FM
stringclasses 43
values | page
int64 1
477
| text
stringlengths 6
8.45k
|
|---|---|---|
3-13 | 91 | Chapter 9
Brigade and Below Information Operations
9-1. IO integration and synchronization activities are essential to mission success at all levels. At brigade
and below, units synchronize fewer IRCs but their effects are more immediate and, proportionately, more
integral to achieving unit objectives. Brigade and below and especially small-unit operations require Soldiers
to be ready and capable of effectively engaging the local populace while part of patrols, convoys, and tactical
actions. Brigade and below operations also take advantage of effects being achieved by IRCs at higher levels
and makes them relevant to a unit’s area of operations.
9-2. As an example, IO considerations during patrols expand the purpose of patrols beyond combat
operations and reconnaissance. Patrols always create effects in the information environment. In addition to
gathering information, patrols can execute psychological actions, deliver messages, disseminate information,
and influence target audiences through presence and direct interaction. Lower-echelon units must therefore
shape this presence to reinforce the commander’s intent. Their presence is further shaped and amplified
through the use of available higher-echelon IRCs, such as military information support operations (MISO),
public affairs, and civil affairs operations. Individual Soldiers must be able to engage the local population
and deliver messages in such a way that they influence target and audience behavior in accordance with
objectives.
PRESENCE, PROFILE, AND POSTURE
9-3. Presence, profile and posture are interrelated terms that define and describe a unit's visual, aural, and
oral presentation to others. Everything a unit or Soldier does speaks, in some manner, to those who witness
or hear it. Presence, profile and posture are an active means by which units can shape sentiments through
physical, visual, and audible actions.
PRESENCE
9-4. Presence, the act of being physically present, always sends a message. Presence can be menacing or
reassuring, depending on the situation. Absence, or the lack of presence, can create perceptions that work for
or against the unit’s aims. Being very conscious and deliberate about being present or absent can be a
powerful form of influence and should not be left to chance. Once units determine that presence is required,
or that there is no choice but to be present, how they convey that presence is important. Both profile and
posture address the way that units, patrols, and Soldiers are present.
PROFILE
9-5. Profile is about the degree of presence, both in terms of quantity and quality. Quantity is reflected in
how much a unit is present, as in its footprint or task organization. Quality speaks to the nature of that
presence, as in its current capability, as well as its reputation.
9-6. During the conduct of offensive- and defensive-focused operations, a unit tends to optimize its profile,
not simply in number of forces but in terms of all assets or effects it can bring to bear. Here is where an
information-related capability (IRC) like military deception can play a significant role. It allows commanders
to make their force appear larger or more substantial than it is. In contrast, during stability-focused operations,
the aim is often to keep one’s profile to a minimum—to conduct an operation with the smallest force
necessary to ensure force protection but not appear unduly threatening. Therefore, a unit’s profile may be
both minimized and optimized through partnership efforts with local national security forces. |
3-13 | 92 | Chapter 9
9-7. Quality of presence significantly affects perceptions or sentiments, either positively or negatively, and
requires continual vigilance. Soldiers and leaders must be conscious of their personal profile and actively
work to build and preserve their credibility.
POSTURE
9-8. Posture is an expression of attitude. Whether active or passive, threatening or non-threatening, or
defensive or welcoming. Posture dictates how units or Soldiers appear to others and how they act towards
them.
9-9. Posture is determined by the operational environment and necessity. For example, if force protection
is paramount, a unit might decide to wear full protection and appear more aggressive in its stance and
movements. If persuading the local population to support an upcoming change to the way biometrics are
gathered is paramount, a unit might decide to wear soft hats and no body armor.
9-10. The relationship between posture and profile enables one to counterbalance the other. A unit at a
numerical disadvantage can compensate through an aggressive posture. Conversely, a unit with more than
enough forces can soften its posture, appropriate to the situation.
SOLDIER AND LEADER ENGAGEMENTS
9-11. Like presence, profile and posture, Soldier and leader engagement (SLE) is an IRC that every unit
inherently has at its disposal and for which it is responsible to employ. Patrols conduct deliberate SLE as part
of their mission but must be ready to conduct dynamic SLEs; that is, unplanned engagements with local
audiences with whom they come in contact during the routine conduct of the patrol. While these interactions
may be impromptu, they still benefit from prior planning and training. Themes, messages, and talking points
provide Soldiers with the necessary guidance to communicate with target audiences, whether deliberately
engaged or inadvertently encountered.
9-12. Planning for dynamic SLEs is integral to planning the patrol. It involves anticipating individuals and
groups that the patrol might encounter and developing appropriate response scenarios. Further, it involves
reviewing and, to the extent necessary, memorizing the commander’s intent, desired end state and narrative,
and the messages and talking points that support them. Perhaps most important of all, it means having
Soldiers rehearse the response scenarios to a point where they can engage local foreign audiences with
confidence, competence, and nuance.
LEVERAGING OTHER IRCS
9-13. At the brigade level, the S3 coordinates with IRC experts and other members on the staff to support
tactical-level operations and produce desired effects in and through the information environment. These
capabilities are generally requested through the target nomination process and coordinated with the higher
headquarters. Common IRCs include, but are not limited to:
* MISO.
* Civil Affairs Operations.
* Combat Camera.
* Electronic Warfare.
* Space Operations.
* Cyberspace operations.
* Military Deception.
* Special Technical Operations.
MILITARY INFORMATION SUPPORT OPERATIONS (MISO)
9-14. A MISO detachment typically supports a brigade combat team. The detachment commander and non-
commissioned officer in charge serve on the brigade combat team staff as planners and coordinators of
influence activities. They employ subordinate tactical teams to conduct engagement activities, execute |
3-13 | 93 | Brigade and Below Information Operations
psychological actions, deliver messages, use loudspeakers for message delivery and tactical military
deception, and for collecting information on the operational environment. Product development and
production is a company-level and above function and requires coordination for dedicated support or tailored
messages and are subject to applicable or required authorities within the given area of operations.
CIVIL AFFAIRS OPERATIONS
9-15. When planning a patrol, consideration must be given to civil affairs operations that may be ongoing or
recently completed in the area that the patrol will occur. Spotlighting or reinforcing these operations, whether
through talking points or by presence at the project site, can help reinforce their benefits.
9-16. Civil affairs operations units often develop novelty items that resonate with indigenous audiences, such
as school supplies, radios, and sports equipment or apparel. Patrols can employ these items to increase the
effects of their engagements and interactions favorably. Commanders can facilitate the development and use
of these items by providing access to funding sources and implementing streamlined approval processes.
However, these items simply provide the venue to engage an audience and deliver the desired message. They
are not the sole purpose of Soldier and leader engagements.
COMBAT CAMERA
9-17. Combat camera provides several benefits to patrols. First, combat camera can record engagements for
historical purposes. Second, combat camera images can be used for future public affairs or MISO products.
They can also be used to counter threat propaganda. If combat camera assets are not available, units can
designate one or more Soldiers to use unit-issued or personal cameras; however, the unit must have a
procedure in place for the review, clearance, and disposition of any images taken.
TECHNICAL AND SPECIAL CAPABILITIES
9-18. Electronic warfare assets can be coordinated to support operations by jamming, broadcasting, or
spoofing to gain information environment effects that support and reinforce maneuver actions. Space assets
can be requested to assist with reconnaissance, surveillance, communications, and imagery support. Requests
for assets may have to go through the S-2 or S-6, depending on the specific capability and its intended use.
9-19. Tactical military deceptions can be employed to influence a threat decision maker to take actions that
give the friendly force a position of relative advantage. Special technical operations can be employed to
create effects within the unit’s area of operations that cannot be accomplished by available assets or that
would cause too great a risk. Effects in cyberspace may be requested to protect, exploit, or deny the threat
the ability to collect or disseminate information in and through cyberspace. |
3-13 | 95 | Appendix A
IO Input to Operation Plans and Orders
A-1. Commanders and staffs use Appendix 15 (Information Operations) to Annex C (Operations) to
operation plans and orders to describe how information operations (IO) will support operations described
in the base plan or order. The IO officer is the staff officer responsible for this appendix.
A-2. The Appendix 15 (Figure A-1) that appears on pages A-2 through A-4 is a guide and should not limit
the information contained in an actual Appendix 15. Appendix 15 should be specific to the operation being
conducted; thus, the content of actual Appendix 15s will vary greatly. |
3-13 | 96 | Appendix A
Figure A-1. Appendix 15 (IO) to Annex C (Operations) |
3-13 | 97 | Appendix A
Figure A-1. Appendix 15 (IO) to Annex C (Operations) (continued) |
3-13 | 98 | Appendix A
Figure A-1. Appendix 15 (IO) to Annex C (Operations) (continued) |
3-13 | 99 | Glossary
SECTION I – ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
AGM Attack guidance matrix
C2 command and control
CCIRs commander’s critical information requirements
CO cyberspace operations
COA course of action
CP command post
D3A decide, detect, deliver, and assess
EEFI essential elements of friendly information
EW electronic warfare
FRAGORD fragmentary order
G-1 assistant chief of staff, personnel
G-2 assistant chief of staff, intelligence
G-3 assistant chief of staff, operations
G-4 assistant chief of staff, logistics
G-5 assistant chief of staff, plans
G-6 assistant chief of staff, signal
G-9 assistant chief of staff, civil affairs operations
HPT high-payoff target
HVT high-value target
IPB intelligence preparation of the battlefield
IO information operations
IR information requirement
IRC information-related capability
MDMP military decisionmaking process
MISO military information support operations
OPLAN operation plan
OPORD operation order
OPSEC operations security
PSYOP psychological operations
WARNORD warning order
SECTION II – TERMS
combat power
(Army) The total means of destructive, constructive, and information capabilities that a military unit or
formation can apply at a given time. (ADRP 3-0) |
3-13 | 100 | Glossary
commander’s communication synchronization
A process to coordinate and synchronize narratives, themes, messages, images, operations, and actions
to ensure their integrity and consistency to the lowest tactical level across all relevant communication
activities. Also called CCS. (JP 3-61)
commander’s critical information requirement
An information requirement identified by the commander as being critical to facilitating timely
decision making. Also called CCIR. (JP 3-0)
commander’s intent
A clear and concise expression of the purpose of the operation and the desired military end state that
supports mission command, provides focus to the staff, and helps subordinate and supporting
commanders act to achieve the commander’s desired results without further orders, even when the
operation does not unfold as planned. (JP 3-0)
concept of operations
(Army) A statement that directs the manner in which subordinate units cooperate to accomplish that
mission and establish the sequence of actions the force will use to achieve the end state. (ADRP 5-0)
cyberspace
A global domain within the information environment consisting of the interdependent networks of
information technology infrastructures and resident data, including the Internet, telecommunications
networks, computer systems, and embedded processors and controllers. (JP 3-12)
cyberspace operations
The employment of cyberspace capabilities where the primary purpose is to achieve objectives in or
through cyberspace. Also called CO. (JP 3-0)
decisive action
The continuous, simultaneous combinations of offensive, defensive, and stability or defense support of
civil authorities tasks. (ADRP 3-0)
end state
The set of required conditions that defines achievement of the commander’s objectives. (JP 3-0)
essential element of friendly information
(Army) A critical aspect of a friendly operation that, if known by the enemy, would subsequently
compromise, lead to failure, or limit success of the operation and therefore should be protected from
enemy detection. Also called EEFI. (ADRP 5-0)
indicator
(Army) In the context of assessment, an item of information that provides insight into a measure of
effectiveness or measure of performance. (ADRP 5-0)
information environment
The aggregate of individuals, organizations, and systems that collect, process, dissseminate, or act on
information. (JP 3-13)
*information fratricide
Adverse effects on the information environment resulting from a failure to effectively synchronize the
employment of multiple information-related capabilities which may impede the conduct of friendly
operations or adversely affect friendly forces.
information operations
The integrated employment, during military operations, of information-related capabilities in concert
with other lines of operation to influence, disrupt, corrupt, or usurp the decision-making of adversaries
and potential adversaries while protecting our own. Also called IO. (JP 3-13) |
3-13 | 101 | Glossary
information-related capability
A tool, technique, or activity employed within a dimension of the information environment that can be
used to create effects and operationally desirable conditions. Also called IRC. (JP 3-13).
line of effort
(Army) A line that links multiple tasks using the logic of purpose rather than geographical reference to
focus efforts toward establishing operational and strategic conditions. Also called LOE. (ADRP 3-0)
line of operations
(Army) A line that defines the directional orientation of a force in time and space in relation to the
enemy and links the force with its base of operations and objectives. (ADRP 3-0)
measure of effectiveness
(DOD) A criterion used to assess changes in system behavior, capability, or operational environment
that is tied to measuring the attainment of an end state, achievement of an objective, or creation of an
effect. Also called MOE. (JP 3-0)
measure of performance
(DOD) A criterion used to assess friendly actions that is tied to measuring task accomplishment. Also
called MOP. (JP 3-0)
message
A narrowly focused communication directed at a specific audience to support a specific theme. Also
called MSG. (JP 3-61)
military deception
Actions executed to deliberately mislead adversary military, paramilitary, or violent extremist
organization decision makers, thereby causing the adversary to take specific actions (or inactions) that
will contribute to the accomplishment of the friendly mission. (JP 3-13.4)
mission command
(Army) The exercise of authority and direction by the commander using mission orders to enable
disciplined initiative within the commander’s intent to empower agile and adaptive leaders in the
conduct of unified land operations. (ADP 6-0)
narrative
Overarching expression of context and desired results. (JDN 2-13)
operational environment
A composite of the conditions, circumstances, and influences that affect the employment of
capabilities and bear on the decisions of the commander. Also called OE. (JP 3-0)
planning
The art and science of understanding a situation, envisioning a desired future, and laying out effective
ways of bringing that future about. (ADP 5-0)
running estimate
The continuous assessment of the current situation used to determine if the current operation is
proceeding according to the commander’s intent and if planned future operations are supportable.
(ADP 5-0)
*Soldier and leader engagement
Interpersonal Service-member interactions with audiences in an area of operations. Also called SLE.
targeting
(DOD) The process of selecting and prioritizing targets and matching the appropriate response to them,
considering operational requirements and capabilities. (JP 3-0) |
3-13 | 102 | Glossary
terrain management
The process of allocating terrain by establishing areas of operation, designating assembly areas, and
specifying locations for units and activities to deconflict activities that might interfere with each other.
(ADRP 5-0)
theme
Unifying idea or intention that supports the narrative and is designed for broad application to achieve
specific objectives. (JDN 2-13) |
3-13 | 103 | References
All URLs accessed on 9 September 2016.
REQUIRED PUBLICATIONS
These documents must be available to intended users of this publication.
Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms. 15 October 2016.
ADRP 1-02. Terms and Military Symbols. 16 November 2016.
RELATED PUBLICATIONS
These documents contain relevant supplemental information.
JOINT PUBLICATIONS
Most joint publications are available online: http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/new_pubs/jointpub.htm
JDN 2-13. Commander’s Communication Synchronization. 16 December 2013.
JP 3-0. Joint Operations. 11 August 2011.
JP 3-12. Cyberspace Operations. 5 February 2013. This publication is available at
https://jdeis.js.mil/jdeis/index.jsp?pindex=2
JP 3-13. Information Operations. 27 November 2012.
JP 3-13.4. Military Deception. 26 January 2012.
JP 5-0. Joint Operation Planning. 11 August 2011.
JP 3-60. Joint Targeting. 31 January 2013
JP 3-61. Public Affairs. 17 November 2015.
ARMY PUBLICATIONS
Most Army doctrinal publications are available online: http://armypubs.army.mil/
ADP 5-0. The Operations Process. 17 May 2012.
ADP 6-0. Mission Command. 17 May 2012.
ADRP 3-0. Unified Land Operations. 16 May 2012.
ADRP 5-0. The Operations Process. 17 May 2012.
AR 350-2. Operational Environment and Opposing Force Program. 19 May 2015.
AR 380-5.Department of the Army Information Security Program. 29 September 2000.
ATP 2-01.3. Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield. 10 November 2014.
ATP 3-60. Targeting. 7 May 2015.
ATP 3-60.1. Dynamic Targeting, Multi-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Dynamic
Targeting. {MCRP 3-16D; NTTP 3-60.1; AFTTP 3-2.3} 10 September 2015.
ATP 3-90.1. Armor and Mechanized Infantry Company Team. 27 January 2016.
ATP 3-90.37. Countering Improvised Explosive Devices. 29 July 2014.
ATP 5-0.1. Army Design Methodology. 1 July 2015.
ATP 5-19. Risk Management. 14 April 2014.
FM 6-0. Commander and Staff Organization and Operations. 5 May 2014.
FM 27-10. The Law of Land Warfare. 18 July 1956. |
3-13 | 104 | References
RECOMMENDED READINGS
ADP 3-0 Unified Land Operations. 10 October 2011.
ADRP 6-0. Mission Command. 17 May 2012.
FM 6-02. Signal Support to Operations. 22 January 2014.
FM 7-100.1. Opposing Force Operations. 27 December 2004.
TC 7-100. Hybrid Threat. 26 November 2010.
TC 7-100.2. Opposing Force Tactics. 9 December 2011.
TC 7-100.3. Irregular Opposing Forces. 17 January 2014.
TC 7-100.4. Hybrid Threat Force Structure Organizational Guide. 4 June 2015.
OTHER PUBLICATIONS
Assessing and Evaluating Department of Defense Efforts to Inform, Influence, and Persuade: Desk
Reference. Copyright © 2015. Christopher Paul, Jessica Yeats, Colin P. Clarke, & Miriam
Matthews. RAND National Defense Research Institute.
http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR800/RR809z1/RAND_RR80
9z1.pdf
Assessing and Evaluating Department of Defense Efforts to Inform, Influence, and Persuade:
Handbook for Practitioners. Copyright © 2015. Christopher Paul, Jessica Yeats, Colin P.
Clarke, & Miriam Matthews. RAND National Defense Research Institute.
http://comm.eval.org/HigherLogic/System/DownloadDocumentFile.ashx?DocumentFileKey=
45b2d092-0c76-4a81-a13a-f1f0087c2dce
Assessing and Evaluating Department of Defense Efforts to Inform, Influence, and Persuade: An
Annotated Reading List. Copyright © 2015. Christopher Paul, Jessica Yeats, Colin P. Clarke,
& Miriam Matthews. RAND National Defense Research Institute.
http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR800/RR809z3/RAND_RR80
9z3.pdf
Dominating Duffer’s Domain: Lessons for the 21st-Century Information Operations Practitioner
(Report written for the Marine Corps Information Operations Center) Copyright © 2015.
Christopher Paul and William Marcellino. RAND National Defense Research Institute.
PRESCRIBED FORMS
None
REFERENCED FORMS
Unless otherwise indicated, DA Forms are available on the Army Publishing Directorate (APD) web
site: http://armypubs.army.mil.
DA Form 2028. Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms. |
3-13 | 105 | Index
Entries are by paragraph number.
1st Information Operations 7-10—7-11, 7-13, 7-16, 7-23, 7- 3-10—3-12, 3-16, 3-20, 4-2, 4-
Command (Land), 3-21—3-22 27, 7-36, 7-38, 7-40, 7-42, 8- 9, 5-2, 5-16, 5-21, 5-30, 6-1—6-
1—8-4, 8-8—8-10, 8-18, 8-21, 9, 6-18, 6-25—6-26, 7-3, 7-23,
A 8-23, 8-30, 9-2, 9-6, 9-12, 9-14, 7-30, 8-9
Appendix 15, 4-70, 4-153, A-1— 9-16, A-1
L
A-2
D
logic of the effort, 8-11, 8-14, 8-
army design methodology, 4-8, 4-
decisive action, 1-1, 2-1—2-4, 2- 24, 8-33
2
12
M
Army-Joint Relationships, 1-27—
E
1-28 MDMP, 4-2, 4-4, 4-9, 4-18, 4-21,
assessment, 1-12, 1-15, 1-24—1- execution, 1-12, 1-15, 1-24—1-26, 4-24, 4-27—4-29, 4-66, 4-92, 4-
26, 2-3, 2-12, 3-2—3-3, 3-6, 3- 2-3, 2-12, 3-21, 3-25, 3-29—3- 108, 6-30, 7-4, 7-10, 7-25
18, 3-21—3-22, 3-25—3-27, 3- 30, 4-9, 4-15, 4-21, 4-28, 4-41, measure of effectiveness, 1-26, 8-
29, 3-31, 3-33—3-39, 4-11, 4- 4-56, 4-61, 4-70, 4-97, 5-15, 5- 20, 8-27, 8-29
15—4-17, 4-21—4-23, 4-26, 4- 18, 5-22, 5-25, 5-32, 6-1—6-2,
measure of performance, 8-26—
41, 4-49, 4-52, 4-54, 4-61, 4-90, 6-10—6-11, 6-16—6-26, 6-29—
8-27, 8-29
4-94—4-95, 4-103—4-106, 5-4, 6-30, 6-34—6-36, 7-2, 7-34, 7-
5-14, 6-11, 6-14—6-16, 6-18, 6- 37, 7-40, 8-7—8-8, 8-26 mission analysis, 4-26, 4-29—4-
30, 4-32, 4-38, 4-51, 4-57, 4-66,
22, 6-26, 6-32, 7-16, 7-18, 7-
I
4-71, 4-78—4-79, 4-94, 4-96, 7-
27—7-28, 7-37, 7-42, 8-1—8-5,
8-9—8-13, 8-16—8-21, 8-25 indicators, 3-37—3-38, 6-16, 8-17, 11, 7-30
8-19, 8-29—8-31, 8-33 mission command, 1-1, 1-39—1-
B
information environment, 1-3, 1- 41, 3-26, 3-42, 4-36, 4-50—4-
brigade and below, 3-12, 4-43, 9-1 9—1-15, 1-18, 1-21—1-23, 1- 51, 4-72, 4-98, 4-106, 6-18, 6-
25, 1-27—1-29, 1-33, 1-36—1- 28, 6-32, 8-2
C
39, 1-41—1-43, 1-45, 2-2—2-
O
combat camera, 1-14, 2-10, 3-19, 10, 2-12—2-16, 2-20, 3-1—3-3,
4-116, 6-35, 7-45, 9-13, 9-17 3-9, 3-12—3-13, 3-18, 3-25, 3- operational environment, 1-3—1-
combat power, 1-1, 1-2, 1-5, 1-29, 28, 3-33, 3-37, 4-6—4-7, 4- 9, 1-11, 1-40, 2-14, 3-40, 4-3,
1-37, 1-46, 2-1, 3-3, 4-8, 4-71, 10—4-11, 4-15, 4-17, 4-20, 4- 4-5, 4-7—4-8, 4-35, 4-40, 8-1,
4-79, 4-81—4-83, 5-28, 7-17 27, 4-32—4-35, 4-37, 4-43—4- 8-20, 9-9, 9-14
44, 4-47, 4-52, 4-67, 4-72, 4-80,
combined information overlays, 2- P
4-84, 4-100, 4-108, 4-114, 5-3,
15, 3-14, 3-40, 4-35
5-7, 5-14, 5-19, 5-21, 5-23, 5- planning, 1-11—1-12, 1-15, 1-17,
command posts, 6-10 26, 5-28—5-31, 6-3, 6-9, 7-1, 7- 1-24—1-25, 1-36, 1-42, 2-3, 2-
commander, 1-1—1-3, 1-10—1- 39, 7-42, 8-4, 8-13—8-15, 8-17, 12—2-13, 3-2—3-3, 3-7, 3-17—
11, 1-13—1-15, 1-17, 1-19, 1- 8-19, 8-23—8-24, 9-2, 9-13, 9- 3-18, 3-21, 3-25, 3-29—3-31, 3-
21—1-24, 1-27—1-29, 1-31, 1- 18 33—3-39, 3-42, 4-1—4-4, 4-7,
33—1-34, 1-36, 1-40—1-41, 1- information operations, 1-2, 1-12, 4-9—4-10, 4-15—4-19, 4-21—
46, 2-1—2-4, 2-12—2-13, 2-15, 1-15, 1-17 4-22, 4-24, 4-26—4-28, 4-31, 4-
2-18, 3-1—3-3, 3-8—3-9, 3- 40, 4-55, 4-61, 4-69, 4-73—4-
14—3-15, 3-19—3-20, 3-38, 3- information overlays, 2-15, 3-14, 75, 4-79—4-80, 4-100, 4-109,
43, 4-1—4-5, 4-8—4-11, 4-16— 3-40, 4-35 4-122—4-123, 4-126, 5-4, 5-
4-17, 4-19, 4-24—4-26, 4-28— information-related capability, 1- 10—5-11, 5-13, 5-15, 5-17, 5-
4-30, 4-39—4-40, 4-43, 4-45— 14, 9-6 19, 5-22, 6-2, 6-16, 6-12, 6-31,
4-47, 4-49, 4-52—4-58, 4-61— intelligence preparation of the 6-35, 7-2, 7-4, 7-21, 7-24—7-
4-66, 4-68—4-69, 4-71—4-74, battlefield, 3-13, 4-9, 4-32, 7-12 25, 8-5—8-6, 8-11, 8-13—8-14,
4-79, 4-82, 4-88, 4-93—4-94, 4- 8-16, 8-21, 9-11—9-12, 9-15
IO, 1-36, 2-13, 3-3, 3-7, 3-29, 3-
97—4-98, 4-101—4-102, 4- preparation, 2-3, 2-12, 3-13, 3-21,
33—3-35, 4-2, 4-7, 4-9, 4-15, 4-
104—4-109, 4-111, 4-122—4- 3-32, 4-9, 4-15, 4-22, 4-56, 4-
17, 4-21, 4-40, 4-61, 4-73, 6-35,
124, 4-126, 5-4, 5-7—5-9, 5- 114, 4-120, 4-123, 5-1—5-2, 5-
7-21
28—5-29, 5-31, 6-2—6-4, 6-6, 4—5-11, 5-14—5-19, 5-22, 5-
6-9, 6-16, 6-23, 6-26, 6-29—6-
IO working group, 1-24—1-26, 1-
5—5-28, 5-30, 6-11, 6-35, 7-2
31, 6-35—6-36, 7-1, 7-4—7-6, 28, 2-16, 2-19—2-20, 3-4—3-8, |
3-13 | 106 | Index
Presence, Profile, and Posture, 9- 73, 4-76, 4-79, 4-82—4-87, 4- 116, 4-123, 5-1, 5-14, 6-
3—9-10 92, 4-96, 4-111—4-112, 4-115, 15—6-17, 6-21, 6-26, 6-35,
4-117, 4-119, 4-122, 4-126, 5- 7-15—7-16, 7-18, 7-24, 7-
R
4—5-5, 5-7, 5-11, 5-13, 5-16, 5- 26, 8-12, 8-15, 8-21, 8-24,
range of military operations, 1-1, 18, 5-22, 6-1—6-4, 6-6, 6-8, 6- officer, 1-26, 1-28, 1-45, 2-
1-16, 1-29 16, 6-25, 6-31, 6-35—6-36, 7-1, 12—2-13, 2-15—2-20, 3-1—
running estimate, 4-16—4-18, 4- 7-6, 7-17, 7-19, 7-24, 7-28, 7- 3-4, 3-6—3-7, 3-9, 3-11—3-
20, 4-22, 4-24, 4-37, 4-40, 4-48, 36—7-37, 8-2—8-4, 8-9—8-10, 17, 3-20—3-21, 4-2, 4-9—4-
4-68, 4-71, 4-85, 4-115, 5-9 8-23, 9-13—9-14, A-1 10, 4-13—4-14, 4-16—4-24,
4-27—4-30, 4-32—4-37, 4-
S T 39—4-44, 4-46—4-49, 4-51,
scheme of IO, 2-18, 2-20, 3-7, 3- target synchronization matrix, 7-4, 4-53, 4-57, 4-61—4-62, 4-
11, 3-14, 3-20, 4-9—4-10, 4-13, 7-9, 7-29, 7-35, 7-39, 7-41 64—4-66, 4-68, 4-70, 4-72,
4-41, 4-46, 4-79, 4-85, 4-91—4- targeting, , 2-20, 3-14, 3-36, 4-9, 4-75—4-76, 4-78—4-80, 4-
92, 4-93—4-97, 4-107—4-108, 4-29, 4-74, 4-94, 4-98, 5-11, 5- 82—4-83, 4-85—4-97, 4-
4-112, 4-116—4-117, 4-122— 16, 6-3, 6-5, 6-19, 6-25, 7-1—7- 100—4-110, 4-112—4-121,
4-124, 6-26, 7-17, 8-7 4, 7-10—7-11, 7-13—7-16, 7- 4-124—4-127, 5-2—5-3, 5-
Soldier and leader engagements, 18—7-20, 7-24—7-25, 7-28—7- 5, 5-7, 5-9—5-13, 5-15—5-
3-43, 8-32, 9-11—9-12, 9-16 30, 7-33, 7-35—7-36, 7-38, 7- 18, 5-20, 5-22—5-23, 5-25,
42, 7-44—7-46, 8-1 5-28—5-32, 6-2, 6-8—6-10,
staffs, 1-10—1-11, 1-14, 1-17, 1- 6-13, 6-15—6-23, 6-25—6-
20, 1-24, 1-26, 1-28, 1-41, 2- targeting cycle, , 6-19, 7-1 26, 6-29—6-33, 7-1, 7-3, 7-
3—2-4, 2-12, 2-16, 3-1—3-2, 3- targeting methodology, , 7-2 6, 7-10—7-12, 7-14—7-22,
4—3-12, 3-15, 3-19—3-20, 3- theater information operations 7-24—7-28, 7-30—7-32, 7-
37, 4-1—4-2, 4-4—4-5, 4-10, 4- group, 3-21, 3-31 37—7-39, 7-41, 7-43, 8-9, 8-
12—4-13, 4-16, 4-19, 4-26, 4- objectives, 3-7, 3-15, 4-9—4- 12, 8-22—8-23, 8-31—8-32,
29—4-30, 4-32, 4-40—4-43, 4- 15, 4-42, 4-44, 4-51, 4-70, A-1
47, 4-49, 4-52—4-53, 4-55, 4-
4-74, 4-79, 4-88, 4-91—4-
58—4-61, 4-65—4-66, 4-71—4-
93, 4-105, 4-107, 4-115—4- |
3-13 | 107 | FM 3-13
6 December 2016
By order of the Secretary of the Army:
MARK A. MILLEY
General, United States Army
Chief of Staff
Official:
GERALD B. O’KEEFE
Administrative Assistant to the
Secretary of the Army
1634003
DISTRIBUTION:
Active Army, Army National Guard, and U.S. Army Reserve: To be distributed in accordance with |
3-52 | 1 | FM 3-52
AIRSPACE CONTROL
OCTOBER 2016
DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
This publication supersedes FM 3-52, dated February 2013. |
3-52 | 2 | This publication is available at the Army Publishing
Directorate site (http://www.apd.army.mil),
and the Central Army Registry site |
3-52 | 3 | *FM 3-52
Headquarters
Field Manual
Department of the Army
No. 3-52
Washington, D.C. 20 October 2016
Airspace Control
Contents
Page
PREFACE.............................................................................................................. iii
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... iv
Chapter 1 AIRSPACE CONTROL OPERATIONAL CONTEXT......................................... 1-1
Unified Land Operations and Unified Action ...................................................... 1-1
Airspace in Operational Environments ............................................................... 1-1
Joint Airspace Control ........................................................................................ 1-3
Theater Air-Ground System................................................................................ 1-3
Methods of Control ............................................................................................. 1-4
Airspace Control and Mission Command ........................................................... 1-4
Airspace Control and the Operations Process ................................................... 1-5
Chapter 2 AIRSPACE CONTROL IN OPERATIONS ......................................................... 2-1
Airspace Control Integration ............................................................................... 2-1
Airspace Control Principles ................................................................................ 2-1
Army Air-Ground System .................................................................................... 2-2
Airspace Responsibilities by Echelon and Role ................................................. 2-4
Joint Air Ground Integration Center (JAGIC) ...................................................... 2-9
Chapter 3 AIRSPACE CONTROL—PLANNING AND PREPARATION ........................... 3-1
Planning .............................................................................................................. 3-1
Preparation ....................................................................................................... 3-11
Chapter 4 AIRSPACE CONTROL—EXECUTION AND ASSESSMENT ........................... 4-1
Execution ............................................................................................................ 4-1
Assessment ........................................................................................................ 4-2
Airspace Control—Execution and Assessment Collective Tasks ...................... 4-3
Appendix A RISK ................................................................................................................... A-1
Appendix B AIRSPACE COORDINATING MEASURES ...................................................... B-1
Appendix C AIRSPACE CONTROL CONNECTIVITY .......................................................... C-1
Appendix D AIRSPACE MESSAGES, REQUESTS, AND INFORMATION DISPLAYS ...... D-1
Appendix E AIRSPACE ELEMENT COLLECTIVE TASKS .................................................. E-1
Distribution Restriction: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
*This publication supersedes FM 3-52, dated February 2013. |
3-52 | 4 | Contents
Appendix F AIRSPACE CONTROL APPENDIX FORMAT ................................................... F-1
Appendix G AIRSPACE CONTROL DURING DEFENSE SUPPORT OF
CIVIL AUTHORITIES......................................................................................... G-1
GLOSSARY .......................................................................................... Glossary-1
REFERENCES .................................................................................. References-1
INDEX ........................................................................................................ Index-1
Figures
Figure 2-1. Army air-ground system with key theater air-ground system components ........................ 2-3
Figure 3-1. Division Assigned Airspace ................................................................................................ 3-5
Figure 3-2. Development process for unit airspace plan ...................................................................... 3-9
Figure 3-3. Notional 72-hour joint air tasking cycle ............................................................................ 3-10
Figure A-1. Risk management aligned with the operations process .................................................... A-3
Figure A-2. Sample risk assessment matrix ......................................................................................... A-4
Tables
Table 2-1. Air defense airspace management and brigade aviation element functions ..................... 2-10
Table B-1a. Types of airspace coordinating measures and their corresponding usage ...................... B-2
Table B-1b. Types of airspace coordinating measures and their corresponding usage ...................... B-3
Table B-2. Airspace coordinating measures(Air Corridor(AIRCOR)) ................................................... B-4
Table B-3. Airspace coordinating measure(ACM) (Stand Alone) ......................................................... B-6
Table B-4. Airspace Coordinating Measure Restricted Operations Zone (ROZ) ............................... B-10
Table B-5. Fire Support Coordination Measure (FSCM) .................................................................... B-13
Table B-6. Maneuver Control Measures (MAN) ................................................................................. B-16
Table B-7. Air reference measures (AIRREF) .................................................................................... B-17
Table B-8. Air defense measures (ADMEAS) .................................................................................... B-18
Table B-9. Marine defense measures (MARDEF) .............................................................................. B-20
Table B-10. Air traffic control measures (ATC) ................................................................................... B-20
Table D-1. Airspace control system shapes ......................................................................................... D-3
Table E-1. Army tactical task 5.4 Control tactical airspace .................................................................. E-2
Table E-2. Airspace control collective tasks ......................................................................................... E-3 |
3-52 | 5 | Preface
FM 3-52, Airspace Control, provides commanders, staff officers, and airspace element personnel with tactics
essential for the exercise of airspace control. Using the backdrop of the Army air-ground system (AAGS), the
Army component of the theater air-ground system (TAGS), and the operations process, the manual addresses
roles and responsibilities, by echelon, between Army and air support agencies of other Services in the planning,
preparation, execution, and assessment of airspace use.
The principal audience for FM 3-52 includes commanders, leaders, and staffs across all Army echelons with
responsibilities for airspace control, airspace element personnel, controllers, and airspace users from tactical to
operational levels. Trainers and educators throughout the Army will also use this manual.
Commanders, staffs, and subordinates ensure their decisions and actions comply with applicable U.S.,
international, and, in some cases, host-nation laws and regulations. Commanders at all levels ensure their Soldiers
operate in accordance with the law of war and the rules of engagement. See FM 27-10.
FM 3-52 implements the standardization agreement entitled AJP 3.3.5.
FM 3-52 uses joint terms where applicable. Selected joint and Army terms and definitions appear in both the
glossary and text. Definitions shown in the text have the term italicized and the number of the proponent
publication following the definition.
This manual uses the terms command and control and command and control system as defined in JP 1 and JP 6-0
respectively when referring to joint or other Service processes. This manual uses the term mission command when
referring to U.S. Army processes.
FM 3-52 applies to the Active Army, Army National Guard/Army National Guard of the United States, and the
United States Army Reserve unless otherwise stated.
The proponent for FM 3-52 is the United States Army Combined Arms Center. The preparing agency is the
Combined Arms Doctrine Directorate, United States Army Combined Arms Center. Send comments and
recommendations on DA Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms) to Commander
U.S. Army Combined Arms Center and Fort Leavenworth ATTN: ATZL-MCK-D (FM 3-52), 300 McPherson
Avenue, Fort Leavenworth, KS 66027-2337, by e-mail to usarmy.leavenworth.mccoe.mbx.cadd-org-
[email protected], or submit an electronic DA Form 2028. |
3-52 | 6 | Introduction
FM 3-52 Airspace Control, updates the previous 8 February 2013 version of FM 3-52 to reflect lessons learned
through recent operational experience and to adapt to the joint airspace community’s release of updates to JP 3-
52, and ATP 3-52.1 as well as ATP 3-91.1. Two significant changes occur from the previous manual. First, the
alignment of air support operation centers with active Army division headquarters allow for the greater
responsiveness and flexibility of responsive fires and division assigned airspace. The central idea of this
publication reflects the Army’s role within a larger framework (unified action) and its focus on maximum
flexibility through a philosophy of mission command and an operations process approach. The other significant
change from the previous FM 3-52 is a reorganization of airspace coordinating measures and fire-support
coordination measures aligning Army airspace doctrine with multi-service and joint doctrine.
To fully comprehend the doctrine contained in FM 3-52, readers must first understand how the Army conducts
operations as described in: JP 3-0, ADP 3-0, ADRP 3-0; JP 6-0, ADP 6-0, FM 6-0; ADP 5-0, ADRP 5-0 readers
should also understand doctrine for joint airspace control as described in JP 3-52.
Army forces operate as part of a larger national effort characterized as unified action. Army commanders
understand that they do not operate independently but as part of a larger force. They integrate and synchronize
their actions and operations within this larger framework, collaborating with entities outside their direct control.
Just as commanders manage terrain throughout their area of operations, they continuously collaborate with unified
action partners to integrate the use of airspace.
The Army air-ground system is used to coordinate and integrate Army airspace requirements. The Army air-
ground system, a component of the TAGS, provides for interface between Army and air support agencies of joint
air-ground operations and airspace use (see ATP 3.52.2). Army forces use the principles of airspace control, which
complement joint airspace control principles, to integrate all airspace users.
Airspace planning focuses on setting conditions for near-real-time airspace control during mission execution
thereby providing commanders flexibility while reducing risk. Airspace elements provide airspace control subject
matter expertise in the planning process. Near-real-time airspace control pertains to the timeliness of data or
information which has been delayed by the time required for electronic communication and automatic data
processing; near-real-time implies that there are no significant delays.
As in planning, airspace element personnel play an integral role in preparation activities that a unit performs as it
transitions from planning to execution. This is particularly relevant as it relates to improving situational
understanding and developing a common understanding of the plan.
During execution, near-real-time airspace control requires airspace elements and users to continually monitor and
assess the operations of all airspace users in support of their mission as well as those transiting through the air over
their ground area of operations. This continuous assessment provides situational understanding in the command post
and enables units to react to situations requiring immediate use of airspace.
Airspace elements assist commanders in assessing airspace operations. Airspace elements’ continuous assessment
of operations enables identifying shortcomings in key airspace planning documents. Based on these shortcomings,
airspace elements recommend needed adjustments to establish the conditions for future operations.
The four chapters and their associated seven appendices constitute the doctrinal framework for the Army’s use of
airspace within the joint force commander’s theater air-ground system. This framework leverages all the qualities
of detailed airspace planning. It also focuses on the dynamic integration of all airspace users during execution.
The framework ensures users follow the joint force commander’s and the combined arms commander’s (battalion
through theater army) intent, priorities, and risk guidance. Lastly, the framework describes how Army
capabilities—resident down to brigade level—expand airspace control options for the airspace control authority
and for the joint force commander. |
3-52 | 7 | Chapter 1
Airspace Control Operational Context
This chapter refreshes the leader’s understanding of relationships. It discusses the
nature of unified land operations and unified action. Then it discusses airspace in
operational environments with joint airspace control. Next, it discusses theater air-
ground systems and methods of control. Lastly, it discusses airspace control through
mission command and the operations process.
UNIFIED LAND OPERATIONS AND UNIFIED ACTION
1-1. For Army forces, airspace control primarily aims to integrate airspace users during planning and in
near-real-time execution. Integration is one of the principles of unified land operations. Army commanders
must integrate their actions and operations in the airspace over an area of operations within the larger
framework of unified action. This integration occurs in accordance with the commander’s intent, priorities,
and acceptable levels of risk. Successful integration maximizes all airspace users’ capabilities while
minimizing adverse impacts.
1-2. Army forces conduct unified land operations as part of a larger national effort called unified action.
Unified action is the synchronization, coordination, and/or integration of the activities of governmental and
nongovernmental entities with military operations to achieve unity of effort (JP 1). See JP 3-0 for more
information on unified action. Unified land operations are how the Army seizes, retains, and exploits the
initiative to gain and maintain a position of relative advantage in sustained land operations to set the
conditions for favorable conflict resolution. This is accomplished through the simultaneous combination of
offensive, defensive, and stability operations that set conditions for favorable conflict resolution. The Army’s
two core competencies of combined arms maneuver and wide area security, provide the means for balancing
the application of Army warfighting functions within the tactical actions and tasks inherent in offensive,
defensive, and stability operations. See ADP 3-0 and ADRP 3-0 for more information on unified land
operations.
1-3. Unified land operations acknowledge that strategic success requires fully integrating U.S. military
operations with the efforts of interagency and multinational partners. As such, Army leaders integrate their
actions and operations within this larger framework, collaborating with entities outside their direct control.
This requirement to integrate actions is present at all echelons.
AIRSPACE IN OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENTS
1-4. Army forces conduct unified land operations in operational environments that are complex, ever
changing, and uncertain. An operational environment is a composite of conditions, circumstances, and
influences that affect the employment of capabilities and bear on the decisions of the commander (JP 3-0).
An operational environment includes physical areas (air, land, maritime, space, and cyberspace domains) and
the information environment. See ADRP 3-0 for more information on an operational environment.
1-5. Army forces are assigned an area of operations by the joint force commander. An area of operations
is an operational area defined by the joint force commander for land and maritime forces that should be large
enough to accomplish their missions and protect their forces (JP 3-0). For land operations, an area of
operations includes subordinate areas of operations as well. The Army or land force commander is the
supported commander within an area of operations designated by the joint force commander. Within their
areas of operations, commanders integrate and synchronize the elements of combat power. To facilitate this
integration and synchronization, commanders have the authority to designate targeting priorities, effects, and
timing. |
3-52 | 8 | Chapter 1
1-6. Airspace is a component of an operational environment critical to successful Army or land operations.
Army forces use airspace over an area of operations to—
* Collect information.
* Conduct air operations.
* Deliver direct and indirect fires.
* Conduct air and missile defense.
* Conduct sustainment.
1-7. Airspace is not owned by individual subordinate organizations in the sense that an assigned area of
operations confers ownership of the ground. Airspace over an Army area of operations remains under the
purview of the joint force commander (JFC). Other military and civilian organizations operating in the joint
operations area have airspace requirements over an Army area of operations. These organizations may require
airspace to—
* Conduct joint air operations.
* Conduct area air defense.
* Deliver joint fires.
* Conduct civil air operations (see appendix G).
1-8. Other commanders with a mission encompassing the joint operations area have the latitude to plan and
execute these operations in the airspace over an Army area of operations. Commanders with such a mission
must coordinate the operation to avoid adverse effects and fratricide. If those operations would have an
adverse impact within an Army or land area of operations, the commander assigned to execute functions that
extend across the joint operations area must readjust the plan, solve the problem, or consult with the JFC for
resolution.
JOINT AIR OPERATIONS
1-9. Normally, the JFC designates a joint force air component commander (JFACC) to synchronize the
joint air effort. Components retain organic capabilities (sorties) to accomplish missions assigned by the JFC.
Components also make capabilities, either JFC directed or excess, available to the JFC for tasking by the
JFACC. Generally, Army capabilities are normally included on the air tasking order, however, they are
normally considered organic to ground units and not available for tasking by the JFACC. The JFACC plans
for and tasks only those joint capabilities made available by the JFC for JFACC tasking. The JFACC has the
authority to direct and employ these joint capabilities for a common purpose based on the JFC’s concept of
operations and air apportionment decisions. See JP 3-30 for more information on joint air operations.
1-10. The responsibilities of the JFACC, the area air defense commander (AADC), and airspace control
authority (ACA) are interrelated and the JFC normally assigns them to one individual for unity of effort.
These responsibilities are normally assigned to the JFACC. Designating one Service component commander
as the JFACC, AADC, and ACA often simplifies the coordination required to develop and execute fully
integrated air operations.
AREA AIR DEFENSE
1-11. The AADC oversees defensive counterair (DCA) operations, which include both air and missile
threats. The AADC identifies airspace coordinating measures (ACMs) that support and enhance DCA
operations, identifies required airspace management systems, establish procedures for systems to operate
within the airspace, and incorporate them into the airspace control system. See JP 3-01 for more information
on the AADC.
JOINT FIRES
1-12. Joint fires are fires delivered during the employment of forces from two or more components in
coordinated action to produce desired effects in support of a common objective (JP 3-0). Often each Service
component commander has airspace requirements that require close coordination and integration with
another area of operations commander. See JP 3-09 for more information on joint fires. |
3-52 | 9 | Airspace Control Operational Context
CIVIL AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL
1-13. Typically, civilians use airspace alongside ongoing military operations. Civilian airliners,
nongovernmental organizations, and relief agencies require airspace to continue their operations. They must
have the ability to coordinate their activities with military airspace users (see aeronautical information
publications (AIPs) published by the host nation).
JOINT AIRSPACE CONTROL
1-14. Competing airspace users balance the demands for and integrate their requirements for airspace.
Airspace control includes the capabilities and procedures used to increase operational effectiveness by
promoting the safe, efficient, and flexible use of airspace (JP 3-52). Airspace control increases combat
effectiveness while placing minimum restraint upon airspace users. Airspace control relies upon airspace
management capabilities provided by airspace control elements and U.S. civil and host-nation air traffic
control.
1-15. Airspace management is the coordination, integration, and regulation of the use of airspace of defined
dimensions (JP 3-52). Airspace management supports airspace control through the coordination, integration,
and regulation of airspace users by airspace control elements within airspace of defined dimensions. See JP
3-52 for more discussion on airspace management.
1-16. The JFC is responsible for airspace control in the joint operations area. JFCs establish command
relationships and direct and guide subordinate commanders. They organize forces to accomplish the mission
based on their visions and a concept of operations. They develop this concept of operations with their service
component commanders and supporting organizations. Their direction and guidance enable effective spans
of control, responsiveness, tactical flexibility, and protection.
1-17. To help balance the various airspace user demands, the JFC usually designates an ACA responsible
for establishing an airspace control system. An airspace control system is an arrangement of those
organizations, personnel, policies, procedures, and facilities required to perform airspace control functions
(JP 3-52). The JFC tasks the ACA to assume overall responsibility for operating the airspace control system
in the airspace control area. The ACA, working with the other components, develops policies and procedures
for all airspace users. In addition, the ACA establishes an airspace control system that coordinates and
integrates airspace use under JFC authority.
1-18. The ACA approves, amends, or disapproves airspace requests according to the JFC’s guidance and
objectives. The ACA does not have the authority to approve, disapprove, or deny combat operations. That
authority is only vested in operational commanders. If the ACA and an affected Service component
commander cannot agree on an airspace issue, they refer the issue to the JFC for resolution. See JP 3-52 for
more discussion on the ACA.
THEATER AIR-GROUND SYSTEM
1-19. The theater air-ground system (TAGS) is the sum of the component systems that support the airspace
control system. The TAGS links decision makers and command posts from all components. The ACA may
delegate authority to control an assigned volume of airspace to elements of the TAGS. For more information
on the TAGS, see ATP 3-52.2.
1-20. The Army component of the TAGS is the Army air-ground system. The AAGS provides for interface
between Army and air support agencies of other Services in the planning, preparation, execution, and
assessment of airspace use.
1-21. The AAGS is used for coordinating and integrating air support requirements, joint air-ground
operations and airspace users. The AAGS enables Army commanders and staffs to coordinate and integrate
the actions of Army airspace users over the area of operations regardless of whether they have been assigned
airspace control responsibility for a volume of airspace. AAGS also provides Army commanders the ability
to control volumes of airspace when delegated control authority by the ACA. There are two methods of
airspace control, positive and procedural. |
3-52 | 10 | Chapter 1
METHODS OF CONTROL
1-22. Army commanders and staffs utilize positive control methods, procedural control methods, or a
combination of both methods. When delegated control authority by the ACA, the Army procedurally controls
assigned airspace—for example the airspace up to the coordinating altitude—and may use positive control
for small volumes of airspace.
1-23. While the Army’s airspace control methodology emphasizes procedural control of airspace use, it
includes the flexibility to utilize positive control or a combination of the two throughout a commander’s area
of operations. For example, within a commander’s area of operations, small areas of positive control as well
as large areas under procedural control exist. In areas requiring positive control, air traffic services units
provide positive airspace control. For all other areas, airspace users use procedural control. Current
technology enables procedural control to be flexible and responsive and allowing for rapid airspace
adjustments. There may be portions of an area of operations where preplanned airspace coordinating
measures and procedures are the sole means of procedural control. This can result from a lack of
communications (voice or digital) or electronically aided situational awareness due to terrain, mission profile,
distance, or adversary actions to degrade the network.
POSITIVE CONTROL
1-24. Positive control is a method of airspace control that relies on positive identification, tracking, and
direction of aircraft within an airspace, conducted with electronic means by an agency having the authority
and responsibility therein (JP 3-52). Army air traffic service units train, man, and equip to perform positive
control of established airfields and tactical landing sites.
PROCEDURAL CONTROL
1-25. Procedural control is a method of airspace control which relies on a combination of previously agreed
and promulgated orders and procedures (JP 3-52). Procedural control should be uncomplicated and
understood by all aircrew members, air traffic control personnel, air defense and fires weapon system
operators, and airspace element personnel. In addition to air traffic service personnel, the airspace elements
in the AAGS are organized, trained, and equipped to ensure Army forces can provide near-real-time
procedural control and balance airspace control system requirements with mission command. Near-real-time
procedural control pertains to the timeliness of data or information which has been delayed by the time
required for electronic communication and automatic data processing. Furthermore, the use of near-real-time
implies that there are no significant delays to the process.
AIRSPACE CONTROL AND MISSION COMMAND
1-26. Mission command is essential to the effective conduct of operations. Through mission command,
commanders initiate and integrate all military functions and actions toward a common goal of mission
accomplishment. Through the mission command warfighting function, commanders (supported by their
mission command system) integrate the other warfighting functions (movement and maneuver, intelligence,
fires, sustainment, and protection) into a coherent whole to mass the effects of combat power at the decisive
place and time.
1-27. Army airspace users are ground forces operating in an inherently joint environment. Commanders are
responsible for integrating Army airspace users, regardless of who controls the airspace, within the larger
unified action framework. Commanders continuously integrate airspace users throughout their areas of
operations while conducting operations. This affords commanders the flexibility and responsiveness to
capitalize on opportunities and operate in a manner consistent with mission command.
1-28. Commanders need support to exercise mission command effectively. At every echelon of command,
each commander establishes a mission command system—the arrangement of personnel, networks,
information systems, processes and procedures, and facilities and equipment that enable commanders to
conduct operations (ADP 6-0). The AAGS is a supporting component of the mission command system. |
3-52 | 11 | Airspace Control Operational Context
AIRSPACE CONTROL AND THE OPERATIONS PROCESS
1-29. Airspace control is an additional task of the mission command warfighting function and a continually
refined activity within the operations process. As a supporting task of the mission command warfighting
function, airspace elements belong to the mission command functional cell and cross functionally organize
into the integrating cells as required. As a continuing activity, commanders and staffs continuously plan for
and coordinate airspace use with other components of the TAGS and AAGS.
1-30. The Army’s overarching framework for exercising airspace control is the operations process. It consists
of the major mission command activities performed during operations: planning, preparing, executing, and
continually assessing the operation. The commander drives the operations process through leadership.
1-31. Airspace elements play an integral role in planning by providing airspace control subject matter
expertise into the planning process. Airspace planning focuses on setting conditions for near-real-time
airspace control during mission execution and so provides commanders flexibility while reducing risk. See
Chapter 3 for more details.
1-32. Airspace elements participate in certain preparation activities performed by units to improve their
ability to execute an operation. Planning revision and refinement as well as rehearsals are the particular
preparation activities that airspace element personnel support. See Chapter 3 for more details.
1-33. By exercising mission command, commanders empower leaders to develop the situation, adapt, and
act decisively to changes during mission execution. Using near-real-time procedural control, airspace element
personnel can direct Army airspace users to shift airspace use to a different route, altitude, or volume of
airspace. See Chapter 4 for more details.
1-34. Airspace elements continually monitor and assess operations, airspace use, and future airspace use as
part of their running estimate. These running estimates provide the analytical basis for airspace use
recommendations. These recommendations focus on near-real-time airspace control or on posturing for
future use airspace. See Chapter 4 for more details. |
3-52 | 13 | Chapter 2
Airspace Control in Operations
This chapter describes the Army’s approach to airspace control. The chapter addresses
exercising airspace control, the principles of effective airspace control, and delineates
the key roles and responsibilities, by echelon, of the Army air-ground system.
AIRSPACE CONTROL INTEGRATION
2-1. Commanders exercise airspace control to integrate Army forces with all airspace users. Integration
aligns the commander’s intent, priorities, and risk guidance; maximizes all airspace users’ capabilities; and
minimizes adverse impacts. Commanders understand that they do not operate independently but as part of a
larger force. They integrate and synchronize their actions and operations within this larger framework,
collaborating with entities outside of their direct control. Just as commanders manage terrain throughout their
areas of operations (AOs), they continuously collaborate with unified action partners to integrate the use of
airspace. In essence, this affords commanders the same flexibility and responsiveness for airspace use as for
ground operations. Army commanders are the supported commanders within their designated AOs. As such,
other commanders must coordinate their airspace use to avoid adverse effects and fratricide.
2-2. Army commanders exercise mission command to control Army airspace users—commander-to-
commander—while airspace elements control airspace use. This is a subtle but important distinction. Army
commanders direct the employment of Army assets while airspace element personnel direct the best use of
the airspace. To exercise mission command, Army commanders have the authority to direct (control) the
maneuver of all Army airspace users within their designated AOs, so that the best use of airspace is made. If
the airspace control authority assigns airspace control responsibility to the Army for a volume of airspace in
the airspace control plan (ACP) or airspace control order (ACO), Army commanders exercise airspace control
over all airspace users. This authority to exercise airspace control for an assigned volume of airspace does
not include the authority to approve, disapprove, or deny joint combat operations.
2-3. Airspace elements do not routinely manage the flight path or trajectory of individual airspace users.
Rather, airspace elements integrate airspace use for flight paths and trajectories in planning and execution to
manage risk. Only when two or more airspace users conflict do airspace elements direct changes in flight
path or, in the case of fires, coordinate with the fires cell to alter the trajectory or timing of fires. These
changes are based on the commanders’ mission priorities and risk guidance. Pilots, unmanned aircraft system
operators, and weapon system controllers still maintain the responsibility to make the directed changes to
their flight path or trajectory.
AIRSPACE CONTROL PRINCIPLES
2-4. Effective airspace control enables commanders to respond effectively to changing operational
environments with appropriate, flexible, and timely actions. Army forces use the principles of airspace
control, which complement joint airspace control principles, to integrate all airspace users. The five principles
of Army airspace control are:
* Airspace control is action executed through combined arms formations.
* Airspace control is a commander’s responsibility based on the commander’s intent, priorities, and
risk guidance.
* Airspace control is continually planned for and coordinated throughout the operations process.
* Airspace control is an integral part of risk management.
* Near-real-time airspace control requires continuous assessment. |
3-52 | 14 | Chapter 2
2-5. Airspace control is action executed through combined arms formations. Airspace is a crucial part of
the operational area and is inherently joint. The Army has fielded airspace element personnel and capabilities
down to brigade level. These capabilities enable effectively integrating airspace use into operations. These
capabilities are fully integrated with joint airspace control processes thereby providing the Army and joint
force commanders with expanded airspace control options.
2-6. Joint aircraft control processes facilitate the integration of Army airspace users within airspace.
However, ground commanders require greater responsiveness to defeat the enemy. Army air-ground
operations are defined as the simultaneous or synchronized employment of ground forces with aviation
maneuver and fires to seize, retain, and exploit the initiative. These type of operations require deliberate
planning by the units conducting the operations in order to mitigate the risk posed from joint airspace users
as well as ground fires. See FM 3-04 for additional information regarding Army air-ground operations.
2-7. Airspace control is a commander’s responsibility. Commanders drive the operations process and
airspace control is an additional task of the mission command warfighting function. To successfully
command, commanders at all echelons must be capable of integrating and synchronizing forces and
warfighting functions, both ground and air. The commander is the central figure in mission command,
essential to integrating the capabilities of the warfighting functions to accomplish the mission.
2-8. Airspace control is a continuing activity of the operations process. Commanders use the operations
process to help them decide when and where to make decisions, control operations, establish priorities, and
provide command presence. Throughout the operations process, commanders, assisted by their staffs,
integrate numerous processes and activities. Airspace control is an activity that commanders integrate and
synchronize with other activities into operations. To be most effective, the airspace element must ensure
deliberate airspace planning is conducted based on guidance from the commander. During the preparation
phase of the operations process, the commander must ensure the staff conducts a thorough wargame and
rehearsal of the airspace control plan. These actions help to validate the airspace control plan, as well as to
identify any necessary changes prior to executing the plan. Airspace elements continually monitor and
evaluate the situation and make recommendations or take action to integrate airspace users.
2-9. Airspace control is an integral part of risk management. Commanders at every echelon continuously
assess risk of conflicts among airspace users and consequences of these conflicts, then they determine which
consequences or conflicts they can accept based on an operational environment. Commanders determine
what risks they can accept and include the risks in orders issued to subordinate units. When airspace conflicts
arise between different airspace users or when users exceed a commander’s risk guidance, the airspace
element attempts to integrate the requirements by modifying planned airspace use without degrading the
mission effectiveness of any airspace user. If airspace elements cannot resolve an airspace conflict without
degrading the mission effectiveness of an airspace user or if the risk still exceeds risk guidance, airspace
elements seek a decision from the operations staff officer (S-3/G-3) or commander. When risk involves forces
not under tactical control of that commander, airspace elements share the risk assessment with affected
component commanders, time permitting. Appendix A addresses risk considerations for airspace control.
2-10. Near-real-time airspace control requires continuous assessment. Airspace elements continually
monitor all airspace users to support their operations and those transiting through the airspace over their
ground AOs. This continuous situational awareness ensures that commanders can react to any situation
requiring immediate use of airspace, such as immediate fires or close air support (CAS) missions, unplanned
unmanned aircraft system launch, or diversion of aviation assets in near-real-time.
ARMY AIR-GROUND SYSTEM
2-11. AAGS is used to coordinate Army airspace requirements. The AAGS, a component of theater air-
ground system, provides for interface between Army and air support agencies of other Services in the
planning, preparation, execution, and assessment of airspace use. The AAGS, comprised of elements organic
at theater army level to brigade level, enhances situational awareness and understanding of all airspace users
to reduce fratricide and assists in navigation and the location of airspace users.
2-12. Army components of the AAGS consist of airspace elements, fires cells, air and missile defense
sections, and coordination and liaison elements embedded in Army command posts. Collectively, they
coordinate and integrate airspace use—joint, coalition, nonmilitary and Army manned and unmanned aircraft |
3-52 | 15 | Airspace Control in Operations
systems, directed energy, and munitions—for the echelons they are assigned. Specifically, these participants
(see Figure 2-1) consist of airspace elements, fires cells, air defense airspace management/brigade aviation
elements (ADAM/BAEs), an Army Air and Missile Defense Command (AAMDC), battlefield coordination
detachments (BCDs), ground and reconnaissance liaison detachments, and the air defense artillery fire control
officer (ADAFCO). Some participants of the TAGS, such as the tactical air control party and the air support
operations center, remain under operational control of different Services but provide direct support during
the conduct of operations.
Figure 2-1. Army air-ground system with other key theater air-ground system components |
3-52 | 16 | Chapter 2
AIRSPACE RESPONSIBILITIES BY ECHELON AND ROLE
2-13. Airspace elements are organic to Army brigades and higher. Corps and division airspace elements are
the same and are usually located in the forward command posts. Brigade Combat Teams, division artilleries,
and field artillery brigades contain an airspace element referred to as an ADAM/BAE. Combat aviation
brigades (CAB), and maneuver enhancement brigades contain an air defense airspace management ADAM.
Sustainment brigades have no airspace control staff personnel. Sustainment brigades often occupy terrain in
a maneuver brigade’s area of operation. Any airspace requirements the sustainment brigade has are integrated
with the requirements of the unit to which airspace control has been delegated. These airspace elements
integrate brigade airspace, including air and missile defense (AMD) and aviation functions. Each of these
elements coordinates with higher, subordinate, and adjacent elements to maximize the effectiveness of
airspace control.
2-14. The airspace element also manages the airspace control working group. A working group is a grouping
of predetermined staff representatives who meet to provide analysis, coordinate, and provide
recommendations for a particular purpose or function (FM 6-0). For airspace control, the airspace control
working group facilitates and synchronizes contributions from all the elements that perform the airspace
collective tasks (see table E-2). The airspace control working group is led by the airspace control officer,
warrant officer, or senior non-commissioned officer in the airspace element and typically consists of an air
liaison officer (ALO) and representatives from: the airspace element, aviation element, AMD element, fires
cell, tactical air control party, unmanned aircraft systems element, and other staff sections as required.
Organizations without organic airspace elements accomplish airspace control through their airspace control
working group.
THEATER ARMY
2-15. The theater army retains responsibility for contingency planning and coordination. This includes
developing and maintaining operation and contingency plans while updating regionally focused intelligence
estimates and supporting plans to a geographic combatant commander's theater campaign plan. In terms of
airspace, the theater army primarily establishes airspace policy and standards and provides the Army’s
airspace requirements developed into operation plans and contingency plans. The theater army contingency
command post has airspace, aviation, and air and missile defense elements roughly equivalent to a brigade
combat team’s (BCT’s) ADAM/BAE. The contingency command post has the airspace control capability to
support small, short-duration contingencies. As a joint operations area and subsequent Army operating forces
are established, airspace control responsibilities transition to the operational Army force headquarters. As
such, the operational Army force then provides the Army’s input into the JFC’s ACP and order as well as
special instructions.
2-16. An operational Army force is the Army component headquarters for a joint task force (JTF) or a joint
and multinational force. It consists of the senior Army headquarters and its commander (when not designated
as the joint force commander) and all Army forces that the combatant commander subordinates to the JTF or
places under the control of a multinational force commander. The senior Army headquarters identifies
requirements and establishes priorities of support for Army forces within the operational area.
FIRE SUPPORT
2-17. The theater army fires cell plans, coordinates, integrates, and synchronizes the employment and
assessment of all strategic theater fires to support current and future theater operations.
Army Air and Missile Defense
2-18. Army air and missile defense commands (AAMDCs) are placed under operational control (OPCON)
to the joint force land component commander (JFLCC) or operational Army force and in direct support of
the AADC for military operations. Other Army air defense artillery units in the area of responsibility are
normally assigned, attached, or OPCON to the AAMDC. The JFC establishes AMD priorities, allocates
forces, and apportions air power. The JFC typically assigns overall responsibility for counterair and airspace
control to the JFACC and responsibility for defensive counterair operations to the AADC. The AADC
oversees coordination with joint and multinational partners to develop procedures for a combined theater air |
3-52 | 17 | Airspace Control in Operations
and missile defense (TAMD) plan. Typically, the AADC has the preponderance of AMD capabilities in
theater and the ability to provide joint command and control.
2-19. The AAMDC has overall responsibility for planning Army AMD operations supporting the JFC. The
AAMDC task organizes and assigns missions to the subordinate ADA brigades once planning is complete.
The AAMDC has dedicated liaison teams that can deploy to liaise with major theater and Army forces
elements (such as JFACC, JFLCC, joint special operations task force, and BCD) to facilitate and integrate
Army forces AMD planning and operations. In some cases, the AAMDC conducts split-based operations that
preclude them from being in theater. If the AAMDC is not located in theater, the responsibility for planning
falls to the highest echelon ADA organization in the theater as well as for providing liaisons to the JFLCC,
BCD, and AADC. FM 3-01, ATP 3-01.7, and ATP 3-01.94 provide a more in-depth explanation of the
command and support relationships for theater AMD.
Air Traffic Service
2-20. Army air traffic service (ATS) units control airspace necessary to support airfield operations and can
operate a fully instrumented airfield with control tower and airport surveillance and precision approach radar
capabilities. ATS units are organic to either the CAB or the theater airfield operations group. Airfield
operations battalions provide additional ATS forces that support theater-level requirements. One theater
airfield operations group can support three theater airfields and operate from a single base or conduct split-
based operations in multiple locations within the theater AO. These units establish and operate airfields as
needed in the theater AO. The theater airfield operations group consists of an ATS standardization element
that provides oversight, technical expertise, standardization to Army airfields at theater level and quality
assurance for training and certification of controllers and ATS maintenance personnel.
Coordination and Liaison Elements
2-21. The JFACC establishes one or more joint air component coordination elements (JACCEs). JACCEs
co-locate with the joint force commander’s headquarters and other component commanders’ headquarters.
Such physical locations enable the JFACC to integrate air and space operations with component operations
and the JTF headquarters to better integrate air and space operations within the overall joint force. When
established, these elements act as the JFACC’s primary representatives to the respective commanders and
facilitate interaction among the respective staffs. The JACCE facilitates integration by exchanging current
intelligence, operational data, and support requirements. It also aids integration by coordinating JFACC
requirements for airspace coordinating measures (ACMs), joint fire support coordination measures, CAS, air
mobility, and space requirements. As such, the JACCE is a liaison element, not a command and control node
and thus, the JACCE normally has no authority to direct or employ forces. The makeup of the JACCE
depends on the scope of the operation and the size of the staff with whom they will liaise. If the JACCE
performs liaison duties for the commander, Air Force forces and JFACC staff, then it tailors the duties with
the expertise necessary to perform effectively. Element expertise includes plans, operations, intelligence,
airspace management, logistics, space, and air mobility, as needed. The JACCE also communicates the
component commander’s decisions and interests to the JFACC. However, the JACCE does not replace,
replicate, or circumvent normal request mechanisms already in place in the component or JTF staffs, nor
supplant normal planning performed by the Army operations center and Air Force forces staff. The JACCE
director is the JFACC’s personal and official representative.
2-22. As the Army liaison to the JFACC, the BCD is located in the joint air operations center (JAOC). The
Army Service component commander provides the BCD as a liaison element to the Service component
commander designated as the JFACC. The BCD personnel work with their counterparts in the JAOC to
facilitate planning, coordination, and execution of joint air-ground in support of Army operations (see FM 3-
94, FM 3-09, and ATP 3-09.13). BCD participates in airspace coordination by ensuring that—
* The JFACC understands the operational Army commander’s intent, priorities, and objectives.
* BCD facilitates the exchange of operational and intelligence data between the air and ground
component commanders.
* Process pre-planned Army airspace coordinating measure request (ACMREQ) with the
appropriate JAOC elements. |
3-52 | 18 | Chapter 2
* The air tasking order (ATO) accurately reflects scheduled Army aircraft and fire missions and
ensures Army aircraft have valid identification friend or foe (IFF) or selective identification
feature codes on the ATO.
* Ensure the airspace coordinating order identifies airspace requirements for the conduct of
operations.
* Disseminate changes to theater-wide air defense warnings, weapons control status, rules of
engagement, and aircraft identification standards among the JAOC, Army force headquarters, and
senior land-based air and missile defense headquarters.
* Assist with informing other agencies changes to fire support coordination measures that impact
joint operations such as the fire support coordination line.
* Coordinate the development of the airspace control plan on behalf of the ARFOR as directed.
* Maintains capability to digitally exchange information between the ARFOR and the JAOC.
2-23. The air defense artillery fire control officer provides a single point of contact between Army AMD fire
direction centers and the regional or sector air defense commander who typically locates with the control and
reporting center (CRC). However, based on theater requirements, these officers co-locate at the tactical air
operations center, Air Electronic Guidance Information System, or Airborne Warning and Control System
(AWACS). These officers advise and assist the controlling authority with integrating Army AMD capabilities
into that part of the integrated air defense system. They identify and deconflict air tracks; provide early
warning and cueing information to air and missile defense units, target weapons paring, and rapid engagement
of targets; assist in airspace deconfliction between AMD fire and aircraft; and send engagement orders to
AMD units.
CORPS AND DIVISION LEVELS
2-24. The corps headquarters oversees airspace control policy and standardization of tactics, techniques, and
procedures throughout the corps AO. The senior Army airspace element (either corps or division depending
on the force structure deployed) coordinates with the BCD’s airspace section to ensure the joint airspace
policies and documents incorporate the Army airspace priorities and requirements.
2-25. The corps and division airspace elements are designed to execute airspace responsibilities when a
headquarters serves as an intermediate tactical headquarters, an operational Army force, a joint force land
component headquarters or a JTF headquarters. Airspace element personnel integrate airspace operations
with the functional cells and with the integrating cells. The airspace element also coordinates with the tactical
air control party (TACP) and the air support operations center (ASOC) co-located with the headquarters.
2-26. As the airspace functional lead for the corps and division staff, the airspace element develops standard
operating procedures and airspace control annexes that help standardize airspace control operations among
subordinate units. These procedures and annexes ensure consistency with joint airspace procedures, the
theater ACP, aeronautical information publications, and associated plans and orders. To support the corps
and division mission, airspace elements in the main command post—
* Provide airspace control expertise for the commander.
* Monitor joint airspace operations.
* Plan and update input to the joint ACP.
* Integrate the airspace control architecture into the joint airspace control architecture.
* Develop the airspace control architecture to support plans.
* Draft all airspace control input for operation orders, operation plans, appendices, and estimates.
* Plan and request ACMs.
* Deconflict airspace through the appropriate authority.
* Coordinate with the movement and maneuver (for aviation), intelligence (for information
collection), and fires and protection (for air and missile defense) cells.
* Provide ATS expertise to the headquarters.
2-27. The corps can function as a tactical headquarters subordinate to a joint force land component or JTF.
In this case, the airspace element provides airspace requirements to the higher headquarters’ airspace section |
3-52 | 19 | Airspace Control in Operations
for integration into its airspace plan (see paragraph 3-34). This integration applies to the next ACO and the
higher headquarters’ airspace control appendix.
2-28. Normally the corps headquarters delegates airspace control to subordinate divisions within their
respective AOs. Corps headquarters may also authorize direct liaison between subordinate divisions and other
theater air-ground system airspace control nodes provided by other Services. These entities include United
States Air Force (USAF) CRCs and AWACS, Marine Corps direct air support center and tactical air
operations center, and other airspace control entities for rapid resolution of airspace issues. For headquarters
subordinate to the corps which may be attached, OPCON, or under tactical control of subordinate BCTs or
for other brigades assigned their own AO, the corps may delegate control over Army airspace users within
the respective AOs. In these instances, the corps retains responsibility for integrating airspace users. The
corps integrates all airspace requirements for corps BCTs and other brigades not assigned an AO. The corps
airspace element retains responsibility for airspace control over portions of the AO not assigned to
subordinate units.
2-29. The corps may have OPCON of a Marine air-ground task force (MAGTF). A MAGTF integration with
the corps airspace element depends on the size and capabilities of the MAGTF. The MAGTF’s aviation
combat element includes Marine air command and control system capabilities tailored for the size of the
aviation combat element. Smaller MAGTFs, a Marine expeditionary brigade with a regimental-based ground
combat element and a composite group-based aviation combat element (with unmanned aircraft systems)
may integrate in a similar manner with BCTs. Large MAGTFs bring the full joint capability to control
airspace over the MAGTF AO. Large MAGTFs include a division-based ground combat element and wing-
based aviation combat element with Marine rotary- and fixed- wing aviation as well as a robust Marine air
command and control system. In this case, the MAGTF requires authorized direct liaison to coordinate
airspace and air operations directly with the JAOC.
2-30. The corps and division headquarters provide airspace control to support multinational forces under
OPCON to the corps if needed. If these forces lack airspace control capabilities, they require assistance from
the corps airspace element. They receive support similar to Army functional brigades working directly for
the corps. See paragraph 2-42.
2-31. The division airspace element oversees airspace control for all of the division’s assigned airspace,
regardless of whether the division AO has been further assigned to subordinate brigades. When a division
allocates part of its AO to a subordinate brigade, it delegates some airspace management responsibilities too.
However, the division airspace element still integrates airspace users over the entire division AO. If the
division has an unusually large AO or if the division AO is noncontiguous, then it can delegate more airspace
control responsibilities to subordinate units. Normally, delegation of airspace control for unified action
partner airspace users requires augmentation of the brigade with ATS elements from the combat aviation
brigade.
Fires Cell
2-32. The fires cell is responsible for targeting coordination and for synchronizing fires delivered on surface
targets by fire support means under the control of or in support of the corps or division. This cell coordinates
and deconflicts fire support coordination measures (FSCMs) with ACMs through close interface with
ADAM/BAE and airspace elements, the ASOC, and the TACP. The airspace element works with the fires
cell to integrate FSCMs with the unit airspace plan. Although the airspace element reviews and integrates the
fire support overlay with other airspace requirements, FSCMs are normally sent to higher, lower, and adjacent
headquarters through fire support channels. In some cases, both the fires cell and the airspace element send
related control or coordination measures through their respective channels. The airspace element and the fires
cell ensure the standard operating procedures and the airspace control appendices address the procedures for
forwarding FSCMs and associated ACMs through appropriate coordination channels. Other complex control
measures—such as kill boxes, counterfire restricted operations zones, and airspace coordination areas—also
require this parallel teamwork. The airspace element and the fires cell need to review the ACO to ensure that
ACMs avoid unnecessarily interfering with fires and that the ACMs are in a format that the fires digital
information systems can process. If a conflict exists between the fire support plan and the ACO, the airspace
element coordinates with the higher airspace elements to correct or modify the appropriate ACM. As Army
rocket and missile based fires continue to increase in range and altitude, effective integration of fires and |
3-52 | 20 | Chapter 2
other airspace users must occur during the planning and preparation phase in order to ensure efficient use of
airspace.
Air and Missile Defense Element
2-33. The AMD element is the lead staff element for integrating the joint tactical data informational link
network for the employment of Sentinel air defense radars and for the production of the air picture. See
Appendix C for more details. The airspace element links with the AMD element for air track data. The
airspace element depends on the AMD element for integrating the airspace element’s joint data network
systems. In turn, these airspace element systems provide backup support to the AMD element. The airspace
element ensures that AMD airspace requirements integrate with the corps and division airspace plans.
Coordination and Liaison Elements
2-34. Some elements of the theater air-ground system are Air Force liaisons provided to the division, the
corps, or operational Army forces. These liaisons include the ASOC, TACP, and air mobility liaison officer.
Air Force liaisons function as a single entity in planning, coordinating, deconflicting, and integrating air
support operations with ground elements. These liaisons work with Army airspace elements, fires cells, AMD
elements, and aviation elements of the corps and division command posts. They also coordinate with liaison
elements such as the BCD, AMD coordinator for the operational Army forces, and officers.
2-35. Ground-based liaison elements of the theater air-ground system subordinate to the JAOC provide
similar capabilities as airborne elements but with reduced range, flexibility, and mobility. However, ground-
based liaison elements do not depend on high-value assets for continuous operations. Additionally, they offer
an important interface between the theater air-ground system and ground-based air defense activities.
Ground-based liaison elements of the theater air-ground system include CRCs, tactical air operations centers
(TAOCs), ASOCs, direct air support center (DASCs), and TACPs, and air mobility liaison officers.
2-36. The ASOC is the element responsible for planning, coordination, control, and execution of air
operations that directly support the Army’s ground combat forces. Each ASOC reports to the JAOC. The
senior air director maintains the on-scene OPCON of the ASOC. The ASOC is directly subordinate to the
JAOC and coordinates air operations directly supporting Army forces. Air operations include CAS, air
interdiction, intra theater airlift, joint intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance, suppression of enemy
air defenses, and combat search and rescue. The ASOC processes immediate requests submitted through
TACP channels, utilizing the joint air request net (JARN), while synchronizing efforts with Army fires
elements. While Army airspace elements normally control air assets organic to maneuver commanders, the
ASOC normally controls all joint air allocated from the JFACC to support the Army component.
2-37. . The USAF TACPs are subordinate to the ASOC and are the single points of direct USAF interaction
with supported ground combat units. Each maneuver battalion, brigade, division, and corps headquarters will
have an aligned TACP. Staffed with ALOs and other terminal attack controllers, TACPs perform liaison and
control functions appropriate to the level of combat maneuver force supported. Only joint terminal attack
controllers (JTACs) or forward air controllers (airborne) (FAC[A]s) personnel have the authorization to
perform terminal attack control of CAS aircraft during operations (combat and peacetime) within proximity
of their supported ground combat units. For airspace use, TACPs integrate with fires cells and the Army
airspace elements. TACPs assist ground maneuver units in the planning and coordinating of FSCMs and
ACMs needed to integrate air and ground operations. TACPs assist the ASOC for tactical control of CAS
and FAC (A) aircraft transiting from the ASOC to the JTAC contact point.
2-38. The air mobility liaison officer is a USAF officer specially trained to implement the theater air control
system and to control airlift assets engaging in combat tactics such as airdrop. Air mobility officers are highly
qualified, rated air mobility officers with experience in combat tactics and assigned duties supporting Army
and Marine Corps units. |
3-52 | 21 | Airspace Control in Operations
JOINT AIR GROUND INTEGRATION CENTER (JAGIC)
2-39. Beginning in fiscal year 2011, the United States Air Force began aligning its ASOC capabilities with
each active duty Army division. The Air National Guard will have two non-aligned ASOCs to support Army
National Guard divisions. Aligning ASOCs provides an effective method to command and control close air
support, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance, as well as dynamic and deliberate interdiction
operations and to provide an effective means to coordinate suppression of enemy air defenses in division-
assigned airspace. An effective technique to integrate the ASOC within the division command post is to form
a joint air ground integration center (JAGIC). The JAGIC is a method to effectively organize personnel and
equipment to build personal relationships and teamwork between Soldiers and Airmen. This is accomplished
through the physical integration of ASOCs and tactical air control parties with division fires, airspace, air
and missile defense, and aviation personnel and functions within the current operations integration cell
(COIC). This gives the division a powerful joint team capable of collaborative fires while maximizing the
use of airspace.
2-40. All JAGIC functions are in support of COIC. Specific functions of the JAGIC include fires, airspace
control, interdiction coordination, friendly force identification, and information collection. These functions
are fully described in ATP 3-91.1, The Joint Air Ground Integration Center.
2-41. The JAGIC provides the division with the capability to control joint airspace delegated by the ACA in
accordance with the airspace control plan (ACP) and the airspace control order (ACO). The JAGIC’s
collocation of division and ASOC airspace personnel enables shared understanding and collaborative
integration of airspace users. The JAGIC’s control of airspace allows the division to effectively integrate
fires and airspace control during operations with appropriate flexible and timely actions.
BRIGADE LEVEL
2-42. Brigades are responsible for airspace management of Army airspace users within their AO. The
authority of the brigade over unified action partner airspace users varies and is specified in the higher
headquarters airspace control appendix. All Army airspace users transiting a brigade AO coordinate with the
brigade responsible for the AO they are transiting. The division only integrates Army airspace use between
brigades if adjudication between brigades is necessary. Brigades normally contact the JAGIC to coordinate
with joint airspace elements controlling airspace over the brigade (CRC, AWACS, and TAOC). In some
situations, for example, very lightly used airspace or airspace with few unified action partner airspace users,
the division may delegate this authority.
2-43. BCTs are not normally delegated control of joint airspace as they lack trained and equipped controllers.
Rather BCTs are responsible for integrating airspace users supporting BCT air ground operations.
Sometimes, the brigade requests approval to control a volume of airspace such as a high-density airspace
control zone (HIDACZ). However, for a brigade to control airspace for an extended period, it needs to
augment the ADAM/BAE with assets from the ATS company organic to the CAB. See paragraph 2-51
for more details on ATS assets available to the CAB and brigade.
2-44. Functional brigades without an organic ADAM/BAE still retain brigade responsibilities for some
airspace tasks (see appendix E) but rely on their higher headquarters for complete airspace control. If a
functional brigade falls under the control of a support brigade (for example, a military police brigade under
a maneuver enhancement brigade), the support brigade integrates the functional brigade airspace
requirements. If the functional brigade falls directly under the control of a corps or division, then the corps
or division airspace element integrates the brigade airspace requirements.
2-45. Several multifunctional support brigades such as the combat aviation brigade or field artillery brigade
do not routinely control AOs but conduct operations throughout the corps AO. Normally these brigades
coordinate their airspace use with the divisions and brigades whose AOs they will transit (or with corps
airspace elements for portions of the corps AO unassigned to a division or brigade). Airspace control becomes
more complex when a corps tasks these brigades to accomplish a mission (such as Army aviation attacks or
fires strikes) that affects airspace use by other divisions or brigades. The brigade conducting the operation is
the lead airspace control planner with the higher headquarters airspace element providing planning and
airspace control support to the brigade’s ADAM element. The division or corps airspace element checks that
it adjusts the airspace plan to account for the brigade commander’s priorities and concept of operations. |
3-52 | 22 | Chapter 2
Air Defense Airspace Management/Brigade Aviation Element
2-46. All brigade combat teams and multifunctional brigades (except sustainment) have an organic ADAM
or ADAM/BAE. This staff element is composed of air defense artillery and aviation personnel and performs
the airspace management, AMD, and aviation functions for the brigade. It also provides added capability into
the theater air-ground system at the tactical level.
2-47. Compared to an ADAM, an ADAM/BAE has additional aviation personnel and a larger aviation
planning capability. Members of the brigade staff consist of key members of the airspace control working
group—fires cell TACP and the ADAM/BAE. The brigade aviation officer is the airspace control officer for
the brigade S-3.
2-48. The ADAM/BAE supports the brigade commander by providing situational understanding of the
airspace and early warning via connectivity with airspace users as well as with unified action partner’s
sensors and command networks. This element also continuously plans and executes airspace management
requirements and integrates Army AMD and aviation requirements consistent with the brigade commander’s
intent, priorities, and acceptable risk levels.
2-49. The ADAM and ADAM/BAE continuously plan for, control, and monitor the operations of all airspace
users to support their operations and those transiting through the air over their ground AOs. This continuous
situational understanding is critical to ensure that the brigade can react to any situation requiring immediate
use of airspace, such as immediate fires (offensive and defensive), CAS missions, unplanned unmanned
aircraft system launches, or a diversion of aviation assets in real time. Table 2-1 illustrates ADAM/BAE
functions. Note that ADAM capabilities resident in a CAB and maneuver enhancement brigade do not have
an aviation operations component and therefore have a very limited capability to perform brigade aviation
element (BAE) functions. The level of effort spent on core tasks (ADA tasks by the ADAM and aviation
operations by the BAE) affect how much effort can be provided to airspace control. Recent stability
operations were in a low air defense threat environment and permitted a significant level of effort to BCT
airspace control. Future operations may face a significant unmanned aircraft system (UAS) air threat
combined with high supporting Army aviation operations. While airspace control tasks will still be
accomplished, the BCT will increasingly rely on the division JAGIC to support airspace control.
Table 2-1. Air defense airspace management and brigade aviation element functions
ADAM SHARED BAE
• Plans and synchronizes air • Plans for airspace use and • Plans and synchronizes
and missile defense executes near-real-time aviation with the concept of
operations with the concept of control during execution and operations.
operations. monitors operations of • Advises and plans the use of
• Produces the integrated air airspace users. unmanned aircraft systems,
picture. • Analyzes airspace use to reconnaissance, attack,
• Plans low-level sensor determine and resolve assault, air movement,
employment. conflicts. sustainment, and medical
• Develops and maintains air • Reviews immediate airspace evacuation.
defense artillery overlay to coordinating measures • Standardizes brigade combat
include unit locations, requests for conflicts with team unmanned aircraft
weapons control status, and current operations. system employment.
weapon system coverage. • Requests, maintains, and
disseminates joint airspace
coordinating measures.
• Develops and coordinates
airspace control appendix.
Legend
ADAM air defense airspace management
BAE brigade aviation element |
3-52 | 23 | Airspace Control in Operations
Fires Cell
2-50. The fires cell at brigade level is responsible for coordinating activities and systems that provide the
collective and coordinated use of Army indirect fires and joint fires through the targeting process. The fires
cell makes every effort to ensure that FSCMs and ACMs are coordinated and deconflicted through close
interface with ADAM/BAE and the TACP. If this is not possible, the fires cell formulates and prepares to
execute acceptable alternatives.
Air Traffic Service
2-51. Each CAB has an organic ATS company as part of the general support aviation battalion. The ATS
company establishes and operates airfields to support CAB operations. The ATS company contains a terminal
control platoon and an airspace information services platoon. The terminal control platoon can operate a fully
instrumented airfield with a control tower and airport surveillance radar and precision approach radar
capabilities. It also has communications resources available to facilitate the control of the local airspace
necessary to support airfield operations. The airspace information services platoon, with two tactical aviation
control teams each, can control up to two tactical landing sites (rotary-wing, fixed-wing, or both) while the
airspace information center provides enroute flight management support.
Coordination and Liaison Elements
2-52. The TACP helps maneuver brigades integrate air-ground operations. The TACP coordinates ACMs
and FSCMs with the ADAM/BAE, fires cells, and the ASOC during the accomplishment of CAS missions
to support ground operations. This coordination includes assisting the ASOC and JTAC for tactical control
of CAS and — FAC (A) — aircraft transitioning to the JTAC contact point.
BATTALION LEVEL
2-53. The operations section plans and coordinates airspace requirements for the battalion. The major actions
include:
* Establishing and leading the airspace control working group.
* Establishing staff responsibility for airspace management from personnel assigned to the S-3
section.
* Receiving and disseminating airspace coordinating measures requests for approvals, changes, and
disapprovals for small unmanned aircraft system.
* Reviewing and resolving planned and immediate airspace coordinating measures requests.
* Monitoring and analyzing aviation, small unmanned aircraft system, lethal miniature aerial
munition systems, field artillery, air defense, and maneuver operations to determine and resolve
conflicts.
* Submitting to ADAM/BAE all planned and immediate airspace coordinating measures requests
including small unmanned aircraft systems (see Appendix C).
* Immediately communicating any deviations from pre-planned missions to the ADAM/BAE or
higher headquarters.
* Informing airspace users at each echelon of any communication loss during operations.
* Tracking and reporting aviation, field artillery, air defense, small unmanned aircraft systems,
lethal miniature aerial munition systems, and personnel status.
* Monitoring rotary- and fixed-wing aircraft in the battalion AO to aid in deconflicting small
unmanned aircraft systems, lethal miniature aerial munition systems, and other air traffic.
* Managing separation and frequencies of battalion and below small unmanned aircraft system
operations.
Fires Cell
2-54. The fire support officer and the fires cell are responsible for planning, coordinating, and synchronizing
fire support operations to include joint fire support. The major actions of the fires cell include the following: |
3-52 | 24 | Chapter 2
* Planning, controlling, and synchronizing all fire support.
* Establishing priorities and allocating available fire support resources to support the battalion.
* Participating in and supervising the routine activity and coordination of the targeting process
within the main command post.
* Coordinating with the ADAM/BAE regarding airspace clearance, artillery, and mortar firing unit
locations as well as changes to FSCMs, and ACMs and aviation support.
* Coordinating air support through the USAF TACP.
* Coordinating suppression of enemy air defenses.
Coordination and Liaison Elements
2-55. The TACP consists of the ALOs and two JTACs. The TACP has two primary missions: advise ground
commanders on the capabilities and limitations of airpower and provide the primary terminal attack control
of CAS to support ground forces. At the battalion level, the TACP provides the primary link for commanders
to joint CAS assets made available to support the battalion’s mission. Depending on the tactical situation,
terminal attack control teams consisting of one JTAC, may co-locate with each maneuver company.
COMPANY OR TROOP LEVEL
2-56. The company commander is responsible for ensuring that airspace users (organic or in support)
coordinate and share information concerning company airspace use by aircraft and fires. Airspace control
information that should be shared with battalion and the fire support team (to include JFO’s and JTACs)
includes use of small unmanned aircraft systems, micro UAS, and lethal miniature aerial munition systems.
If there is time to request that the BCT ADAM/BAE build ACMs for planned airspace use, the use of ACMs
will simplify air ground operations. However, if the company must employ its systems for immediate combat
missions (and is authorized by standard operating procedures and rules of engagement), then as a minimum,
the company should notify the battalion ADAM/BAE so it may better synchronize airspace use.
2-57. The field artillery fire support personnel (fires cells and fire support teams) are organic to the BCT’s
field artillery battalion. However, these cells and teams are typically attached or fall under OPCON to
maneuver battalions, companies or troops for tactical operations. Fire support teams provide fire support
coordination, precision targeting, and assessment capabilities. These teams have responsibility for planning
and coordinating all supporting fires including mortars, field artillery, naval surface fire support, and CAS
integration through close coordination with JTACs.
2-58. A joint fires observer is a trained service member who can request, adjust, and control surface-to-
surface fires, provide targeting information in support of Type 2 and 3 close air support terminal attack
control, and perform autonomous terminal guidance operations (JP 3-09.3). In type 2 control, the observer
can see either target or attacking aircraft. In type 3 control, the observer can see neither target nor attacking
aircraft. The joint fires observer also performs autonomous terminal guidance operations. Joint fires
observers are typically members of a fire support team. A joint fires observer adds a joint warfighting
capability without circumventing the need for qualified JTACs. These observers provide the capability to
exploit those opportunities that exist in the corps AO where a trained observer could be used to efficiently
support air-to-surface fires and facilitate targeting for the JTAC.
2-59. The JTAC, when employed by TACP at the company or troop level, directs the action of or controls
aircraft engaged in CAS and other offensive air operations. The JTAC also provides the ground commander
with recommendations on the use of CAS and its integration with ground maneuver. The JTAC and fire
support team or joint fires observer may develop informal ACAs to coordinate attacking aircraft and surface
fires. |
3-52 | 25 | Chapter 3
Airspace Control—Planning and Preparation
The operations process consists of the major mission command activities performed
during operations: planning, preparing, executing, and continuously assessing the
operation. This chapter discusses airspace control planning and the documents
necessary for planning. It also discusses preparation activities. These activities, which
are continuous, underpin successful unified land operations.
PLANNING
3-1. Planning is the art and science of understanding a situation, envisioning a desired end state, and laying
out effective ways of bringing that future about (ADP 5-0). To operate successfully, commanders at all
echelons must be capable of integrating and synchronizing forces and warfighting capabilities on the ground
and in the air. Planning not only underpins this capability but also helps commanders reduce uncertainty and
risk, providing the flexibility commanders need to conduct operations. Planning is both conceptual and
detailed. Conceptual planning includes developing and understanding an operational environment, framing
the problem, defining a desired end state, and developing an operational approach to achieve the desired end
state. Detailed planning translates the broad concept into a complete and practical plan. Detailed planning
works out the scheduling, coordination, and technical issues involved with moving, sustaining, administering,
and directing the activities of forces in time, space, and purpose.
3-2. Commanders drive the operations process through understanding, visualizing, describing, directing,
leading, and assessing operations. During planning, staff sections perform essential functions and activities
that enable commanders to understand, visualize, and describe tasks. This results in the commander’s intent
and planning guidance. Refer to ADRP 5-0 for details on conceptual and detailed planning.
KEY DOCUMENTS
3-3. The JFC provides essential airspace planning documents to components to facilitate component
planning and joint force standardization. These documents include plans, orders, messages, and any
international agreements and letters of instruction. Although this publication lists these key documents in the
discussion of planning, commanders and staffs also use or refer to these documents while they prepare,
execute, and assess operations.
Joint Air Operations Plan
3-4. The joint air operations plan (JAOP) is the JFC’s approved plan for integrating and coordinating joint
air operations. When designated by the JFC, the JFACC is responsible for developing a JAOP to guide the
employment of joint air capabilities and forces made available to accomplish missions assigned by the JFC.
The JAOP encompasses air capabilities and forces supported by, and in support of, other joint force
components. To ensure proper force integration, all service and functional components must participate in
the development of the JAOP. The JAOP provides the air strategy, objectives, and a desired end state for
each phase of the operation. This plan—
* Integrates the efforts of joint air and space capabilities and forces made available for JFACC
tasking.
* Identifies desired end state objectives and tasks to be achieved through air operations.
* Identifies measures or indicators of success used to determine if air operations meet assigned
objectives.
* Accounts for current and potential adversary offensive and defensive courses of action. |
3-52 | 26 | Chapter 3
* Synchronizes the phasing of air and space operations with the JFC’s operation or campaign plan.
The first phase normally involves counterair operations to attain and maintain the required degree
of air superiority to accomplish other joint actions.
* Specifies capabilities and forces required to accomplish operational and tactical objectives.
* Used to coordinate joint air operations with all other relevant lines of operations and lines of effort.
* The JAOP should be developed concurrently with the airspace control plan and the area air defense
plan to facilitate the maximum combat effectiveness while minimizing risk.
Airspace Control Plan
3-5. An ACP details the broad policies and procedures for airspace control within the JFC’s operational
area. The ACA, working with other components, develops this plan. Effective ACPs include transitions
between phases or are updated as phase transitions occur. When the JFC signs the ACP, this plan becomes
the JFC’s airspace policies and procedures. This plan—
* Describes the operational area within which airspace applies.
* Lists current existing capabilities within the operational area to provide airspace control.
* Describes and lists duties of the ACA, each airspace user (including requirements for liaisons to
and coordination with the ACA), and elements used in airspace control system.
* Describes the interface among the ACA, the AADC, and fires elements with procedures for
deconflicting air defense and operational requirements.
* Describes interface with the Federal Aviation Administration, host-nation air traffic control
system, and International Civil Aviation Organization.
* Describes the interface between U.S. and multinational forces to coordinate and deconflict
airspace requirements.
* Provides for continuity of airspace control operations under degraded conditions.
* Describes the airspace control procedures for the joint force including requesting, approving,
modifying, and promulgating procedures.
* Describes identification friend or foe selective identification feature procedures.
Area Air Defense Plan
3-6. With the support of the component commanders, the AADC develops, integrates, and distributes a
JFC-approved joint area air defense plan (AADP). This plan protects assets on the defended asset list, other
critical assets, friendly forces, and civilian population centers according to JFC guidance. It details defensive
counterair priorities, authorities, procedures, tasks, and actions throughout the joint operations area. This plan
includes:
* A layered and overlapping defense to allow for multiple engagement opportunities.
* Information engagement strategies for counterair.
* Detailed weapons control and engagement procedures and authorities integral to a joint counterair
operation.
* Specific airspace coordinating measures (ACMs) required to accomplish the mission.
* All surface-to-air capabilities assigned, attached, and supporting.
* Provisions for protecting high-value airborne assets.
* Guidance on electronic warfare to disrupt or destroy guidance systems.
3-7. Planners carefully integrate air defense in the AADP with the appropriate sections in the ACP. A viable
ACP requires locations of specific types of air defense operations and exact procedures for the identification
of aircraft. The AADC writes the AADP with detailed engagement procedures consistent with the ACP and
operations in the joint operations area. Planners of the AADP understand the capabilities and limitations of
fielded equipment used by the joint or multinational forces. When writing, planners anticipate using airspace
control and area air defense operations in a degraded command network environment. |
3-52 | 27 | Airspace Control—Planning and Preparation
Airspace Control Order
3-8. An ACO directs the use of joint airspace and details the approved requests for ACMs. The combat
plans division of the JFACCs air operations center, together with other components, develops this plan.
Component commanders consolidate, deconflict, and forward their airspace requests to the ACA for further
consolidation with other theater-wide inputs. While the air operation center’s combat plans division develops
and disseminates the ACO, the combat operations division executes the planned ACO and develops and
executes changes to the ACO during the execution period. The ACO implements precise ACMs for specific
times, adding or activating ACMs for the missions and times needed. All airspace users review their daily
requests for ACMs, removing unnecessary ACMs that unduly restrict other airspace users. Staffs disseminate
ACMs with expiration times. The ACO activates and deactivates procedural control measures and updates
positive control procedures. Normally, the combat plans division publishes this order as a stand-alone
document but sometimes as part of the air tasking order special instructions.
Air Tasking Order
3-9. An ATO is the daily operation order listing all aviation assets (component capabilities) directed by the
JFC or made available to the JFC for JFACC tasking. It also includes other component’s direct support
missions. These direct support air missions that appear on the ATO are not under control of the JFACC but
their presence on the ATO provides visibility to assist in overall coordination, deconfliction, prevention of
duplication of missions, and prevention of fratricide. This document shows all missions operating in theater.
Special Instructions
3-10. The special instructions (SPINS) section of the ATO provides supplemental, corrective, or exact
amplification to the general mission tasking of the specific ATO period. This information is not contained in
other operational documents (such as JAOP, ACP, operation order, regulations, and precise directive U.S.
message text format messages). These general instructions pertain to the theater as a whole. The staff ensures
that the instructions are brought to the attention of readers up front and are of general interest to all executors
of the ATO. Special instructions avoid specific units or topics that other operational documents more
appropriately cover. Some theaters deviate from this general purpose as staffs publish numerous airspace
procedures and airspace usages in the special instructions.
3-11. Special instructions contain a section that lists the airspace procedures. Other special instructions
sections, such as tanker procedures or cruise missile procedures, also address airspace procedures within
those particular sections. Special instructions often include rules of engagement and combat identification
criteria for air defense. These instructions also include additional guidance, directives, or information that
weapons system operators or aircrews require such as host-nation restrictions, base defense zone procedures,
and special weapons systems control procedures (such as unmanned aircraft or cruise missiles). The combat
plans division publishes special instructions as baseline, weekly, and daily.
Airspace Coordinating Measures Request
3-12. An ACMREQ is a request to reserve airspace for a specific use. An originator requests airspace for an
operation within their assigned AO. An ACMREQ can consist of single or multiple ACMs. Appendix B has
more details.
Air Operations Directive
3-13. The air operations directive (AOD) translates the JFC’s JAOP into guidance for the planning and
execution of joint air operations for a specified ATO period. Published by the JFACC, it describes the
JFACC’s implementation of JFC’s intent for the use of joint air power. This document is reviewed by
components and their liaisons to ensure that it meets unit requirements within the context of the JFC guidance
and priorities. The daily AOD gives planners the priority of effort, operational constraints, and any other
specific guidance governing the planning and execution of air and space operations during a particular ATO
period. Airspace personnel review the AOD to gain an overall perspective of those priorities the ATO
development planners will follow and to understand daily priorities for airspace deconfliction. In addition, |
3-52 | 28 | Chapter 3
the AOD often has specific guidance which impacts the use of airspace (such as a plan for high-value airborne
asset retrograde procedures due to threat).
3-14. The AOD contains the JFACC’s intent, concept of operations, objectives, tactical tasks and priorities
of effort for a specific ATO or period of time that guides the daily joint air tasking cycle. The AOD can also
be used to communicate the priorities for airspace use for each air tasking order and airspace coordination
order period.
3-15. The strategy guidance team within the air operations center’s strategy division develops the air
operations directive. The team distributes the directive via the theater battle management core system and the
air component network, typically the SECRET Internet Protocol Router Network (SIPRNET). Though the
air operations directive is not authoritative for Army forces, effective airspace element personnel read and
understand the air operations directive to understand the JFACC’s airspace priorities and guidance.
Tactical Operational Data
3-16. Tactical operational data is required to establish an integrated air defense (such as defense sectors,
combat air patrol stations, and missile engagement zones). A joint operational commander uses this data to
establish air defense and anti-air warfare responsibilities in a tactical area and to permit an area commander
to provide supplementary orders for an area of operations. The AADC disseminates the tactical operational
data.
3-17. The tactical operational data establishes command and control alignments of Air Force and Army air-
and ground-based air defense systems as well as the tasking for air defense assets to include locations. The
joint interface control officer coordinates the development of the tactical operational data message and
manages all tactical data link interfaces to create a consolidated air picture.
Operations Task Link
3-18. The operations task link (OPTASK LINK) is a message used to report changes to tactical data link
operations. These changes are considered permanent. The operations task link provides detailed instructions
regarding the operations of tactical data links, including information required to establish data links. The
AADC disseminates the operations task link.
AIRSPACE CONTROL PLANNING
3-19. Airspace elements provide airspace control subject matter expertise into the planning efforts. Airspace
planning focuses on setting conditions for near-real-time airspace control during mission accomplishment
thereby providing commanders flexibility while reducing risk.
3-20. Army airspace planners at the senior tactical and operational levels must actively assist in the
development of the joint airspace control plan. This is critical if the divisions intend to request the authority
to control division-assigned airspace using the JAGIC technique. Division-assigned airspace is a volume of
airspace in which the airspace control authority (ACA) has delegated the responsibility for control of that
volume, in accordance with the airspace control plan and airspace control order (ACO), to the division.
Division-assigned airspace is typically between the lateral boundaries of the division’s area of operations,
and up to the coordinating altitude (CA). This delegation of authorities does not include authorities vested in
the area air defense commander (see Figure 3-1). A JAGIC enabled division is suitably manned and equipped
to procedurally control the tactical airspace over the division AO up to the CA. |
3-52 | 29 | Airspace Control—Planning and Preparation
Figure 3-1. Division Assigned Airspace
3-21. A corps as a tactical headquarters is normally resourced with an ASOC and can employ the JAGIC
technique. However, even with a JAGIC, the corps should manage airspace as described in paragraph 2-28
and delegate airspace control to the divisions within their respective AOs rather than trying to request corps
assigned airspace. Controlling assigned airspace over the very large corps AO given the large numbers of
non-corps airspace users operating over the corps AO would fully occupy the JAGIC and distract the JAGIC
from enabling joint and Army fires supporting corps operations. Assigned airspace does not significantly
enable corps fires and aerial surveillance. Corp fires are mostly long range fires requiring coordination for
high altitude airspace above the CA, while, corps aerial surveillance platforms also will often be operating
above the CA. The JAGIC’s airspace control effort should be to establish immediate airspace coordination
links with appropriate joint airspace control elements in order to rapidly coordinate airspace for corps fires
and for dynamic repositioning of corps aircraft.
3-22. Using planning data from the fires and aviation planners Army airspace planners can integrate Army
airspace requirements into the overall airspace control plan. Integrated planning ensures that the location
and altitude of key ACMs, that define division assigned airspace such as the coordinating altitude, balance
both JFACC and JFLCC requirements for airspace
3-23. At the brigade level, the ADAM/BAE’s officer in charge leads the airspace control planning effort.
The BAE represents Army aviation (manned and unmanned), ADAM personnel represent Army air defense
and fires cell personnel represent fire support. Tactical air control party personnel represent the air component
assets to include the unmanned aircraft system and defensive counterair. To increase flexibility and reduce
risk, airspace element planners should do the following:
* Consider the echelon commander’s priorities for airspace use.
* Keep the plan for integrating airspace users simple and flexible.
* Maximize the use of procedural means of control.
* Limit (in number, size, and duration) ACMs to the minimum required for mission accomplishment
to maximize flexibility for airspace users.
* Structure ACMs to facilitate recognition by ground forces and aircrew members through
alignment with major terrain features. |
3-52 | 30 | Chapter 3
3-24. During course of action (COA) development and collaborative planning, airspace element planners—
* Ensure planned airspace use supports the commander’s intent and concept of operations.
* Comply with the commander’s airspace risk guidance.
* Address airspace conflict resolution procedures and war game to verify.
* Develop ACMs when ground units utilize Army aviation to conduct attacks when in close
proximity to friendly forces.Address airspace conflict resolution procedures and war game to
verify.
3-25. Airspace control planning is central to facilitating a shared understanding of joint air-ground
integration. Planning contributes directly to the staff’s ability to assist the commander to execute commander
tasks: understand, visualize, and describe. As commanders visualize an operation during planning, they
describe it to their staffs and subordinates. Commanders describe their visualization in their initial
commander’s intent, planning guidance, and operational approach that arranges warfighting function
capabilities in time, space, and purpose.
3-26. Facilitating a shared understanding of joint air-ground integration and airspace use spans all aspects of
planning. The staff facilitates understanding by translating all higher headquarters airspace guidance and risk
guidance from the ACP, AADP, ACO, special instructions, higher headquarters airspace appendices, and
other needed documents into airspace constraints for incorporation into the planning effort. This shared
understanding also involves participating in COA development and war-gaming of joint air-ground
integration using higher headquarters airspace constraints, commander’s airspace priorities, airspace risk
guidance, and conflict resolution guidance. The staff facilitates a shared understanding to utilize COA
development and war-gaming. Using COA development ensures commanders understand that they normally
are the final decision authority for assigning the mission and taking responsibility for prudent risk during
combat operations. Commanders assess any higher commander constraints on the authority to accept prudent
risk during COA development and war-gaming. If these constraints adversely impact mission success, they
address constraints with higher headquarters through airspace and necessary operations channels. The staff
facilitates a shared understanding by supporting the AMD and fires cells with their running estimates and
appendix development. Lastly, the staff helps by shaping theater-level airspace planning to accommodate
Army requirements. Establishing a shared understanding of joint air-ground integration and airspace use not
only guides further planning but enables informed timely decisions during mission accomplishment.
Note: Lessons learned have shown that a detailed wargame of the selected COA is necessary to
identify potential airspace conflicts between Army aviation, organic UAS, artillery and joint air
assets. A detailed COA wargame also allows the development of a collaborative unit airspace plan
(UAP) that resolves the conflicts in accordance with the commander's airspace priorities and risk
guidance.
AIRSPACE CONTROL COLLECTIVE TASKS DURING PLANNING
3-27. Airspace elements perform a series of collective tasks during staff planning. Airspace elements may
not perform all the tasks listed below but should be trained to conduct all of them. These tasks result in the
production and refinement of the daily UAP and an Appendix 10 (Airspace Control) to Annex C (Operations)
of the Army plans and orders. See appendix F of this publication and FM 6-0 for Army plans and orders.
Commanders must ensure the airspace plan is deliberate and supports the ground tactical plan. Additionally,
the UAP must be rehearsed to validate integration of airspace users and support of the commander’s intent.
3-28. Airspace control is an integral part of planning. Airspace elements at all echelons perform collective
tasks during planning:
* Determine integrated airspace user requirements.
* Develop airspace usage priorities.
* Coordinate ATS, sensor emplacement, and data links.
* Determine combat identification authority and procedures for airspace users.
* Develop rules of engagement and early warning procedures for air defense operations.
* Determine reporting requirements and monitoring methods for manual reporting. |
3-52 | 31 | Airspace Control—Planning and Preparation
* Integrate airspace use within the area of operations.
* Develop ACMs to support planned operations.
* Develop the airspace control appendix to the operation annex.
Determine Integrated Airspace User Requirements
3-29. During COA development, airspace control elements at all echelons solicit airspace user requirements
from each of the functional and integrating cells as they develop airspace plans that support each COA.
During COA analysis, airspace elements modify and synchronize each airspace plan to support each COA.
Once the commander has selected a COA, they perform the final integration of airspace user requirements.
Commanders submit the necessary ACMs, proposed risk guidance, and airspace priorities to higher
headquarters for approval and integration into the higher headquarters UAP. Early and timely airspace
planning at all echelons is a necessity. Airspace element personnel in Army operating forces remain actively
and continually engaged with all higher echelons (such as joint force commander, joint force air component
commander, AADC, and airspace control authority) while preparing key airspace planning documents. By
staying engaged, these personnel ensure documents accommodate all Army airspace requirements and
procedures and that airspace used by other components does not inadvertently constrain Army operations.
Develop Airspace Usage Priorities
3-30. Army airspace elements develop airspace usage priorities. First, the airspace elements determine and
confirm the commander’s intent and guidance, mission priorities, and risk guidance for airspace utilization.
Then they examine pertinent airspace orders, directives, and the ground commander’s concept of operations
to develop recommended airspace usage priorities according to ground operations and ACA directives.
Lastly, they synchronize plans, orders, and special instructions to facilitate current operations and future
planning to promote situational understanding and to detail the future integration decision basis. The echelon
commander’s priority of airspace use prominently appears in Appendix 10 (Airspace Control) to Annex C
(Operations) of the respective echelon operation plans and orders.
Coordinate Air Traffic Service, Sensor Emplacement, and Data Links
3-31. Controlling assigned airspace over the very large corps AO given large numbers of non-corps airspace
users would fully occupy the JAGIC and distract from enabling joint and Army fires supporting corps
operations.
Determine Combat Identification Authority and Procedures for Airspace Users
3-32. The AADP (see paragraph 3-6) contains the combat identification authority and associated procedures.
The AMD element at the corps and division level, supported by the airspace element, makes inputs into the
AADP. Based on this plan, the AMD element uses combat identification criteria to process and assign tracks
as friend, neutral, hostile, or unknown. The AADP details—
* The authorities delegated to AMD fire controllers in individual areas of operations.
* The authorities delegated to execute identification of tracks in the joint data network.
* The airspace element’s capability to provide identification friend or foe, precise position location
information, and visual identification.
* The locations, number, and type of AMD sensors employed in the area of operations.
* The completeness of the low-level air picture.
3-33. The AMD element analyzes information from these documents. It determines if higher echelons retain
combat identification authority or are delegated to lower echelons. If delegated to lower echelons, the AMD
element determines whether the information is suitable for determining the identification of tracks in a unit’s
area of operations. AMD personnel determine whether to further delegate the responsibility of combat
identification to subordinate units or retain at the highest tactical level. |
3-52 | 32 | Chapter 3
Develop Rules of Engagement and Early Warning Procedures for Air Defense Operations
3-34. The AMD element at the corps and division levels, supported by the airspace elements, develops rules
of engagement and early warning procedures for air defense operations in the area of operations. The element
recommends rules of engagement for current and future operations within the unit controlled airspace or
high-density airspace control zone. The AMD element forwards these recommendations to the AADC for
inclusion in the JFC’s rules of engagement. The airspace element and AMD element analyze all airspace
documents and the JFC’s rules of engagement to extract pertinent data for dissemination to all subordinate
ADAM/BAEs. Based on the AADP, the AMD element identifies and establishes liaison with the appropriate
air defense artillery fire control officers and establishes procedures to process engagements through these
controllers. In coordination with the airspace element, the AMD element establishes early warning
procedures.
Determine Reporting Requirements and Monitoring Methods for Manual Reporting
3-35. An airspace element, supported by the aviation and AMD elements, determines which agencies
operating in the area of operations lack self-reporting capabilities and equipment for identification, friend or
foe. An airspace element establishes procedures for those agencies to manually report their locations. This
airspace element also ensures dissemination of this information to unified action partners operating air
platforms in the area of operations. The airspace element ensures all manually reported tracks are integrated
into the common operational picture. Integration maximizes the freedom of maneuver and all airspace users’
capabilities as well as minimizes the potential for fratricide and adverse impacts on operations.
Integrate Airspace Use Within the Area of Operations
3-36. Airspace element personnel at all echelons integrate airspace use within the area of operations. They
receive airspace control guidance (ACP, ACO, and special instructions) from the ACA and distribute the
guidance through appropriate electronic systems to all subordinate airspace elements. The airspace element
identifies all airspace users in the area of operations and then coordinates their airspace use. Coordination
involves determining the length of time those users will require airspace, determining the altitude and type
of airspace volume for each user, synchronizing all user requirements into a cohesive plan, and planning for
airspace conflict resolution. The airspace element also identifies airspace control enablers such as ATS, AMD
units, and unified action partner airspace elements in the area of operations.
Develop Airspace Coordinating Measures to Support Planned Operations
3-37. During planning, airspace element personnel at all echelons develop ACMs to support planned
operations. These personnel use an airspace coordinating measures request to integrate and nominate planned
ACMs to higher headquarters as part of a future ACO. Consolidated at each echelon, airspace coordinating
measures requests form the basis of a unit’s UAP. Lower echelons initiate UAPs on a schedule dictated by
the battle rhythm. As these UAPs migrate up the chain of command, each higher echelon coordinates,
consolidates, and integrates the plans until a single Army UAP exists. Airspace element personnel send this
last UAP to the battlefield coordination detachment for coordination with the ACA and inclusion in the
appropriate ACO (see Figure 3-1 on page 3-5). At each succeeding echelon, the staff coordinates the plan
across the warfighting functions to ensure complete integration of fire support coordination measures and
AMD planning. Timely feedback from each echelon throughout the process is essential for planning at lower
echelons.
3-38. The corps and division airspace elements and ADAM/BAE develop ACMs to support the
commander’s concept of operations. The corps and division airspace elements and ADAM/BAE also ensure
fire support coordination measures and AMD control measures are integrated with the UAP at each level.
The staff disseminates these measures to higher, lower, and adjacent headquarters through fires and AMD
channels.
3-39. To support planned operations, planners identify ACMs at each level and plan for the type of control
required (positive, procedural, or a mix of both). Planners use tailored ACMs that minimize the necessary
time and volume of airspace to accomplish each individual mission. Once they identify the required ACMs,
airspace element personnel at each echelon develop and submit the UAP up the chain of command (see Figure |
3-52 | 33 | Airspace Control—Planning and Preparation
3-2). Each echelon integrates fire support coordination measures and AMD control measures into the UAP.
As these individual UAPs move through the higher echelons, planners deconflict, coordinate, integrate, and
collate them with other UAPs until a single Army UAP evolves. Planners submit this final UAP to the ACA
via the battlefield coordination detachment for inclusion in the appropriate ACO. For detailed information
on ACMs, see appendix B.
Figure 3-2. Development process for unit airspace plan
Develop Airspace Control Appendix to the Operation Annex
3-40. The airspace element develops an airspace control appendix to the operation annex. The result of the
unit performing the collective tasks in paragraphs 3-27 through 3-37 is Appendix 10 (Airspace Control) to
Annex C (Operations) of the unit’s operation plan or operation order (see FM 6-0). The airspace control
appendix articulates the airspace the commander is responsible for and states the commander’s airspace
priorities and the ACA’s priorities and directives by phase. This appendix articulates the airspace element or
ADAM/BAE mission. It lists the control authorities for each echelon as delegated or retained by the ACA
and delineates the authority exercised at each echelon for each phase of the operation. It describes positive
and procedural control requirements.
3-41. The airspace control appendix outlines the considerations of a radar versus a non-radar environment
as well as airspace control in a degraded network environment. It includes the number and type of organic
and joint sensors available in the area of operations to provide an air picture. Available sensors are addressed
by phase as nonorganic assets flow in and out of the theater. Sensor availability or the risk associated with a
lack of sensors may be addressed in OPLANs, OPORDs, or FRAGORDs.
BATTLE RHYTHM
3-42. Commanders establish and utilize a battle rhythm to synchronize operations. A battle rhythm is a
deliberate cycle of command, staff, and unit activities intended to synchronize current and future operations
(FM 6-0). As a practical matter, a headquarters’ battle rhythm consists of a series of meetings, report
requirements, and other activities synchronized by time and purpose. Planners logically sequence battle |
3-52 | 34 | Chapter 3
rhythm events so that one meeting’s outputs are available as another meeting’s inputs to include higher
headquarters meetings. The battle rhythm facilitates integration and collaboration between the commander
and staff, synchronizing activities of the staff in time and purpose, and facilitates planning by the staff and
decisionmaking by the commander. In developing the unit’s battle rhythm, commanders and the chief of staff
or executive officer consider—
* Higher headquarters battle rhythm and report requirements.
* The duration and intensity of the operation.
* Planning requirements of the integrating cells (current operations, future operations, and plans).
3-43. Airspace control planning is driven by not only higher headquarters battle rhythm but by external battle
rhythm constraints. For example, the joint air tasking cycle (Figure 3-3), drives when UAP inputs are due,
which in turn influences the battle rhythm of airspace control working groups. Planners disseminate the joint
air tasking cycle, ACO timelines, and other pertinent airspace coordination instructions (specified in the ACP
and the JAOP) into Appendix 10 (Airspace Control) to Annex C (Operations) of the Army plans and orders.
Figure 3-3. Notional 72-hour joint air tasking cycle
3-44. Working groups are types of meetings. Their cross-functional design enables working groups to
synchronize contributions from multiple command post cells and staff sections. For airspace planning, the
airspace control working group facilitates and synchronizes airspace collective task contributions from all
the airspace elements. The airspace control working group, at a minimum, consists of the air liaison officer
and representatives from: the airspace element, aviation cell, AMD element, fires cell, tactical air control
party, unmanned aircraft systems element, and other staff sections as required. Airspace elements are integral
participants in other working groups and provide expertise on how to maximize airspace use for information
collection, targeting, and protection purposes. Some examples of working groups which airspace elements
support are listed below.
* Operations and Intelligence working group (intelligence cell).
* Targeting working group (fires cell).
* Protection working group (protection cell).
* Assessment working group (plans or future operations functional cells).
Airspace elements also assist the S-3 and S-5 or G-3 and G-5 plans and future operations cells in assessing
airspace integration of air-ground operations. |
3-52 | 35 | Airspace Control—Planning and Preparation
PREPARATION
3-45. Airspace elements participate in certain preparation activities performed by units to improve their
ability to execute an operation. Preparation helps the force transition from planning to execution and normally
begins during planning and continues into execution by uncommitted units.
3-46. Preparation activities help commanders, staffs, and Soldiers to understand the situation and their roles
in the upcoming operation. As in planning, airspace element personnel play an integral role in preparation
activities that a unit performs as it transitions from planning to execution. This is particularly relevant as it
relates to improving situational understanding and developing a shared understanding of the plan. Depending
on the situation, airspace elements participate in all of the unit’s preparation activities. Most notably, airspace
elements actively participate during rehearsals, facilitating a shared understanding of joint air-ground
integration, potential ground operations effects on airspace use, and potential airspace use effects on ground
operations. Plan revision and refinement as well as rehearsals are particular preparation activities that airspace
personnel support.
PLAN REVISION AND REFINEMENT
3-47. Plan revision and refinement is a key activity of preparation. The airspace element supports this activity
as planners validate planning assumptions or find them to be false, as enemy activities change in the area of
operations, and as friendly capabilities expand or contract. The airspace element continually assesses the
operation and makes recommendations for changes to unit plans and joint documents such as ACP and JAOP.
REHEARSALS
3-48. Rehearsals enable leaders to practice synchronizing operations and identify shortcomings (errors or
omissions) while preparing to execute operations. A rehearsal is a session in which the commander and staff
or unit practices expected actions to improve performance during execution (ADRP 5-0). Leaders use
rehearsals to practice synchronizing operations, including airspace control requirements, at times and places
critical to mission accomplishment. Commanders use this tool to ensure staffs and subordinates understand
the concept of operations and commander’s intent. Effective rehearsals imprint a mental picture of the
sequence of the operation’s key actions and improve mutual understanding and coordination of subordinate
and supporting leaders and units.
3-49. Rehearsals are conducted by units at the lowest possible level. They vary with the complexity of the
mission, the type and technique of rehearsal, and the level of participation. Four types of rehearsals exist:
backbrief, combined arms rehearsal, support rehearsal, and battle drill rehearsals. Airspace elements
participate in combined arms rehearsals enabling subordinate units to synchronize their plans with each other
and support rehearsals that synchronize each warfighting function with the overall operation. FM 6-0
discusses rehearsals in detail.
3-50. Commanders integrate airspace use and key air-ground actions into larger combined arms and support
rehearsals such that leaders and Soldiers build a lasting mental picture of the sequence of key air-ground
actions and airspace use. During rehearsals, airspace elements ensure planned airspace use is consistent with
the commander’s intent and supports the concept of operations. Airspace elements ensure that all leaders and
Soldiers understand the risk guidance. During rehearsals, staffs and units exercise key actions or procedures
to achieve near-real-time airspace control to resolve events that cause airspace conflicts. Rehearsing these
events builds requisite skills to successfully integrate airspace users and to quickly resolve conflicts.
Examples of when near-real-time airspace control is required includes:
* Supporting troops in contact.
* Providing immediate fires or close air support.
* Engaging time sensitive targets.
* Engaging emerging or fleeting targets.
* Conducting casualty evacuation.
* Conducting personnel recovery.
* Supporting a mission change. |
3-52 | 36 | Chapter 3
* Supporting mission delays (initiation or execution).
* Responding to enemy actions or reactions.
3-51. A rehearsal provides subordinates a final opportunity to identify and fix unresolved issues. Thorough
preparation for rehearsals underpins successful outcomes that help commanders visualize conditions
associated with decisionmaking. This visualization before and during operations affords commanders an
opportunity to make necessary changes essential to mission success and risk mitigation. Following the
rehearsal, based on the commander’s guidance, airspace elements make or recommend necessary adjustments
to appropriate ACMs, UAPs, the airspace control appendix, and the Fires annex including the AMD appendix
of operation plans at all echelons as well as to the ACP, JAOP, and AADP.
3-52. Successful airspace elements participating in rehearsals—
* Complete the airspace control appendix and airspace overlays that underpin air-ground operations
that units rehearse.
* Clearly describe the ACMs that support air-ground operations.
* Clearly describe airspace constraints.
* Clearly describe near-real-time control and conflict resolution procedures. |
3-52 | 37 | Chapter 4
Airspace Control—Execution and Assessment
This chapter provides an overview of airspace control activities performed during
execution. These activities are interrelated. Near-real-time execution requires constant
monitoring, evaluating, and assessing the situation and then taking action or making
recommendations.
EXECUTION
4-1. Execution is putting a plan into action by applying combat power to accomplish the mission (ADP 5-0).
Execution uses situational understanding to assess progress and make execution and adjustment decisions.
However, few plans are executed precisely as envisioned. Operations the commander envisioned in the plan
may bear little resemblance to actual events in execution. Subordinate commanders need maximum latitude
to take advantage of situations and meet the higher commander’s intent when the original order no longer
applies. Leaders must be trained in independent decisionmaking, aggressiveness, and risk taking for effective
execution.
4-2. By exercising mission command, commanders empower their subordinate leaders to develop the
situation, adapt, and act decisively to changes during execution. Army commanders have the authority to
direct (control) the maneuver of all Army airspace users within their designated areas of operations (AOs),
so they can make the best use of airspace. If assigned airspace control responsibility for a volume of airspace
by the airspace control authority in the airspace control plan or airspace control order, Army commanders
exercise airspace control over all airspace users. This authority to exercise airspace control for an assigned
volume of airspace does not include the authority to approve, disapprove, or deny joint combat operations.
Army commanders are the supported commander within their designated AO and as such, other commanders
coordinate their airspace use with Army commanders to avoid adverse effects and fratricide.
4-3. Army commanders and staffs utilize positive control methods, procedural control methods, or a
combination of both methods. When a division is delegated control of airspace, the JAGIC will control
division assigned airspace using procedural control. The Airmen in the JAGIC will normally provide
procedural control for JFACC aircraft operating within division-assigned airspace. Control for division
aircraft will be specified in the airspace control appendix (paragraph 3a of appendix 10 to Annex C
Operations. see appendix F) Normally the JAGIC will rely on the BCTs to integrate division aviation
operating below the coordination level in their AO while the JAGIC airspace Soldiers will integrate division
aircraft operating above the coordination level and any division aircraft operating in parts of the division AO
not further assigned as a brigade AO. For example, the JAGIC would be the airspace control agency for
Shadow or Gray Eagle unmanned aircraft within division assigned airspace as well as for aircraft operating
forward of the BCTs AO during a deep operation. Division positive control will be limited to areas controlled
by Army or joint air traffic control elements. See paragraph 1-22 and 1-23 for further discussion.
4-4. Army airspace elements coordinate airspace use with airspace control agencies provided by unified
action partners (tasked by the airspace control authority to control airspace). These elements can include
elements of the Air Force theater air control system (for example, CRC or AWACS), the Marine air command
and control system (for example, DASC or tactical air operations center), the Navy tactical air control system,
or similar multinational or civil air traffic control organizations. See ATP 3-52.2 for additional information.
The Division JAGIC is normally the division element that coordinates with other unified action partner
airspace elements. The JAGIC must establish a working relationship with the airspace element controlling
airspace above division-assigned airspace in order to rapidly coordinate both high altitude fires and dynamic
re tasking of division Gray Eagles operating above the coordinating altitude. The JAGIC must also
coordinate with airspace elements controlling airspace beyond the FSCL or over adjacent units to enable
responsive counterfires and interdiction fires. Normally, brigades will coordinate with unified action |
3-52 | 38 | Chapter 4
airspace elements through the JAGIC but brigades can be delegated the authority to directly coordinate by
the division.
4-5. In large portions of a unit’s AO, airspace element personnel communicate with airspace users and have
digital situational awareness of airspace user locations. This communication and awareness enable a form of
near-real-time procedural control. By collaborating with cooperative airspace users, airspace element
personnel can create focused (minimal time and area) airspace coordinating measures and exchange this data
with all local airspace users. Using near-real-time procedural control, airspace element personnel can direct
Army airspace users to shift airspace use to a different route, altitude, or volume of airspace. The airspace
user still retains the responsibility for safely maneuvering to the new airspace. The collocation of functionally
aligned theater air control system elements can expand this near-real-time control to joint airspace users.
4-6. During execution, near-real-time airspace procedural control requires airspace elements and users to
continually monitor and assess the operations of all airspace users. The airspace elements monitor and assess
in support of their operations as well as those transiting through the air over their ground AO. This continuous
assessment contributes to the commander’s situational understanding and enables units to react to situations
requiring immediate use of airspace.
4-7. During execution, the airspace element’s running estimate, along with other staff section’s running
estimates, supplements the common operational picture (COP) based on digital feeds from various
information systems such as Army, joint, interagency, multinational, and so on. The combined running
estimates and COP depict key information from each functional area or warfighting function. This
information directly supports the commander’s ability to understand, visualize, describe, direct, lead, and
assess operations and enables units to react to situations requiring immediate use of airspace. For example,
information provides details of airspace use for immediate fires, close air support missions, unplanned
unmanned aircraft system launch, or diversion of aviation assets in near-real-time.
4-8. Situational understanding of airspace users within the unit’s AO is a critical element in enabling the
commander to make rapid decisions and capitalize on opportunities by taking prudent risk. Commanders rely
on their understanding of an operational environment to make informed risk decisions. This understanding
results from many factors but heavily relies on situational understanding developed from the COP. The
airspace elements perform the critical task of developing and interpreting the air COP for the commander
and staff. The air COP enables the commander to visualize all airspace users’ identification, location, flight
paths, trajectories and other information critical to rapid decisionmaking and risk mitigation. Commanders
can integrate airspace use in near-real-time by knowing who is in the airspace, where they are going, and
what their mission is.
4-9. As in planning, the airspace elements maintain constant communication with the fires cell, air liaison
officer, tactical air control party, intelligence sections, unmanned aircraft system operators, and all other staff
elements that represent airspace users. Airspace elements track and establish communication links with all
manned and unmanned airspace users. This communication enables the airspace elements to build complete
situational understanding and to synchronize ongoing airspace operations. By establishing these
communication links, airspace element personnel can solve airspace user conflicts in near-real-time by
recommending adjustments to timing, trajectories, or flight paths to the staff elements and subordinate
headquarters that control the conflicting users. This process is continuous and requires the airspace elements
to monitor not only the current operations but also to project airspace usage for planned operations.
ASSESSMENT
4-10. Assessment which is the continuous monitoring and evaluation of the current situation, precedes and
guides every operations process activity and concludes each operation or phase of an operation. Staffs
monitor the current situation for unanticipated successes, failures, or enemy actions. Commanders and staffs
look for opportunities, threats, and acceptable progress as they assess the operation. They accept risks, seize
opportunities, and mitigate threats.
4-11. Assessment activities help commanders visualize, describe, and direct changes to the operation.
Airspace elements assist commanders in assessing airspace operations. Assessment consists of, but is not
limited to the following activities:
* Monitoring the current situation to collect relevant information. |
3-52 | 39 | Airspace Control—Execution and Assessment
* Evaluating progress toward establishing end state conditions, accomplishing objectives, and
performing tasks.
* Recommending or directing action for improvement.
4-12. Staffs use several tools to assess progress. Running estimates and the COP are the two most prevalent.
Running estimates provide information, conclusions, and recommendations from the perspective of each staff
section. The Joint Air Ground Integration Center is a technique to utilize in the current operations cell of an
Army division to quickly assess and make recommendations for changes to airspace control of division
allocated airspace. See ATP 3-91.1 for additional information on this. Running estimates help refine the COP
and supplement it with information not readily displayed. The COP provides an integrated visualization of
the operations. See paragraph D-14 through paragraph D-16.
4-13. Airspace elements or the JAGIC within Army divisions, continually monitor and assess operations,
airspace use, and future airspace use as part of their running estimate. These running estimates provide the
analytical basis for airspace use recommendations. These recommendations are focused on near-real-time
airspace control or on posturing for future use of airspace. Examples of monitoring airspace use include the
following:
* Verifying planned aviation missions conform to actual airspace use.
* Anticipating potential manned and unmanned aircraft missions generated to support adjustments
to current operations (casualty evacuation, unmanned aircraft system re-tasking).
* Identifying airspace users entering the AO without prior coordination.
* Understanding airspace not in use (situational understanding of unused airspace provides
flexibility since it is essentially pre-cleared for immediate use if needed).
* Maintaining situational understanding during current operations and anticipating potential fire
missions (surface-to-surface, surface-to-air, and air-to-surface) that may result in an airspace
conflict.
4-14. Continuous assessment enables learning and adaptability. Airspace elements continuously assess
operations enabling the staffs to identify shortcomings in key airspace planning documents, most notably the
joint air operations plan, the airspace control plan, the area air defense plan, and higher headquarters operation
orders, associated airspace appendices. Based on these shortcomings, airspace elements recommend needed
adjustments to establish the conditions for future operations. In doing so, these key airspace planning
documents remain relevant and help commanders reduce uncertainty and risk, and providing flexibility
during mission accomplishment.
AIRSPACE CONTROL—EXECUTION AND ASSESSMENT
COLLECTIVE TASKS
4-15. Airspace elements perform a series of collective tasks to integrate airspace use in near-real-time.
Executing collective tasks enables commanders to make informed decisions of when and where to shoot or
fly, thereby minimizing the risk. Airspace elements work alone to perform collective tasks. An airspace
element will not always perform all the tasks listed below, however, the element must be prepared to perform
any or all of them.
PROCESS OF AIRSPACE ORDERS AND DIRECTIVES
4-16. The airspace element processes airspace orders and directives. It uses information systems to receive
and disseminate airspace orders and directives to or from the airspace control authority and subordinate
airspace elements. The element builds and maintains the airspace control overlay consisting of the joint
airspace control order, any local airspace coordinating measures the airspace control authority does not
publish on the airspace control order, and near-real-time airspace coordinating measures too transient to be
published in an airspace control order change. The airspace element establishes near-real-time, jam-resistant,
and long-range voice communications with higher, adjacent, and subordinate systems. The airspace element
promulgates procedures for receiving and disseminating airspace information in Appendix 10 (Airspace
Control) to Annex C (Operations). These procedures address communicating with units equipped with
different information systems, operating in a degraded environment (no communication lines and no radar |
3-52 | 40 | Chapter 4
feeds for example), as well as addressing reliability, speed, and risk issues associated with operating in
degraded environments. See appendix C for a detailed discussion on information systems.
MANAGE AIRSPACE CONTROL INFORMATION DISPLAYS
4-17. Airspace elements maintain accurate information displays. Information displays consist of overlays,
maps, and databases in near-real-time. This information includes computer hardware and software and
communications as well as policies and procedures. Once developed, the airspace element updates
information and disseminates it to other staff elements and subordinate airspace elements and users.
DETERMINE TRACK IDENTIFICATION FOR AIRSPACE USERS
4-18. The air and missile defense (AMD) element, in coordination with the airspace element, uses combat
identification criteria to determine track identification for airspace users. The AMD element, supported by
airspace elements, continuously monitor the air picture. The AMD element tracks and identifies airspace
users as friend, neutral, hostile, or unknown. Once identified, the element assigns combat identification. The
air and missile defense element confirms that all tracks are processed for identification. This element
monitors and verifies that all subordinate airspace nodes process all organic tracks for identification. The
AMD element coordinates with the area air defense commander for appropriate actions on hostile tracks
within the AO. The combination of the AMD element’s air tracks and the airspace element’s airspace control
overlay displayed on airspace element system screens and in the current operations, provides the echelon
commander a tactical air picture and situational awareness of ongoing airspace use. The airspace element
maintains situational awareness and situational understanding of all unified action partners and neutral
airspace users in the AO.
MONITOR ASSIGNED AIRSPACE AND AIRSPACE USERS WITHIN ASSIGNED AREA OF
OPERATIONS
4-19. Airspace elements continually monitor the operations of all airspace users to support their mission as
well as those transiting through the air over their ground AO. Airspace elements can develop and maintain
running estimates that provide the basis for the air COP by monitoring airspace users’ identification, location,
flight paths, trajectories, and other critical information. Further, by continuously monitoring and assessing
airspace use and airspace coordinating measures for conflicts, airspace elements can provide direction to
deconflict, coordinate, and integrate the use of airspace within the AO. Airspace elements monitor with a
near-real-time, jam-resistant, and secure communications network as well as digital connectivity. Airspace
elements use several means to communicate with higher, adjacent, and subordinate airspace elements within
the AO. First, elements determine the dimensions of the unit airspace. Next, they determine the level of
authorization for airspace control delegated to the unit. Once the communication with the assigned AO is
determined, airspace elements maintain and update all joint airspace control documents to ensure compliance
with established monitoring procedures. Activities include the following:
* Airspace control utilizing the low-level air picture.
* Airspace control utilizing manual reporting.
* Monitoring air track actions.
* Maintaining an up-to-date airspace control order.
* Assigning combat identification to support air and missile defense.
* Defensive counterair operations to support air and missile defense.
* Airspace control liaison with higher controlling authorities such as airborne warning and control
system, control and reporting center, tactical air operations center, or direct air support center.
RESOLVE REAL-TIME CONFLICTS FOR AIRSPACE USERS WITHIN THE AREA OF
OPERATIONS
4-20. Airspace elements need to resolve real-time conflicts for airspace users within the area of operations
regardless of the thoroughness of planning. These situations require immediate use of airspace. Continuously
monitoring and assessing current and projected airspace use enables airspace elements to either coordinate |
3-52 | 41 | Airspace Control—Execution and Assessment
or recommend airspace use for immediate fires, close air support, unplanned unmanned aircraft systems
employment, aircraft redirection and numerous other missions. Airspace elements resolve airspace conflicts
by changing the time, altitude, or location of one or more airspace users by restricting operations of one or
more airspace users or by accepting prudent risk to accomplish both missions in the same airspace. Airspace
elements do not routinely manage the flight path or trajectory of individual airspace users, rather they
integrate airspace use both in planning and execution to manage risk. Only when two or more airspace users
are in conflict do airspace elements direct changes in flight paths or, in the case of fires, coordinate with the
fires cell to alter the trajectory. Airspace elements base these changes on the commanders’ mission priorities
and risk guidance. Pilots, unmanned aircraft system operators, and weapon system controllers still maintain
the responsibility to make the directed changes to their flight path or trajectory. The unit makes every attempt
to coordinate a satisfactory solution if the risk involves airspace coordination with other joint airspace
controlling agencies. However, the commander has the authority to accept prudent risk if necessary to
accomplish an immediate combat mission unless specifically prohibited by higher headquarters constraints.
At the division level, JAGIC is a technique to resolve real-time airspace conflicts within the division assigned
airspace. See ATP 3-91.1 for additional information about the JAGIC. |
3-52 | 43 | Appendix A
Risk
This appendix discusses risk and airspace control. First, it discusses risk collaboration
in airspace. Then, it discusses the two types of risk. The appendix then discusses the
effects risks have on airspace operations. Next, it addresses the condition of risk in
airspace control. The appendix concludes with a discussion of the steps that airspace
element personnel use to manage risk.
COLLABORATION IN RISK
A-1. Airspace use over an Army area of operations (AO) is always joint, and often coalition and interagency,
so decisions require collaboration with many organizations. While the owner of an AO is the primary
supported commander, other airspace users still require access to the area. For example, the joint force air
component commander must have access to that airspace to accomplish missions supporting the ground
commander and to accomplish theater-wide missions supporting the joint force commander. Further, other
military and civil airspace elements at times control some or all of the airspace over a unit AO. These
organizations often have differing views of mission priorities and acceptable risk to their airspace users.
A-2. Joint airspace doctrine allows commanders to make risk decisions in combat situations. However, the
commander making the decision, accepts responsibility for the decision. Just as airspace use within and above
an Army AO is joint, the risk accepted by the commander may also involve joint forces. Therefore, airspace
control personnel should notify affected joint forces of the risk so that the forces can properly mitigate it and
remain within the joint force commander’s acceptable level of risk for all airspace users (including fires) as
delineated in the airspace control plan.
A-3. To set brigade commanders up for success, the operational Army force airspace element actively
collaborates with the joint force commander while developing and refining acceptable airspace risk guidance
and any associated decision support tools such as risk assessment matrixes. This collaboration necessitates
early and continuous component participation in producing, and subsequently changing, the joint air
operations plan, the area air defense plan, the airspace control plan, and airspace control orders. Once these
higher echelon commanders have agreed to acceptable risk, the joint air force component commander
publishes this guidance (including any constraints) in the joint air operations plan and the airspace control
plan. Additionally, the joint force air component commander disseminates this guidance using the air
operations directive. The Army disseminates the guidance in Appendix 10 (Airspace Control) to Annex C
(Operations) of Army plans and orders. As military operations progress, participants readdress this risk
guidance.
TYPES OF RISK
A-4. Airspace risk consists of real risks and perceived risks. Real risk is the actual probability of a collision
between airspace users. Perceived risk is the risk of collision that airspace users and their commanders assess
to incur by operating in the area. Historically, the real risk of a collision between airspace users is statistically
small. For example, from 2003 to 2015, small, unmanned aircraft systems flew approximately 600,000 hours
with only two incidents of collision with other airspace users. During that same period, the perception of the
risk posed by small, unmanned aircraft systems was much greater. A risk mitigation strategy that only
addresses perceived risk can fail by being too cautious and hindering operations. Airspace element personnel
can reduce perceived risk by establishing a relationship of trust with adjacent joint and unified action partner
airspace agencies such as combat reporting centers, airborne warning and control systems, and direct air
support centers. An effective airspace control plan targets both real risk and perceived risk. |
3-52 | 44 | Appendix A
CONDITIONS OF RISK MITIGATION
A-5. Conditions of risk mitigation for airspace differ from conditions of risk mitigation for ground
operations. Aircraft reporting based on planning or periodic voice reports have a greater degree of position
uncertainty and greater risk due to the speed in which aircraft travel. Tactical jet aircraft move so quickly that
they cause risk situations that require rapid decisions based on estimated locations. The current location of
an aircraft is always an estimate. In 30 seconds, an aircraft traveling at 500 knots per hour has travelled seven
kilometers, hence, electronic displays do not show where an aircraft actually is, instead they show where the
aircraft was when it reported its position. Airspace element personnel facilitate risk reduction by maintaining
a running estimate of the possible locations of an aircraft based on its last report. A rapidly updated position
report (such as radar or aircraft automatic self-reporting) facilitates risk reduction since the airspace that the
aircraft occupies likely consists of a small volume of airspace. Without near-real-time situational awareness,
airspace element personnel facilitate risk reduction by requiring airspace users to use preplanned coordination
measures and by reserving large volumes of airspace for possible use.
A-6. To preclude an airspace mishap, commanders establish control measures to mitigate risk. For example,
commanders may consider certain risks, such as counterbattery fire, unacceptable for manned aircraft ACMs,
but acceptable for unmanned aircraft ACMs. How this guidance is relayed will affect how airspace
coordinating measures are planned. However, if excessive, these control measures can degrade unit
operations. Understanding the nature of airspace risk, tools to mitigate risk, and the effects (both positive and
negative) of risk mitigation strategies is a key responsibility of airspace element personnel.
EFFECTS OF RISK
A-7. Usually mitigating risk has one of two influencing effects. The first effect is the risk of a collision
between airspace users. The second effect is the risk to mission success if a mission is cancelled or delayed
to reduce the collision risk. Ideally, if a risk of collision exists, airspace element personnel adjust airspace
use, reducing risk and allowing both missions to proceed without degrading either mission. However in some
cases, one or both of the airspace users have their mission degraded to reduce risk to acceptable levels. In
this case only, commanders or designated representatives direct an airspace adjustment that degrades a
mission or exceeds risk guidance. For example, a troops-in-contact fire mission must shoot through an
airspace coordinating measure currently occupied by an aircraft. The commander decides to reduce platform
risk by moving the aircraft and accepting degradation of the platform’s mission, to reduce platform risk by
cancelling the fire mission and accepting risk to Soldiers who need the fires, or to accept risk to the platform
and shoot while the aircraft remains on station.
A-8. Risk management associated with airspace control increases combat effectiveness by promoting the
safe, efficient, and flexible use of airspace with minimum restraint on airspace users. A successful airspace
risk mitigation plan and timely actions are both force multipliers that assist in accomplishing the mission,
protecting friendly forces and noncombatants, and preserving aircraft while also adhering to commander’s
intent, guidance, and risk acceptance criteria.
RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS
A-9. The Army utilizes a risk management process, referred to in ATP 5-19. The five risk management
steps (identify hazards, assess hazards to determine risk, develop control measures and make risk decisions,
implement control measures, and supervise and evaluate) of this process also facilitates airspace risk
management. The five steps align with the activities of the operations process (plan, prepare, and execute
supported by continuous assessment). The aviation safety officer at each echelon assists the staff, ensuring
each section or planner uses the risk management process. See Figure A-1. |
3-52 | 45 | Risk
Risk management steps Operations process activities
20 October 2016 FM 3-52 A-3
Assessing Step 1-Identify the hazards Planning
Step 1-Assess the hazards Planning
Step 1-Develop controls and make risk decisions Planning and preparing
Step 1-Implement controls Planning, preparing, and executing
Step 1-Supervise and evaluate Planning and executing
Figure A-1. Risk management aligned with the operations process
PLAN
A-10. In the planning phase, steps one and two of the risk management process provide the structure and
situational awareness necessary to develop a sound course of action and plans. Only then can a stated mission
or purpose be accomplished within a predetermined level of risk. When planning operations, commanders’
efforts involve risk management tools and processes to assess and mitigate risk. If no airspace users risked
interfering with other airspace users, no requirement for airspace control would exist.
A-11. In step one, airspace control working group personnel identify potential hazards by using the standard
mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support available, time available and civil considerations
(known as METT-TC) format. Personnel identify the potential hazards in the airspace above the AO that they
could encounter while accomplishing a mission, event, or operation. For example, hazards they identify
include physical hazards (such as wires or structures), firing unit locations and procedures, air defense unit
locations and procedures, or misapplication of appropriate airspace coordinating measures. Poor choices and
decisions on using the available airspace preclude its efficient utilization by airspace users and jeopardize
mission accomplishment.
A-12. In step two, airspace control working group personnel assess potential hazards and assign risks in terms
of probability and severity of adverse impact on an event or occurrence. This step considers the risk or
likelihood of an event or incident adversely influencing a mission, capabilities, people, equipment, or
property. Commanders ask what the odds or probability are of something going wrong and what effects
(severity) follow the incident if it does occur. When considering severity, consider the use of unmanned
systems and the commander’s acceptance of risk to valuable equipment in order to mitigate risks to manned
platforms or targets. As an example, the commander must clarify their authority and willingness to provide
timely fires through a UAS ROZ in support of friendly troops in contact.
A-13. In these first two steps, airspace element personnel identify and assess hazards. They also analyze the
plan’s complexity using the density, diversity, duration, and promptness categories. Density refers to the
number of airspace users a unit will control or will integrate in the airspace over the AO. Diversity accounts
for the different types of airspace users (manned/unmanned aircraft systems, artillery, and air and missile
defense) and organizations (joint forces, coalition forces, or civil airspace users) that use the airspace.
Duration accounts for how long users will require the level of airspace control. For example, will it require
augmentation of airspace element personnel for a long duration high-density airspace control zone.
Promptness is the amount of time needed to integrate a new airspace user safely into the airspace.
A-14. Density, diversity, duration, and promptness provide a tool for looking at a unit’s mission and
determining the complexity of the airspace control. Commanders and staffs assess information derived from
the density, diversity, duration, and promptness (along with hazards and associated risks) during mission
analysis, course of action development, and course of action analysis. Commanders and staffs consider
mission- and non-mission- related aspects that may have an impact. This assessment results in an initial
estimate of risk for each identified hazard expressed in four terms. Airspace users rate the risk with extremely
high, high, moderate, or low as determined from the standardized application of the risk assessment matrix. |
3-52 | 46 | Appendix A
Probability (expected frequency)
Frequent: Likely: Occasional Seldom: Unlikely:
Continuous, Several or : Infrequent Possible
regular, or numerous Sporadic or occurrences occurrences
inevitable occurrences intermittent but
occurrences occurrences improbable
Severity (expected A B C D E
consequence)
Catastrophic:
Death, unacceptable
loss or damage, I EH EH H H M
mission failure, or unit
readiness eliminated
Critical:
Severe injury, illness,
loss, or damage;
II EH H H M L
significantly degraded
unit readiness or
mission capability
Moderate:
Minor injury, illness,
loss, or damage;
III H M M L L
degraded unit
readiness or mission
capability
Negligible:
Minimal injury, loss, or
damage; little or no
IV M L L L L
impact to unit
readiness or mission
capability
Legend
EH – extremely high risk H – high risk M – medium risk L – low risk
Figure A-2. Sample risk assessment matrix
PREPARE
A-15. In the preparation phase, leaders develop control measures and make decisions to eliminate
unnecessary risks. Based on the identification and assessment of potential hazards by airspace personnel,
leaders balance the risks (readiness, political, economic, and environmental) against the costs of each course
of action as they develop control measures.
A-16. In step three, after airspace control working group personnel have assessed related hazards and made
appropriate recommendations, leaders develop one or more control measures. These control measures either
eliminate the hazard or reduce the risk (probability or severity) of a hazardous incident occurring. In
developing control measures, leaders consider the reason for the hazard, not just the hazard itself.
A-17. To be effective, each control developed must meet the following criteria:
* Feasibility. The unit has the capability to implement the control.
* Acceptability. The benefit gained by implementing the control justifies the cost in resources and
time. The assessment of acceptability is largely subjective. Past experience, the commander’s
guidance, or other external restrictions influence the assessment.
* Suitability. The control removes the hazard or mitigates (reduces) the residual risk to an acceptable
level (determined by the responsible individual). |
3-52 | 47 | Risk
* Support. Adequate personnel, equipment, supplies, and facilities necessary to implement the
control are available.
* Explicitness. The control clearly specifies who, what, where, when, why, and how each control
will be used.
* Standards. Guidance and procedures for implementing the control are clear, practical, and specific.
* Training. Knowledge and skills of personnel are adequate to implement the control.
* Leadership. Army leaders are ready, willing, and able to enforce standards necessary to implement
the control.
* The individual. Individual personnel are sufficiently self-disciplined and capable of implementing
the control.
A-18. Commanders and staff develop and rehearse procedures for making risk decisions. Commanders
ensure that the level of authority accepting the consequences of a given hazard is determined by the level of
residual risk associated with that hazard. The greater the residual risk, the higher the authority that evaluates
and decides to accept the risk.
EXECUTE
A-19. In the execution phase, risk management involves the implementation of the identified control
measures. In step four, leaders and airspace element personnel ensure that control measures are integrated
into Appendix 10 (Airspace Control) to Annex C (Operations) of the Army plans and orders, standard
operating procedures, written and verbal orders, mission briefings, and running estimates. The critical check
for this step is to ensure that staffs convert control measures into clear and simple execution orders. When
division commanders utilize the JAGIC technique, the level of with whom decision making authority lies
must be carefully considered. An improper decision may result in unresponsive fires and missed opportunities
or allocation of limited resources prior to the decisive point in the operation.
ASSESS
A-20. Leaders continuously assess effectiveness of control measures, adjusting as necessary for changing or
unexpected situations or events, and evaluate their effectiveness to maintain an acceptable level of risk for
the operation. In step five, leaders and airspace element personnel ensure that risk control measures are
enforced to standard. This step also encompasses airspace element personnel validating the adequacy of the
selected control measures in supporting the unit’s mission. Timeliness or promptness is a key aspect of
determining adequacy due to the dynamic nature of events during mission accomplishment. A unit’s
reputation of compliance to standards helps reduce other airspace user’s perception of risk when operating
in the units AO.
A-21. Supervision is an integral part of the process. Supervision ensures subordinates understand how, when,
and where to implement control measures. It also ensures that control measures are implemented, monitored,
and remain in place. Situational awareness is a critical component of the risk management process when
identifying hazards. Situational awareness is equally important in supervision. It ensures that complacency
and deviation from standards or violations of policies and risk control measures do not threaten success.
Airspace element personnel monitor factors such as fatigue, equipment serviceability, or availability, and the
weather and environment. The personnel can then mitigate the hazards such factors present. Supervision and
oversight provides commanders and leaders with the situational awareness necessary to anticipate, identify,
and assess any new hazards and to develop or modify control measures as necessary.
A-22. Evaluation occurs during all phases of an operation and is included as part of every after action review.
During evaluation, airspace element personnel identify and assess hazards and well as endure compliance.
Airspace element personnel identify any hazards not identified as part of the initial assessment or identify
new hazards that evolved during the operation or activity. For example, any time that personnel, equipment,
environment, or mission changes the initial risk management analysis, airspace element personnel re-evaluate
the control measures. Airspace element personnel assess effectiveness in supporting operational goals and
objectives. They check if the control measures positively or negatively impact training or mission
accomplishment. They check if the control measures support existing doctrine, techniques, tactics, and
procedures. Airspace element personnel assess the implementation, execution, and communication of the |
3-52 | 48 | Appendix A
control measures. Airspace element personnel also assess accuracy of residual risk and effectiveness of
control measures in eliminating hazards and controlling risks and they ensure compliance with the guiding
principles of risk management. They check that they integrated the process throughout all phases of the
operation. They check the accuracy and decision levels of risk decisions, the necessity of risks, verifying that
the benefits outweigh the cost in terms of dollars, training benefit, time, and that the process was cyclic and
continuous throughout the operation. Airspace element personnel track risk management in a standardized
manner according to ATP 5-19. |
3-52 | 49 | Appendix B
Airspace Coordinating Measures
This appendix discusses airspace coordinating measures. First, it discusses the
overview. Then, it discusses the types and usages of airspace coordinating measures.
Lastly, this appendix discusses common reference systems for airspace coordinating
measures.
OVERVIEW
B-1. Army commanders use airspace coordinating measures (ACMs) to facilitate the efficient use of
airspace and simultaneously provide safeguards for friendly forces. The Army’s airspace control
methodology emphasizes procedural control of airspace. ACMs are organized into a set of seven broad
categories called types. The seven categories are: airspace coordinating measures, fire support coordination
measures, maneuver control measures, air reference measures, air defense measures, marine defense
measures, and air traffic control measures. Each type includes a subset of control measures called usages.
B-2. Doctrinal ACMs are implemented by digital messages—United States message text format (USMTF)
standard. See appendix D for USMTF details.
B-3. Ideally, the airspace staff plans and requests ACMs prior to the publication of the current ACO. Once
a commander approves ACMs, they are then added to the UAP for addition to the daily ACO. This does not
preclude a component from immediately establishing and executing an ACM after considering risk. See
appendix A for a discussion of the risk associated with ACMs. However, near-real-time airspace coordination
requirements dictate that some ACMs be requested outside the planning phase. Near-real-time ACMs are
expedited and once they are approved, should appear in ACO changes as historical data.
B-4. Airspace elements request ACMs using airspace coordinating measure requests (ACMREQs).
Airspace elements use ACMREQs for planning, requesting a change, and coordinating. Airspace elements
use planned ACMREQs to develop the unit airspace plan (UAP) and nominate planned ACMs to higher
headquarters as part of a future ACO. Airspace elements use ACMREQs submitted within the current ACO
cycle to integrate and disseminate the change into the current ACO. Lastly, airspace elements use near-real-
time ACMREQs for near-real-time coordination with external airspace agencies. These agencies include an
Air Force CRC or Marines Corps DASC.
TYPES AND USAGES
B-5. The types and usages of ACMs are identified in table B-1a and B-1b on pages B-2 and B-3. This table
lists the types of coordinating measures and their corresponding USMTF ACMs. The bolded ACMs reflect
the most frequently used ACMs or ACMs of particularly importance to the Army. Special use airspace is
denoted by an asterisk (*). Tables B-2 through B-10 (beginning on page B-4) provide additional details for
the most frequently used ACMs. |
3-52 | 50 | Appendix B
Table B-1a. Types of airspace coordinating measures and their corresponding usage
ACM ACM
ACM
AIRCOR Stand Alone FSCM (9) MAN(7) AIRREF(7)
ROZ (14)
(7) (4)
LLTR CA AAR PZ ACA AOA ACP (USMTF)
MRR CL ABC RECCE CFL BNDRY BULL
SAAFR HIDACZ AEW FFA FLOT BZ
NOFLY FSA
SC CAP FSCL CP
TC CAS SOF KILLBX JOA IFFOFF
TMMR DZ SSM NFA JSOA IFFON
TR EC SSMS RFA PL SARDOT
LZ UA RFL
ZF
Legend
AAR air-to-air refueling area IFFON identification, friend, or
foe (IFF) switch on line
ABC airborne command and control area JOA joint operations area
ACA airspace coordination area JSOA Joint special operations
area
ACM airspace coordinating measure KILLBX kill box
ACP air control point (USMTF) LZ landing zone
AEW airborne early warning area LLTR low-level transit route
AIRCOR Airspace coordinating measures (air MAN maneuver control
corridor) measures
AIRREF air reference measures MRR minimum-risk route
AOA amphibious objective area NFA no fire area
BNDRY boundary NOFLY no fly area
BULL bulls-eye PL phase line
BZ buffer zone PZ pickup zone
CA coordinating altitude RFA restrictive fire area
CAP combat air patrol RFL restrictive fire line
CAS close air support area ROZ Airspace coordinating
measure (restricted
operations zone)
CFL coordinated fire line RECCE reconnaissance area
CL coordination level SAAFR standard use Army
aircraft flight route
CP contact point SARDOT search and rescue point
DZ drop zone SC special corridor
EC electronic combat SOF special operations forces
area
FFA free-fire area SSM surface to surface
munitions
FLOT forward line of own troops SSMS surface-to-surface missile
system
FSA fire support area TC transit corridor
FSCL fire support coordination line TMMR temporary minimum risk
route
FSCM Fire Support Coordination Measures TR transit route
HIDACZ high-density airspace control zone UA unmanned aircraft
area(USMTF uses UAV
[unmanned aerial
vehicle])
IFFOFF identification, friend, or foe (IFF) switch ZF zone of fire
off line |
3-52 | 51 | Airspace Coordinating Measures
Table B-1b. Types of airspace coordinating measures and their corresponding usage
ADMEAS(14) MARDEF(11) ATC (20)
ADIZ LOMEZ ADZ FIRUB ADVRTE CLSE
BDZ MEZ APPCOR ISP ALERTA* CLSF
CADA MISARC CCZONE ISR ALTRV CLSG
SHORADEZ
ARWY
CONTZN COZ RTF DA
FEZ SL FADIZ SAFES CDR FIR
HIMEZ TL SCZ CFA MOA*
JEZ WFZ CLSA PROHIB*
CLSB RA*
CLSC TFR*
CLSD WARN*
Legend
ADIZ air defense identification zone FIRUB fire power umbrella
ADMEAS air defense measures HIMEZ high-altitude missile engagement zone
ADVRTE advisory route ISP identification safety point
ADZ amphibious defense zone ISR identification safety range
ALERTA alert area JEZ joint engagement zone
ALTRV altitude reservation LOMEZ low-altitude missile engagement zone
APPCOR approach corridor MARDEF marine defense measures
ARWY airway MEZ missile engagement zone
ATC air traffic control measures MISARC missile arc
BDZ base defense zone MOA military operations area
CADA coordinated air defense area PROHIB prohibited area
CCZONE carrier control zone RA restricted area
CDR conditional route RTF return to force
CLSA class-A airspace SAFES safety sector (USMTF)
CLSB class-B airspace SCZ ship control zone
CLSC class-C airspace SHORADEZ short-range air defense engagement
zone
CLSD class-D airspace SL safe lane
CLSE class-E airspace TFR temporary flight restriction
CLSF class-F airspace TL traverse level
CLSG class-G airspace WARN warning area
CONTZN control zone WFZ weapons free zone
COZ crossover zone * denotes special use airspace
CFA controlled firing area
DA danger area
FADIZ fleet air defense identification zone
FEZ fighter engagement zone
FIR flight information region |
3-52 | 52 | ))ROCRIA(rodirroC
riA(serusaem
gnitanidrooc
ecapsriA
.2-B
elbaT
FTMSU/emaN
egasU
skrameR
snoitaredisnoC
gninnalP
ymrA/tnioJ
noitinifeD
tnioJ
noitaiverbbA
sah
edutitla
gnitanidrooc
a
fI
etuor
ot
desu
era
serudecorp
ROCRIA
levart
fo
etuor ria
detcirtser
A
rodirroC
riA
ROCRIA
na
,dehsilbatse
neeb
hcus
neewteb
stnemele
tabmoc
noitaiva
tfarcria
yldneirf
yb esu
rof deificeps
)ROCRIA(
gnisu
eht
yb
detnemelpmi
si
gnileufer
dna
gnimra
drawrof
sa
saera
fo
esoprup
eht rof
dehsilbatse
gnitanidrooc
a
fI
.ytirohtua
.snoitisop
elttab
dna
,saera
gnidloh
,stniop
gnieb
morf
tfarcria
yldneirf
gnitneverp
neeb
ton
sah
edutitla
eht deecxe
ton
od ROCRIA
na
fo
sedutitlA
)25-3
PJ(
.secrof
yldneirf
yb nopu
derif
si
ROCRIA
na
,dehsilbatse
.dehsilbatse
fi
,edutitla
gnitanidrooc
eht
ta
ACA
eht
yb
dehsilbatse
etairporppa
eht
fo
tseuqer
.rednammoc
dnuorg
EAB/MADA
yb detaitini
MCA
hguorht
setuor
lanoitcerid-ib
era
sRTLL
denifed
fo
rodirroc
yraropmet
A
tisnarT
leveL-woL
.stnemele
ecapsria
ro
dna
.secrof
yldneirf
deyolped-drawrof
fo
saera
drawrof
eht
ni
dehsilbatse
snoisnemid
)RTLL(
etuoR
.ACA
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
senoz
eerf-snopaew
diova
dluohs
sRTLL
yldneirf
ot
ksir eziminim
ot
aera
htiw
etanidrooC
.senoz
esnefed
esab
dna
ro
sesnefed
ria
yldneirf
morf
tfarcria
.RTLL
eht
sesu
netfo
OTAN
erusne
ot sloot
gninnalp
esu
dna
ecnegilletni
)25-3
PJ( .secrof
ecafrus
ria
ecafrus
ot
erusopxe
seziminim
etuor
eht
.staerht
esnefed
EAB/MADA
yb detaitini
MCA
drawrof-ssorc
rof
yliramirp
desu
era
sRRM
denifed
fo
rodirroc
yraropmet
A
etuor
ksir-muminiM
.stnemele
ecapsria
ro
dna
ria
esolC
.snoitarepo
spoort
nwo
fo
enil
yb
esu
rof
dednemmocer
snoisnemid
)RRM(
.ACA
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
ni
sRRM
esu
ton
od yllausu
tfarcria
troppus
taht
tfarcria
gniw-dexif
,deeps-hgih
era
sRRM
.aera
tegrat
eht fo
ytiniciv
eht
sdrazah
nwonk
muminim
eht stneserp
riA
.staerht
nwonk
no
desab
dehsilbatse
eht
gnitisnart
tfarcria
gniylf-wol
ot
yllamron
si
sutats
lortnoc
snopaew
esnefed
)25-3
PJ(
.enoz
tabmoc
)1.25-3
PTA(
.sRRM
ni
”thgit“
EAB/MADA
yb detaitini
MCA
tfarcria
ymrA
yb desu
yllareneg
era
sRFAAS
eht
woleb
dehsilbatse
etuoR
ymrA
esu
dradnatS
.stnemele
ecapsria
ro
dna
a
fI .sesoprup
citsigol
dna
evitartsinimda
rof
eht
etatilicaf
ot level
noitanidrooc
etuor
thgilf
tfarcria
fi
ACA
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
gnisu
eht
,dehsilbatse
si
level noitanidrooc
tI
.stessa
noitaiva
ymrA
fo tnemevom
)RFAAS(
ton
seod
,LC
eht
evoba
noitanidrooc
a fI
.meht
stnemelpmi
ytirohtua
sproc
eht
ni detacol
yllamron
si
fi
lavorppa
ACA
eriuqer
ecapsria
eht
,dehsilbatse
neeb ton
sah
level
fo
saera
raer edagirb
hguorht
gnitsixe
na
woleb
dehsilbatse
dnuorg
eht
ta
ti sehsilbatse
ytirohtua
lortnoc
lavorppa
eriuqer
ton od
dna noitarepo
.LC
)1.25-3
PTA(
.tseuqer
s’rednammoc
.ytirohtua
lortnoc
ecapsria
eht
yb
)25-3
PJ(
Appendix B |
3-52 | 53 | )deunitnoc(
))ROCRIA(rodirroC
riA(serusaem
gnitanidrooc
ecapsriA
.2-B
elbaT
FTMSU/emaN
egasU
skrameR
snoitaredisnoC
gninnalP
ymrA/tnioJ
noitinifeD
tnioJ
noitaiverbbA
,EAB/MADA
yb
detaitini
MCA
eb
ot era
sCS
fo
noitavitca
rof
stseuqeR
eht
etadommocca
ot
desu
rodirroc
ria
nA
)CS(
rodirroc
laicepS
.llec
DMA
ro
stnemele
ecapsria
.ytirohtua
lortnoc
ecapsria
eht ot
dettimbus
cificeps
fo stnemeriuqer
gnituor
laiceps
.ACA
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
.OCA
eht ni
dehsilbup
eb
lliw
sCS
detavitcA
)25-3
PJ(
.snoissim
dluohs
srodirroc
hcus
fo noitaglumorP
ylisae
ro
srotangised
etuor
:edulcni
latnoziroh
dna
lacitrev
,secnerefer
deifitnedi
erehw
sresu
dna
)s(doirep
noitavitca
snoisnemid
)25-3
PJ(
.elbacilppa
.tfarcria
snoitarepo
laiceps
rof desu
netfo
era
sCS
dna
EAB/MADA
yb
detaitini
MCA
ria
hguorht
tfarcria
etuor
ot dehsilbatse
era
sCT
eht
ni
dehsilbatse
rodirroc
lanoitcerid-ib
A
)CT(
rodirroc
tisnarT
.stnemele
ecapsria
ro
.etairporppa
erehw
,raer
eht
ni
sesnefed
ria
dedivorp
ton
si yllamron
dna
aera
raer
.ACA
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
)1.25-3
PTA(
)1.25-3
PTA(
.secivres
ciffart
dna
EAB/MADA
yb
detaitini
MCA
ecapsria
neewteb
yrassecen
si noitanidrooC
ria
etuor
ot
dehsilbatse
etuor
yraropmet
A
muminim
yraropmeT
.stnemele
ecapsria
ro
PJ(
.PCAT/COSA
ro SCAWA/CRC
dna
stnemele
raer
eht
ro setuor
tisnart
neewteb
ciffart
)RRMT(
etuor
ksir
.ACA
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
)25-3
rieht
dna
aera
drawrof
eht fo
yradnuob
dnuorg
fo
troppus
tcerid
ni
aera snoitarepo
)25-3
PJ( .snoitarepo
dna
EAB/MADA
yb
detaitini
MCA
ria
,nalp
kcatta
ria retsam
llarevo
eht
redisnoC
denifed
fo
rodirroc
ria yraropmet
A
)RT(
etuor
tisnarT
.stnemele
ecapsria
ro
tneiciffe
tsom
erusne
ot
OCA
dna
,redro
gniksat
drawrof
eht
ni dehsilbatse
snoisnemid
.ACA
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
dna
,edutitla
,gnimit
redisnoc
dna
desu
era
setuor
yldneirf
ot
sksir
eht
eziminim
ot
aera
-3
PTA(
.noitcilfnoced
dna
noitargetni
latnoziroh
ro
sesnefed
ria
yldneirf
morf
tfarcria
)1.25
)25-3
PJ(
.secrof
ecafrus
dnegeL
noitacilbuP
seuqinhceT
ymrA
PTA
ytirohtua
lortnoc
ecapsria
ACA
level
gnitanidrooc
LC
erusaem
gnitanidrooc
ecapsria
MCA
retnec
gnitroper
dna
lortnoc
CRC
redro
lortnoc
ecapsria
OCA
noitacilbup
tnioj
PJ
tnemele
noitaiva
edagirb/tnemeganam
ecapsria
esnefed
ria
EAB/MADA
noitazinagrO
ytaerT
citnaltA
htroN
OTAN
esnefed
elissim
dna
ria
DMA
ytrap
lortnoc
ria
lacitcat
PCAT
retnec
snoitarepo
troppus
ria
COSA
Airspace Coordinating Measures |
3-52 | 54 | )enolA dnatS(
)MCA(
erusaem gnitanidrooc
ecapsriA
.3-B
elbaT
egasU
skrameR
snoitaredisnoC
gninnalP
ymrA/tnioJ
noitinifeD
tnioJ
FTMSU/emaN noitaiverbbA
,noisivid
yb
detaitini
MCA
gnitanidrooc
a
gnihsilbatse
nehw gniwollof
eht redisnoc dluohs
srednammoC
erusaem
gnitanidrooc
ecapsria
nA
gnitanidrooC
ymra
retaeht
ro
sproc
:edutitla
sresu
etarapes ot
edutitla
sesu
taht
)AC(
edutitla
.tnemele
ecapsria
fo elbapac
eb tsum
stnemele lortnoc
ecapsria s’rednammoc
ehT )a(
neewteb
noitisnart
eht
senifed
dna
eht
fo trap
sa ,yllamroN
rieht nihtiw
)sresu yratilimnon
gnidulcni(
sresu ecapsria
lla gnillortnoc
A .stnemele
lortnoc
ecapsria
gnihsilbatse
fo ssecorp
.ecapsria fo
emulov
dengissa
eht
swolla edutitla
gnitanidrooc
dengissa
noisivid
ecapsria
ro ytirohtua
lortnoc
ecapsria
gnidrocca
detcudnoc
si edutitla
gnitanidrooc
eht woleb lortnoc
ecapsriA
)b(
.ecapsria
fo
emulov
a ngissa
ot
ytitne
lortnoc
.OCA
eht dna nalp lortnoc
ecapsria
eht
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
lortnoc rehtona
ot ecapsria
)LSM(
level
aes naem ni
derusaem eb
dluohs edutitla gnitanidrooc
ehT )c(
.ytirohtua
lortnoc
ecapsria
.noitazinagro
serif
tnioj dna
lortnoc ecapsria
tcudnoc
ot dedeen edutitla
eht ecnalab
dna
sesu
sproC
eniraM
ehT
.OA s’rednammoc
detroppus a
revo tnemyolpme
tluser
a
sa srucco noitageled
sihT
)a(
dnammoc
ria eniraM
eht
detroppus
morf
tseuqer
a fo
lortnoc
ot stinu
emos wolla
lliw ytilibapac
lortnoc ecapsria
ni secnereffiD
)d(
metsys
lortnoc
dna
revo
ecapsria
lortnoc
ot
srednammoc
eb
ton
yam
edutitla gnitanidrooc
eht ,eroferehT
.srehto naht
ecapsria
erom
tcilfnoced
ot )SCCAM(
.)OA( snoitarepo
fo aera
rieht
.aera snoitarepo
tnioj s’CFJ eht
ssorca
emas eht
dengissa
sti
nihtiw
siht snoitarepo
tnecer
nI
)b(
troppus
erif
a dnoyeb edutitla
gnitanidrooc
a eb ton lliw ereht
,yllamroN
)e(
esu
ton
seod
dna ecapsria
nehw
derrucco
ylnommoc
noitageled
.xob
llik evitca
na edisni ro )LCSF(
enil noitanidrooc
ot
edutitla
gnitanidrooc
ytirohtua lortnoc
ecapsria
eht
.tfarcria
etagerges
evoba
stniop
lortnoc ro ecapsria
noitisnart
dliub dluohs rednammoc
ehT )f(
ytirohtua
lortnoc ecapsria
dengissa
eht
neewteb
noitisnart tfarcria
etatilicaf
ot edutitla gnitanidrooc
eht
woleb ro
ecapsria
s’rednammoc
dnuorg
a ot
)1.25-3
PTA( .seititne gnillortnoc
tnereffid
eht woleb
tnemele
lortnoc
srotcaf
fo rebmun
a no sdneped
AC eht
fo thgieh eht rof noitaredisnoC
)g(
.edutitla
gnitanidrooc
.CCAFJ
dna CCLFJ
htob
yam
srednammoc
emitiraM
)c(
:sdnab
ni tup
eb nac esehT
.smetsys serif
yek fo edutitla
ecnanidrO
xaM
-
edutitla
gnitanidrooc
a esu
ot
esoohc
dna
yrellitra
nonnac elgna
hgih ,yrellitra
nonnac elgna
wol
,sratrom
.OA
emitiram
a
revo
selissim/stekcor
,dengissa
si ecapsria
eht ecnO
)d(
–
SAU
llamS
:sdnab ni ta
dekool eb nac
sihT .SAU fo edutitla
gnitarepO
-
si rednammoc
gnitseuqer
eht
.elgaE yarG
– SAU egraL
,wodahS – SAU
lacitcaT
,nevaR
lla gnillortnoc
rof
elbisnopser
?AC
eht
evoba
ro woleb sMCA
SAC tnaw
COSA gnitroppus
eht seoD
.SAC
-
serif
gnitcilfnoced
dna
sresu
ecapsria
rewol
a
ni tluser
lliw OA eht
ni taerht ria
retnuoc tnacifingis
A .esnefeD
riA
-
fo emulov dengissa
eht
nihtiw
evisnefed
fo lortnoc
eht rof
moor revuenam
lacitrev edivorp
ot redro
ni AC
s’CFJ
eht ot gnidrocca
,ecapsria
sa
esnefed
ria
rof serif ymrA
tceffa ton dluohs
AC eht fo noitacoL
.ria
retnuoc
PTA(
.OCA
dna nalp
lortnoc
ecapsria
dna
niahc
llik
tnioj eht ot
deknil eb
lliw smetsys thgis
fo enil
dnoyeb
)1.25-3
selur
dna
sutats
lortnoc snopaew
wollof lliw
smetsys thgis fo
enil dezilartneced
.serudecorp
esoht tceffa
ton seod
AC eht ;serudecorp
tnemegagne
fo
ni
detnemelpmi
eb tonnac
MCA siht yltnerruC
.noitinifed wen
a si siht
:etoN[
esohT
.seiradnuob
niatnoc
ton seod
AC fo noitinifed ehT
.smetsys
latigid
].seiradnuob
tinu
fo esu eht
yb ro txet yb rehtie
dedivorp
eb tsum
Appendix B |
3-52 | 55 | )deunitnoc(
)enolA
dnatS(
)MCA(
erusaem
gnitanidrooc
ecapsriA
.3-B
elbaT
egasU
skrameR
snoitaredisnoC
gninnalP
ymrA/tnioJ
noitinifeD
tnioJ
FTMSU/emaN noitaiverbbA
yb
detaitini
MCA
a
gnihsilbatse
nehw
gniwollof
eht
redisnoc
dluohs
srednammoC
ot dohtem
larudecorp
A
noitanidrooC
,CIGAJ
,EAB/MADA
.level
noitanidrooc
gniw-yrator
dna
-dexif
etarapes
)LC(
level
ecapsria
ro
dna
yb
detaitini
dna
detseuqer
si
level
noitanidrooc
ehT
)a(
na gninimreted
yb
tfarcria
.tnemele
ecapsria
eht
yb
devorppa
dna
stnemele
ecapsria
tnenopmoc
gniw-dexif
hcihw
woleb
edutitla
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
dna
nalp
lortnoc
ecapsria
eht
ni
noisulcni
rof
ytirohtua
lortnoc
.ylf
ton
lliw
yllamron
tfarcria
lortnoc
ecapsria
.OCA
hguorht
gninoitisnart
ot
roirP
.ytirohtua
noitarapes
larudecorp
rof
desu
eb
nac
level
noitanidrooc
ehT
)b(
eht ,level
noitanidrooc
eht
htiw
etanidrooc
dluohs
tfarcria
sproC
eniraM
ehT
gnitanidrooc
a
tuohtiw
ro
htiw
,tfarcria
gniw-yrator
dna
-dexif
fo
dna
dnammoc
etairporppa
eht
ot
SCCAM
eht
sesu
.edutitla
ni
detsil
ycnega
)2C(
lortnoc
sti
nihtiw
tcilfnoced
dnuorg
evoba
edutitla
ni
derusaem
si
level
noitanidrooc
ehT
)c(
ro
nalp
lortnoc
ecapsria
eht
ecapsria
dengissa
)LGA(
level
level
noitanidrooc
A
.OCA
esu
ton
seod
dna
ot
srennalp
ecapsria
swolla
ot
level
noitanidrooc
rof
setuor
level-wol
tcilfnoced
dna
dexif
etagerges
niatrec
dna
tfarcria
gniw-yrator
.tfarcria
degniw
yrator
smetsys
tfarcria
dennamnu
)1.25-3
PTA(
.)SAU(
Airspace Coordinating Measures |
3-52 | 56 | )deunitnoc(
)enolA
dnatS(
)MCA(
erusaem
gnitanidrooc
ecapsriA
.3-B
elbaT
egasU
skrameR
snoitaredisnoC
gninnalP
ymrA/tnioJ
noitinifeD
tnioJ
FTMSU/emaN noitaiverbbA
yb
detaitini
MCA
ecrof
ksat dnuorg-ria
eniraM
dna
dnuorg swolla
ZCADIH
A
a si
ereht
hcihw ni ecapsriA
ytisned-hgiH
ecapsria
ro
EAB/MADA
a
tcirtser
ot retnec
lortnoc
ria
lacitcat
yvaN
eht dna
srednammoc
fo tnemyolpme
detartnecnoc
lortnoc
ecapsria
.tnemele
.snoitarepo
gniogno htiw
devlovni
ton
sresu
morf ecapsria
fo emulov
ecapsria
deirav
dna suoremun
)ZCADIH(
enoz
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
ecnadrocca
ni ZCADIH
eht setanimon
rednammoc
lanoitarepo
ehT
denifed
sah
ZCADIH A
.sresu
.ACA
fo esuaceb
esu ecapsria
stcirtser
tI
.nalp
lortnoc ecapsria
eht
htiw
yllausu
hcihw ,snoisnemid
snoitarepo
dnuorg gnitroppus
serif
fo
ytisned
dna emulov
egral
eht
lacihpargoeg
htiw edicnioc
ciffart
ria fo emulov
ehT
.aera
cihpargoeg
debircsed
eht nihtiw
.sdia
lanoitagivan
ro serutaef
gnoma
tcilfnoc
laitnetop
eht
timil
ot
noitanidrooc
luferac
sdnamed
yllamron
si ssecca ZCADIH
ZCADIH
eht
nihtiw snoitarepo
laitnesse-noissim
rof dedeen
tfarcria
revuenam
eht yb dellortnoc
.sresu ecapsria
rehto
dna
revuenam
ehT .rednammoc
:gniwollof
eht redisnoc
,ZCADIH
a gnihsilbatse
nehW
a tcerid
osla
nac rednammoc
tegrat
eht
ot
dna ZCADIH
eht fo
tuo
dna
otni
setuor ksir-muminiM
)a(
sutats snopaew
evitcirtser
erom
ecivres
lortnoc
ciffart
riA
)c( .deriuqer
sa
yrosivda
ciffart
riA
)b( .aera
eht
naht
ZCADIH eht
nihtiw
rof
serudecorP
)d(
.snoitidnoc
lacigoloroetem
tnemurtsni
gnirud
eht
edistuo
sutats snopaew
)e(
.ZCADIH
eht fo
tuo
dna
otni
tfarcria
fo tnemevom
suoitidepxe
)1.25-3
PTA( .ZCADIH
ro
sredro
lortnoc
snopaew
esnefed
ria
dna
troppus erif
gnitanidrooC
denifed
fo ecapsriA)OTAN(
’secrof
ymenE )f(
.ZCADIH
eht
fo
ytiniciv
eht ni dna
nihtiw
sutats
eht yb
detangised
,snoisnemid
.ZCADIH
eht ot
ytimixorp
esolc
ni dna edisni
snoitacol
ni ,ytirohtua
lortnoc ecapsria
detartnecnoc
a si ereht
hcihw
dna suoremun
fo tnemyolpme
snoitacinummoc
htiw
ytirohtua
dnammoc
elgnis a sah
ZCADIH
A
.sresu ecapsria/snopaew
deirav
dnammoc
eht htiw etacinummoc
ot
ytilibanI
.sresu ecapsria
lla
htiw
)60-PAA(
ehT
.ZCADIH
otni yrtne
stneverp
ycnega
2C
detangised
ro
ytirohtua
gnidulcni(
sresu ecapsria
lla
slortnoc
ytirohtua
dnammoc
ZCADIH
noitanibmoc
a ro ,larudecorp
,evitisop
gnisu
ZCADIH eht
nihtiw
)serif
)1.25-3 PTA(
slortnoc
fo
yb
detaitini
MCA
etairporppa
eht dna stnemeriuqer
lanoitarepo
yfirev dluohs
srennalP
snoisnemid
cificeps fo ecapsriA
aera
ylf
oN
ro
dna
EAB/MADA
a gnihsilbatse
ot
roirp
epahs
dna ezis emulov
ecapsria
esoprup
cificeps
a rof edisa
tes
)YLFON(
.tnemele
ecapsria
)1.25-3
PTA(
.YLFON
snoitarepo
tfarcria on hcihw
ni
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
sa
tpecxe
,dettimrep
era
.ACA
etairporppa
eht yb dezirohtua
gnillortnoc
dna rednammoc )25-3 PJ( .ycnega
Appendix B |
3-52 | 57 | )deunitnoc(
)enolA
dnatS(
)MCA(
erusaem
gnitanidrooc
ecapsriA
.3-B
elbaT
egasU
skrameR
snoitaredisnoC
gninnalP
ymrA/tnioJ
noitinifeD
tnioJ
FTMSU/emaN noitaiverbbA
dnegeL
lortnoc
dna
dnammoc
2C
noitacilbup
evitartsinimda
deilla
PAA
xob
llik
XOBLLIK
erusaem
gnitanidrooc
ecapsria
MCA
retnec
noitargetni
dnuorg
ria
tnioj
CIGAJ
noitaiva
edagirb/tnemeganam
ecapsria
esnefed
ria
EAB/MADA
rednammoC
tnenopmoC
riA
ecroF
tnioJ
CCAFJ
tnemele
rednammoC
tnenopmoC
dnaL
ecroF
tnioJ
CCLFJ
level
dnuorg
evoba
LGA
noitacilbup
tnioj
PJ
snoitarepo
fo
aera
OA
metsys
lortnoc
dna
dnammoc
ria
eniraM
SCCAM
retnec
snoitarepo
troppus
ria
COSA
level
aes
naem
LSM
noitacilbup
seuqinhcet
ymra
PTA
noitazinagrO
ytaerT
citnaltA
htroN
OTAN
edutitla
gnitanidrooc
AC
metsys
tfarcria
dennamnu
SAU
troppus
ria
esolc
SAC
Airspace Coordinating Measures |
3-52 | 58 | ))ZOR(
enoZ
snoitarepO
detcirtseR(
erusaem
gnitanidrooc
ecapsriA
.4-B
elbaT
FTMSU/emaN
egasU
skrameR
snoitaredisnoC
gninnalP
ymrA/tnioJ
noitinifeD
tnioJ
noitaiverbbA
kcartecar
a ni
pu
tes
yllacipyt
era
skcart
RAA
edisa
tes snoisnemid
denifed
fo
ecapsriA
gnileufer
ria-ot-riA
sgel
thgiarts
,gnol
gnisu
redisnoC
.noitarugifnoc
-3
PTA( .snoitarepo
gnileufer
lairea
rof
)RAA(
aera
dna
sreknat
kcats
ot
edutitla
tneiciffus
htiw
)1.25
ot
srennalp
noissim
htiw
etanidrooC
.sreviecer
teem
sedutitla
dna
,snoitatneiro
,snoitacol
erusne
lacitcat
eht no
gnidnepeD
.sdeen
s’resu
eht
gnitaerc
redisnoc
dluohs
srennalp
,noitautis
semoceb
ti esac
ni
,sZOR
RAA
ycnegnitnoc
tessa
gnileufer
eht
edargorter
ot
yrassecen
.ACA
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
srennalp
,noitautis
lacitcat
eht
no
gnidnepeD
snoisnemid
denifed
fo
ecapsriA
dnammoc
enrobriA
CBA
ycnegnitnoc
gnitaerc
redisnoc
dluohs
tfarcria
rof yllacificeps
dehsilbatse
aera
lortnoc
dna
ot
yrassecen
semoceb
ti esac
ni
,sZOR
dna dnammoc
dleifelttab
gnitcudnoc
)CBA(
gninnalp
fo epyt
sihT
.tessa
2C
eht
edargorter
sproC
eniraM
setatS
detinU
A .lortnoc
emit-laer
secuder
dna
ytilibixelf
sesaercni
tnioJ
a
ro tfarcria
2C
enrobria
gnirud
stnemeriuqer
noitanidrooc
ecapsria
metsyS
radaR
kcattA
tegraT
ecnallievruS
)1.25-3
PTA(
.noitucexe
noissim
PTA(
.ZOR CBA
na
esu dluoc
tfarcria
8-E
)1.25-3
.ACA
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
noissim
htiw
etanidrooc
dluohs
srennalp
ecapsriA
snoisnemid
denifed
fo
ecapsriA
ylrae
enrobriA
dna
,snoitatneiro
,snoitacol
erusne
ot srennalp
smroftalp
enrobria
rof
dehsilbatse
)WEA(
aera
gninraw
no
gnidnepeD
.sdeen
s’resu
eht
teem
sedutitla
gninraw
ylrae
enrobria
gnitcudnoc
redisnoc
dluohs
srennalp
,noitautis
lacitcat
eht
rof
dengised
si
ti ,yllareneG
.snoissim
ti esac
ni ,sZOR
WEA
ycnegnitnoc
gnitaerc
gninraW
enrobriA
eht sa
hcus
tfarcria
.tessa
eht edargorter
ot
yrassecen
semoceb
.C2-E
dna )SCAWA(
metsyS
lortnoC
dna
.ACA
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
ro
rethgif
a
fo
trap
sa
dehsilbatsE
na revo
dedivorp
lortap
tfarcria
nA
lortap
ria
tabmoC
evisnefed
rof gninnalp
enoz
tnemegagne
tnioj
eht
,detcetorp
ecrof
eht ,aera
evitcejbo
)PAC(
lacitcat
eht
no gnidnepeD
.snoitarepo
riaretnuoc
ria
na
ni ro ,enoz
tabmoc
a fo
aera
lacitirc
gnitaerc
redisnoc
dluohs
srennalp
,noitautis
fo esoprup
eht rof ,aera
esnefed
semoceb
ti esac
ni
sZOR
PAC
ycnegnitnoc
elitsoh
gniyortsed
dna
gnitpecretni
.revuenam
ymene
ot
dnopser
ot
yrassecen
.stegrat
rieht
hcaer
yeht erofeb
tfarcria )10-3
PJ(
Appendix B |
3-52 | 59 | )deunitnoc(
))ZOR(
enoZ
snoitarepO
detcirtseR(
erusaem
gnitanidrooc
ecapsriA
.4-B
elbaT
FTMSU/emaN
egasU
skrameR
snoitaredisnoC
gninnalP
ymrA/tnioJ
noitinifeD
tnioJ
noitaiverbbA
yb
detaitini
MCA
noissim
ria hcae
fo noitargetni
deliated
seriuqeR
stibro
gnidloh
rof
detangised
ecapsriA
troppus
ria
esolC
ro
dna
EAB/MADA
dnuorg
detroppus
fo tnemevom
dna
erif
eht
htiw
gniw-dexif
dna
-yrator
yb
desu
dna
)SAC(
.tnemele
ecapsria
desab
ezis
ZOR
etairporppa
eht
redisnoC
.secrof
.secrof
yldneirf
ot ytimixorp
ni
tfarcria
.ACA
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
,deeps
,.e.i(
seitilibapac
tfarcria
fo
epyt
eht
no
)1.25-3
PTA(
edutitla
dna
)smetsys
gnitegrat
dna
,suidar
nrut
setatS
detinU
ehT
.stnemeriuqer
ecapsria
rehto
no
desab
stimil
ton
seod
sproC
eniaM
SAC
eht
esu
yllacipyt
sproC
eniraM
ehT
.ZOR
eht
esu
ot
sreferp
yllarudecorp
ot
SCCAM
etargetni
dna
tcilfnoced
SAC
htiw
sresu
ecapsria
SAC
gnisu
tfarcria
SAC
ro
saera
gnidloh
.seuqinhcet
kcats
yb
detaitini
MCA
lacitcat
lla
teem
ot
snoitacol
nalp
dluohs
srennalP
enrobria
hcihw
nopu
aera
cificeps
A
)ZD(
enoz
porD
ro
dna
EAB/MADA
.)1-25-3
PTA(
sevitcejbo
noissim
era
seilppus
ro ,tnempiuqe
,spoort
.tnemele
ecapsria
)71-3
PJ(
.deppordria
.ACA
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
.ACA
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
lanoitarepo
eht
htiw
etanidrooc
dluohs
srennalP
rof
yllacificeps
dehsilbatse
ecapsriA
tabmoc
cinortcelE
ecapsria
,noissim
CE
fo
epyt
eht
yfirev
ot
dael
.tabmoc
cinortcele
ni
gnigagne
tfarcria
)CE(
rehto
no
stceffe
laitnetop
dna
,stnemeriuqer
ezis
)25-3
PJ(
.serusaem
noitanidrooc
yb
detaitini
MCA
ecafrus
sa hcus(
ytilibatius
dna
ezis
etanidrooC
gnidnal
eht
rof
desu
enoz
deificeps
ynA
)ZL(
enoz
gnidnaL
ro
dna
EAB/MADA
sedutitlA
.snoitacol
gnitceles
ot
roirp
)snoitidnoc
)71-3
PJ(
.tfarcria
fo
.tnemele
ecapsria
.LGA
ot
ecnerefer
ni
eb
lliw
.ACA
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
yb
detaitini
MCA
dna
ezis
ZP
eht
etaulave
dluohs
srennalP
tfarcria
gnidnal
rof
desu
enoz
deificeps
A
)ZP(
enoz
pukciP
ro
dna
EAB/MADA
ot
roirp
)snoitidnoc
ecafrus
sa
hcus(
ytilibatius
.seilppus
ro
,tnempiuqe
,spoort
pu-kcip
ot
.tnemele
ecapsria
ni eb
lliw
sedutitlA
.noitacol
eht
gnitceles
)1.25-3
PTA(
.ACA
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
.LGA
ot
ecnerefer
Airspace Coordinating Measures |
3-52 | 60 | )deunitnoc(
))ZOR(
enoZ
snoitarepO
detcirtseR(
erusaem
gnitanidrooc
ecapsriA
.4-B
elbaT
FTMSU/emaN
egasU
skrameR
snoitaredisnoC
gninnalP
ymrA/tnioJ
noitinifeD
tnioJ
noitaiverbbA
.ACA
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
rosnes
lamitpo
dna
ezis
redisnoc
dluohs srennalP
tfarcria
rof
yllacificeps
dehsilbatse
ecapsriA
ecnassiannoceR
nac
SAU
hguohtlA
.snoitacol
gnitceles
ot roirp sedutitla
)25-3
PJ(
.ecnassiannocer
gnitcudnoc
)ECCER(
aera
,ecnassiannocer
mrofrep
)1.25-3
PTA(
si
egasu
ZOR
siht
dennam
rof
dengised
gnimrofrep
tfarcria
.ecnassiannocer
enrobria
FOS
yb
detaitini
MCA
yam
emulov
ecapsria
secrof
snoitarepo
laiceps
A
yllaitnetop
,snoisnemid
denifed
fo
ecapsriA
snoitarepo
laicepS
.stinu
tcerid
etercsid
a etadommocca
ot
ezis ni detimil
eb
laiceps
tnioj
a fo
aera
eritne
eht
gnirevoc
)FOS(
secrof
.ACA
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
a
wolla
ot
hguone
evisnetxe
ro noissim
noitca
rof
yllacificeps
detaerc
dna
aera
snoitarepo
.snoitarepo
FOS
fo
egnar
daorb gniunitnoc
.epahs
yna
fo
eb
nac
tI
.snoissim
FOS
)1.25-3
PTA(
yb
detaitini
MCA
dna
ezis
deriuqer
eht
redisnoc
dluohs srennalP
dehsilbatse
snoisnemid
denifed
fo
ecapsriA
ecafrus-ot-ecafruS
ro
dna
EAB/MADA
ehT
.serif
tnioj
htiw
gnitargetni
nehw snoisnemid
snoitinum
ecafrus-ot-ecafrus
rof yllacificeps
noitinum
.tnemele
ecapsria
etargetni
dna
tcilfnoced
ot
deriuqer
ton si ZOR
MSS
.stniop
tcapmi
dna
hcnual
dna
thgilf
fo
etuor
)MSS(
.ACA
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
dna
noitcilfnoced
lortnoc
larudecorp
a ylno si
tI
.serif
)1.25
3
PTA(
tcirtser
ot
desu
tseb
si
tI .euqinhcet
noitargetni
-ot-ecafrus
gnirif
revo
yltcerid
gniylf morf
tfarcria
.seirettab
serif
ecafrus
yb
detaitini
MCA
ZOR
SMSS
dradnats
hsilbatse
dluohs srennalP
snoisnemid
denifed
fo ecapsriA
riA
ecafrus-ot-ecafruS
ro
dna
EAB/MADA
ZOR
SMSS
A .gninnalp
rof
setalpmet
ro snoisnemid
-ot-ecafrus
rof
yllacificeps
dehsilbatse
metsys
elissim
.tnemele
ecapsria
)1.25-3
PTA(
.snoitisop
gnirif
toirtaP rof
desu
si
hcnual
dna
thgilf
fo
etuor
snoitinum
ecafrus
)SMSS(
.ACA
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
fo
ecaps
)1.25
3
PTA(
.stniop
tcapmi
dna
yllacificeps
dengised
snoisnemid
denifed
-dnal
kwahamoT
dna
,SRLMG
,SMCATA
thgilf
fo
etuor
,tniop
hcnual
elissim
kcatta
)1.25-3
PTA(
.stniop
tcapmi
dna
yb
detaitini
MCA
ot
ecapsria
tneiciffus
tseuqer
dluohs srennalP
detaerc
snoisnemid
denifed
fo
ecapsriA
tfarcria
dennamnU
ro
dna
EAB/MADA
,.e.i(
stnemeriuqer
mroftalp
euqinu
eht etatilicaf
,yllareneG
.snoitarepo
SAU
rof yllacificeps
)AU(
aera
.tnemele
ecapsria
dna
etargetnI
.)stnemeriuqer
suidar
nrut dna
rosnes
SAU
erehw
senifed
ecapsria
siht
.ACA
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
fo
esu
lamitpo
rof
stessa
dennam
htiw etanidrooc
ton
seod
dna
,detcudnoc
era snoitarepo
.ecapsria
)1.25-3
PTA(
.ecapsria
etuor
ne
edulcni
Appendix B |
3-52 | 61 | )deunitnoc(
))ZOR(
enoZ
snoitarepO
detcirtseR(
erusaem
gnitanidrooc
ecapsriA
.4-B
elbaT
FTMSU/emaN
egasU
skrameR
snoitaredisnoC
gninnalP
ymrA/tnioJ
noitinifeD
tnioJ
noitaiverbbA
dnegeL
lortnoc
dna dnammoc
2C
ytirohtua
lortnoc
ecapsria
ACA
troppus ria esolc
SAC
erusaem
gnitanidrooc
ecapsria
MCA
metsyS
tekcoR
hcnuaL
elpitluM dediuG
SRLMG
noitaiva
edagirb/tnemeganam
ecapsria
esnefed
ria
EAB/MADA
metsys
lortnoc
dna
dnammoc
ria eniraM
SCCAM
tnemele
noitacilbup tnioJ
PJ
level
dnuorg
evoba
LGA
enoz
snoitarepo
detcirtser
ZOR
metsyS
elissiM
lacitcaT
ymrA
SMCATA
metsys
tfarcria dennamnu
SAU
noitacilbup
seuqinhcet
ymrA
PTA
metsyS
lortnoC
dnA
gninraW
enrobriA
SCAWA
)MCSF(
erusaeM
noitanidrooC
troppuS
eriF
.5-B
elbaT
egasU
skrameR
snoitaredisnoC
gninnalP ymrA/tnioJ
noitinifeD
tnioJ
FTMSU/emaN noitaiverbbA
yb
detaitini
MCSF
hgih
rof
snoitautis
troppus
ria
esolc ni yliramirp
desu si
ACA
nA
a ni
ecapsria
fo
kcolb
lanoisnemid-eerht
A
noitanidrooc
ecapsriA
ro
dna
llec
serif
yldneirf
morf
eerf
ylbanosaer
era tfarcria
yldneirF
.erif
emulov
etairporppa
eht
yb
dehsilbatse
,aera
tegrat
)ACA(
aera
tnemele
ecapsria
tfarcria
degniw-dexif
dna
,sretpocileh
,yrellitra
htiw ,serif
ecafrus
tfarcria
yldneirf
hcihw
ni ,rednammoc
dnuorg
noitanidrooc
retfa
ot hcihw
nihtiw
ecapsria
lacitrev ro
laretal
cificeps
nevig
.serif
ecafrus
yldneirf
morf
efas
ylbanosaer
era
.llec
serif
eht
htiw
eht
no sdneped
aera
eht
fo noitatnemelpmi
ylemiT
.etarepo
lamrof
eb
yam
aera
noitanidrooc
ecapsria
ehT
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
dnuorg
eht
htiw
stser
noitcilfnoced
fo nedruB
.noitautis
dnuorg
)3.90-3
PJ(
.lamrofni
ro
dnuorg
dnuorg
etairporppa
eht
yb dehsilbatse
si tI .rednammoc
.rednammoc
)25-3
PJ( .rednammoc
serif
eht
dna
stnemele
ecapsria
neewteb noitanidrooc
seriuqeR
enon
ro
yllatigid(
dehsilbatse
eb nac
sACA
lamrofnI
.llec
.tfarcria
fo
noitcetorp
emit-laer-raen
rof
level
tinu ta
)yllatigid
90-3
PJ
ot
refeR
ot
si
LFC
eht
fo esoprup
ehT
.erusaem evissimrep
a
si LFC
A
ot
ecafrus
lanoitnevnoc
hcihw
dnoyeb
enil
A
enil
erif
detanidrooC
lanoitidda
rof
dnoyeb
stegrat
fo
tnemegagne
ecafrus-ot-ecafrus
eht
etidepxe
troppus
erif tceridni
dna
erif
tcerid
ecafrus
)LFC(
.sliated
ni
rednammoc
dnal
eht
htiw noitanidrooc
tuohtiw
LFC
eht
eht
nihtiw
emit
yna
ta
erif
yam
snaem
.detacol
era
stegrat
eht snoitarepo
fo aera
esohw
sretrauqdaeh
gnihsilbatse
eht
fo seiradnuob
)90-3
PJ(
.noitanidrooc
lanoitidda
tuohtiw
devorpmi
ro
lanoitnevnoc
hcihw
dnoyeb
enil
A
dleif
,sratrom
sa
hcus
,snaem
erif
tceridni
tuohtiw
erif
yam
erif
ecafrus
lavan
dna
,yrellitra
)5.3.3-PJA(
.noitanidrooc
lanoitidda
Airspace Coordinating Measures |
3-52 | 62 | )deunitnoc(
)MCSF( erusaeM
noitanidrooC
troppuS
eriF
.5-B elbaT
egasU
skrameR
snoitaredisnoC
gninnalP
ymrA/tnioJ
noitinifeD
tnioJ
FTMSU/emaN noitaiverbbA
eht
yb detaitini MCSF
tnioj etidepxe
ot desu si tI .erusaem
evissimrep
a si AFF
A
nopaew
yna hcihw
otni
aera
cificeps
A
)AFF(
aera
erif-eerF
.llec serif
.snoitinum
tfarcria fo gninosittej
eht etatilicaf
ot dna
serif
lanoitidda
tuohtiw
erif
yam
metsys
fo
noisivid
yb dehsilbatsE
gnihsilbatse
eht
htiw
noitanidrooc
htiw
rednammoc rehgih
)90-3
PJ(
.sretrauqdaeh
aera
eht rof ytilibisnopser
si
AFF
eht snoitarepo
fo .ni
eht
yb detaitini MCSF
ro dnal
etairporppa
yb detsujda dna
dehsilbatse
si LCSF
A
erusaem
noitanidrooc
troppus
erif
A
troppus
eriF
.llec serif
ni seiradnuob
rieht nihtiw srednammoc
ecrof
suoibihpma
suoibihpma
ro dnal
eht
yb
dehsilbatse
enil
noitanidrooc
dnal yb dehsilbatsE
dna
,gnitroppus
,etanidrobus ,roirepus
htiw
noitatlusnoc
nommoc
troppus
ot
rednammoc
ecrof
)LCSF(
.rednammoc
tnenopmoc
dnal-ria
ot detneiro si esu LCSF
.srednammoc
detceffa
;snoitarepo
fo aera
na
nihtiw
sevitcejbo
ni ,revewoH
.dnal
no ylno detacol yllamron
si
dna
snoitarepo
eb tsum
serif
lla
hcihw
dnoyeb
fo
txetnoc eht nI :etoN[
dnal
htob tceffa
yam ti ,saera larottil sa
hcus
,snoitautis
niatrec
srednammoc
detceffa
htiw
detanidrooc
mret
eht noitinifed
siht
lla
fo noitacifiton
eriuqer LCSF eht ot
segnahC
.saera
aes
dna
eht
fo
trohs dna
,tnemegagne
ot
roirp
seilppa
”stegrat ecafrus“
wolla tsum
dna
snoitarepo fo aera
eht nihtiw
secrof
detceffa
eht
htiw
detanidrooc
eb
tsum
serif
lla
,enil
ro larottil ni esoht
ot
etaroprocni
ot
stnenopmoc ro secrof
eseht
rof
emit
tneiciffus
ot
roirp rednammoc
gnihsilbatse
eht
nihtiw sretaw dnalni
era serusaem
evitcirtser ,elbissop
revenehW
.egnahc
eht
)90-3
PJ(
.tnemegagne
fo aera detangised
fo noitcetorp
eht ecnahne ot srednammoc
yb
deyolpme
)6-PAA( .snoitarepo
.LCSF eht dnoyeb
gnitarepo
secrof
yldneirf
ot desu yradnuoB
,ria
fo serif etanidrooc
lla mrofni
tsum
LCSF eht dnoyeb
stegrat
gnikcatta
secroF
nopaew
aes ro ,dnuorg
yrassecen
wolla ot emit tneiciffus
ni srednammoc
detceffa
ecafrus
tsniaga smetsys
skcatta
fo noitanidrooC
.stnedicni erif
yldneirf
diova
ot noitcaer
])5.3.3-PJA( .stegrat
,ria fo srednammoc
ot lacitirc yllaicepse
si
LCSF
eht dnoyeb
eht dnoyeb
gnitarepo secrof snoitarepo
laiceps
dna
,dnal
ksat
yam DCB :ETON
tcudnoc
ot
ytilibani
eht ,secnatsmucric
lanoitpecxe
nI .LCSF
ot
sQH gnihsilbatse
eht
dnoyeb
stegrat
fo kcatta eht edulcerp
ton lliw
noitanidrooc
siht
htob
sa LCSF eht dnes
fo ksir eht
esaercni
yam os od ot eruliaf
,revewoh
;LCSF
eht
na sa dna MCSF
na
.secruoser etsaw
dna stnedicni
erif yldneirf
ecapsria ehT .MCA
eht
trevnoc nac tnemele
tsum
LCSF
eht
dnoyeb stegrat gnikcatta
stnemele
gnitroppuS
.MCA na ot MCSF
fo raer eht
ot
ro no stceffe ecudorp
ton lliw
kcatta
eht erusne
-ot-ecafrus
dna
dnuorg-ot-ria lla ,LCSF
a fo
trohS
.LCSF
eht
etairporppa
eht yb dellortnoc era
snoitarepo
kcatta
ecafrus
.rednammoc
ecrof suoibihpma
ro
dnal
Appendix B |
3-52 | 63 | )deunitnoc(
)MCSF(
erusaeM
noitanidrooC
troppuS
eriF
.5-B
elbaT
egasU
skrameR
snoitaredisnoC
gninnalP
ymrA/tnioJ
noitinifeD
tnioJ
FTMSU/emaN noitaiverbbA
yb
detaitini
MCSF
tsniaga
kcatta
lahtel
wolla
ot si
xob
llik a
fo
esoprup
yramirp
ehT
troppus
erif
evissimrep
lanoisnemid-eerht
A
)XBLLIK(
xob
lliK
.llec
serif
gnihsilbatse
eht
htiw
noitanidrooc
rehtruf
tuohtiw
stegrat
ecafrus
detaicossa
na
htiw
erusaem
noitanidrooc
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
ot
desu
nehW
.lortnoc
kcatta
lanimret
tuohtiw
dna rednammoc
ot
desu
erusaem
noitanidrooc
ecapsria
.ACA
eht
,serif
tceridni
ecafrus-ot-ecafrus
dna
ecafrus-ot-ria
etargetni
)90-3
PJ(
.serif
tnioj
fo
noitargetni
eht
etatilicaf
.snoitcirtser
etairporppa
evah
lliw
xob
llik
yb
detaitini
MCSF
era
erehT
.aera
na
otni
stceffe
rieht
ro
serif
tnioj
tibihorp
ot
esU
etairporppa
eht
yb
detangised
aera
nA
)AFN(
aera
erif-oN
.llec
serif
:snoitpecxe
owt
era
stceffe
rieht
ro
serif
hcihw
otni
rednammoc
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
serif
tnioj
sevorppa
sretrauqdaeh
gnihsilbatse
eht
nehW
)a(
.)3.90-3
PJ(
.detibihorp
lortnoc
ecapsria
.sisab
noissim-yb-noissim
a
no
AFN
eht
nihtiw
.ytirohtua
yldneirf
a segagne
AFN
eht
nihtiw
ecrof
ymene
na
nehW
)b(
a
si
ereht
senimreted
rednammoc
degagne
eht
dna
ecrof
eht
htiw
sdnopser
dna
noitcetorp
etaidemmi
rof tnemeriuqer
.ecrof
eht
dnefed
ot
dedeen
ecrof
laminim
yb
detaitini
MCSF
aera
na
otni
serif
tnioj
etaluger
ot si
AFR
na
fo esoprup
ehT
era
snoitcirtser
cificeps
hcihw
ni
aera
nA
aera
erif
evitcirtseR
.llec
serif
gnihsilbatse
eht yb
tes snoitcirtser
detats
eht ot
gnidrocca
deecxe
taht
serif
hcihw
otni
dna
desopmi
)AFR(
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
.sretrauqdaeh
tuohtiw
dereviled
eb
ton
lliw
snoitcirtser
esoht
rednammoc
dnal
gnihsilbatse
eht
htiw
noitanidrooc
elbisnopser
si
ohw
.)90-3
PJ(
.sretrauqdaeh
fo
aera
eht
rof
ni
snoitarepo
lliw
AFR
eht
hcihw
.detacol
eb
yb
detaitini
MCSF
dna
stnedicni
erif
yldneirf
tneverp
ot si
LFR
na
fo esoprup
ehT
yldneirf
gnigrevnoc
neewteb
dehsilbatse
enil
A
enil
erif
evitcirtseR
.llec
serif
.secrof
yldneirf
gnigrevnoc
yb
stnemegagne
fo
noitacilpud
rieht
ro
serif
stibihorp
taht
secrof
ecafrus
)LFR(
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
.)90-3
PJ(
.enil
taht
ssorca
stceffe
rednammoc
dnal
eht
ot
nommoc
.secrof
gnigrevnoc
dnegeL
erusaem
gnitanidrooc
ecapsria
MCA
ytirohtua
lortnoc
ecapsria
ACA
noitacilbup
evitartsinimda
deilla
PAA
erusaem
noitanidrooc
troppus
erif
MCSF
noitacilbup
tnioj deilla
PJA
tnemele
noitaiva
edagirb/tnemeganam
ecapsria
esnefed
ria
EAB/MADA
Airspace Coordinating Measures |
3-52 | 64 | )NAM(
serusaeM
lortnoC
revuenaM
.6-B
elbaT
FTMSU/emaN
egasU
skrameR
snoitaredisnoC
gninnalP
ymrA/tnioJ
noitinifeD
tnioJ
noitaiverbbA
dnal
ro CFJ
eht
yb dehsilbatsE
htiw
etanidrooc
lliw
sresu
ecapsria
ymrA
eht
rof
saera
ecafrus
setaeniled
taht
enil
A
)YRDNB(
yradnuoB
rednammoc
tnenopmoc
TCB
a otni
gnissorc
nehw
sedagirb
dna
sTCB
dna
noitanidrooc
gnitatilicaf
fo
esoprup
stnemele
ecapsria
rehgih
dna
TCB
.yradnuob
edagirb
ro
neewteb
snoitarepo
fo
noitcilfnoced
rieht
ni seiradnuob
edulcni
dluohs
erif
eht
htiw gnola(
seiradnuob
noisiviD
.saera
ro
,snoitamrof
,stinu
tnecajda
seiradnuob
ehT
.nalp
ecapsria
tinu
yam
)dehsilbatse
fi
,enil
noitanidrooc
troppus
)0-3
PJ(
dluohs
,nalp ecapsria
tinu
eht
nihtiw
ytirohtua
lortnoc
ecapsria
eht yb
desu
eb
osla
fo
saera
hcihw
yb
enil
a
,erafraw
dnal
nI
ot segnahc
sa detsujda
eb
noisivid
fo
snoisnemid
laretal
eht
etangised
ot
ro/dna
stinu
tnecajda
neewteb
ytilibisnopser
.detcerid
era seiradnuob
rof noissucsid
eht
eeS(
.ecapsria
dengissa
)6-PAA(
.denifed
era
snoitamrof
lortnoc
ecapsria
rehgih
dna
noisiviD
xidneppa
siht
ni reilrae
edutitla
gnitanidrooc
tinu
eht
gnitargetni
nehw
stnemele
rof
yradnuob
reppu
eht no
noitamrofni
rof
ylno
drawrof
dnes
lliw
nalp
ecapsria
.)ecapsria
dengissa
noisivid
yb
detcerid
sa
seiradnuob
esoht
ecapsria
’sretrauqdaeh
rehgih
rieht
ecapsria
ehT
.xidneppa
lortnoc
tahw
yficeps
dluohs
POS
lortnoc
rof desu
eb
dluohs
edutitla
.seiradnuob
ylluferac
ot
nekat
eb tsum
eraC
dettimbus
erusne
dna
weiver
dednetninu
esuac
ton
od seiradnuob
.serif evisnopser
ot
stcilfnoc
drawrof
eht
sedulcni
yllamron
TOLF
ehT
drawrof
tsom
eht
setacidni
taht
enil
A
nwO
fo
eniL
drawroF
ehT
.secrof
gnineercs
gnirevoc
fo
noitacol
raenil
gnirud
secrof
yldneirf
fo
snoitisop
)TOLF(
spoorT
troppus
erif
dna
TOLF
eht
neewteb
enoz
)25-3
PJ(
.emit
cificeps
a
ta
snoitarepo
revo
aera
eht yllacipyt
si enil
noitanidrooc
ot
dnetni
secrof
dnuorg
yldneirf
hcihw
eht osla
si
dna
erutuf
raen eht
ni
revuenam
era
snoitarepo
noitcidretni
ria tnioj
erehw
aera
troppus
ria
eht hguorht
detucexe
yllamron
.retnec
troppus
ria tcerid
ro retnec
snoitarepo
Appendix B |
3-52 | 65 | )deunitnoc(
)NAM(
serusaeM
lortnoC
revuenaM
.6-B
elbaT
FTMSU/emaN
egasU
skrameR
snoitaredisnoC
gninnalP
ymrA/tnioJ
noitinifeD
tnioJ
noitaiverbbA
denifed
,ecapsria
dna
,aes
,dnal
fo
aera
nA
aerA
snoitarepO
tnioJ
ro
rednammoc
tnatabmoc
cihpargoeg
a
yb
)AOJ(
a
hcihw
ni
,rednammoc
deifinu
etanidrobus
ksat
tnioj
a
yllausu(
rednammoc
ecrof
tnioj
yratilim
stcudnoc
)rednammoc
ecrof
.noissim
cificeps
a
hsilpmocca
ot snoitarepo )25-3
PJ(
fo
noitanidrooc
dna
lortnoc
rof
dezilitu
enil
A
)LP(
eniL
esahP
ylisae
na
yllausu
,snoitarepo
yratilim
.aera
lanoitarepo
eht
ni
erutaef
deifitnedi )25-3
PJ(
dnegeL
rednammoc
ecrof
tnioj
CFJ
erusaem
gnitanidrooc
ecapsria
MCA
noitacilbup
tnio
j
PJ
noitacilbup
evitartsinimda
deilla
PAA
maet
tabmoc
edagirb
TCB
)FERRIA(
serusaem
ecnerefer
riA
.7-B
elbaT
FTMSU/emaN
egasU
skrameR
snoitaredisnoC
gninnalP
ymrA/tnioJ
noitinifeD
tnioJ
noitaiverbbA
EAB/MADA
yb
detaitini
MCA
eb
yaM
.tniop
ecnerefer
ymrA
nommoc
tsoM
,noitagivan
rof
desu
dna
denifed
si taht
tniop
A
tniop
lortnoc
riA
.tnemele
ecapsria
ro
dna
rof
setuor
dliub
yllacimanyd
ot desu
.noitacinummoc
dna
,lortnoc
dna
dnammoc
)PCA(
.ACA
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
metsys
tfarcria
dennamnU
.tfarcria
gnitapicitrap
)25-3
PJ(
hguorht
dehsilpmocca
yllamron
si
gnituor
)25-3
PJ(
.stniop
lortnoc
ria
gnitsixe
.CDAA
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
desu
yllamron
si
metsys
ecnerefer
LLUB
ehT
eht
hcihw
morf
tniop
ecnerefer
dehsilbatse
nA
)LLUB(
eye-slluB
lanoitautis
rof
stnemegagne
riaretnuoc
gnirud
)25-3
PJ(
.decnerefer
eb
nac
tcejbo
na
fo
noitisop
enrobria
detegratnu
dna
detegrat
no
ssenerawa
,yllamroN
.noitanidrooc
rehto
rof
dna
staerht
LLUB
wef
a
hsilbatse
ylno
lliw
sretaeht
sLLUB
.ssenevitceffe
erusne
ot
stniop
ecnerefer
tegrat
deliated
edivorp
ot
tnaem
ton
era
.noitamrofni
ecnerefer
lareneg
tub
,ecnadiug
stnemele
ecapsriA
.ecnerefer
CCAFJ
dradnatS
dna
srellortnoc
CCAFJ
sa
noitacol
eton
dluohs
ecnerefer
a
sa
LLUB
esu
ylnommoc
lliw
tfarcria .tniop
Airspace Coordinating Measures |
3-52 | 66 | )deunitnoc(
)FERRIA(
serusaem
ecnerefer
riA
.7-B elbaT
FTMSU/emaN
egasU
skrameR
snoitaredisnoC
gninnalP
ymrA/tnioJ
noitinifeD
tnioJ
noitaiverbbA
.ACA
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
reffub
a edivorp
ot yllacificeps
dengised
ecapsriA
)ZB(
enoz
reffuB
.serusaem
gnitanidrooc
ecapsria
suoirav
neewteb )25-3 PJ(
.ACA
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
noissim
a
hcihw
ta
noitisop
eht
,snoitarepo
ria
nI
)PC(
tniop
tcatnoC
lortnoc
ria
na htiw
tcatnoc oidar
sekam
redael
)3.90-3
PJ( .ycnega
.CDAA
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
ro
dneirF
,noitacifitnedI
pots
tfarcria
yldneirf
erehw gnikramed
enil ehT
eniL
ffO
hctiwS
eoF
.langis
eof
ro dneirf
,noitacifitnedi
na gnittime
)FFOFFI(
.CDAA
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
ro
dneirF
,noitacifitnedI
trats
tfarcria
yldneirf
erehw gnikramed
enil ehT
eniL
nO
hctiwS
eoF
.langis
FFI
na gnittime
)NOFFI(
EAB/MADA
yb
detaitini
MCA
rebmun
ni
wef
yrev
era
,seye-sllub
ekil
,sTODRAS
eucser
dna
hcraeS
hcihw
ot
evitaler
,noitacol
cificeps
detangisederp
A
.tnemele
ecapsria
ro
dna
dna
hcraes
rof
ecnerefer
aera
lareneg
edivorp
dna
)TODRAS(
tniop
yrevocer
ot noitisop
rieht
edivorp lennosrep
detalosi
tnioj
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
tnioj
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
.snoitarepo
eucser
)05-3
PJ( .secrof
.retnec
yrevocer
lennosrep
.retnec
yrevocer
lennosrep
dnegeL
eof
ro
dneirf
noitacifitnedI
FFI
ytirohtua
lortnoc
ecapsria
ACA
rednammoc
tnenopmoc
ria
ecrof
tnioj
CCAFJ
erusaem
gnitanidrooc
ecapsria
MCA
noitacilbup
tnioj
PJ
rednammoc
esnefed
ria
aera
CDAA
tnemele
noitaiva
edagirb/tnemeganam
ecapsria
esnefed
ria
EAB/MADA
)SAEMDA(
serusaem
esnefed
riA
.8-B
elbaT
FTMSU/emaN
egasU
skrameR
snoitaredisnoC
gninnalP
ymrA/tnioJ
noitinifeD
tnioJ
noitaiverbbA
.tnemele
DMA
eht
yb
detaitini
MCA
eht
fo
noitacol
htiw
sresu
ecapsria
sedivorp
ZDB
A
na
dnuora
dehsilbatse
enoz
esnefed
ria nA
enoz
esnefed
esaB
.ACA
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
smetsys
esnefed
ria
eht
rof
enoz
tnemegagne
tnemegagne
eht
ot detimil
dna
esab ria
)ZDB(
.sesoprup
gninnalp
rof
esab
a
gnidnefed
esnefed
ria
egnar-trohs
fo
epolevne
gnitarepo
drawrof
rof
desu
yliramirP
)1.25-3
PTA(
.esab
taht gnidnefed
smetsys
snopaew
.smetsys
erifretnuoc
yb detcetorp
sesab
,yrtne
cificeps
evah
senoz
esnefed
esaB
eof
ro dneirf
,noitacifitnedi
dna ,tixe
)25-3 PJ(
.dehsilbatse
serudecorp
Appendix B |
3-52 | 67 | )deunitnoc(
)SAEMDA(
serusaem
esnefed
riA
.8-B elbaT
FTMSU/emaN
egasU
skrameR
snoitaredisnoC
gninnalP
ymrA/tnioJ
noitinifeD
tnioJ
noitaiverbbA
.CDAA
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
ecapsria
fo
kcolb
denifed
yllautum
A
esnefed
ria detanidrooC
5.3.3-PJA
ot
refeR
a dna
rednammoc
ria
desab-dnal
neewteb
)ADAC(
aera
era
secrof
rieht
nehw
rednammoc
lavan
.rehtona
eno ot ytimixorp
esolc
ni gnitarepo )25-3
PJ(
.tnemele
DMA
yb
detaitini
MCA
edutitla-hgih
a
nehw
desu
era sZEMIH ,yllamroN
nihtiw
snoisnemid
denifed
fo ecapsriA
elissim
edutitla-hgiH
.CDAA
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
egatnavda
lanoitarepo
raelc
a sah metsys elissim
tnemegagne
rof
ytilibisnopser
eht
hcihw
enoz
tnemegagne
segatnavdA
.enoz
ralucitrap
a ni tfarcria
revo
-hgih
htiw stser
yllamron
staerht
ria
fo
)ZEMIH(
selur
,lortnoc
dna
dnammoc
,egnar edulcni
dluoc
.selissim
ria-ot-ecafrus
edutitla
eht
fo ngiseD
.emit
esnopser
ro ,tnemegagne
fo
)1.25-3
PTA(
nopaew
cificeps
nopu
tnegnitnoc si ZEMIH
)1.25-3
PTA(
.seitilibapac metsys
enoz
tnemegagne
nopaew
fo epyt a si ZEMIH
A
.snoitarepo
DMA ni dezilitu
.tnemele
DMA
yb
detaitini
MCA
neewteb
noitaitnereffid
tcerroc
no dneped
sZEJ
nihtiw
snoisnemid
denifed
fo ecapsriA
enoz
tnemegagne
tnioJ
.CDAA
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
)1.25-3
PTA(
.tfarcria
ymene
dna ,lartuen ,yldneirf
smetsys
esnefed
ria
elpitlum
hcihw
)ZEJ(
enoz
tnemegagne
nopaew
fo epyt a si ZEJ
A
era )tfarcria
dna
selissim
ria-ot-ecafrus(
.snoitarepo
DMA ni dezilitu
ria egagne
ot deyolpme
ylsuoenatlumis )25-3
PJ( .staerht
.tnemele
DMA
yb
detaitini
MCA
enoz
tnemegagne
nopaew
fo epyt a si ZEMOL
A
nihtiw
snoisnemid
denifed
fo ecapsriA
elissim
edutitla-woL
.CDAA
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
snoitarepo
DMA ni dezilitu
taerht
ria rof
ytilibisnopser
eht
hcihw
enoz
tnemegagne
-ot-wol
htiw stser
yllamron
tnemegagne
)ZEMOL(
.selissim
ria-ot-ecafrus
edutitla
muidem
)1.25-3
PTA(
.tnemele
DMA
yb
detaitini
MCA
eht rof
dehsilbatse
yllamron
si ZEDAROHS
A
nihtiw
snoisnemid
denifed
fo ecapsriA
esnefed
ria egnar-trohS
.CDAA
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
.stessa
eulav-hgih
fo esnefed ria
lacol
ria gnigagne
rof
ytilibisnopser
eht
hcihw
enoz
tnemegagne
dezilartneced
yolpme
ot nalp
dluohs srednammoC
egnar-trohs
htiw
stser
yllamron
staerht
)ZEDAROHS(
nihtiw
snopaew
esnefed
ria
,egnar-trohs fo lortnoc
eb yam
tI .snopaew
esnefed
ria
)1.25-3
PTA( .ZEDAROHS
eht
edutitla-hgih
ro -wol
a
nihtiw
dehsilbatse
)1.25-3
PTA( .enoz
tnemegagne
elissim
.tnemele
DMA
yb
detaitini
MCA
tessa
eulav-hgih
rof
desu
si ZFW a ,yllamroN
eht
rof
dehsilbatse
enoz
esnefed
ria
nA
enoz
eerf
snopaeW
.ACA
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
lortnoc
dna
dnammoc
detimil
htiw saera ni esnefed
rehto
,seitilicaf
ro
stessa
yek
fo noitcetorp
)ZFW(
eerf snopaew
eht
seralced
CDAA ehT .ytirohtua
smetsys
snopaew
erehw
,sesab
ria
naht
gnihsilbatse
ytirohtua
lortnoc
ecapsria eht htiw
enoz
ylevitisop
ton tegrat
yna
ta
derif eb
yam
)1.25-3 PTA( .enoz
eht
)25-3 PJ(
.yldneirf
sa
dezingocer
Airspace Coordinating Measures |
3-52 | 68 | )deunitnoc(
)SAEMDA(
serusaem
esnefed
riA
.8-B
elbaT
FTMSU/emaN
egasU
skrameR
snoitaredisnoC
gninnalP
ymrA/tnioJ
noitinifeD
tnioJ
noitaiverbbA
dnegeL
esnefed
elissim
dna
ria
DMA
rednammoc
esnefed
ria
aera
CDAA
noitacilbup
seuqinhcet
ymrA
PTA
ytirohtua
lortnoc
ecapsria
ACA
noitacilbup
tnioj
PJ
erusaem
gnitanidrooc
ecapsria
MCA
noitacilbup
tnioj
deilla
PJA
)FEDRAM(
serusaem
esnefed
eniraM
.9-B
elbaT
FTMSU/emaN
egasU
skrameR
snoitaredisnoC
gninnalP
ymrA/tnioJ
noitinifeD
tnioJ
noitaiverbbA
.ACA
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
dna
emoceb
dluohs
stinu
noitaiva
ymrA
llA
fo
egassap
efas
eht
rof
dehsilbatse
ecapsriA
rodirroc
hcaorppA
rieht
dna
sROCPPA
fo erawa
yletamitni
niamer
a
gnitraped
ro
gninioj
tfarcria
desab-dnal
)ROCPPA(
htiw
gnitarepo
nehw
serudecorp
detaicossa
)25-3
PJ(
.ecrof
emitiram
retpocileh
ymrA
ni desU
.secrof
emitiram
gnitropsnart
edulcni
yam
taht
snoitarepo
,seitilicaf
lacidem
lavan
morf
dna
ot
stneitap
emitiraM
eht
yb
detaitini
MCA
laiceps
,snoitarepo
suoibihpma
ymrA
.rednammoC
ro
,snoitarepo
yrevocer
lennosrep
,snoitarepo
.ACA
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
lavan
ot
sthgilf
evitartsinimda
dna
citsigol .stessa
dnegeL
noitacilbup
tnioj
PJ
ytirohtua
lortnoc
ecapsria
ACA
erusaem
gnitanidrooc
ecapsria
MCA
)CTA(
serusaem
lortnoc
ciffart
riA
.01-B
elbaT
FTMSU/emaN
egasU
skrameR
snoitaredisnoC
gninnalP
ymrA/tnioJ
noitinifeD
tnioJ
noitaiverbbA
.
emulov
hgih
a
niatnoc
yam
hcihw
ecapsriA
)ATRELA(
aera
trelA
epyt
lausunu
na
ro
seitivitca
gniniart
tolip
fo
si
hcihw
fo
rehtien
,ytivitca
lairea
fo
)1.25-3
PTA(
.tfarcria
ot
suodrazah
Appendix B |
3-52 | 69 | )deunitnoc(
)CTA(
serusaem
lortnoc
ciffart riA
.01-B
elbaT
FTMSU/emaN
egasU
skrameR
snoitaredisnoC
gninnalP
ymrA/tnioJ
noitinifeD
tnioJ
noitaiverbbA
.ACA
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
dehsilbatse
foereht
noitrop
ro
aera
lortnoc
A
)YWRA(
yawriA
oidar
htiw deppiuqe
rodirroc
a
fo
mrof eht
ni
)25-3
PJ(
.sdia
lanoitagivan
.stnemele
STA
yb
detaitini
MCA
ro
etuor ecivres
ciffart
ria
tnenamrep-non
A
)RDC(
etuor
lanoitidnoC
.ACA
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
dna dennalp
eb nac
taht
foereht
noitrop
.snoitidnoc
niatrec
rednu
ylno desu )25-3
PJ(
.stinu
STA
yb
detaitini
MCA
fo
noitacifissalc
no
desab
si
noitinifed
sihT
LSM
teef 000,81
morf
ecapsria
,yllareneG
)ASLC(
ecapsria
A-ssalC
.ACA
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
ecapsriA
.setatS
detinU
eht
nihtiw
ecapsria
,006 level
thgilf
gnidulcni
dna ot
pu
.noitacol
cificeps
yb
yrav
yam
noitacifissalc
sretaw eht gniylrevo
ecapsria
gnidulcni
ot
refer
dluohs
srennalp
ecapsria
dna
nemriA
suougitnoc
eht
fo selim
lacituan
21nihtiw
rof
,sMATON
dna
PILF
etairporppa
eht
era snoitarepo
RFV
.aksalA
dna setats
lanoitanretni
dna
noitamrofni
deliated
-3
PJ( .ecapsria
A ssalC
ni
dettimrep
ton
)25-3
PJ(
.stnemeriuqer
ecapsria
)25
.stinu
STA
yb
detaitini
MCA
fo
noitacifissalc
no
desab
si
noitinifed
sihT
ot ecafrus eht
morf
ecapsria
,yllareneG
)BSLC(
ecapsria
B-ssalC
.ACA
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
ecapsriA
.setatS
detinU
eht
nihtiw
ecapsria
s’noitan
eht gnidnuorrus
LSM
teef 000,01
.noitacol
tcaxe
yb
yrav
yam
noitacifissalc
tropria
fo smret
ni
stropria
tseisub
ot
refer
dluohs
srennalp
ecapsria
dna
nemriA
.stnemenalpne
regnessap
ro
snoitarepo
rof
,sMATON
dna
PILF
etairporppa
eht
dna otni
ecnaraelc
sedivorp
CTA
lanoitanretni
dna
noitamrofni
deliated
edisni tfarcria
lla
neewteb
noitarapes
)25-3PJ(
.stnemeriuqer
ecapsria
)1.25-3
PTA(
.ecapsria
B ssalC
.stinu
STA
yb
detaitini
MCA
fo
noitacifissalc
no
desab
si
noitinifed
sihT
ot ecafrus eht
morf
ecapsria
,yllareneG
)CSLC(
ecapsria
C-ssalC
.ACA
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
ecapsriA
.setatS
detinU
eht
nihtiw
ecapsria
tropria
eht evoba
LSM
teef 000,4
.noitacol
tcaxe
yb
yrav
yam
noitacifissalc
na htiw stropria
gnidnuorrus
,noitavele
ot
refer
dluohs
srennalp
ecapsria
dna
nemriA
yb decivres
,rewot
lortnoc
lanoitarepo
rof
,sMATON
dna
PILF
etairporppa
eht
a evah dna
,lortnoc
hcaorppa
radar
lanoitanretni
dna
noitamrofni
deliated
ro snoitarepo
RFI
fo
rebmun
niatrec
)25-3
PJ(
.stnemeriuqer
ecapsria
sedivorp
CTA
.stnemenalpne
regnessap
edisni
RFI dna
RFV
neewteb
noitarapes
)1.25-3
PTA(
.ecapsria
C ssalC
Airspace Coordinating Measures |
3-52 | 70 | )deunitnoc(
)CTA(
serusaem
lortnoc
ciffart riA
.01-B
elbaT
FTMSU/emaN
egasU
skrameR
snoitaredisnoC
gninnalP
ymrA/tnioJ
noitinifeD
tnioJ
noitaiverbbA
.stinu
STA
yb
detaitini
MCA
fo noitacifissalc
no desab
si
noitinifed
sihT
ot ecafrus
eht morf
ecapsria ,yllareneG
)DSLC(
ecapsria
D-ssalC
.ACA
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
ecapsriA
.setatS
detinU
eht
nihtiw
ecapsria
tropria
eht evoba
LSM teef
005,2
.noitacol
tcaxe
yb yrav
yam
noitacifissalc
na htiw stropria
gnidnuorrus
,noitavele
ot refer
dluohs
srennalp
ecapsria
dna
nemriA
D ssalC
.rewot
lortnoc lanoitarepo
rof
,sMATON
dna
PILF
etairporppa
eht
yllaudividni
era snoitarugifnoc
ecapsria
lanoitanretni
dna
noitamrofni
deliated
tnemurtsni
nehw
,yllamroN
.deroliat
.stnemeriuqer
ecapsria
ecapsria eht
,dehsilbup
era serudecorp
eht
niatnoc ot
detangised
eb yllamron
lliw
noitarapes
tfarcria
oN .serudecorp
-3
PTA( .tfarcria
ot dedivorp
era
secivres
)1.25
.ACA
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
noitacifissalc
no
desab
si
noitinifed
sihT
ton si
ecapsria
eht fi ,yllareneG
)ESLC(
ecapsria
E-ssalC
.setatS
detinU
eht
nihtiw
ecapsria
fo
si ti dna
,D ro
,C ,B ,A
sessalC
tcaxe yb
yrav
yam
noitacifissalc
ecapsriA
E ssalC
si ti ,ecapsria
dellortnoc
srennalp
ecapsria
dna
nemriA
.noitacol
)25-3
PJ( .ecapsria
dna PILF
etairporppa
eht
ot
refer
dluohs
dna
noitamrofni
deliated
rof
sMATON
.stnemeriuqer
ecapsria
lanoitanretni
.ACA
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
tcaxe yb
yrav
yam
noitacifissalc
ecapsriA
RFI hcihw
ni ssalc
ecapsria
OACI
)FSLC(
ecapsria
F-ssalC
srennalp
ecapsria
dna
nemriA
.noitacol
llA .dettimrep
era
sthgilf RFV
dna
dna PILF
etairporppa
eht
ot
refer
dluohs
ria
na eviecer
sthgilf
RFI gnitapicitrap
dna
noitamrofni
deliated
rof
sMATON
sthgilf
lla dna
,ecivres
yrosivda
ciffart
.stnemeriuqer
ecapsria
lanoitanretni
fi ecivres
noitamrofni
thgilf
eviecer
ton si ecapsria
F
ssalC .detseuqer
noitaivA
laredeF
eht
yb
desu
)1.25-3
PTA(
.noitartsinimdA
.ACA
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
noitacifissalc
no
desab
si
noitinifed
sihT
,D
,C ,B ,A
sa dengissa
ton ecapsriA
)GSLC(
ecapsria
G-ssalC
.setatS
detinU
eht
nihtiw
ecapsria
fo
si dna ecapsria
dellortnocnu
si
E
ro
tcaxe yb
yrav
yam
noitacifissalc
ecapsriA
.ecapsria
G ssalC
sa detangised
srennalp
ecapsria
dna
nemriA
.noitacol
)25-3
PJ(
dna PILF
etairporppa
eht
ot
refer
dluohs
dna
noitamrofni
deliated
rof
sMATON
.stnemeriuqer
ecapsria
lanoitanretni
Appendix B |
3-52 | 71 | )deunitnoc(
)CTA(
serusaem
lortnoc
ciffart
riA
.01-B
elbaT
FTMSU/emaN
egasU
skrameR
snoitaredisnoC
gninnalP
ymrA/tnioJ
noitinifeD
tnioJ
noitaiverbbA
.ACA
eht
yb
dehsilbatsE
A
ssalC
edistuo
detangised
ecapsriA
snoitarepo
yratiliM
etagerges
ro
etarapes
ot
aera
ecapsria
)AOM(
aera
morf
tfarcria
yratilim
suodrazah-non
niatrec
,ciffart
RFV
rof
yfitnedi
dna
;ciffart RFI
era
sthgilf
gniniart
thgilf
yratilim
erehw
)1.25-3
PTA(
.detcudnoc
hcihw
ot
saera
aes
ro
dnal
ot
refer
osla
yaM
a
fo
saera
dnal
eht
nihtiw
aera
deificeps
A
)BIHORP(
aera
detibihorP
.detibihorp
si
ssecca
cigalepihcra
,sretaw
lanretni
sti ro etats
otereht
tnecajda
aes
lairotirret
ro ,sretaw
.detibihorp
si
tfarcria
fo
thgilf
eht
hcihw revo
senifed
noitartsinimdA
noitaivA
laredeF ehT
detangised
ecapsria
sa aera
detibihorp
a
traP
snoitalugeR
laredeF
fo
edoC
41 rednu
na
etarepo
yam
nosrep
on
hcihw
nihtiw
37
gnisu
eht
fo
noissimrep
eht
tuohtiw
tfarcria
)1.25-3
PTA(
.ycnega
,strahc
lacituanorea
no
nwohs
era
sAR
yb
dehsilbatse
,aera
detangised
A
)AR(
aera
detcirtseR
ni
dedivorp
dna
,nemria
ot
seciton
ni
dehsilbup
fo
thgilf
hcihw
revo
,ytirohtua
etairporppa
.noitagivan
ria
ot
sdia
fo
snoitacilbup
)1.25-3
PTA(
.detcirtser
si tfarcria
dnegeL
noitazinagro
noitaiva
livic
lanoitanretnI
OACI
ytirohtua
lortnoc
ecapsria
ACA
selur
thgilf
tnemurtsni
RFI
erusaem
gnitanidrooc
ecapsria
MCA
noitacilbup
tnioj
PJ
lortnoc
ciffart
ria
CTA
level
aes
naem
LSM
noitacilbup
seuqinhcet
ymrA
PTA
nemria
ot
eciton
MATON
ecivres
ciffart
ria
STA
selur
thgilf
lausiv
RFV
redrO
noitartsinimdA
noitaivA
laredeF
OAAF
noitacilbup
noitamrofni
thgilf
PILF
.sMCA
OTAN
no
sliated
rof
5.3.3-PJA
eeS
.tnereffid
ylthgils
era
)GANATS(
tnemeerga
noitazidradnats
rep
sMCA
OTAN
:etoN
Airspace Coordinating Measures |
3-52 | 72 | Appendix B
COMMON REFERENCE SYSTEMS
B-6. Airspace element personnel work with several references systems such as military grid, latitude and
longitude, area grid reference systems, and several altitude reference systems. For planning and immediate
execution, these common reference systems require simple, widely distributed, and integrated platforms and
weapons systems. Common reference systems are also a means to “digitize” operational environments and
provide a two-dimensional construct from which three-dimensional control and coordination measures can
be constructed at the operational level.
POINT REFERENCE SYSTEMS
B-7. Airspace element personnel use the World Geodetic System 1984, Military Grid Reference System,
and geographic coordinates as point reference systems.
World Geodetic System 1984
B-8. The World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 84) is the official Department of Defense positional reference
system. The earth is an ellipsoid, not a sphere. It’s flattened slightly at the poles and bulging somewhat at the
equator. Datums are reference surfaces that consider the curvature of the earth for the mathematical creation
of geodetic and cartographic data. Numerous datum exists. In unilateral and joint operations, U.S. military
forces use the WGS 84 horizontal coordinates and height (height above ellipsoid) unless the commander
determines that the use of other position reference systems (such as horizontal, vertical, or both datum) is
mission critical. Universal use of the WGS 84 positional reference system (datum) eliminates confusion
regarding which system to use in reporting positions.
Military Grid Reference System
B-9. The Military Grid Reference System (MGRS) is an alpha-numeric system for expressing Universal
Transverse Mercator (UTM) universal polar stereographic coordinates. A single alpha-numeric value
references an area unique for the entire earth. The number 15SWC8081751205 illustrates a MGRS
coordinate. The first two characters represent the 6-degree wide UTM zone. The third character is a letter
designating the band of latitude. The fourth and fifth characters are a pair of letters designating one of the
100,000-meter grid squares within the grid zone. The remaining characters consist of the numeric easting
and northing values within the 100,000-meter grid square. Ten numeric characters equal a one meter
refinement. Eight numeric characters equal a 10-meter refinement. Six numeric characters equal a 100 meter
refinement. Four numeric characters equal a 1,000 meter refinement. The MGRS is the most commonly used
point reference system by Soldiers.
Geographic Coordinates
B-10. The use of geographic coordinates as a system of reference is accepted worldwide. It is based on the
expression of position by latitude (parallels) and longitude (meridians) in relation to the equator (north and
south) and a prime meridian (east and west). The map scale and the accuracy requirements for plotting and
scaling influence the degree of accuracy of a geographic reference. The U.S. military uses two formats to
show location that sometimes leads to confusion for airspace element personnel. The Army generally
expresses position in degrees, minutes (60 to a degree), and seconds (60 to a minute). An example of a
geographic reference referenced to degrees, minutes, and seconds of latitude and longitude found in an
operation order is: 40°21’12” N 132°14’18” E. Joint and civil aviation express geographic reference position
using the sexagesimal system using degrees, minutes, and decimal minutes (DDMM.mmmm). The same
location given in the previous example is found in air tasking order or ACO expressed as 40°21.2000 N
132°14.3000 E. Army digital airspace systems translate between methods automatically. For manual data
entry into a digital system, the operator just needs to select the correct format. If an airspace Soldier needs to
convert locations manually from one format to another, the conversion is simple. There is no change to the
degrees or whole minutes, only the seconds or decimal portion of the decimal minute are converted. To
convert seconds to decimal minutes divide the seconds by 60 (for example, 12/60=.2). The product is the |
3-52 | 73 | Airspace Coordinating Measures
decimal. To convert from decimal minutes to seconds multiply the decimal portion by 60. The product is the
seconds (for example, .2 X 60= 12).
AREA REFERENCE SYSTEMS
B-11. Airspace element personnel use the Global Area Reference System and common geographic reference
system as area reference systems.
Global Area Reference System
B-12. The Global Area Reference System (GARS) is the standardized area reference system across the
Department of Defense. It is based on lines of longitude (long) and latitude (lat) to provide an integrated
common frame of reference for joint force situational awareness to facilitate air-to-ground coordination,
deconfliction, integration, and synchronization. This area reference system provides a common language
between the components and simplifies communications. The point of origin for this system is 90 degrees
south and 180 degrees east/west. The areas GARS describes coincide with even numbered WGS-84 degree
and minute lines. GARS airspace is divided into cells, further divided into quadrants, and subdivided into
keypads.
Common Geographic Reference System
B-13. The common geographic reference system (CGRS) is an early, theater specific system that may still
be in use. CGRS uses a theater determined origin or starting point. CGRS airspace is divided into cells,
further divided into nine keypads, and may be subdivided into quadrants.
B-14. Since GARS and CGRS use common terms (such as keypads and quadrants), a risk of confusion exists
since these common terms have different meanings in the individual reference systems. For example, a GARS
cell (~30nm x 30nm) is divided first into four quadrants (~15nm x 15nm) then into nine keypads (~5nm x
5nm), while a CGRS cell (~30nm x 30nm) is divided into nine keypads (~10nm x 10nm), which may be
further subdivided into four quadrants (~5nm x 5nm). The risk in confusion is that a GARS keypad is ~5nm
x 5nm while a CGRS keypad is ~10nm x 10nm.
ALTITUDE MEASURING SYSTEMS
B-15. Airspace element personnel use the mean sea level, above mean sea level, above ground level, height
above ellipsoid, and flight level as altitude measuring systems.
Mean Sea Level
B-16. The MSL is determined by continuously measuring the rise and fall of the ocean at “tide gauge stations”
on seacoasts for a period of about 19 years. This averages out the highs and lows of the tides caused by the
changing effects of the gravitational forces from the sun and moon which produce the tides. The MSL then
is defined as the zero elevation for a local or regional area. The MSL is elevation used for military maps,
digital terrain elevation data (DTED) and by artillery airspace users. Some aircraft systems using Global
Positioning System (GPS) data convert height above ellipsoid (see paragraph B-19) to MSL data before
reporting.
Above Mean Sea Level
B-17. The above mean sea level (AMSL) refers to the elevation (on the ground) or altitude (in the air) of any
object, relative to the average sea level datum. It is also used in aviation, where all heights are recorded and
reported with respect to AMSL. Manned aircraft determine AMSL with a barometric altimeter corrected for
local air pressure.
Above Ground Level
B-18. An altitude above ground level (AGL) is measured with respect to the underlying ground surface. AGL
altitude varies constantly as the aircraft proceeds on course. Therefore, the only constant is the MSL. When |
3-52 | 74 | Appendix B
working in and around controlled airspace or providing traffic separation clearance enroute, airspace element
personnel must consider that the AGL varies while the MSL does not. Manned aircraft determine AGL with
a radar altimeter.
Height Above Ellipsoid
B-19. Sometimes referred to as Global Positioning System GPS altitude, height above ellipsoid (HAE) uses
GPS for altitude data use. For global applications, the geodetic reference (datum) used for GPS is the WGS-
84. When the HAE is used, the height above the ellipsoid differs from the MSL. Direct elevation readings
for most locations can differ up to hundreds of feet. This variation is caused, in part, because the GPS
definition of altitude does not refer to MSL, but rather to a gravitational surface called the reference ellipsoid.
Some aircraft self-reporting systems (see Appendix C) report GPS altitude as an HAE altitude, but some
systems convert the GPS altitude to an MSL altitude prior to reporting. Munitions maneuvering with GPS
data generally use HAE.
B-20. Current digital systems use the USMTF standard for ACMs, and USMTF currently does not have an
HAE option. Airspace personnel have to use MSL as a substitute. These personnel must know any significant
differences between MSL, AMSL, AGL, and HAE for their AO and consider these differences when
integrating airspace users.
Flight Level
B-21. A flight level (FL) is a standard nominal altitude of an aircraft in hundreds of feet (such as FL 250 is
25,000 feet). This altitude is calculated from an international standard datum pressure of 29.92 inches of
mercury (inHg), the average sea-level pressure, and therefore is not necessarily the same as the aircraft’s true
altitude either above MSL or AGL. Airspace personnel normally use FL for flights above the transition
altitude of 18,000 feet in the United States and Canada. The altitude that aircraft transition to FLs is called
the transition altitude. Transition altitudes are local, regional, or national and vary considerably between
about 3,000ft and 18,000ft. Regardless of altitude, Identification Friend Foe Mode C altitudes will be based
on the standard datum pressure of 29.92 inHg. |
3-52 | 75 | Appendix C
Airspace Control Connectivity
This appendix discusses connectivity of airspace control systems. This appendix first
discusses airspace control in a mission command system. Then it discusses equipment
used for communications systems. The appendix then discusses networks and
applications. It concludes with a discussion of airspace control in a degraded network
environment.
AIRSPACE CONTROL IN A MISSION COMMAND SYSTEM
C-1. As a component of the mission command system, airspace control systems enable commanders to have
a near-real-time situational awareness of airspace users, communicate information between airspace elements
and airspace users, and execute airspace control of airspace users in near-real-time. The airspace control set
of mission command systems consists of networks, applications that process air track data for situational
awareness, and airspace control-related applications supporting the operations process. They include joint,
Army, and civil networks; systems and applications; and airspace control-related applications. Joint, Army,
and civil networks enable the rapid low-latent exchange of precise participant location and identification and
communications with airspace users and control elements as well as communication of other mission
command systems. These latter networks include the command post’s mission command network (with
external connectivity) and other networks (see paragraphs C-4 through C-23). Systems and applications
receive aircraft location data from a variety of sources such as sensors (radar for example) and self-reporting
systems (blue force tracking for example). These systems combine the air track data and pass data to mission
command systems for display on visual displays and for use in airspace control running estimates. Airspace
control-related applications use data for integrating airspace use, to include manned and unmanned aviation,
as well as offensive and defensive fires.
COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS
C-2. All echelons, brigade and higher, contain airspace elements equipped with a full suite of airspace
information systems and line-of-sight, beyond-line-of-sight, and tactical satellite communications systems.
These systems provide access to integrated terrestrial, aerial, and spaced-based networks. These
communications systems enable horizontal and vertical connectivity with airspace users, airspace elements,
the battlefield coordination detachment, and theater air-ground system airspace control nodes. These nodes
include the theater air control system, control and reporting center, Airborne Warning and Control System,
air support operations center, tactical air control parties, tactical air command center or tactical air direction
center, tactical air operations center, and direct air support center. Communications systems enable airspace
elements to collectively perform the full range of their functions to identify, coordinate, integrate, and control
Army airspace users as well as unified action partner airspace users, when appropriate, in the low to medium
altitudes over their assigned area of operations.
C-3. Airspace users at different echelons use different communications systems. Divisions and corps have
two communications systems that work together to support airspace control. The AMD element has a TSQ-
253 air defense airspace management shelter. This shelter provides the integrated air picture for the unit and
the airspace element while providing the airspace element its AMD applications. The airspace element uses
the TSQ-221 Tactical Airspace Integration System (TAIS) shelter. This shelter provides the airspace element
personnel with TAIS workstations as well as a wide range of digital and voice communications with joint,
Army, and civil airspace users. It also provides a backup air picture capability for the AMD TSQ-253 shelter.
At the brigade level, the air defense airspace management/brigade aviation element (ADAM/BAE) primary
system is the TSQ-253. This shelter provides a similar air picture and AMD capabilities resident at division
level but has only one TAIS workstation and fewer ground-to-air radios. |
3-52 | 76 | Appendix C
NETWORKS
C-4. The SIPRNET resident in command posts (CPs) provides connectivity to other mission command
systems to include the CP server. The CP has connectivity to other airspace elements through high bandwidth
multichannel tactical satellite. Through these networks, the airspace control applications connect to the CP
server, publish airspace data, and subscribe to data from other mission command systems.
DATA DISSEMINATION SERVICES AND PUBLISH AND SUBSCRIBE SERVICES
C-5. Both the AMD workstation and TAIS publish and subscribe data from the CP server. Data
dissemination services (known as DDS) is the currently fielded capability that goes beyond the publish and
subscribe services (PASS) capabilities. As a federated service, data dissemination services are designed for
global data dissemination. It replaces publish and subscribe services at all echelons, from battalion and above.
It permits Department of Defense and joint interoperability beyond the current point-to-point interface. Data
dissemination services afford discovery across the network, enable “many-to-many” exchanges, and supply
a means to share information that is useful for any community of interest. With data dissemination services,
the network exchange potential dramatically improves enabling exchanges typical in a net-centric data
environment. Data dissemination services thus permit interoperable data exchanges to evolve from an intra-
CP to an inter-CP, echelon, Service, and nation a reality. This ensures data is visible, available, and usable
when and where needed to accelerate the decisionmaking process.
MULTI-TACTICAL DATA LINK NETWORKS
C-6. ADAM/BAE operators configure and integrate numerous data link networks. Key networks include
tactical digital information link J (Link 16), tactical digital information link B (Link 11B), Intra-forward area
air defense (FAAD) Network (IFN), situational awareness data link, exploitation support data, cursor on
target, and radar element subsystem.
Link 16
C-7. Link 16 is a secure, jam-resistant, high-capacity, and nodeless tactical digital information link or
TADIL and formerly known as TADIL-J. This link utilizes the joint tactical information distribution system,
multifunctional information distribution system terminal, and its multiple access architecture for multi-netted
communications. ADAM/BAE operators convey the information exchanged on this link in the J-series
messages, which conform to the operational specifications contained in military standard (MIL-STD)-6016
series.
Link 11B
C-8. Link 11B is a tactical digital data link protocol, formerly known as tactical data link B, specified by
MIL-STD-6011, for point-to-point communication over landline between two units. Known as M-series
messages, the messages over Link 11B, adhere to the Link 11 message standard.
IntraFAAD Network
C-9. The IFN is more commonly referred to as the FAAD. Paragraph C-23 discusses FAAD in detail.
Situational Awareness Data Link
C-10. ADAM personnel use an enhanced position location reporting system radio and air defense system
integrator. Situational awareness data link (known as SADL) gives non-Link-16 aircraft the ability to pass
their location to Link-16 aircraft via the Link-16 gateway. Link-16 gateways have a situational awareness
data link radio located with them which allows aircraft with Link-16 and situational awareness data link to
see one another digitally. The situational awareness data link is the only system that fully integrates with the
Army’s enhanced position location reporting system network. |
3-52 | 77 | Airspace Control Connectivity
Exploitation Support Data
C-11. ADAM/BAE personnel use exploitation support data within the air defense system integrator to
communicate with the Shadow’s ground control unit for flight following. ADAM/BAE personnel use this
capability when radar coverage is minimal or nonexistent to populate the Shadow’s position and pass the
ground control unit’s location to joint and coalition forces flying or monitoring Link-16.
Cursor on Target
C-12. Cursor on target enables different communities across the Services to share vital information in near-
real time. Near-real time pertains to the timeliness of data or information which has been delayed by the time
required for electronic communication and automatic data processing, furthermore, near-real time implies
that there are no significant delays. Cursor on target leverages the widespread extensible markup language
and defines a common extensible message format for communicating key targeting information (what, when,
and where). Small unmanned aircraft system operators connected to the SIPRNET can inject their what,
when, and where into the common tactical picture. The FAAD and air defense system integrator are the
primary data systems within the ADAM/BAE to exploit this capability.
Radar Element Subsystem
C-13. Radar element subsystem enables transmission control protocol/internet protocol capability for sensor
connectivity to the ADAM’s forward area air defense. The radar element subsystem allows counterfire
(firefinder, lightweight countermortar, and sentinel) radar data to be shared on a network for an exploitation
with a mission command system.
SELF-REPORTING TRACKING TECHNOLOGIES
C-14. Self-reporting tracking technologies are increasingly being integrated into aerial systems (manned,
unmanned, cruise missiles, and precision munitions for example). When coupled with networked data
systems (discussed in paragraphs C-5 through C-13), these technologies provide an accurate and complete
low level air picture, rapid decisionmaking, and a significant improvement in an airspace elements’ ability
to integrate airspace users in near-real-time.
Blue Force Tracking–Air
C-15. The blue force tracking (BFT) network (BFT-A/2) provides self-reporting aircraft position, velocity,
and mission parameters in a joint variable message format transmitted to ground control centers via an
L-Band satellite. Control centers accumulate these reports and redistribute them via satellite to all BFT
transceivers coded for the operation. Control centers also distribute the reports via the SIPRNET to make this
information available to support various missions. However, aircraft reporting and control center reporting
rules can induce tens of seconds, and in some cases several minutes, delay in the aircraft reported position
data being received at a transceiver and displayed to the user. Such a delay limits the BFT’s use in increasing
situational awareness.
Automatic Dependent Surveillance–Broadcast
C-16. Automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) is the basis for a revolution in worldwide civil
air traffic control. ADS-B is one of a series of innovations that the federal aviation administration refers to
as NextGen technologies in the national airspace. ADS-B establishes an air traffic surveillance structure that
migrates from reliance on radars and interrogators to aircraft equipped with transceivers that transmit self-
reported precise GPS position, velocity, and identification information every second.
C-17. There are two ADS-B data links planned for the national airspace system: Mode S extended squitter
and universal access transceiver. All aircraft that fly above 18,000 feet worldwide use the Mode S extended
squitter. Military aircraft use ADS-B Mode S extended squitter data link transmitted from military
transponders. The universal access transceiver is used by general aviation within the national airspace system. |
3-52 | 78 | Appendix C
Mark XIIA Capabilities
C-18. Mark XIIA, provides identification, friend or IFF encrypted waveform messaging. It extends the
current triggered, transponder technology into the uplink and downlink encrypted messaging (Mode 5)
technologies. It also provides an unencrypted Mode S capability to augment the encrypted messaging
capabilities to permit operations within the evolving national and international air traffic control systems of
the future. Mode 5 is a line of sight capability that reliably populates the air picture with properly equipped
friendly (blue) aircraft to altitudes as low as the surface of the earth. Aircraft using Mark XIIA Mode 5 Level
2 (M5L2), with embedded global positioning system and inertial navigation system, respond to interrogations
from a ground-based or airborne system or automatically report (squitter) to the same, with data formats that
include aircraft identification, position and altitude data. Mode 5 ID data should align with ATO planning
per the “Mark XIIA Mode 5 and Mode Select (Mode S) Joint Concept of Operations (Joint CONOPS)” dated
4 November 2011.
C-19. Mode 5 Level 1(M5L1) and M5L2 not only reply to interrogations but also provide important multi-
ship discrimination capabilities (M51) and identification information and position data (M5L 2). M5L 2 also
provides the capability to report encrypted identification, position, altitude, and other information without
prompting by interrogation. Mode 5 equipped aircraft can employ the following varying capabilities:
* M5L1 equipped: M5L1 replies to M5L1 interrogation format (no position data).
* M5L1 equipped: Reply to a M5L1 Lethal interrogation format, even if the transponder is set to
STBY (no ID or position data). A Lethal report is only sent if the interrogator sends a lethal
interrogation. Friendly air defense systems perform lethal interrogations as a final Combat
Identification measure before engaging.
* M5L2 equipped and selected: M5L2 reports to M5L2 interrogation format and M5L1 replies to
M5L1 interrogation format.
* M5L2 and “Squitter ON” equipped and selected: High resolution M5L2 report format is
transmitted approximately every half second (interrupted only for M5L1 interrogations and lethal
interrogations.). M5L2 Squitter ON is the default position.
* M5L2 equipped and selected: Reply to a M5L2 Lethal interrogation (includes ID and 3D position
data), or M5L1 Lethal interrogation format even if the transponder is set to standby.
Air Situational Awareness Systems
C-20. ADAM/BAE operators configure and integrate numerous air situational awareness systems.
Air Defense System Integrator
C-21. The air defense system integrator provides brigades with direct near-real-time access to tactical and
strategic communications, tactical data information links, and intelligence networks such the joint planning
network, joint data network, and the integrated broadcast service. The air defense system integrator receives
line-of-sight and beyond-line-of-sight data from—
* Multifunctional information distribution system low volume terminal-2 for radio frequency
Link 16.
* Transmission control protocol/internet protocol, serial, and landline for MIL-STD-3011 A, B, and
C joint range extension applications protocols.
* Wideband tactical radio for satellite tactical data Link 16.
* Enhanced position location reporting system for situational awareness data link to provide
situation awareness for non-Link 16 capable platforms.
C-22. The air defense system integrator receives, processes, correlates, fuses, and displays up to 2,000 precise
participant location and identification tracks from multiple tactical data link and intelligence sources. These
tracks include the Link 16 direct and indirect (forwarding) participant location and identification messages,
the variable message format 5.01 position reports, and cursor on target position reports transmitted into the
joint data network. Participant location and identification messages are combined with unmanned aircraft
system vehicle GPS reports to ground control stations to provide a more complete air picture. Airspace |
3-52 | 79 | Airspace Control Connectivity
personnel forward that single integrated picture to the AMD workstation to provide air situational awareness
for dissemination into a mission command system.
Forward Area Air Defense
C-23. The FAAD system (that includes the IFN), which is interoperable with joint, multinational, and unified
action partner air defense artillery systems, provides real-time targeting and accurate and timely identification
of air targets. It alerts indirect fire protection capability intercept and sense and warning systems and it alerts
and cues AMD units and weapon systems. FAAD systems receive air situational data from tactical digital
information links via the joint data network and radar (sentinel, firefinder, lightweight countermortar radar,
and Airborne Warning and Control System) data via radar elements subsystem. When augmented with AMD
sensors and shooters, FAAD provides joint command and control for engagement operations and displays a
low-level correlated air picture with target cueing and tracking. In addition, FAAD integrates and
disseminates airspace coordinating measures, rules of engagement, air defense warnings, and weapons
control orders to augmented AMD units.
APPLICATIONS
C-24. Airspace elements employ two applications in airspace control systems.
TACTICAL AIRSPACE INTEGRATION SYSTEM AIRSPACE WORKSTATION
C-25. The TAIS airspace workstation (AWS) provides automated airspace control planning and enhanced
airspace control execution. TAIS interfaces with Army and joint command and control systems and provides
a direct link to the theater air-ground system through interface with the theater battle management core
system. It also has an added civil and government interagency capability.
C-26. For commanders, the system provides a visual three-dimensional airspace picture with near-real-time
air tracks. TAIS combines multiple input sources into a single airspace picture for situational awareness,
airspace control (to include clearing airspace for immediate fire missions), and fratricide avoidance.
Combined with the electronic ground picture, TAIS provides the commander with visualization of the air and
ground area of operations. TAIS enables ADAMs and ADAM/BAEs to digitally build, send, and receive
airspace coordinating measures supporting the brigade unit airspace plan. TAIS publishes the airspace control
order to the CP server enabling other mission command systems to subscribe to it. TAIS can also disseminate
the airspace control order directly via e-mail to other mission command systems as well as in U.S. message
text format.
C-27. Fielded software provides a Web-based, net-centric, thin client application called the dynamic airspace
collaboration tool (DACT). This tool provides airspace control collaboration and a three dimensional
visualization capability for non-TAIS users. This capability extends key elements of airspace functionality
to other Army users, joint users, and unified action partners on shared mission command systems without the
need for these other users to have a TAIS AWS. The DACT allows all airspace stakeholders to collaborate
rapidly and accurately on airspace requests in near-real time. For example, an Army brigade combat team
uses its TAIS AWS to collaborate with a Marine Corps airspace agency using the DACT while an Air Force
airspace agency uses the DACT to expedite dynamic retasking of assets across Service boundaries. In future
TAIS software versions, any device with an HMTL 5 compliant web browser on the network can access the
TAIS 12 airspace collaboration service whether by tablet, laptop, desktop, or handheld. TAIS capabilities are
permission based and fully customizable by the TAIS administrator. TAIS will also run on Virtual Machine
and Blade Server Configurations and each TAIS server can simultaneously support 25 full TAIS operator
capability instances and 75 DACT-like client connections.
C-28. Generally, the air defense system integrator provides air tracks to the TAIS. This integrator is a native
component of a TAIS shelter. However, air tracks can also be provided through direct connections with
remote TAIS via a network connection. All TAIS can receive BFT data through a network multicast session.
Either TAIS AWS can pull air track data from another TAIS or it can connect remotely to an air defense
system integrator in the ADAM cell or even a TAIS shelter through the network, provided such arrangements
are made prior to an attempt to connect. The TAIS can only pull air tracks from a single source at a time (not
including BFT) and the track data is limited to what the air track source is receiving and processing. |
3-52 | 80 | Appendix C
C-29. Fielding of the Expanded Air track Sensor Interface will update future TAIS shelters with modernized
air track equipment and capabilities. Expanded Air track Sensor Interface is a government owned and
developed air track fusion engine that will provide the ATC common air picture, access to ATC active and
passive sensors, and will replace the commercial air defense systems integrator in all TAIS shelters. In TAIS
command post shelters, the Expanded Air track Sensor Interface link management and track fusion capability
will be retained as a backup to the AMD shelter air defense systems integrator and suite of systems that are
currently providing command post air track inputs to enable development of the air picture.
AIR AND MISSILE DEFENSE WORKSTATION
C-30. The AMD workstation provides a common AMD staff planning and execution tool. It enables
collaborative AMD integration with intelligence preparation of the battlefield through development of threat
analysis and sensor/shooter employment. The workstation also provides an AMD gateway to a mission
command system and AMD interface to joint and multinational systems. For commanders, the AMD
workstation provides a visual three dimensional airspace picture with near-real-time air tracks. For
ADAM/BAEs, the AMD workstation enables them to parse and graphically display the airspace control
order, airspace coordinating measures, airspace control overlay, and unit airspace plan. The AMD
workstation also enables ADAM/BAEs to leverage the integrated enemy target and friendly aircraft data for
airspace clearance. The workstation enables not only integrated Army AMD and aviation planning but also
near-real-time airspace control.
AIRSPACE CONTROL WITH A DEGRADED NETWORK
C-31. While networks and applications greatly enhance airspace control, commanders can exercise airspace
control in a degraded network environment. However, in a degraded network environment, controlling
airspace is based on preplanned airspace coordinating measures with limited capability to assess airspace
control effectiveness or make adjustments during execution. The nature of an operational environment,
combined with the broad range of threats, makes it likely that Army forces will have to operate under
degraded conditions and networks. While Army air-ground system and airspace information systems are not
envisioned as a primary target, they will be degraded as a result of attacks against key enabling networks and
nodes.
C-32. For airspace elements, degraded network operations potentially cause loss of air picture or air-ground
communications, brigade CP connectivity, or digital systems in the CP. Loss of air picture or air-ground
communications will force airspace elements to resort to 100 percent procedural control. Loss of brigade CP
connectivity affects connectivity to higher headquarters CPs and joint airspace control nodes. In this case,
airspace elements continue to digitally plan airspace use, download airspace coordinating measure requests
(known as ACMREQs) to a disk, and physically transport it to an adjacent brigade that has connectivity or
to a higher headquarters airspace element. Loss of digital systems in the CP occurs when the TAIS
malfunctions. In this case, airspace elements can—with connectivity—client into another unit’s TAIS. Loss
of connectivity forces airspace elements to update maps and overlays manually. Airspace element personnel
need to retain skills and expertise to control airspace manually. |
3-52 | 81 | Appendix D
Airspace Messages, Requests, and Information Displays
This appendix discusses airspace messages, requests, and information displays. First,
it discusses the types of digital messages. The appendix then discusses airspace
coordinating measure and system peculiarities. Then the appendix concludes with a
discussion on information displays.
DIGITAL MESSAGES
D-1. Digital messages consist of airspace messages, requests, and information displays. Airspace users
transmit digital messages using two distinct formats compatible with multiple control systems within the data
link architecture. The two primary formats used are United States message text format and joint variable
message format. Digital airspace control systems, such as machine-to-machine exchange, determine
appropriate formats to use for their particular systems. For example, TAIS communicates point-to-point with
theater battle management core system via USMTF. Airspace users utilize USMTF predominantly on the
Army mission command system and joint command and control automation systems. Airspace users utilize
joint variable message format messages on the tactical Internet and at the platform level to support Force
XXI Battle Command Brigade and below.
UNITED STATES MESSAGE TEXT FORMATTING
D-2. The USMTF establishes standards, rules, and conventions governing message text formats. USMTF is
a set of character-oriented message text formats that provide common voice and automation templates to
exchange information between joint command and control systems and enables interoperability for all
military operations. The joint user handbook-message text formats (JUH-MTF) and FM 6-99 provide
additional information on USMTF.
D-3. The USMTF voice-message templates provide the means for units to communicate effectively during
degraded network operations. Communicating expeditiously and succinctly via voice will remain a
requirement due to the potential degraded network operations.
D-4. Common USMTF voice templates used by airspace elements include the following:
* Airspace coordinating measure request [ACMREQ]-REPORT NUMBER: A030 {USMTF #
F658} (also the USMTF message for Munition Flight Path – MFP).
* Airspace control order [ACO]-REPORT NUMBER: A035 {USMTF # F756}.
* Air defense command message [AIRDEFCOM]-REPORT NUMBER: A010 {USMTF # E710}.
* Airlift request [AIRLIFTREQ]-REPORT NUMBER: A015 {USMTF # D630}.
* Air Mission Request Status/Tasking [REQSTATASK]-REPORT NUMBER: A020
{USMTF # A661}.
* Battlefield Support Geometry Message (SPRTGEOM) - REPORT NUMBER: XXX {USMTF
#S201) (supports PAH/TAH dissemination and coordination).
* Artillery Target Intelligence - Intelligence & Electronic Warfare (IEW) Target Coordination
Message [ATIIEWTC] - REPORT NUMBER: XXX {USMTF #S308) (supports fire mission
notification for airspace deconfliction and coordination).
Note: These messages and reports may also be a record and are identified by “(Record)” at the
end of the description. |
3-52 | 82 | Appendix D
JOINT VARIABLE MESSAGE FORMAT
D-5. Joint variable message format is a modem-based message protocol that provides the most extensive
digital information exchange between similarly capable platforms and ground-based terminal attack
controller kits. The variable message format provides an extremely flexible message standard that consists
of only essential information, allowing shorter messages than USMTF for reduced transmission time and
network clutter. It is bit-oriented, digital information with variable-length messages. The conveyed data
requires varying amounts of volume and detail of information, and it can be transmitted over a broad range
of tactical communications systems. Variable message format uses Link 16 data elements to create variable
length messages suitable for near-real-time data exchange in a bandwidth constrained combat environment.
The variable message format is the Army solution to the battlefield digitization interoperability and
bandwidth problems. Refer to MIL-STD-6017 for a complete listing of all variable message formats.
UNITED STATES MESSAGE TEXT FORMAT AND VARIABLE MESSAGE FORMAT RECORD
TEMPLATES
D-6. Airspace users utilize USMTF and variable message format record templates to record messages and
reports. Airspace elements routinely use record messages and digitally transmit them via a mission command
system.
AIRSPACE CONTROL PECULIARITIES TO BE AWARE OF
D-7. Requesting airspace requires an understanding of the different airspace coordinating measures, how
those airspace coordinating measures are communicated (messages) between airspace control nodes, as well
as the information displays used to integrate airspace use. All users requesting airspace must understand the
methods used to transmit their airspace use requests. These methods may range from a simple hand-held
radio during degraded operations, through the most advanced and complex automated systems on the
battlefield. No matter the situation, effective individual users understand the systems used (such as advanced
field artillery tactical data system, tactical airspace integration system, theater battle management core
system) and how system interoperability impacts their airspace use requests.
AIRSPACE COORDINATING MEASURES PECULIARITIES
D-8. Airspace coordinating measures are measures employed to facilitate the efficient use of airspace to
accomplish missions and simultaneously provide safeguards for friendly forces (JP 3-52). While JP 3-52 and
other doctrinal and joint standards documents define airspace coordinating measures (ACMs), the USMTF
standard defines the implementation of these ACMs using current digital airspace control systems (such as
machine-to-machine exchange).
D-9. The difference or peculiarities between the standards has caused confusion at times. In some cases, the
name of the ACM differs between joint doctrine and USMTF. In other cases, the nature of the coordinating
measure changes. In USMTF, a restricted operations zone is a category (type) with many associated
coordinating measures (usages) one of which is a restricted operations area. The same situation exists for
special use airspace, which in USMTF is a type, not a usage.
D-10. Since the language between the various Service command and control systems is USMTF, airspace
element personnel need to understand how their automation systems use and exchange ACMs. Often airspace
element personnel have to convert non-digital airspace requests using doctrinal definitions that may not be
USMTF terms (such as coordinating altitude or restricted operations zone) into the appropriate digital
USMTF format. In addition, since some digital systems do not process the entire USMTF set of coordinating
measures, airspace element personnel must understand the peculiarities effects of ACM type, usage, and
shape selection when translating text into a digital USMTF message to ensure that the ACM yields the desired
outcome.
D-11. The shape tool used in the creation of an ACM is a critical aspect on whether the ACM can be processed
among the systems used to integrate airspace use. For example, the tactical TAIS has eight different shape
choices while the theater battle management core system has nine shape choices. See Table D-1 on page D-
3. |
3-52 | 83 | Airspace Messages, Requests, and Information Displays
Table D-1. Airspace control system shapes
TAIS TBMCS Remarks
Cylinder Circle A cylinder is a circle with three dimensions.
Route Corridor Route is the same shape as a corridor.
Orbit Orbit
Cakes are complex Rad-Arcs.
Cake/Rad-Arc Rad-Arc
Polyarc PolyArc
Polygon Polygon
Track Track
Line Line
TAIS does not have a point shape, rather TAIS uses its airspace control
Point
point tool for entering point data.
Legend
TAIS Tactical Airspace Integration System
TBMCS Theater Battle Management Core System
AIRSPACE SYSTEM PECULIARITIES
D-12. All effective airspace users know their system defaults, peculiarities, and how their system
interchanges information between the available systems. Airspace users recognize that any software updates
to their system may significantly change their “settings.”
D-13. Each system has peculiarities. TAIS—one of the airspace control system used by air defense airspace
management/brigade aviation element, the ADAM/BAE,—and airspace elements will parse, display, and run
conflict checks against all USMTF compatible ACMs. However, the default setting for many ACMs is set to
not check for conflicts. Operators of TAIS can change the default setting of “conflict check off” based on
standard operating procedures or orders.
Note: The critical importance of clarity in the discussion of ACMs and the manifestation of them
in digital messages cannot be overstated.
INFORMATION DISPLAYS
D-14. Information displays (also referred to as overlays) result from messages, either inputted or transmitted,
into systems that portray a continuous common operational picture. This picture provides commanders with
situational awareness and situational understanding of the operational area. Commanders use the common
operational picture to support visualization of the mission. Staff components use it to support their running
estimates that they continuously update.
D-15. Airspace elements are responsible for maintaining information displays based on accurate information
and databases in near-real-time. This includes, but is not limited to the following:
* Ensuring airspace users disseminate up to date information to appropriate higher, lower, and
adjacent command posts.
* Establishing a shared pasteboard for collecting, processing, displaying, and disseminating relevant
information on the command post of the future system workstation.
* Preparing a shared plan using the two dimensional application on the command post of the future
system workstation.
* Preparing a shared plan using the three dimensional application on the command post of the future
system workstation.
D-16. Airspace elements typically publish the airspace control overlay (formerly airspace command and
control overlay). Airspace control overlays can be digital (containing all data associated with ACMs), or
graphic (drawn on plastic or paper for use during degraded network operations). Airspace elements typically
subscribe to these overlays: |
3-52 | 84 | Appendix D
* Air defense artillery overlay.
* Fire support overlay.
* Intelligence overlay:
Information collection plan overlay.
Terrain overlay.
* Weather overlay.
* Operation overlay. |
3-52 | 85 | Appendix E
Airspace Element Collective Tasks
This appendix discusses Army collective tasks in general and then the specific airspace
element collective tasks.
ARMY COLLECTIVE TASKS
E-1. ADRP 1-03, The Army Universal Task List (AUTL), is a comprehensive, but not all-inclusive listing
of Army tasks, missions, and operations. The AUTL provides a common doctrinal structure for collective
tasks that support Army tactical missions and operations. The airspace control AUTL task is the Army tactical
task 5.4, Control Tactical Airspace.
E-2. A collective task is a clearly defined, discrete, and measurable activity or action performed by an
integrated and coordinated collection of Soldiers and contributes directly to mission accomplishment. In
terms of airspace control, the Army has 14 airspace control collective tasks.
COLLECTIVE TASKS FOR AIRSPACE CONTROL
E-3. The airspace control collective tasks apply across echelons, brigade through theater army. At the
brigade level, the air defense airspace management/brigade aviation element, ADAM/BAE or ADAM,
elements execute all the collective tasks. Above the brigade level (division, corps, and theater army), the
airspace element and the air and missile defense (AMD) element collaborate to execute the tasks in contained
in ADRP 1-03.
E-4. In ADRP 1-03, Army tactical task 5.4, titled Control Tactical Airspace, consists of 14 collective tasks
that provide the basis for performance measures. These collective tasks are separated into two groups: tasks
that focus on planning future airspace use and tasks that focus on the execution of airspace use. The first
group of collective tasks integrate airspace requirements generated by all airspace user communities
(movement and maneuver, intelligence, fires, sustainment, mission command, and protection), both joint and
Army, while meeting commander’s guidance for mission accomplishment and risk. The remaining collective
tasks integrate airspace use during execution of current operations using both staff procedures and near-real-
time procedural control. These latter tasks occur to resolve airspace use conflicts according to commander’s
guidance for mission accomplishment and risk. See Table E-1 on page E-2 for Army tactical task 5.4 Control
tactical airspace. |
3-52 | 86 | Appendix E
Table E-1. Army tactical task 5.4 Control tactical airspace
E-2 FM 3-52 20 October 2016
GNINNALP
FM 3-52
# Scale Measure
Paragraph #
01 Yes/No The unit determined integrated airspace user requirements.* 3-26
02 Yes/No The unit developed airspace usage priorities. 3-27
The unit coordinated air traffic service, sensor emplacement, and
03 Yes/No 3-28
data links.
The unit determined combat identification authority and
04 Yes/No 3-29
procedures for airspace users.
The unit developed rules of engagement and early warning
05 Yes/No 3-31
procedures for air defense operations in the area of operations.
The unit determined reporting requirements and monitoring
06 Yes/No 3-32
methods for manual reporting.
07 Yes/No The unit integrated airspace use within the area of operations. 3-33
The unit developed airspace coordinating measures to support
08 Yes/No 3-34
planned operations.*
09 Yes/No The unit developed the airspace appendix. 3-37
NOITUCEXE
10 Yes/No The unit processed airspace orders and directives.* 4-16
11 Yes/No The unit managed airspace control information displays. 4-17
12 Yes/No The unit determined track Identification for airspace users. 4-18
The unit monitored assigned airspace and airspace users within
13 Yes/No 4-19
assigned area of operation.
The unit resolved real-time conflicts for airspace users within the
14 Yes/No 4-20
area of operations.*
E-5. For more detail, refer to the Digital Training Management System (known as DTMS) and the Training
Development Capability (known as TDC) databases. These databases detail the task, condition, and standard
of each collective task found by its training and evaluation outline task number. See Table E-2 on page E-3.
Note Brigade and higher units without assigned airspace element personnel (ADAM/BAE or |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.