. He is Honorary President of the Royal Academy of Arts Development Trust. Charles was awarded the 2011 Montblanc de la Culture Arts Patronage Award by the Montblanc Cultural Foundation for his support and commitment to the arts, particularly in regard to young people. On 23 April 2016, Charles appeared in a comedy sketch for the Royal Shakespeare Company's Shakespeare Live! at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre, to commemorate the 400th anniversary of William Shakespeare's death in 1616. The event was televised live by the BBC. Charles made a surprise entrance to settle the disputed delivery of Hamlet's celebrated line, "To be or not to be, that is the question". Publications Prince Charles is an author of several books that reflect his own interests. He has also contributed a foreword or preface to books by other writers and has also written, presented and has been featured in documentary films. Media image Since his birth, Prince Charles has received close media attention, which increased as he matured. It has been an ambivalent relationship, largely impacted by his marriages to Diana and Camilla and its aftermath, but also centred on his future conduct as king, such as the 2014 play King Charles III. Described as the "world's most eligible bachelor" in the late 1970s, Prince Charles was subsequently overshadowed by Diana. After her death, the media regularly breached Charles's privacy and printed exposés. In 2003, Diana's butler Paul Burrell published a note that he claimed had been written by Diana in 1995, in which there were allegations that Charles was "planning 'an accident' in [Diana's] car, brake failure and serious head injury" so that he could marry again. When questioned by the Metropolitan Police inquiry team as a part of Operation Paget, Charles told the authorities that he did not know about his former wife's note from 1995 and could not understand why she had these feelings. In 2006, the prince filed a court case against the Mail on Sunday, after excerpts of his personal journals were published, revealing his opinions on matters such as the transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong to China in 1997, in which Charles described the Chinese government officials as "appalling old waxworks". Mark Bolland, his ex-private secretary, declared in a statement to the High Court that Charles "would readily embrace the political aspects of any contentious issue he was interested in ... He carried it out in a very considered, thoughtful and researched way. He often referred to himself as a 'dissident' working against the prevailing political consensus." Jonathan Dimbleby reported that the prince "has accumulated a number of certainties about the state of the world and does not relish contradiction." Other people who were formerly connected with the prince have betrayed his confidence. An ex-member of his household handed the press an internal memo in which Charles commented on ambition and opportunity, and which was widely interpreted as blaming meritocracy for creating a combative atmosphere in society. Charles responded: "In my view, it is just as great an achievement to be a plumber or a bricklayer as it is to be a lawyer or a doctor". In 2012, Charles met backlash for his long-standing association with Jimmy Savile, who was accused of hundreds of allegations of sexual abuse after his death in 2011. Charles met Savile through mutual charity interests, and later consulted him as a confidant and adviser. His work with Stoke Mandeville Hospital also made Savile a suitable figure to whom the prince could turn "for advice on navigating Britain's health authorities". Dickie Arbiter, the spokesman for the Queen between 1988 and 2000, said that during his regular visits to Charles's office at St James's Palace, Savile would "do the rounds of the young ladies taking their hands and rubbing his lips all the way up their arms", though no record of any assistants making a complaint exists. Charles met Savile on several occasions. In 1999, he visited Savile's Glen Coe home for a private meal. He reportedly sent him gifts on his 80th birthday and a note reading: "Nobody will ever know what you have done for this country, Jimmy. This is to go some way in thanking you for that". Cash-for-Honours allegations In August 2021, it was announced that The Prince's Foundation was launching an investigation into the reports that middlemen took cuts for setting up dinners involving wealthy donors and Prince Charles, with prices as high as £100,000 and the fixers taking up to 25% of the fees. In the following month it was alleged that the prince's aide Michael Fawcett had fixed a CBE for Saudi businessman Mahfouz Marei Mubarak bin Mahfouz who donated more than £1.5 million to royal charities contrary to section 1 of the Honours (Prevention of Abuses) Act 1925. Charles gave Mahfouz his Honorary CBE at a private ceremony in the Blue Drawing Room at Buckingham Palace in November 2016, though the event was not published in the Court Circular. The allegations led to Fawcett temporarily stepping down from his role as chief executive of The Prince's Foundation, while Republic reported the prince and Fawcett to the police. In February 2022 the Metropolitan Police launched an investigation into the cash-for-honours allegations linked to the foundation. In 2021 the foundation's chairman Douglas Connell later quit his job over claims the charity had accepted a £200,000 donation from Russian convict, Dmitry Leus, with the prince thanking the businessman in a letter and suggesting a meeting. This led to an investigation by the Scottish Charity Regulator. Clarence House responded that Charles had "no knowledge of the alleged offer of honours or British citizenship on the basis of donation to his charities and fully supports the investigation". In October 2021, additional questions were raised over contributions by Taiwanese fugitive Bruno Wang, who donated £500,000 to the foundation. In the following month, Fawcett resigned from his role as chief executive of The Prince's Foundation, and the Charity Commission launched an investigation into allegations that the donations meant for The Prince's Foundation had been instead sent to the Mahfouz Foundation. The auditing firm EY, which was hired by the charity to carry out an investigation, published a summary report in December 2021, stating that Fawcett had co-ordinated with "fixers", but there was "no evidence that trustees at the time were aware of these communications". Reaction to press treatment Charles's anguish was recorded in his private comments to Prince William, caught on a microphone during a press photo-call in 2005 and published in the national press. After a question from the BBC's royal correspondent, Nicholas Witchell, Charles muttered: "These bloody people. I can't bear that man. I mean, he's so awful, he really is." In 2002, Charles, "so often a target of the press, got his chance to return fire" when addressing "scores of editors, publishers and other media executives" gathered at St Bride's Fleet Street to celebrate 300 years of journalism. Defending public servants from "the corrosive drip of constant criticism", he noted that the press had been "awkward, cantankerous, cynical, bloody-minded, at times intrusive, at times inaccurate and at times deeply unfair and harmful to individuals and to institutions." But, he concluded, regarding his own relations with the press, "from time to time we are probably both a bit hard on each other, exaggerating the downsides and ignoring the good points in each." Guest appearances on television The Prince of Wales has occasionally appeared on television. In 1984, he read his children's book The Old Man of Lochnagar for the BBC's Jackanory series. The UK soap opera Coronation Street featured an appearance by Charles during the show's 40th anniversary in 2000, as did the New Zealand young adult cartoon series bro'Town (2005), after he attended a performance by the show's creators during a tour of the country. Charles was interviewed with Princes William and Harry by Ant & Dec to mark the 30th anniversary of The Prince's Trust in 2006 and in 2016 was interviewed by them again along with his sons and the Duchess of Cornwall to mark the 40th anniversary. His saving of the Scottish stately home Dumfries House was the subject of Alan Titchmarsh's documentary Royal Restoration, which aired on TV in May 2012. Also in May 2012, Charles tried his hand at being a weather presenter for the BBC, reporting the forecast for Scotland as part of their annual week at Holyrood Palace alongside Christopher Blanchett. He injected humour in his report, asking, "Who the hell wrote this script?" as references were made to royal residences. In December 2015, Channel 4 News revealed that interviews with Charles were subject to a contract that restricts questions to those previously approved, and gives his staff oversight of editing and the right to "remove the contribution in its entirety from the programme". Channel 4 News decided not to proceed with an interview on this basis, which some journalists believed would put them at risk of breaching the Ofcom Broadcasting Code on editorial independence and transparency. Residences and finance Clarence House, previously the residence of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, is Charles's official London residence. His primary source of income is generated from the Duchy of Cornwall, which owns 133,658 acres of land (around 54,090 hectares), including farming, residential, and commercial properties, as well as an investment portfolio. Highgrove House in Gloucestershire is owned by the Duchy of Cornwall, having been purchased for his use in 1980, and which Prince Charles rents for £336,000 per annum. The Public Accounts Committee published its 25th report into the Duchy of Cornwall accounts in November 2013 noting that the duchy performed well in 2012–13, increasing its total income and producing an overall surplus of £19.1 million. In 2007, the prince purchased a 192-acre property (150 acres of grazing and parkland, and 40 acres of woodland) in Carmarthenshire, and applied for permission to convert the farm into a Welsh home for him and the Duchess of Cornwall, to be rented out as holiday flats when the couple is not in residence. A neighbouring family said the proposals flouted local planning regulations, and the application was put on hold temporarily while a report was drafted on how the alterations would affect the local bat population. Charles and Camilla first stayed at the new property, called Llwynywermod, in June 2008. They also stay at Birkhall for some holidays, which is a private residence on the Balmoral Castle estate in Scotland, and was previously used by Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. In 2016, it was reported that his estates receive £100,000 a year in European Union agricultural subsidies. Starting in 1993, the Prince of Wales has paid tax voluntarily under the Memorandum of Understanding on Royal Taxation, updated 2013. In December 2012, Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs were asked to investigate alleged tax avoidance by the Duchy of Cornwall. The Duchy of Cornwall is named in the Paradise Papers, a set of confidential electronic documents relating to offshore investment that were leaked to the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung. The papers show that the Duchy invested in a Bermuda-based carbon credits trading company run by one of Charles's Cambridge contemporaries. The investment was kept secret but there is no suggestion that Charles or the estate avoided UK tax. Titles, styles, honours and arms Titles and styles Charles has held titles throughout his life: the grandson of the monarch, the son of the monarch and in his own right. He has been a British prince since birth and was created Prince of Wales in 1958. There has been speculation as to what regnal name the prince would choose upon his succession to the throne. If he uses his first name, he would be known as Charles III. However, it was reported in 2005 that Charles has suggested he may choose to reign as George VII in honour of his maternal grandfather, and to avoid association with the Stuart kings Charles I (who was beheaded) and Charles II (who was known for his promiscuous lifestyle), as well as to be sensitive to the memory of Bonnie Prince Charlie, once a Stuart pretender to the English and Scottish thrones, who was called "Charles III" by his supporters. Charles's office responded that "no decision has been made". Honours and military appointments Charles has held substantive ranks in the armed forces of a number of countries since he was made a flight lieutenant in the Royal Air Force in 1972. Charles's first honorary appointment in the armed forces was as Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Regiment of Wales in 1969; since then, the prince has also been installed as Colonel-in-Chief, Colonel, Honorary Air Commodore, Air Commodore-in-Chief, Deputy Colonel-in-Chief, Royal Honorary Colonel, Royal Colonel, and Honorary Commodore of at least 32 military formations throughout the Commonwealth, including the Royal Gurkha Rifles, which is the only foreign regiment in the British army. Since 2009, Charles holds the second-highest ranks in all three branches of the Canadian Forces and, on 16 June 2012, the Queen awarded the Prince of Wales honorary five-star rank in all three branches of the British Armed Forces, "to acknowledge his support in her role as Commander-in-Chief", installing him as Admiral of the Fleet, Field Marshal and Marshal of the Royal Air Force. He has been inducted into seven orders and received eight decorations from the Commonwealth realms, and has been the recipient of 20 different honours from foreign states, as well as nine honorary degrees from universities in the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand. Arms Banners, flags, and standards The banners used by the prince vary depending upon location. His Personal Standard is the Royal Standard of the United Kingdom differenced as in his arms with a label of three points Argent, and the escutcheon of the arms of the Principality of Wales in the centre. It is used outside Wales, Scotland, Cornwall, and Canada, and throughout the entire United Kingdom when the prince is acting in an official capacity associated with the UK Armed Forces. The personal flag for use in Wales is based upon the Royal Badge of Wales (the historic arms of the Kingdom of Gwynedd), which consist of four quadrants, the first and fourth with a red lion on a gold field, and the second and third with a gold lion on a red field. Superimposed is an escutcheon Vert bearing the single-arched coronet of the Prince of Wales. In Scotland the personal banner used since 1974 is based upon three ancient Scottish titles: Duke of Rothesay (heir apparent to the King of Scots), High Steward of Scotland and Lord of the Isles. The flag is divided into four quadrants like the arms of the Chief of Clan Stewart of Appin; the first and fourth quadrants comprise a gold field with a blue and silver checkered band in the centre; the second and third quadrants display a black galley on a silver field. The arms are differenced from those of Appin by the addition of an inescutcheon bearing the tressured lion rampant of Scotland; defaced by a plain label of three points Azure to indicate the heir apparent. In Cornwall, the banner is the arms of the Duke of Cornwall: "Sable 15 bezants Or", that is, a black field bearing 15 gold coins. In 2011, the Canadian Heraldic Authority introduced a personal heraldic banner for the Prince of Wales for use in Canada, consisting of the shield of the Arms of Canada defaced with both a blue roundel of the Prince of Wales's feathers surrounded by a wreath of gold maple leaves, and a white label of three points. Issue Ancestry Notes References Other sources Further reading Bower, Tom, (2018) The Rebel Prince, The Power, Passion and Defiance of Prince Charles, William Collins External links Official website of the Prince of Wales The Prince of Wales at the Royal Family website The Duke of Cornwall at the Duchy of Cornwall website \|- \|- \|- \|- \|- 1948 births Living people 20th-century British writers 21st-century British writers Alumni of Aberystwyth University Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge British Anglicans British environmentalists British philanthropists Dukes of Cornwall Dukes of Edinburgh Dukes of Rothesay Graduates of the Royal Air Force College Cranwell Heirs to the British throne House of Windsor Mountbatten-Windsor family People educated at Cheam School People educated at Geelong Grammar School People educated at Gordonstoun People educated at Hill House School People from Westminster Princes of Wales Sustainability advocates Writers from London Sons of British monarchs 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125249	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem%20Township%2C%20New%20Jersey	Bethlehem Township, New Jersey	Bethlehem Township is a township in Hunterdon County, New Jersey, United States. It is part of the New York metropolitan area. As of the 2010 United States Census, the township's population was 3,979, reflecting an increase of 159 (+4.2%) from the 3,820 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 716 (+23.1%) from the 3,104 counted in the 1990 Census. History Bethlehem was first mentioned in official records dating back to 1730, though details of its formation are uncertain. Bethlehem was incorporated as one of New Jersey's initial 104 townships by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 21, 1798. Portions of the township were taken to form Kingwood Township (1749, date uncertain), Alexandria Township (March 5, 1765), Union Township (February 17, 1853), Junction borough (February 20, 1895, now known as Hampton borough), Bloomsbury (March 30, 1905) and Glen Gardner (March 26, 1919). The township was named for the city of Bethlehem. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 20.80 square miles (53.87 km2), including 20.68 square miles (53.57 km2) of land and 0.12 square miles (0.30 km2) of water (0.56%). The township is an exurb of New York City, lying on the western fringe of the New York metropolitan area, as part of the Newark-Union, NJ-PA Metropolitan Division, which is in turn a part of the New York City Metropolitan Area. The Musconetcong River forms the township's northern border with Warren County. The northern half of the Township consists of the Musconetcong Valley while the southern half is covered by the Musconetcong Mountains. The southwest corner of the township lies on what is known as the Hunterdon Plateau. The landscape is mainly rural in nature, featuring farms and forests, scattered with newer housing developments and older farm homes. Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Charlestown, Jugtown, Ludlow, Polktown, Swinesburg, Valley and West Portal. The township borders the municipalities of Alexandria Township, Bloomsbury, Glen Gardner, Hampton, Holland Township, Lebanon Township, Union Township in Hunterdon County; and Franklin Township, Pohatcong Township and Washington Township in Warren County. Mailing addresses Residents and businesses in Bethlehem Township have mailing addresses to nearby towns including Bloomsbury, Clinton, Glen Gardner, Hampton, and even Asbury (which is located in neighboring Warren County), as "Bethlehem Township" itself is not a mailing address. Climate Bethlehem Township falls under the "Northern New Jersey" climate zone. According to the Office of the New Jersey State Climatologist at Rutgers University, the Northern climate zone covers about one-quarter of New Jersey and consists mainly of elevated highlands and valleys which are part of the Appalachian Uplands. Surrounded by land, this region can be characterized as having a continental climate with minimal influence from the Atlantic Ocean, except when the winds contain an easterly component. Prevailing winds are from the southwest in summer and from the northwest in winter. Being in the northernmost portion of the state, and with small mountains up to in elevation, the Northern Zone normally exhibits a colder temperature regime than other climate regions of the State of New Jersey. This difference is most dramatic in winter when average temperatures in the Northern Zone can be more than ten degrees Fahrenheit cooler than in the Coastal Zone. Annual snowfall averages in the northern zone as compared with an average of in the extreme south. Bethlehem Township falls under the USDA 6a Plant Hardiness zone. Wildlife and ecosystem Various animals are native to central-western New Jersey, including red fox (vulpes vulpes), black bear, groundhogs, wild turkeys, deer, squirrels, chipmunks, a variety of birds, and a plethora of insects and vegetation. There are also some fish in the streams of the county. Trees include deciduous varieties and evergreen varieties. Black bears are the largest land mammals in New Jersey and are known to be most abundant in the northern-western regions of the state, including Bethlehem Township. Demographics Census 2010 The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $127,540 (with a margin of error of +/- $12,090) and the median family income was $130,580 (+/- $16,200). Males had a median income of $95,694 (+/- $16,468) versus $70,069 (+/- $27,112) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $44,477 (+/- $4,087). About 0.6% of families and 1.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.1% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over. Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 3,820 people, 1,266 households, and 1,092 families residing in the township. The population density was 183.3 people per square mile (70.8/km2). There were 1,303 housing units at an average density of 62.5 per square mile (24.1/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 97.51% White, 0.86% African American, 0.10% Native American, 1.02% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 0.03% from other races, and 0.42% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.62% of the population. There were 1,266 households, out of which 43.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 80.3% were married couples living together, 3.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 13.7% were non-families. 10.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.02 and the average family size was 3.26. In the township the population was spread out, with 29.5% under the age of 18, 5.0% from 18 to 24, 29.6% from 25 to 44, 29.4% from 45 to 64, and 6.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.9 males. The median income for a household in the township was $88,048, and the median income for a family was $92,768. Males had a median income of $69,063 versus $41,806 for females. The per capita income for the township was $35,298. None of the families and 1.0% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 10.0% of those over 64. Most common first ancestries reported in Bethlehem Township were German (25.2%), Italian (14.7%), Irish (14.4%), Polish (9.2%), English (7.6%), United States or American (6.1%), French (except Basque) (3.3%). The most common places of birth for the foreign-born residents were India (22%), Germany (18%), United Kingdom (12%), Austria (9%), Russia (7%), Poland (5%), Netherlands (4%). Parks and recreation Covering more than , Spruce Run State Park and Reservoir, part of the New Jersey State Park system, is located near Bethlehem Township in close by Clinton Township. It is possible to walk or bike to Spruce Run from Bethlehem Township. Government Local government Bethlehem Township is governed under the Township form of New Jersey municipal government, one of 141 municipalities (of the 565) statewide that use this form, the second-most commonly used form of government in the state. The Township Committee is comprised of five members, who are elected directly by the voters at-large in partisan elections to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with either one or two seats coming up for election each year as part of the November general election in a three-year cycle. At an annual reorganization meeting, the Township Committee selects one of its members to serve as Mayor and another as Deputy Mayor. , members of the Bethlehem Township Committee are Mayor Walter F. Baumgarten (R, term on committee ends December 31, 2021; term as mayor ends 2020), Deputy Mayor Arthur G. Randolph (R, term on committee ends 2022; term as deputy mayor ends 2020), Steve Keefe (R, 2021) and Jose Medeiros (R, 2020) and Paul J. Muir (R, 2020). At a special meeting in July 2015, The Township Committee selected Jose Medeiros to fill the seat expiring in December 2017 that was vacated earlier that month following the resignation of John Graefe, who was moving out of the township. Bethlehem Township's municipal buildings are located on Mine Road. Federal, state and county representation Bethlehem Township is located in the 7th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 23rd state legislative district. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 2,814 registered voters in Bethlehem Township, of which 514 (18.3%) were registered as Democrats, 1,113 (39.6%) were registered as Republicans and 1,186 (42.1%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There was one voter registered to another party. In the 2012 presidential election, Republican Mitt Romney received 61.2% of the vote (1,323 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 37.0% (800 votes), and other candidates with 1.8% (38 votes), among the 2,172 ballots cast by the township's 2,954 registered voters (11 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 73.5%. In the 2008 presidential election, Republican John McCain received 58.9% of the vote here (1,380 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 38.2% (896 votes) and other candidates with 2.2% (51 votes), among the 2,343 ballots cast by the township's 2,927 registered voters, for a turnout of 80.0%. In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 61.6% of the vote here (1,380 ballots cast), outpolling Democrat John Kerry with 37.1% (830 votes) and other candidates with 1.3% (36 votes), among the 2,239 ballots cast by the township's 2,692 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 83.2. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 73.8% of the vote (985 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 23.1% (309 votes), and other candidates with 3.1% (41 votes), among the 1,349 ballots cast by the township's 2,934 registered voters (14 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 46.0%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 66.4% of the vote here (1,130 ballots cast), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 21.9% (373 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 8.9% (151 votes) and other candidates with 1.2% (20 votes), among the 1,703 ballots cast by the township's 2,855 registered voters, yielding a 59.6% turnout. Education Students in public school for pre-kindergarten through eighth grade attend the schools of the Bethlehem Township School District. As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of two schools, had an enrollment of 358 students and 45.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 8.0:1. Schools in the district (with 2018–19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Thomas B. Conley Elementary School with 233 students in grades PreK-5 and Ethel Hoppock Middle School with 121 students in grades 6–8. Public school students in ninth through twelfth grades attend North Hunterdon High School in Annandale, which also serves students from Clinton Town, Clinton Township, Franklin Township, Lebanon Borough and Union Township. As of the 2018–19 school year, the high school had an enrollment of 1,584 students and 123.2 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.9:1. The school is part of the North Hunterdon-Voorhees Regional High School District, which also includes students from Califon, Glen Gardner, Hampton, High Bridge, Lebanon Township and Tewksbury Township, who attend Voorhees High School. Eighth grade students from all of Hunterdon County are eligible to apply to attend the high school programs offered by the Hunterdon County Vocational School District, a county-wide vocational school district that offers career and technical education at its campuses in Raritan Township and at programs sited at local high schools, with no tuition charged to students for attendance. Transportation Roads and highways , the township had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Hunterdon County and by the New Jersey Department of Transportation. Bethlehem Township is well-connected to major metropolitan areas and cities (such as the Lehigh Valley in Pennsylvania and New York City) via Interstate 78 / U.S. 22 and Route 173. While I-78/US 22 pass through without any interchanges, the nearest exit is just outside the township in bordering Bloomsbury (Exit 7) and Union Township (Exit 11). Anderson Road, located within Bethlehem Township, begins in neighboring Union Township and ends in Bethlehem Township as a dead-end, or cul-de-sac. Consequently, Anderson Road cannot be accessed internally through Bethlehem Township; it can only be accessed through Union Township. Public transportation Public transportation is limited to The LINK, a public bus service which serves Hunterdon County. Fares range from about $2.00 to $10.00. Funding for operation of the Hunterdon County LINK System is provided by Hunterdon County, NJ Transit and the Federal Transit Administration. Rail / Lehigh Line The Norfolk Southern Railway's Lehigh Line (formerly the mainline of the Lehigh Valley Railroad), runs through Bethlehem Township on its way to Phillipsburg, New Jersey. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Bethlehem Township include: John T. Bird (1829–1911), member of the United States House of Representatives from 1869 to 1873. Johnston Cornish (1858–1920), represented New Jersey's 4th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1893 to 1895. Anne Marie Letko (born 1969), two-time Olympian, in 1996 and 2000. Daniel Morgan (1736–1802), Revolutionary War general and a United States Representative from the State of Virginia. James Parker (1776–1868), member of the House of Representatives from New Jersey. Bennet Van Syckel (1830-1921), Associate Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court from 1869 to 1904. References External links Official Municipal Website Hunterdon County page for Bethlehem Township Bethlehem Township School District School Data for the Bethlehem Township School District, National Center for Education Statistics North Hunterdon-Voorhees Regional High School District Hunterdon Land Trust Alliance 1798 establishments in New Jersey Populated places established in 1798 Township form of New Jersey government Townships in Hunterdon County, New Jersey	[ -0.7546650767326355, 0.09738295525312424, -0.4077633023262024, 0.7467128038406372, 0.5886028409004211, 0.14035649597644806, 0.5206108689308167, 0.6220477819442749, -0.22460275888442993, -0.7697650790214539, -0.6030528545379639, 0.3560924828052521, -0.1770288050174713, 0.02742636576294899, -1.331052303314209, 0.7030789256095886, 0.28008896112442017, 0.6380511522293091, -0.0863722637295723, -0.7791410088539124, -0.5697917938232422, -0.4214172959327698, 0.11048337072134018, 0.7622160911560059, -0.15085731446743011, 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125250	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomsbury%2C%20New%20Jersey	Bloomsbury, New Jersey	Bloomsbury is a borough in Hunterdon County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the borough's population was 870, reflecting a decline of 16 (-1.8%) from the 886 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn declined by 4 (-0.4%) from the 890 counted in the 1990 Census. Bloomsbury was incorporated as a borough by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 30, 1905, from portions of Bethlehem Township. The Borough of Bloomsbury was once known as "Johnson's Iron Works", owned by Robert Johnson, on the north bank of the river. The current name is derived either from the Bloom family, influential in the early history of the town, or from the iron ore processed into masses of wrought iron that are known as "blooms". Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough had a total area of 0.96 square miles (2.49 km2), including 0.93 square miles (2.41 km2) of land and 0.03 square miles (0.08 km2) of water (3.23%). The borough borders the municipalities of Bethlehem Township in Hunterdon County; and Franklin Township, Greenwich Township and Pohatcong Township in Warren County. Bloomsbury is located on the south side of the Musconetcong River in the northwest corner of Hunterdon County and is the third-smallest municipality in Hunterdon County. Demographics Census 2010 The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $98,571 (with a margin of error of +/- $19,026) and the median family income was $106,324 (+/- $11,687). Males had a median income of $71,000 (+/- $9,149) versus $50,417 (+/- $7,595) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $42,141 (+/- $6,038). About 2.6% of families and 4.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.3% of those under age 18 and 7.3% of those age 65 or over. Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 886 people, 322 households, and 252 families residing in the borough. The population density was 975.5 people per square mile (375.9/km2). There were 342 housing units at an average density of 376.6 per square mile (145.1/km2). The racial makeup of the borough was 98.19% White, 0.34% African American, 0.23% Native American, 0.34% Asian, 0.11% from other races, and 0.79% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.47% of the population. There were 322 households, out of which 45.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.1% were married couples living together, 9.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.7% were non-families. 15.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.74 and the average family size was 3.11. In the borough the population was spread out, with 29.8% under the age of 18, 3.8% from 18 to 24, 38.4% from 25 to 44, 17.9% from 45 to 64, and 10.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.8 males. The median income for a household in the borough was $64,375, and the median income for a family was $67,500. Males had a median income of $51,053 versus $33,750 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $26,392. About 4.8% of families and 3.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.1% of those under age 18 and 8.9% of those age 65 or over. Government Local government Bloomsbury is governed under the Borough form of New Jersey municipal government, which is used in 218 municipalities (of the 565) statewide, making it the most common form of government in New Jersey. The governing body is comprised of a Mayor and a Borough Council, with all positions elected at-large on a partisan basis as part of the November general election. A Mayor is elected directly by the voters to a four-year term of office. The Borough Council is comprised of six members elected to serve three-year terms on a staggered basis, with two seats coming up for election each year in a three-year cycle. The Borough form of government used by Bloomsbury is a "weak mayor / strong council" government in which council members act as the legislative body with the mayor presiding at meetings and voting only in the event of a tie. The mayor can veto ordinances subject to an override by a two-thirds majority vote of the council. The mayor makes committee and liaison assignments for council members, and most appointments are made by the mayor with the advice and consent of the council. , the Mayor of Bloomsbury is Republican Vicky Papics, whose term of office ends December 31, 2023. Members of the Borough Council are Todd Dangelo (R, 2022), Louise Gerace (D, 2021), Scott McClaymont (R, 2022), Chris Smith (R, 2021), Al Stiehler (R, 2020) and Eric Weger (R, 2020). Federal, state and county representation Bloomsbury is located in the 7th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 23rd state legislative district. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 546 registered voters in Bloomsbury, of which 120 (22.0%) were registered as Democrats, 227 (41.6%) were registered as Republicans and 199 (36.4%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were no voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Republican Mitt Romney received 55.3% of the vote (223 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 42.7% (172 votes), and other candidates with 2.0% (8 votes), among the 404 ballots cast by the borough's 561 registered voters (1 ballot was spoiled), for a turnout of 72.0%. In the 2008 presidential election, Republican John McCain received 55.0% of the vote (254 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 42.6% (197 votes) and other candidates with 1.7% (8 votes), among the 462 ballots cast by the borough's 551 registered voters, for a turnout of 83.8%. In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 64.1% of the vote (302 ballots cast), outpolling Democrat John Kerry with 33.5% (158 votes) and other candidates with 1.6% (9 votes), among the 471 ballots cast by the borough's 563 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 83.7. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 73.0% of the vote (189 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 25.1% (65 votes), and other candidates with 1.9% (5 votes), among the 260 ballots cast by the borough's 551 registered voters (1 ballot was spoiled), for a turnout of 47.2%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 62.1% of the vote (210 ballots cast), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 22.2% (75 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 12.4% (42 votes) and other candidates with 1.8% (6 votes), among the 338 ballots cast by the borough's 549 registered voters, yielding a 61.6% turnout. Education The Bloomsbury School District serves students in pre-kindergarten through eighth grade at Bloomsbury Public School. As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of one school, had an enrollment of 94 students and 11.3 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 8.4:1. In the 2016–17 school year, the district had the 11th-smallest enrollment of any school district in the state. The district participates in the Interdistrict Public School Choice Program, having been approved on November 2, 1999, as one of the first ten districts statewide to participate in the program. Seats in the program for non-resident students are specified by the district and are allocated by lottery, with tuition paid for participating students by the New Jersey Department of Education. Public school students from Bloomsbury in ninth through twelfth grades attend Phillipsburg High School in Phillipsburg in Warren County, as part of a sending/receiving relationship with the Phillipsburg School District. The high school also serves students from four other sending communities: Alpha, Greenwich Township, Lopatcong Township and Pohatcong Township. As of the 2018–19 school year, the high school had an enrollment of 1,650 students and 126.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 13.0:1. Eighth grade students from all of Hunterdon County are eligible to apply to attend the high school programs offered by the Hunterdon County Vocational School District, a county-wide vocational school district that offers career and technical education at its campuses in Raritan Township and at programs sited at local high schools, with no tuition charged to students for attendance. Transportation Roads and highways , the borough had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Hunterdon County and by the New Jersey Department of Transportation. Several major roads run through the borough. Interstate 78 / U.S. Route 22 pass through the north and connects Bloomsbury at Exit 7 with Route 173. The major county road that passes through is CR 579. Public transportation Public transportation is limited to The LINK, a public bus service which serves Hunterdon County. Funding for operation of the Hunterdon County LINK System is provided by Hunterdon County, NJ Transit and the Federal Transit Administration. Rail / Lehigh Line Norfolk Southern Railway's Lehigh Line (formerly the mainline of the Lehigh Valley Railroad), runs through the southwest part of Bloomsbury along the border with Bethlehem Township on its way to Phillipsburg, New Jersey. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Bloomsbury include: John T. Bird (1829–1911), represented New Jersey's 3rd congressional district from 1869 to 1873. Jen Ponton (born 1984), actress, screenwriter and producer, best known for portraying Rubi in the AMC series Dietland. References External links Bloomsbury Borough website Hunterdon County web page for Bloomsbury 1905 establishments in New Jersey Borough form of New Jersey government Boroughs in Hunterdon County, New Jersey Populated places established in 1905	[ -0.33503150939941406, -0.2758333086967468, -0.11946116387844086, 0.18117474019527435, 0.6845983862876892, -0.02413853444159031, 0.29379263520240784, 0.5272601842880249, -0.056356508284807205, -0.6374255418777466, -0.5068613886833191, 0.06953777372837067, -0.16327880322933197, 0.3955780863761902, -1.1576428413391113, 0.11854420602321625, 0.6797152161598206, 0.7987751364707947, 0.7716019153594971, -0.4362787902355194, -0.4748855531215668, -0.13785596191883087, 0.531126856803894, 0.33101508021354675, 0.17697519063949585, -0.46760180592536926, 0.37536707520484924, -0.0599428154528141, 0.12765122950077057, -0.027349762618541718, -0.1810237020254135, 0.661078155040741, -0.2669001519680023, -0.6135972142219543, 0.6438018679618835, -0.509893536567688, 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125251	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Califon%2C%20New%20Jersey	Califon, New Jersey	Califon is a borough in Hunterdon County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the borough's population was 1,076, reflecting an increase of 21 (+2.0%) from the 1,055 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn declined by 18 (-1.7%) from the 1,073 counted in the 1990 Census. The town was to originally have been called California, but the name was shortened to Califon in order to fit on the welcome sign. Alternatively, the name was related to a bright yellow cattle feed sold during the Gold Rush. History Califon was a station on the High Bridge Branch of the Central Railroad of New Jersey. The station was built in 1875 and is now used as a museum by the Califon Historical Society. The rail line was abandoned in 1976 and now serves as a Hunterdon County-administered rail trail called Columbia Trail, which runs south to High Bridge and north to points in Morris County. Though the mills were present in the area of Califon for some time prior to its incorporation as a town, it was quite a while before growth became evident in the mid-nineteenth century. The J. K. Apgar Farmhouse, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, exemplifies the early stone farmhouses constructed in the region in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century. The area that would become Califon was first called California, from Jacob Neighbor's enthusiasm in the milling business about the time the California Gold Rush broke out. The Borough was incorporated by an act of the New Jersey Legislature from portions of both Lebanon and Tewksbury Townships on April 2, 1918. Local legend has it that California became a regular stop for weekend excursion trains through the countryside. When riders bought their tickets they were issued a voucher good for an ice cream; the train would stop so tourists could wander around and cash in their ice cream coupons. Anxious to exploit this source of outside revenue, residents petitioned the railroad to let them build a real station, which they did as a community project. Citing the local account again, two sign painters who came to letter the sign rode the train from Dunellen, but the background paint wasn't dry when they arrived. They sat and drank at the hotel, which later burned down. By the time the sign was ready for their artistic touch, the local tale says, "Califon" was as close to California as the inebriated painters could manage. Califon is situated just north of the Ken Lockwood Gorge on the South Branch of the Raritan River; this pristine stretch of clear water and forest is a well-known treasure for New Jersey trout fishermen. It is regularly restocked by the state fisheries service. The center of Califon is the historic iron bridge spanning the South Branch of the Raritan River, which divides the borough. Recently the State of New Jersey announced that the bridge would be replaced because a loaded school bus represented more weight than the aging bridge could safely carry. Incensed citizens objected, protective of the landmark, and found a colorful but simple solution; the school bus stops at one end of the bridge unloading the students, who then walk across to the other side. Then the empty bus, within imposed weight limits, drives across and the students get back on the bus to continue their ride. Thus the bridge was saved. (Account featured on Califon website). The 1943 short story, "The Greatest Gift," was set in a town inspired by Califon and adapted into the 1946 classic film It's a Wonderful Life. Author Philip Van Doren Stern said in a 1946 interview, "Incidentally, the movie takes place in Westchester County. Actually, the town I had in mind was Califon, N.J." The historic iron bridge in Califon is similar to the bridge that George Bailey considered jumping from in the movie. Califon became a regional household name when frequently mentioned by Merv Griffin on his TV show during the 1970s. He and his wife Juliette owned a home in nearby Lebanon Township, which had a Califon mailing address, and, while they were married, they were often seen visiting the village in a fringed-top Bermuda-style resort cart, though they lived over 2 miles away. Califon Productions created all of his television ventures. Hoffman's Crossing was named for Issac Hoffman, who farmed land that lies just south of Califon Bridge, along present day Route 513. Historic district The Califon Historic District is a historic district encompassing much of the borough. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 14, 1976, for its significance in commerce. The district includes 154 contributing buildings, three contributing structures, and one contributing site. It was created through the efforts of the Califon Historical Society. Califon is a Victorian-style enclave where the houses are marked with the names of the builders and their dates of establishment rather than with street numbers. The Joseph Tiger House was built of stone in 1846. A stone raceway runs under the former Beatty's Store, indicating a possible mill site. The mid-19th century house at 1 First Street features a gable roof with an intersecting dormer. The Califon Main Street Bridge is a Pratt thru truss design built in 1887 by I. P. Bartley & Co. of Morris County. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough had a total area of 0.98 square miles (2.54 km2), including 0.96 square miles (2.48 km2) of land and 0.02 square miles (0.05 km2) of water (2.04%). Califon borders the Hunterdon County municipalities of Lebanon Township and Tewksbury Township. Lower Valley is an unincorporated community located along the border of Califon and Lebanon Township. Demographics Census 2010 The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $108,375 (with a margin of error of +/- $9,026) and the median family income was $110,365 (+/- $5,782). Males had a median income of $95,536 (+/- $13,555) versus $73,958 (+/- $14,845) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $42,975 (+/- $5,250). About 1.7% of families and 2.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0.8% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over. Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 1,055 people, 401 households, and 301 families residing in the borough. The population density was 1,093.2 people per square mile (419.9/km2). There were 410 housing units at an average density of 424.9 per square mile (163.2/km2). The racial makeup of the borough was 98.67% White, 0.76% Asian, and 0.57% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.47% of the population. There were 401 households, out of which 36.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.8% were married couples living together, 4.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.7% were non-families. 21.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.11. In the borough the population was spread out, with 26.8% under the age of 18, 4.1% from 18 to 24, 30.6% from 25 to 44, 27.9% from 45 to 64, and 10.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.1 males. The median income for a household in the borough was $76,657, and the median income for a family was $85,963. Males had a median income of $59,167 versus $41,125 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $31,064. About 3.3% of families and 4.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.5% of those under age 18 and 14.8% of those age 65 or over. Government Local government Califon is governed under the Borough form of New Jersey municipal government, which is used in 218 municipalities (of the 565) statewide, making it the most common form of government in New Jersey. The governing body is comprised of a Mayor and a Borough Council, with all positions elected at-large on a partisan basis as part of the November general election. A Mayor is elected directly by the voters to a four-year term of office. The Borough Council is comprised of six members elected to serve three-year terms on a staggered basis, with two seats coming up for election each year in a three-year cycle. The Borough form of government used by Califon is a "weak mayor / strong council" government in which council members act as the legislative body with the mayor presiding at meetings and voting only in the event of a tie. The mayor can veto ordinances subject to an override by a two-thirds majority vote of the council. The mayor makes committee and liaison assignments for council members, and most appointments are made by the mayor with the advice and consent of the council. , the Mayor of Califon Borough is Democrat Charles Daniel, whose term of office ends December 31, 2022. Members of the Califon Borough Council are Council President Michael P. Medea (D, 2021), Richard Baggstrom (R, 2020), John Collins (D, 2022), Ed Haversang (R, 2020), Leo M. Janas (D, 2021) and Cathy Smith (D, 2022). Police coverage in the borough is provided by the Washington Township (Morris County) Police Department under the terms of a shared services agreement between the two municipalities. Federal, state and county representation Califon is located in the 7th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 23rd state legislative district. Prior to the 2011 reapportionment following the 2010 Census, Califon had been in the 24th state legislative district. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 723 registered voters in Califon, of which 214 (29.6%) were registered as Democrats, 252 (34.9%) were registered as Republicans and 257 (35.5%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were no voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 51.0% of the vote (290 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 47.3% (269 votes), and other candidates with 1.8% (10 votes), among the 573 ballots cast by the borough's 773 registered voters (4 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 74.1%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 51.1% of the vote (324 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 46.4% (294 votes) and other candidates with 1.7% (11 votes), among the 634 ballots cast by the borough's 792 registered voters, for a turnout of 80.1%. In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 51.2% of the vote (330 ballots cast), outpolling Democrat John Kerry with 47.2% (304 votes) and other candidates with 1.3% (10 votes), among the 644 ballots cast by the borough's 796 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 80.9. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 62.4% of the vote (237 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 35.3% (134 votes), and other candidates with 2.4% (9 votes), among the 383 ballots cast by the borough's 774 registered voters (3 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 49.5%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 55.4% of the vote (251 ballots cast), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 30.5% (138 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 12.1% (55 votes) and other candidates with 0.9% (4 votes), among the 453 ballots cast by the borough's 772 registered voters, yielding a 58.7% turnout. Education The Califon School District serves students in public school for pre-kindergarten through eighth grade at Califon Public School. As of the 2017–18 school year, the district, comprised of one school, had an enrollment of 90 students and 16.4 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 5.5:1. In the 2016–17 school year, Califon had the seventh-smallest enrollment of any school district in the state. Public school students in ninth through twelfth grades attend Voorhees High School, which also serves students from Glen Gardner, Hampton, High Bridge, Lebanon Township and Tewksbury Township. As of the 2017–18 school year, the high school had an enrollment of 1,023 students and 86.1 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.9:1. The school is part of the North Hunterdon-Voorhees Regional High School District, which also includes students from Bethlehem Township, Clinton Town, Clinton Township, Franklin Township, Lebanon Borough and Union Township who attend North Hunterdon High School in Annandale. Eighth grade students from all of Hunterdon County are eligible to apply to attend the high school programs offered by the Hunterdon County Vocational School District, a county-wide vocational school district that offers career and technical education at its campuses in Raritan Township and at programs sited at local high schools, with no tuition charged to students for attendance. Places of worship The Califon United Methodist Church was founded in 1867, but the oldest part of the building was built in 1824 at Oldwick and moved here. The newer sanctuary facing River Road was built in 1891. The Lower Valley Presbyterian Church was built in 1871. Both are noted by the Califon Historical Society. Transportation , the borough had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality and by Hunterdon County. County Routes 512 and 513 are the most prominent roads passing through Califon. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Califon include: Thomas W. Greelish (1939–1991), United States Attorney for the District of New Jersey from 1985 to 1987. Greelish moved to Califon with his family when he was seven years old. Merv Griffin (1925–2007), television producer, once owned a farm a few miles outside of Califon. When he created the game show Wheel of Fortune, he gave a nod to Califon when naming the show's production company. To this day, Califon Productions, Inc. is the copyright holder for all episodes of Wheel of Fortune to date, although the show is owned by Sony Pictures Television. Francis Burton Harrison (1873–1957), member of the United States House of Representatives and Governor-General of the Philippines under Woodrow Wilson who retired to Califon a few months before his death in 1957. Teddy Schneider (born 1988), soccer player for the New York Red Bulls. 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125252	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton%2C%20New%20Jersey	Clinton, New Jersey	Clinton is a town in Hunterdon County, New Jersey, United States, located on the South Branch of the Raritan River in the Raritan Valley region. As of the 2010 United States Census, the town's population was 2,719, reflecting an increase of 87 (+3.3%) from the 2,632 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 578 (+28.1%) from the 2,054 counted in the 1990 Census. Despite its relatively small population, Clinton is the predominant control city for Interstate 78 traveling westbound from Newark. History When the Clinton post office was established in 1829, it was named for DeWitt Clinton, Governor of New York and the primary impetus behind the then-newly completed Erie Canal. Clinton was incorporated as a town by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on April 5, 1865, within portions of Clinton, Franklin and Union Townships. Clinton gained full independence from its three parent townships in 1895. The town is perhaps best known for its two mills which sit on opposite banks of the South Branch Raritan River. The Red Mill, with its historic village, dates back to 1810 with the development of a mill for wool processing. Across the river sits the Stone Mill, home of the Hunterdon Art Museum, located in a former gristmill that had been reconstructed in 1836 and operated continuously until 1952. In 1952, a group of local residents conceived of a plan to convert the historic building into an art museum, which is still in operation today. On October 30, 1891, a major fire destroyed 23 buildings and 17 businesses on Main Street. This is known here as the Great Fire of 1891. Described by The New York Times in 1988 as having "conquered the worst residential radon hotspot known in the United States" which resulted from uranium in the limestone under sections of the town, Clinton and mayor-at-the-time Robert A. Nulman received state, national, and international attention for the town's successful efforts to combat the radon using ventilation systems in affected homes. The Clinton Historic District encompassing much of the town was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1995 for its significance in architecture, commerce, engineering, industry and exploration/settlement. The district includes 270 contributing buildings. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the town had a total area of 1.44 square miles (3.72 km2), including 1.35 square miles (3.49 km2) of land and 0.09 square miles (0.24 km2) of water (6.39%). The town borders the Hunterdon County municipalities of Clinton Township, Franklin Township and Union Township. Clinton is considered an exurb of New York City, as Hunterdon County lies on the western fringe of the New York City Metropolitan Area, which is mainly rural with scattered housing developments and old farm homes. Clinton is part of the Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area of Middlesex, Somerset and Hunterdon counties in New Jersey. It serves as a "bedroom community" for many commuters working in and around Northern New Jersey and New York City, often younger residents who have supplanted long-time residents of Clinton. Climate Clinton falls under the "Northern New Jersey" climate zone. According to the Office of the New Jersey State Climatologist at Rutgers University, the Northern climate zone covers about one-quarter of New Jersey and consists mainly of elevated highlands and valleys which are part of the Appalachian Uplands. Surrounded by land, this region can be characterized as having a continental climate with minimal influence from the Atlantic Ocean, except when the winds contain an easterly component. Prevailing winds are from the southwest in summer and from the northwest in winter. Being in the northernmost portion of the state, and with small mountains up to in elevation, the Northern Zone normally exhibits a colder temperature regime than other climate regions of the State of New Jersey. This difference is most dramatic in winter when average temperatures in the Northern Zone can be more than ten degrees Fahrenheit cooler than in the Coastal Zone. Annual snowfall averages in the northern zone as compared with an average of in the extreme south. Clinton falls under the USDA 6b Plant Hardiness zone. Demographics Census 2010 The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $83,850 (with a margin of error of +/- $12,019) and the median family income was $109,375 (+/- $19,698). Males had a median income of $62,697 (+/- $9,258) versus $67,014 (+/- $13,316) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $43,354 (+/- $4,395). About 2.6% of families and 3.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.0% of those under age 18 and 11.9% of those age 65 or over. Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 2,632 people, 1,068 households, and 724 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,916.0 people per square mile (741.8/km2). There were 1,095 housing units at an average density of 797.1 per square mile (308.6/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 92.06% White, 1.33% African American, 0.46% Native American, 3.72% Asian, 1.37% from other races, and 1.06% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.10% of the population. There were 1,068 households, out of which 35.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.3% were married couples living together, 8.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.2% were non-families. 26.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 3.00. In the town, the population was spread out, with 26.4% under the age of 18, 4.7% from 18 to 24, 35.4% from 25 to 44, 24.2% from 45 to 64, and 9.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.3 males. The median income for a household in the town was $78,121, and the median income for a family was $88,671. Males had a median income of $61,442 versus $46,397 for females. The per capita income for the town was $37,463. About 0.4% of families and 2.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0.6% of those under age 18 and 1.6% of those age 65 or over. Arts and culture The Red Mill Museum Village (56 Main Street) is located on the South Branch of the Raritan River in the town center of Clinton. Built in 1810, the Red Mill originally served as a woolen mill. Over the next 100 years, the Mill was used at different times to process grains, plaster, talc and graphite. The Mill was also used to produce peach baskets, as well as to generate electricity and pump water for the town. Every October, the mill is transformed into a haunted house called the Red Mill Haunted Village. The Haunted Village tends to attract visitors from all over the east coast to the small town. The Red Mill Museum Village was featured on an episode of Ghost Hunters in 2008. The Hunterdon Art Museum (7 Lower Center Street) presents changing exhibitions of contemporary art, craft and design in the 19th century Dunham's Mill, the Stone Mill, listed in the National Register of Historic Places. Founded in 1952, the Museum showcases works by internationally recognized and emerging contemporary artists. It also offers a dynamic schedule of over 300 art classes and workshops for children and adults, as well as a summer camp program. Parks and recreation Landsdown Trail, a spur line constructed for the Lehigh Valley Railroad in 1881 that is now a graded rail trail starting about south of Clinton on Landsdown Road that enters Clinton town center near the lumber yard. Spruce Run Recreation Area (Van Syckel's Road, Clinton, NJ): , picnicking, boating, fishing and seasonal camping. Open year-round. Round Valley Recreation Area (Lebanon-Stanton Road, Lebanon, NJ) offers wilderness camping, beaches, trails, fishing and boating. Government Local government Clinton is governed under the Town form of municipal government. The town is one of nine municipalities (of the 565) statewide that use this traditional form of government. The governing body is comprised of the Mayor and six-member Town Council, all of whom are chosen at-large in partisan elections held as part of the November general election. The Mayor is elected directly by the voters to a four-year term of office. Members of the Town Council are elected to three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with two seats coming up for election each year in a three-year cycle. The primary responsibilities of the council are to serve as the legislative body of the town, approve the annual budget presented by the Mayor, approve payment of bills and serve as Liaisons to several Boards and Committees. , the mayor of Clinton Town is Democrat Janice Kovach, whose term of office ends on December 31, 2023 Members of the Clinton Town Council are Sherry Dineen (R, 2021), Michael Humphrey (D, 2022), Lisa Intrabartola (D, 2021), Megan Johnson (D, 2020), Rielly Karsh (D, 2020) and Ross Traphagen (R, 2022). Democrat Michael Humphrey was elected in November 2018 to fill the seat expiring in December 2019 that became vacant following the resignation of Al Rylak in June 2018. Fire department Clinton Fire Department (CFD) is located on the corner of New Street / Old Route 22 in Clinton. About 15% of the department's calls annually involve actual fire, while the rest of the CFD's calls are roughly broken down to 15% motor vehicle accidents, 15% hazardous conditions, 5% service calls, 25% good intent calls with no fire found and 25% alarm activations/false alarms, averaging about 190 calls annually. The department offers three types of membership to prospective members: Active firefighter, Junior firefighter and Associate membership. The department runs mutual aid calls with Annandale Hose Company, High Bridge Fire Department, Quakertown Fire Company, Lebanon Fire Company and Pattenburg Fire Company and other fire departments in Hunterdon Country, which work together as part of the North Hunterdon Fire Alliance. Federal, state and county representation Clinton Town is located in the 7th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 23rd state legislative district. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 1,671 registered voters in Clinton, of which 439 (26.3%) were registered as Democrats, 529 (31.7%) were registered as Republicans and 700 (41.9%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 3 voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Republican Mitt Romney received 52.0% of the vote (693 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 46.7% (623 votes), and other candidates with 1.3% (17 votes), among the 1,351 ballots cast by the town's 1,780 registered voters (18 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 75.9%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 49.4% of the vote (704 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 48.7% (694 votes) and other candidates with 1.2% (17 votes), among the 1,426 ballots cast by the town's 1,732 registered voters, for a turnout of 82.3%. In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 54.8% of the vote (761 ballots cast), outpolling Democrat John Kerry with 44.0% (611 votes) and other candidates with 0.7% (12 votes), among the 1,389 ballots cast by the town's 1,671 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 83.1. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 69.2% of the vote (577 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 28.1% (234 votes), and other candidates with 2.8% (23 votes), among the 840 ballots cast by the town's 1,757 registered voters (6 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 47.8%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 60.5% of the vote (620 ballots cast), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 27.7% (284 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 9.5% (97 votes) and other candidates with 0.7% (7 votes), among the 1,025 ballots cast by the town's 1,711 registered voters, yielding a 59.9% turnout. Education Clinton-Glen Gardner School District is school district based in the Town of Clinton, that serves students from Clinton Town and Glen Gardner Borough in pre-kindergarten through eighth grade at Clinton Public School. Before Glen Gardner, a non-operating district, was consolidated into the district, students from the borough had attended the district's school as part of a sending/receiving relationship. Other students attend the school on a tuition basis. Formerly known as the Town of Clinton School District, the district's board of education voted in November 2009 to revise the name to Clinton-Glen Gardner School District to reflect the merger. As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of one school, had an enrollment of 431 students and 44.7 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 9.6:1. Public school students in ninth through twelfth grades attend North Hunterdon High School in Annandale together with students from Bethlehem Township, Clinton Township, Franklin Township, Lebanon Borough and Union Township. As of the 2018–19 school year, the high school had an enrollment of 1,584 students and 123.2 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.9:1. The school is part of the North Hunterdon-Voorhees Regional High School District, which also includes students from Califon, Glen Gardner, Hampton, High Bridge, Lebanon Township and Tewksbury Township, who attend Voorhees High School in Lebanon Township. Eighth grade students from all of Hunterdon County are eligible to apply to attend the high school programs offered by the Hunterdon County Vocational School District, a county-wide vocational school district that offers career and technical education at its campuses in Raritan Township and at programs sited at local high schools, with no tuition charged to students for attendance. Transportation Roads and highways , the town had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality and by the New Jersey Department of Transportation. The most major road passing through Clinton is Interstate 78/U.S. Route 22, which run concurrently through the area. Direct access is provided by New Jersey Route 31 at Exit 17 and Route 173/County Road 513 at Exit 15. Route 173 and CR 513 run through the center of town, while Route 31 skims the northeast edge. Access to Interstate 78 provides Clinton with a route to and from New York City and the Lehigh Valley in Pennsylvania. Philadelphia can also be accessed from Clinton via New Jersey Route 31 to Interstate 295 south. Public transportation Trans-Bridge Lines offers buses on a route that provides service from Allentown and Bethlehem, Pennsylvania to the Port Authority Bus Terminal in Midtown Manhattan and New York City-area airports at a stop at the park-and-ride on Route 31 in Clinton. Limited NJ Transit Rail is also accessible at the Annandale station on the Raritan Valley Line. The LINK, which serves Hunterdon County is the primary traditional publicly funded mode of transportation. Fares range from about $2.00 to $10.00. Funding for operation of the Hunterdon County LINK System is provided by Hunterdon County, NJ Transit and the Federal Transit Administration. Additionally, Warren County operates a shuttle along Route 31 Monday-Friday to Oxford Township. References in popular culture In film Several movies have used the town as a backdrop, including In and Out with Kevin Kline, One True Thing with Renée Zellweger and Meryl Streep, My Giant with Billy Crystal, and Turbulence with Ray Liotta. A music video for Sharon Van Etten's single "Seventeen" was partially filmed in the town, as well as at nearby Round Valley Reservoir. In television The CBS-TV daytime drama As the World Turns taped scenes at businesses along Main Street in 2008 and 2009. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Clinton include: John T. Bird (1829–1911), represented New Jersey's 3rd congressional district from 1869 to 1873. William Bonnell (1804-1865), portrait painter whose works are generally placed in the folk art category. Gregg Cagno (born 1969), songwriter and touring performer in the singer/songwriter and folk genres. Anna Case (1888–1984), soprano who recorded with Thomas Edison. William J. Connell (born 1958), historian. Kyp Malone (born 1973), multi-instrumentalist and member of the band TV on the Radio. Barbara McClintock (born 1955), children's book illustrator and author. Terry R. McGuire, former professor and Vice Chair of the Department of Genetics at Rutgers University. Kyle Merber (born 1990) middle-distance runner specializing in the mile and the 1500 metres. James Valenti (born 1977), operatic tenor. Sharon Van Etten (born 1981), singer-songwriter. Foster McGowan Voorhees (1856–1927), Governor of New Jersey from 1899 to 1902. Jessica Vosk (born 1983), Broadway actress who has starred as Elphaba in the Second National Tour of Wicked. Gallery References External links Clinton Town website Town information from Hunterdon County web site Clinton Public School website Clinton Public School, National Center for Education Statistics North Hunterdon-Voorhees Regional High School District Clinton Fire Department Clinton Guild website Hunterdon Land Trust Alliance The Red Mill Museum Village website Red Mill Haunted Village website 1865 establishments in New Jersey Populated places established in 1865 Town form of New Jersey government Towns in Hunterdon County, New Jersey	[ -0.8612314462661743, 0.2305838018655777, -0.6496421098709106, 0.21041889488697052, 1.0402990579605103, 0.642191469669342, 0.16111329197883606, 0.5391940474510193, -0.21808062493801117, -0.5624061822891235, -0.40418344736099243, 0.008294003084301949, 0.14569275081157684, 0.21952961385250092, -1.279574990272522, 0.70432448387146, 0.6300044059753418, 0.5050222873687744, 0.36782217025756836, -0.6740772128105164, -0.05375206470489502, -0.17903251945972443, 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125253	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkhamsted	Berkhamsted	Berkhamsted ( ) is a historic market town in Hertfordshire, England, in the Bulbourne valley, northwest of London. The town is a civil parish with a town council within the borough of Dacorum which is based in the neighbouring large new town of Hemel Hempstead. Berkhamsted and the adjoining village of Northchurch are together encircled by countryside, much of it in the Chiltern Hills, an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB). The High Street is on a pre-Roman route known by its Saxon name Akeman Street. The earliest written reference to Berkhamsted was in 970. The settlement was recorded as a burbium (ancient borough) in the Domesday Book in 1086. The most notable event in the town's history occurred in December 1066. After William the Conqueror defeated King Harold's Anglo-Saxon army at the Battle of Hastings, the Anglo-Saxon leadership surrendered to the Norman encampment at Berkhamsted. The event was recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. From 1066 to 1495, Berkhamsted Castle was a favoured residence of royalty and notable historical figures, including Henry II, Edward, the Black Prince, Thomas Becket and Geoffrey Chaucer. In the 13th and 14th centuries, the town was a wool trading town, with a thriving local market. The oldest known extant jettied timber-framed building in Great Britain, built between 1277 and 1297, survives as a shop on the town's high street. After the castle was abandoned in 1495, the town went into decline, losing its borough status in the second half of the 17th century. Colonel Daniel Axtell, captain of the Parliamentary Guard at the trial and execution of Charles I in 1649, was among those born in Berkhamsted. Modern Berkhamsted began to expand after the canal and the railway were built in the 19th century. In the 21st century, Berkhamsted has evolved into an affluent commuter town. The town's literary connections include the 17th century hymnist and poet William Cowper, the 18th century writer Maria Edgeworth, and the 20th century novelist Graham Greene. Arts institutions in the town include The Rex, Berkhamsted (a well regarded independent cinema) and the British Film Institute's BFI National Archive at King's Hill which is one of the largest film and television archives in the world. Schools in the town include Berkhamsted School a co-educational boarding independent school (founded in 1541 by John Incent, Dean of St Paul's Cathedral); Ashlyns School a state school, whose history began as the Foundling Hospital established in London by Thomas Coram in 1742; and Ashridge Executive Education, a business school offering degree level courses, which occupies the Grade I listed neo-Gothic Ashridge House. History Origin of the town's name The earliest recorded spelling of the town's name is the 10th century Anglo-Saxon Beorhðanstædæ. The first part may have originated from either the Old English words beorg, meaning "hill", or berc or beorc, meaning "birch"; or from the older Old Celtic word Bearroc, meaning "hilly place". The latter part, "hamsted", derives from the Old English word for homestead. So the town's name could be either mean "homestead amongst the hills" or the "homestead among the birches". Through history spellings of the town's name have changed. Local historian Rev John Wolstenholme Cobb identified over 50 different versions of the town's name since the writing of the Domesday Book (such as: "Berkstead", "Berkampsted", "Berkhampstead", "Muche Barkhamstede", "Berkhamsted Magna", "Great Berkhamsteed" and "Berkhamstead".) The present spelling was officially adopted in 1937 when the local council formally changed its name from Great Berkhampstead to Berkhamsted. The town's local nickname is "Berko". Prehistory and Roman period Neolithic, Bronze Age, Iron Age and Roman artefacts show that the Berkhamsted area of the Bulbourne Valley has been settled for over 5,000 years. The discovery of a large number of worked flint chips provides Neolithic evidence of on-site flint knapping in the centre of Berkhamsted. Several settlements dating from the Neolithic to the Iron Age (about 4500–100 BC) have been discovered south of Berkhamsted. Three sections of a late Bronze Age to Iron Age (1200–100 BC) bank and ditch, wide by high and known as Grim's Ditch, are found on the south side of the Bulbourne Valley. Another Iron Age dyke with the same name is on Berkhamsted Common, on the north side of the valley. In the late Iron Age, before the Roman occupation, the valley would have been within Catuvellauni territory. The Bulbourne Valley was rich in timber and iron ore. In the late Iron Age, a area around Northchurch became a major iron production centre, now considered to be one of the most important late Iron Age and Roman industrial areas in England. Iron production led to the settlement of a Roman town at Cow Roast, about northwest of Berkhamsted. Four Roman first century AD iron smelting bloomeries at Dellfield ( northwest of the town centre) provide evidence of industrial activity in Berkhamsted. Production ceased at the end of the Roman period. Other evidence of Roman-British occupation and activity in the Berkhamsted area, includes a pottery kiln on Bridgewater Road. The town's high street still follows the line of the Roman-engineered Akeman Street, which had been a pre-existing route from St Albans (Verulamium) to Cirencester (Corinium). During Roman occupation the countryside close to Verulamium was subdivided into a series of farming estates. The Berkhamsted area appears to have been divided into two or three farming estates, each including one or more masonry villa buildings, with tiled roofs and underfloor heating. The remains of a villa were found close to the river in 1973 in the adjacent village of Northchurch. The oldest building, made of timber, was built in AD 60, rebuilt using stone in the early 2nd century, and enlarged to a ten-room building around AD 150. The house may have been empty for a period, reoccupied in the 4th century, and abandoned in the late 4th or early 5th century. A Roman-British villa, dyke, and temple were found NNW of the castle, near Frithesden, at the edge of the Berkhamsted Golf Course. Excavations in 1954 revealed masonry foundations and tesserae floors. Together, the villa, dyke and temple form a unique complex, suggesting occupation in the late Iron Age and Roman period. Two flint and tile walls from a Roman building were found north of Berkhamsted Castle in 1970. The construction of the castle's earthworks in the Middle Ages may have damaged this building. Anglo-Saxon settlement The earliest written reference to Berkhamsted is in the will of Ælfgifu (died AD 970), queen consort of King Eadwig of England (r. 955–959), who bequeathed large estates in five counties, including Berkhamsted. The location and extent of early Saxon settlement of Berkhamsted is not clear. Rare Anglo-Saxon pottery dating from the 7th century onwards has been found between Chesham Road and St John's Well Lane, with water mills near Mill Street in use from the late 9th century, show that an Anglo-Saxon settlement existed in the centre of modern-day Berkhamsted. The nearest known structural evidence of the Anglo-Saxon period are in the south and west walls of St Mary's Northchurch, to the north-west of modern Berkhamsted. The church may have been an important minster, attached to a high status Anglo-Saxon estate, which became part of the medieval manor of Berkhamsted after the Norman conquest. The parish of Berkhamsted St Mary's (in Northchurch) once stretched five miles (8 km) from the hamlet of Dudswell, through Northchurch and Berkhamsted to the former hamlet of Bourne End. Within Berkhamsted, the Chapel of St James was a small church near St John's Well (a 'holy well' that was the town's principal source of drinking water in the Middle Ages). The parish of this church (and later that of St Peter's) was an enclave of about surrounded by Berkhamsted St Mary's parish. By the 14th century the adjoining village of "Berkhamsted St Mary" or "Berkhamsted Minor" name had become "North Church", later "Northchurch", to distinguish the village from the town of Berkhamsted. 1066 and the Domesday survey The Anglo-Saxons surrendered the crown of England to William the Conqueror at Berkhamsted in early December 1066. After William defeated and killed Harold II at the Battle of Hastings in October, he failed in an attempt to capture London from the south. William led his army around London, crossing the River Thames at Wallingford, "laying waste" while travelling through southeast England. At Berkhamsted, he received the surrender of Edgar the Ætheling (heir to the English throne), Archbishop Ealdred, Earl Edwin, Earl Morcar and the leaders of London. It is not known why the town was chosen as the meeting place, except that it was in a defensive location north-west of London. William was crowned in Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day, 1066. After his coronation, William granted the "Honour of Berkhamsted" to his half-brother, Robert, Count of Mortain, who after William became the largest landholder in the country. Robert built a wooden fortification that later became a royal retreat for the monarchs of the Norman and Plantagenet dynasties. According to the Domesday Book, the lord of Berkhamsted before the Norman conquest was Edmer Ator (also referred to as Eadmer Atule), thegn of Edward the Confessor and King Harold. The Domesday survey records that there was enough land for 26 plough teams, but only 15 working teams. There were two flour mills (Upper and Lower Mill), woodland for 1,000 pigs, and a vineyard. The total population was calculated to be either 37 or 88 households; the families included 14 villagers, 15 smallholders, 6 slaves, a priest, a dyke builder (possibly working on the earthworks of the castle) and 52 burgesses. Some historians have argued that the number of 52 burgesses in Berkhamsted was a clerical error, as it is a large number for a small town. Berkhamsted was described in the Domesday Book as a burbium (ancient borough) in the Tring Hundred.() Marjorie Chibnall argued that Robert, Count of Mortain intended Berkhamsted to be both a commercial and a defensive centre; while John Hatcher and Edward Miller believed that the 52 burgesses were involved in trade, but it is unknown if the burgesses existed before the conquest. Royal medieval castle (11th to 15th centuries) Berkhamsted Castle is a (now ruined) motte-and-bailey Norman castle. Radiocarbon dating of organic remains from within the Motte indicates that it was probably built post-1066 (a dyke builder is recorded in the town at the time of the Domesday Book). The castle was a high-status residence and an administrative centre for large estates (including the Earldom of Cornwall). Through the High and Late Middle Ages the close proximity of the royal castle and court helped fuel Berkhamsted's growth, prosperity and sense of importance. It created jobs for the local population, both within the castle itself and also, for example, in the large deer park and in the vineyard, which were maintained alongside the castle. After Robert, Count of Mortain, the castle passed to his heir William, who rebelled against Henry I and lost the castle to the king. In 1155 Henry in turn gave it to his favourite Thomas Becket, who held it till 1165. Becket was later alleged to have spent over £300 on improvements to the castle, a claim that led Henry to accuse him of corruption and may have contributed to his downfall. Henry II extensively used the castle, making it one of his favourite residences. Both King Richard I and King John gave the castle to their queens, Berengaria of Navarre and Isabella of Angoulême, respectively. In King John's reign, Geoffrey Fitz Peter (c. 1162–1213), Earl of Essex and the Chief Justiciar of England (effectively the king's principal minister) held the Honour and Manor of Berkhamsted from 1199 to 1212. During his time in the castle he was responsible for the foundation of the new parish church of St Peter (the size of which reflects the growing prosperity of the town); two hospitals, St John the Baptist and St John the Evangelist (one of which was a leper hospital), which survived until 1516; and for the layout of the town. Following the signing of Magna Carta (1215), King John’s reneging on the royal charter, the castle was besieged during the ensuing civil war, known as the First Barons' War, between King John and barons supported by Prince Louis (the future Louis VIII of France), the French laid siege to Berkhamsted Castle (only a quarter of a mile from the town centre) in late December 1216. The queen's constable of the castle was the German Walerand Teutonicus. “After reducing the castle of Hertford, Louis marched on St Nicholas’s day (6 December) to the castle of Berkhamsted and surrounded it with his engines of war. Whilst the English barons, after pitching their tents, were employed in setting them in order, the knights and soldiers of the garrison made a sally, seized the baggage and conveyances of the barons and gained possession of the standard of William de Mandeville with which they returned to the castle, regretting that they could do no further injury to them. On the same day, whilst the barons were sitting at table, the knights and soldiers of the garrison again made a sally, and, in order to put the barons in confusion, they carried before them the standard which they had taken a short time before, and thought to come on them unawares, but the latter were forewarned of this, and drove them back to the castle. When the following day dawned Louis ordered the petrarie (stone-throwing machines) and other engines of war to be erected around the city, which being done, they kept up a destructive shower of stones: but Waleran, a German, well tried in warfare, made a brave resistance against them and caused great slaughter amongst the excommunicated French." The contemporary chronicler, Roger of Wendover, based at St Albans abbey, 12 miles from Berkhamsted, describing the siege During the siege, Prince Louis introduced a new destructive siege engine to England at Berkhamsted, the counterweight trebuchet (or Mangonel). After a siege of twenty days the young new King (Henry III) ordered his constable to surrender surrendered the castle to Louis on the 20 December. Following the siege at Berkhamsted Louis suffered several defeats. 11 September 1217 Louis signed the Treaty of Lambeth, relinquishing his claim to the English throne and surrendering French-held castles including Berkhamsted. Walerand went on to hold several other posts including the senior position of Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports. In 1227, Henry III's younger brother, Richard of Cornwall, was given the manor and castle, beginning the long association of the castle with the Earls and later the Dukes of Cornwall. Richard redeveloped the castle as a palatial residence and the centre for the administration of the Earldom of Cornwall. Richard's coat of arms as Earl of Cornwall, along with bezants, is included in Berkhamsted's coat of arms. Richard's wife, Sanchia of Provence, died in the castle in 1260. Richard was succeeded by his son, Edmund, 2nd Earl of Cornwall, who founded Ashridge Priory, a college of the monastic order of Bonhommes, in 1283. In 1300, after Edmund died, Edward I ("Longshanks") took the castle; he subsequently granted it to his second queen, Margaret of France. In 1309, Edward I's and Margaret's son, Edward II, granted Berkhamsted to his favourite, Piers Gaveston. In 1317, the castle was given to Edward II's queen, Isabella of France. Edward III further developed the castle and gave it (as part of the Duchy of Cornwall) to his son, Edward, the Black Prince, who expanded the hunting grounds. The castle was used to hold royal prisoners, including John II of France. In 1361, Edward the Black Prince and Joan, the Maid of Kent, spent their honeymoon in Berkhamsted. Under Edward the Black Prince, Berkhamsted become a centre of English Longbow archery. A decisive factor in the English victory at the Battle of Crécy (1346) was the introduction of this new weapon onto the Western European battlefield. The Longbow was a superior weapon to the cumbersome and slower crossbow. The Berkhamsted Bowmen successfully took part in this significant battle in medieval Western European history. The Black Prince was supported at the Battle of Crecy by local bowmen Everard Halsey, John Wood, Stephen of Champneys, Robert Whittingham, Edward le Bourne, Richard of Gaddesden and Henry of Berkhamsted (who was rewarded with 2d a day and appointed porter of Berkhamsted Castle after he saved the prince's baggage at the Battle of Poitiers). Richard II inherited Berkhamsted Castle in 1377 and gave it to his favourites, Robert de Vere and John Holland. In 1400, Henry IV lived in the castle after he deposed Richard, and he used the castle to imprison others attempting to obtain the throne. During this time, Geoffrey Chaucer – later famous for writing The Canterbury Tales – oversaw renovation work on the castle in his role as Clerk of the Works at Berkhamsted. It is unknown how much time he spent at Berkhamsted, but he knew John of Gaddesden, who lived in nearby Little Gaddesden and was the model for the Doctor of Phisick in The Canterbury Tales. Henry V and Henry VI owned the castle, the latter making use of it until he was overthrown in 1461. In 1469, Edward IV gave the castle to his mother, Cecily Neville, Duchess of York. The arrival of Neville and her household at Berkhamsted had a significant social and financial impact on the town. Men and women from the town joined her service, such as Robert Incent who became her secretary and whose memorial brass can still be seen in St Peter’s Church in Berkhamsted. Mother to both Edward IV and Richard III, grandmother to Edward V, and mother in law to Henry VII, she was the last person to live in the castle. Recent history of the castle In 1833, the castle was the first building to receive statutory protection in the United Kingdom. In 1834, construction of the railway embankment demolished the castle's gatehouse and adjacent earthworks. Today the castle ruins are managed by a charitable trust, the Berkhamsted Castle Trust, in partnership with English Heritage, on behalf of the Duchy of Cornwall (which still officially owns the site), and are freely open to the public. Medieval market town (12th to 15th centuries) The town continued to develop separately on the old Akeman Street to the south of the castle and to the west of St Peter's Church; with a triangle formed by Mill Street, Castle Street and Back Lane pointing towards the castle. In 1156, Henry II officially recognised Berkhamsted as a town in a royal charter, which confirmed the laws and customs enjoyed under Edward the Confessor, William I and Henry I, and freed the town's merchants from all tolls and dues. The charter also stated that no market could be set up within of the town. The town became a trading centre on an important trade route in the 12th and 13th centuries, and received more royal charters. In 1216, Henry III relieved the men and merchants of the town from all tolls and taxes everywhere in England, and the English Plantagenet possessions in France, Normandy, Aquitaine and Anjou. The growing wool trade brought prosperity to Berkhamsted from the 12th century until the early Tudor period. Four wealthy Berkhamsted wool merchants were amongst a group in Bruges to whom Edward III wrote in 1332, and Berkhamsted merchants sold cloth to the royal court. In 1217, Henry III recognised by royal charter the town's oldest institution, Berkhamsted's pre-existing market. Trades within medieval Berkhamsted were extensive: early in the 13th century the town had a merchant, two painters, a goldsmith, a forester, two farriers, two tailors, a brewer of mead, a blacksmith, carpenters, wood turners, tool makers, a manufacturer of roofing tiles and wine producers. In the mid–13th century, a banker, the wealthy Abraham of Berkhamsted, financier to the Earl of Cornwall, lived in the town; this was unusual for a small town in a time of heightened persecution of Jews. A 1290 taxation list mentions a brewer, a lead burner, a carpenter, leather workers, a fuller, a turner, a butcher, a fishmonger, a barber, an archer, a tailor, a cloth-napper, a miller, a cook, a seller of salt and a huntsman. At this time, larger houses of merchants and castle officials appeared on the south side of the high street (including 173 High Street, the oldest known extant jettied building in England). In 1307 Berkhamsted was a large town by English medieval standards with an estimated population of 2,000 to 2,500. In 1355, there were five butchers, two bakers, nine brewers, two cobblers, a pelter, a tanner, five cloth dyers, six wheelwrights, three smiths, six grain merchants, a skinner and a baker/butcher. In the 14th century, Berkhamsted (recorded as "Berchamstede") was considered to be one of the "best" market towns in the country. In a survey of 1357, Richard Clay was found to own a butcher's shop wide, William Herewood had two shops, and there were four other shops in length. In 1440, there is a reference to lime kilns. The town benefited when Edmund, 2nd Earl of Cornwall founded Ashridge Priory in 1283, away and within the castle's park. At the foundation of the abbey, the Earl donated a phial claimed to contain Christ's blood. Pilgrims from all over Europe passed through the town to see the holy relic. The abbey grew quite wealthy as a result. Edward I held parliament at the abbey in 1290 and spent Christmas there. Berkhamsted burgesses sent two members to parliament in 1320, 1338 and 1341, but the town was not represented again. In the mid-14th century, the Black Prince took advantage of the Black Death to extend the castle's park by , eventually producing a park covering . In the 15th century, the town was reaffirmed as a borough by a royal charter granted by Edward IV (1442–1483), which decreed that no other market town was to be set up within . Castle abandoned, the town in decline (16th to late 18th centuries) In the 16th century, the town fell into decline after abandonment of the castle following the death of Cicely Neville, Duchess of York in 1495, and the rise of the nearby town of Hemel Hempstead (which was granted a Charter of Incorporation by Henry VIII on 29 December 1539). The population of the town in 1563 has been estimated at only 545. In 1580, the castle ruins and the park were leased by Elizabeth I to Sir Edward Carey, for the nominal rent of one red rose each year. Stone from the castle was used to build Berkhamsted Place, a local school, and other buildings in the late 16th century. Brewing and maltings was noted as one of the town's principal industries in the reign of Elizabeth. Around 1583, a new market house was erected west of St Peter's Church at the end of Middle Row (alternatively named Le Shopperowe or Graball Row). The market house was destroyed in a fire in 1854. In 1612, Berkhamsted Place was bought by Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales for £4,000. Henry died later that year, and bequeathed the house to his brother Charles (later King Charles I), who leased the property to his tutor, Thomas Murray, and his wife, Mary Murray, who had been his nurse and Lady of the Privy Chamber to the prince's mother. John Norden wrote in 1616 that the making of malt was then the principal trade of the town. In 1618, James I reaffirmed Berkhamsted's borough status with a charter. Following surveys in 1607 and 1612 the Duchy of Cornwall enclosed from the Common (now known as Coldharbour farm) despite local opposition led by Rev Thomas Newman. In 1639 the Duchy tried to enclose a further of the Berkhamsted and Northchurch Commons, but was prevented from doing so by William Edlyn of Norcott. The castle's park, which had reached by 1627, was broken up over the next two decades, shrinking to only , to the benefit of local farmers. In 1643, Berkhamsted was visited by a violent pestilential fever. Born in Berkhamsted, Colonel Daniel Axtell (1622 – 19 October 1660), a Baptist and a grocer's apprentice, played a zealous and prominent part in the English Civil War, both in England and in the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland. He participated as a lieutenant colonel in Pride's Purge of the Long Parliament (December 1648), arguably the only military coup d'état in English history, and commanded the Parliamentary Guard at the trial of King Charles I at Westminster Hall in 1649. During Cromwell's Protectorate, he appropriated Berkhamsted Place. Shortly after the Restoration of the monarchy under Charles II, the unrepentant Axtell was hanged, drawn and quartered as a regicide. After the Restoration, the town lost its charter granted by James I and its borough status. The surveyor of Hertfordshire recommended that a new tenant and army officers were needed at Berkhamsted Place "to govern the people much seduced of late by new doctrine preacht unto them by Axtell and his colleagues." The population of the town in 1640 and in the 1690s was estimated at 1075 and 767, respectively. The town was a centre of religious nonconformity from the 17th century: over a quarter of the town were Dissenters in the second half of the century, and in 1700, there were 400 Baptists recorded as living in Berkhamsted. Three more shops are mentioned in the row next to the church, and the Parliamentary Survey of 1653 suggests that the area near the Market House was used for butchery. Development of the modern town (19th and 20th centuries) 19th century urban growth In the 17th and 18th centuries Hemel Hempstead, with its thriving market, eclipsed Berkhamsted as the major town in the area. Georgian Berkhamsted barely extended beyond the medieval triangle and the High Street. With the coming of the Industrial Age, Berkhamsted was well placed at a gateway through the Chilterns, between the markets of London and the industrial Midlands. The town became a link in the growing network of roads, canals and railways. These developments led Berkhamsted's population to expand once again. In 1801, the population of St Peter's parish had been 1,690 and by 1831, this had risen to 2,369 (484 houses). An 1835 description of the town found that "the houses are mostly of brick, and irregularly built, but are interspersed with a fair proportion of handsome residences". The town's population increased as "hundreds of men arrived to build the railway line and needed lodging"; by 1851, the population was 3,395, From 1850 large estates around Berkhamsted were sold, allowing for housing expansion. In 1851 the Pilkington Manor estate, east of Castle Street, was sold, and the land developed both as an industrial area and for artisans' dwellings. In 1868 streets of middle-class villas began to appear on the hill south of the High Street. Lower Kings Road was built by public subscription in 1885 to join Kings Road and the High Street to the station. In 1887, John Bartholomew's Gazetteer of the British Isles recorded the population at 4,485. 19th century industry and utilities Industries in the 19th century included: Timber: In the mid-18th century, Berkhamsted had been noted for turned wood products. Based on the extensive woodland resources of the area (principally alder and beech), the milling and turning of wood was the town's most prominent industry in the 19th century. The Crimean War contracts for supplying the army with lance poles and tent pegs led to major expansion. The largest manufacturer was East & Sons. Brush making: An offshoot of the timber industry. The largest employers were Goss Brushworks at the west end of the High Street (closed 1930s) and T.H. Nash in George Street (closed 1920s). The Canal trade provided a considerable economic stimulus to the town, enabling the development of industries which involved bulk transport of materials. These included timber and malt. Boat building: Berkhamsted also became a centre for the construction of the barges needed for the canal trades. A yard for building canal barges and other boats, between Castle Street and Raven's Lane wharves, was one of three important boatyards in Hertfordshire. It was owned by John Hatton until 1880 and then by William Costin until 1910, when it was taken over by Key's, the timber merchants which in 1969 was bought by another timber merchant J. Alsford before being redeveloped into flats in 1994. At this site, next to the canal, is the Berkhamsted Canadian totem pole. Watercress: The construction of the canal had helped to drain the marshy areas along the valley of the River Bulbourne. In 1883, the Berkhamsted Times congratulated Mr Bedford on having converted the remaining "dirty ditches and offensive marshes" into watercress beds. Chemical: Cooper's sheep dip works. William Cooper was a vet who arrived in Berkhamsted in the early 1840s and experimented in treatments for scab in sheep. He formulated an innovative arsenic and sulphur sheep-dip. The Cooper family firm was later inherited by his nephew, Sir Richard Cooper, 1st Baronet. Nurserymen: Henry Lane's nurseryman business, founded in 1777, became one of the largest employers in the town in the 19th century. Extensive nurseries are shown on the 1878 Ordnance Survey 25 inch plan, at the western end of the town. Iron working: Wood's Ironworks was set up in 1826 by James Wood. Utilities in the 19th century included: Gasworks: The Great Berkhamsted Gas, Light & Coke Co., at the junction of Water Lane and the Wilderness, was set up to provide street lighting in 1849. In 1906, the Berkhamsted Gas Works moved to Billet Lane; it closed in 1959. Water and sewage: The Great Berkhamsted Waterworks Company was set up in 1864 on the High Street (on the present site of W.H. Smith and Boots). Mains drainage was first supplied in 1898–99, when effective sewerage was installed. Provision for the destitute In 1725 "An Account of Several Workhouses" records a parish workhouse in Berkhamsted, and a parliamentary report of 1777 refers to a parish workhouse for up to 34 inmates in Northchurch. A small "wretched, straw-thatched" house was used to house poor families in Berkhamsted, on the corner of what is now Park View Road, until it was demolished in the 1820s. In 1831 a bequest of £1,000 by the Revd George Nugent led to a new parish workhouse being set up on the site of a workhouse which had operated in a row of tenements on the High Street (at the Kitsbury Road junction) known as Ragged Row. The "Berkhampstead Poor Law Union" was formed in June 1835 covering ten parishes centred on the town. The Union took over the existing Berkhamsted parish workhouse, and by August 1835 it had become the sole workhouse for the union. The workhouse had no schoolroom, so in 1849 the Poor Law Board recommended that pauper children be sent to the local National School. However in 1858 the school complained about the state of the children attending from the workhouse. A fever ward was erected in 1855, and a full-time nurse was engaged in 1868. The workhouse system officially came to an end in 1930, and control over the workhouse was given to local council. Nugent House, the Berkhamsted workhouse, finally closed in 1935 and its function was relocated to Hemel Hemspstead. In 1841, the Countess of Bridgewater built a soup kitchen for the local poor within the ruins of Berkhamsted Castle. The soup kitchen was used by an estimated 15 per cent of the population of Berkhamsted (about 500 people) during the winter months, until at least 1897. The building still stands connected to the cottage in the castle grounds; why it was placed outside the town and inside the ruins of the historic castle is unknown. Land dispute: The Battle of Berkhamsted Common The Battle of Berkhamsted Common played an important part in the preservation of common land nationally. After 1604 the former Ashridge Priory became the home of the Edgerton family. In 1808-1814 Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater, demolished the old priory, and built a stately home, Ashridge House. In 1848 the estate passed to the Earls Brownlow, a branch of the Egerton family. In 1866, Lord Brownlow of Ashridge House (encouraged by his mother, Lady Marian Alford) in an action similar to many other large estate holders tried to enclose Berkhamsted Common with steel fences (built by Woods of Berkhamsted) in order to claim the land as part of his family's estate. In response to the enclosure action and in defence the historic right of the public to use the ancient common land, Augustus Smith MP and George Shaw-Lefevre organised local people and 120 hired men from London's East End to dismantle the fences on the night of 6 March, in what became known nationally as the Battle of Berkhamsted Common. Lord Brownlow brought a legal case against Smith for trespass and criminal damage, Smith was aided in his defence by Sir Robert Hunter (later co-founder of the National Trust in 1895) and the Commons Preservation Society. Lord Justice Romilly determined that pulling down a fence was no more violent an act than erecting one. The case, he said, rested on the legality of Brownlow's action in building the fence and the legal right of people to use the land. He ruled in favour of Smith. This decision, along with the Metropolitan Commons Act 1866, helped to ensure the protection of Berkhamsted Common and other open spaces nationally threatened with enclosure. In 1926 the common was acquired by the National Trust. First World War During the First World War, under the guidance of Lt Col Francis Errington, the Inns of Court Officers' Training Corps trained men from the legal profession as officers. Over the course of the war, 12,000 men travelled from Berkhamsted to fight on the Western Front. Their training included trench digging: of trenches were dug across the Common (of which remain). The Inns of Court War Memorial on the Common has the motto Salus Populi Suprema Lex—the welfare of the people is the highest law—and states that the ashes of Colonel Errington were buried nearby. 20th century urban developments In 1909 Sunnyside and later in 1935 Northchurch were added to Berkhamsted Urban District. Shortly after 1918 much of the extensive estate belonging to Berkhamsted Hall, at the east end of the High Street, was sold; many acres west of Swing Gate Lane were developed with council housing. More council housing was built at Gossoms End. Development on the north side of the valley was limited until the sale of the Ashridge estate in the 1930s, after which housing appeared at each end of Bridgewater Road. In the second half of the 20th century, many of the old industrial firms in Berkhamsted closed, while the numbers of commuters increased. After the Second World War, in July 1946, the nearby town of Hemel Hempstead was designated a New Town under the New Towns Act ("New Towns" were satellite urban developments around London to relieve London's population growth and housing shortages caused by the Blitz). In February 1947 the Government purchased of land and began construction. As a result Hemel Hempstead's population increased from 20,000 to over 90,000 today, making it the largest town in Hertfordshire. In 1974, the old hundred of Dacorum became the modern district of Dacorum formed under the Local Government Act 1972, based in Hemel Hempstead. Geography Berkhamsted is situated northwest of London within the Chiltern Hills, part of a system of chalk downlands throughout eastern and southern England, believed to have formed between 84 and 100 million years ago in the Cretaceous Period when the area was a chalk-depositing marine environment. The town is located in a narrow northwest to southeast valley falling from above sea level to . The valley is at the southernmost limit of the Pleistocene glaciation ice erosion throughout the Chiltern scarp, giving it a smooth rounded appearance, with alluvial soils in the valley bottom and chalk, clay and flint on the valley sides. In the early Mesolithic period (Middle Stone Age, mid to late 8th millennium BC), the local upland was mostly pine woodland and the low area of central Berkhamsted probably a grass-sedge fen. In the 6th Millennium BC the dense deciduous forest became well established. By the Mid to late 3rd millennium BC during the Neolithic period (the New Stone Age) human activity can be seen in wood clearances; the woodland being then dominated by lime trees, with alder trees growing on the flood plain. The River Bulbourne, a chalk stream, runs through the valley for in a southeast direction, starting at Dudswell and the adjoining village of Northchurch and running through Berkhamsted, Bourne End and Boxmoor, where it merges with the River Gade at Two Waters in Apsley, near Hemel Hempstead. Rich in eels and other fish, it was fast-moving and full, and prone to frequent localised flooding. The river created a marsh environment (at times referred to as an 'unhealthy swamp') in the centre of the valley. The river powered the watermills (recorded in 1086) and fed the three moats of the large Norman Motte and Bailey castle, that stands close to the centre of the town where a small dry combe joins the Bulbourne valley. The countryside surrounding the town includes parts of the Green Belt and the Chilterns Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The Urban Nature Conservation Study (UNCS) recognises the town's hinterland as a biodiversity resource. The hills gently rise to an undulating and open plateau, which has a mix of arable farmland, common land and mixed oak, ash and beech woodland. On the northeast side of town are the Berkhamsted and Northchurch commons, the largest in the Chilterns at , and forming a large arc running from Northchurch, through Frithsden and down to Potten End. Ownership of Berkhamsted Common is divided between the National Trust and Berkhamsted Golf Club. Beyond the common is the historic wooded parkland of Ashridge; once part of Berkhamsted Castle's hunting park, it is now managed by the National Trust. Ashridge is part of the Chilterns Beechwood Special Area of Conservation (SAC), a nationally important nature conservation area, and is also designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest. Agriculture is more dominant to the south of the town; close to the Buckinghamshire border there are two former large country estates, Ashlyns and Rossway. The ancient woodland at Dickshills is also located here. The layout of Berkhamsted's centre is typical of a medieval market settlement: the linear High Street (aligned on the Akeman Street) forms the spine of the town (roughly aligned east–west), from which extend medieval burgage plots (to the north and south). The surviving burgage plot layout is the result of a comprehensive plan carried out at the beginning of the 13th century, most probably instigated by Geoffrey fitz Peter. The town centre slowly developed over the years and contains a wide variety of properties that date from the 13th century onwards. The modern town began to develop after the construction of the Grand Junction Canal in 1798. The canal intersects the river at numerous points, taking most of its water supply and helping to drain the valley. The locality became further urbanised when the London to Birmingham railway was built in 1836–37. The townscape was shaped by the Bulbourne valley, which rises 300 feet (91 metres) on either side at its narrowest point; the residential area is elongated and follows the valley's topography. The southwest side of the valley is more developed, with side streets running up the steep hillside; on the northeast side, the ground gently slopes down to the castle, railway, canal and small river, was less available for development. Today, Berkhamsted is an affluent, "pleasant town tucked in a wooded fold in the Chiltern Hills"; with a large section of the settlement protected as a conservation area. Neighbouring settlements Traveling on the high street away from the town, along the Bulbourne valley south-eastwards towards London, the A4251 road passes through the village of Bourne End and the large new town of Hemel Hempstead ( distant). To the south south-east is the large village of Bovingdon. Taking the A416 road south from Berkhamsted, along the Chiltern Hills into Buckinghamshire lies the nearby hamlet of Ashley Green and the fellow market towns of Chesham ( distant) and Amersham. Further southwest is the village of Great Missenden and to the west is the small market town of Wendover. Along the A4251 and valley northwestwards is the adjoining village of Northchurch, and the hamlets of Dudswell and Cow Roast, the village of Wigginton and the small market town of Tring ( distant) and the county town of Buckinghamshire Aylesbury at ( distant). Following the Chiltern Hills northwards, to the north-northwest the is the village of Aldbury; situated to the north of Berkhamsted are the villages of Ringshall and Little Gaddesden ( distant); finally located to the north-east of the town are the villages and hamlets of Potten End, Frithsden and Great Gaddesden. The nearest large settlements to the north of Berkhamsted are the Bedfordshire towns of Dunstable ( distant) and Luton (. Climate Like most of the United Kingdom, Berkhamsted has an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb). Near-real-time weather information can be retrieved from Berkhamsted Weather Station page on the Met Office Weather Observation website. Governance Berkhamsted is within the South West Hertfordshire, UK Parliament constituency. Following the 2019 United Kingdom general election Gagan Mohindra (Conservative Party) is the constituency's current Member of Parliament (MP). Berkhamsted has a town council, the first tier of local government that represents the local people to two higher tiers of local government, Dacorum Borough Council and Hertfordshire County Council. The modern district of Dacorum based in Hemel Hempstead was formed in 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972; the local government district's main population centres include Hemel Hempstead, Tring and the western part of Kings Langley. Berkhamsted accounts for just over 12 per cent of the district's population of 153,300 in 2017. Berkhamsted is split into three local government Wards—East, West and Castle. In the 2015 town council elections the political composition of the council was Conservative 12; Liberal Democrat 3. Following the 2019 town council elections the political composition of the council changed to Liberal Democrat 10; Conservative 3; Green 2. In the 2021 local elections on 6 May, the Berkhamsted seat at Hertfordshire County Council was won with 51.8 per cent of the vote by the Liberal Democrat Nigel Taylor, compared to the Conservative vote of 29.8per cent. Administrative history Berkhamsted was an ancient borough, but lost this status in the seventeenth century. The town was then governed by its parish vestry until the nineteenth century, in the same way as most rural areas. In 1835 Berkhamsted was made the centre of a poor law union which covered the town and the surrounding parts of western Hertfordshire, as well as parts of Buckinghamshire. Under the Public Health Act 1872, sanitary districts were created, and the boards of guardians of poor law unions were made responsible for public health and local government for any part of their district not included in an urban authority. As Berkhamsted had no local board or other urban authority, it was therefore included in the rural sanitary district. In 1893 the town petitioned for the creation of a local board covering both Berkhamsted and Northchurch parishes, which would make it independent of the rural sanitary authority. An inquiry was held by a government inspector in December 1893, but he advised against the scheme. Hertfordshire County Council therefore did not pursue it, although did comment that an urban authority covering just the town itself rather than the two whole parishes might be more favourably received. Under the Local Government Act 1894, rural sanitary districts became rural districts on 28 December 1894, and so the town became part of the Berkhampstead Rural District. Parish councils were also established under the act, to take over the civil functions of the old vestries. The new parish councils came into being on 31 December 1894 if an election had been needed to choose the first parish councillors, as was the case at Berkhamsted. The first meeting of the parish council was held on 31 December 1894 at the Town Hall in Berkhamsted, with the first chairman of the parish council being Arthur Johnson, who was the rector of St Peter's Church in the town. Berkhamsted Urban District (18981974) Efforts to make the town independent of the rural district council continued. Eventually it was agreed that the parish would be split into a "Great Berkhampstead Urban" parish, which would become an urban district, and a "Great Berkhampstead Rural" parish, which would remain in the Berkhampstead Rural District. These changes came into force on 15 April 1898. The first meeting of the Great Berkhampstead Urban District Council was held on 15 April 1898, with David Osborn being elected the council's first chairman. The Great Berkhampstead Rural parish ceded land to the urban district in 1935 and was abolished two years later, being split between Nettleden with Potten End, Northchurch, and Great Gaddesden on 1 April 1937. The urban district council acquired a former Wesleyan chapel at 135 High Street (renumbered 161 High Street around 1950) to act as its offices and meeting place. By the 1930s the council needed more space. In 1936 the council bought the shop adjoining the old chapel. Both buildings were demolished and a new civic centre was built on the site, which formally opened on 14 October 1938. Until 1937 the official name of the council's area was the "Great Berkhampstead Urban District". At a meeting on 15 April 1937 the council discussed whether to change the name. It was commented that the inclusion of the "Great" in particular caused problems for people looking for the council's telephone number in the directory. The spelling "Berkhamsted" was also the more commonly used by this time. The change of name to "Berkhamsted Urban District" was agreed, and came into effect on 19 July 1937. The neighbouring Berkhampstead Rural District followed suit a few months later, becoming Berkhamsted Rural District on 1 November 1937. Berkhamsted Urban District was abolished under the Local Government Act 1972, becoming part of the district of Dacorum on 1 April 1974. Berkhamsted Town Council was created as a successor parish to the old urban district council. The town council continues to be based at the Civic Centre at 161 High Street. Demography Homes The Hertfordshire Local Information System (HertsLIS) website (based on data from the Office for National Statistics and other UK government departments) has the following data regarding the 7,363 households in Berkhamsted in 2011. 72 per cent of homes were owner occupied (34 per cent owned outright and 38 per cent owned with a mortgage) compared to 63 per cent for England. 26.5 per cent of homes were rented (13 per cent each for social rented and private rented) compared to a national figure of 34.5 per cent. In 2011, 77 per cent of household spaces in Berkhamsted were houses or bungalows and 23 per cent were flats or maisonettes. 30 per cent of houses and bungalows were detached compared to 22 per cent nationally: 47 per cent of dwellings are semi-detached or terraced, compared to 55 per cent nationally. According to HertsLIS in the third quarter of 2017 the average price of houses and flats in Berkhamsted was £724,900, compared to £474,400 for Hertfordshire, and £304,500 for England. Detached houses were £1,070,600 compared to £424,400 nationally. Berkhamsted was shown as the best place to live in southeast England in the Sunday Times 'Best Places to Live 2018' list, with the average prices of different types of homes in Berkhamsted ranging from £273,760 for starter homes to £999,920 for family homes, with rents from £850 to £2,490 per calendar month. In 2021 according to Rightmove the average cost of a home in Berkhamsted was £696,949. The majority of sales in the town were detached properties, with an average selling value of £1,076,244. The average terraced dwelling price was £563,291 and the average semi-detached properties went for £657,436. Overall, in 2021 property house prices in Berkhamsted were four per cent up on the previous year and five per cent up on the 2018 peak of £661,336. Employment and economic wellbeing In mid-2016, the Office for National Statistics estimated the working age population of Berkhamsted (males and females aged 16 to 64) as 11,400, i.e. 62 per cent of the town's population. People from Berkhamsted were employed as follows: 17.5 per cent worked as managers, directors and senior officials; 27.5 per cent professional occupations and 8.5 per cent in associate professional and technical occupations; 10 per cent were employed in administrative and secretarial occupations; 7 per cent in skilled trades; 6 per cent Caring, leisure and other service occupations; 5 per cent were in sales and customer service occupations; 3 per cent were in process, plant and machine operatives; and 5.5 per cent worked in elementary occupations. According to HertsLIS in 2011, 76 per cent of Berkhamsted residents between the ages of 16 and 74 were employed (of which: full-time, 43 per cent; part-time, 13 per cent; self-employed, 14 per cent); and 24 per cent economically inactive (retired, 13 per cent; long-term sick/disabled, 2 per cent). 1.5 per cent of Berkhamsted households included a person with a long-term health problem or disability, while nationally this figure is 4.05 per cent. In April 2013, according to the Office for National Statistics on benefit claimants by constituency, the number of claimants on Jobseeker's Allowance (unemployment benefit) in Berkhamsted's South West Hertfordshire parliamentary constituency was 1.7 per cent, compared to 7.8 per cent for the UK. Diversity Looking at broad ethnic heritage in 2011, HertsLIS data found that 90 per cent of residents were described as white British. Of the remainder, 1 per cent were Irish, 4 per cent were of other white origin, 1.7 per cent were described as mixed or multiple ethnic, 2.1 per cent were Asian or Asian British, 0.3 per cent were black African/Caribbean or black British and 0.3 per cent were Arab or any other ethnic group. Regarding religious beliefs in 2011, of the 92 per cent of residents who stated a religious preference, 30 per cent were non-religious and 59 per cent were Christian; other faiths included 0.4 per cent Buddhist, 0.5 per cent Jewish, 0.5 per cent Muslim and 0.1 per cent Sikh. Relationships and education In 2011 the marital and civil partnership statuses of residents aged 16 and over were as follows: 28 per cent single, 56 per cent married, 0.1 per cent in a registered same-sex civil partnership, 2 per cent separated, 8 per cent divorced or legally dissolved same-sex civil partnership, and 6 per cent widowed or surviving partner from a same-sex civil partnership. Looking at the qualifications table, 12 per cent of residents had no qualifications, 10 per cent reached level 1, 13 per cent achieved level 2, 2 per cent had apprenticeship qualifications, 10 per cent were level 3 and 49 per cent achieved level 4 or above. In 2018 the Sunday Times found 76 per cent of young people went on to higher education. Transport Road In 1762, this section of Akeman Street became part of the Sparrows Herne Turnpike Road, a main thoroughfare between London and Aylesbury, and was notorious for its rutted and pitted state even after becoming a toll road. Many coaching inns thrived along its route, including, in Berkhamsted, the King's Arms (where the exiled King Louis XVIII of France carried on a romance with Polly Page, the innkeeper's daughter). The town's historic high street is now the A4251. A bypass, originally proposed in the 1930s, was opened in 1993, and the main A41 road now passes southwest of Berkhamsted. A study of car ownership in Berkhamsted, Northchurch and Tring found that 43–45 per cent of households had two or more cars (compared to the county average of 40 per cent and the national average of 29 per cent). Conversely, the proportion of households who did not own a car was 14–20 per cent (about 7 per cent lower than the national average). Local bus routes passing through Berkhamsted town centre provide links to Hemel Hempstead, Luton, Watford and Whipsnade Zoo. Services include the 30, 31, 62, 207, 500 (Aylesbury and Watford), 501, 502 and 532. Buses are managed by Hertfordshire County Council's Intalink transport service. Canal In 1798, the Grand Junction Canal (built by William Jessop) from the River Thames at Brentford reached Berkhamsted. It had reached Birmingham in 1805. Castle Wharf, the port of Berkhamsted, on the south side of the canal between Ravens Lane and Castle Street, was the centre of the town's canal trade, navigation and boat building activities. It was a hub of the country's inland water transport system, linking the ports and industrial centres of the country. Goods transported included coal, grain, building materials and manure. Timber yards, boating wharves, breweries, boat building and chemical works flourished as a result of the canal, with over 700 workers employed locally. It is still known as the "Port of Berkhamsted". Separately, Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater (the "Canal Duke" and "father of the inland waterway system"), lived in Ashridge, near Berkhamsted. The canal became part of the Grand Union Canal in 1929. Railway In 1834, after opposition from turnpike trusts and local landowners was resolved, the first Berkhamsted railway station was built by chief engineer Robert Stephenson. Though the castle was the first building to receive statutory protection from Parliament, the railway embankment obliterated the old castle barbican and adjacent earthworks. Most of the raw materials used to build the railway were transported by the canal. The present station was built in 1875 when the railway was widened. It is unusual on its line, in that most of the original buildings have been retained. The 'large trunk station' is located immediately next to Berkhamsted Castle on one side and overlooks the Grand Junction Canal on the other. The station is 28 miles (45 km) north-west of London Euston on the West Coast Main Line.' One and a half million journeys are made annually to and from Berkhamsted, the vast majority by commuters to and from London. Principal services, operated by West Midlands Trains, run between London Euston and , with additional trains running to and . Southern also runs an hourly service direct to East Croydon via . Economy and commerce In 1986, farming, service and light industry were characteristic local employers. In 2015, schools and retail (predominantly Waitrose) were the town's largest employers; these are both situated in Berkhamsted Castle ward. The Berkhamsted West ward (especially around Billet Lane, close to the canal and railway) is where most of the town's small to medium-sized industrial firms are located. The British Film Institute (BFI) is an important local employer to the south of Berkhamsted. As in many settlements, local industry has declined, and more people commute elsewhere to work. Of the employed residents living in both Berkhamsted and Tring, 35 per cent live and work in the towns, while 65 per cent commute to workplaces away from the towns, particularly to London. Of the 7,100 people who work in Berkhamsted, 58 per cent commute to Berkhamsted to work. In 2011, 9.5 per cent of Berkhamsted residents (aged 16 to 74 in employment) worked mainly at or from home; 52 per cent drove to work by car (2.5 per cent as a passenger in a car); 22 per cent travelled by public transport and 13 per cent cycled or walked to work. In 2011, an average commute to work was 21 kilometres. In November 2014, the Academy of Urbanism's Urbanism Awards found Berkhamsted's High Street to be a "vibrant" and "bustling" road, which "worked extremely well as a quality high street." They considered the layout for the street to be exemplary for its time (it was put in place after the bypass was built in the early 1990s), creating a "pleasant" and "successful" shopping environment and providing a good "range of specialist shops and numerous cafes, restaurants and pubs", together with the "strong supermarket" offering set in "well-crafted re-configured streetscape". The long high street had 100 per cent retail occupancy, independent traders and a "cafe culture". The Academy considered the good working collaboration between individual businesses and the Chamber of Trade to be a particularly strong aspect of the street. In the 2017 Vitality Index of 1000 retail locations in the UK carried out by Harper Dennis Hobbs, Berkhamsted was ranked as the 16th best shopping location in the country; in 2021 it ranked 9th. (The index measured the quality of retail locations, including factors such as how well the retail mix met the needs of the local community, the number of vacant shops, and the proportion of 'undesirable' shops such as pawnbrokers and bookmakers.) Coming top in the south-east region in Sunday Times 2018 Best Places to Live, Berkhamsted was described as 'affluent and attractive; its medieval centre is filled with chic shops and great places to eat', with 76 per cent of shops being independent stores. Berkhamsted has an active Transition Town community. Education Independent schools Berkhamsted School is an independent public school. It was founded in 1541 by Dean John Incent, ( 1480–1545) Born in Berkhamsted circa 1480, John Incent was the Dean of St Paul's Cathedral in London from 1540 to 1545 (during the early years of the English Reformation). Incent was noted as one of the agents of the Lord Chancellor Thomas Cromwell responsible for the sequestration of religious properties during the Dissolution of the Monasteries Incent financed the foundation of Berkhamsted school from the combined revenues of the town's two medieval hospitals, St John the Baptist and St John the Evangelist, which he had closed down in 1516. In 1523 he took the lands of the two former hospitals and joined them to his own land, donating the enlarged estate towards the creation of a school. In 1541 he obtained a royal charter for "one chauntry perpetual and schools for boys not exceeding 144 to be called Dean Incent's Free School in Berkhamstedde". John Incent died intestate 18 months after his school opened. To protect the school from legal challenges, school was incorporated by an Act of Parliament as The Free Schole of King Edwarde the Sixte in Berkhampstedde. Amongst the school's former students was the author Graham Greene. The school's oldest building, the Old Hall, was built in 1544 and is Grade I listed. Contemporary records state that Incent "builded with all speed a fair schoole lartge and great all of brick very sumptuously", and "when ye said school was thus finished, ye Deane sent for ye cheafe men of ye towne into ye school where he kneeling gave thanks to Almighty God". In 1988 the school merged with Berkhamsted School for Girls (another large independent private school in the town), which had been founded in 1888. The school has 1,500 fee paying pupils, aged 3 to 18. Egerton Rothesay School, an independent school founded in 1922, has 150 pupils between the ages of 5 and 19. State schools In the 1970s, the town adopted a three-tier state school education system, but reverted to the two-tier system of primary and secondary schools in 2013. Primary schools are: Victoria (founded in 1838), Bridgewater, Greenway, St Thomas More, Swing Gate, Thomas Coram and Westfield. The secondary school is Ashlyns School, a Foundation school with 1,200 pupils aged 11 to 19 years; it is a specialist language college. The school started in the 18th century, when Thomas Coram, a philanthropic ship's captain, was appalled by the abandoned babies and children starving and dying in London. He campaigned for a hospital to accommodate them and was successfully granted a royal charter "for the Maintenance and Education of Exposed and Deserted Children" in 1739. Three years later, in 1742, he established the Foundling Hospital at Lamb's Conduit Fields in Bloomsbury, London. It was the first children's charity in the country and a precedent for incorporated associational charities everywhere. The school moved to its purpose-built location in Berkhamsted in 1935. The residential home side at Berkhamsted closed following the Children Act 1948, when family-centred care replaced institutional care. In 1951 Hertfordshire County Council took over running the school. The large school contains stained glass windows, especially around the chapel, a staircase and many monuments from the original London hospital. The school's chapel formerly housed an organ donated by George Frideric Handel. The school was used a backdrop to the 2007 comedy film, Son of Rambow. Business school Ashridge Executive Education is located in the Grade I listed Ashridge House, the former stately home of the Duke of Bridgewater, set in 190 acres (77 hectares) of rolling parkland, 2 miles outside Berkhamsted. The house occupies the site of the earlier Ashridge Priory, a college of the monastic order of Bonhommes founded in 1283 by Edmund, 2nd Earl of Cornwall, who resided in the castle. After the Dissolution of the Monasteries, Henry VIII bequeathed the property to his daughter, Elizabeth. In 1800, it was the home of Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater, affectionately known as the Father of Inland Navigation.Ashridge House was constructed between 1808 and 1814 to a design by James Wyatt with later work by his nephew Jeffrey Wyattville. Architecture critic Nikolaus Pevsner described it as the "largest of the romantic palaces near London ... a spectacular composition". In 1928 Urban Hanlon Broughton purchased the house as a gift for the Conservative Party intended to commemorate Bonar Law. For its first 15 years, it became a "College of Citizenship" established to help the party develop its intellectual forces in struggles with socialist organisations such as the Fabian Society. It became a cross between a think-tank and a training centre, and Arthur Bryant was its educational adviser. In 2015 Ashridge merged with Hult International Business School, an American business school with campuses in seven cities around the world. Its activities include open and tailored executive education programmes, MBA, MSc and Diploma qualifications, organisation consulting, applied research and online learning. Ashridge is the only UK specialist business school with degree awarding powers, giving it the equivalent status to a university in awarding its degrees. Religious sites The oldest extant church locally is St Mary's in the adjacent village of Northchurch. Between 1087 and 1104, there is reference to a chaplain called Godfrey and to a chapel of St James with parochial status within St Mary's Berkhamsted's parish. The chapel situated close to St Johns, located close to St John's Lane, was the base for a small community of monks, the Brotherhood of St John the Baptist, in the 11th and 12th centuries. During King John's reign, Geoffrey Fitz Peter, was instrumental in the foundation the parish church of St Peter, and in 1222, Robert de Tuardo, was registered as the first known rector. Because of the church's proximity to the castle, the reigning monarch was patron of Berkhamsted rectors for several centuries. In 1648, St Peter's Church was requisitioned during the English Civil War by General Fairfax as a military prison to hold soldiers captured from the siege of Colchester. The poet William Cowper was christened in St Peter's, where his father John Cowper was rector. The parish church of St Peter, which stands on the high street, is one of the largest churches in Hertfordshire. The church is in the Latin cross plan, with an clock tower at the crossing and measures from the west door to the east window, and the width across the transepts is . The oldest part of the church is the chancel, which is dated at c. 1200; it is in the Early English style common in that period. Further additions were made up until the 15th century; in 1871, it underwent a restoration by William Butterfield. There are two altar tombs with alabaster effigies dating from the 14th century: the tombs are of a knight (thought to be Henry of Berkhamsted, one of the Black Prince's lieutenants at the Battle of Crecy) and his lady. There are two other Anglican churches in the town – 'St Michael and All Angels' (Sunnyside)(original building 1886) and 'All Saints' Church & St Martha's' (built in 1906, to cater for the growing population in the west end of the town). In 1842 a detached churchyard to St Peter's Church was established, using land to the rear of Egerton House (where the Rex cinema now stands) on Rectory Lane. It expanded to 3.275 acres and was phased out of use in 1976. The town has a strong Non-conformist tradition, in 1672 a survey found that there were 400 Anglian conformists and 150 Non-conformists in Berkhamsted, when such beliefs could bring you foul of the law. The Baptist community in Berkhamsted, dates from 1640 making it one of the oldest nationally; first gathering in secret, they built a large chapel in 1722, and moved to their current place of worship at the junction of Ravens Lane on the High Street in 1864. A Quaker community is present in the town from the second half of the 17th century, they opened their Meeting House in 1818 on the High Street opposite St John's Well Lane. The Congregationlists can be traced back to 1780, they now worship combined with the Presbyterian church at St Andrew's United Reformed Church on the corner of Castle Street and Chapel Street. The Methodists arrived with the hundreds of men who came to build the railway, via various places of worship, today they share All Saints' Church with the Anglians. The Evangelist (Latter Day Saints) began life has part of the Plymouth Bretheren, their Hope Hall opened in 1875, which was rechristened the Kings Road Evangelical Church in 1969. The Roman Catholic tradition from the 17th to 20th century appears to be limited, General de Gaulle worshiped at their original Church of the Sacred Heart in Park View Road, they moved to a larger modern church in 1980 on Park Street. Culture and leisure Literary connections Geoffrey Chaucer was clerk of works at Berkhamsted Castle from 1389 and based his Doctor of Phisick in The Canterbury Tales on John of Gaddesden, who lived in nearby Little Gaddesden. William Cowper was born in Berkhamsted Rectory in 1731. Although he moved away when still a boy, there are frequent references to the town in his poems and letters. In the Victorian era, Cowper became a cult figure and Berkhamsted was a place of pilgrimage for his devotees. Maria Edgeworth, a prolific Anglo-Irish writer of adults' and children's literature who was a significant figure in the evolution of the novel in Europe, lived in Berkhamsted as a child in the 18th century. Between 1904 and 1907, the Llewelyn Davies boys were the inspiration for the author and playwright J. M. Barrie's Peter Pan. A little later, novelist Graham Greene was born in Berkhamsted and educated at Berkhamsted School, alongside literary contemporaries Claud Cockburn, Peter Quennell, Humphrey Trevelyan and Cecil Parrott. Children's authors H. E. Todd and Hilda van Stockum both lived in Berkhamsted. The comic character Ed Reardon from Radio 4's semi-naturalistic radio drama Ed Reardon's Week resides in Berkhamsted. Cinema The Rex Cinema is regarded by some, including The Daily Telegraph, as Britain's most beautiful cinema. Described by Dame Judi Dench as "absolutely awe-inspiring", in 2014, the Rex was declared Britain's Best Cinema in the inaugural Guardian film awards. Built in 1937 the Rex is recognised by English Heritage as a fine example of a 1930s art deco cinema. The cinema was designed by architect David Evelyn Nye for the Shipman and King circuit. Closed in 1988, the cinema was extensively restored in 2004 and has become a thriving independent local cinema. The Rex frequently has sold-out houses for evening showings, the cinema is a "movie palace with all the original art deco trimmings" (its interior features decorations of sea waves and shells). Inside is a step "back into the golden age of film" when going to the movies was an experience; the cinema features luxurious seating and two licensed bars. It is managed by its owner James Hannaway, who introduces films. Sometimes there is a question and answer session with directors and actors involved in the films; these sessions have included Dame Judi Dench, Charles Dance, Mike Leigh and Terry Jones. Prior to the cinema's construction, an Elizabethan mansion, Egerton House, had occupied the site at the east end of the high street for 350 years. The house was occupied briefly (1904–07) by Arthur and Sylvia Llewelyn Davies, whose children were J. M. Barrie's inspiration for Peter Pan. British Film Institute National Archive at King's Hill Rarely open to the public, the BFI National Archive's "The J. Paul Getty, Jr. Conservation Centre" in Berkhamsted is the archive of the British Film Institute. With over 275,000 feature, non-fiction and short films (dating from 1894) and 210,000 television programmes, it is one of the largest film archives in the world. Two of the archive's collections were added to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) UK Memory of the World Register, in 2011. The archive collects, preserves, restores and shares the films and television programmes which have shaped and recorded British life and times since the development of motion picture film in the late 19th century. The majority of the collection is British-originated material, but the archive also features internationally significant holdings from around the world and films that feature key British actors and the work of British directors. Sport and outdoor pursuits The town benefits in having a large National Trust Common and woodland on its long north east border. Running east–west through the centre of the town, along the town's length the Grand Union Canal (once an important trade artery) today it provides an open space with recreational opportunities, and acts with the small River Bulbourne as a wildlife corridor through the town. Other long standing public green spaces are the castle and Butts Meadow. In 2016 The Friends of St Peter's Berkhamsted received £907,000 in a grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund and the Big Lottery Fund from the National Lottery (United Kingdom) to repurpose the Rectory Lane Cemetery - as one of 12 sites across the country sharing £32m. The grant is to restored heritage features and create a new green community space in the town. The Berkhamsted Bowmen are the oldest archery club in England. Founded in 1875 Berkhamsted Cricket Club competes in the Herts League and in 2015 it ran twenty-five separate teams. The club is based at the Berkhamsted Community Cricket and Sports Club, Kitcheners Field, Castle Hill, Berkhamsted. The nine Berkhamsted and Hemel Hempstead Hockey Club teams are based just outside the town at Cow Roast, playing their matches at Tring School. There are two Bowls clubs, Berkhamsted and Kitcheners. The town's football club, Berkhamsted FC, play in the Southern Football League Division One Central, part of the 8th Level in the English League (the town's football ground is at Broadwater). The team was formed in 2009 after the demise of Berkhamsted Town FC, which had been established in 1895. Founded in 1996, Berkhamsted Raiders CFC football club was recognised as the FA Charter Standard Community Club of the Year at the English Football Association Community Awards in 2014 and awarded the UEFA Grassroots Silver Award in 2015 for their work across the local community. The club in 2015 had more than 800 affiliated players, including 90 girls and 691 boys in the youth set-up, 29 ladies, 20 seniors and 20 veterans: who are spread across 65 teams at different levels. There is a sports centre off Douglas Gardens, managed by the Dacorum Sports Trust (Sportspace). The facilities comprise a large indoor multi-purpose sports hall, squash courts, swimming pool and outdoor all-weather pitch. This facility is complemented by dual use of the leisure facilities of Ashlyns School and Berkhamsted Collegiate School. A deficit in leisure space is compounded by a high level of sports participation locally and consequent heavy use of outdoor sports pitches. Berkhamsted and the surrounding area has a variety of road cycling and mountain biking routes, including traffic-free off-road routes in Ashridge Estate. The town was visited by the Tour of Britain in 2014. Sites of interest The majority of Berkhamsted's eighty-five listed or scheduled historical sites are on in the high street and the medieval core of the town (a significant number of them contain timber frames). Four are scheduled, one is Grade I, seven are Grade II, the remaining 75 are Grade II. In addition to the sites noted in the article above (such as the castle and schools) the following structures and locations are of interest: 173 High Street is a Victorian façade hiding what is considered to be the oldest extant jettied timber-framed building in Great Britain, dated by dendrochronology of structural timbers to between 1277 and 1297. The building was originally thought to have been a jeweller or goldsmith's shop with a workshop behind. It is now believed to have been a jettied service wing to a larger aisled hall house, which has since disappeared. It represents an early example of transition in carpentry technology, from the use of passing braces to crown posts. The 13th century origin of the structure was discovered by chance in 2000 by builders who had begun work on what appeared to be a Victorian property. The shop was, from 1869, Figg's the Chemists; post-restoration (with expertise and a £250,000 grant from English Heritage), the shop is currently used as an estate agency. Dr Simon Thurley, Chief Executive of English Heritage, said "This is an amazing discovery. It gives an extraordinary insight into how Berkhamsted High Street would have looked in medieval times." 125 High Street, a house and shop opposite St Peter's Church, is a timber-framed building with a wing that is one bay of a 14th-century open hall. The layout suggests that it once had a second bay of similar size – a length of in all. This was an unusually large house; its size and central position suggests a manor house or other high status house, possibly supporting the castle. The building underwent extensive alterations in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. The Swan, 139 High Street, contains the remains of a medieval open hall. Parts of the roof date from the 14th century, and the street range was extended and a chimney stack added c. 1500. It sits on the ancient junction with the old Roman road of Akeman Street (High Street) and the main route between Berkhamsted and Windsor Castle (Chesham Road). Castle Street began life as the medieval lane from the town's high street to the drawbridge of the royal castle. At the other end of the lane was the parish church of St Peters. In the 16th century, next to the church, Berkhamsted school was founded, while in the 17th century there were seven public houses among the street's trade outlets. To the northwest of Berkhamsted stand the ruins of Marlin's Chapel, a 13th-century chapel next to a medieval fortified farm. The walls and moat surrounding the modern farm still remain and are reputed to be haunted. 129 High Street is the Grade II listed house known as Dean Incent's House. (John Incent, Dean of St Paul's, founded Berkhamsted School.) A 15th century half-timbered house, the interior has original exposed timber framing and several Tudor wall paintings. The building incorporates part of an even older structure and was used as public meeting place before the Court House was built. The house is not normally open to the public. The Court House, next to the church, dates from the 16th century, and is believed to lie on the site of the medieval court where the Portmote or Borough Court was held. Sayer's Almshouses, were the legacy of John Sayer, chief cook to Charles II, at 235–241 High Street, comprise a single-storey row of almshouses built in 1684. The Bourne School, at 222 High Street, was the legacy by Thomas Bourne (1656–1729) (Master of the Company of Framework Knitters) to build a charity school in Berkhamsted for 20 boys and 10 girls. The front was rebuilt in 1854 in Jacobean-style red brick; it is not clear if any part of the building predates 1854. In 1875, the pupils were transferred to the National School and the funds used for scholarships. The site now occupied by the Pennyfarthing Hotel dates from the 16th century, having been a monastic building used as accommodation for religious guests passing through Berkhamsted or going to the monastery at Ashridge. Berkhamsted Town Hall, a Victorian gothic market house and town hall, designed by architect Edward Buckton Lamb (built in 1859, extended in 1890, restored in 1983–1999), was built by public subscription from Berkhamstedians. It comprised a market hall (now the Copper House restaurant), a large assembly hall and rooms for the Mechanics' Institute. When Berkhamsted became part of the new Dacorum Borough Council (based in Hemel Hempstead), there were plans to demolish the building, these plans were stopped by a ten-year citizens' campaign during the 1970s and 1980s, which eventually ended at the High Court. The Berkhamsted Canadian totem pole sits adjacent to the canal, close to Castle Street Bridge. In the early 1960s, Roger Alsford, a great-grandson of the founder of the timber company, James Alsford (1841–1912), went to work at the Tahsis lumber mill on Vancouver Island. During a strike, he was rescued from starvation by a local Kwakiutl community. Alsford's brother, William John Alsford, visited the island, and in gratitude for the local people's hospitality, commissioned a totem pole from the Canadian First Nations artist Henry Hunt. The western red cedar pole, high and in diameter, was carved by Hunt at Thunderbird Park, a centre for First Nation monuments. The completed pole was shipped to Britain and erected at Alsford's Wharf in 1968. Alsford's warehouses were replaced in 1994 by a private housing development which limit access to the pole, so that it can be viewed only at a distance from the public road. It is one of only a handful of totem poles in the United Kingdom, others being on display at the British Museum and Horniman Museum in London, Windsor Great Park, Bushy Park and the Yorkshire Sculpture Park. The carvings on the totem pole represent four figures from First Nations legend: at the top sits Raven, the trickster and creator deity; he sits on the head of Sunman, who has outstretched arms representing the rays of the sun and wears a copper (a type of ceremonial shield); Sunman stands on the fearsome witch-spirit Dzunukwa; at the base is the two-headed warrior sea serpent, Sisiutl, who has up-stretched wings. Ashridge is a country estate and stately home. Ashridge House is a large Gothic Revival country house built between 1808 and 1814. Since 2015 it has been the home of Hult International Business School's Ashridge Executive Education programme (see above for more information about the building). The surrounding country estate is a park managed by the National Trust, consisting of of native broadleaf woodlands, commons and chalk downland on a Chiltern ridge just to the north of Berkhamsted. Ashridge has been featured many times in film and television series due to its distinction as an area of natural beauty. Scenes were filmed for Sleepy Hollow at Golden Valley and Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire at Ashridge's ancient Frithsden Beeches Wood. The climbable monument to Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater, a tall Doric column with urn (a Grade II* listed building), stands in a grove within Ashridge. Associations with the town Twin towns Berkhamsted is twinned with: Beaune, Burgundy, France Neu Isenburg, Hesse, Germany (as part of Dacorum) The town also has an informal relationship with Barkhamsted, Connecticut, in the United States. The latter presented a gavel and block on 4 July 1976, the U.S. bicentennial, which Berkhamsted Town Council now uses in meetings. Footnotes References Sources (see also Birtchnell, Percy (1975) Bygone Berkhamsted. Luton: White Crescent Press ) External links Berkhamsted Town Council Berkhamsted Local History & Museum Society The above society's Collection of Old Photographs of Berkhamsted and its citizens Dacorum Heritage Trust Dacorum Towns in Hertfordshire Civil parishes in Hertfordshire Market towns	[ -0.1413567215204239, -0.017050938680768013, 0.7621617913246155, -1.0527697801589966, 0.08413010835647583, -0.11817625910043716, -0.05159938707947731, 0.1293943226337433, -0.01467224396765232, -0.018948471173644066, -0.2212708592414856, -0.02292243391275406, -0.26640620827674866, 0.12881644070148468, -0.7112685441970825, 0.06965462863445282, 0.2910737693309784, 0.10861711204051971, 0.23330257833003998, -0.4230146110057831, -0.010533987544476986, -0.23188136518001556, -0.5255157947540283, 0.2587498128414154, 0.3941081464290619, -0.4801560938358307, 0.10671200603246689, -0.44743284583091736, -0.35272979736328125, -0.6671344637870789, 0.28193098306655884, 0.5383255481719971, -0.1142176166176796, 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125254	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton%20Township%2C%20New%20Jersey	Clinton Township, New Jersey	Clinton Township is a township in Hunterdon County, New Jersey, United States. The township is in the Raritan Valley region and is located in the New York metropolitan area. As of the 2010 United States Census, the township's population was 13,478, reflecting an increase of 521 (+4.0%) from the 12,957 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 2,141 (+19.8%) from the 10,816 counted in the 1990 Census. Clinton Township was incorporated as a township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on April 12, 1841, from portions of Lebanon Township, based on the results of a referendum held that same day. Portions of the township have been taken to form Clinton town (April 5, 1865, within the township; became independent in 1895), High Bridge township (March 29, 1871) and Lebanon borough (March 26, 1926). The township was named for Governor of New York DeWitt Clinton. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 33.87 square miles (87.72 km2), including 29.87 square miles (77.36 km2) of land and 4.00 square miles (10.36 km2) of water (11.81%). Annandale (with a 2010 Census population of 1,695) is a census-designated place and unincorporated community located within Clinton Township. Other unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Allerton, Cedar Heights, Cokesbury, Hamden, Mariannes Corner, McPherson, Potterstown, Readingsburg, and Sunnyside. The township borders Clinton Town, Franklin Township, High Bridge, Lebanon Township, Raritan Township, Readington Township, Tewksbury Township, Union Township. Also, Lebanon is an independent municipality surrounded entirely by the township, making it part one of 21 pairs of "doughnut towns" in the state, where one municipality entirely surrounds another. Cushetunk Mountain is a ring-shaped mountain located in Readington Township and Clinton Township. Once an active volcano, the diabase mountain was formed 160 million years ago. The Lenape called the mountain "Cushetunk" meaning "place of hogs". In the 1960s, the valley was filled with water to create Round Valley Reservoir, at in depth the second-deepest in the state. Demographics Census 2010 The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $120,565 (with a margin of error of +/- $6,904) and the median family income was $147,689 (+/- $10,532). Males had a median income of $106,898 (+/- $7,766) versus $73,264 (+/- $11,810) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $52,700 (+/- $6,064). About 1.7% of families and 2.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.7% of those under age 18 and 2.0% of those age 65 or over. Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 12,957 people, 4,129 households, and 3,253 families residing in the township. The population density was 431.9 people per square mile (166.8/km2). There were 4,234 housing units at an average density of 141.1 per square mile (54.5/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 87.71% White, 6.96% African American, 0.20% Native American, 2.35% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 1.59% from other races, and 1.12% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.91% of the population. There were 4,129 households, out of which 42.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 73.1% were married couples living together, 4.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.2% were non-families. 17.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.82 and the average family size was 3.23. In the township the population was spread out, with 26.2% under the age of 18, 11.1% from 18 to 24, 28.8% from 25 to 44, 26.5% from 45 to 64, and 7.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 118.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 124.8 males. The median income for a household in the township was $96,570, and the median income for a family was $106,448. Males had a median income of $77,229 versus $46,762 for females. The per capita income for the township was $37,264. About 0.3% of families and 0.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 3.6% of those age 65 or over. Government Local government Clinton Township is governed within the Faulkner Act, formally known as the Optional Municipal Charter Law, under the Small Municipality form of government. The township is one of 18 municipalities (of the 565) statewide that use this form of government, which is available as an option only for municipalities with a population of under 12,000 at the time of adoption. The government is comprised of the Mayor and the four-member Township Council, with all positions elected at-large on a partisan basis as part of the November general elections. A Mayor is elected directly by the voters to a three-year term of office. Council members serve a term of three years, which are staggered so that two council seats come up for election each year that the Mayor's seat does not come up for vote. The Mayor is the township's executive official and is responsible for selecting the Municipal Clerk and Assessor, which are subject to confirmation by the Township Council. The Council is the township's legislative body and is responsible for ordinances, resolutions and the annual budget, as well as most hiring other than those positions delegated to the mayor. The mayor presides over and is eligible to vote at council meetings, but has no veto power. , the Clinton Township Council consists of Mayor John J. Higgins (R, term of office ends December 31, 2020), Council President Brian Mullay (R, 2022), Thomas Kochanowski (R, 2021), Marc H. Strauss (R, 2021) and Amy Switlyk (R, 2022). Federal, state and county representation Clinton Township is located in the 7th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 23rd state legislative district. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 8,817 registered voters in Clinton Township, of which 1,433 (16.3%) were registered as Democrats, 3,861 (43.8%) were registered as Republicans and 3,517 (39.9%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 6 voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Republican Mitt Romney received 61.1% of the vote (4,265 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 37.6% (2,628 votes), and other candidates with 1.3% (90 votes), among the 7,023 ballots cast by the township's 9,298 registered voters (40 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 75.5%. In the 2008 presidential election, Republican John McCain received 58.7% of the vote (4,279 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 39.2% (2,859 votes) and other candidates with 1.3% (98 votes), among the 7,289 ballots cast by the township's 8,975 registered voters, for a turnout of 81.2%. In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 64.0% of the vote (4,389 ballots cast), outpolling Democrat John Kerry with 34.1% (2,340 votes) and other candidates with 0.7% (60 votes), among the 6,863 ballots cast by the township's 8,143 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 84.3. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 76.4% of the vote (3,195 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 21.5% (899 votes), and other candidates with 2.1% (89 votes), among the 4,261 ballots cast by the township's 9,144 registered voters (78 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 46.6%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 70.5% of the vote (3,662 ballots cast), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 20.4% (1,058 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 7.5% (391 votes) and other candidates with 0.6% (30 votes), among the 5,196 ballots cast by the township's 8,869 registered voters, yielding a 58.6% turnout. Education The Clinton Township School District serves children in pre-kindergarten through eighth grade. As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of four schools, had an enrollment of 1,218 students and 146.7 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 8.3:1. Schools in the district (with 2018–19 school enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are: Spruce Run Elementary School with 22 students in PreK, Patrick McGaheran School with 317 students in grades K-2, Round Valley School with 395 students in grades 3-5 and Clinton Township Middle School with 479 students in grades 6-8. Students in grades 7 and 8 from Lebanon Borough attend the district's middle school as part of a sending/receiving relationship with the Lebanon Borough School District. Public school students in ninth through twelfth grades attend North Hunterdon High School in Annandale, which also serves students from Bethlehem Township, Clinton Town, Franklin Township, Lebanon Borough and Union Township. As of the 2018–19 school year, the high school had an enrollment of 1,584 students and 123.2 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.9:1. The school is part of the North Hunterdon-Voorhees Regional High School District, which also includes students from Califon, Glen Gardner, Hampton, High Bridge, Lebanon Township and Tewksbury Township, who attend Voorhees High School in Lebanon Township. Eighth grade students from all of Hunterdon County are eligible to apply to attend the high school programs offered by the Hunterdon County Vocational School District, a county-wide vocational school district that offers career and technical education at its campuses in Raritan Township and at programs sited at local high schools, with no tuition charged to students for attendance. Immaculate Conception School, located in Annandale and serving students in pre-kindergarten through eighth grade, operates under the supervision of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Metuchen. In September 2013, the school was one of 15 in New Jersey to be recognized by the United States Department of Education as part of the National Blue Ribbon Schools Program, an award called the "most prestigious honor in the United States' education system" and which Education Secretary Arne Duncan described as schools that "represent examples of educational excellence". Transportation Roads and highways , the township had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Hunterdon County and by the New Jersey Department of Transportation. Interstate 78, Route 22 and Route 31 pass through Clinton Township. Rail and bus transportation Annandale is an NJ Transit railroad station on the Raritan Valley Line, in the Annandale section of Clinton Township. There is a station building that is no longer used and there are two small shelters. This station has limited weekday service and no weekend service. NJ Transit offers bus service on the 884 route. The Norfolk Southern Railway's Lehigh Line (formerly the mainline of the Lehigh Valley Railroad), runs through the southwest part of Clinton Township. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Clinton Township include: Matthew Acosta (born 2002), soccer player who plays as a midfielder for USL Championship club New York Red Bulls II. Walter Chandoha (1920–2019), animal photographer, known especially for his 90,000 photographs of cats. John B. Evans (1942-2004), publisher of The Village Voice. Jason Knapp (born 1990), professional baseball pitcher. Leonard Lance (born 1952), former member of the United States House of Representatives. John Manners (1786-1853), physician, lawyer, and politician who served as President of the New Jersey Senate. Surrounding communities The township completely surrounds the borough of Lebanon. References External links Clinton Township website Hunterdon County webpage for Clinton Township Clinton Township School District School Data for the Clinton Township School District, National Center for Education Statistics North Hunterdon-Voorhees Regional High School District Hunterdon Land Trust Alliance Fire Department 1841 establishments in New Jersey Faulkner Act (small municipality) Populated places established in 1841 Townships in Hunterdon County, New Jersey	[ -1.0547679662704468, 0.23947831988334656, -0.8179285526275635, 0.9043624401092529, 0.8016657829284668, 0.09035274386405945, 0.6430115103721619, 0.5978901386260986, 0.06506506353616714, -0.7074563503265381, -0.3889143466949463, 0.028567342087626457, -0.25052422285079956, -0.14427180588245392, -1.3361871242523193, 0.6433222889900208, 0.4576321542263031, 0.6812267899513245, 0.0867072120308876, -0.9331477880477905, -0.43186622858047485, -0.4654605984687805, -0.019308174028992653, 0.6625280976295471, -0.05347263067960739, 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125256	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware%20Township%2C%20Hunterdon%20County%2C%20New%20Jersey	Delaware Township, Hunterdon County, New Jersey	Delaware Township is a township in Hunterdon County, New Jersey, United States. Part of the township is on the Hunterdon Plateau, while the southern portions are in the Amwell Valley. As of the 2010 United States Census, the township's population was 4,563, reflecting an increase of 85 (+1.9%) from the 4,478 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn declined by 34 (-0.8%) from the 4,512 counted in the 1990 Census. The historic community of Sergeantsville is located within Delaware Township, as well as the unincorporated community of Raven Rock. History The township was first settled in the early 18th century by Colonel John Reading (1657–1717), who was instrumental in the creation of Amwell Township in 1708 and also worked for the creation of Hunterdon County in 1714. The Township adjoins the Delaware River on the southwestern portion of Hunterdon County, which provides its name. The state's lone surviving historic covered bridge, Green Sergeant's Covered Bridge, crosses the Wickecheoke Creek between Sergeantsville and Rosemont. The Delaware and Raritan Canal parallels the Delaware River along the southern border of the township. Sergeantsville is at the township's center and includes the municipal building, local public school and Post Office. A "Thanksgiving in the Country" offers a tour of notable homes in Sergeantsville, which raises funds for the Facial Reconstruction Unit of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Delaware was incorporated as a township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on April 2, 1838, from a portion of a larger municipality then known as Amwell Township (now defunct). Historian and cartographer John P. Snyder has erroneously stated that a referendum was held on that date, but there was in fact no referendum and the people of Amwell knew nothing about the division until after the Legislature passed the bill. A portion of the township was taken to form Stockton borough (April 14, 1898). Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 37.05 square miles (95.95 km2), including 36.66 square miles (94.94 km2) of land and 0.39 square miles (1.01 km2) of water (1.06%). Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Bowne, Brookville, Dilts Corner, Grover, Headquarters, Locktown, Prallsville, Raven Rock, Rosemont, Sand Brook, Sandy Ridge and Sergeantsville. The township borders the municipalities of East Amwell Township, Franklin Township, Kingwood Township, Lambertville, Raritan Township, Stockton and West Amwell Township in Hunterdon County; as well as Plumstead Township and Solebury Township in Bucks County across the Delaware River in Pennsylvania. Demographics Census 2010 The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $87,100 (with a margin of error of +/- $15,616) and the median family income was $102,481 (+/- $27,024). Males had a median income of $82,586 (+/- $14,105) versus $47,404 (+/- $12,866) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $48,700 (+/- $4,857). About 0.6% of families and 0.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 0.9% of those age 65 or over. Census 2000 As of the 2000 United States Census there were 4,478 people, 1,643 households, and 1,302 families residing in the township. The population density was 121.9 people per square mile (47.1/km2). There were 1,701 housing units at an average density of 46.3 per square mile (17.9/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 97.70% White, 0.40% African American, 0.04% Native American, 1.03% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.25% from other races, and 0.56% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.14% of the population. There were 1,643 households, out of which 33.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 71.3% were married couples living together, 4.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.7% were non-families. 14.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.72 and the average family size was 3.06. In the township the population was spread out, with 23.4% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 26.5% from 25 to 44, 32.3% from 45 to 64, and 11.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.3 males. The median income for a household in the township was $80,756, and the median income for a family was $90,842. Males had a median income of $61,701 versus $48,780 for females. The per capita income for the township was $38,285. 3.4% of the population and 2.3% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 1.2% are under the age of 18 and 12.2% are 65 or older. Government Local government Delaware Township is governed under the Township form of New Jersey municipal government, one of 141 municipalities (of the 565) statewide that use this form, the second-most commonly used form of government in the state. The Township Committee is comprised of five members, who are elected directly by the voters at-large in partisan elections to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with either one or two seats coming up for election each year as part of the November general election in a three-year cycle. At an annual reorganization meeting, the Township Committee selects one of its members to serve as Mayor and another as Deputy Mayor. , members of the Delaware Township Committee are Mayor Charles Herman (R, term on committee and as mayor ends December 31, 2020), Deputy Mayor James Waltman (R, term on committee ends 2021; term as deputy mayor ends 2020), Daniel Kwasnik (R, 2021), Susan D. Lockwood (D, 2020) and Joseph Vocke (R, 2022). Federal, state and county representation Delaware Township is located in the 7th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 16th state legislative district. Prior to the 2011 reapportionment following the 2010 Census, Delaware Township had been in the 23rd state legislative district. Prior to the 2010 Census, Delaware Township had been part of the , a change made by the New Jersey Redistricting Commission that took effect in January 2013, based on the results of the November 2012 general elections. Politics As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 3,558 registered voters in Delaware Township, of which 811 (22.8%) were registered as Democrats, 1,512 (42.5%) were registered as Republicans and 1,232 (34.6%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 3 voters registered to other parties. In the 2012 presidential election, Republican Mitt Romney received 57.4% of the vote (1,618 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 41.4% (1,168 votes), and other candidates with 1.2% (33 votes), among the 2,840 ballots cast by the township's 3,724 registered voters (21 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 76.3%. In the 2008 presidential election, Republican John McCain received 54.0% of the vote (1,579 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 43.8% (1,279 votes) and other candidates with 1.5% (43 votes), among the 2,922 ballots cast by the township's 3,599 registered voters, for a turnout of 81.2%. In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 57.3% of the vote (1,671 ballots cast), outpolling Democrat John Kerry with 42.2% (1,229 votes) and other candidates with 1.0% (35 votes), among the 2,915 ballots cast by the township's 3,459 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 84.3. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 71.0% of the vote (1,412 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 26.9% (535 votes), and other candidates with 2.1% (42 votes), among the 2,021 ballots cast by the township's 3,726 registered voters (32 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 54.2%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 60.7% of the vote (1,382 ballots cast), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 29.3% (667 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 7.9% (179 votes) and other candidates with 1.0% (22 votes), among the 2,277 ballots cast by the township's 3,546 registered voters, yielding a 64.2% turnout. Education The Delaware Township School District serves students in pre-kindergarten through eighth grade at Delaware Township School. As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of one school, had an enrollment of 376 students and 42.3 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 8.9:1. The school is located on a site covering adjacent to the community of Sergeantsville and from the Delaware River. Students in ninth through twelfth grades attend the Hunterdon Central High School, part of the Hunterdon Central Regional High School District, which serves students in central Hunterdon County from Delaware Township, East Amwell Township, Flemington Borough, Raritan Township and Readington Township. As of the 2018–19 school year, the high school had an enrollment of 2,844 students and 238.8 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.9:1. Seats on the high school district's nine-member board of education are allocated based in the population of the five constituent municipalities who participate in the school district, with one seat allocated to Delaware Township. Eighth grade students from all of Hunterdon County are eligible to apply to attend the high school programs offered by the Hunterdon County Vocational School District, a county-wide vocational school district that offers career and technical education at its campuses in Raritan Township and at programs sited at local high schools, with no tuition charged to students for attendance. Transportation , the township had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Hunterdon County, by the New Jersey Department of Transportation and by the Delaware River Joint Toll Bridge Commission. State and U.S. routes that pass through include Route 12, Route 29 and U.S. Route 202 (including part of the New Hope-Lambertville Toll Bridge). County routes that traverse the municipality are CR 519, CR 523, CR 579 (which runs along the border between Raritan) and CR 604. Interstate 78 is outside the township in neighboring Franklin Township. Notable people People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Delaware Township include: Willard H. Allen (1893–1957), poultry scientist who served as New Jersey secretary of agriculture from 1938 to 1956. George Newton Best (1846–1926), bryologist, expert on moss taxonomy and second president of the Sullivant Moss Society. William Cotton (1880–1958), artist and playwright. Alan B. Handler (born 1931), New Jersey Supreme Court Justice, 1977–1999. Chet Huntley (1911–1974), radio and television journalist and co-anchor of the Huntley-Brinkley Report on NBC who co-owned a cattle farm which he used as a weekend retreat. Barbara McConnell (1935-2016), former member of the New Jersey General Assembly and former New Jersey Commissioner of Commerce and Economic Development. John Schoenherr (1935–2010), award-winning illustrator. Glenway Wescott (1901–1987), novelist and essayist. Lloyd Wescott (1907–1990), agriculturalist, civil servant and brother of Glenway Wescott. Paul Whiteman (1890–1967), big band leader who resided at Walking Horse Farm in Rosemont from 1938 to 1959, before moving to New Hope, Pennsylvania for his remaining years. Dick Zimmer (born 1944), former member of the United States House of Representatives. References External links Hunterdon County web page for Delaware Township Delaware Township School School Data for the Delaware Township School District, National Center for Education Statistics Hunterdon Central Regional High School District The Delaware Township Post - Community Commentary about life in Delaware Township Lumberville-Raven Rock bridge article at the Delaware River Joint Toll Bridge Commission website Sergeantsville Volunteer Fire Company, Delaware Township, NJ Thanksgiving in the Country - an annual tour of Sergeantsville's historic homes Hunterdon Land Trust Alliance 1838 establishments in New Jersey Populated places established in 1838 Township form of New Jersey government Townships in Hunterdon County, New Jersey New Jersey populated places on the Delaware River	[ -1.017776608467102, 0.11740752309560776, -0.7699055671691895, 0.622406542301178, 0.9186467528343201, -0.09024485945701599, 0.8221542835235596, 0.5360385775566101, -0.06761296838521957, 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