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mims D. Jeffrey Mims (born 1954), painter |
persinger;raymond persinger Raymond Persinger (born 1959), sculptor |
babailov;igor babailov Igor Babailov (born 1965), painter |
graydon parrish;parrish;graydon Graydon Parrish (born 1970), painter |
oglethorpe university;oglethorpe Slow Painting: A Deliberate Renaissance (Oglethorpe University Museum of Art, 2006) |
colin macinnes;macinnes Colin MacInnes (20 August 1914 – 22 April 1976) was an English novelist and journalist. |
mcinnes;thirkell;kipling;mackail;rudyard;macinnes's;rudyard kipling;macinnes;edward burne-jones;stanley baldwin;james campbell mcinnes MacInnes was born in London, the son of singer James Campbell McInnes and novelist Angela Mackail, who was the granddaughter of the Pre-Raphaelite artist Edward Burne-Jones and also related to Rudyard Kipling and Stanley Baldwin. MacInnes's parents divorced and his mother remarried. The family relocated to Australia in 1920, MacInnes returning in 1931. For much of his childhood, he was known as Colin Thirkell, the surname of his mother's second husband; later he used his father's name McInnes, afterwards changing it to MacInnes. |
polytechnic school;brussels;euston road;euston He worked in Brussels from 1930 until 1935, then studied painting in London at the London Polytechnic school and the School of Drawing and Painting in Euston Road. |
fitzrovia;macinnes;green's;fiona Towards the end of his life, he stayed at the home of Martin Green, his publisher, and Green's wife Fiona, in Fitzrovia, where MacInnes spent time, regarding their small family as his own adoptive one until his death. |
city of spades;spades;spoils;notting hill;victors;absolute beginners;macinnes;beginners;notting;the victors MacInnes served in the British Intelligence Corps during the Second World War, and worked in occupied Germany after the European armistice. These experiences resulted in the writing of his first novel, To the Victors the Spoils. Soon after his return to England, he worked for BBC Radio until he could earn a living from his writing.He was the author of a number of books depicting London youth and black immigrant culture during the 1950s, in particular City of Spades (1957), Absolute Beginners (1959) and Mr Love & Justice (1960), known collectively as the "London trilogy". Many of his books were set in the Notting Hill area of London, then a poor and racially mixed area, home to many new immigrants and which suffered a race riot during 1958. Openly bisexual, he wrote on subjects including urban squalor, racial issues, bisexuality, drugs, anarchy, and "decadence".Mr Love & Justice concerns two characters, Frank Love and Edward Justice, during late 1950s London. Mr Love is a novice ponce (pimp); Mr Justice is a police officer newly transferred to the plain-clothes division of the Vice Squad. Gradually their lives intermesh. |
city of spades;tainted;spades;home's;tainted love;biyi;bandele;biyi bandele;absolute beginners;toby swift;bragg's;david bowie;julien temple;macinnes;swift;beginners;hammersmith Absolute Beginners was filmed in 1986 by director Julien Temple. In 2007 a stage adaptation by Roy Williams was performed at the Lyric Theatre, Hammersmith, London.David Bowie appeared in the film Absolute Beginners and recorded the title song, which was a hit in England.City of Spades was adapted by Biyi Bandele as a radio play, directed by Toby Swift, broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on 28 April 2001.MacInnes occurs as a character in Tainted Love (2005), Stewart Home's novel of 1960s and 1970s counterculture.Billy Bragg's albums England, Half English (2002) and Mr. Love & Justice (2008) borrowed their titles from books by MacInnes. |
beginners;the jam;absolute beginners The Jam released a single called "Absolute Beginners" in 1981. |
spoils;kee;busby;macgibbon To the Victor the Spoils (MacGibbon & Kee, 1950; Allison & Busby, 1986) |
kee;macgibbon June in Her Spring (MacGibbon & Kee, 1952; Faber & Faber, 2008) |
city of spades;spades;macgibbon;kee;busby City of Spades (MacGibbon & Kee, 1957; Allison & Busby, 1980) |
macgibbon;kee;absolute beginners;beginners;busby Absolute Beginners (MacGibbon & Kee, 1959; Allison & Busby, 1980) |
kee;busby;macgibbon Mr Love & Justice (MacGibbon & Kee, 1960; Allison & Busby, 1980) |
kee;macgibbon England, Half English (MacGibbon & Kee, 1961) – a collection of previously published journalism |
kee;macgibbon All Day Saturday (MacGibbon & Kee, 1966) |
musichall;kee;macgibbon Sweet Saturday Night (MacGibbon & Kee, 1967) – a history of British musichall |
kee;macgibbon Westward to Laughter (MacGibbon & Kee, 1969) |
kee;macgibbon Three Years to Play (MacGibbon & Kee, 1970) |
bisexuality;o'keeffe Loving Them Both: A Study of Bisexuality (Martin Brian and O'Keeffe, 1973) |
harpercollins Out of the Garden (HarperCollins, 1974) |
o'keeffe No Novel Reader (Martin Brian & O'Keeffe, 1975) |
o'keeffe Out of the Way: Later Essays (Martin Brian & O'Keeffe, 1980) |
colin macinnes;macinnes;busby Absolute MacInnes: The Best of Colin MacInnes (Allison & Busby, 1985) |
fiona Fancy Free Unpublished novel (MS and typescript); gifted to Fiona Green, 1973 |
kee;macgibbon Visions of London (MacGibbon & Kee 1969) |
colin macinnes;macinnes;busby Gould, Tony. Inside Outsider: The Life and Times of Colin MacInnes. London: Allison and Busby, 1983. |
absolute beginners;macinnes;fictions;colin macinnes;beginners White, Jerry. "Colin MacInnes: Absolute Beginners - 1959". London Fictions. Retrieved 20 August 2019. |
macinnes's;fictions "Colin MacInnes's City of Spades'", article on the London Fictions site |
fictions "The London of Absolute Beginners'" on the London Fictions site |
kilburn;stepney;fictions "Kilburn and Stepney in Mr Love and Justice'" on London Fictions |
colin macinnes;macinnes;busby Colin MacInnes at Allison & Busby. |
city of spades;spades;bentley;absolute beginners;macinnes's;beginners Nick Bentley, "Writing 1950s London: Narrative Strategies in Colin MacInnes's City of Spades and Absolute Beginners", article in Literary London Journal. |
coccolithus Coccolithus is a genus of unicellular haptophytes. |
oceanicus;coccolithus Coccolithus oceanicus |
coccolithus;pelagicus Coccolithus pelagicus |
coccolithus Coccolithus pliopelagicus |
coccolithus;algaebase Images of Coccolithus at Algaebase |
curtin Claude Frederick Curtin (4 July 1920 – 13 December 1994) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Fitzroy in the VFL. |
curtin;john curtin A full-forward, Curtin was the nephew of former Australian Prime Minister John Curtin. He kicked over fifty goals in a season on four separate occasions, from 1940 to 1942 and in 1946. In each of those seasons he topped Fitzroy's goalkicking. He would have been a member of the club's 1944 premiership side had he not be away on war service. |
afl Claude Curtin's playing statistics from AFL Tables |
cliffed coast;cliffed A cliffed coast, also called an abrasion coast, is a form of coast where the action of marine waves has formed steep cliffs that may or may not be precipitous. It contrasts with a flat or alluvial coast. |
mecklenburg;sylt;jointing;the waves;cliffed coast;heligoland;cliffed In coastal areas in which the land surface dips at a relatively steep angle below the water table, the continuous action of marine waves on the coastline, known as abrasion, may create a steep declivity known as a cliff, the slope angle of which depends on a variety of factors including the jointing, bedding and hardness of the materials making up the cliff as well as the erosional processes themselves. The slope is constantly being eroded. The waves attacking the cliff-foot form a wave-cut notch by constant abrasion action producing an overhang. This overhang grows in size as the cliff is undercut, until it collapses under its own weight. The loose debris that has broken off is gradually carried away from the area in front of the cliff by the action of the sea. As the coastal cliffs collapse, the shoreline recedes inland. The speed at which this happens depends, in particular, on the strength of the surf, the height of the cliff, the frequency of storm surges and the hardness of the bedrock. Thus, the Mecklenburg coast in Germany recedes by about 25 centimetres per year, whereas the chalk cliffs of southern England retreat by just ½ a centimetre each year. A cliffed coast is made of a loose bedrock material, such as at the Red Cliff on the German island of Sylt, but can also occur in hard rock like the red sandstone cliffs on Heligoland. There are, however, differences between the former and the latter regarding some peculiarities of the coast line. |
scarp retreat;atacama;fault scarp;atacama desert In the case of the large and widespread coastal cliffs of Atacama Desert the modern cliffs originated from a process of scarp retreat of a fault scarp, thus at present the cliffs does not follow any geological fault. |
cliffed coast;cliffed Rocky cliffed coast |
cliffed coast;cliffed On a rocky cliffed coast made up of material which is relatively resistant to erosion such as sandstone, limestone or granite, a flat rocky wave-cut platform or abrasion platform is formed in front of the cliff. It represents the foot of the cliff preserved at and below the level of water table. If there is a tectonic uplift of the coast, these abrasion platforms can be raised to form coastal terraces, from which the amount of uplift can be calculated from their elevation relative to the sea level, taking into account any eustatic sea level changes. On a cliffed coast made up of material which is only fairly or even hardly resistant to erosion no wave-cut platform but a beach is formed in front of the sea cliff. |
lange;natural arch;lange anna;cliffed coast;heligoland;cliffed If waves carve notches at a narrow point on both sides of a promontory on the rocky cliffed coast, a natural arch may be formed. When the arch collapses as the coastline recedes further a stack is left behind on the wave-cut platform. The best-known example in Germany is the Lange Anna on Heligoland, while, in England, a prominent example are Old Harry Rocks in Dorset. |
cliffed coast;cliffed Furthermore, on a rocky cliffed coast wave action is not the only driving force for coastline retreat. General weathering of the bedrock is almost equally important. |
kliff;konigsstuhl;sylt;wadden sea;rugen;jasmund;kampen;rote;wadden Well-known coasts with living cliffs in Germany are the Red Cliff (Rote Kliff) in Kampen on the island of Sylt or the chalk cliffs on the Jasmund Peninsula. The Konigsstuhl on the island of Rugen is a good example of a dead cliff. Others may be found in the regions of the present-day Wadden Sea coast of the North Sea a few kilometres inland. These show the former coastline from which the sea retreated as the level of water in the North Sea fell. |
cape verde;volcanos;hawaiian islands Steep sea cliffs can also be caused by catastrophic debris avalanches. These have been common on the submerged flanks of ocean island volcanos such as the Hawaiian Islands and the Cape Verde Islands. |
aalesunds fk;color line stadion;aalesund;nok;stadion;uefa competitions;uefa;aalesunds Color Line Stadion is an association football stadium in Ålesund, Norway, and the home of 1. divisjon side Aalesunds FK. It was inaugurated in April 2005 and cost NOK 160 million to build. It is referred to as Aalesund Stadion by UEFA, as naming rights arrangements (in this case, with ferry operator Color Line) is not included during UEFA competitions. |
arne;color line stadion;aalesund;sunde;riise;toppserien;arne riise;stadion;john arne riise;cyprus;fortuna It was the first top-level stadium in Norway to feature artificial turf, which was at the time a highly debated issue. When Aalesund opened the stadium, businessman Olav Nils Sunde donated a statue to the club, which was erected in front of the stadium. Whilst Sunde denied it, the statue bore a very strong resemblance to former Aalesund player John Arne Riise. In 2007, when Riise played in the Champions League Final, a Norwegian commentator demanded the statue officially carry his name. Riise himself has said, "[The name change] is not for me to decide. Everyone sees who it is, and I know that it was made for me." It was officially named "John Arne Riise" in April 2018.Since 2009 it has also hosted the home games of the women's Toppserien side Fortuna Ålesund. The venue has hosted one Norway national under-21 football team match, playing 1–3 against Cyprus on 3 September 2010. In a 2012 survey carried out by the Norwegian Players Association among away-team captains, Color Line Stadion was ranked eleventh amongst league stadiums, with a score of 2.87 on a scale from one to five. |
aalesund;grenland The first match Aafk played on Color Line Stadium was against Odd Grenland. Aalesund won the match. |
arne;aalesund;riise;arne riise;john arne riise Outside the stadium is a statue of John Arne Riise, modeled after the former Aalesund player. Until April 2018, the statue was named «The football player». |
coccagee;cider apple;cork's The Coccagee (from the Irish cac a gheidh, "dung of the goose"), also spelt Cackagee or Cockagee and sometimes known as the Irish Crab or Lord Cork's Crab', is or was a variety of cider apple, known in Ireland and the West of England. |
afal;limerick;baw;minehead;wakefield's;pomona;richard graves;graves;hogg;coccagee;hymen;somerset Hogg described the Coccagee as "one of the oldest and best of cider apples". He noted that the variety originated in Ireland, but in c. 1710 it was taken to Somerset and promoted in the area around Minehead as suitable for cider, after which it was commonly planted in the west of England. It was also known in Wales under the name afal baw gwydd ("goose dung apple").In Ireland it was found in many estate orchards in Clare and Limerick, and was regarded as an important part of local cider production, with barrels of single-varietal Coccagee cider fetching a high premium. Wakefield's 1812 Account of Ireland stated that "the celebrated cackagee apple is found near a town called Six Mile Bridge, in the County of Clare".Richard Graves referred to the variety, and its harshly acidic flavour, in his poem Hymen and Pomona: "Some, proud of sense and ill-bred wit / Are harsh as Coccagee".By the early 19th century it was often said to be the most favoured variety for cidermaking even in England, but by the end of the century it had been supplanted by newer cultivars and was little known. Irish domestic cider production contracted after the Great Famine and subsequent emigration, and the Coccagee also became rare in its country of origin. |
gloucestershire;turd The variety is currently thought to be lost, both in England and Ireland, but the Gloucestershire Orchard Trust has recently explored the suggestion that the old local variety Hen's Turd may in fact be the Coccagee'. |
coccagee;cider apple;styre As with several other very old varieties of cider apple, such as the Styre, the Coccagee was a vigorous tree that could be propagated simply by striking a cutting in the earth, and this method of propagation was common in Ireland. |
the flesh;coccagee;hogg The fruit of the Coccagee is small to medium-sized, ovate or conical, with pale yellow, green-flecked skin, the colour of which probably gave the variety its name. The flesh is yellowish white and acidic, the juice fermenting to a pale, straw coloured cider compared to Canary wine. Hogg described the apple as "perhaps the most harsh and austere apple known, and generally considered only fit for cider", but added "it is one of the best for all culinary purposes [...] as it possesses a particularly rich flavour when cooked". |
at-large The Territory of Colorado was represented by one non-voting delegate at-large to the United States House of Representatives from its organization in 1861, until statehood in 1876. |
colorado's congressional districts;colorado's;admission to the union Upon admission to the Union in 1876, the State of Colorado was entitled to full representation in the United States Congress. See United States congressional delegations from Colorado and Colorado's congressional districts. |
gowanda correctional facility;gowanda;collins correctional facility Collins Correctional Facility is a medium security prison in Collins, New York in the United States. The prison is located in the south part of Erie County in the Town of Collins. It is adjacent to the now-closed Gowanda Correctional Facility, another medium-security prison. Both prisons are located north of the Village of Gowanda, at the southern end of Erie County. |
shu;gowanda;collins correctional facility;gowanda correctional facility;homeopathic In 1894, the Erie County Legislature passed an Act that gave rise to the Homeopathic State Hospital (later known as the "Gowanda Psychiatric Center," prior to being much later-converted into correctional facilities) in Gowanda and Collins, New York. Land purchased for the State Hospital by Erie County included 500 acres and was known as the "Taylor tract." When the State Care Act was effected in 1894, the land was transferred to the State of New York, which then conveyed it to the State Hospital. The correctional facility is situated along Taylor Hollow Road in Gowanda, with such road named for the farmer who owned the land that was purchased and used, originally, for the State Hospital. Approximately 50% of the residents are sex offenders, who are offered treatment.The grounds and buildings of both the Gowanda Correctional Facility and the Collins Correctional Facility, therefore, were formerly the Gowanda Psychiatric Center. In 1982, 40% of the original 500 acres of the Gowanda Psychiatric Center was utilized for the Collins Correctional Facility. The Gowanda Correctional Facility was built using the remaining acreage and opened its doors in 1994. The two prisons were separated by a fence, and are administered independently. Collins Correctional Facility houses 1,700 inmates.Collins is unusual in that it contains two separate sections, with two mess halls, two medical facilities, two libraries, etc. They are separated by a road, with no secure passageway from one section to the other. Prisoners being transferred from one section to the other are manacled as with any trip outside prison walls. Transfers are frequent, several times a day. All inmate arrivals and departures take place from the north section.The prison also contains a security housing unit, also known as a SHU, for inmates who assault staff or other inmates and for those who disobey the prison rules. |
gowanda;collins correctional facility Gowanda and Collins Correctional Facility histories |
calwell;everard;george calwell Clarence Everard Calwell (9 September 1896 – 28 September 1975) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Carlton in the Victorian Football League (VFL).He was the younger brother of George Calwell and served in both World War I and World War II. |
afl;clarrie Clarrie Calwell's playing statistics from AFL Tables |
clarrie;vfa Clarrie Calwell's playing statistics from The VFA Project |
clarrie Clarrie Calwell's profile at Blueseum |
navies Before Federation in 1901 five of the six separate colonies maintained their own naval forces for defence. The colonial navies were supported by the ships of the Royal Navy's Australian Station which was established in 1859. The separate colonies maintained control over their respective navies until 1 March 1901, when the Commonwealth Naval Forces was created. |
legations;the boxer;alfred gaselee;gaselee expedition;boxer rebellion;gaselee At the time of the Boxer Rebellion, naval brigades from New South Wales, Victoria, and South Australia, were part of the British contingent in the field force under General Alfred Gaselee, in the Gaselee Expedition, a successful relief by a multinational military force that in 1900 marched to Beijing and protect the diplomatic legations and foreign nationals in the city from attacks. The New South Wales Naval Brigade included 25 men from the New South Wales Marine Corps. (This unit was completely unrelated, except for its name, to the New South Wales Marine Corps, which accompanied the First Fleet and served between 1788 and 1791.) |
the vessel;spitfire;uss vincennes;uss;crimean war;hmcs spitfire;vincennes;hmcs During the early nineteenth century the Government of New South Wales began construction of naval fortifications in Sydney Harbour. However, security was generally lax. In November 1839 the USS Vincennes was able to slip into Sydney Harbour un-noticed under the cover of darkness, much to the surprise of Sydney-siders the following morning. As Sydney was the major base for the Royal Navy in Australia, the New South Wales Government had no incentive to create their own naval force. This sense of security ended with the outbreak of the Crimean War and in 1854 the government asked for tenders for the construction of a gunboat to assist in the defence of Sydney. The vessel was named HMCS Spitfire and was the first naval vessel completed by an Australian colonial government. Although modified from an existing boat, Spitfire was nevertheless the first warship to be constructed in Australia. Spitfire remained in service with the New South Wales colonial navy until 1859 when she was given to Queensland. |
spitfire;acheron;avernus;fort macquarie After the construction of Spitfire (launched 4 April 1855) the New South Wales Government took no further steps in developing a naval force until a naval brigade of 120 men was formed in 1863. There was strong support for the naval brigade and in 1864 it consisted of five companies, four in Sydney and one in Newcastle, with an overall strength of 200 men. The naval brigade headquarters was established at Fort Macquarie, where the Sydney Opera House today stands. Since Spitfire was sold to Queensland in 1859, the naval brigade had no ships of their own. This problem was not rectified until the late 1870s, when the government ordered the construction of two second class torpedo boats, Avernus and Acheron; these vessels were constructed in Sydney. |
wolverine;hms wolverine;hms In 1882, Wolverine was acquired from the Royal Navy. That year the New South Wales Naval Artillery Volunteers were formed as a citizen's auxiliary which would operated the guns on board any warship of the colony when required. HMS Wolverine was paid off in 1893 and the total number of vessels used by the Navy decreased over time as any perceived threat diminished. Meanwhile, the naval brigade continued to grow, however, and reached a total strength of 614 men at Federation. |
brisbane;paluma;great barrier reef;mosquito;chiswick;thornycroft One of the many outcomes of the Jervois-Scratchley reports was the formation of the Queensland Maritime Defence Force in 1883. Its purpose was to assist in the defence of Queensland's extensive coastline. To equip the new force the colonial government purchased two gunboats and a torpedo boat whilst port facilities and headquarters were established at Kangaroo Point, Brisbane. The gunboats Paluma and Gayundah were ordered from the shipyards of Armstrong, Mitchell and Company and featured a shallow draft capable of operating in the many bays and estuaries along the coast. Gayundah served as a training ship and conducted the first ship to shore radio transmissions in Australia whilst Paluma was loaned to the Royal Navy to carry out survey work on the Great Barrier Reef and along the Australian east coast. The torpedo boat Mosquito was ordered from Thornycroft of Chiswick. Mosquito was never commissioned, but was placed into service when required. |
maryborough;harbours;walkers limited;midge From this beginning further vessels were acquired to give Queensland the second largest fleet in the colonies behind Victoria. Five government hopper barges were modified to act as Auxiliary Gunboats. These ships were built by Walkers Limited in Maryborough and at 450 tons they appear to have been the largest warships built in the Australian colonies before federation. The ships had already been ordered for the Queensland Department of Harbours and Rivers when the decision was taken to convert them to also serve a military purpose. This resulted in the fitting of a 5-inch gun and the relocation of the boilers below the waterline. The torpedo launch Midge, mining tender Miner and patrol vessel Otter made up the rest of the Queensland vessels. The Queensland Government also established naval brigades in the major ports along the Queensland coast. |
moreton;moreton bay;easter The depression of the 1890s ruled out any further thoughts of expansion and greatly curtailed operations. Most of the vessels were placed in reserve only to be reactivated for annual training at Easter. Despite this, most went on to have long careers in both naval and private hands past World War II. The wrecks of many can still be seen around Moreton Bay today. |
francis pringle;wright's;townley;rn;the commander-in-chief;francis pringle taylor;pringle;commander-in-chief The Queensland Maritime Defence Force was not without controversy and difficulties. In October 1888, after a disagreement with the Queensland Government over conditions of service, Captain Henry Townley Wright, RN, commanding officer of Gayundah, was ordered to hand over to his second-in-command, Francis Pringle Taylor. Wright's response was to place his subordinate under arrest. He then coaled and provisioned the ship and threatened to sail her to Sydney. The Queensland Government ordered a police squad to relieve Captain Wright of his command. During the incident Captain Wright enquired from his gunner as to the best line of fire for his guns to hit Queensland Parliament House. The situation was eventually resolved. Of interest is the fact that, as Captain Wright had insisted, although Gayundah was the property of the Queensland government, it had, by Admiralty Warrant been accepted into Royal Navy service and thus as her captain he was only answerable to Rear-Admiral Fairfax the commander-in-chief of the Australian Station. |
brisbane;paluma;brisbane river The 1893 Brisbane flood ripped Paluma from her moorings and left her well above the high-water mark in the nearby Brisbane Botanic Gardens. As locals considered how to return one of the colony's most powerful and most expensive assets to the Brisbane River another major flood just two weeks later refloated the gunboat and she was pulled clear. |
william rooke;rooke;southern colonies;william rooke creswell;creswell Whilst these incidents may have been a source of mirth for those in the southern colonies it is important to note that Queensland officers went on to provide the backbone of the Commonwealth Naval Forces. In 1904, when a permanent Naval Board was established, it was Captain William Rooke Creswell of Queensland and previously South Australia who was appointed as the Director of the Commonwealth Naval Forces and First Naval Member. At this time, 49% of the new force's officers had served with the Queensland Maritime Defence Force. |
navies;jervois;william jervois In the 1880s South Australia began initial steps towards the establishment of a naval force. Sir William Jervois, then governor of South Australia, was the strongest advocate for a colonial navy. September 1884 saw the arrival of the 920 ton ship Protector, at the time the most advanced ship in any of the colonial navies. |
the boxer;boxer rebellion;tasmania;tb Protector was transferred to the Commonwealth in 1901, she also served in China during the Boxer Rebellion. The South Australian government also created a naval brigade to support the Protector. In 1905 the South Australian government negotiated the purchase of TB 191 from Tasmania, this ship was purchased as a torpedo boat and would allow the navy to use its Whitehead torpedoes which had been purchased many years earlier. |
tasmania Tasmania |
the vessel;tb;diemen's;hobart;van diemen's land;the tasmanian;the convict;tasmania;eliza;armed schooner During the mid-1830s, the colony of Van Diemen's Land constructed and operated the armed schooner Eliza. The vessel was built at Port Arthur and was operated by the Convict Marine Service, carrying out anti-piracy patrols as well as helping to maintain the security of the penal settlement. In 1883, Tasmania purchased the second-class torpedo boat TB 191. The ship arrived in Hobart on 1 May 1884 and remained in Tasmania, operated by the Tasmanian Torpedo Corps, until it was transferred to South Australia in 1905. |
tasmania The Colony of Victoria commenced construction of its first armed vessel in 1853, Victoria which was launched on 30 June 1855 and arrived in Victoria on 31 May 1856. Victoria carried out a large variety of tasks during its life, including taking part in the New Zealand Wars, assisting in the search for Burke and Wills, delivering the first trout eggs to Tasmania, as well as numerous surveying and rescue tasks. |
sandridge;williamstown The Victorian Naval Forces comprised the permanent force known as the Victorian Navy, and a 300-strong Victorian Naval Brigade consisting of the Williamstown Division and the Sandridge (Port Melbourne) Division. Combined the Victorian Navy and the Victorian Naval Brigade were known as the Victorian Naval Forces. |
hmvs;cerberus;hmvs cerberus Following the success of Victoria, the Victorian colonial government ordered an ironclad ship, HMVS Cerberus and was gifted the composite steam-sail warship, Nelson. |
turnabout;lonsdale;childers;nepean;hopetoun In 1884 several more warships were purchased by Victoria, these included the first-class torpedo boat Childers and second-class torpedo boats Lonsdale, and Nepean and the third-class gunboats Victoria and Albert. In 1886 the turnabout torpedo boat Gordon was acquired. In 1892, the first-class torpedo boat, Countess of Hopetoun arrived in Victoria. |
fawkner;gannet To supplement the ships of the permanent force a number of government vessels were modified so as to serve as gunboats or torpedo boats. The hopper barges Batman and Fawkner were modified so as to mount a six-inch breech-loading gun at the bow of each ship. Two machine guns were also fitted. Strengthening of the bow, the fitting of a magazine, shell room, crew quarters and some armour protection for the crew added two more gunboats to the fleet. A compressor fitted to Fawkner meant that the torpedo boats could be serviced at sea. The tug boat Gannet and steamer Lady Loch were likewise modified. |
port phillip Supporting the Victorian Naval Forces were the fortifications located at the entrance to Port Phillip Bay and other sites around the bay. In the years leading up to Federation the Victorian Naval Forces were considered the most powerful of all the colonial naval forces. |
fremantle harbour;fremantle Western Australia did not operate a colonial navy in the years before federation. Since Western Australia did not achieve self-government until 1890, the colony was forbidden from operating its own naval vessels under the Colonial Naval Defence Act 1865. However, in 1879 a militia unit, known as the Fremantle Naval Artillery was formed to assist in the defence of Fremantle Harbour. The naval artillery unit was made up of ex-Royal Navy men and merchant seamen of good character. |
fremantle harbour;fremantle The unit was equipped with two brass 6-pounder field guns; these guns had no limbers, restricting their movement. These guns hindered the primary function of the naval artillery, which was to provide a mobile shore battery for the defence of Fremantle Harbour. In 1889 these guns were replaced by two 9-pounder guns, complete with limbers and wagons. The Fremantle Naval Artillery was eventually disbanded and reformed as the Fremantle Artillery Volunteers. |
east indies station;imogene;zebra;alligator;hyacinth;rattlesnake;east indies;pelorus In the years that followed the settlement of Australia in 1788 the Royal Navy did not maintain a permanent force in the new colony. The new Port Jackson colony was placed under the protection of the East Indies Station, vessels were detached occasionally to visit the new colony. From 1821 the Royal Navy maintained a permanent man-of-war in the colony. Over the next 20 years the vessels based on Port Jackson included the sixth rates Alligator, Caroline, Conway, Imogene, and Rattlesnake, and the sloops Hyacinth, Pelorus and Zebra. |
loring;east indies;the commander-in-chief;william loring;commander-in-chief On 25 March 1859 Captain William Loring of Iris was authorised to hoist a commodore's blue pennant and to assume command as senior officer of Her Majesty's Ships on the Australia Station. This new command was independent of the Commander-in-chief, East Indies. |
navies;deakin;alfred deakin The colonies maintained control over their respective navies until 1 March 1901, when the Commonwealth Naval Force was created. Initially, like the colonial forces that proceeded it, this new force also lacked ocean-going ships, and its creation did not lead to an immediate change in Australian naval policy. In 1909, Prime Minister Alfred Deakin, while attending the Imperial Conference in London, sought the British Government's agreement to end the subsidy system and develop an Australian navy. The [[Admiralty (United Kingdom) |
hmas;hmas australia;deakin |Admiralty]] rejected these approaches, suggesting instead that a small fleet of destroyers and submarines would suffice. Deakin was unimpressed and had previously invited the American Great White Fleet to visit Australia in 1908. This visit had fired public enthusiasm for a modern navy and in part led to the order of two 700-ton River-class destroyers. The surge in German naval construction prompted the Admiralty to change their position in 1909 and the Royal Australian Navy was subsequently formed in 1911. On 4 October 1913, the new fleet steamed through Sydney Heads, consisting of the battlecruiser HMAS Australia, three light cruisers, and three destroyers, while several other ships were still under construction. As a consequence the navy entered the First World War as a formidable force. |
colin graham;gillett;rigby Gillett, Ross; Colin Graham (1977). Warships of Australia. Rigby Limited. ISBN 0-7270-0472-7. |
macdougall Macdougall, A. (1991). Australians at War: A Pictorial History. The Five Mile Press. ISBN 1-86503-865-2. |