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During the colonial period to early 1800s, youths were subject to the same criminal justice process as adults. A recent historical development is that of creating a separate institution for the treatment of youths who engage in illegal or immoral behavior. Children apprehended for crimes were tried in the same courts and, when found guilty, were often given the same punishment as adults. Most Americans today are aware that a separate justice process exists for juveniles but most lack an understanding of how this process works or how effective juvenile justice programs are. Others hold views based more on myth than reality. Moreover, the social, political, economic contexts that shapes juvenile crime and juvenile justice practices are not understood by majority of the citizens.

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CC-MAIN-2020-34

https://www.allacademicanswers.com/product/criminology/

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en

The list of units Longbowmen are excellent attackers in the ancient era. Longbowmen were highly skilled archers capable of firing up to six arrows a minute over long distances into massed enemy formations. Using bows constructed from a type of wood called Yew, they used arrows specifically designed to penetrate chainmail armor -- even plate if close enough. Frequently they would comprise approximately four-fifths of an army, and their devastating attacks helped to reverse the dominance of knights in warfare. Only lightly-armored, they enjoyed a great mobility advantage should their opponents survive their barrages. Once gunpowder began to find applications in the military, their use began to wane. Guns allowed foot soldiers the same effectiveness against knights, but without the decades of training required to be proficient with the longbow.

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CC-MAIN-2018-30

http://civilization.wikia.com/wiki/Longbowman_(Civ3)

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en

This week the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that it has no authority to decide cases that challenge partisan gerrymandering—a practice in which political parties draw Congressional districts to increase votes in their favor. Gerrymandering shifts power away from voters to toward the parties, and the Supreme Court's decision is likely to increase the momentum. But how, exactly, do elected officials pick and choose their voters? Their main tactic is as simple as it is unfair. By redrawing the borders of electoral districts, members of a given political party can cram the opposition’s supporters into as few precincts as possible—thus grabbing a disproportionate amount of power. The tactic gets its name after a man who helped make the Bill of Rights happen, a one-time vice president, and the only signer of the Declaration of Independence who's buried in Washington, D.C. “A Man of Immense Worth” Elbridge Gerry was born on July 17, 1744. He was a native of Marblehead, Massachusetts, and both his parents were linked to the merchant business. Gerry took up the trade in 1762 and became an exporter of cod (a profitable fish upon which countless fortunes have been built). At age 28, he won a seat on the colony’s general court, where he’d come to share Samuel Adams’s revolutionary rhetoric. In 1776, Gerry joined the Continental Congress in Philadelphia. Throughout his tenure there, Gerry demanded pay raises for patriot troops, earning him the nickname “soldier’s friend.” The merchant’s integrity was widely admired, even by John Adams (who was notoriously hard to impress). “[He] is a man of immense worth,” wrote the future president. “If every man here was a Gerry, the liberties of America would be safe against the gates of Earth and Hell.” In 1787, with the war over, Gerry took part in the Constitutional Convention. The importance of his presence cannot be understated. After all, it was he who moved to include a Bill of Rights—an idea that his colleagues shot down. Five days after the proposal, the newly completed Constitution was ready to be signed. Since a Bill of Rights was nowhere to be found, Gerry—along with just two other delegates who made it to the end of the convention—withheld his signature. A subsequent letter to the Massachusetts State Legislature explained this choice. “It was painful for me, on a subject of such national importance, to differ from the respectable members who signed the Constitution; but conceiving, as I did, that the liberties of America were not secured by the system, it was my duty to oppose it,” Gerry stated. He may have lost that battle, but he ultimately won the war. Thanks in part to dissenters like him, a 10-amendment Bill of Rights was formally adopted on December 15, 1791. Had he retired from politics right then and there, Elbridge Gerry might have gone down in history as the “Father of the Bill of Rights.” Instead, he’s remembered first and foremost for another, less admirable claim to fame. Redrawing his legacy Massachusetts made Gerry its eighth governor in 1810. By then, America had turned into a nation divided. Two rival parties now split the electorate: Thomas Jefferson’s Democratic-Republicans and the late Alexander Hamilton’s Federalists. Gerry belonged to the former group, which backed his successful re-election campaign in 1811. At the time, Democratic-Republicans represented the Massachusetts legislature’s majority party. This gave them enough votes to pull off a rather devious scheme that secured big wins in the state Senate one year later. The plan was brilliant in its straightforwardness. Early in 1812, Democratic-Republican legislators laid out new districts which shoehorned most Federalist Party supporters into a handful of precincts. Behind closed doors, Governor Gerry denounced this plot, calling it “highly disagreeable.” Unfortunately, that didn’t stop him from signing the proposed new districts into law anyway. The result was a monstrously slanted election season. Overall, Federalist candidates for the state Senate earned 1602 more votes than their Jeffersonian opponents did. Yet, because of these new precincts, the Democratic-Republican Party nabbed 29 seats to the Federalist’s 11. The new state electoral map looked positively absurd. Thanks to partisan manipulation, districts now came in all manner of irregular shapes. Particularly infamous was one such division in Essex County. To the staff of The Weekly Messenger, a prominent Federalist newspaper, this squiggly precinct looked like a mythical salamander. Thus, the name “Gerrymander” was born—and it stuck. The Federalist surge meant that Gerry was ousted from office, but Gerry’s career wasn’t quite over yet. On the contrary, it saw a swift rebound when James Madison chose him to become his second vice president the following year. But like Madison’s previous VP, Gerry didn’t last long. Death took him while he was still in office on November 23, 1814. Those interested may find his grave in the capital city of the nation he helped create. Nestled inside Washington’s Congressional Cemetery is Elbridge Gerry’s tomb. Above it sits the first monument ever funded in full by the federal government, where visitors can read Gerry’s personal creed: “It is the duty of every man, though he may have but one day to live, to devote that day to the good of his country.”

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CC-MAIN-2019-43

http://mentalfloss.com/article/75488/who-was-gerry-gerrymandering

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en

Find yourself immersed in the majestic grandeur of a giant kelp forest, where algae called kelp grow as large as trees and support a tremendous variety of life. You may be amazed to discover that examples of this spectacular ecosystem, which in the wild can support over 800 species, exist right off the coast of Southern California. Peer into our 188,000-gallon tank and get a glimpse of what life is like in these special underwater forests. And find the species you see in the tanks on our new iPads to learn more about them! Solve the mystery behind why kelp is found in some spots along the coast and not others. Meet some of the animals that live in the kelp forest—and divers that like to visit! Find out how choices you make daily can affect the kelp forest and the ocean in ways you may not even imagine. Also, discover why and how we need to protect this important ecosystem for generations to come. This exhibit features live animals such as leopard sharks, horn sharks, moray eels, a giant sea bass, rays, rockfish, spiny lobsters, anemones and more! Diversity on Display Examine a huge variety of living organisms up close in our tabletop aquariums, featuring animals like a giant anemone, sea stars, lobsters and more. The animals you'll find in this area are a fascinating sample of the amazing diversity found in a kelp forest. What is Kelp? Though it looks like a plant, kelp is an algae, and the giant kelp we have in our exhibit is only found in a few places in the entire world—including in Southern California! Find out what makes giant kelp special, and discover the ingredients it needs to survive—chilly, nutrient-rich water, sunlight and water motion. Look for Kelp Forest Homes One of the biggest reasons for all the diversity in a kelp forest is the variety of homes animals can find there. From the kelp forest canopy to the rocky ocean floor, search for the right homes for some kelp forest tenants, like urchins, bat stars, kelp crabs, kelp bass and two-spot octopuses. Who Eats Whom? In our kelp forest food web aquariums, see different kelp forest animals and what they eat. You'll find scavengers that eat dead animals, drifters like moon jellies that eat microscopic organisms called plankton, scrapers that scour algae off rocks and eat loose algae, and algae that turn sunlight into sugars. See real people doing science! Experiments available for guest participation may include examining brine shrimp and moon jellies bred at the Science Center, learning about sustainable seafood practices and more. The Curator's Lab is open Monday-Friday 11am - 2pm and weekends and holidays from 11am - 5pm.

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CC-MAIN-2020-40

https://californiasciencecenter.org/exhibits/ecosystems/forest-zone/kelp-forest

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en

- The vacuum is defined as the zero-point energy of empty space: how much energy-per-volume is left over after all physical quanta are removed. - This value could have been zero, but isn't: it has a positive, non-zero value. - If we live in a false, rather than true, vacuum, the vacuum could decay, with catastrophic consequences for the Universe. One of the great existential worries that plagues the minds of theoretical physicists is that the vacuum of space might not be in its true vacuum state, but could instead reside in a false vacuum instead. If you were to remove everything you could imagine from a large region of space, including: - external electric and magnetic fields, - and any gravitational sources or spacetime curvature, you would be left with purely empty space, or as close as we can come to a physical definition of “nothing.” You might expect that if you were to draw an imaginary box around this region of “nothing” and measured the total amount of energy inside, you would find that it was precisely zero. But that’s not what we find; we find that there actually is a positive, non-zero amount of energy inherent to space itself, even if we remove all the identifiable quantum and classical sources of matter and energy. What does this mean for the nature of the quantum vacuum, and in particular for the distinction between “true vacuum” and “false vacuum?” That’s what Eric Mars wants to know, asking: “Could you please explain what false vacuum and true vacuum mean and its implications in the existence of the universe.” It’s a great question, and it requires that we start with the idea — specifically for physics — of zero. In mathematics, zero is simply a number, signifying the absence of either a positive or negative amount of any quantity. In physics, however, there is another way to define zero: the zero-point energy of a system, or the lowest possible energy state that it can achieve while still remaining the same system we were initially talking about. For any physical system we can dream up, there will be at least one configuration for that system that has the lowest total amount of energy in it. For any physical system you can imagine, there is always at least one lowest-energy configuration. - If you have a collection of masses isolated from the remainder of the Universe, the lowest-energy configuration is a black hole. - For a proton and an electron, the lowest-energy configuration is a hydrogen atom in the ground (n=1) state. - And for the Universe itself, it is to have perfectly empty space in the absence of any internal or external fields or sources. That lowest-energy configuration is known as the zero-point energy of a system. It would make sense — and for many of us, we would simply intuit that it’s so — if the zero-point energy of any system were defined as zero. But that is not quite how it works. Take the hydrogen atom, for example: a single electron orbiting a single proton. If you think classically, you would imagine that the electron could orbit that proton at any radius at all, from a large one down to a small one. Just as a planet can orbit a star at any distance, based on their mutual masses and relative speeds, you would think that a negatively charged electron could orbit a positively charged proton at any distance as well, based simply on the speed of the orbit and the balance of kinetic and potential energy. But this ignores an extraordinarily important property of nature: the fact that the Universe is fundamentally quantum mechanical, and that the only allowable energy levels for an electron orbiting a proton are quantized. As a result, there is a lowest possible energy state that a physical system such as this can have, and that does not correspond to the electron sitting at rest directly atop the proton (that is, the lowest imaginable energy state). Instead, there is a lowest-energy state that is physically allowable, which corresponds to the electron orbiting the proton in the n=1 energy state. Even if you cool your system down to absolute zero, there will still be this finite, non-zero energy that your system will have. This idea, of a zero-point energy to any quantum mechanical system, goes all the way back to Max Planck in 1911 and was extended to fields by Einstein and his collaborator, Otto Stern (the same Stern who formulated the infamous Stern-Gerlach experiment), and a paper they wrote back in 1913. If we fast-forward to today, more than 100 years later, we now understand that our Universe is governed by a combination of General Relativity, our law of gravitation, and quantum field theory, which describes the other three fundamental forces. The idea of a zero-point energy to the fabric of space itself shows up in both General Relativity and quantum field theory, but it comes about in vastly different ways. In General Relativity, the curvature of space is what determines the future motion of matter and energy through the Universe, while the presence and distribution and motion of matter and energy in turn determines the curvature of space. Matter and energy tell spacetime how to curve, and that curved spacetime tells matter and energy how to move. Why is this only “almost” true? Because, as anyone who has ever performed an indefinite integral (from calculus) will recall, you are free to add a constant to your answer: the dreaded “plus c.” In General Relativity, this constant comes into play as a cosmological constant, and it can take on any positive or negative value that we like. When Einstein wanted to construct a static Universe, he threw in a positive constant to keep his toy model of the Universe — one where masses were evenly distributed infinitely throughout space — from collapsing; the cosmological constant would counteract gravitational attraction. There was no reason for this constant to have the positive, non-zero value that he assigned to it. He simply asserted it must be so, otherwise the Universe could not be static. With the discovery of the expanding Universe, the constant was no longer needed, and was discarded for more than 60 years. On the other hand, there is quantum field theory, too. Quantum field theory encourages you to imagine all the ways that particles can interact with one another, including via the creation/annihilation of particle-antiparticle pairs as intermediate steps, radiative corrections, and any other sets of interactions that arn’t forbidden by the laws of quantum physics. It then goes a step farther, however, which most people may not recognize. It says that in addition to these interacting fields in the presence of matter and energy, there are “vacuum” contributions, which represent how quantum fields in the vacuum of space, with no particles present at all, behave. Now, here’s where things get uncomfortable: we do not know how to calculate the zero-point energy of space from these quantum field theory methods, either. Each individual channel that we know how to calculate can contribute to this zero-point energy, and the way we find an individual contribution is to calculate what we call its vacuum expectation value. The problem is each such channel has an enormous vacuum expectation value: more than 100 orders of magnitude too large to be possible. Some channels have positive contributions and others have negative contributions. Being unable to make a sensible calculation, we made an ignorant assumption: that all of the contributions would cancel out, summing to zero, and that the zero-point energy of space would, in fact, be precisely equal to zero. Then, in the 1990s, something changed again. Observations of the Universe began to indicate that there was something causing the Universe’s expansion to accelerate, and that “thing,” whatever it is, was consistent not with any form of matter or radiation, but rather with a positive, non-zero amount of zero-point energy to the fabric of space itself. We had just measured the value of the vacuum energy inherent to space, and it was very small, but very importantly, greater than zero. This opened up a slew of questions. - Was this form of energy — what we now call dark energy — exactly a cosmological constant or not? (The answer is yes, at least, to the precision that we can measure it.) - Did it remain constant throughout time, or did it strengthen or weaken? (The answer: it’s consistent with being a perfect constant.) - Could we ever hope to calculate it based on what we know about quantum field theory? (The answer: we don’t know, but we are arguably no closer today than we were 20+ years ago.) - And, worryingly, is the zero-point energy we are observing the true vacuum of space, or is it merely a false vacuum? (We don’t know.) Why would we worry about the last one? Because the most important property of the vacuum of space isn’t what the precise value of the zero-point energy is; rather, it’s vital to our Universe’s stability that the vacuum of space has a zero-point energy that doesn’t change. And just as a hydrogen atom in any excited state will have the capability of transitioning to a lower-energy state on its way down to the zero-point state, a Universe in a false vacuum will remain capable of transitioning to a true vacuum (or a lower-energy but still false vacuum) state. You can think of this the same way you would think about starting a ball atop a mountain and allowing it to roll down — and down, and down, and down some more — until it finally came to rest. If your mountainside is smooth, you can imagine that you would easily roll all the way down into the lowest part of the valley beneath the mountain, where it would settle. That’s a true vacuum state: the lowest-energy state there is, where it’s not physically possible to transition to a lower-energy state. In a true vacuum, you’re already as low as you can go. But if your mountainside is craggy, with pits, divots, moguls, and glacial lakes, you can imagine that your ball might come to rest somewhere other than the lowest possible point. Any other place it can remain for an indefinite period of time is not the true minimum but rather a false one. If we are talking about the vacuum state of the Universe, that means anything other than the lowest possible state is a false vacuum state. Given that we have a positive, nonzero value for the cosmological constant in our Universe, it’s certainly possible that we live in a false vacuum state, and that the true vacuum, whatever it may be, exists at some other, lower-energy state. Now, it might also not be the case; we may be in the true vacuum state. If so, there is no possibility of transitioning to a lower-energy state, and here we will remain for the remainder of our Universe’s existence. But what if we live in a false vacuum state? Well, in a quantum Universe, no matter how large the distance is between a false and true minimum, how high the barrier is separating the false and true minimum, or how quickly or slowly the quantum mechanical wavefunction describing your state spreads out, there is always a finite, greater-than-zero probability of quantum tunneling from the higher-energy to the lower-energy state. This is usually referred to as the vacuum catastrophe, because if we do quantum tunnel to a lower energy state, we have no reason to believe that the laws and/or constants that govern the Universe will remain unchanged. Wherever this vacuum decay occurs, things like atoms, planets, stars, and yes, human beings, will all be destroyed. This “bubble of destruction” will propagate outward at the speed of light, which means if it occurs, right now, anywhere within about 18 billion light-years of us, we will eventually be destroyed by it. This may even be suggested by our best measurements of the properties of the fundamental particles, which indicates that the electroweak force, one of the fundamental forces of nature, may be inherently metastable. It’s a grim thought, especially because we would never see it coming. One day, we would simply awaken to this wave of destruction that comes upon us at the speed of light, and then we would all be gone. In some ways, it is the most painless way to go that we can imagine, but it is also one of the saddest. Our cosmic legacy — of all that ever was, is, or will be — would instantaneously come to an end. All of the work that 13.8 billion years of cosmic evolution has done to create a Universe teeming with the ingredients for life, and possibly countless realizations of it, would be forever wiped out. And yet, it is possible that something similar to this has already occurred: with the end of cosmic inflation and the onset of the hot Big Bang. A transition from a presumably very, very high energy vacuum state to a much lower-energy one, albeit a fundamentally different type of transition from quantum tunneling, is what brought inflation to an end and filled our Universe with matter and radiation some 13.8 billion years ago. Nevertheless, the possibility that we live in a false vacuum should remind us of how fleeting and fragile, and dependent upon the stability of the laws of physics, everything in our Universe is. If we live in a false vacuum state, and we could, every moment of existence could be our last. Send in your Ask Ethan questions to startswithabang at gmail dot com!

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CC-MAIN-2023-06

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/universe-false-vacuum/

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en

Louisiana Company Instrumental in Mars Rover’s Flight Did you know that when the Mars Rover Perseverance was descending onto the surface of Mars, there was a little bit of Louisiana being used in the process? Well, to be clear, a Louisiana-made product was being used to help the rover land softly on the surface of the red planet. That product is called hydrazine. It's basically rocket fuel and since 1953 that rocket fuel has come from one place, Lake Charles Louisiana. The product is currently made by Lonza, a specialty chemical plant. Now those of you who have been around for a few years might know the company as Olin and before that, it was Arch Chemical. Regardless of what the name was, NASA depended on it for the fuel to fly their spacecraft. The company has supplied hydrazine for satellites, shuttles, and even missions to the moon. The company was providing space-age propellents to power NASA rockets back in the 60s and 70s. They still provide the fuel the creates the thrust to break free of Earth's orbit today too. Now, I'm no rocket scientist but I do think that this is a pretty special feather for us to wear in our caps. Just knowing that so many of our nation's milestones achieved in space or through the space program can be directly or indirectly linked to talented scientists and industrial workers who produce the fuel to fly right here in our own backyard. So the next time you look up and see the International Space Station zipping by overhead or the next time you log in and see what the Mars Rover Perservearance is up to just know that without a little love and a lot of power from Louisiana none of those sights would be possible. 11 Products That Were Invented to be Used for Something Else

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CC-MAIN-2023-06

https://973thedawg.com/louisiana-company-instrumental-in-mars-rovers-flight/

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en

What Teaching Assistants and Paraeducators Do for Students Who Are Blind or Visually Impaired Paraeducators often go by other names, including teaching assistant, teacher's aide, paraprofessional, or school aide. Regardless of what title is used, the specific responsibilities assigned to teaching assistants can vary widely, as can their formal training to work with children with visual impairments. The paraeducator is a member of the blind student's educational team who may be assigned to work in the classroom with your child to assist her classroom teacher and the teacher of students with visual impairments. Depending on your child's specific needs and her age, a paraeducator who works with her in the classroom might have duties such as the following: - supporting and reinforcing instruction: The teacher of students with visual impairments, classroom teacher, or other members of your child's educational team may ask the paraeducator to assist your child during instructional times in the classroom. For example, the paraeducator may need to provide verbal descriptions to your child of visual presentations, such as classroom demonstrations or videos. At other times, the paraeducator may take your child aside and help reinforce concepts taught in the regular class lessons. - preparing materials: The teacher of students with visual impairments may ask the paraeducator to prepare or obtain accessible versions of instructional materials for your child so that she can have them at the same time as her classmates. For example, if the class is reading a book together, the teaching assistant may be asked to prepare a braille copy of the book with tactile illustrations in it. The paraeducator may enlarge charts or maps in a textbook on a photocopy machine or prepare a tactile version for a child who reads braille. - helping your child practice skills: The teacher of students with visual impairments or the orientation and mobility (O&M) instructor, may have taught your child a new skill and the paraeducator may be asked to reinforce it. For example, if the teacher of students with visual impairments has taught your child how to braille math problems on the braillewriter, the paraeducator may be asked to guide her as she completes her math assignment using braille. - monitoring safety: The paraeducator may supervise your child if she needs support in monitoring her own safety in such situations as walking through the halls, playing on the playground, or participating in hands-on projects in the classroom. This allows the child to participate safely in the class's activities, while learning to do so independently. Or, the paraeducator might be assigned to "shadow" your child while she practices an O&M technique on a school route, allowing her to find her way on her own, as long as she is traveling safely. - assisting with self-care tasks: The paraeducator may assist younger children or children with multiple disabilities who need assistance with such tasks as toileting, dressing, and eating, while encouraging them to learn to do these tasks independently. - supporting social interactions: The paraeducator can help your child practice appropriate social skills such as facing the person she is talking to, using appropriate body language, joining a group, or asking for assistance when she needs it. - serving on your child's educational team: The teaching assistant may spend a lot of time with your child in different classes or as she works with other educational team members such as the occupational therapist or orientation and mobility specialist. Thus the paraeducator can share with other team members considerable information about how your child is progressing in her education and how she responds under different circumstances and situations around the school. Balancing the Role of the Paraeducator Because the teacher of students with visual impairments may not work with your child every day, the paraeducator may be the professional with whom she is spending the most time. It is important, therefore, to understand what the role of the paraeducator is—and is not. The paraeducator plays a vital role in the classroom but is not a teacher. Usually the paraeducator will be under the supervision of the general education teacher, but in matters related to visual impairment, the paraeducator will be following the instructions of the teacher of students with visual impairments or the O&M instructor. The paraeducator provides practice, reinforcement, and monitoring of skills but should not be providing formal instruction, especially in specialized areas such as reading braille. In addition, because the paraeducator often works so closely with your child, his or her role can be a delicate one. In general, your child needs to be encouraged to develop her own skills and to become increasingly independent. For many children with visual impairments having an adult who is with them almost all the time, causes them to become overly reliant on the paraeducator to do things they could be learning to do themselves. Thus, it is important for the paraeducator to resist providing too much assistance or supervision that might interfere with your child's development of independent skills. For example, the paraeducator has to balance the need to stay close to your child for safety reasons with maintaining enough distance to give her the opportunity to socialize freely with other students. Who Is Assigned a Paraeducator? Some school districts assign a teaching assistant to every visually impaired child, but your child may or may not need this level of support. Sometimes a teaching assistant is assigned not to your child, but to her classroom. In this situation, the teaching assistant can lend your child a hand when she needs it or work with a group of students that includes your child and then assist other children when your child is able to do a task independently. If a paraeducator is assigned to your child or her classroom, you may want to talk to the teacher of students with visual impairments or the classroom teacher about how the paraeducator will work with your child to support her so that a good balance is had between support and the development of independence.

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CC-MAIN-2016-50

http://www.familyconnect.org/info/education/your-childs-educational-team-and-placement/teaching-assistant-responsibilities/235

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en

add jigsaw game add to kid category Create from a classic moral story “The Tortoise and the Rabbit” to full interactive electronic book for children. - Didactic story and easy to understand for children. - Full interactive with function to move all the character in the book and make them roar. - Turn on/off narrator voice. - Record your own voice of telling the story and playback whenever you want separately page by page. Help growing bond in the family. - Access to the page you want through index page. - Share the moment to social network by taking picture from iPad front camera and frame the picture by graphic from character of the story. - February 12, 2015 Price decrease: $0.99 -> FREE! - June 17, 2014 Initial release

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CC-MAIN-2015-14

http://www.148apps.com/app/593757918/

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en

A very interesting bit of broadcasting history in Moscow may disappear forever. Designed and built by Vladimir Grigoryevich Shukhov, the Shukhov Tower was completed in 1922. Since that time it has served as a AM broadcasting and later and FM broadcasting tower. In the picture, one can see what looks like a massive FM panel antenna at the top. According to this website: www.shukhov.org, the tower is in very poor shape and is slated to be demolished. The tower itself is described as 160 Meters (525 feet) tall, hyperboloid steel lattice structure. The design is unique in that it is very strong, yet uses approximately 60-70 percent less steel than a comparable four legged structure like the Eiffel tower. An amazing feat of engineering for its day, when everything was calculated and drawn by hand. The antenna is a little hard to discern, however, it looks like a horizontally polarized six or eight around 4 bay FM antenna. Could also be low band VHF TV. Unfortunately, time is running out and little or nothing is being done to protect the steel structure from the elements. The last paint job was more than twenty years ago. The land it currently occupies has some value, and there is talk of putting up a high rise development in its place. Article from the New York Times; An engineering landmark faces demolition in Moscow. There are lots of videos on youtube and pictures from the wikipedia article. It is an interesting bit of history, if it can be saved it will be a very close run thing.

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CC-MAIN-2016-07

http://www.engineeringradio.us/blog/2014/04/the-shukhov-tower/

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Fifteen-year-old Caitlin was an excellent student with many friends when she entered the ninth grade. One year later, she suddenly became restless in school, stopped paying attention to her teachers, and eventually failed all of her subjects. At home she appeared increasingly withdrawn and isolated, spending hours sleeping or watching television. The previously even-tempered adolescent became angry, anxious, and suspicious of those around her, and was occasionally seen talking to herself while making repetitive, odd hand motions. Several years later, hearing voices and insisting that the CIA was hatching an elaborate plot to murder her and her family, she was diagnosed with schizophrenia. If Caitlin had received help at the first sign of trouble, experts believe that her descent into psychosis might have been prevented. Researchers around the country are now attempting to identify people who are at high risk of developing schizophrenia. As reported in several studies, they are also trying to treat at-risk people with small doses of antipsychotic medication before full-blown symptoms of this devastating psychiatric disorder have emerged. There has been a major shift in our understanding of schizophrenia in recent years. It is now believed to be a neurodevelopmental, biologically based brain disease with a strong genetic component. According to this theory, a brain lesion of some sort occurs either before birth or shortly after. The lesion lies essentially dormant until it is triggered by various environmental stressors that typically occur during late adolescence, which is the time when schizophrenia symptoms most often appear. The Recognition and Prevention of Psychological Problems (RAPPP) clinic focuses primarily on the detection of the prodromal features (first observable behavioral changes and symptoms) that indicate the beginning stages of severe mental illness. The clinic offers a range of treatment and early intervention strategies for young patients who demonstrate the early signs of mental illness including individual, family, and group therapy; social skills and nutrition training; and low dosages of medication. According to one doctor, specific prodromal features associated with schizophrenia include: Non-specific prodromal features that may be significant warning signs of increased risk for schizophrenia or related disorders include: Evidence suggests that the earlier treatment begins after the development of actual psychosis, the more rapid the immediate recovery and the better the overall outcome. As in Caitlin’s case, a long time frequently elapses between the first manifestations of psychosis (such as hallucinations and delusions) and treatment. Reducing the time to treatment for patients with psychosis should improve prognosis. A 1996 study at the London Health Sciences Center offered cognitive, behavioral, and pharmacological treatments to young patients who had already suffered their first psychotic episodes. Most of the deterioration in schizophrenia—the cognitive, intellectual sort of deterioration—occurs within the first 2-5 years. Without early intervention, what doctors are able to achieve is relatively limited. Another 1996 series of articles in the reported findings by researchers who gave small doses of antipsychotic medications to patients showing "at-risk mental states" in combination with psychosocial stress management strategies and education for patients and caregivers. This approach significantly reduced the number of times during which the psychotic symptoms were more exaggerated and disabling. Studies have also been done on some persons who have many of the prodromal features noted above but who have not yet developed psychosis. Some of this research is summarized in the next section. In November 1999, several research groups engaged in identifying and treating at-risk youngsters, presented their findings to a group of medical ethicists, psychiatric researchers, and patient advocates to discuss the complex issues raised by early intervention studies. Dr. Thomas H. McGlashan, director of an ongoing study at Yale University, is looking at the benefits of psychotropic medications in patients manifesting social withdrawal, changes in personality, deterioration of personal hygiene, decline in academic performance, and perceptual oddities (all prodromal symptoms of schizophrenia). In a double-blind study, 22 subjects between the ages of 12-45 are given either Zyprexa—an antipsychotic drug—or a placebo and monitored to see if the medication is able to short-circuit the development of full-blown psychotic symptoms. Dr. Patrick D. McGorry of the University of Melbourne in Australia and author of The Recognition and Management of Early Psychosis , discussed his study of patients with pre-schizophrenic symptoms. One group was treated with low doses of Risperdal along with a specially designed form of psychotherapy (Group 1) and another group who had similar symptoms received psychotherapy alone (Group 2). Only 4 of 31 subjects in Group 1 developed psychosis within the six months after the drug was stopped. In Group 2, however, 10 of the 28 subjects became psychotic. This is a clinically and statistically significant difference, but due to the small number of people studied, further research is clearly warranted. As Dr. McGorry wrote in 2003, “the ultimate clinical utility and general safety of this approach and the range of effective treatments remain unclear, and will be determined by more extensive research. The concept of predicting psychiatric disorders is still relatively new, which has led to abundant concerns about labeling people as "pre-schizophrenic" and medicating them when they are not showing definitive signs of the disorder. Clinicians worry about the possible stigmatization of people defined as "high risk," as well as the possibility that being treated as "at risk for mental illness" might drastically affect one's self-image. Perhaps of more importance, drugs used to treat schizophrenia have many side effects, some which may prove life-threatening and/or may continue even after medications are stopped. Since there is no perfect test for early schizophrenia, inevitably some persons who would never have developed schizophrenia (in current studies, 20% of those identified as “prodromal”) will be labeled and treated.. Until better early diagnosis becomes possible and the benefits of treatment are better proven, intervention before the development of psychosis should be regarded as experimental. Some might be concerned that it represents a significant bioethical risk as well. These concerns need to be weighed against the very real possibility that early diagnosis and intervention may be able to prevent a lifetime of crippling psychiatric disability. The fact remains, however, that many persons experience significant delays in treating newly developed psychosis. Many experts feel that rapid diagnosis and treatment of psychosis may be helpful in reducing long-term morbidity of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. For schizophrenia, the prognosis is better than ever before. Treatment includes a combination of powerful medications to curb symptoms; family therapy to increase understanding; and social, behavioral, and possibly vocational training to improve functioning. About 80% of patients respond well to some combination of these interventions. Furthermore, as we amass knowledge about the signs and symptoms of early schizophrenia and develop new strategies to attack the disorder at the very first signs of its appearance, researchers and clinicians are cautiously optimistic that the prognosis will soon improve. Federation of Families for Children's Mental Health National Alliance on Mental Illness The National Mental Health Association Catts SV. Early clinical intervention and prevention in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand . 2005 Mar;111(3):253. Doctors Try a Bold Move Against Schizophrenia. The New York Times . December 7, 1999. Larsen TK, Friis S, Haahr U, et al. Early detection and intervention in first-episode schizophrenia: a critical review. Acta Psychiatr Scand . 2001 May;103(5):323-34. McGlashan TH. Commentary: progress, issues, and implications of prodromal research: an inside view. McGlashan TH, Zipursky RB, Perkins D, et al. The PRIME North America randomized double-blind clinical trial of olanzapine versus placebo in patients at risk of being prodromally symptomatic for psychosis. I. Study rationale and design. . 2003 May 1;61(1):7-18. Morrison AP, French P, Walford L, et al. Cognitive therapy for the prevention of psychosis in people at ultra-high risk: randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry . 2004 Oct;185:291-7. Yung AR, Phillips LJ, Yuen HP, et al. Psychosis prediction: 12-month follow up of a high-risk ("prodromal") group. . 2003 Mar 1;60(1):21-32.

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The History of billiards is long and very rich. The game has been played by kings and commoners, presidents, mental patients, ladies, gentlemen, and hustlers alike. It evolved from a lawn game similar to the croquet played some-time during the 15th century in Northern Europe and probably in France. Play moved indoors to a wooden table with green cloth to simulate grass, and a simple border was placed around the edges. The balls were shoved, rather than struck, with wooden sticks called “maces.” The term “billiard” is derived from French, either from the word “billart”, one of the wooden sticks, or “bille”, a ball. Most of our information about early billiards comes from accounts of playing by royalty and other nobles. It has been know as the “Noble Game of Billiards” since the early 1800’s but there is evidence that people from all walks of life played the game since its inception. In 1600, the game was familiar enough to the public that Shakespeare mentioned it in Antony and Cleopatra. Seventy-five years later, the first book of billiards rules remarked of England that there were few “few Tones of note therein which hath not a publick Billiard-Table.” For more information click here!

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World crop diversity survives in small farms from peri-urban to remote rural locations As much as 75% of global seed diversity in staple food crops is held and actively used by a wide range of smallholder farmers, with the rest in gene banks. This is the conclusion of a study by Karl Zimmerer, Steven Vanek and colleagues from the GeoSyntheSES (Geographic Synthesis for Social-Ecological Sustainability ) Lab at Penn State University, USA. They looked at new census data from 11 countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America and combined the data with field observations to develop an understanding of who is farming what and exactly where. Knowledge of potential problems faced by these farmers and plans for responses to potential disruptions of agriculture are important to preserve diversity and improve food security. » Visit this site

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Do You Need an Degree in Education to Be a Teacher? Learn about the alternative teacher certification programs available to professionals with graduate-level education, work experience or a bachelor's degree in another subject. Find out about your options for a teaching career, even if you don't have an education degree. Schools offering Education degrees can also be found in these popular choices. Traditional Teacher Education Programs According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, most elementary school teachers have earned an education degree (www.bls.gov). In addition, most middle and secondary school teachers have completed a teacher education program and also earned a degree in the subject area in which they wish to teach. Most schools require students to either pursue a double major in education and another subject area or enroll in a teacher education training program while completing additional coursework for their major. These degree and training programs prepare graduates to meet their state's teacher certification requirements. These requirements often include graduating from an accredited teacher education program, completing a student teaching experience (usually part of the degree program) and passing pedagogy tests, such as the Praxis series of exams. Alternatives to Education Degrees Many school systems have begun to offer alternative routes to certification that don't require you to have an education degree. These programs are most commonly found in urban or rural school districts facing teacher shortages. In addition, the greatest opportunities are usually found in the areas of special education, science, foreign language education and mathematics. To be admitted to these alternative certification programs, you must have a bachelor's degree that meets minimum GPA requirements. You may also need to pass a skills or subject-area assessment exam prior to admission. College and University Certificate Programs Some states grant entry-level or provisional certification to students who complete alternative teacher education certificate programs offered by colleges and universities. Coursework in these programs focuses on the development of your practical teaching skills. You'll study topics that include classroom management, educational technology and educational psychology. You will also need to complete a student teaching internship before being granted certification. School District-Sponsored Training Programs Training in a school district-sponsored training program begins with a 3-6 month session offered on an elementary, middle or high school campus. You'll take classes in pedagogy and classroom management. This classroom training is followed by a 1-year teaching internship where you'll network with mentoring teachers and administrators. These internships can also be accompanied by coursework on weekends and evenings during the school year. After completing these 1-2 year programs you'll be certified to teach. These programs, like most other alternative teacher training programs are not available in all states and depend on the needs of local school districts. Other Certification Options In some states, if you have more than ten years of work experience in your field, you may be eligible to receive a provisional teaching certification on the basis of your experience. You must pass a written exam in the area of your expertise and submit employer recommendations to receive provisional certification. This type of certification may also be available to you if you have a master's degree and experience as a college faculty member, or if you are a veteran with six years of active duty service. Provisional certification will allow you to apply for teaching jobs and begin your teaching career. Depending on the state, full certification may require additional training or may only require that you complete one full year of classroom teaching. To continue researching, browse degree options below for course curriculum, prerequisites and financial aid information. Or, learn more about the subject by reading the related articles below:

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When going from school to school talking about dinosaurs, it’s only natural that one of the most commonly asked questions I get is; “What is your favourite dinosaur?” Perhaps, being as I am part of the Bristol Dinosaur Project, I should say Thecodonotosaurus, but that wouldn’t be true. If I absolutely had to pick just one, my favourite dinosaur would be Baryonyx walkeri. Baryonyx walkeri takes its name from the man who discovered it, William Walker (sadly not Barry). When wandering in the quarries of Surrey, the amateur fossil hunter stumbled across a few bone fragments quickly identified as part of a dinosaur. But one fossil above all others stood out, a 14-inch long claw, curved and sharp. Clearly, this belonged to some kind of formidable predator, a theropod, and given the fitting name, “Heavy Claw”. As more of the skeleton was discovered, it became apparent that this was a unique theropod. Unlike Tyrannosaurus or Allosaurus, the skull of Baryonyx was not stocky, but highly elongate, more like that of a crocodile than a classic dinosaur. The teeth more like long needles than the typical thick-cone daggers of the famous carnivores. In total, Baryonyx could measure up to 10m in length and stood about 2.5m tall at the hip. This was no small dinosaur, in fact, it is the third largest carnivorous dinosaur ever found in Britain (behind Neovenator and Megalosaurus). The crocodilian jaw, shape of the teeth, and the large claw, all pointed to one thing, that this dinosaur was a piscivore, a fish-eater. Further evidence of this could be seen right from the first discovery, as the remains of several fish were found alongside the dinosaur skeleton . After being initially found in the UK, Baryonyx has since been found further afield, with some specimens turning up in Portugal . Just like its more famous relative, Spinosaurus, many palaeontologists have questioned whether Baryonyx could have been a truly aquatic dinosaur, living within rivers, and perhaps even diving to catch its prey submerged fully in the water. However, the lack of certain features, notably in the thickness of the bones (lacking pachyostosis – a characteristic that provides ballast) suggests that this was not the case . Instead, it is thought that Baryonyx would likely have waded into rivers rather than swim, in a similar way to a heron today; if that heron were 9m long with the face of a crocodile. In 2018 Baryonyx found its way to a new level of fame by becoming one of the most recent additions to the star line-up in the Jurassic Park franchise. After settling for nothing more than a name-drop in Jurassic Park 3, Baryonyx had to wait patiently for a full 17 years to make an appearance on screen in Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. Whilst the name is never actually said, and it isn’t exactly the most scientifically accurate portrayal of the dinosaur (or the properties of lava), being included in the series is undoubtedly a badge of honour for any animal. If you want to see a Baryonyx in person rather than in the movies, there isn’t any better place to go than the Natural History Museum in London, where a full reconstruction of the original skeleton can be seen prominently on the wall of the Dinosaur Gallery. Or perhaps, if you’re feeling truly adventurous, you could see another full-sized mount in the Dinosaur Museum of the Rocky Mountains. As for me personally, I can’t say what exactly makes Baryonyx stick out in my mind. Perhaps it is simply a matter that, when growing up in the UK my mind couldn’t help but delight at the thought of a massive carnivorous dinosaur hunting in a place that might one day become my back garden. As much as we often claim to not fall for such things, all of us are really just suckers for something with big teeth and claws. – Charig, A.J., & Milner, A.C. (1997) Baryonyx, a remarkable new theropod dinosaur. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum 53: 11 – 70 – Mateus, O., Araújo, R., Natário, C., & Castanhinha, R. (2011) A new specimen of the theropod dinosaur Baryonyx from the early Cretaceous of Portugal and the taxonomic validity of Suchosaurus. Zootaxa 2827: 54 – 68 – Arden, T.M.S., Klein, C.G., Zouhri, S., & Longrich, N.R. (2018) Aquatic adaptation in the skulls of carnivorous dinosaurs (Theropoda: Spinosauridae) and the evolution of aquatic habits in spinosaurs. Cretaceous Research 93: 275 – 284 Rhys Charles graduated from the University of Bristol with an MSci degree in Palaeontology & Evolution in 2015. He is now the Engagement Officer for the Earth Sciences department and Public Engagement Associate for the Faculty of Science, as well as being a freelance scientific author. Edited by Mike Hynes

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AMAZON.COM lists more than 36,000 books on the American Civil War, and my guess is that most of them depict battles and heroes, and describe wartime deaths as noble and tragic. Drew Gilpin Faust's "This Republic of Suffering" does something different. It's a shattering history of the war, focusing exclusively on death and dying -- how Americans prepared for death, imagined it, risked it, endured it and worked to understand it. Some 620,000 soldiers died in the Civil War. In proportion to the nation's population, that's six times its death rate in World War II. A similar rate today -- in the Iraq war, for example -- would mean 6 million American deaths. Mass killing, it turns out, didn't require advanced technology like air power and carpet bombing; the humble musket and rifle were sufficient -- along with disease, which was responsible for two-thirds of the fatalities. It was worst in the South, where one in five white men of military age died. At the outset, both sides assumed the war would be brief -- the kind of "cakewalk" the Bush White House expected would follow after we invaded Iraq. In 1861, as in 2003, the generals had no conception of the years of fighting and waves of death that would follow.

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This species account is dedicated in honor of Scott Edwards, member of the Cornell Lab of Ornithology's Administrative Board. One of the most common and numerous birds throughout much of the contiguous United States, southern Canada, and Mexico, the House Finch is a bird of remarkable records. From a few California individuals released from a pet store in New York City in 1939, and through natural expansion of its western range, in just a few decades this species came to occupy one of the widest ecological ranges of any extant bird. Originally a bird of hot deserts and dry open habitats of the southwest, it now occurs in nearly all types of landscapes and climates in North America, from edges of northern taiga to ocean coasts to metropolitan areas. Such dramatic expansion of ecological range has been associated with striking phenotypic diversification in morphology and physiology, enabling the persistence of this species under diverse ecological conditions. In 1994, the explosive growth of House Finch populations across North America was interrupted by one of the worst epizootics in history – an outbreak of mycoplasmosis that killed millions of individuals across the continent and drove many small populations to near extinction. The combination of local abundance and wide distribution, exceptional invasive and acclimation abilities, striking phenotypic variation (including carotenoid-based plumage ornamentation), ongoing evolution of disease resistance, and well-documented history of population fluctuations has made the House Finch one of North America's best studied birds.

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When you are done with reading and have reached an inspiring mood, you can try to write. Then comes the question on how to organize time wisely and your text, in order to present it in the best way possible. Such questions you may face while writing and after the first draft is finished. We have worked hard and found for you some sources that will be helpful while writing an autobiography. Have you ever read an autobiography? Benjamin Franklin’s autobiography, for example, is an exceptionally powerful one. “DEAR SON: I have ever had pleasure in obtaining any little anecdotes of my ancestors.” That’s how it starts. But, Benjamin Franklin was an exceptional person, after all. That’s the point: autobiographies are for exceptional people. You’re exceptional, too. You have a special story that’s worth sharing. The only thing to learn is how to write a life story about yourself. The requirements: These are what must be accomplished to achieve the goal. Think of it as a checklist of one or more events. As the requirements are met in the course of the novel, the reader will feel the narrator is getting closer to attaining the goal. Requirements create a sense of anticipation in the reader’s mind, as he looks forward to the narrator’s success. Create an overarching plot. Now that you know what content you want to include in your autobiography, think about how you want to structure your book. Like any great book, your autobiography needs a great plot. Work with the material you have to craft an interesting story that builds toward a climax and ultimately resolves. Create a narrative arc by organizing and filling out your written memories and anecdotes so that they flow together logically. Everything happens for a reason. Nothing happens by chance or by means of luck. Illness, injury, love, lost moments of true greatness, and sheer stupidity all occur to test the limits of your soul. Without these small tests, whatever they may be, life would be like a smoothly paved, straight, flat road to nowhere. It would be safe and comfortable, but dull and utterly pointless. Also, it’s important to know who you’re writing your life story for. Writing for your family and friends is great! But it requires a different perspective than writing for publication. If you’re interested in getting your life story published by a traditional publishing house, then you’ll need a whole different perspective than if you’re self-publishing your memoirs. Discuss any special circumstances such as obstacles or challenges you've faced, and how you've dealt with them, recommends Xavier University. This is especially important if your autobiography is for a college or scholarship application. For example, you might write about struggles you faced growing up in a multiracial family or how you've learned to live life to the fullest, despite being a diabetic. Your autobiography should be an honest representation of who you are, so avoid embellishments and exaggerations, suggests author and public speaker David Ford. The goal is to help readers understand how events, hardships and experiences have molded you into the person you are today.

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High renaissance artists leonardo da vinci The detail of archetto per il taglio del polistirolo the face shows the effect of sfumato technique used by da Vinci as his signature. Anatomical Drawings, leonardo Da Vinci's most famous drawing. He said that the combination of both helped him to become a better artist.He is known as an artist who permanently enriched western culture.The crime of homosexual activity was widespread in Florence, and devinci commuter bikes homosexuality was common place. .Leonardo da Vinci, leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519 leonardo da Vinci is considered to be one of the most famous artists of all times.Florence community, apprenticed him to artist, andrea del Verrocchio.This lack of higher education was apparent in his struggle to understand Latin.First Milanese period sisal verifica vincite superenalotto archivio (148299) In 1482 Leonardo moved to Milan to work in the service of the citys dukea surprising step when one realizes that the 30-year-old artist had just received his first substantial commissions from his native city of Florence: the unfinished panel painting.The Medici recommended Botticelli, Ghirlandaio and Signorelli but not Leonardo.However, Leonardo was given a special dispensation allowing him to dissect bodies and continue his anatomical studies.His notebooks reveal a spirit of scientific inquiry and a mechanical inventiveness that were centuries ahead of their time. During this Florentine period he produced designs for a fresco intended for the Grand Council Hall of the Palazza Signoria.Through a use of chiaroscuro, the figure appears to emerge from the shadowy background.Britannica Classic: Leonardo da Vinci: Giant of the Renaissance.Many classical documents were written in Latin, and it was with a source frustration that he had to resort to reading translations of scientific subjects rather than the original papers.Leonardo also cooperated with Verrocchio on his painting Baptism of Christ at the same time.When Bramante moved to Rome at the very end of the interior design: Concepts of design Leonardo da Vinci developed a figure for the ideal man based on mans navel as the centre of a circle enclosing man with outstretched arms.Leonardo spent 17 years in Milan, until Ludovicos fall from power in 1499.Annunciation, the, portrait of Ginevra de'Benci, the, benois Madonna, and his unfinished picture of, st Jerome.This exquisite work of High Renaissance portrait art is named after its subject, Lisa del Giocondo, born Lisa Gherardini, the wife of a Florentine merchant.Leonardo painted Saint Jerome kneeling in a humble posture near the cross of Christ in the desert. 150319) are among the most widely popular and influential paintings of the Renaissance. Leonardo Da Vinci"s. Adoration of the Magi.

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How technology development affects society is a complex and interlinked process. Technological change and social change go hand in hand, as people's needs become more complex and society's needs also change. Technological change is often accompanied by societal change; the impact of new technologies on society can either bring it about faster or bring about much slower changes, depending on the nature of the technological system and the prevailing culture. How technology development influences technology and society, therefore is not a straightforward question to answer, and we do not yet have a complete understanding of this process. The answer to how technology development and society change are intertwined and vary from one society to another. For example, many areas of society have been greatly influenced by technology, especially information technology development. In particular, the Internet has affected every aspect of our everyday lives, be it our buying choices or our decision making processes. We have also been greatly affected by technology development from transportation systems to communication systems, from retail to entertainment, from government to industry, and in every possible sphere. Technological change and society in general have led to significant social and economic changes in various societies around the world, but how technology affects society is a very complicated question that still remains unanswered. Many people argue that technology development has not only changed the world but also has the potential to drastically affect the world in the future. Other people, however, claim that technology development has not only affected society but also has the potential to affect society. Whether technology has the potential to negatively or positively affect society in the future remains a question that is yet to be answered.

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PERUVIAN FARMERS RAZING RAIN FOREST TO SOW DRUG CROPS By JAMES BROOKE, Special to The New York Times Published: August 13, 1989 LIMA, Peru— Driven by American and European demand for cocaine, Peruvian coca growers have chopped down large stretches of Amazon rain forest and are dumping millions of gallons of toxic chemicals into its highlands and headwaters. The coca growers, who produce the primary source of 75 percent of the cocaine consumed in the United States, have invaded two national parks and two national forests, deforested most of a fragile cloud forest known as the ''eyebrow of the jungle'' and destroyed an area estimated at well over 500,000 acres of tropical forests. ''People say, 'Don't destroy the Amazon, the lungs of the world,' '' said Carlos F. Ponce, a Peruvian conservationist who addressed a recent international conference on the issue. But what few understand, he said, is the connection between severe rain-forest destruction and the rapid expansion of coca cultivation. Largest Crop in Peruvian Amazon With plantations growing sevenfold here in the last 15 years to meet an increasing demand for cocaine in the United States and Europe, the coca leaf has become the largest crop under cultivation in the Peruvian Amazon. The result is severe pollution and deforestation, and serious erosion, in the Upper Huallaga River Valley, a rich, genetically diverse rain forest. Known as ''the eyebrow of the jungle'' for its altitude and lushness, the Upper Huallaga is the source of about 75 percent of the nation's coca-leaf harvest. Preventing the process has proved difficult, in large measure because the guerrillas of Peru's Maoist-oriented Shining Path movement control much of Upper Huallaga. 'Mafia and Shining Path' ''Nobody dares go study there - you not only have to deal with the mafia, but also the Shining Path,'' said Livia Benavides, an environmental engineer who works with the Association of Ecology and Conservation, a private group here. On May 31, Barbara D'Achille, Peru's best-known environmental journalist, was captured and stoned to death by Shining Path guerrillas. She had lived for two decades in the Brazilian and Peruvian Amazon and wrote frequently about the coca-caused destruction. Powerful economic interests held by the Shining Path were outlined last month in a study prepared by the United States Agency for International Development. Annual coca production in the Huallaga, it said, is worth about $540 million, and wage laborers earn about $12 a day - which may be as much as eight times what other Peruvian farm workers earn. The Shining Path fighters do not usually involve themselves with the production of coca, but the movement serves as a buffer between the peasant growers and the Government's eradication teams. The guerrillas also protect and facilitate dealings between the growers and the Colombian buyers. Millions of Gallons of Chemicals Marc J. Dourojeanni, a Peruvian forest engineer, calculated in a 1987 study that coca growers annually dump the following volumes of toxic chemicals in the valley's watershed: 15 million gallons of kerosene, 8 million gallons of sulphuric acid, 1.6 million gallons of acetone, 1.6 million gallons of the solvent toluene, 16,000 tons of lime and 3,200 tons of carbide. Working in clandestine laboratories hidden under the rain-forest canopy, growers use this array of chemicals to refine coca leaves, first into coca base, then into coca paste. The final processing step, into white cocaine powder, is usually done in Colombia. From Colombia, the cocaine is exported to the United States. Besides chemicals, growers use large amounts of herbicides and fertilizers, including Agent Orange and paraquat, to clear and care for the Upper Huallaga's estimated five billion coca bushes. ''The residues of these toxic substances are dumped into the Upper Huallaga's rivers and streams,'' Marcelo T. Buenaventura, a forest engineer, wrote recently in the Peruvian environmental magazine Medio Ambiente. ''Many species of fish, amphibians, aquatic reptiles and crustaceans have already completely disappeared from the rivers and streams.'' 'The Attila of Agriculture' Growers seeking to produce the highly potent drug preferred by American and European customers have concentrated cultivation on the tropical slopes where the Andes meet the Amazon. At elevations raging between 3,000 and 6,000 feet, the soil has a high content of alkaloid, an active agent in cocaine. Nicknamed ''the Attila of tropical agriculture'' by one Peruvian scientist, coca cultivation has led to indiscriminate deforestation. Growers have cut down large sections of Tingo Maria, Cutervo and Abiseo national parks and Alexander Von Humboldt and Apurimac national forests. Five other conservation areas are threatened. The coca plantations also create larger rings of destruction: landing strips for small airplanes, fields for corn, bananas and manioc to feed workers, and exhausted lands abandoned by growers. ''One can safely deduce that since the coca boom began in the early 1970's, coca production has directly or indirectly caused the deforestation of 1.7 million acres in the Amazon,'' Mr. Dourojeanni, the forest engineer, wrote in his study. The whole Amazonian rain forest is 1.7 billion acres and Peru's portion is about 190 million acres. The area of direct and indirect damage from coca production in Peru is roughly twice the size of Rhode Island. Stripping the Soil

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Map Position This map shows the position of locations containing '' centered on 49.80183,1.05469 in . Map Logic This map shows the area around Battle and Hastings in 1066. Roman roads are shown as black lines, red lines show old Roman Ridge trackways and purple lines show theoretical Roman roads implied by village and road names. The thickness of the road implies the width of the Roman metalled surface. The sea level is shown raised by 5 metres to accomodate the high tide level changes since 1066, if you zoom into the map over Battle then you will see that the only routes out of the Hastings Peninsular are through Battle and Netherfield. Battle of Hastings - Reference - Quedam Exceptiones de Historia Normannorum et Anglorum This page shows phases of the Battle of Hastings from the Planning to the Conquest by referencing individual documentary evidence .

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A practical guide to the essential practice that builds better teachers. Becoming a Critically Reflective Teacher is the landmark guide to critical reflection, providing expert insight and practical tools to facilitate a journey of constructive self-critique. Stephen Brookfield shows how you can uncover and assess your assumptions about practice by viewing them through the lens of your students' eyes, your colleagues' perceptions, relevant theory and research, and your own personal experience. Practicing critical reflection will help you * Align your teaching with desired student outcomes * See your practice from new perspectives * Engage learners via multiple teaching formats * Understand and manage classroom power dynamics * Model critical thinking for your students * Manage the complex rhythms of diverse classrooms This fully revised second edition features a wealth of new material, including new chapters on critical reflection in the context of social media, teaching race and racism, leadership in a critically reflective key, and team teaching as critical reflection. In addition, all chapters have been thoroughly updated and expanded to align with today's classrooms, whether online or face-to-face, in large lecture formats or small groups. In his own personal voice Stephen Brookfield draws from over 45 years of experience to illustrate the clear benefits of critical reflection. Assumptions guide practice and only when we base our actions on accurate assumptions will we achieve the results we want. Educators with the courage to challenge their own assumptions in an effort to improve learning are the invaluable role models our students need. Becoming a Critically Reflective Teacher provides the foundational information and practical tools that help teachers reach their true potential.

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- City, State - ZIP Code - Chicago, IL (ARA) - Hearing loss affects 28 million Americans both young and old, ranging from mild impairment to profound deafness. This can be especially challenging when entertaining because not everyone who enters our front door, or is seated next to us at a party, may have perfect hearing. "We live in a loud world and it is inevitable that we or someone we love, will have some hearing loss," said Kathy Landau Goodman, Audiology Awareness Campaign President and Chairman of the Board of Directors. The stress and excitement of gatherings can affect those with hearing impairments more than others. Following are 10 tips to ensure guests have a good time and conversations flow more smoothly: As a hearing-impaired listener, some social situations are uncomfortable. Identify conditions that affect your ability to participate in conversations and make specific requests to improve the situation. Or, try some of the following: Individuals with mild to moderate hearing loss may be unaware of the problem even though family and friends can be quite conscious of it. Most hearing loss develops over a period of 25 to 30 years and can be contributed to such factors as noise, family history or the natural aging process. According to the National Institutes of Health, noise is responsible for one-third of adult hearing loss. By age 50 or 60, there can be enough deterioration to interfere with conversation. Hearing loss is often painless, develops slowly and worsens with age. Some physical warning signs include ringing in the ear(s), muffled speech sounds or the inability to hear a speaker three feet away after leaving a noisy area. Only one in five people with a hearing loss seek help and therefore most people experience a reduced quality of life. Protect your hearing by visiting an audiologist for a hearing test and being aware of noises in your life that pose potential harm to your ears (busy restaurants, traffic, stereos and lawn mowers, for example). "If we just take a few precautions, we can enjoy loud events like rock concerts and NASCAR races without the risk of hearing loss," said Landau Goodman. "Wearing ear protection (earplugs or muffs) usually makes the experience more enjoyable and may just save your hearing." Remember that we live in a noisy world! You can't eat in a restaurant, attend a movie, shop at the local mall or be put on hold over the telephone without being bombarded by loud sounds. Increased noise levels in our lives can cause ear damage that can interfere with your ability to interact with others, cause misunderstandings and heighten stress. For more information (a free 15-page booklet called "Listen Up America"), or to find an audiologist in your area, call 1-888-833-EARS (3277) or visit the Web site at www.audiologyawareness.com.

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There are around 100 different species of angelfish that inhabit the waters of the southern hemisphere. There are two main types of angelfish, those that live in the freshwater rivers in South America (freshwater angelfish) and those angelfish that inhabit the salty ocean waters (marine angelfish). The freshwater angelfish has a more triangular shape and will generally only grow to a few inches in length. The marine angelfish can grow up to 12 inches (the same length as a big ruler) and generally have very brightly coloured markings but the exact colours depend on the angelfish species. Both the freshwater angelfish and the marine angelfish are known to be relatively difficult fish to keep in household aquariums, as both types of angelfish require very specific water conditions. Angelfish are very susceptible to changes in the water such as salt levels and pH levels, and will often die if changes are too drastic. Despite the fact that their names are the same, freshwater angelfish and marine angelfish are not thought to be closely related. The freshwater angelfish is a tropical species of cichlid, distantly related to the cichlids found in specific lakes in Africa. The marine angelfish are believed to be most closely related to the butterfly fish. Freshwater angelfish are native to the Amazon basin and are also found in the rivers running off it. Freshwater angelfish inhabit the cleaner waters and prefer to be in temperatures between 25 and 30 degrees centigrade. Freshwater angelfish lay between 100 and 1,000 eggs which hatch in just a couple of days. Freshwater angelfish tend to lay their eggs on a flat leaf or an underwater log. The baby angelfish (known as fry) remain attached to the eggs for another week and feed off the remaining yolk in the egg sack. When they are bigger at a week old, the angelfish fry detach from their eggs and become free swimming. It is at this stage that the baby angelfish begin feeding from nutrients in the water and on plants. The triangular shape of the freshwater angelfish, means that the angelfish is able to hide more easily amongst the aquatic plants in the water. Wild freshwater angelfish have very distinctive dark stripes that run vertically down their bodies, giving the freshwater angelfish the ability to blend in to it\'s surroundings. Freshwater angelfish usually breed for life and it is often found that if one of the angelfish parents dies, then the remaining angelfish parent has no interest in breeding. Freshwater angelfish feed on smaller fish and invertebrates in their natural environment as well as eating particles of food found in the water. The freshwater angelfish is preyed upon by larger species of fish, birds and marine mammals. Marine angelfish are generally found in shallow reefs in depths of up to 50 meters. Marine angelfish are reported to be almost fearless and are noted to be inquisitive and curious towards divers. Some species of marine angelfish are solitary by nature where other species of angelfish form territorial mating pairs or even groups. The groups of marine angelfish usually have one male and a number of females. Unlike the freshwater angelfish, marine angelfish lay their tiny eggs straight into the water. The angelfish eggs float in the sea, becoming mixed in with the plankton, until they hatch. Unfortunately a vast number of marine angelfish eggs are inadvertently eaten by those many animals that feed on the plankton in the water. Marine angelfish are most well known for the bright colours and patterns on their bodies. Marine angelfish vary in colour and size depending on the species of marine angelfish, although it is known that the patterns and colours of marine angelfish change drastically as they get older. It is believed that these colour changes indicate the position of the marine angelfish, within the marine angelfish social hierarchy. Marine angelfish graze on algae on coral reefs and rocks are well as eating smaller fish and crustaceans such as shrimp and small species of prawn. Adult marine angelfish are preyed upon by sharks, marine mammals and humans, but the young and smaller marine angelfish are eaten by many different species of animal both in the water and those based on land (such as birds).

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Citizen science for threatened species conservation and building community support Project Leaders: Richard Fuller Read more about the research... Research in Brief Citizen science is surging in Australia, and represents a huge opportunity to engage the public with threatened species, to capture valuable data and to deliver crowd-sourced on-ground conservation action. This project will deliver protocols to guide the application of citizen science to threatened species monitoring and management. Citizen science collected information on Carnaby’s Black Cockatoo has been utilised in recovery planning for the species which is listed as endangered by the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. Photo: Ralph Green Flickr CC. Why is the research needed? Substantial investment is being made in citizen science programs in Australia and a huge opportunity exists to harness citizen science programs to benefit threatened species conservation. While there have been many highly successful citizen science programs in Australia there have also been failures. No comprehensive evidence based guidelines exist to inform the development of citizen science programs. To date, there has been no assessment of the extent to which citizen science programs can raise support for threatened species conservation, and can transition participants from data collection to delivering on-ground conservation actions for threatened species. Citizen science is thus arguably failing to reach its full potential for threatened species conservation in Australia. Finally, robust citizen science data could be used to support planning, reporting and decision making in many areas, such as; threatened species recovery and threat abatement planning; State of the Environment and Convention on Biological Diversity reporting; spatial prioritisation for the National Landcare Programme; and assessment of programs such as the 20 million trees program. To enable this, confidence in the quality of the data will be essential, and will need to be directed to strategically relevant times and locations. How will the research help? This project will extend existing research about why and how the Australian public engages in citizen science, and will examine how this relates to Australia’s threatened species. In particular the project will: - Review Australian citizen science programs relevant to threatened species in order to determine the design features of a successful citizen science - Develop and test methods to use citizen science programs to scale up threatened species monitoring and improve quality - Plan a trial program to transition citizen scientists from observers to conservation actors. The project will improve our understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of alternative citizen science program models, including constraints and barriers to participation and achievement of program goals. It will deliver protocols to guide the application of citizen science to threatened species monitoring and management in Australia. A range of supporting communication tools will also be developed to share the findings of this project with citizen science programs relevant to threatened species monitoring and management. Citizen scientists can increase the coverage of monitoring programs. Photo: Claire Fuller What research activities are being undertaken? The project activities focus on three areas: 1. Discovering the design features of a successful citizen science program The team will conduct a thorough review of Australian citizen science programs relevant to threatened species to determine why some programs are successful and others are not. Using content analysis and questionnaire surveys, citizen science programs will be examined based on tried and tested evaluation frameworks. Finally there will be an assessment of the characteristics that lead to success of a project. 2. Develop and test methods for scaling up threatened species monitoring through citizen science in Australia The team will design experiments to enhance the quality and quantity of threatened species monitoring data, using established and successful citizen science programs, such as eBird and Birdata. Experimental interventions will involve directing monitoring to strategic locations or times using novel and innovative methods of communication and information sharing. 3. Plan a trial for transitioning citizen scientists from observers to conservation actors For some threatened species, especially those occurring in or near urban areas, management actions taken by the public can play a significant role in their conservation. Actions, such as deliberately planting habitat trees in your yard, can also increase the connection a person feels with threatened species conservation. During this initial one year project we will identify a case study, negotiate with the relevant stakeholders, and produce a plan for establishing an experimental regime for testing whether citizen scientists can be transitioned into delivering on-ground conservation actions that help recover threatened species. Many citizen science programs utilise bird watchers. Photo: Rochelle Steven Who is involved? The project is being undertaken by researchers from the University of Queensland, RMIT, Charles Darwin University, the Australian National University and CSIRO, working in close collaboration with BirdLife Australia. Each group brings a suite of specialised skills, including ecological, social and technical capabilities, to ensure the project outcomes are of a high standard and are useful to key stakeholders in threatened species recovery. Where is the research happening? The project aims to influence on-ground participation in threatened species surveillance and management across Australia. Citizen scientists and citizen scientist generated datasets reach across the whole of the continent and as such, the review component of this project will cover all threatened species related citizen science in Australia. The on-ground experimental component will be undertaken in the South East Queensland region. When is the research happening? This is the first stage of a longer three year project. The first stage will run for one year beginning in 2017. For more information please contact Rochelle Steven - [email protected] Top image: Birdwatchers at Mount Tambourine, QLD. Photo: Nicolas Rakotopare

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The Chinese Calendar traditionally divides the whole year into 24 Solstice sections. This divides up the yearly seasons into twenty-four finer periods. It makes it easier to distinguish the different makeups of our yearly cycle. The twenty-four solstice differentials are made of twelve that mark the change of energy, and twelve that mark the peak height of that energy. This is where the 24 solstice windows for maintenance in Traditional Chinese Medicine comes from. The first solstice differential of every year is termed “Spring Established 立春”, and marks the day when the energy shifts from cooling to warming. This day usually falls on Feb. 3rd-5th. Approximately 45 days after Winter Solstice. It is when the yearly Yang energy starts to sprout and grow, and hence I term it “Spring Established”. From this day forward we are officially in Spring. It will become evident that the days are becoming longer and the weather will be getting warmer. Do: Comb or brush your hair more with something made out of natural material. Do: Strengthen Yang Energy Do: Clear Heat, Remove Toxins Do Not: Expose yourself to wind Do Not: Eat Spicy foods The temperatures in Spring will gradually increase, but the chill of Winter has not dissipated completely. Temperature fluctuations and drops can still occur. The inner chi of the body is slowly surfacing and spreading. The pores of the skin shift from a state of tightly closed to being relaxed and slowly opening. Should you expose your pores to the wind, or get chilled during this phase, the reflex of the pores will cause it to shut closed and disrupt the surfacing of the internal yang energy, causing stagnation and blockage of the energy. Signs of this kind of disruption includes: dry throat, chapped lips, dry stools, loss of appetite and more. Methods of assisting the rise and spread of yang energy at home are intake and use of onions, leeks, shallots and garlic in your cooking. Ingesting more sprouts and shoots is also advisable. Leeks have different properties during the different seasons: Aromatic during Spring, Spicy during Summer, Bitter during Fall, Sweet during Winter. The aromatic properties has a soothing effect on the liver and helps it to function making the liver happy. Leeks are considered Yang Tonifying and helps to strengthen the liver yang. Leeks and onions can be mixed with eggs to create a fragrant omelet. Due to the Yang nature of onions and leeks, they can be used to help regulate the pores to sweat. Folks with excessive Yang, indegestion or diarrhea should avoid leeks. Note: Yin deficient type heat or folks with eye or intestinal issues should avoid leeks as it might exacerbate the problems. Green is the color belonging to the liver. Green colored vegetables, like spinach, are good during this time. It can nourish the yin and moisten the dry, but also sooth the liver and nourish the blood. Sour flavors enter the liver, thus throwing the liver into over function and agitating the spleen and stomach. Limiting foods and flavors that are sour is highly recommended during Spring. As always, staying away from fried foods, cold foods and spicy foods during this time should be remembered. Eating too much fried foods early in life can cause high blood pressure later on. This is due to the effect on the liver energies. Spring means Yang growth and that also means moving more. Outdoor exercise is especially encouraged. Breath the fresh Spring air and inhale the Spring Sunshine. Fuse the life energy from the Sun into each organ and cell. Increase your youth and health. Circulate your blood. Exhale the stale inner breath. Do: move and exercise. Do: Chigong, Yoga. Do: perspire so that you are slightly moist. Do not: Over-exercise Do not: perspire to be dripping or soaking in sweat Sweat is the fluid of the heart. Too much sweating can weaken the heart, can cause yin deficient heat, and can disrupt the closing ability of the pores, can cause one to catch colds easily, can affect health. Balance is the key! We want to assist the liver in Spring. We want to grow the Yang. We want to circulate and move the blood. We want to spread the Yang energy. But, we can only achieve better health if you understand balance and know control.

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A “spoke” in Saturn’s rings. Taken by Cassini Sept 22, 2009. Okay, a lot of you already know I really like processing images, a lot. So I’ve been going through some of Cassini’s earlier images, and looking for images that put Saturn’s rings in the spotlight! The one above is one such image. I shared it on Twitter, thinking it was refraction of sunlight in the rings. But it turns out that what you see in the above image is actually a “spoke”, as pointed out by my friend and fellow image processor Ian Regan on Twitter. So I figured, what better than my first blog post being on something I’m not really familiar with?! So, let’s talk about these weird things called spokes! Turns out that spokes occur in in Saturn’s B-ring (like in the above image), and were first seen in Saturn’s rings by the Voyagers about 30 years ago. In fact, there’s some incredibly neat footage showing these spokes move along Saturn’s rings, both from Cassini as well as Voyager 1, which you can find (and should check out) in this article by planetary scientist Emily Lakdawalla. Anyway, they’re called spokes because they look like spokes on a wheel. The weird thing about spokes is that they move at constant speeds. If they were caused by the particles in Saturn’s rings, this would not be the case because the particles in Saturn’s rings obey Kepler’s laws of motion, such that the force of gravity decreases with the square of distance from the source (in this case, Saturn), hence those further away would move less quickly than those closer in (just like the planets about the Sun). So these spokes should kinda fade out due to the Keplerian orbits of the particles in Saturn’s rings, if they were caused by the particles in Saturn’s rings. So it can’t be from particles in the ring; instead, it’s due to particles that are electrically charged, and as such, are affected by Saturn’s magnetic field! Turns out that for some reason, dust particles become electrically charged and elevated from the ring disk, and then follow Saturn’s magnetic field at nearly constant speeds. And recent data suggests these dust particles may actually be made entirely of ice, as stated by science journalist Nancy Atkinson. If light is backscattered by these particles, the spokes appear dark; if light is forward scattered, they appear light. What’s more is that this phenomenon seems to occur seasonally during the equinoxes throughout Saturn’s nearly 30-year-orbit about the Sun. And it looks like the spokes tend to appear in areas where the rings are rotating outward from Saturn’s shadow, as described in this article from NASA JPL (then, in the above image, the rings must be rotating from right to left). As much as we’ve learned about spokes and how they form, the mechanism for the phenomenon still remains a mystery. So, it turned out the image I processed wasn’t exhibiting refraction of sunlight after all. But then, does refraction in the rings ever happen? Yes, all the time! They are ice particles, after all. But the effect that I’m about to discuss with you isn’t refraction of sunlight, but rather, the opposition effect. Here’s an image taken by Cassini on June 12, 2007, that I processed: Rainbow-like feature due in Saturn’s rings. Taken by Cassini on June 12, 2007. See that rainbow-like feature, right out at the edge of the A-ring near the Encke Gap? That’s due to the opposition effect. You can read a quick summary about it here, but let me explain it further. What this means is that the Cassini Spacecraft had the Sun directly behind it with respect to that bright point in the rings; because of this, that area looks brighter because Cassini can’t see the shadows created by those ring particles—they are directly sunlit, and therefore the shadows are behind those particles, hidden from Cassini’s view. Those further out from that brightened spot, however, do start showing shadows, which is why this effect decreases circularly from that bright spot. But wait! Why does it look like a rainbow? Well, the image I processed is put together from images taken by Cassini in the red, green, and blue filters. Since Cassini is moving (and so are the rings), even though it takes images pretty fast, the spot will have moved slightly in each frame (so will the entire planet, making alignment one of the many difficulties of image processing!) Here’s a GIF I put together of the frames I used (cropped a bit to make it easier to see the spot) so you can watch as the spot moves from left to right in the images taken in the blue filter, in the green filter, and finally, in the red filter: This is the reason we have a rainbow-like effect in the image! The blue data, green data, and red data in the bright spot are not aligned, so you get a rainbow effect. And notice that the blue was to the left, green center, and red to the right? Now look at my processed image, and you’ll see that indeed, the blue part of the rainbow is to the left, while the red is to the right! Another reason for the opposition effect is owed to something known as coherent backscatter. This happens when light (or electromagnetic radiation) scatters through a medium in which it can scatter many times—like Saturn’s rings, because ice particles galore! So what ends up happening is that the light scatters back towards Cassini, but coherently—that is, the light waves amplify each other as opposed to canceling each other out, making the spot appear brighter. In summary, we have a bunch of cool physics going on in every single image you see of Saturn, or any other planet, for that matter. In everything! And that’s what makes it all so fascinating!

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This week, it seems like everyone I know is snorting into tissues and sounding like Janis Joplin. Yep, it’s cold season again. I confess I have a case of the sniffles myself. I can hear my mom telling me: - Don’t go outside in the cold without your coat. - Eat oranges and chicken soup. - Get a good night’s sleep. - Wash your hands! You know, the usual mom-isms. Was mom right about all those things? And did she miss one crucial piece — exercise? Does being physically fit make me more immunologically fit? The common cold More than 200 viruses — mainly from two groups of viruses, rhinoviruses and coronaviruses — are responsible for the common cold. Doctors call colds upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs), because that’s where the virus infects us. Your upper respiratory tract includes your nose, sinuses, pharynx (back of your mouth where you nasal cavity and throat meet) and larynx (aka voice box). In the US each year, there are about 1 billion colds caught. Adults usually get 2-4 colds per year and kids get about 6-10. I don’t know about you, but as an adult I’ve had stretches of years without a cold, so this 2-4 colds per year means either I have some super immune system or I’m doing something other average adults aren’t. Exercise and immunity A few studies suggest that there is an optimum amount of exercise to keep colds away — not too much nor too little. Figure 1 below shows how moderate intensity exercise reduces the risk of getting an URTI (1). After doing some sort of physical exercise, you end up with more immune cells (neutrophils and natural killer cells) in your blood, though it doesn’t last long. Really intense workouts produce more stress hormones (such as cortisol) that eventually suppress immunity (2-3). Thus, moderate and regular exercise increases your immune cell count without triggering as much stress hormone release. You end up with a stronger immune system overall and you get fewer colds. Unfortunately, research on immunity and exercise hasn’t had a very good way of telling how long or how bad the colds were. When did you start getting a cold? means different things to different people. We also don’t know how much moderate exercise is best. After all, “moderate exercise” means different things to a couch potato versus a triathlete. This week’s review study asks two key questions: - Can being physically active protect you from the common cold? - What level of physical activity protects you the most? Nieman DC, Henson DA, Austin MD, Sha W. Upper respiratory tract infection is reduced in physically fit and active adults. Br J Sports Med. 2010 Nov 1. This study included over 1,000 men and women between the ages of 18-85 years old. Participants were asked about various demographic and exercise-related factors, such as marital status, education level, sex, food intake, exercise frequency, how fit they thought they were, etc. Then for 12 weeks, subjects filled in the Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey (WURSS), a survey used to track how often colds occur, and how bad they are. Two graphs sum up this study. Figure 2A (upper graph) is a graph of the number of days that people had colds (upper respiratory tract infections) over the 12 weeks of the study, grouped into different categories. Older people get fewer colds than younger people. People over 60 got 3.0 days’ worth of colds in a 12-week period on average, while people under 40 got 8.1 days. Likely age is not the sole reason, but other age-related factors, such as older people not having young children (aka Nature’s little virus couriers), or being retired and not going to work where they would encounter sneezing coworkers. The fitness level groups are what we’re interested in, but this isn’t measured fitness — it’s how fit people think they are (which may or may not be the same thing). People who thought of themselves as being “very fit” got fewer colds (4.4 days) compared to people who said they weren’t fit (8.2 days). Other things like education, marital status, gender, and fruit intake seemed to change the number of colds the participants would get. People who got more colds: - were more educated; - were single; - were female; and/or - didn’t eat much fruit. So, any single PhD ladies out there, perhaps consider the Precision Nutrition system? You may be wondering why these things matter. How, for instance, would marital status change your URTI risk? Should you start cruising the personals to save money on cough drops? Just like age, it might not be a direct thing. Getting married isn’t going to increase your immunity like leveling up in World of Warcraft increases your stamina. Chances are if you’re married, you do other things that improve your immune system, or you may have more regular positive social interactions, all of which affect overall wellbeing. Body mass index and URTI Of all the results, the BMI results are the most difficult to understand. Having a BMI between 25-29.9, which is considered overweight, results in the lowest number of colds (4.9 days). A BMI under 25 (normal) has the highest number of cold days (7.0). If you look at the fitness results, where fitter seems to mean fewer colds, it gets even more confusing. It could be that the group with a BMI under 25 includes people that are underweight but not in a healthy way. They could be undernourished or have some kind of underlying medical problem, both of which may make them sick more often. We don’t have enough information to say for sure, and the researchers didn’t mention what they thought was going on. I guess that’s a topic for another research review. The second row graph (Figure 2B) looks at how exercise frequency (how often people exercise each week) affects the number of days people get colds. The more you exercise — up to a point — the better your immunity. - Completely inactive people were sick for an average of 8.6 days for the 12-week period. - Exercising at least once a week dropped the number of colds to 5.5! - Exercising more than 5 times a week dropped the number of colds even more, to 4.9. Based on this study, if you want to avoid getting a cold and/or shorten how long the cold will last, your best chance will involve: - being over 60 years old - barely graduating high school - being married - being male - having a BMI between 25-29.9 (overweight) - eating more than 3 servings of fruit a day - having a low stress level - exercising 5 times a week - thinking of yourself as having a high fitness level If you’re an old married guy with a little padding, who wasn’t much for book learning and now picks fruit on a nice relaxing organic farm for a living, you’re in luck! Well, short of a sex change, a divorce, and sticking a crayon up my nose into my brain to remove the memory of all those additional years of higher education, I can’t do much about some of these factors. Some of those things, such as a higher BMI, may cause other problems. However, I can eat more fruit, reduce my stress, and work out 5 times a week. What if the only thing you change is exercising 5 times a week? If you take all the factors out of the equation (control for confounders) and just look at physical activity and fitness, the most active and physically fit people got 43-46% fewer colds than less active and fit people. Not only do you get fewer colds if you’re active and fit, but you get less severe colds with fewer symptoms. Wait a second… that combination sounds like something that would help me lose weight and feel better in general! In a world where there are constant trade-offs, it seems that exercising has nearly none and yet most of us are too busy to use this “too good to be true” option. Moderate exercise (getting moving 5 times a week) decreases the number of days you will have a cold (if you get one at all) and how bad your cold will be. Now bundle up and get moving! To learn more about making important improvements to your nutrition and exercise program, check out the following 5-day video courses. They’re probably better than 90% of the seminars we’ve ever attended on the subjects of exercise and nutrition (and probably better than a few we’ve given ourselves, too). The best part? They’re totally free.To check out the free courses, just click one of the links below.

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One of the greatest curiosities was a huge skeleton brought from Joppa, said to be that of the monster to which Andromeda had been exposed. At Joppa, for example, the Jewish settlers - two hundred in all - " were invited to go into boats provided in accordance with the common decree of the city." The garrison of the Akra had been starved by a close blockade into submission, and beyond the boundaries of Judaea " he took Joppa for a haven and made himself master of Gazara and Bethsura." Further, as confederates of the senate and people of Rome, the Jews had received accession of territory, including the port of Joppa and, with other material privileges, the right of observing their religious customs not only in Palestine but also in Alexandria and elsewhere. Joppa, which adjoins it, has salt works, but is chiefly a residential neighbourhood. Tramways connect the different parts of the city with Leith, Newhaven, Portobello and Joppa; and the Suburban railway, starting from Waverley station, returns by way of Restalrig, Portobello, Duddingston, Morningside and Haymarket. Inland from the Mediterranean, on the famous military route between Syria and Egypt, about equidistant (18 m.) from Joppa and Gaza. In German universities the townsfolk of Jaffa (Joppa) to the Egyptian desert south of Gaza (on the subsequent extension of the name in its Greek form Palaestina, see Palestine). Of Joppa, on the site of a place previously called Turris Stratonis. Matthew Arnold's poem "St Brandan" gives fine expression to the old story that, on account of an act of charity done to a leper at Joppa, Judas was allowed an hour's respite from hell once a year. After this Peter made another journey, visiting especially Lydda, Joppa and Caesarea. 32-4) and at Joppa by the resuscitation of Tabitha or Dorcas. While at Joppa he stayed with Simon the tanner, and thence was summoned to Caesarea to Cornelius the centurion. The Acts, in describing the visits of Peter to Samaria, Joppa, Lydda and Caesarea, justify the view that his missionary activity began quite early. At Arsuf or Joppa - neither of them far from Lydda - Perseus had slain the sea-monster that threatened the virgin Andromeda, and George, like many another Christian saint, entered into the inheritance of veneration previously enjoyed by a pagan hero.' The port of Joppa, which was already occupied by a Jewish garrison, was cleared of its inhabitants and populated by Jews. In 135 B.C. the political ambitions of the Jews were rudely checked: a new king of Syria, Antiochus Sidetes, resented their encroachments at Joppa and Gazara and drove them J back into Jerusalem. The Jews laid down their arms, dismantled Jerusalem, and agreed to pay rent for Joppa and Gazara. A year later Octavian restored to the Jewish kingdom Jericho, Gadara, Hippos, Samaria, Gaza Anthedon, Joppa and Straton's Tower (Caesarea). 2) that the Ninevites may repent, so, instead of going to Nineveh, he proceeds to Joppa, and takes his passage in a ship bound for Tarshish.

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|Chhota Shigri Glacier: Its kinematic effects over the valley environment, in the Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehra Dun 248 The relation of surface lowering, net balance and flow dynamics reflects that vertical component of ice flow is downward in and around the equilibrium line while it is upward in the lower part (Ablation zone) of Chhota Shigri Glacier. The submergence velocity in accumulation area is higher than the rise of surface and emergence velocity is lower than that of negative net balance. The basal sliding velocity is responsible for the movement of the glacier. The over extension of the glacier at average snout position is one of the factors in controlling the temperature variation of the main Chandra river valley. THE Chhota Shigri Glacier valley is a 9 km long narrow valley with about 8.75 km2 of accumulation area which is mostly covered by thick snow and ice sheet (Figure 1 a). The glacier lies on the northern slopes of the main Pir Panjal range 30 km east of Rohtang Pass. The highest peak over the range in the region reaches up to 6428 m. The total drainage area is about 45 km2 and the glacier occupies about 22% of the total drainage area. The study revealed a marked diurnal cycle, suggesting that the submergence velocity in accumulation area is higher than the rise of surface and emergence velocity is lower than that of negative net balance. The Chhota Shigri Glacier valley is a very steep-walled valley. The altitude varies from 3500 m near snout to 6428 m at the top and the Sara Umga Pass at 6000 m (Figure 1 a) and the temperature varies between 15° C to 5° C at snout and 7° C to 15° C near the snow line. The annual 0° C temperature is at an altitude of 4000 m. The very cold condition at the accumulation zone creates an ideal condition for the development of this glacier. The opening up of creavasses on the glacier also create local temperature It is observed that in the main Chandra valley average wind speed ranges between 8 and 18 km/h whereas that in the Chhota Shigri valley in between 2 and 16 km/h. Near the snout the wind speed is reduced due to the pressure from the main Chandra River Valley wind. The surface melt and the lake formation over the glacier body have direct relation with microclimatic effects created by eddies and local stress differences caused by block movements in the ice flow controlled by the bed rock For the mass balance of the present Chhota Shigri Glacier, surface balance melted is suitable for determining the annual balance by direct measurements. Net balance has been calculated between 1987 and 1988 (month of reaching September) (Table 1) along 20 stake positions (Figure 2) common to both the years3. The densities are taken at different levels in pits between these stakes (Table 2) to calculate the net balance in cm of liquid water equivalent at each stake (Figure 2)2. Negative mass balance of 157934 m3 a1 has been estimated (Table 3)5. Mundepi et al.6 on the basis of variation ratio d h/d t have calculated that middle and lower portion of the glacier begin to thin while upper portion thickened. The middle zone between the cross section XII and XIII (Figure 2) shows maximum thinning due to abrupt change in slope. Since 1985 a continuous decrease in mean surface velocity till 1989 from 73.16 m a1 to 32.60 m a1 is observed (Table 4), except from 19861987 to 19871988 for a brief advance from 26.44 m a1 to 32.60 m a1 and was followed by a retreat. Mean surface velocity pattern along 10 and 20 cross section (Figure 2) for 1987 and 1988 have been calculated respectively (Table 5). It is so observed that velocity is maximum in the middle of ablation zone (from No. 5 to 7 cross sections), varies from 49.80 to 52.79 and at the equilibrium line (cross section No. 13 and 14) it varies from 42.34 to 49.15 m a1 whereas at the accumulation zone the mean surface velocity is 34.11 m a1 and at snout 27.52 m a1. The velocity variations have also been effected by the valley widening (Table 6) (Figure 2) and shearing of margin from the valley wall in the same way as that of surging at the bend at cross section 9 and 10 Surface velocity pattern at the central flow line for short period AugustSeptember 1988 and long period 19871988 have been shown by direction and amount in Figure 3 along the longitudinal axis. All the vectors are diverging towards its central flow line. Surface velocity is decreasing between height 47504800 m whereas the glacier is thickest and the valley is also widened (Figure 1 b). The flow patterns of short period (Figure 3 a) and long period (Figure 3 b) do not vary much. From the Tables 5 and 6 it is very clear that the glacier near the velocity measurement cross sections X to V, i.e. near the equilibrium line and XIII to XVI, i.e. near snout gets raised by 2.26 m a1 but remains lower than the negative net balance. Such fluctuations near the snout indicate that the year when maximum vertical velocity component is more, i.e. if the emergence velocity is more near the snout, the main Chandra valley temperature will be less and there will be a lower discharge in the Chhota Shigri stream. This shows that the vertical rise due to vertical velocity in the glacier near the snout has got direct effect on the valley temperature as the Chandra valley temperatures are more than the Chhota Shigri valley. Hence to maintain the latent temperature effect on the valley temperature the extra glacier rise melt near the snout compensates the lower temperatures that year. This lower temperature has got direct effect on the meteorological variations which control the seasons either in lengthening of rainy season or earlier snow in the upper reaches. Kulandaivelu, E., Ray, B. and Sharma, J. K., DST Technical Report No. 3, 1989, pp. 3757. Kumar, Surendar and Dobhal, D. P., J. Glaciol., 1997, 43, Dobhal, D. P., Kumar, Surendar and Mundepi, A. K., Curr. Sci., 1995, 68, 936944. Kumar, Surendar, Mundepi, A. K. and Rawat, B. R. S., DST Technical Report No. 3, 1989, pp. 109130. Vohra, K. K., 1991, DST Technical Report No. 4, 1991, pp. Mundepi, A. K., Kumar, S. and Purohit, K. K., Geosci. J., 1994, 15, 163169. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. I thank the Department of Science and Technology for providing sufficient funds for this study under the Himalayan Glacier program. Received 24 August 1998; revised accepted 1 June

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In the high bay at Kennedy Space Center, where the Space Shuttles were maintained, a Boeing team is carefully assembling the next generation space craft. In a multi-phase operation, that involved minute movement and precise placement, the pieces of the first CST-100 Starliner test article became a capsule. The test article will help verify the manufacturing method, the materials, and the parts being created by Boeing and the project’s suppliers and help study the design of the Starliner. The next stop for this test article and one other is Huntington Beach, California where the capsules will undergo extensive testing, including extreme environmental testing. The tests must bear out that the capsules can handle the conditions of space as well as engine firings and the pressure of launch, ascent and reentry. In simple terms, it will be shaken, baked and tested to the extreme.

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Silver is an interesting dilute gene, like Agouti, Silver only affects black pigment. A red base horse can carry the Silver allele but not express that they do. The Rocky Mountain Horse is one breed that really expresses Silver boldly, though in that community (as well as other breeds such as the Gypsy Vanner) the colour is referred to as Chocolate. In Australia it is called Taffy. Sometimes it is called Silver Dapple however that tends to cause confusion with people thinking that the coat must be dappled, which it isn’t always. Silver has shown to be an older mutation with horse remains from the Iron Age being tested positive for Silver. Silver Allele Genetics There is a test available to the public for the Silver allele. Silver is located at the PMEL17 locus. Silver is a dominant gene however because it doesn’t show on red base horses this can lead to some confusion in breeding with seemingly random Silver horses popping up out of breedings. Silver is written as a Z when writing out a genome. Homozygous Silver Genetic Defects Homozygous Silver horses are linked with having eye issues which is referred as Multiple Congenital Ocular Anomalies. It was first only seen in Rocky Mountain Horses but has been noted in Icelandics as well. Most horses have been said that their vision is not altered but this isn’t true for all horses. Most recently (August 2013) studies into the Comtois breed shows a high rate of MCOA, 66 of the 75 horses showed some forms of eye problems. The heterozygous horses showed cysts generally located on the nasal part of the eye. The homozygous horses showed MCOA-syndrome with iridal hypoplasia (100%), cataract (85%), cornea globosa (56%) and lens luxation (8%). Some heterzygous Silver horses in this study showed no eye defects. Silver dilutes most black to a chocolaty colour, as is the case with every colour, the shade of the colour can range a great deal from very little diluted coats to very diluted coats. Silver also affects the manes and tails of the horses. In some cases there is little flaxen/cream/white hairs to complete manes and tails of the lightened colour, which once again the shade can range largely. Some horses will loose the lightened mane and tail affects as it grows old and the mane and tail will grow more and more true to the body colour. On very pale Bay horses, the black points are lighted so much and the mane and tails are completely flaxen that the horse is confused for Flaxen Chestnuts (or even Palomino!). Silver horses with no other alleles will have black skin and dark brown eyes. Basic Silver Colours Below is a chart to help show what the basic colours of the Silver allele are. A basic Silver colour is when the Silver allele is combined with Extension and Agouti colours. On the left we see those basic Extension and Agouti colours and on the right we see what those colours are when the Silver allele is present. You can see the basic colours when combined with Silver listed below, there are many terms with the genome so the most basic names have been used to keep the blog very universal. Black Silver: Black Silver Dapple, Chocolate, Blue Taffy Bay Silver: Bay Silver Dapple, Red Silver Dapple, Red Chocolate, Red Taffy Check out the Silver Horses album to see pictures of Silver horses:

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Latest update: November 4th, 2013 There are many observant Jews who contributed much to secular and Jewish life in America and yet have, unfortunately, been essentially forgotten. One such man is Adolphus Simson Solomons (1826-1910). Solomons was active in a plethora of communal causes and organizations. A founder of the American Red Cross and a close friend of Abraham Lincoln’s, he took an active part in the development of Washington, D.C., though he declined President Grant’s request to serve as governor of the District (during a brief period of self-government) because the position required work on Shabbos. The material below is taken from Necrology by Louis Marshall, Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society, 20, 1911, pages 166-170): Adolphus S. Solomons…. was born in the city of New York on October 26, 1826. His father, John Solomons, came to the United States from England in 1810, and was associated with James Watson Webb in conducting the New York Courier and Enquirer. His mother was Julia, a daughter of Simeon Levy.He received his education at the University of the State of New York. On his graduation be engaged in mercantile pursuits, in which he continued for many years, finally establishing the publishing house of Philp & Solomons in Washington. At the age of fourteen he enlisted as a color guard in the Third Regiment of the New York State Militia, known as the Washington Greys, and later became a sergeant. In 1851 he was appointed by Daniel Webster, then Secretary of State, as a special bearer of despatches abroad. On his return he took an active part in the organization of the Jewish Hospital of New York, which had been founded by Sampson Simson, from which developed the palatial Mount Sinai Hospital of today. On his removal to Washington, he took an active part in the development of that city, and in 1871 became the chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means of the District of Columbia. He became prominent in all public activities at the Nation’s capital, and was on terms of cordial friendship with Abraham Lincoln, the last photograph of the martyred president having been taken at Mr. Solomons’s place of business. He was one of the founders of the Garfield Hospital, established in commemoration of the president, and continued an active director of that institution until his death. He projected the free night lodging-house for men, which is now the Municipal Lodging-House of Washington. For fifty years he was a member of the board of directors of Columbia Hospital, and for many years was in the directorate of the Providence Hospital at Washington. He was the organizer of the first training school for nurses in the District of Columbia. The Red Cross Society held its first meeting at his home, being called into existence as the result of his initiative. For seventeen years he was an active member of the National Association of the Red Cross, and one of its two vice-presidents. President Arthur appointed him, with Clara Barton, to represent the United States Government at the International Congress of the Red Cross, which was held at Geneva, Switzerland, in 1881, and he was elected vice-president of that Congress. He was one of the five original members of the New York Executive Board of the Red Cross Relief Committee. He was regarded by men of every shade of thought as one of the first citizens of Washington. Early in its history he became affiliated with the Alliance Israelite Universelle, and continued to be the American representative of its Central Committee, and its treasurer for the United States, until his death. On the occasion of the one-hundredth anniversary of the birth of Sir Moses Montefiore, he advocated the establishment of the Montefiore Home for Chronic Invalids in the city of New York, to commemorate that occasion, and he ever after continued to be a member of the board of that great benefaction. From the time of the organization of the Jewish Theological Seminary Association of New York until it became merged with the Jewish Theological Seminary of America [JTS was originally founded as an Orthodox institution of higher education], he was a trustee of that organization, being its acting president at the time of the merger. He was largely instrumental in the formation of the present seminary, and was one of its charter members and life directors. His interest in that institution was unflagging and intelligent, and it was largely due to his sincere devotion for what he considered a sacred cause that it became revivified and powerful.Dr. Yitzchok Levine About the Author: Dr. Yitzchok Levine served as a professor in the Department of Mathematical Sciences at Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey before retiring in 2008. He now teaches as an adjunct at Stevens. Glimpses Into American Jewish History appears the first week of each month. Dr. Levine can be contacted at [email protected]. If you don't see your comment after publishing it, refresh the page. Our comments section is intended for meaningful responses and debates in a civilized manner. We ask that you respect the fact that we are a religious Jewish website and avoid inappropriate language at all cost. If you promote any foreign religions, gods or messiahs, lies about Israel, anti-Semitism, or advocate violence (except against terrorists), your permission to comment may be revoked.

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While implementing a Pets theme, I gave the children some playdough, a paper plate, and an assortment of items with varying textures (feathers, googly eyes, pipe cleaners, batting, sequins, etc.). As part of a book activity, the children had just read But No Elephants, by Jerry Smath, a truly fantastic book, and were asked to use the materials to make their own pet – real or imaginary. The picture above is just one example from a 5 year old: “a flying fish”. Other children used the batting as fur to make “fancy poodles”, and “hamsters”. Try this activity as a stand alone or as part of a book activity. As the children work the playdough, they build fine motor strength and control, as well as gaining a sensory experience. Creating the pet in both image and character builds creative and language skills as well. Children also display an awareness of pet characteristics and detail as they transfer their mental image of a pet to a playdough representation of that idea.

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On the surface, religions seem to cause a lot of discord, but in truth it is the people who create the division and disharmony. Every religion has a ritual and a spiritual dimension. It also has a worldly aspect, which is chiefly responsible for the negativity associated with it. Fortunately, the worldly dimension has a limited appeal and influence, although at times it can be the source of a major social or political upheaval. What sustains the religions are their spiritual and ethical dimensions. Since they are based upon eternal values that are timeless, they ensure their continuity and survival. Namaskar, Namaskaram or namaste is the commonest form of salutation in Hinduism. People use it to pay respects to others and to declare their devotion and reverence to gods. The most popular form of namaskar is to join both the hands in the presence of a person or a deity with reverential attitude. In doing so the person who is making the gesture may lower his head and bend his upper body to bow in submission.

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The title “Ancient of Days” first appears in Daniel 7:9, where Daniel is describing his vision of heaven. There an ancient, or venerable, Person sits on a flaming throne with wheels of fire, His hair and clothing white as snow. The flaming throne is symbolic of judgment, while the white hair and title “Ancient” indicate that God existed before time began. In Isaiah 43:13, we find that God refers to Himself existing from ancient of days (literally, “before days were”). That means God existed before days were even created. We read in Genesis 1 that God created time, days and nights, so God existed from before the beginning of time. God is often represented as ancient, as He that is “from everlasting to everlasting” (Psalm 90:2) and as “the first and the last” in Isaiah 44:6. There can also be no doubt that the reference in Daniel 7 is to God as Judge. A similar description occurs in Revelation 1:14-15, wherein Christ is described as having snow-white hair and blazing eyes. In Revelation, God the Son is depicted with the same power of judgment over His church as the Ancient of Days is described as having in judging Israel. In fact, His sharp gaze judges all seven of the churches in Revelation 1–3 with complete clarity of the reality of all there is to know. The title "Ancient of Days" is found only three times in Scripture, all three in prophetic passages in Daniel 7:9, 13, and 22. Verse 22 refers specifically to Jesus whose judgment will be part of the end-times events. In Daniel 7:13, the term “ancient of days” refers to God the Father, and we see Him on His throne as Jesus, the “Son of Man” approaches the throne on clouds. God is a triune God, meaning three Persons in One, and at different times “Ancient of Days” refers to Jesus Christ and at other times, to God the Father. But in the prophetic sense, it clearly refers to Jesus, the Ancient of Days returning to pronounce judgment on the world (Daniel 7:22).

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37.4 Celsius to Fahrenheit equals 99.32 Fahrenheit. But how do you convert Celsius to Fahrenheit temperature units? Knowing what is normal body temperature for infants and adults or even dogs can help you determine if you have a fever or not. Below is a formula to help you convert 37.4 degrees Celsius to Fahrenheit or any other number to the units you are familiar with. What is Celsius and Fahrenheit temperature units? Celsius, also known as centigrade is an SI unit for measuring temperature. On the Celsius scale, water freezes at 0 degrees and boils at 100 degrees. The Celsius unit is named after an astronomer from Sweden, Anders Celsius. Fahrenheit on the other hand is also a scale of temperature originated by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit after whom it was named. On this scale, water freezes at 32 degrees (32°) and reaches its boiling point at 212°. - These units are often interchanged depending on the country and orientation of people. The Celsius is an SI derived unit, so it is widely used by most countries as a standard unit for taking and denoting temperature. So, what is 37.4 degrees Celsius in Fahrenheit? 37.4 Celsius to Fahrenheit Knowing 37.4 Celsius equals what Fahrenheit can help you answer the question easily. Most thermometers are calibrated in degrees Celsius (°C). However, depending on the country and region, your thermometer could be marked in Fahrenheit, denoted as °F. Here in the United States, we use Fahrenheit as a standard unit for measuring temperature. That said, if you find yourself with a thermometer calibrated in °F and would like to use it to measure your baby’s temperature, you must know how to convert it to °C. To start with, let us answer your question of normal body temperature. - 4 Celsius is equal to 99.32 Fahrenheit How do you arrive at this? You must have a formula for calculating and converting the two. How to convert 37.4 Celsius to Fahrenheit A formula is used in the conversion. Generally, from the answer we have given above, you can easily deduce the equivalent of 1°C in °F. Scientific measurements have been done to thoroughly approximate the Fahrenheit that is the approximate equivalent of one degree Celsius. But there is a formula that is used everywhere to convert temperature units. Let’s have a look at the formula. Celsius to Fahrenheit conversion formula Here is the formula that is used to convert temperature units from Celsius to Fahrenheit. Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit equals temp. in degrees Celsius times (9 divide by 5) plus 32. The mathematical formula is as follows: Temp. (°F) = Temp. (°C) x 9/5 + 32 This translates into: T (°F) = T(°C) × 1.8 + 32 We will do examples below, but if you want a quick solution on Celsius para Fahrenheit formula, there are tables that you can use to do the conversion for any figure you may have. Metric Conversions and Rapid Tables are places you can start from for automatic conversions. Here are examples: - 1 Celsius to Fahrenheit conversion: T (°F) = 37.1° C × 1.8 + 32 =98.78 °F - 4 Celsius to Fahrenheit = 37.4 °C x 9/5 + 32 = 99.32 °F What about 1, 8, 12, 4 and 3 degree Celsius to degree Fahrenheit? Below are the computations to show you further how the computation is done. - T (°F) = 1°C × 1.8 + 32 = 33.8 °F - T (°F) = 3°C × 1.8 + 32 = 37.4 °F - T (°F) = 4°C × 1.8 + 32 = 39.2 °F - T (°F) = 8°C × 1.8 + 32 = 46.4 °F - T (°F) = 12°C × 1.8 + 32 = 53.6 °F What is normal body temperature in Fahrenheit? Normal body temperature = 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit or 37C. The normal body temperature of a human being varies within a small range. According to WebMd, “the concept of there being a normal body temperature is somewhat misleading.” While 37C is taken as the standard normal human body temperature, scientific studies have been done to dispute it. The actual normal is a range, since taking the temperature in the mouth is likely to give a result that differs with results taken from other parts such as the anus and armpits. The generally accepted range is between 36.1C to 37.2C. In Fahrenheit, the range is 97F to 99F. The fluctuation in the average body temperature is apparent in people and also during the day. Normally, your body temperature will be colder in the morning and night compared to during the day. During the day, your activity level goes high and your body temperature will rise slightly. For women, changes in average temperature may be occasioned by hormonal changes such as during ovulation and during pregnancy. Illnesses may also affect the average. The part of your body where the temperature is read can also give you varying results. For example, when taken in the anus and inside the ear, the body temperature will be slightly higher than when taken in the mouth. That of the armpit can be lower than that of the anus, ear and mouth. The free flow of air in the underarms is said to cool the skin and cause the lower temperature. What is normal body temperature for babies, infants? According to NHS, the normal body temperature in children, babies or infants is 36.4C. Now if we convert 36.4 Celsius to Fahrenheit, we get 97.5F. Baby fever is sometimes shown with symptoms such as the following: - The baby feeling sweaty - The baby feels warmer or hotter than usual when you touch the back of the stomach or forehead - Flushed face, especially cheeks If an infant or child has a temperature higher than 36.4 Celsius, he or she may be having a fever. Causes of fever in children are primarily illnesses and bacterial and viral infections. Medications and severe trauma can also cause fever in children, and even in adults. Celsius to Fahrenheit and fever in adults and children What temperature is an indication of fever in both Fahrenheit and Celsius? According to Health Link BC, fever in adults is considered to be a temperature above 38°C (100.4°F) when taken in the mouth or oral cavity. When taken in the ear or rectum, fever in adults is a temperature recorded to be above 38.3°C or 101°F. In the armpit, also called axillary temperature, adult fever temperature is higher than 37.4°C or in Fahrenheit, 99.3°F. In children, fever is characterized by an axillary temperature higher than 37.4°C (99.3°F). When taken as rectal temperature, fever is higher than 38°C (100.4°F). How to take body temperature by yourself Other than knowing how to convert 37.4 Celsius to Fahrenheit it is important to know how to take body temperature. It will help you determine whether you or your child is suffering a fever. Seeking medical attention as soon as possible can help prevent serious illnesses from developing. Here are 3 different ways of taking and recording body temperature. a) Taking temperature in the mouth – oral method This method is recommended for children above 5 years. Younger children cannot hold the thermometer under their tongue long enough for you to accurately take their body temperature. Here’s how to do it. - Place the tip of your thermometer beneath the tongue of the child. - Let them close the mouth and leave the thermometer there for about a minute. - Remove and read the thermometer carefully. Ensure the thermometer is clean before putting it into your child’s mouth to avoid any oral and tongue infections. b) Axillary method – under armpits This is the most recommended when checking fever in newborns and relatively younger children. Here’s how to do it. - Put the tip of the thermometer in the infant’s armpit, ensuring it is in the center. - Make the child’s arm to tuck close to the body. - Leave the thermometer there for about a minute. - Remove the instrument and read the recorded temperature. c) Rectal or anal temperature taking Also used for checking fever in infants. This method is rarely used in adults and should only be used when you are comfortable with it. However, when you need to get the most accurate body temperature reading, rectal temperature taking is the best method to use. - Apply a little petroleum jelly like Vaseline on the tip of the thermometer. - Make your baby to lie down with knees bent. - Slowly and gently insert the thermometer into the baby’s rectum, not too deep though, just 2.5 cm or about an inch. Hold it in place with your fingers. - Allow it to sit for a minute. - Remove it and record its reading. Now that you know what is 37.4 Celsius to Fahrenheit, it is important that you know when you have fever, or when your baby is unwell. Even with the knowledge of taking your own body temperature, it is important to seek medical advice from a licensed physician if you think you or your baby is sick. Here’s a video to help you convert temperature units References and sources - Wikipedia: Celsius https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius - MedHelp: Is this considered fever? 37.1 – 37.4C at night? http://www.medhelp.org/posts/Undiagnosed-Symptoms/Is-this-considered-fever-371—374C-at-night-/show/1014164 - WebMD: Normal body temperature: http://www.webmd.boots.com/a-to-z-guides/normal-body-temperature - HealthLink BC: Body Temperature: http://www.healthlinkbc.ca/medicaltests/content.asp?hwid=hw198785

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The information on this page is archived and provided for reference purposes only. It was current when it was produced, but may now be out-of-date. Persons having difficulty accessing this information may contact [email protected] for assistance. For reliable, current information on this and other topics, we recommend that you visit the National Eye Institute website index. Researchers supported by the National Institutes of Health have discovered that black and white patients with advanced glaucoma respond differently to two surgical treatments for the disease. A paper detailing these findings is published in the July 1998 issue of Ophthalmology. Scientists found that blacks with advanced glaucoma benefit more from a regimen that begins with laser surgery, and whites benefit more from one that begins with an operation called a trabeculectomy. “This is the first evidence that members of two racial groups benefit from different treatments for glaucoma,” said Carl Kupfer, MD, director of the National Eye Institute (NEI), one of the Federal government’s National Institutes of Health and the sponsor of the study. “Doctors now have better information to recommend treatment programs, depending on the patient’s race. This will give people with advanced glaucoma a better chance to preserve and prolong their vision.” A leading cause of irreversible vision loss in the United States, glaucoma affects about three million Americans, about half of whom maybe unaware they have the disease because of its lack of earlysymptoms. The disease is three to four times as common in blacks as inwhites, and blindness from glaucoma is six times as common in blacksthan in whites. Glaucoma is a group of diseases that damages the eye’s opticnerve and can lead to blindness. It tends to worsen over time.Open-angle glaucoma, the most common form and the one examined in thisstudy, usually occurs when the normal fluid pressure inside the eyeprogressively increases. This increased pressure can lead to opticnerve damage and reduced peripheral (side) vision. As the diseaseworsens, the field of vision gradually narrows and blindness mayresult. Treatment aimed at lowering the pressure within the eye is believedto slow progression of the disease. In its early stages, glaucoma isusually treated with daily eye drops. In some patients, the beneficialeffect of the eye drops wears off with time, and “advancedglaucoma” develops. At this point, doctors usually recommendlaser surgery, irrespective of race, and supplement it with eye dropsas needed. If the beneficial effect of the laser surgery wears off,doctors usually recommend a trabeculectomy, and, if its effect wearsoff, a second trabeculectomy. The major purpose of the study, called the Advanced GlaucomaIntervention Study (AGIS), was to find out which of two advancedglaucoma treatment regimens better preserves vision. Over a four-yearperiod, researchers enrolled 332 black patients (451 eyes), and 249white patients (325 eyes). All eyes involved in the AGIS had advancedglaucoma. The patients’ eyes were assigned randomly to one of twotreatment regimens: one beginning with laser surgery, the otherbeginning with the trabeculectomy surgery. After seven years of follow-up on these patients, the study resultsrevealed that blacks and whites differed in the way they benefitedfrom the two treatment programs. More specifically: - The vision in eyes of black patients with advanced glaucomatended to be better preserved in the program that started with thelaser surgery. From initial treatment through seven years offollow-up, the average percent of eyes in black patients withdecrease of vision was 28 percent in the program starting with lasersurgery, as compared with 37 percent in the program starting with atrabeculectomy. - Through the first four years, the vision in eyes of whitepatients with advanced glaucoma tended to be better preserved in theprogram starting with laser surgery. Thereafter, however, thereverse was true; seven years after the initial treatment, theaverage percent of eyes in white patients with decrease of visionwas 31 percent in the program starting with a trabeculectomy, ascompared with 35 percent in the program starting with laser surgery. “Based on the study results, it is recommended thatblack patients with advanced glaucoma begin a treatment program thatstarts with laser surgery, which is consistent with current medicalpractice,” said study co-chairman Douglas E. Gaasterland, MD, ofGeorgetown University. “In contrast, white patients with advancedglaucoma who have no life-threatening health problems should begin atreatment program that starts with trabeculectomy. This recommendationis inconsistent with current medical practice.” Dr. Gaasterland also said that it is “important to note thatnot all patients responded to the treatments in the same way. Thevision of most, but not all, black patients was better preserved iftheir program started with laser surgery. Four years after the firstsurgical treatment of white patients, the vision of most, but not all,was preserved better if their program started with trabeculectomy.” Because glaucoma is a life-long disease, long-term information isimportant. The AGIS patients will continue to be followed for up tofour more years. The Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study is being conducted in 12medical centers and affiliated doctors’ offices in the UnitedStates. A list of the study centers is attached. The National Eye Institute, part of the National Institutes ofHealth, is the Federal government’s lead agency for vision research,and supports between 70 to 80 percent of basic and applied visionresearch in the United States. The Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study (AGIS) Glaucoma, called the “thief of vision” because of its lackof early symptoms, is a leading cause of irreversible vision loss inthe United States and affects an estimated three million Americans. Itis estimated that as many as 120,000 Americans are now blind from thedisease. In normal vision, a clear fluid flows continuously in and out of aspace in the front of the eye called the anterior chamber. This fluidnourishes nearby tissues. The fluid leaves the anterior chamber at theangle where the iris and cornea meet. When the fluid reaches this openangle, it flows through a spongy meshwork, like a drain, and leavesthe eye. Open-angle glaucoma gets its name because for unknownreasons, the fluid passes too slowly through the meshwork drain. Asthe fluid builds up, the pressure inside the eye rises. Unless thepressure at the front of the eye is controlled, it can damage theoptic nerve and cause vision loss. Groups at high risk of developing the disease are everyone over theage of 60, blacks over the age of 40, and people who have a familyhistory of glaucoma. The Baltimore Eye Survey, supported by theNational Eye Institute, shows that by age 70, about one in 50 whiteshas the disease. In blacks, the problem is more severe by age70, one in eight has the disease. Open-angle glaucoma tends to developearlier in blacks than in whites, and progresses more rapidly. It is believed that early treatment can substantially reduce thelikelihood of severe vision loss or blindness. However, many people athigh risk for blindness from glaucoma are unaware of the importance ofearly detection, or are not having their eyes examined on a regularbasis for the disease. Increased public awareness of the potentialbenefits of a regular, comprehensive eye examination with dilatedpupils may serve to reduce the enormous social and personal costs ofopen-angle glaucoma. About the Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study The Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study (AGIS) is a randomizedclinical trial designed to determine which of two advanced glaucomasurgical treatment programs one beginning with laser surgery,the other beginning with an operation called trabeculectomy (seefigure) better preserves vision. The study is being conductedin 12 medical centers and affiliated doctors’ offices in theUnited States. Laser surgery for glaucoma involves using a high energy beam of light to make 50-100 evenly-spaced burns in the meshwork inside theeye. These tiny burns open up the drainage area, allowing for betteroutflow of the fluid. This procedure, often done in the doctor’soffice, requires only local anesthesia. In a trabeculectomy procedure,a small opening is made in the front chamber of the eye, providing anew drainage pathway for the fluid inside the eye. This procedure,done in an operating room, requires local or general anesthesia. Researchers followed patients for seven years after their initialsurgery for advanced glaucoma. In 28 percent of the cases, thebeneficial effect of the initial surgical treatment (either the lasersurgery or the trabeculectomy) wore off. When this happened, eyes weretreated according to their study protocol assignment, as follows: - If the treatment beginning with the trabeculectomy lost itseffect, patients’ eyes would then receive the laser surgery.If, in these eyes, the laser surgery lost its effect, the eyes wouldreceive a second trabeculectomy. - If the treatment beginning with the laser surgery lost itseffect, patients’ eyes would then receive the trabeculectomysurgery. If, in these eyes, the trabeculectomy lost its effect, theeyes would receive a second trabeculectomy. After seven years of follow-up on these patients, the study results revealed that blacks and whites differed in the way they benefited from the two treatment programs. Study investigators also observed that cataract operations were performed in a somewhat larger fraction of eyes that initially received trabeculectomy than in those that initially received laser surgery. Further, on the average, more supplemental medications were needed to control glaucoma in eyes that initially received laser surgery than in those that initially received trabeculectomy. About the National Eye Health Education Program As part of its mission to address glaucoma as a public health problem, the National Eye Institute has established the National Eye Health Education Program (NEHEP). The NEHEP is coordinated by the NEI in partnership with more than 50 public and private organizations whoplan and implement eye health education programs targeted to a varietyof high-risk audiences. The focus of the NEHEP is on public andprofessional education programs that encourage early detection andtimely treatment of glaucoma and diabetic eye disease. As part of the NEHEP, the National Eye Institute, along with 25 other eye care organizations, annually promotes Glaucoma Awareness Month in January. This public service campaign highlights the importance of eye care and good vision, and urges those people at high risk for glaucoma to have a dilated eye exam at least every two years. # # # - The Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study (AGIS): 3. Baseline Characteristics of Black and White Patients. Ophthalmology. 1998 Jul. PubMed - The Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study (AGIS): 4. Comparison of Treatment Outcomes Within Race. Seven-Year Results. Ophthalomology. 1998 Jul. PubMed

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Bullying, whether it happens online or in person, has negative effects not only on its targets and those who endure it but also on the individuals engaging in bullying. The objective of this course was indeed to explore strategies and tools that effectively prevent all manifestations of bullying working on the prevention area, with the pourpose of create a collaborative school enviroment. The new edition of the course “How to prevent bullying and cyberbullying in schools” took place in Tenerife from 01/10/2023 to 07/10/2023. The participants came from two different European countries, with Kristiāna, Līga and Monta from Babite Secondary school in Latvia and Anthioppi and Mirsini from primary school of Polichnitos in Greece. We commenced with our introductory session, during which we engaged in a brainstorming session to identify various types of bullying behaviors, such as the different manifestations it can assume, the individuals involved in bullying scenarios, and the key factors that differentiate bullying from ordinary conflicts. We proceeded to discuss the perspective of the victim, delving into the risk factors that make children susceptible to bullying and exploring strategies to prevent such situations. We examined these aspects from four distinct angles: the family, the school, the individual, and the community. Cyberbullying stands out as one of the primary and most challenging forms of bullying to eliminate. In today's world, the internet plays a significant role in the lives of our children, and while it can have negative impacts, it also offers some positive aspects. Through practical activities, we delved into the realm of cyberbullying, addressing the distinctions between traditional and online bullying, as well as identifying their commonalities. To foster understanding and empathy for bullying victims, we conducted a powerful activity that can be utilized with students, parents, and educators to raise awareness on this issue. To prevent bullying behaviors effectively, it's crucial to cultivate a positive and collaborative classroom atmosphere. That's why we delved into subjects such as emotional intelligence, belonging , inclusivity and collaboration. These elements serve as the foundation for a nurturing classroom environment and should be regarded as indispensable. Naturally, our discussions were complemented by engaging non-formal and creative activities and games! Discover more about this course here. Welcome to the ELA Blog. Here you will find articles and photos of our courses and have a look at the topics addressed during the week in Bologna, Palermo and Tenerife. You will also have the chance to take a peek at our projects and check out what we have been up to.

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ArrayList.TrimToSize Method is used to set the capacity to the actual number of elements in the ArrayList. It can be used to minimize a collection’s memory overhead if no new elements will be added to the collection. Note: This method is an O(n) operation, where n is Count. public virtual void TrimToSize (); Exception: This method will give NotSupportedException if the ArrayList is read-only or has a fixed size. Below given are some examples to understand the implementation in a better way: Before trimming the capacity is: 8 After trimming the capacity is: 6 Before Using TrimToSize Method: Count: 6 Capacity: 8 Values are: C# Java C++ DSA Python Web After Using TrimToSize Method: Count: 6 Capacity: 6 Values are: C# Java C++ DSA Python Web After Using Clear Method: Count: 0 Capacity: 6 Values are: After Again Using TrimToSize Method: Count: 0 Capacity: 4 Values are: - C# | Setting the capacity to the actual number of elements in a SortedList object - C# | Creating an ArrayList having specified initial capacity - C# | Get or set the number of elements that the ArrayList can contain - C# | Get the number of elements actually contained in the ArrayList - C# | Copy the elements of collection over a range of elements in ArrayList - C# | Adding the elements to the end of the ArrayList - C# | Remove all elements from the ArrayList - C# | ArrayList whose elements are copies of the specified value - C# | Sort the elements in the ArrayList - C# | Adding elements to the end of the ArrayList - C# | Remove a range of elements from the ArrayList - C# | Getting a subset of the elements from the source ArrayList - C# | Getting an enumerator for a range of elements in the ArrayList - C# | Copying the elements of ArrayList to a new array - C# | Reverse the order of the elements in the entire ArrayList or in the specified range If you like GeeksforGeeks and would like to contribute, you can also write an article using contribute.geeksforgeeks.org or mail your article to [email protected]. See your article appearing on the GeeksforGeeks main page and help other Geeks. Please Improve this article if you find anything incorrect by clicking on the "Improve Article" button below. Improved By : Akanksha_Rai

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Michigan lies at the center of the Great Lakes basin and the diversity of minerals found in Michigan encompasses most of that found in the basin as a whole. Former A. E. Seaman Mineral Museum Curator George Robinson updated and revised the Mineralogy of Michigan by E. W. Heinrich, which was published by the museum in 2004 and is available in the online store. The book contains 36 pages of discussion of the setting of Michigan minerals only available in the hard copy and an extensive index. The book also lists multiple unidentified mineral species not in the list below. Provided here are the separate PDF files for each of the different minerals listed in the book as well as a subsequent update when applicable. The references cited in these entries are provided for the alphabetical listing of minerals found in Michigan. MICHIGAN MINERAL LIST These PDF files may be downloaded to learn more about each of the different minerals listed in Mineralogy of Michigan, as well as subsequent update when applicable. Note to User: A PDF may have information that applies to two names of a mineral and when there is a second name in parentheses ( ) there is only one PDF for both names. If the mineral has a parentheses (see also . . . ) the user should also refer to the separate PDF for additional applicable information. Learn more about Michigan Minerals below.

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Computing your BMI value is actually a statistical way of determining which percentage of your body weight is fat. The index was developed by the Belgian mathematician Adolphe Quetelet in the mid-1800s. Today, it is still being used by doctors. Since then, the body mass index has been a proven indicator of imminent health risks for overweight and obese people BMI values for men In 2010, an article appeared in the Journal of the American Medical Association, which showed that nearly 75% of men aged 20 years and over were classified in the "overweight" category. Within this category another one third is categorized as obese. These findings are based on their BMI. By gaining more knowledge about your own BMI value, you get insight into your own situation. BMI scores can be divided into four categories. It is about underweight, normal weight, overweight and obesity / obesity. Scores of 18.5 and lower are classified in the category underweight. Normal weight ranges between 18.5-24.9. Reach for overweight standards 25-29.9. Obesity falls below a score of 30 and above.

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In Matthew 24 : 32; Jesus used the descriptive analogy of a "fig tree", to instruct his disciples about how we could discern the timeliness of his return to Israel. "Now learn a parable of the fig tree; when his branch is yet tender, and putteth forth leaves, ye know that summer is nigh:" The fig trees of the middle east region are a fruit- producing tree or shrub. The size of the tree, and the capacity to produce figs depends mainly on the soil that the tree is rooted in. Typically, the fig tree blooms before sprouting forth its leaves in the spring, and normally would produce, not one, but two crops of figs each year. In Mark 11:13 Jesus, after leaving Bethany, which is just to the east of Jerusalem; saw a fig tree off in the distance, and noticed the leaves that were thereon; and eagerly looked forward to partaking of the fruit of it as he neared it; yet when finally arriving at the tree, he found there was no fruit upon it; for the time for figs was not yet in season. Upon seeing that the fig tree produced no fruit, Jesus cursed the tree, with the disciples standing by observing. He then proceeded on down to the city of Jerusalem, and into the Temple, whereupon he flew into a rage, chasing out the moneychangers, and calling the holy place nothing more than a den of thieves. The disciples must have thought these actions were the actions of a madman. Afterall, what sane person talks to a tree and pronounces a curse upon it for heaven's sake? I believe that everything in the Bible, and in the entire life of Jesus has an divinely intended purpose or message. I don't think God wastes his words, nor would Jesus have behaved in such a manner without it having some meritorious meaning. But, try to imagine the disciples astonishment, when out on the same road back to Bethany, they pass right by that very same fig tree, and lo and behold, it has already withered up and dried. Why would Jesus curse a fig tree? During the first dispersion of Israel, God sent a vision to the old prophet Jeremiah, of two baskets full of figs. One of the baskets had good figs while the other basket contained bad figs. Jeremiah 24:5-7: Thus saith the Lord, the God of Israel; Like these good figs, so will I acknowledge them that are carried away captive of Judah, whom I have sent out of this place into the land of the Chaldeans, for their good. For I will set mine eyes upon them for good, and I will bring them again to this land: and I will build them, and not pull them down, and I will plant them, and not pluck them up. And I will give them an heart to know me, that "I AM" the Lord: and they shall be my people, and I will be their God: for they shall return unto me with their whole heart. Here, in these verses, God likens the captive exiles of Israel to the those good figs in the basket. The Jewish remnant which was still left in Jerusalem, God likens to the bad, or evil figs retained in the second basket. I should point out that Nebuchadnezzar, the king of Babylon rose up against Israel and took captive all the children of Israel except those princes who were left as mere puppet rulers in the holy city. The year of Israel's defeat by Babylon was 606 B.C. Then nineteen years later in 587 B.C. Nebuchadnezzar returned back to Jerusalem and destroyed the city and executed King Zedekiah. Remember those dates and the differential of the years as you read further in this newsletter. I have a point that I want to make clear later concerning that time interval. Anyway, God promised through Jeremiah that he would return Israel once again into the land, and afterwards that Israel shall no more be uprooted from the promised land; and that He would write his law in their hearts. This promised of course dream has never been fulfilled during the long history of Israel. It is still a future eventuality. But the fact has been historically established that Israel has forever become prophetically typecast, in a figurative sense, as a fig tree. When Jesus came strolling down Bethany Road to the city of Jerusalem on that day, he wasn't simply looking for something to eat off the fig tree to satisfy his bodily appetite; but rather, He was looking for "Good Figs". It is national Israel that God has planted in the midst of the garden of nations to portray himself to all the rest of the nations of this world. God has historically longed for Israel to bear fruit (figs), but unfortunately, Israel has never acknowledged the true "Branch"; for which she has been a vehicle to bring fruit from the world. In Jeremiah 23:5; God says: "Behold the days come, saith the Lord, that I will raise to David a righteous Branch, and a King shall reign and also prosper, and shall execute judgement and justice in the earth. This scripture continues on to say that in the days of the rule of the righteous Branch, that Judah itself shall be saved, and Israel will dwell safely in their land. Of course Jesus was the righteous Branch that was born from out of the stem of Jesse; as Isaiah 11:1 foretold. In the strictest definition, God is in reality the fig tree; with the righteous branch being Jesus; while the figs are the fruit of the tree. Israel is symbolically represented as the early blooms on the fig tree, while the church is typified by the leaves that are on the branch. Later in Romans chapter 11 we find that the Gentiles have been grafted into the branch. So, when Jesus found no figs upon the fig tree, on that afternoon, and cursed the tree; He was displaying to the openly disciples in a figurative way, that national Israel still as yet had not bore any fruit from the branch; by the mere fact that their immediate generation still simply did not recognize the epic "time of visitation" by their Messiah. In Luke 18:31-33; Jesus had already instructed the disciples that he was going down into Jerusalem, and while there all the things prophesied concerning the Son of Man will be accomplished. He informed them that he would be mocked, scourged, and put to death; and yet rise up again on the third day. The symbolic paradigm acted out at the roadside fig tree was simply a public display of the rejection of Israel's king, and that "ISRAEL", would suffer the a historical curse in like manner as the fig tree that the disciples saw. I recall in Luke 12:56, that Jesus took to task the Scribes and Pharisees for not being able to discern the signs of the times. Israel should have anticipated that the season for the Messiahs appearance was at hand, and that the time for the harvest of good figs was nigh at hand. In Daniel 9:25-26; the prophet Daniel had foretold that the Messiah would make an appearance in the rebuilt city of Jerusalem exactly 483 years of the Hebrew calendar; after the commandment went forth from the Persian King Artaxerxes Longimangus, which was issued on March 14, in the year of 445 B.C. This commandment is recorded within the Bible in the book of Ezra 7:12-13, and again in most of the book of Nehemiah. So then, on Palm Sunday, in the year of 32 A.D., every single Jewish believer should have been down at the Eastern Gate in anxious anticipation of giving a rousing welcome to the expected King of the Jews. Although there was a moderate crowd assembled to welcome Jesus into the city, spreading some palm branches before him; by and large, Israel was very unimpressed with Jesus appearance. Even the disciples were not altogether sure as to who Jesus was. In Luke 10:23-24, Jesus said to them: "For I tell you that many prophets and kings have desired to see those things which ye have seen, and have not seen them; and to hear those things which ye hear, and have not heard them." Many people throughout Israel’s history had desired to see the Deliverer, or the Messiah King; but to no avail. They were never been afforded that wonderful opportunity. However, a particular generation was providentially destined to be witnesses of the Kings timely presentation. Even today, there is a generation that has a divine destiny to not see death, but to be transported away by the returning King; much in the same manner that Old Testament Enoch was ushered up into Heaven. The Bible is accurate, right down to the very minutest detail. God expresses everything in a carefully designed pattern. Every single word, phrase, jot or tittle, has purpose. It is absolutely foolhearty to alter any of it, or to not consider any portion as intensely significant. Consider Galations 4 : 4, for example: But when the fullness of the time was come, God sent forth his Son, made of a woman, made under the law, Notice the phrase, ("The fullness of The Time"). It is an indication that Jesus birth wassynchronised to occur at a definite and prearranged point in human history, an event which God foretold (prophecy), so that there would be absolutely no confusion about who the son of God, the seed of the woman, really and truly was. All of Israel should have been on hand that Palm Sunday to thank God for being faithful to his word. There indeed was a very devout man, who had discerned that the Messiah would come during his lifetime, and he had been individually promised via the Holy Spirit that he would see Jesus arrival before his death. Luke 2 : 25; And, behold there was a man in Jerusalem, whose name was Simeon; and the same man was just and devout, waiting for the consolation of Israel: and the Holy Ghost was upon him. And it was revealed unto him by the Holy Ghost, that he should not see death, before he had seen the Lord's Christ. Simeon had a direct promise from God of seeing the Messiah before he ever passed away. Simeon was not simply lucky, or rewarded for good behavior; Simeon was an old man by the time of the affixed timely event of the Virgin Birth; and he recognized fully that the anticipated date of the Messiah's mission was only 3 short decades away; and therefore, he was afforded the opportunity to live to see the time of Israel's promised visitation by God. Simeon probably believed that Israel would accept their long awaited King. He had no idea that Israel would kill the very one that was the lifeblood of the kingdom of Israel. He most likely died comforted in the notion that Israel was rejoined to their King. He did apparently know that sorrow would be associated with his life, because he informed Mary about a future heartbreak for her. The generation that immediately followed Simeon should have expected Jesus. Jesus very own generation should have had great expectation from among its own ranks that someone special from God would emerge. Alas, that generation would fail to recognize him; and would cut him off, and then endure later in life to see the total destruction of the beloved rebuilt city of Jerusalem. In Luke 19:41-44; Jesus approached the city, and on a high overlook, viewed out upon the city, and wept over it. Luke 19 : 42: Jesus said, If thou hadst known, even thou at least in this thy day, the things which belong unto your peace! but now they are hid from your eyes. Even at this late date, Jerusalem could have received its King, and enjoyed the promised Kingdom of God, but still their eyes were not opened to the reality of his imminent visit. Saddened because of Israel’s ignorance, Jesus went on to proclaim that Jerusalem would undergo the loss of its national homeland, including the Holy City, and Temple. Luke 19:44; And they shall lay thee even with the ground, and thy children within thee, and they shall not leave in you one stone upon another; because “thou knewest not the TIME OF THY VISITATION!” The season for Israel's blossoming had arrived, and good figs were anticipated, but although the fig tree had blossomed forth, the time for figs was premature. Mark 11:13 expresses thusly: And seeing a fig tree afar off having leaves, he came, if haply he might find any thing on it, and when he came to it, he found nothing but leaves; for the time of figs was not yet.

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“The Jesus Discovery: The Resurrection Tomb that Reveals the Birth of Christianity” By James D. Tabor and Simcha Jacobovici Simon & Schuster, 272 pages, $27.95 In 1835, David Strauss published “The Life of Jesus Critically Examined,” which debunked the miraculous elements of the New Testament and inaugurated the modern recovery of the “real Jesus.” Strauss was trained in philology and textual criticism, but he was not primarily bothered by contradictions among the different sources of the New Testament, or by the gap between those literary records and the historically verifiable events of Jesus’ life. Rather, as he wrote in the introduction to “The Life of Jesus,” what worried him was “a discrepancy between the representations of those ancient records… and the notions of more advanced periods of mental development.” In other words, in 1835, Jesus seemed passé. It was not that his miracles were weakly attested; it was that multiplying loaves and resurrecting corpses embarrassed modern reason. If Strauss could show that the miracles were the myths of primitive ancients, he could rescue the eternal idea behind the fiction. The search for a historical Jesus was not, paradoxically, an attempt to place Jesus in first-century Roman Judea — a stew of mystery cults, imperial decadence and revolutionary violence — but to save him from that history. Archaeological bric-a-brac makes up the bulk of James Tabor and Simcha Jacobovici’s “The Jesus Discovery,” which on February 28 became the latest entry into the Historical Jesus Sweepstakes. (It is almost certainly eclipsed by now; in America, theories about Jesus spring up almost as quickly as new strains of Protestantism.) The book tells the story of two tombs in the Talpiot neighborhood of Jerusalem. According to the authors, the first tomb, which was excavated in 1980, contained Jesus’ bones. The second features an impressive Greek inscription and a drawing of a fish expelling Jonah. Tabor is chair of the department of religious studies at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, and Jacobovici is a television producer. Together, their résumés give a feel for the book’s blend of footnotes and hype. They argue in great detail for the authenticity of their “findings,” which lead to innumerable technicalities: the percentage of first-century Jews named “Jesus,” for instance (roughly 4%), and the results of a DNA test of samples from the first tomb’s ossuaries (which, though inconclusive, are reported down to the last nucleobase). But the authors of “The Jesus Discovery” also have higher theological purposes. On the basis of these tombs, Jacobovici and Tabor argue that Jesus was married to Mary Magdalene and had children. They also think that he was buried by his followers, and thus that the earliest Christians did not believe in bodily resurrection. Later, they speculate, relying on the Gnostic Gospels (a set of subversive and marginal early Christian texts), that under the influence of Pauline misogyny and later asceticism, Christians suppressed the role of Mary Magdalene. Similarly, Jacobovici and Tabor believe that early, “authentic” Christianity understood resurrection as a spiritual event, the elevation of the immortal soul after death; Gospel writers and theologians living after Jesus died mangled the received account, mistaking resurrection for a crude revival of Jesus’ actual, physical body. Like Strauss, Tabor and Jacobovici see these arguments as rescuing the true, early Christianity from the misogyny and literalism of late antiquity. In support of these claims, the authors marshal a confusing and shifting array of archaeological and literary evidence. To prove that the 1980 tomb — the Garden Tomb — belonged to Jesus and his family, they rely largely on the striking combination of names inscribed upon its ossuaries, including Yeshua bar Yehosef (that is, Jesus, son of Joseph), Yehuda bar Yeshua and the most important, Mariamene Mara. Tabor renders this last name as “Miriam [also known as the] Lady,” taking it as a name for Mary Magdalene. The exact name “Mariamene” occurs in Greek literature only twice — once in the writing of the third-century Christian theologian Hippolytus, and once in a fourth-century manuscript of the Acts of Philip — and both times it refers to Mary Magdalene. If the Yeshua of the Garden Tomb was in fact Jesus Christ, then the Messiah was married and had a son. Not only that, but if there was an ossuary for his bones, then presumably whoever buried him did not think his body had been resurrected. Tacked onto this central claim is the authors’ 2010 discovery of a second site, which they term the “Patio Tomb,” in close proximity to the Garden Tomb. While the authors built on the work of others for the already excavated Garden Tomb, they themselves investigated the newer tomb — no mean feat, considering that it is sealed underground and accessible only by pipes that separate graves from houses for reasons of Jewish ritual purity. Here is where it comes in handy to be a television producer. Jacobovici, with funding from mega-director James Cameron, inserted a custom-built robotic arm and camera through the ritual pipes into the Patio Tomb. And what they found was remarkable. The inscription and Jonah drawing are strikingly unusual for Jerusalem tombs and are quite possibly new evidence of early Jewish Christians. Possibly, but not certainly — because this one exciting data point is devalued in a labyrinth of silliness. In the first place, besides geographical proximity, there’s nothing connecting the two tombs; weaving them together would be like concluding, from the archaeological remains of my apartment building in Manhattan’s Washington Heights neighborhood, that Orthodox Jews love Dominican food. Second, most competent epigraphers think that “Mariamene Mara” refers not to Mary Magdalene but to two separate women: Miriam and Mara. Further, the connection to the Acts of Philip seems forced: If the tradition of Mary Magdalene’s importance was lost after the first century, how did it then resurface in two random manuscripts centuries later? Most academics would call that a miracle. To be fair, it won’t matter much what reputable academics think. In 1835, rewriting the Gospels was the work of grave scholars, the finest minds of the Enlightenment. Today, it is an enterprise at once more democratic and more susceptible to wealth. Any tenured professor can sloppily reconfigure the Gospels, and any blogger with the will can imagine his own Jesus. But to get a book deal with Simon & Schuster, it helps to know James Cameron. “The Jesus Discovery” has all the faults of amateurism: It is poorly organized, tendentious and incompetently edited. Paradoxically, it also has the flaws of mass-market television. Its version of Christianity — in which Jesus was a family man, and his resurrection an uplifting metaphor — is a matter of bloodless controversy. The theory is supposed to be sensationalist, and yet the Jesus of Tabor and Jacobovici led a life no stranger than Norman Vincent Peale’s. In the place of history as Hegelian drama, Tabor and Jacobovici give us a thoroughly middlebrow replacement. “We have never failed to enter a tomb,” they report in one of many sententious asides, “without a sobering and moving sense of the shared humanity that the tomb so tangibly represents.” This is a past drained of difference or strangeness, an assembly of theme music and cheap sentiment without any real historical perspective. Since Strauss, historical criticism has become a principal way of retelling and reinterpreting the Jesus story: Scholarship has given us Jesus the social revolutionary, the apocalyptic Jew and the laconic sage. Compared with these reconstructions, Tabor and Jacobovici’s family man Jesus is not only poorly evidenced, but also tawdry and unexciting. Raphael Magarik is an editorial assistant at Open Zion, a blog at The Daily Beast.

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By David Suzuki with contributions from Ian Hanington, Senior Editor As knowledge about climate change increases, so does demand for clean energy. Technologies like solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, tidal and biofuels, along with energy-grid designs that will help us take advantage of renewables, are part of the equation, as is conservation. But many argue that, despite Fukushima and other disasters, nuclear is the best option to reduce carbon emissions fast enough to avoid catastrophic climate change. Because of problems with radioactive waste, meltdown risks and weapons proliferation, some say we must develop safer nuclear technologies. Even eminent climate scientists like James Hansen claim we can’t avoid nuclear if we want to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Hansen, a former NASA scientist, with Ken Caldeira of the Carnegie Institution, Kerry Emanuel of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Tom Wigley of Australia’s University of Adelaide, wrote an open letter last year stating, “the time has come for those who take the threat of global warming seriously to embrace the development and deployment of safer nuclear power systems.” What are “safer nuclear power systems”? And are they the answer? Proposed technologies; include smaller modular reactors, reactors that shut down automatically after an accident and molten salt reactors. Some would use fuels and coolants deemed safer. (Industry proponents argue the low incidence of nuclear accidents means current technology is safe enough. But the costs and consequences of an accident, as well as problems such as containing highly radioactive wastes, provide strong arguments against building new reactors with current technology.) One idea is to use thorium instead of uranium for reactor fuel. Thorium is more abundant than uranium. Unlike uranium, it’s not fissile; that is, it can’t be split to create a nuclear chain reaction, so it must be bred through nuclear reactors to produce fissile uranium. Thorium-fuelled reactors produce less waste, and while some trace elements in spent uranium fuels remain radioactive for many thousands of years, levels in spent thorium fuels drop off much faster. China and Canada are working on a modified Canadian design that includes thorium along with recycled uranium fuel. With the right type of reactor, such as this design or the integral fast reactor, meltdown risks are reduced or eliminated. Thorium can be employed in a variety of reactor types, some of which currently use uranium — including heavy water reactors like Canada’s CANDU. But some experts say new technologies, such as molten salt reactors, including liquid fluoride thorium reactors, are much safer and more efficient than today’s conventional reactors. So why aren’t we using them? Although they may be better than today’s reactors, LFTRs still produce radioactive and corrosive materials, they can be used to produce weapons and we don’t know enough about the impacts of using fluoride salts. Fluoride will contain a nuclear reaction, but it can be highly toxic, and deadly as fluorine gas. And though the technology’s been around since the 1950s, it hasn’t been proven on a commercial scale. Countries including the U.S., China, France and Russia are pursuing it, but in 2010 the U.K.’s National Nuclear Laboratory reported that thorium claims are ‘overstated’. It will also take a lot of time and money to get a large number of reactors on-stream — some say from 30 to 50 years. Given the urgent challenge of global warming, we don’t have that much time. Many argue that if renewables received the same level of government subsidies as the nuclear industry, we’d be ahead at lower costs. Thorium essentially just adds another fuel option to the nuclear mix and isn’t a significant departure from conventional nuclear. All nuclear power remains expensive, unwieldy and difficult to integrate with intermittent renewables — and carries risks for weapons proliferation. If the choice is between keeping nuclear power facilities running or shutting them down and replacing them with coal-fired power plants, the nuclear option is best for the climate. But, for now, investing in renewable energy and smart-grid technologies is a faster, more cost-effective and safer option than building new nuclear facilities, regardless of type. That doesn’t mean we should curtail research into nuclear and other options, including thorium’s potential to improve the safety and efficiency of nuclear facilities. But we must also build on the momentum of renewable energy development, which has been spurred by its safety, declining costs and proven effectiveness.

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Poisoning from methylmercury causes symptoms such as peripheral vision impairment, physical discomfort, muscle weakness and lack of coordination, speech and hearing impairment, and difficulty walking, warns MedicineNet. Inhalation of elemental mercury vapor can cause tremors, twitching, weakness, muscle atrophy or cognitive decline. High exposure to elemental mercury can cause kidney damage, respiratory failure or death.Continue Reading Mercury is present in fish and some products people use at home, school or the dentist, according to MedicineNet. Human exposure to methylmercury, an extremely toxic form of mercury, is usually the result of fish or shellfish in the diet. Mercury levels build up over time and may eventually cause mercury poisoning in a person with a large amount of exposure. High levels in the bloodstream of an unborn baby or young child can harm the nervous system, affecting the child's thinking capacity and ability to learn. Health effects of mercury exposure in adults varies depending on the type of mercury, the length of exposure, the route through which the mercury entered the body, and the general health of the person exposed. A person who is concerned about exposure to mercury and potential poisoning should seek medical advice, states MedicineNet. The Environmental Protection Agency encourages people to use products with mercury alternatives to limit their exposure. It also recommends recycling unused mercury products to reduce environmental exposure.Learn more about Conditions & Diseases

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Writing a Crime Report of Homer Barron’s Murder, Day 3 of 3 Lesson 6 of 6 Objective: SWBAT defend their interpretation of the story by engaging in discussion with classmates and receiving feedback on their working argument following instructions of specific things to look for. Students have been writing a crime report for the murder of Homer Barron, the character in Faulkner’s short story “A Rose For Emily.” In the previous lesson, students worked on a draft of their conclusion. Today we spend more time on the conclusion, as I explain in this video. Students already have a draft of their conclusion, which they finished for homework the night before. Today, I want students to improve on their conclusion by editing their claims and receiving feedback. I let students know they are going to evaluate each other’s conclusion. Because students finished a draft of the conclusion at home, I have not had a chance to see what they claim Miss Emily’s motive was. I want to hear some of their claims. I ask them to review their conclusion and identify claim that identifies the motive and share it with me. Three students share the following: Based on the evidence, it seems likely that Miss Emily killed Homer Barron. It is believed that Miss Emily committed the crime out of being in isolation from the outsideworld. According to the evidence against Miss Emily, it is clear that she committed murdercaused by obsession. These sentences are in need of modification. The first one is not making a claim. The second one needs to be stated as a claim that the student believes himself and the student also needs to rethink the motive he identified. The third states a more credible motive but it needs some rewording. I hope that they are able to point out these areas of need and help each other improve them during the feedback session. I ask students to pair up. Students will trade papers with their partner. I let them know they are getting about 5 minutes to read their partner’s conclusion and make note of what they want to suggest. I give students a copy of this chart we have used several times in class, which has suggested comments they can make to each other. I also instruct students to pay special attention to the following: Language: specific words used to describe the motive and the interpretation of evidence Evidence: does it support the stated motive? Interpretation: does the student understand the story and the character? Did he/she miss something or misinterpret something? I give students about 5 minutes to read their partner’s paper and figure out what they are going to comment on. I then give students 5 minutes to discuss the first paper and 5 five minutes to discuss the second one. During this time, I walk around and listen in their conversation and redirect as needed. I instruct students to turn to another partner and swap papers. I give them 5 minutes to read the paper and decide what they will comment on. Like in the first round, I give each student 5 minutes to discuss one paper. Students Edit Their Draft I give students the last minutes of class to edit their draft of the conclusion on this murder. They can finish for homework and turn it in the next class period. The deadline is two days from now so they have tonight and tomorrow night to work on a final draft.

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When will Intelligent Devices lead a life? The possibilities are endless. We may eventually buy or throw away a robot that mimics us. But when will a smart system or a robotic assistant become a “person” with consciousness and body? And how will we deal with them? Is it possible to let them lead a life? The question isn’t as simple as “can they” or even “should they?” The question is how we can make intelligent devices lead a life. The three films discussed here address the questions surrounding the human condition, their complexity, and the relationship between humans and machines. Each film addresses questions about the human condition and the relationship between death and humaneness. It also illustrates the disconnect between human “aliveness” and living life. Michael fails to take part in the everyday activities that comprise a human life. The quest for a life beyond human control has long inspired the development of intelligent devices. The early Greeks attempted to create mechanical systems using mathematics, and the idea of a musical robot-boat is as old as mankind itself. Al-Jazari and Vaucanson proposed a robotic digesting duck. The search to control nature and overcome its limitations is at the heart of modern industries. There are no limitations for human life unless we let it. All three films explore the potential of human mortality and the limits of human autonomy. As we live increasingly connected lives, we are constantly confronted with the idea of mortality. Although we can never completely escape our death, we can never truly escape it, and that is part of the appeal of intelligent devices. Nevertheless, we can’t let the spectre of death prevent us from fully living life. Until this time, we will have to live with the tensions inherent in our relationships with mechanized and digital systems. The development of intelligent devices has come a long way from the ancient Greeks. They’ve created musical robots, played musical instruments, and even performed other tasks. And today, we have a whole new generation of smart devices that allow us to live independently. All of these technologies can enhance the lives of older people and their caregivers. These advancements are already being made. It is now possible to create an artificially intelligent device that can lead a life without human beings. An intelligent device can help a person stay independent. It can remind them to take their medications and alert their caregivers if the elderly fall. A Pillbox with smart sensors integrates with smartphones and sends reminders and alerts when they’ve missed a dose. It can also track progress against goals. It can help elderly people who are unable to take their medication alone to manage their lives. It can also help them keep up with the tasks they’ve had before. Another important role for an intelligent device is in assisting elderly people with their daily activities. An intelligent device can help older adults maintain their independence by reminding them to take their medicines or alerting a caregiver if they fall. An example of an intelligent device is the Pillbox. It uses smart sensors in its chambers to remind the user of a missed dose and syncs with a smartphone. Its app helps the person stay organized. The concept of an intelligent device has existed for thousands of years. The first examples of intelligent devices were invented as far back as Archytas, a Greek mathematician. Then, the Romans proposed a musical robot-boat, while Vaucanson proposed a Digesting Duck. Throughout history, these and other intelligent devices have always been associated with humankind’s desire to improve life and overcome the limitations of life. The concept of an intelligent device is not new. The concept dates back to ancient times. Archytas, the father of mathematical mechanics, proposed a musical robot-boat, and Vaucanson proposed a “digesting duck.” The quest to create intelligent devices continues to drive technological development and has a long and illustrative history. Our modern lives are more populated than ever, and we can’t be in the same room with them.

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A photograph of one of the two identical Voyager space probes – Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 – launched in 1977. Yesterday, the American Geophysical Union mistakenly announced that the Voyager I spacecraft had become the first manmade object to cross the boundary between the edge of our solar system and the vastness of interstellar space, saying in a news release, “Voyager 1 has left the solar system.” NASA and Caltech scientists were quick to refute the statement, and the AGU quickly corrected the language they’d used, confessing that they were hoping to create a headline that would attract the interest of reporters and general audiences. Launched in September of 1977 with a goal of studying the outer solar system and interstellar medium, Voyager has contributed greatly to our understanding of the planets of our solar system, shooting beautiful photos of Jupiter and Saturn that awed the masses in 1979 and 1980. It’s now hurtling toward open space, it’s usefulness largely a thing of the past, though this recent controversy has us thinking again about it’s 35-year journey, so maybe it still has a thing or two to teach us. Is Voyager I still making meaningful contributions to our understanding of space? Is the edge of our solar system a defined boundary like the strata of Earth’s atmosphere? What are we learning about the boundary between our solar system and interstellar space? Edward Stone, Caltech Voyager project scientist and physics professor, former director of the Jet Propulsion Labratory

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Strand PHIL.II Philanthropy and Civil Society Standard PCS 02. Diverse Cultures Benchmark E.4 Demonstrate listening skills. Strand PHIL.III Philanthropy and the Individual Standard PI 01. Reasons for Individual Philanthropy Benchmark E.8 Recognize the concept of community/social capital in the classroom. Building a caring and inclusive classroom begins with an understanding of where students are at not just academically, but emotionally. Many students today have been exposed to adverse childhood experiences that affect their ability to regulate their emotions. By teaching children positive behavior and self-regulation, teachers can help improve outcomes for all students. This lesson will introduce students to mindful activities and the use of gratitude journals. The learners will... - practice self-regulation skills. - practice mindful, calming exercises. - reflect on their feelings before and after mindful moments. - build classroom culture that focuses on gratitude. - GoNoodle website and video: https://family.gonoodle.com/activities/from-mindless-to-mindful - Video examples of athletes taking a mindful breath before performing a complex task - Timer or bell to sound at the end of one minute - Printed copy of Gratitude Journal for everyone in class GoNoodle is a free resource. Share the link with your classroom families and invite them to try some of the mindful activities at home. - Mindful Schools https://www.mindfulschools.org/resources/explore-mindful-resources/ - GoNoodle - Educator channels that are tied to mindfulness, social-emotional learning and self-regulation include FLOW, Think About It, and Empower Tools - Mr. Peace assemblies - Mindful Music - Using music to create a mindful moment Display the image of “mindful vs mind full” (see Teacher Prep, above) and ask students to describe what they observe and what it makes them think. Ask the students if they ever have a lot going on in their minds. Ask what types of things clutter their minds. Be prepared to share some of what is on your mind to help start the discussion. This may include responsibilities, something we’re looking forward to, something we’re worried about, who we have to talk to, what we're going to eat, or thinking about doing a good job. Sometimes there are so many things going on in our minds, it can be difficult to focus on the present discussion or task. Say, "If the thought bubble on the left displays a mind full of too many things, what is in the 'mindful' bubble on the right? What do you think mindful means?" Tell them that mindfulness is paying attention to what is in this moment only and allowing thoughts to come and go as we focus just on the present moment. Say, “We’re going to practice taking time this morning to pause our bodies and calm our minds. Just like after we run really fast or play really hard and our bodies need rest, so too does our mind. In order to get really good at a sport, we have to practice. The same is true with calming our mind. It takes practice to be mindful.” Have students get into a comfortable seated position and watch the video from GoNoodle. https://family.gonoodle.com/activities/from-mindless-to-mindful After watching the video, ask students to think of an adjective describing how they felt while watching the video. Have them turn to a partner and tell them the adjective they thought of. Then ask students to say some of the words to the whole class (maybe they say their partner's adjective). Go back to the mind full vs mindful image again and discuss the advantages of being mindful. Tell the students when we are able to be calm and focused, mindful, we are able to benefit our classroom community as a whole. Being mindful helps us to be open to learning as much as we can, but also being mindful helps us to be open to our classmates, friends and school community and the ways we can help others create a caring community. Remind students of the mindful discussions and video from the previous session. Ask students to recall what they learned about mindfulness or how they felt after the mindful moment. Say, “Today we’re going to practice being mindful again, but this time we'll focus only on our breathing." Show examples of athletes using their mindful breathing to calm themselves and focus their efforts. Say, "Now it is our turn." Breathe with this 3-minute video. https://family.gonoodle.com/activities/rainbow-breath Another way to bring a sense of calm into our lives is to focus on things we are grateful for. Introduce the Gratitude Journals. Allow students to decorate the cover of their journals. Journals can be used to begin and end your day. Write something you are grateful for each day. It may simply be gratitude for having the basics of life. Expressing gratitude can help us feel more happiness and satisfaction and peace. Optional activity: End the week in a classroom circle talking about the best thing that happened this week.Listen to an audio example from the Sam Sanders podcast “It’s Been a Minute.” Sam ends his “Weekly Wrap” podcast by sharing an audio montage of his listeners who have called in to share the best thing that happened to them this week.Sitting together as a class, following the model of a morning meeting, having everyone share the best thing that happened to them this week.Morning Meeting guidelines here: https://www.learningtogive.org/resources/building-community-through-morning-meetings Sharing Ideas: There are many wonderful ways to incorporate mindfulness into the classroom. Use the comment section below to share your ideas.

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A good deal of marketing spin about bone health has been devoted to 'getting enough calcium', through food and preferably supplements. Interestingly, I heard an exercise specialist talk about doing a dissection on an 85-year-old woman. "There were calcium deposits everywhere," she said, "in the muscles, in the joints, in the shoulders-everywhere." Perhaps, it would seem to me, too much calcium has its drawbacks, too. There is a fallacy in focusing on calcium alone to prevent fractures. Bones are composed of a latticed protein grounding or collagen matrix, which comprises about 35 per cent of the bone and which gives it its flexibility. This matrix is laid down first, and then trapsthe mineral salt calcium phosphate, also known as 'hydroxyapatite', which occupies about 65 per cent of the bone mass and gives the bone its strength. In addition to the calcium salts, the bones are also the depositories of other minerals needed by the body, including magnesium, sodium, potassium and others. The main component, then, to prevent fractures, is the bone's flexibility, given to it by the collagen matrix, not calcium. Even though strong and hard, bones are not the equivalent of stones or rocks. Instead, like the rest of the tissues in the body, they are constantly moving and changing. They are continuously being built up, in a process called 'deposition' or 'formation', and just as continuously are being broken down, in a process called 'resorption'. During childhood and adolescence, this process is called 'modeling', in which old bone is removed and new bone formed at another site of the same bone; some-times, this takes place simultaneously, to allow the bones to grow and shift about in the body. In adulthood, once the skeleton is set at its adult size, the same process is called 'remodeling', and is more sequential, in that specialized cells called 'osteoclasts' break down and resorb old bone, and other cells called 'osteoblasts' build up new bone in that same site. In adults, about 5 to 10 per cent of bone is replaced yearly in this fashion, so that most of our adult skeleton is replaced around every 10 years. After the menopause, bone loss in women may accelerate to 2 to 5 per cent per year, depending on a woman's nutritional status, exercise levels, pharmacological drug intake and overall health. For some time, it was thought that protein weakened bone. However, the formation of collagen is dependent on sufficient supplies of protein in the diet, as well as on vitamin C, which stimulates the enzymes that form collagen and connective tissues. A deficiency of either one of these bone components could weaken the bony matrix, interfering with its ability to hold on to the calcium salts. In fact, both too much and too little protein can cause trouble with the bones. Some studies show that vegetarians have higher bone density than omnivores, or people who eat everything (but presumably much more animal protein, and perhaps also fewer plant foods). In one study, the mean bone density of the 70- to 79-year-old vegetarians was greater than those of the 50- to 59-year-old omnivores (Am J Clin Nutr, 1988; 48: 837-41). Therefore, it was thought that vegetarians have a lesser risk of osteoporosis than those who eat everything. Too many sweets However, another way to interpret these findings is to note the rest of the dietary context: it could mean that the 'omnivores' eat too many sweets, and not enough greens and other plant foods. The relationship between protein and calcium may be crucial: a 1997 Norwegian study found that there was an elevated risk of fracture in women with a high intake of protein and a concomitant low calcium intake. However, more recent studies show a different picture. The Framingham Osteoporosis Study, from the Harvard Medical School Division on Aging, established in this study of people aged 69 to 91 that those with the lowest protein intake had the most bone loss, and that lower animal-protein intake was also significantly related to bone loss in both the hip and the spine (J Bone Miner Res, 2000; 15: 2504-12). Another study, led by B. Dawson-Hughes from the Bone Metabolism Laboratory at Tufts University, found that a doubling of protein intake from meats, together with a reduction in carbohydrate intake, not only did not increase calcium loss through the urine, but was associated with higher bone growth factors in the blood (J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2004; 89: 1169-73). Interestingly, soy proved to be no better than meat in another study, where it was found that the substitution of 25 g of high isoflavone soy protein for meat, in the presence of typical calcium intakes, neither improved nor impaired calcium retention or indicators of bone and cardiovascular health in postmenopausal women (J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2005; 90: 181-9). It is time to put to rest the outdated notion that meat makes the bones weaker. People who eat carelessly, focusing on packaged and processed foods and refined carbohydrates, and ignoring vegetables and protein, may be risking weak bones as a result of collagen-matrix insufficiency. Calcium supplements in these cases may be counterproductive: an excess of calcium and a lack of collagen matrix could make the bones hard but brittle, and so more easily breakable. Annemarie Colbin, PhD Dr Colbin is an award-winning leader and author in the field of natural health. Visit her website at www.foodandhealing.com .

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Millions of people set New Year’s resolutions with the best intentions, but only eight percent actually achieve them. We write down our goals and hit the ground running on January 1st. For the first few weeks, we keep our goals in mind and do our best to complete them. As the weeks pass, however, our excitement wanes. Decreased enthusiasm might be because we don’t see any results from our hours at the gym. Or maybe we’re frustrated because we’ve been eating a healthy diet, but the scale hasn’t budged. Whatever the case, it can be hard to pursue our goals over time. Why don’t more people achieve their New Year’s resolutions? Whether you get discouraged by lack of results or lose interest altogether, it’s not uncommon to break a New Year’s resolution. To stay on course, you need to set benchmarks throughout the year. Setting monthly or quarterly milestones and measuring your progress each day provides positive reinforcement to keep your momentum going. Studies show setting goals, as well as trying to achieve them, is good for both your physical and mental health. Why? Well, something very interesting happens when we set goals: the brain can’t tell the difference between what we want and what we have, so it establishes our goal as an essential part of who we are. Once we stop working toward a goal, our newly attained self-identity doesn’t match our reality, leaving us with feelings of tension or guilt. Our brain naturally wants to resolve these uncomfortable feelings, so we need to help our brain stay on track by creating milestones that help us remain motivated and positive. Eight savvy tips for sticking to your New Year’s resolutions Learn how you can stay motivated, improve your productivity and keep on track to achieve your goals in the New Year: - Do it for yourself Don’t set goals that other people think you should set. Approach your goals as if you have one year left to live, then make them a priority. Think about how you’d like to spend your time. Live well, and do things you love and that make you feel good. - Be specific Two mistakes many people make with their resolutions are setting too many goals or setting goals that are too broad or too big. Instead of setting a goal to get in shape, set a goal to lose 10 pounds, run two miles a day or stop snacking after 9 p.m. - Set SMART goals The best goals are SMART goals. They are specific, measurable, achievable, relevant and time-based. - Work on one goal at a time When you’re focused on too many goals at once, it’s easy to get overwhelmed or feel like a failure before you even get started. Focusing on one goal at a time helps you stay motivated and positive. - Make charts/lists Doesn’t it feel good to check things off as you achieve them? When you make a New Year’s resolution chart, you can visualize and measure your progress, which helps keep you motivated. If you can measure it, you can change it. - Make it a priority Don’t get caught in the trap of believing you don’t have enough time to reach your goals. Any effort toward your goal is better than none. Whether you have five minutes or 50, it’s important that you make time and stay motivated to get it done. - Be accountable When you talk about your goals with friends and family, you are more likely to work toward them and achieve them. If you are having trouble motivating yourself, find a buddy. When you are accountable to someone else, you are more likely to follow through on your goals. - Be patient Patience is a bit of a lost art in this day and age. However, it’s important to be patient and remind yourself that while initial progress may be slow, there will be a breakthrough if you keep pushing toward your goal. Focus on the process, rather than the result. Six quirky tips for helping you achieve your New Year’s resolutions - Move your alarm clock Set yourself up for success from the moment you wake up in the morning. If you are a habitual snoozer, move your alarm clock far away from your bed. That way you have to get out of bed to turn it off. - Read inspirational quotes Ok, don’t just read them, write them on Post-It notes and stick them on your bathroom mirror, refrigerator and steering wheel. Stick them everywhere you might need a little reminder to boost your spirits or refocus your day. Yes, really. Not only is socializing the perfect stress reliever, but it can also help refresh your mind, regain focus and get you back to work on your goals. - Set your phone or watch alarm If your goal is to think more positive thoughts, set the alarm on your phone and every time it goes off, think of something you’re thankful for. Even better, write down what you’re thankful for in a notebook and see how it adds up! The power of your mind is astounding. When you pair it with a mindful meditation practice, you increase your ability to create the life you truly desire. - Reward yourself When you reach a milestone, take time to celebrate and reward yourself. Just make sure your reward doesn’t negate your hard work. So, maybe don’t celebrate a weight loss milestone with a king size chocolate bar. We hope these tips and tricks help you stick to your New Year’s resolutions in 2018. We wish you a safe, healthy, joyous holiday and happy New Year! And remember, never give up. You got this. For more health and wellness articles like this one, be sure to sign up below for our free e-newsletter.

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The Meet a Tree Game tests how well kids know the trees in their favorite park -- and how well they remember details. Kids use every sense but sight to explore a tree, and then see if they can find that tree again once their sight is restored. Play this easy outdoor game for kids in a wooded area or a park with lots of trees. What You'll Need: - Area with a lot of trees Step 1: Divide the players up into two-person teams. One person in each team puts on a blindfold. Step 2: The partner turns the blindfolded person around two or three times, and then leads the person in a zig-zag path to a tree. The partner must be very careful to lead the blindfolded person around dangers. Step 3: The blindfolded person explores the tree, taking as much time as he or she needs to feel the texture of the bark, find bumps or hollows, and find patches of moss or other features. Step 4: When the blindfolded person is done, the partner leads him or her in a zig-zag path away from the tree, turning the blindfolded person around two or three times in the middle. Step 5: The blindfolded person takes the blindfold off and tries to find the same tree. Step 6: The partners switch places and explore another tree. Why just play Blind Man's Bluff inside? Go to the next page to find an easy outdoor version that focuses on nature.

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Greece International Economic Policy in the 1990s Sources: The Library of Congress Country Studies; CIA World Factbook In the 1980s and 1990s, the dominant factor in Greece's international economic policy has been participation in the EC (now the EU). EU policies for internal market unification, free capital movements, and movement toward implementation of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), set forth in the Maastricht Treaty, form the main axes of Greek policy. The guidelines of Greece's participation in the EMU were set in 1993 when the EC Council of Ministers approved a five-year Convergence Plan. By 1998 the plan calls for Greece to have reduced the annual inflation rate to 4 percent, increased GDP growth from 2 percent to 4 percent per year, reduced the public-sector deficit to 0.2 percent of GDP, and reduced unemployment to 7.7 percent. Some of the goals were modified in 1994. Having liberalized all restrictions on its trade within the community since the 1980s, Greece has proceeded in the 1990s with the liberalization of capital movements. Remaining restrictions on short-term capital movements were eliminated slightly ahead of schedule in May 1994 when Greece faced a speculative attack against the drachma. The EMU includes plans for the eventual creation of a single European currency. As countries converge toward the common currency, their ability to conduct national economic policy will be correspondingly reduced. Already, for example, the liberalization of financial markets and the freedom of capital movements has reduced the flexibility of Greece's monetary policy, by requiring that domestic interest rates be aligned with those prevailing in European money markets. Presumably, the loss of national control over this phase of Greece's economic policy will be balanced by large resource transfers that will raise economic levels in real terms for the less developed partners. Greece's regional economic policy is mainly oriented to newly arising market economies in the Balkans and the Black Sea region. The policy envisions unified infrastructural communications and transportation networks; the implementation of a "drachma zone" in the Balkans to enhance Balkan currency convertibility and introduce the trading of Balkan currencies in the Athens foreign-exchange market; support for Balkan firms in the form of financial services and contributions to EU programs for private-sector initiatives; and export guarantee plans for Greek firms trading with enterprises from formerly socialist economies (see Transportation and Telecommunications , this ch.). Commercial initiatives in the Balkans and the expansion of Greek activities in the EU have forced considerable adjustment in Greece's domestic economy. After the prolonged slump of the 1980s and early 1990s, the Greek economy entered a period of adjustment in 1991. In that period, conformity to EC regulations had the potential to streamline troublesome aspects of the system by shrinking the influence of the public sector and stimulating privatization. If full-scale participation in the international economy helps Greece tighten its macroeconomic policies and continue structural reform, the long-term prospects of exploiting available resources will improve. At the end of 1994, the PASOK stewardship of the national economy received mixed reviews. The Greek business community continued to vacillate about committing large amounts of capital to new investment; the government's large debt had increased, although at a slower rate; and few of the planned, large-scale EU-funded infrastructure projects had begun. On the other hand, inflation continued to decline, attaining twenty-year lows by the end of 1994; manufacturing production showed signs of reviving; reformed tax laws were successfully implemented to reduce special-interest bias and increase the rate of revenue collection; and exchange controls were removed completely without endangering Greece's balance of payments or its exchange rate. Expert projections for 1995 included a continued restraint on income and consumption and a continued rise in unemployment. On the other hand, if confidence in the economy were to continue to increase, public and private investment would stimulate new growth in the mid-1990s that could overcome Greece's divergences from the European average in growth rate, inflation, and rate of fiscal consolidation. * * * Invaluable current information and statistics on economic policy and trends are provided by the Economist Intelligence Unit's quarterly Country Report: Greece and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) annual OECD Economic Survey: Greece. General descriptions of Greece's telecommunications and media systems are available in The World's News Media, edited by Harry Drost, and Eli M. Noam's Telecommunications in Europe. Economic development in the postwar period is discussed in The Economy of Greece, 1944- 66 by Wray O. Candilis and in Nicos P. Mouzelis's Modern Greece: Facets of Underdevelopment. Greece and Yugoslavia by Nicholas V. Gianaris describes the historical development of the economy of those countries and economic policies in the 1970s and 1980s. In his The Development of the Greek Economy, 1950-1991, George A. Jouganatos places an econometric analysis of postwar economic events in the context of political events. A broad review of Greek economic evolution in the twentieth century can be found in The Greek Economy in the Twentieth Century by Andrew F. Freris. Greece, the New Europe, and the Changing International Order, edited by Harry J. Psomiades and Stavros Thomadakis, provides an extensive analysis of issues pertaining to Greek membership in the European Community. The National Statistical Service of Greece publishes a Monthly Statistical Bulletin that includes economic indicators. The most current information can be found in the London daily Financial Times and in the monthly economic supplements of the Foreign Broadcast Information Service's Daily Report: Western Europe. (For further information and complete citations, see Bibliography.) Data as of December 1994 NOTE: The information regarding Greece on this page is re-published from The Library of Congress Country Studies and the CIA World Factbook. No claims are made regarding the accuracy of Greece International Economic Policy in the 1990s information contained here. All suggestions for corrections of any errors about Greece International Economic Policy in the 1990s should be addressed to the Library of Congress and the CIA.

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St Werburga was born in Staffordshire in the seventh century, the daughter of King Wulfhere of Mercia and his wife Ermenilda who is likewise deemed a saint. Werburga spent most of her life as a nun and ended her days as Abbess of Ely (like her mother, grandmother and great-aunt before her: the odour one detects is a subtle blend of sanctity and nepotism). Dying c.699 she was initially buried in Hanbury, Staffordshire but owing to the threat of Viking invaders her tomb was moved to Chester Abbey (since 1540 Chester Cathedral), and she remains the patron of that city. The cult of St Werburga was sufficiently strong for churches to be founded in her name elsewhere, not least in Dublin where the original St Werburgh’s was established close to Dublin Castle around 1178. The first church was burnt down in 1300 and rebuilt. It subsequently underwent many vicissitudes, being rebuilt in 1601 and enlarged sixty years later but remained in use and Jonathan Swift was baptised here in 1667. At the start of the 18th century, Dublin’s then-Anglican Archbishop William King, who was responsible for restoring many of the city’s old churches, decreed that St Werburgh’s should once more be rebuilt. Ireland’s Surveyor General Thomas Burgh, also responsible for the likes of the library at Trinity College and Dr Steevens’ Hospital, was given the job of designing a new church for the site. It is sometimes suggested that Alessandro Gallilei (original architect of Castletown, County Kildare) had a hand in the task and certainly the original facade was distinctly Italianate in character. That original facade’s octagonal tower crowned with a cupola – seen above – was replaced in 1729 by a square tower with Corinthian pilasters, the whole being finished by a spire in the late 1760s. It rose to a height of 160 feet and must have been a marvellous spectacle. However in the aftermath of Robert Emmet’s abortive rebellion of 1803, the government authorities were suspicious that the spire St Werburgh’s overlooked Dublin Castle’s Upper Yard (as can be seen in James Malton’s 1792 print above) and so arranged for no less than seven architects to declare the structure unsafe. Although another architect, Francis Johnston, offered to secure the spire, it was nevertheless taken down in 1810. Twenty-six years later the tower, and it is presumed the upper section of the facade, was likewise removed. What remains, looking magisterial but decidedly truncated, is a building of three bays faced in sandstone and dominated by towering Doric pilasters, the centrepiece being a powerful segmental-pedimented Doric doorcase. From the exterior St Werburgh’s conveys the impression of a scarred but still noble giant. In 1754 St Werburgh’s had suffered another grievous fire when the roof of the church fell ‘all at once’ into the main body of the building (with such an unfortunate history of conflagrations, no wonder the entrance porch continues to hold a number of ancient fire-fighting devices). The interior was accordingly rebuilt seemingly as a re-creation of what had been lost. The main body of the church is a long high hall with a simple coved ceiling. The recessed chancel’s upper walls are decorated with paired and tripled Ionic columns on the parapet above which rest a sequence of oversized urns, interspersed with masks and garlands of flowers; the plasterwork was executed by Michael McGuire and Thomas Tierney. The main body of the stone-flagged church is filled with dark stained boxed oak pews, above which runs a gallery with additional seating. In 1767 a wonderful new organ was installed at the west end of the gallery, its elaborate case designed by John Smyth. Immediately in front was the vice-regal ‘box’ rather like that in an old theatre, faced with a large carved and painted panel featuring the royal coat of arms. In the early 19th century, St Werburgh’s lost not only its spire but also its status as vice-regal church since during this period Francis Johnson was responsible for building the Chapel Royal within the walls of Dublin Castle. Yet ultimately St Werburgh’s gained something from this deprivation since in 1878 it acquired the oak pulpit designed by Johnston and carved by Richard Stewart for the aforementioned Chapel Royal. In high Gothick manner, the octagonal pedestal is reached by a flight of steps with thin traceried balusters and is supported by a single slender column. On a swollen base sits a copy of the bible from which rises a cluster of colonnettes, their capital being composed of heads of the four Evangelists on each of whose heads can be found a copy of his own gospel. The sides of the pedestal are likewise heavily carved and carry sundry royal and religious coats of arms. Quite different in spirit from the rest of the interior, this virtuosic piece of work somehow finds a place within St Werburgh’s. Despite its association with the vice-regal court, even in the 18th century St Werburgh’s was never a rich parish; by that period, fashion had moved north and east, and Toby Barnard (in his 2003 book A New Anatomy of Ireland) noted that of 114 named pew holders in 1725 a mere five were listed as ‘esquires’ with the majority being grocers, goldsmiths, printers and so forth, explaining why the previous decade the parishioners had been described as ‘mostly shopkeepers and tradesmen.’ There were a few notable incumbents, not least Dr Patrick Delany (subsequently husband of the wondrous Mary Delany) who was rector in 1730. But mostly St Werburgh’s was left to slumber. The advantage to this state of affairs is that, whatever about its exterior, after the 1760s very little was done to alter the inside of St Werburgh’s probably because of shortage of funds. It therefore remains as an admirable example of the 18th century Anglican church, box pews and gallery still in place, even the windows’ clear glass remaining in place. Even better, unlike many other city centre parishes services continue to be held at St Werburgh’s and the building has undergone a certain amount of refurbishment in recent years, without any loss of its distinctive ambience. At the moment the church is open for a certain number of hours each day, and a visit is to be encouraged.

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Asthma is an inflammatory disease characterized by increased airway reactivity and by airflow obstruction that is at least partially reversible and results in recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, and cough. Asthma can be divided into two main categories: extrinsic and intrinsic. Extrinsic asthma occurs in patients who are atopic, a term used to refer to the genetic predisposition to respond to antigenic challenge with excessive immunoglobulin E (IgE) production. The inheritance is complex but usually incomplete, and evidence of it is much greater if both parents are atopic. Although patients with extrinsic asthma are invariably atopic, atopy itself is not synonymous with asthma. Atopy occurs in more than 30% of the population, whereas the incidence of asthma is generally less than 10%. In addition to atopy and elevated blood levels of IgE, extrinsic asthma is characterized by high incidences of eczema and rhinitis, onset during the first 3 decades of life, seasonal symptoms, and a tendency for remission in later life. Intrinsic asthma occurs in patients in whom atopy or specific external triggers of bronchoconstriction cannot be identified. Affected patients are characterized by being older than patients with extrinsic disease and by having no or a less convincing family history of asthma or atopy, an absence of elevated blood levels of IgE or positive skin or bronchial response to allergen challenge, increased numbers of blood and sputum eosinophils, decreased responsiveness to therapy, and a tendency to persistent and progressive disease resulting in fixed airflow obstruction. Prevalence and Epidemiology Asthma is a common disease, and there is good evidence that its prevalence and the prevalence of other allergic disorders is increasing worldwide. The reasons for this increase are unclear. Estimates of prevalence vary by definition, geography, ethnicity, and age. The prevalence of asthma in most countries with available statistics ranges from approximately 5% to 25% in children and 2% to 12% in adults. The highest prevalences are found in the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand (≈12% each) and in Tristan da Cunha, a group of remote islands in the South Atlantic Ocean in which 56% of the population has asthma. Concomitant sinusitis is common, occurring in 47% to 76% of asthma cases. The prevalence of asthma is highest in childhood and decreases during adolescence and adulthood. The prevalence before the age of 10 years is higher in boys than in girls; after that, it is higher in females. Females are also more likely to visit the emergency department and to be admitted for acute severe asthma. Asthma is the most common chronic lung disease and an important health problem worldwide. In the United States, it accounts for nearly 2 million emergency department visits, 500,000 hospitalizations, and 5000 deaths each year. Data from Australia, Canada, and Spain indicate that acute asthma accounts for 1% to 12% of all adult emergency department visits. In a study in France, 7% of adult patients with acute asthma who presented to the emergency department were transferred to an intensive care unit. The diagnosis of asthma is based largely on a history of periodic paroxysms of dyspnea, alternating with intervals of complete or nearly complete remission. Cough can be a prominent symptom and occasionally the only symptom. The onset of acute asthma (asthma attack) is characterized by gradual increase in shortness of breath, cough, and wheezing and by a decrease in expiratory airflow. The exacerbations may progress during hours, days, or weeks. Physical findings include hyperventilation, inspiratory and expiratory rhonchi and wheezes, decreased breath sounds, and prolonged expiration. Cough and wheezing are the result of bronchial inflammation and bronchoconstriction. Contraction of airway smooth muscle, edema, and hypersecretion also affect the bronchioles and result in small airway closure. To compensate, the patient breathes at a higher lung volume to increase outward retraction of the airways, thereby helping to maintain airway patency. The more severe the airflow limitation, the greater the tendency for airway closure to occur and the higher the lung volume must be to keep airways open. The combination of hyperinflation and airflow limitation markedly increases the work of breathing. Acute asthma attacks may range from mild to life-threatening. In a study of 3772 patients with acute asthma who presented at various emergency departments in France, 975 (26%) had life-threatening attacks, 1834 (49%) had severe exacerbations without life-threatening features, and 963 (26%) had mild to moderate exacerbations. The overall admission rate was 54%, and mean hospital stay was 6 days. Three patients died in the hospital. The basic pathophysiologic abnormality that determines the functional and symptomatic status of an asthmatic patient is airway narrowing, which can occur by four mechanisms: (1) airway smooth muscle contraction, (2) edema and congestion of the airway wall, (3) plugging of the airway lumen by mucous and inflammatory exudate, and (4) airway wall remodeling. Airway remodeling is a heterogeneous process leading to changes in connective tissue deposition and to altered airways structure. For the most part, it is difficult to determine in a given patient what proportion of airway obstruction is caused by each of these mechanisms. However, it may reasonably be concluded that when obstruction is rapidly reversible after the inhalation of smooth muscle relaxants, the pathogenesis is smooth muscle contraction. On the other hand, when obstruction responds during a period of days to steroids and other therapeutic interventions, it is probably caused predominantly by edema and mucous plugging. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways associated with airway hyperresponsiveness, an exaggerated bronchoconstrictor response to a wide variety of exogenous and endogenous stimuli that results in acute episodes of dyspnea and wheezing. These include environmental allergens, respiratory viral infections, exercise, analgesics, air pollution, weather changes, cigarette smoke, occupational sensitizing agents, indoor allergens, and irritants, such as household sprays and paint fumes. Specific antigens can provoke asthmatic attacks in sensitized persons. These individuals frequently suffer from other allergic manifestations, such as hay fever and eczema. Potential antigens are innumerable. Exercise-induced asthma can be considered to be present when airway narrowing accompanies moderate or vigorous exercise. Rather than being a separate form of asthma, exercise-induced asthma should be considered a trigger for airway narrowing in patients who have asthma. In fact, it occurs in 70% to 80% of patients with asthma who exercise at 80% to 90% of their maximal workload for 6 to 8 minutes. The association of asthma and gastroesophageal reflux is common; various investigators have estimated the concordance to be 30% to more than 80%. There is evidence that gastroesophageal reflux can induce asthma and that asthma can cause a worsening of gastroesophageal reflux. It is possible that gastroesophageal reflux triggers airway narrowing in susceptible persons by reflex bronchoconstriction secondary to stimulation of afferent nerves in the esophagus or pharynx or by direct aspiration of a small amount of esophageal contents. On histologic examination, asthma is characterized by the presence of chronic inflammation of the airways that involves mainly the medium-sized and small bronchi. The bronchi are thickened because of a combination of edema and an increase in smooth muscle and in the size of the mucous glands ( Fig. 58.1 ). Bronchiolar abnormalities include wall thickening, mucostasis, and constrictive bronchiolitis ( Fig. 58.2 ). Between clinical episodes, the bronchioles may be nearly normal, as viewed in tissue from asthmatics taken for other reasons. Histologic changes in the bronchial and bronchiolar walls involve the epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, and submucosa. The constellation of abnormalities is referred to as airway wall remodeling and consists of changes in the composition, quantity, and organization of the cellular and molecular constituents of the airway wall as a consequence of chronic injury and repair. Collagen deposition in the subepithelial layer, as well as in the adventitia, may underlie the decreased airway distensibility that may be seen in asthmatic patients. An increase in smooth muscle is also a characteristic feature; it is the result of both hyperplasia and hypertrophy and is most pronounced in subjects who die of the disease. Eosinophils are the most characteristic and numerous inflammatory cells in the airway wall; however, there may also be increases in lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and mast cells. Measurements of airflow limitation, its reversibility, and its variability are important in the diagnosis and management of asthma. The main measurements used for the evaluation of these patients are forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), forced vital capacity, the ratio of FEV1 to forced vital capacity, and peak expiratory flow. A 12% or greater improvement in FEV1 or 15% or greater improvement in peak expiratory flow spontaneously, after inhalation of a bronchodilator, or in response to a trial of glucocorticosteroid therapy favors a diagnosis of asthma. Diffuse airway narrowing is the basic functional abnormality of symptomatic asthma; the resulting increase in resistance leads to decreased flow, hyperinflation, gas trapping, and ultimately an increase in the work of breathing. It is most easily detected and quantified by measurements of maximal expiratory flow. The increase in airway resistance is also associated with hyperinflation, as manifested by an increase in functional residual capacity and, to a lesser extent, total lung capacity. As an asthmatic episode resolves, there is improvement in expiratory flow (peak expiratory flow and FEV1) and vital capacity and a decrease in functional residual capacity. The single-breath diffusing lung capacity for carbon monoxide is often elevated in both stable and acute asthma. The most plausible explanation for this apparent paradox is the transient increase in pulmonary capillary blood volume that is a result of the more negative inspiratory intrathoracic pressure secondary to obstruction of the airways. Most patients experiencing an acute attack have some degree of hypoxemia as a result of ventilation-perfusion mismatch. There is not a close relationship between measures of airway obstruction and gas exchange in asthma. However, in severe acute attacks, partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood generally drops to less than 60 mm Hg, FEV1 is less than 1 L, and peak flow is less than 60 L/min. As the severity and duration of obstruction increase, patients become exhausted, their respiratory muscles fatigue, and values of partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood rise into the hypercapnic range. Manifestations of the Disease The most common radiographic abnormalities in patients who have asthma are hyperinflation and bronchial wall thickening ( Figs. 58.3 and 58.4 ); less frequent manifestations are prominence of the hila, increased central lung markings, and peripheral oligemia ( Fig. 58.5 ). The prevalence of these abnormalities is influenced by several factors, including the age at onset, the severity of asthma, and the presence of other diseases or complications of asthma. Pulmonary hyperinflation is manifested as an increase in the depth of the retrosternal space, an increase in lung height, and flattening of the diaphragm (see Fig. 58.3 ). Thickening of the airways occurs in both segmental and subsegmental bronchi and can be seen either as ring shadows viewed end-on or as “tram-line” opacities viewed en face . Prominence of the main pulmonary artery and its hilar branches with rapid tapering is indicative of transient precapillary pulmonary arterial hypertension secondary to hypoxia. Additional vascular findings include diffuse narrowing and blood flow redistribution into the upper lobes, the latter in the absence of other signs of postcapillary hypertension, and a paucity of vessels in the outer 2 to 4 cm of the lungs. Despite the observations just outlined, the chest radiograph has a limited role in the diagnosis of asthma. It is often normal, even during an acute attack; moreover, when it is abnormal, the findings are nonspecific. The two main indications for chest radiography are to exclude other conditions that cause wheezing—particularly emphysema, left-sided heart failure, and obstruction of the trachea or major bronchi by tumor or foreign body—and to identify complications. Complications of asthma that may be seen on radiography or computed tomography (CT) include pneumonia, atelectasis ( Fig. 58.6 ), pneumomediastinum ( Fig. 58.7 ), pneumothorax, and occasionally pneumorrhachis (i.e., air within the spinal canal).

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MicroRNAs protect the precursors of neurons from programmed cell death, new research from Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet (LMU) in Munich shows. Programmed cell death, known as apoptosis, is a fundamental and tightly regulated process that occurs in all higher organisms. For example, it is essential to normal embryonic development, during which superfluous cells must be disposed of in an orderly fashion. Barbara Conradt, Professor of Cell and Developmental Biology at LMU, and her team, have been studying the role of apoptosis during embryogenesis in the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans, a well-established experimental model. They have now shown that small fragments of RNA, so-called microRNAs, have a crucial function in the regulation of apoptosis in this system – they are responsible for the preservation of the progenitors of the nervous system. Embryogenesis And microRNA C. elegans is a tiny soil-dwelling worm less than an inch long. It is also eutelic, meaning each adult worm has the exact same fixed number of cells, making it of special interest to embryologists and geneticists. During C. elegans embryogenesis, a stereotypic series of cell divisions give rise to the progenitor cells whose descendants go on to differentiate and form specific tissues and organs, such as the nervous system. In all, 1090 cells are produced, of which 118 are eliminated before the worm hatches from the egg. The demolition of these specific cells begins with the activation of the gene egl-1, which codes for a so-called Bcl-2-like protein and which promotes apoptosis. The coding sequence of egl-1 in the nuclear DNA is then transcribed into messenger RNA molecules. These are exported from the nucleus into the surrounding cytoplasm, and delivered to the ribosomes, which translate the information into the corresponding EGL-1 protein. “We have been able to show that certain microRNAs inhibit this process by triggering the destruction of egl-1 mRNAs,” Conradt says. “This ensures that no progenitor cell is killed before it has had time to produce the daughter cells required to perpetuate its lineage." microRNAs are short RNA fragments that have a significant role in the regulation of gene expression. They bind to specific mRNAs on the basis of their nucleotide sequence, thus preventing them from binding to ribosomes and marking them for degradation. “We were able, for the first time, to quantitatively determine - at the single-cell level - how particular microRNAs affect the levels of a target mRNA during the course of embryonic development,” Conradt explains. “That is unique about our study." The progenitor cells investigated divide to give rise to daughter cells that differ in size. The smaller daughter undergoes programmed cell death, while the larger differentiates into a neuron. When Conradt’s team genetically blocked the production of specific microRNAs, the level of egl-1 mRNA in progenitor cells - and thus presumably the amount of the killer protein produced - rose significantly. “Depending on the cell lineage and the nature of the mutation used, up to 80% of the precursor cells died before they could divide,” says Conradt. Under normal circumstances, when the precursor cell has divided, the functional microRNAs inherited by the smaller daughter cell are rapidly inactivated. Within minutes, the level of egl-1 mRNA rises sharply, enabling large amounts of the killer protein to be synthesized – and within 30 minutes the cell is dead. “How the inactivation of microRNAs is regulated during this rapid transition is not yet known,” says Conradt. The spatial and temporal regulation of microRNAs will therefore undoubtedly be the focus of future studies from the Conradt lab. Ryan Sherrard et al miRNAs cooperate in apoptosis regulation during development Genes & Development (2017). DOI: 10.1101/gad.288555.116 Image: Dr David Becker, Wellcome Images. Confocal microscope image of a nematode worm (C. elegans).

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The Raspberry Pi Foundation is a UK registered charity (No. 1129409). The object of the charity is to further the advancement of education of adults and children, particularly in the field of computers, computer science and related subjects. The charity was founded in November 2008. Computer science is now a key problem solving tool in a broad range of industries and scientific disciplines. It is a rigorous academic discipline that is of great importance to everyone, not just those wanting to work in the computing industry. Just a little understanding provides access to a fantastic playground for young minds, where almost anything can be created and explored. Fundamentally, as with mathematics and other sciences, it enables us to understand the world around us in order to make informed decisions and innovate. Computer science describes how computers work, how they may be programmed and even helps determine how hard a problem will be to answer. This is in contrast to ICT or IT skills that teach how to use computers and their applications. Unfortunately, many young people are only ever exposed to ICT courses rather than the much broader, richer and exciting world of computing. The ability to write even simple programs is a powerful tool for helping to solve difficult problems or for just having fun! Of course, thinking like a computer scientist also means more than being able to program. Designing algorithms, using abstraction and decomposition to tackle large problems, selecting appropriate representations, learning how to build correct, robust and scalable systems are now key skills in the information age. The Raspberry Pi computer Our first project is a flexible low-cost computer. It provides an ideal environment for experimenting with programming and electronics. The computer has a credit-card sized footprint and consumes at most a few watts of power. It costs 22 pounds/$35 for the Model-B (15 pounds/$25 for Model-A). The Model-B went on sale on the 29th February 2012 (The Model-A in February 2013). There are currently millions of Raspberry Pi owners worldwide The bulk of Raspberry Pi computers are produced in Pencoed, South Wales If I've missed a useful resource, please let me know!

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CC-MAIN-2014-49

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Women are the permanent of the community; and they possess a huge untapped potential. However, girls have long been discriminated against by society and made to believe that they are inferior or less important than boys. Youth Development Center believe that the voice of young women must be heard if they are ever going to contribute fully to the community. Girls must be taught to express themselves articulately to build their charisma so that they can claim a more active role in their society. In most societies, women have little to no say on the issues affecting them, such as governance, allocation of resources, marriage, childbearing, etc. Right from the family level, women should be participants in the decision-making process. We Provide leadership space to the girls. Following the major initiatives, the YDC has taken to empower the women and girls. - Girls First Campaign (Young Women Empowerment): Girls first campaign is the young girls led youth campaign to boost up the issues of SRHR in Sunsari district. Of all the activities for women’s empowerment, providing a path to leadership is the most instrumental. It does not only install confidence but also puts women at a level where they can be able to empower other women. - Violence against Women Campaign: YDC have started campaign called Violence against women to minimize the women based violence in the Sunsari district. - College & Community Awareness Program: YDC conducts awareness program to college and community women to aware them on various women issues. Sexual & Reproductive Health & Rights (SRHR): Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights (SRHR) encompass all of the rights and issues surrounding a person’s sexual and reproductive life. These rights are closely linked with other internationally recognized human rights, such as the right to privacy, the right to education and information, the right to equality and freedom from violence and all forms of discrimination, the right to the highest attainable standard of health etc. Youth Development Center is being implementing various activities to address local issues of SRHR based in Sunsari district. We aim to educate over 300000 population to ensure sexual rights of youth. YDC have been conducting series of activities and campaign to educate people particularly youth and advocacy for the SRH rights of young people. Following are the major thematic issues of YDC under SRHR theme. - Comprehensive Sexuality education (CSE) Education: - Sanitation & Hygiene: - Safe Abortion Awareness & Advocacy:

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Clark County Indiana History - Clark County has more than 200 years of history with the military, beginning in 1785 with the erection of Fort Clark at Clarksville and ending with the closing of Indiana Army Ammunition Plant. - Clark County was the second county formed in Indiana Territory, in 1801. It was the territorial capital from 1813-1814, when Governor Thomas Posey lived in Jeffersonville. - Clark County was the home of General George Rogers Clark and his younger brother, Capt. William Clark, and was the starting point for the Lewis and Clark Expedition in 1803. - The first Indiana State Prison was built at Jeffersonville in 1820. - Springville, near Charlestown, was the locus of the Convention of 1807, which produced a petition to Congress that developed the Doctrine of Squatter Sovereignty and guaranteed that Indiana would be admitted to the Union as a "Free" state. - By 1830, Jeffersonville was the first and largest Underground Railroad route for fugitives crossing the Ohio River at Louisville. Hundreds of freedom seekers made their way north to Canada through Clark County. - During the Civil War, Jeffersonville became a hub for the Union Army because of our strategic location on the Ohio River, the fact that steamboats were built here, and because we were the southern terminus of northern railroads. Huge warehouses on the river bank stored military items for the Army. - The Army built Jefferson General Hospital in Port Fulton in 1864, the third largest hospital in the United States, in the shape of a wagon wheel. - The first state forest in Indiana was created at Henryville in 1902. - American Commercial Lines is the largest inland ship builder in the U. S. - Indiana's first state governor, abolitionist, Jonathan Jennings, is buried at Charlestown. - Two of the most famous advertising faces in the world were born and raised in Clark County: Colonel Harland Sanders (KFC) and John Schnatter (Papa John's). - Admiral Jonas Howard Ingram, commander of the Atlantic Fleet in WWII, was born in Jeffersonville, as was his brother, "Navy" Bill Ingram, famous football coach at Navy. - Utica, Indiana was famous for its lime burning industry which provided agricultural lime throughout the Midwest. - The Reuben Wells, the first steam engine capable of climbing steep grades, was designed and built at the Jeffersonville, Madison, and Indianapolis shops in Jeffersonville in 1868. For a more detailed history of Clark County find This Place We Call Home, A History of Clark County Indiana online or at local bookstores.

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About two percent of children and teenagers have Obsessive Compulsive disorder and it makes them very miserable. It is also very hard on families. The symptoms feel strange and many children are so frightened and ashamed that they keep what is happening to them secret. They also often get into trouble because of their rituals and concerns. It is very important for families and children to seek help because there are effective treatments and the problem can cause major disability if allowed to develop unchecked. OCD produces very strange symptoms and people often fear that they are becoming insane. It’s natural enough to want to hide the symptoms but talking about what is happening and seeking help usually brings the problem under control.The text of the book is very simple and the drawings are clear and bring the symptoms and solutions to life. This book will be very valuable to children with OCD and it will also help adults with the disorder. The Secret Problem is written by Dr Chris Wever and the drawings are by Dr Neil Phillips, both of whom are psychiatrists with years of experience working with OCD.

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What is online advertising? Online advertising refers to using websites and other online venues as an advertising medium. In other words, adverts on the Internet. In online advertising, promotional messages appear on the screens of online laptops, desktops, tablets, smart TVs, and smartphones. This type of advertising has existed for about twenty-five years, i.e., ever since the Internet started becoming popular. We also use the terms Internet advertising, web advertising, digital advertising, and online marketing with the same meaning as online advertising. Online advertising – explosive growth Since the early 1990s, the size of the global online advertising market has grown exponentially. In fact, today it is a standard for multinational corporations, SMEs, and individual people. ‘SMEs’ stands for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises. Regarding online marketing, Techopedia.com makes the following comment: “A major advantage of online advertising is the quick promotion of product information without geographical boundary limits.” ”A major challenge is the evolving field of interactive advertising, which poses new challenges for online advertisers.” Online advertising – channels Marketing and advertising experts say that online advertising is the same thing as traditional advertising, except that it is considerably more complicated. It is complicated because of the technology. With online marketing, advertisers can display their promotional material in software, websites, and videos. The adverts may also appear in mobile apps. In fact, there are countless types of online ads and channels. When we talk about advertising channels, we are referring to venues where adverts can appear. Here are a few of them: A text ad is some text with a hyperlink. If you click on the hyperlink, it takes you to a website or an advertiser’s landing page. Text ads commonly appear inside the text of blog posts. However, they may also appear on their own, i.e., as a separate piece of text from the post. Display ads appear alongside the content. In most cases, they contain promotional material relevant to the theme of the webpage or article. For example, display ads promoting lawn mowers are more likely to appear on webpages with a gardening theme. Display ads usually appear in emails, webpages, and apps. Advertisers display banner ads prominently on a webpage. They were once extremely popular. We can still see them on webpages and apps. However, they are less common than they were. Online advertisers overused banner adds. In fact, they used them so much that they created ‘banner blindness.’ Banner blindness occurs when viewers become immune to banners. In other words, when viewers mentally block out the banners. A native ad is a piece of writing that appears in an online publication – it looks just like part of an article. However, it is not. It is a paid ad that the advertiser has placed. The aim of a native ad, just like any other advert, is to promote a service or product. Some advertisers place their native ads too discreetly. In other words, you cannot tell whether they are part of the text or an advertisement. You cannot tell until you click on them. In fact, many readers today complain that some text ads appear like part of the blog. This is sneaky, they say. On most blogs, however, the native ad will an indication that it is promotional material. For example, you may see the phrase ‘Sponsor’s Message’ before the ad. An affiliate link is a specific URL that has the affiliate’s username or ID. Advertisers use affiliate links to record traffic that a promotional campaign sends to the advertiser’s website. This is all part of an ‘affiliate program.’ In affiliate marketing, the advertiser recruits affiliates to sell its goods or services online. If you sign up to a provider’s website, they send you a specific link to their site. You then place this link on your website. When visitors to your site click on the ad, they go to the advertiser’s site. As an affiliate, you receive a commission. Your commission may be according to the number of referrals or sales. In other words, how many people you send or how many orders the advertiser achieves from your referrals. Social Media Ads Social media ads appear on websites like Facebook, i.e., online social media networks. Most of them look like regular social media posts or ‘tweets.’ Most social media ads are relevant to the user’s interests. In-app advertising refers to ads that appear in a software app. They may be native ads, text ads, display ads, or a combination. This type of advertising has become increasingly more popular over the past five years. In other words, since the upswing in mobile sage, marketers have taken advantage of in-app advertising. Video ads appear before you watch a video footage online. In websites like YouTube and Vimeo, such ads are becoming more common. In fact, video ads are just like traditional TV ads. However, the advertiser can monitor the effectiveness of a video ad better than a TV ad. For example, with a TV ad, I do not know what the viewer does after seeing the advertisement. With an online video ad, if the viewer clicks on the advert, I know about it. I also know where the viewer goes, i.e., which web pages they visit. Email ads appear as either texts, display ads, or native ads on emails. For the advertiser, having a direct line of communication with individuals is great. Thus, email advertising is one of the most effective advertising methods there are. “Online advertising is a form of marketing and advertising which uses the Internet to deliver promotional marketing messages to consumers.” “It includes email marketing, search engine marketing, social media marketing, many types of display advertising, and mobile advertising.” Video – is online advertising creepy? In this TEDx Talks video, Dr. David Stillwell, from the Psychometrics Centre in Cambridge University, talks about online advertising. Is it creepy? He says it doesn’t have to be.

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Research and analysis The World Trade Report is an annual publication that aims to deepen understanding about trends in trade, trade policy issues and the multilateral trading system. The ever-growing number of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) is a prominent feature of international trade. The World Trade Report 2011 describes the historical development of PTAs and the current landscape of agreements. It examines why PTAs are established, their economic effects, and the contents of the agreements themselves. Finally it considers the interaction between PTAs and the multilateral trading system. Accumulated trade opening - at the multilateral, regional and unilateral level - has reduced the scope for offering preferential tariffs under PTAs. As a result, only a small fraction of global merchandise trade receives preferences and preferential tariffs are becoming less important in PTAs. The report reveals that more and more PTAs are going beyond preferential tariffs, with numerous non-tariff areas of a regulatory nature being included in the agreements. Global production networks may be prompting the emergence of these "deep" PTAs as good governance on a range of regulatory areas is far more important to these networks than further reductions in already low tariffs. Econometric evidence and case studies support this link between production networks and deep PTAs. The report ends by examining the challenge that deep PTAs present to the multilateral trading system and proposes a number of options for increasing coherence between these agreements and the trading system regulated by the WTO. Published 20 July 2011 | 252 pages | 297 x 210 mm | Weight 0.900 kg

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HANOVER, N.H. — The United Nations may serve as a key facilitator in bringing world leaders together to discuss pressing issues, but a new study finds it’s actually been quite effective at spreading democracy and suppressing global conflicts, including wars, from happening. Researchers at Dartmouth College and Ohio State University combed through 5,143 U.N. General Assembly voting records from 1946 through 2011, hoping to find the degree to which the body is competent in preventing conflict. Overall, the U.N. is effective at promoting peaceful, diplomatic dialogue, the researchers found, despite a perception to the contrary among many. “There is more nuance in voting records than was previously thought,” says researcher Skyler Cramner, professor of political science at Ohio State, in a news release. “The evidence demonstrates that the U.N. is more effective at achieving its mandate of avoiding wars than many experts think.” The study looked at diplomatic priorities more so on a micro level than previous studies, many of which assumed that U.N. resolutions were reflective of the desires of individual states. Through their data analysis, the researchers saw how certain voting alliances among nation states — termed “affinity communities”— were the undergirding for coalition building and cooperation across the U.N. The biggest defined cluster of countries included Russia, Japan, China, and a number of Western European nations. Throughout the history of the U.N., the researchers identified 15 instances of nearly complete solidarity amongst the body’s members. It should be noted that the United States was often one of the few countries to abstain from providing full support during these instances. Ultimately, the more countries that backed a resolution, the more powerful its effect. “While the U.N. obviously does not prevent all armed conflict, the affinity communities reduce the probability of conflict,” explains researcher Scott Pauls, chair of the Department of Mathematics at Dartmouth. “It is through this mechanism of intensified diplomatic interaction that the U.N. has historically been able to better achieve its primary goal of maintaining international peace and security.” The study’s findings are published in the Oct. 15, 2017 edition of the journal Physica A.

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On the 4th of March 2010, a US Congressional Committee was given the task of deciding whether or not to recognise the Armenian Genocide. They voted 23 to 22 in conviction that the killings were in fact an act of genocide despite discouragement from the Obama government. The question arising here is why nearly 100 years after the events; governments are only just recognising what happened in Armenia as genocide. So why are they reluctant to speak up and label the massacres as genocide? Article Two of the UN Convention on Genocide of December 1948 describes genocide as carrying out acts intended "to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group". During the years of 1915-1917 it is estimated that around 600,000 Armenians were massacred through acts such as death marches, mass burnings, deportations, drowning and poisoning. This does not include the 25 concentration camps set up to exterminate the Christian population of the Ottoman Empire. It is also forgotten that the Armenians were not the only victims within this genocide; it is the conviction of the International Association of Genocide Scholars that the Ottoman campaign against Christian minorities of the Empire between 1914 and 1923 constituted genocide against Armenians, Assyrians, and Pontian and Anatolian Greeks. The Turkish government still refuses to acknowledge the killings as genocide on the basis that ‘there was no systematic attempt to destroy the Christian Armenian people’. So what does constitute an attempt to destroy a people? 20 Countries have recognised the killings as genocide including Argentina, Belgium, Canada, France, Italy and Russia, yet controversially the European Union has said Turkish acceptance of the Armenian genocide is not a condition for Turkey's entry into the bloc. America has also not wanted to recognise the killings as genocide, despite one of Obama’s election campaign promises being to identify the killings. So why are countries reluctant to acknowledge the genocide? Many countries are reluctant to recognise the events as genocide for diplomatic reasons as Turkey takes offence to any country that recognises the events officially as genocide. In 2006, France held a parliamentary vote which would make it a crime to deny that the Armenians suffered genocide. The bill never became law, but Turkey consequently cut off all military ties with France. The decision that has now been taken by the US Congressional Committee on the 4th of March 2010 has led to Turkey now withdrawing their ambassador from Washington, despite the fact that the Obama government recognised that the decision of the Congressional Committee to acknowledge the events as genocide could not only jeopardise USA and Turkish relations but also the fragile peace between Armenia and Turkey. The fragile relationship between Turkey and Armenia is also a significant factor within this debate. After years of hostility and war, the two countries signed a pact (which is not binding and has not been ratified) in 2006 to open diplomatic ties and their shared border and some countries fear recognising the genocide could increase hostility between the two countries. What does the British government say? Britain’s stance is currently that ‘the events of 1915 should be left to historians.’ The regional assemblies of Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland all now recognise the genocide which begs the question why not the national parliament? The same argument lies within the USA; as 42 out of 50 states have officially recognised the genocide, why is it so difficult for the federal government? It would be unthinkable for any country not to recognise the Holocaust, Rwandan Genocide or the Srebrenica Massacres, so who decides what constitutes a genocide? Should it be about governments and diplomacy, or about people and victims? And why in this modern age are politicians still disinclined to use the ‘G’ word when addressing conflicts such as Darfur? By Chloe Smith

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In Ecology News: Python vs the Everglades Are exotic pythons devastating Florida’s Everglades National Park? By Liza Lester, ESA communications officer Sometimes the snake wins. The exotic Burmese python is a new and deadly predator allegedly squeezing the wildlife of Florida’s already environmentally pressured Everglades. Large snakes have been observed swallowing American alligators and 80-pound deer, but more common prey are small mammals like raccoons, rabbits, and ‘possums, which have been disappearing. Credit, Lori Oberhofer, National Park Service. A WAXING population of Burmese pythons has suspiciously paralleled waning sightings of native critters in Florida’s Everglades, says a paper out this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Following on the tail of an announcement two weeks ago (Jan 17th) that the U.S. will ban imports and interstate sales of the exotic python and three other large constrictor snakes (yellow anacondas and northern and southern African pythons), the story has been attracting plenty of media attention. The case against the python is not a slam dunk, but the authors amass circumstantial evidence of its guilt in connection to the missing native fauna, and legislators are buying it. [See: EcoTone, 21 Sep 2011, “Deregulation of protections against invasive species can have dire long-term economic consequences.”] Burmese pythons (Python molurus bivittatus) are native to the warm latitudes of Southeast Asia, and arrived in Florida as pets. The python has an eclectic appetite, dining on more than forty varieties of evergladian mammal, bird and reptile, including other carnivores, endangered species, and the occasional alligator. Visitors and rangers have sighted pythons in the park for thirty years, but the park only began to view them as a resident population in 2000. A short decade later, the python had risen to the disreputable distinction of “conditional reptile,” and was officially blacklisted. Hopes that the cold winter of 2010 would kill off the pythons have been disappointed, as Terence explains in Tuesday’s EcoTone post. In July 2010, Florida Fish and Wildlife forbade acquisition of new pythons, required grandfathered owners to microchip their pets and obtain a license, and instituted a permitting system for civilian python hunting in the public parks. The US has imported 112,000 Burmese Pythons since 1990, according to the US Fish and Wildlife Service. Owners have been known to release their sinuous darlings after the snakes, which can reach almost 20 feet, grow too large to cohabitate comfortably in the house. But park managers speculate that the 1992 category 5 storm Hurricane Andrew may be the primary source of the python population explosion. An internal Fish and Wildlife study found little genetic variation in the python population—a sign of a small, closely related foundling group. “At least one facility had over 900 Burmese pythons at the time [Andrew struck] and was destroyed completely. This facility was within just a mile or so of what is believed to be the epicenter of the population, and it possessed animals from the same genetic origin. Since 1992 the FWC has put into place more stringent regulations on housing, disaster protocols and bio security in general,” wrote Florida herpetologist Shawn Heflick in a lengthy and interesting Q&A accompanying PBS’ Nature episode “Invasion of the Giant Pythons” in February 2010. The python’s success in its new home has bumped it from rare feral pet to alarming invasive species in the eyes of the managers responsible for the restoration of the Everglades. They don’t know exactly how many snakes are in the park, but they know that they have been killing a lot more snakes lately. “All of the pythons that are captured in the park are actually removed from the park, so that precludes us from doing mark-recapture studies,” said lead author Michael Dorcas, in an interview with The Atlantic’s Brian Resnick. Since park policy is to dispose of the invasive snake, the researchers do not have unassailable data on the python’s demographics. Their evidence of a population boom is a recorded surge in the number of snakes removed by rangers, which is not, as they say “corrected for effort,” or for rangers’ sensitivity to the presence of the python. Their data on the python’s prey are similarly freighted. The park service tracked road kill (of the fuzzy variety) in the Everglades from 1993 to 1999, with more systematic surveys of encounters with wildlife, both alive and dead, along Park roads from 1996-1997, and (at different intervals) from 2003 to 2010. They don’t have truly methodical estimates of how many animals live in the swamp, or where rabbits and foxes and bobcats particularly like to hang out, but they have managed to quantify their every-day on-the-job experiences with wildlife in the park. Experience has left a strong impression of insidiously multiplying snakes coincident with the disappearance of everything else. Between 1993 and 1999, over 250 raccoons died at the wheels of vehicles on the everglades’ sparsely used roads. In the 80s, ‘coons showed up so often in campgrounds that they were deemed a nuisance, and the park instituted unspecified control measures. Raccoon encounters have fallen by 89% since the 90s, fox by 83%, and deer by 89%. Rabbits seem to have vanished in the python high-traffic zone. The authors note that human encounters with other animals are more frequent where pythons are rare. The constellation of indirect evidence adds up strong suspicion of a python connection. To boost their case that the rising tide of pythons is the variable responsible for the ebb in mammalian road deaths (and other encounters) the authors argue that disease and human influence are unlikely competing hypotheses. A single infectious agent is unlikely to take out such an evolutionarily broad swath of animals, and hunting in the park is already forbidden, they say. Andrew Wyatt, president of the United States Association of Reptile Keepers was quick to point out the study’s weaknesses on NPR’s Diane Rehm Show on Wednesday. “The press and the media got quite carried away with the press release and actually reported a number of things that are not detailed in the paper at all,” he said. “In the paper, there is no direct causation linked to the Burmese python, it’s speculative. There are numerous studies out there that have been done in regards to mammal declines, and bird declines, in the Everglades that are linked back not to the Burmese python, but back to hydrology and high levels of mercury.” Wayne Pacelle, President and C.E.O. of the Humane Society of the United States, partially proved Wyatt’s point with his rebuttal, overstating the decline in observations of mammals as direct measurements of disappearing animal populations, and ascribing the loss to Burmese pythons. Demonstrating causation, if it is true, may be rather difficult. But what we have here is good preliminary data, a very strong itchy intuition, that something is not right in the swamp. Dorcas, M., Willson, J., Reed, R., Snow, R., Rochford, M., Miller, M., Meshaka, W., Andreadis, P., Mazzotti, F., Romagosa, C., & Hart, K. (2012). Severe mammal declines coincide with proliferation of invasive Burmese pythons in Everglades National Park Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1115226109 Video battle: python vs alligator! (2010) from PBS’ Nature episode “Invasion of the giant pythons.”

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It was June 19, 1865, when Major General Gordon Granger, a Union general during the American Civil War, issued General Orders No. 3, informing Texans that “in accordance with a proclamation from the Executive of the United States, ‘all slaves are free.’” This moment came about two and a half years after the Emancipation Proclamation was issued, and became known as the holiday Juneteenth. Ramadan is a time of year that most Muslims look forward to. It is a time to feel closer to God, become more charitable, identify with those who are less fortunate, embrace a sense of community and, of course, eat a large breaking-of-the-fast feast with friends and family. ASDA’s Council on Professional Issues is thrilled to celebrate World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development again this year on May 21. The council recognizes the importance of this day to reflect on the diversity of dental students, our colleagues and our patients. Mardi Gras is a 300-year-old holiday, wrapped in rich tradition and celebration. It started in 1699 in the location of present-day New Orleans, after French settlers held a small festivity deemed Point du Mardi Gras. This unique holiday has gained quite the following in the United States over the last 100 years and is often synonymous with vibrant parties and spectacular floats. If you search the word “normal,” the definition you’ll see resembles this: “conforming to a standard, usual, typical or expected.” In a world where labels and definitions are engraved in our minds, I am redefining normal. Eid al-Fitr (“Breaking of the Fast”) is a Muslim three-day holiday, signifying the end of fasting during the month of Ramadan. Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar during which the Qur’an was revealed. In this month, it is obligatory for all able Muslims to partake in a month-long fast where they are to abstain from food and drink (yes, even water!) during daylight hours. Fasting during the month of Ramadan is one of the Five Pillars of Islam, along with a declaration of faith, five daily prayers, giving to charity and a pilgrimage to Mecca. The holy month is also used as an opportunity to build one’s spirituality. At night, Muslims line up to offer a number of optional prayers called “Taraweeh” while listening to and reflecting on the recitation of the Qur’an. In 2002, the United Nations General Assembly declared May 21 World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development. In honor of this day, ASDA’s Council on Professional Issues asked dental students to discuss the importance of diversity and how their chapter celebrates members’ unique differences.

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This is a statue located on Mactan Island in the Phillipines. It is dedicated to Ferdinand Magellan. Mactan is where Magellan was killed by a native Filipino tribe led by Lapu Lapu. Magellan and his crew were attempting to become the first people to circumnavigate the Earth. Although Magellan died here, his crew succeeded in completing the journey on September 6, 1522. The expedition had left Spain three years earlier in 1519 with 214 men aboard four ships, but only 18 men made it all the way around. This was the cost of exploration.

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“Every time you step into your kitchen to cook or bake, you put science to work. In fact, physics and chemistry come into play whenever you simmer, steam, bake, freeze, boil, purée, or ferment food. Thus, every time you step into the kitchen, it’s an opportunity for everyone to learn more about science.” — Liz Heinecke, author of Kitchen Science Lab for Kids: Edible Edition Like many parents working from home while their kids are learning remotely, I’ve been looking for creative ways to connect with my child — and nowhere has this been truer than in the kitchen. As people around the world find themselves spending an unprecedented amount of time preparing meals, cooking with kids has become a meaningful way to turn an everyday task into a delicious learning experience. If anyone knows this firsthand — and knew it well before the pandemic hit — it’s Liz Heinecke, a former molecular biology researcher who left the field after earning her master’s degree to be a stay-at-home mom. Heinecke started sharing her love of science with her three kids as they grew up, chronicling their adventures on her KitchenPantryScientist website; now she’s the author of a series of books ranging from hands-on activity guides to illustrated biographies of scientists, as well as a regular television guest and a NASA Earth Ambassador. Kitchen science, as Heinecke calls it, doesn’t require any fancy equipment or ingredients — and, best of all in the era of remote education, you can integrate science lessons into everyday meal prep. By helping with cooking, kids from toddlers to teenagers can engage in lively, project-based lessons. Little ones can learn the basics of math and fractions; older kids already being exposed to basic science concepts in school can observe them in action, plus learn fundamentals about nutrition and flavor combinations. Most recipes contain multiple curiosity-sparking teaching opportunities — not to mention that, once you’re finished, you get to eat your work. We spoke to Heinecke for some advice and tips on turning meal prep into fun family learning. What can you teach toddlers in the kitchen? Liz Heinecke: My goal is to make science fun and approachable for toddlers so that they aren’t intimidated when they start learning science in school. Toddlers can measure and count ingredients and learn fundamental science concepts. One fun experiment is to make a thickening fluid (often used to make gravy) with two parts cornstarch to one part water. Older kids will recognize that this is called a non-Newtonian fluid; little kids can simply have fun rolling it into balls and letting it slip through their fingers. Observing the way two ingredients change one another is basic chemistry. How does doing kitchen science at home complement learning in school? LH: Teachers do a great job, but their time and resources can be limited. At home, kids can really play and take as much time as they need, getting their hands dirty with a concept or experimenting with new ideas. How can simple recipes teach complex science? LH: Even the easiest recipes include both simple and complex scientific concepts. Kitchen science isn’t just about what you’re cooking; it’s also about understanding the why. By taking the time to understand how ingredients and temperature interact and why substances behave the way they do, everyone involved — including parents — will learn some chemistry, biology, and physics. For example, we all know oil and water don’t mix easily, but we can change this by adding mustard, which is a surfactant, to the oil and water to make a salad dressing. This is an opportunity to teach kids about the science of emulsions. Adding lemon juice to a vegetable stops that vegetable from turning brown; cabbage changes color when you add vinegar to it. Both of those phenomena are the result of chemical reactions. In the classroom, it can be hard to see how scientific concepts will apply outside the lab. But when kids see these concepts play out in the real world, that sparks curiosity and learning. What’s your advice for enlisting older kids? LH: Cooking with older kids is a great way to up your own science knowledge. With kids ages nine to twelve, I recommend side-by-side learning. Try out more advanced recipes that offer both culinary and scientific challenges — for example, mirror glaze frosting or a soufflé. If your kids love cooking shows, that can be a great opportunity for you to challenge one another to make more sophisticated and delicious recipes, while still learning the science behind each dish. What are some tips for turning kitchen time into science time? - Remember that cooking is an opportunity for experimentation. Play with different quantities of ingredients in the same recipe to see how the results differ. - Read the recipe before you start cooking. (Scientists always read their protocols before they start an experiment.) - Use rimmed baking sheets in order to keep your work areas clean. - Safety first! Before you begin, make sure you have a good idea which steps will require parental guidance. - Keep a kitchen science log: as you cook, observe and write down what you see. Research and discuss the “whys.” - Most importantly: Have fun! Eight meal-worthy recipes that double as edible science experiments for the whole family Sweet soda syrups: Simple syrups are sweet liquids that contain more sugar than water would normally hold at room temperature. Adding heat to the water makes it possible to dissolve extra sugar molecules in it, creating a delicious liquid that can be used to sweeten everything from pancakes to drinks. This experiment will help you understand supersaturated solutions. Sunset lemonade: Atoms are the building blocks of matter. The number of atoms in a certain volume of a liquid determines that liquid’s density. The more atoms a liquid has in each liter, the denser that liquid is. In this recipe, you’ll see how liquids of different densities interact: less-dense liquids float on top of denser ones. Vinaigrette: An emulsion is simply a mixture of two things that are normally unmixable, like oil and water. To create an emulsion, it helps to add a mediator, or a “surfactant,” which can get between the molecules to stabilize the mixture. While making vinaigrette dressing, you’ll observe how mustard acts as a surfactant to hold the mixture together. “Pucker-up” pickles: Acids, such as citric acid and vinegar, taste sour and are often added to food to balance and brighten flavor. Acids can also be used to preserve food. In this recipe, you’ll learn how vinegar inactivates the chemicals that cause vegetables to turn brown, which helps keep pickled veggies looking pretty. Chewy pizza crust: When particles of wheat flour are added to water and then stirred, the proteins in the flour form a unique elastic complex called gluten. Gluten can absorb large amounts of water, and kneading the resulting dough allows those gluten complexes to come into contact with more gluten, which in turn forms super-long elastic structures. In this recipe, you’ll learn why gluten strands add chewiness to pizza crust. Sky-high soufflé: A soufflé is built on a simple foundation of eggs, milk and flour. When that mixture is placed in the oven, the heat forces the air bubbles in the batter to expand, causing the soufflé to rise. In this recipe you’ll learn about the elasticity of egg proteins while making a cloud of deliciousness. Ice cream: Surrounding a mixture of sugar and cream with very cold temperatures starts a process that causes the water in the cream to begin freezing, forming solid ice crystals in the mixture. Making ice cream is a great way to understand the science of crystal formation. Baked Alaska: The meringue topping on a Baked Alaska is a foam made up of bubbles, which makes it a perfect edible insulator. In this recipe, you’ll observe how this network of air-filled bubbles protects the ice cream from melting in the oven. Liz Lee Heinecke has loved science ever since she was old enough to inspect her first butterfly. She graduated from Luther College and received her master’s degree in bacteriology from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. After leaving the lab to become a stay-at-home mom, she’s dedicated herself to making it simple for parents to do science with kids of all ages, and for kids to experiment safely on their own. Today Liz is the author of Kitchen Science Lab for Kids; Kitchen Science Lab for Kids: Edible Edition; Outdoor Science Lab for Kids; STEAM Lab for Kids; and Little Learning Labs: Kitchen Science for Kids. Her Kitchen Pantry Scientist series pairs illustrated biographies of scientists with engaging hands-on activities inspired by their work. Current titles in that series include Chemistry for Kids and Biology for Kids. Her newest book, Physics for Kids, will hit shelves in the fall of 2021.

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What is Gua Sha? Of the many ancient health practices, one of the most curious is the technique of Gua Sha. Gua Sha is a Chinese phrase that translates “to scrape away fever”. This form of folk medicine is based on the ancient idea that by scraping away the top layers of the skin, disease can then escape the body. The disease appears as sandy objects that are released from the skin. Such ancient techniques are still being used in China, Indonesia, Japan and Vietnam under the name of “Cao Gio”. There are some English terms for this technique, most commonly called “spooning” or “coining”. Gua Sha used repeated strokes under pressure on the skin that is lubricated. The object used for this process is generally smooth such as spoon or a coin. In some cases animal bones, horns or even jade has been used. Also, smooth metal caps may be used as they are common considering the availability of such caps. The smooth edge of these objects are placed against the pre-lubricated skin, pressed downwards and moved along the muscle groups. Each stroke is generally a few inches long and in some cultures can follow the meridians of acupuncture. The visible result is blood from the capillaries just under the skin will seep into the top layers of the skin, causing blemishing which can take up to a week to fade away. This blemishing is not a rash or the bruising of the capillaries since it fades over a short period of time. Depending on the blood stasis of the person undergoing Gua Sha, the color of the blemishing may appear light red to a very dark blue. This coloring will be affected by whatever the patient is suffering from at the time. The Gua Sha Technique in Vietnam for example uses a number of methods, most commonly the skin on the back is covered in an oil balm and a coin or other smooth object is applied to the skin. There are other methods where a hard boiled egg is used with a coin inserted into the yolk. The egg is then wrapped in cloth and rubbed over the forehead is the person is suffering from fever. Interesting enough, when the coin is removed from the egg after the technique has been completed, the coin will appear black. Although there is little evidence in Western medical circles that Gua Sha has the effect of “freeing” the disease from the body, it is still practiced widely in many Eastern cultures. Plus, many Vietnamese who live in Western societies still use Gua Sha at home. This has lead to many Vietnamese living in Western societies who use Gua Sha on their children to avoid going to local hospitals and clinics in fear that the temporary markings would be mistaken for child abuse. Despite the questionable nature of the effects of Gua Sha, it is still widely practiced today and it certainly has the effect of increasing blood flow and helping to relax the patient who may be suffering from some type of minor condition such as fever or illness. Dr. Alec Khlebopros, is the treatment director of Proactive Chiropractic and Rehab Center offering over 8 years of professional practice and has treated thousands of patients. Dr. Alec is more than capable of servicing those with pain with Gua Sha treatment. He is a well respected Chiropractor in Charlotte NC and is involved in his community. For more information on Gua Sha from this Charlotte chiropractor visit the website. Goodlife Chiropractic in Redondo Beach is happy to announce its endorsement to a local business in the Southbay. We have received many compliments regarding their business and we wanted to give them props for their good work. Please see their link below if you are interested in any of their tutoring services for people and kids of all ages. Redondo & Manhattan Beach Tutors Redondo Beach Chiropractor Dr. David E. Carry Explains Chiropractor in Southbay, Dr. David E. Carry of Goodlife Chiropractic in Redondo Beach. The Benefits Of Massage There are several benefits of having regular massage therapy. Here is a list of several benefits ... massage can: - Decrease low-back pain and improve range of motion. - Assist with shorter, easier labor for expectant mothers and shorten maternity hospital stays. - Decreases medication dependence. - Enhance immunity by stimulating lymph flow—the body's natural defense system. - Exercise and stretch weak, tight, or atrophied muscles. - Help athletes of any level prepare for, and recover from, strenuous workouts. - Improve the condition of the body's largest organ—the skin. - Increase joint flexibility. - Lessen depression and anxiety. - Promote tissue regeneration, reducing scar tissue and stretch marks. - Pump oxygen and nutrients into tissues and vital organs, improving circulation. - Lowered postsurgery adhesions and swelling. - Decreased spasms and cramping. - Relax and soften injured, tired, and tired muscles. - Release endorphins—amino acids that work as the body's natural painkiller. - Decreases migraine pain. Decrease in Stress leads to decrease in several DIS-eases - Decreased anxiety. - Enhanced sleep quality. - Greater energy. - Improved concentration. - Increased circulation. - Reduced fatigue. Furthermore, clients often report a sense of perspective and clarity after receiving a massage. The emotional balance bodywork provides can often be just as vital and valuable as the more tangible physical benefits. In response to massage, specific physiological and chemical changes cascade throughout the body, with profound effects. Research shows that with massage: - Arthritis sufferers note fewer aches and less stiffness and pain. - Asthmatic children show better pulmonary function and increased peak air flow. - Burn injury patients report reduced pain, itching, and anxiety. - High blood pressure patients demonstrate lower diastolic blood pressure, anxiety, and stress hormones. - Premenstrual syndrome sufferers have decreased water retention and cramping. - Preterm infants have improved weight gain. Massages can be book today at Goodlife Chiropractic in Redondo Beach , 1300. S. Pacific Coast Hwy Suite 201 Redondo Beach CA 90277 My baby cries all the time. Could it be colic? Redondo Beach Chiropractor - Dr. David E. Carry Explains how Chiropractors can help with fussy baby syndrome or colic babies. If you have a baby that is uncontrollably crying and otherwise healthy it may be Colic. If your baby is less than 6 months old and cries for more than a few hours in a row for three or more days a week up to three weeks, chances are he's colicky. Symptoms of a colicky baby - Since colicky babies can’t tell you exactly where there pain is, it can be hard for parents to know the exact stress to them, but it is usually from digestive disturbance with intense spasmodic cramping. - Cries uncontrollably for long periods, despite any efforts of consoling. - Symptoms are around the same time each day or night. - Cries usually after meal times and often ending as abruptly as they began. - Shows signs of gas discomfort and abdominal bloating - Stomach is hard and distended, with knees pulled to the chest, flailing arms and legs, and an arched back. Chiropractic care can be very valuable in helping to calm the colic babies. If you have a colicky baby that has not been responding to other forms of treatment, you may want to take your baby to a chiropractor for a check-up. As your child is being born, the vertebrae in the neck and back can go out of alignment due to the intense stretching and compressing of their body as it enters into the world. The chances of vertebral misalignment can be greater if your delivery was traumatic, included a prolonged pushing stage, forceps or vacuum extraction, or other form of assisted delivery. If enough pressure is applied to the soft and delicate nervous system of your baby, it can become compromised leading to improper nerve flow and disrupt digestive functions. The treatment of chiropractic is very safe and gentle pressure is used to areas of the spine. You may even see your baby completely relax right before your very eyes as the misalignments are corrected. Studies on babies receiving chiropractic care for colic has shown 94 percent of parents saw improvement in their baby's behavior within two weeks of onset of care. More than half of these babies had already been unsuccessfully treated, mainly by pharmacological means (1). Another study found 91 percent of babies experienced a reduction in colicky behavior following as little as two chiropractic adjustments (2). - 1. Klougart N, Nilsson N, Jacobsen J, Infantile colic treated by chiropractors: a prospective study of 316 cases. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1989; 12(4):281-8 / Medline ID: 89361049 - 2. Nilsson N; Infant Colic And Chiropractic. Eur J Chiropr 1985; 33(4): 264-265 / Mantis ID: 12365 The neck is suseptible to injury Redondo Beach Chiropractor Dr. David Carry Explains why Neck pain is sooooo common! Most people do not realize how often they move their neck until pains kick in. The neck is a very susceptible to injury due to the fact it has a huge degree of flexibility and very little amount of muscular stabilization. The human head weighs about the same as an average size bowling ball, 10-12lbs. Can you picture a bowling ball being supported by a thin stick? Well then you can see that it does not take much force to disrupt this delicate balance. The neck consists of 7 cervical vertebrae (neck bones) that stack up on each other. The extension of the brain, the spinal cord, runs down through the neck and sends out pairs of nerves between each one of these vertebrae. These nerves run up to the head, down into the arms, and to the upper back. Now, if the neck has a lot of pressure leaning forward, it can stretch the spinal cord anywhere from 5-7mm. Wow! Pressure can also be placed on the pairs of nerves that exit the spine. These are not good things. This is where symptoms start to set in and unfortunately leads to poor health. 7 Problems the neck contributes to: 1. Numbness, tingling, cold, aching, and “pins and needles” in the arms or hands. 3. Muscle spasms in the shoulders and upper back. 4. Ringing in the ears. 5. Otitis media (inflammation in the middle ear, often mistaken for an ear infection in children). 6. Temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMJ). 7. Restricted range of motion and chronic tightness in the neck and upper back. The Causes of Neck and Upper Back Pain Most neck and upper back pain can be caused by a many factors, including injuries, bad posture, stress, and in some cases, disc problems. Whiplash is one of the most common injuries to the neck. Whiplash is caused by a sudden movement of the head, either backward, forward, or sideways, that injures supporting neck muscles, ligaments, which can seriously irritate nerves in the spine. Whiplash should be taken very seriously because the symptoms can take weeks or months to manifest and create bigger problems down the road. Many studies show nearly half of whiplash victims, still suffer with symptoms years after their injuries. So don’t assume that you escaped injury because you don’t have much pain. Get it examined by a good chiropractor. Forward head posture and poor posture is very common for people who are hunched over their computers, desks, or driving long periods of time. This will create imbalances in the muscles and spine, which can lead to nerve irritation. When people become stressed their muscles become tight, especially the upper back and neck. This is a survival response designed to guard or protect the body. Stress can be a good thing, but when you are constantly under stress, that’s when it becomes a problem and starts to sneak up to you causing unwanted aches and pains. Disc Herniations or Bulges The discs in your neck can weaken and bulge putting pressure on the nerves that are next to them. Have you been noticing some of the above symptoms? Then get checked out by a good chiropractor. Contact us today to find out how we can help! Can Pain Be Your Friend? Redondo Beach Chiropractor, Dr. David E. Carry discusses pain. I do not think anyone enjoys pain, but in many occasions it can be a rather useful tool. Pain acts as a warning mechanism that lets us know that we have experienced some kind of injury or potential injury. So don’t ignore it even if it goes away. It could be a sign of bigger problems. Pain Begins with Nerves At the end of your peripheral nerves you have nociceptors, which activate whenever you have injury or the potential of injury. The nerves have different fibers so you can detect and respond to different sensations. Some of these sensations are light touch, sharp touch, pressure, temperature, and it also detects inflammation caused by injury, disease or infection. Now, when these nociceptors get activated they will send a signal to your spinal cord and eventually all the way to your brain. This happens within a blink of the eye. When messages get to your brain you will be able to feel certain types of pain. Some ways pain is felt or described: The ways pain is felt or described can help doctor narrow down what structures are being affected and where the pain may be coming from. Hot or cold The body can heal itself, but can’t self-correct itself. Let’s say you were involved in a mild to moderate sports collision; you felt a little banged up and complained of neck & shoulder pain, a headache, maybe some arms pain. In most cases the pain sensations would stop once it has healed. The reason for this is because the nociceptors would not detect any tissue damage or potential injury. This would be considered a new or acute injury, right? First of all, you have more nociceptors located near fine motor skilled areas, such as your fingers and toes, rather than your back. So it would take a lot more injury or pressure to sense any pain in your back than other areas. And Secondly, old or original injuries may show every indication of being healed because there is no pain, but this does not mean structures heal in the right place. If you have enough injury to your joints and/or soft tissue, scar tissue will form to attempt to repair the injured site. In most cases scar tissue cannot fully replace the missing tissue due to poor blood supply. Scar tissue is less flexible and can keep joints in incorrect positions; which in time can aggravate old problems due to improper bio-mechanics. Scar tissue can result from injury or without any indication of injury, like repetitive stress; holding your head in improper positions for hours on end. Only 10% of your nerves sense pain Nerves control every system, organ, & cell in the body. 90% of the nervous system is made up of the autonomic nervous system and the motor system. This means that only 10% of the nerves regulate our senses, the pains we feel. This is very, very, important! How many of you would agree that you base your health on how you feel or if you have pain you think you have a problem? I know that I would not base my health off of just 10%. Taking care of things before they become problems is a much better option! This means nerves could actually be interfered with for days, months, or even years before you actually start feeling any symptoms. Just think about when a person has a heart attack. They did not feel their arteries blocking and are usually not aware of any problem until it’s too late. Misaligned spinal bones can cause pain! Spinal joints are designed to protect the spinal cord and nerves, but if misaligned, they can irritate or compress the nervous system. The nerves supply every part of the body and if disturbed can lead to symptoms. Symptoms are the only way to let your body know that something is wrong. Chiropractors correct the cause to allow the body to heal correctly Chiropractors don’t treat the symptoms; they remove the interference of the nervous system and let the body heal itself. When you get a cut or broken bone, who heals it? Your body does. Chiropractic research show families who are under chiropractic care get sick less often, have less pain, miss less work, and have a better quality of life. Looking for the greatest doctor in the world? Well you don’t have to go very far to find the answer, because that doctor is your body’s own nervous system. Redondo Beach Chiropractor, Dr. David E. Carry explains the human body. The human body knows exactly what to do, and when to by sending messages through your own nervous system. This is called Innate Intelligence. The brain is the living life force of your body and it communicates with the rest of the body by sending signals back and forth through the spinal cord and nerves that exit between the spinal bones of your body. Now if the any of the spinal bones misalign they can break the communication with the rest of the body resulting in pains, sickness and disease. The bad part about this is there may not be any warning signs like pain to let us know what’s happening in the body until it starts getting too late. Most people do not maintain their health or wait until pains get worse before they get them check out. This is where people go into the doctor’s office and find out that they have high blood pressure or high cholesterol because there were no symptoms to let them know there was a problem. And when we do have pains most of us mask those warning signs with an aspirin or some type of pain killers. The human body is truly amazing! Think about when you eat a sandwich and how you don’t have to tell your body to digest it. Or if you get a cut, you don’t have to tell the body to heal it. It sends whatever medicine your body needs at the exact right moment in the exact correct dosage. To me the most fascinating thing that the body can do is create life. Think about two microscopic cells coming together and forming a brain, a heart, some lungs, and after nine months, a little person is formed. Soon enough this little person will be crawling, walking, and eventually talking to you. Since your own nervous system already knows what to do and when to do it. I think taking care of problems before they begin is a much better option than waiting until you are in a crisis care situation! Be proactive with your health because if you take care of the body it will take care of you. Doctors of Chiropractic are the best and only trained professionals to identify and treat misaligned spinal subluxations. visit our Goodlife Chiropractic, Redondo Beach CA Redondo Beach Chiropractor, Dr. David E. Carry is happy to announce that he and his crew from Goodlife Chiropractic will be providing Spinal Screenings and Wellness Education as well as massage Therapy for the Future Brides at the Brideworld Expo at the Crown Plaza in Redondo Beach CA. Brides, their wedding parties and proud moms will come to our booth with questions regarding Neck pain, Headaches, Weight Loss, Low back pain, Carpal Tunnel and Sciatica. What I wish everyone knew is that Chiropractic has also shown favorable results in patients with digestive complaints, Allergies, Sinus and Ear problems. It is my job as a Doctor to keep our community informed on the conservative options that we offer for relief of these symptoms. please visit our website www.davethechiropractor.com for more information. or call us now to book your appointment. Our New Patient Internet Speacial is only $25.

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Drones are rapidly becoming the tool of choice for Stockpile Measurement and Volumetric Analysis, producing results that are highly accurate, more timely and less expensive. Drone collected imaging data has generated measurements within mere centimeters of difference from traditional photogrammetry. In a study by Pix4D, a senseFly eBee was equipped with a standard 16-megapixel Canon and deployed over several gravel stockpile sites. The same sites were further surveyed using expensive, cutting-edge Riegel VZ400 laser scanner and RTK GNSS. Even across sites with varying vegetation, geological composition, and human development, the mean variation between volumetric results was only 3 centimeters. Loose and fill materials volumes could similarly be calculated with groundbreaking precision and ease. The variation not only complied with practical surveyor requirements, but was well within the margin of statistical error. Operating with industrial-grade cameras and at lower flight attitudes would further cut down on these almost imperceptible differences. While the objective was to ascertain stockpile volumes, UAV surveying provided highly detailed digital surface models (DSMs) and geo-referenced orthomosaics at no additional cost. The cross-integration with existing GIS/CAD software also proved a treat -- leading to a smooth, fully automated workflow. Most importantly, utilizing UAVs reduced time and cost by eliminating the need for cumbersome substations and more expensive equipment. While drone surveying was developed primarily for construction and engineering purposes, the technology has been pushed into other fields such as precision agriculture. Biomass volume estimation in particular has proven highly effective in assessing crop yield and health. Growth can be monitored on a weekly, plot-by-plot basis alongside factors such as plant genetics and field treatments. Agriculture professionals will certainly find UAVs tremendously beneficial as this new index raises efficiency in labor and resource allocation. Other industries will no doubt reach the same conclusion as UAV manufacturers and developers continue to push the envelope of volumetric analysis.

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What is a Credit Default Swap (CDS)? A credit default swap (CDS) is a financial derivative or contract that allows an investor to "swap" or offset his or her credit risk with that of another investor. For example, if a lender is worried that a borrower is going to default on a loan, the lender could use a CDS to offset or swap that risk. To swap the risk of default, the lender buys a CDS from another investor who agrees to reimburse the lender in the case the borrower defaults. Most CDS will require an ongoing premium payment to maintain the contract, which is like an insurance policy. A credit default swap is designed to transfer the credit exposure of fixed income products between two or more parties. In a CDS, the buyer of the swap makes payments to the swap's seller until the maturity date of a contract. In return, the seller agrees that – in the event that the debt issuer (borrower) defaults or experiences another credit event – the seller will pay the buyer the security's value as well as all interest payments that would have been paid between that time and the security's maturity date. A credit default swap is also often referred to as a credit derivative contract. Credit Default Swaps (CDS) - Credit default swaps, or CDS, are derivative contracts that enable investors to swap credit risk with another investor - Credit default swaps are the most common credit derivatives and are often used to transfer credit exposure on fixed income products - Credit default swaps are traded over-the-counter, which makes them hard to track for regulators Credit Default Swaps (CDS) Explained Bonds and other debt securities have risk that the borrower will not repay the debt or its interest. Because debt securities will often have lengthy terms to maturity, as much as 30 years, it is difficult for the investor to make reliable estimates about that risk over the entire life of the instrument. Credit default swaps have become an extremely popular way to manage this kind of risk. The U.S. Comptroller of the Currency issues a quarterly report on credit derivatives and in a report issued in June 2018, it placed the size of the entire market at $4.2 trillion, of which CDS accounted for $3.68 trillion. Credit Default Swap as Insurance A credit default swap is, in effect, insurance against non-payment. Through a CDS, the buyer can avoid the consequences of a borrower's default by shifting some or all that risk onto an insurance company or other CDS seller in exchange for a fee. In this way, the buyer of a credit default swap receives credit protection, while the seller of the swap guarantees the creditworthiness of the debt security. For example, the buyer of a credit default swap will be entitled to the par value of the contract by the seller of the swap, along with any unpaid interest, should the issuer default on payments. It is important to note that the credit risk isn't eliminated – it has been shifted to the CDS seller. The risk is that the CDS seller defaults at the same time the borrower defaults. This was one of the primary causes of the 2008 credit crisis: CDS sellers like Lehman Brothers, Bear Stearns and AIG defaulted on their CDS obligations. While credit risk hasn't been eliminated through a CDS, risk has been reduced. For example, if Lender A has made a loan to Borrower B with a mid-range credit rating, Lender A can increase the quality of the loan by buying a CDS from a seller with a better credit rating and financial backing than Borrower B. The risk hasn't gone away, but it has been reduced through the CDS. If the debt issuer does not default and if all goes well, the CDS buyer will end up losing money through the payments on the CDS, but the buyer stands to lose a much greater proportion of its investment if the issuer defaults and if it had not bought a CDS. As such, the more the holder of a security thinks its issuer is likely to default, the more desirable a CDS is and the more it will cost. Credit Default Swap in Context Any situation involving a credit default swap will have a minimum of three parties. The first party involved is the institution that issued the debt security (borrower). The debt may be bonds or other kinds of securities and are essentially a loan that the debt issuer has received from the lender. If a company sells a bond with a $100 face value and a 10-year maturity to a buyer, the company is agreeing to pay back the $100 to the buyer at the end of the 10-year period as well as regular interest payments over the course of the bond's life. Yet, because the debt issuer cannot guarantee that it will be able repay the premium, the debt buyer has taken on risk. The debt buyer is the second party in this exchange and will also be the CDS buyer, if the parties decide to engage in a CDS contract. The third party, the CDS seller, is most often a large bank or insurance company that guarantees the underlying debt between the issuer and the buyer. This is very similar to an insurance policy on a home or car. CDS are complex because they are traded over-the-counter (meaning they are non-standardized). There is a lot of speculation in the CDS market, where investors can trade the obligations of the CDS if they believe they can make a profit. For example, assume there is a CDS that earns $10,000 quarterly payments to insure a $10 million bond. The company that originally sold the CDS believes that the credit quality of the borrower has improved so the CDS payments are high. The company could sell the rights to those payments and the obligations to another buyer and potentially make a profit. Alternatively, imagine an investor who believes that Company A is likely to default on its bonds. The investor can buy a CDS from a bank that will pay out the value of that debt if Company A defaults. A CDS can be purchased even if the buyer does not own the debt itself. This is a bit like a neighbor buying a CDS on another home in her neighborhood because she knows that the owner is out of work and may default on the mortgage. Though credit default swaps can insure the payments of a bond through maturity, they do not necessarily need to cover the entirety of the bond's life. For example, imagine an investor is two years into a 10-year security and thinks that the issuer is in credit trouble. The bond owner may choose to buy a credit default swap with a five-year term that would protect the investment until the seventh year, when the bondholder believes the risks will have faded. It is even possible for investors to effectively switch sides on a credit default swap to which they are already a party. For example, if a CDS seller believes that the borrower is likely to default, the CDS seller can buy its own CDS from another institution or sell the contract to another bank in order to offset the risks. The chain of ownership of a CDS can become very long and convoluted, which makes tracking the size of this market difficult. Real World Example of a Credit Default Swap Credit default swaps were widely used during the European Sovereign Debt crisis. In September 2011, Greece government bonds had a 94% probability of default. Investors holding Greek bonds could have paid $5.7 million upfront and $100,000 each year for a credit default swap (CDS) to insure $10 million worth of bonds for five years. Many hedge funds even used CDS as a way to speculate on the likelihood that the country would default.

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Evolution is a vital, well-supported, unifying principle of the biological sciences, and the scientific evidence is overwhelmingly in favor of the idea that all living things share a common ancestry. Although there are legitimate debates about the patterns and processes of evolution, there is no serious scientific doubt that evolution occurred or that natural selection is a major mechanism in its occurrence. It is scientifically inappropriate and pedagogically irresponsible for creationist pseudoscience, including but not limited to "intelligent design," to be introduced into the science curricula of our nation's public schools. Project Steve's official statement Project Steve is a tongue-in-cheek response to creationist claims that evolution is a "theory in crisis". Directly, it riffs on the Dissent from Darwinism List, which is a collection of scientists and other professionals who challenge the validity of the theory of evolution in order to demonstrate that its rejection is not purely motivated by religious belief. Realizing that such a list should not be left without a response or the public might take its "theory in crisis" claim too seriously, the National Center for Science Education took what they felt was appropriate action. Of course, to collect the names of all scientists who support evolutionary theory would result in an absurdly massive and therefore utterly meaningless list, so to bring it down to a manageable and humorous level they decided to only collect scientists named Steve (in honor of Stephen Jay Gould). Variations of Steve are accepted, including Stephanie, and the applicant must have a PhD or equivalent degree. Statistically, 1.6% of males and 0.4% of females are named Steve or Stephanie, which gives a rough approximation of the list representing 1% of the total number of scientists who accept evolutionary theory. The original goal of Project Steve was to collect 100 names, to match the year 2002 number of names on the Dissent from Darwinism List. The response was greater than expected, however, and the list acquired 220 Steves in the very first month, ending in February of 2003. Their point made, they did not originally intend to allow the list to continue growing, but the Steves kept pouring in. In February of 2009, Project Steve collected its 1,000th Steve... amusingly enough, Stephen P. Darwin, professor of ecology and evolutionary biology at Tulane University in New Orleans, Louisiana (no relation). There are currently over 1,100 Steves on the list. The Dissent from Darwinism List has also grown in the intervening years, but at a slower pace (they don't provide a count, but I estimate 700–800 names, 10 of whom are Steves). Both the Dissent from Darwinism List and Project Steve openly admit that science is not decided by popular vote. Dissent from Darwinism is merely intended to show that not every scientist supports evolutionary theory, and Project Steve is a simple demonstration that the theory of evolution is in no way a "theory in crisis". Is NCSE going to circulate a similar statement for Janes, Johns, and so on? No. It's only funny once.

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We’re celebrating the 83rd anniversary of our company this month and our recent launch of our WEcommerce Packaging Solutions™. This prompted us to think about the history of commerce and how humans began to put the “E” into ecommerce. Last month, we focused on the early historical roots of ecommerce. This month we turn to “ecommerce” in the early and late Middle Ages and During the Age of Exploration. The “Ecommerce” of the Early Middle Ages (200 BCE to 1100 CE) Packaging in the Early Middle Ages The roots of corrugated packaging began about 200 BCE to 220 CE when various provinces of China invented and improved papermaking. These provinces produced paper from coarse fibers, such as mulberry bark, fishing nets, linen rags, and hemp waste. But paper didn’t arrive in Europe until about 30 BCE. However, by the Tang Dynasty (618-907), paper was already being used as Chinese packaging material—to wrap tea leaves. Another type of “packaging,” wooden barrels emerged about 300 CE. Transporting Goods in the Early Middle Ages The Royal Road Around 200 BCE, the Royal Road connected Persia (Iran) to ancient Turkey. Of course, neither Amazon trucks nor next-day delivery existed. Instead, caravans traveled by foot across the Royal Road. The journey took about 90 days. The Silk Road Another route, the so-called “Silk Road” also served as a superhighway of sorts that transported goods from the Far East to the Middle East and Europe. However, the Silk “Road” was not a single road but many unmarked mountain and desert routes. In addition to silk, tea, spices, and other products, this “road” brought new philosophies, ideas, and inventions. Again, this was no interstate highway with prime delivery. Instead, goods crossed from China to Rome across the 7000-mile Silk Road in approximately two years. However, individual caravans did not make the entire trip. Instead, the merchandise was dropped at weigh stations for the next leg of the journey. With each relay, the price of goods increased. The Emergence of Stores in the Early Middle Ages The open markets in Rome began to showcase the first small storefront shops in about 100CE. Currency in the Early Middle Ages Across the “Silk Road,” paper currency arrived in Europe. It originated in China with promissory notes around 30 C.E. In the ninth century, Muslim traders invented the sakk, a piece of paper telling a bank to make a payment on an account. Because paper “money” was much lighter than earlier currency of coins and shells, these paper checks helped lighten the load of traders and protect them from thieves. According to worldhistory.org, historians debate whether commerce was conducted with money, bartering, or gift exchange during this time period. “Ecommerce” in Medieval Times (1066 to 1485) Packaging During Medieval Times Wooden barrels held rum, dried food, and freshwater across the sea. Wooden crates were also commonplace. With the formation of villages and towns, markets and fairs began to emerge. So did the roots of advertising as merchants learned how to attract customers, display, and promote their goods. What’s more, shopping emerged as a social activity. Eventually, only the larger markets survived. The largest medieval market places have survived to this day. Above a medieval market square in Poland. Print money came to Europe and the rest of the world from China. China was also responsible for the first government-issued currency. Medieval Europeans kept track of money owed them with tallying sticks. Transport of Goods During Medieval Times Horse travel was common—especially for war. The Ottoman Empire began to emerge around 1300. By 1453, it had blocked most access to trade across the Silk Road. This blockade resulted in a new era: The Age of Exploration (The Age of Discovery). “Ecommerce” During the Age of Exploration (the 1400s to 1700s) Transportation in the Age of Exploration Without access to the “Silk Road,” Portuguese and Spanish sailing ships sought new trade routes to China and India. Some traveled around the treacherous waters of Africa’s Cape of Good Hope. Others crossed the Atlantic Ocean to the West. In this “new” land, the native people introduced them to coffee, sugar, rum, and tobacco. Packaging During the Age of Exploration Sailors transported goods across oceans on fast sailing ships; they stored products in wooden barrels, crates, trunks, and chests. Horse-drawn wagons and carriages transported these wooden containers. Waterways and canals also helped to move goods. Global (Though Lopsided) Commerce in the Age of Exploration A group of English businessmen combined personal stock in the 1600s to establish the first corporation, the East India Company. The corporation consisted of investors who received dividends in a limited liability company (LLC). Besides the trade of goods, its infamous past included a corporate army, colonization, and the transport of enslaved people to the Americas. A desire for tea and spices from the East helped drive The Age of Exploration. Currency During the Age of Exploration The Chinese turned their backs on paper money because of corruption in the Ming government. However, Spain and Portugal relied on gold and silver coins for currency. Some countries also used copper coins. As precious metals, coins held value besides being a currency. However, no currency standard existed between and within countries at this time. Checks became a popular convenience in Europe, especially in the Netherlands. Some cities outlawed checks or required both people to be present. Once checks became negotiable (could be circulated by a third party), they grew in popularity. Another 500 years would pass before ecommerce would take hold. However, the business of selling goods would continue to change. In part 3 of putting the “E” into ecommerce, we explore the explosion of commerce during the industrial revolution. Get More Industry News Like This Welcome to the Wertheimer Family! We'd like to keep you up to date with industry changes and news. Subscribe to receive our occasional news, updates and articles direct to your in-box.

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Lesson 38 Water and the traveller水和旅行者 First listen and then answer the following question. What does this text describe? Contamination of water supplies is usually due to poor sanitation close to water sources, sewage disposal into the sources themselves, leakage of sewage into distribution systems or contamination with industrial or farm waste. Even if a piped water supply is safe at its source, it is not always safe by the time it reaches the tap. Intermittent tap-water supplies should be regarded as particularly suspect. Travellers on short trips to areas with water supplies of uncertain quality should avoid drinking tap-water, or untreated water from any other source. It is best to hot drinks, bottled or canned drinks of well-known brand names -- international standards of water treatment are usually followed at bottling plants. Carbonated drinks are acidic, and slightly safer. Make sure that all bottles are opened in your presence, and that their rims are clean and dry. 短途旅行到水质不保险的地区时，应避免饮用水龙头的水或未经处理任何其他来源的水。最好仅饮用开水，名牌瓶装或罐装水 -- 装瓶厂通常遵循国际水处理的标准。碳酸饮料是酸性的，就更安全一些。确保瓶子是当你面开启的，瓶口清洁干燥。 Boiling is always a good way of treating water. Some hotels supply boiled water on request and this can be used for drinking, or for brushing teeth. Portable boiling elements that can boil small quantities of water are useful when the right voltage of electricity is available. Refuse politely any cold drink from an unknown source. Ice is only as safe as the water from which it is made, and should not be put in drinks unless it is known to be safe. Drink can be cooled by placing them on ice tather than adding ice to them. Alcohol may be a medical disinfectant, but should not be relied upon to sterilize water. Ethanol is more effective at a concentration of 50-70 per cent; below 20 per cent, its bactericidal action is negligible. Spirits labelled 95 proof contain only about 47 per cent alcohol. Beware of methylated alcohol, which is very poisonous, and should never be added to drinking water. If no other safe supply can be obtained, tap water that is too hot to touch can be left to cool and is generally safe to drink. Those planning a trip to remote areas, or intending to live in countries where drinking water is not readily available, should know about the various possible methods for making water safe. New words and expressions 生词和短语 Notes on the text课文注释 1 keep to,局限于。 2 Ice is only as safe as the water from which it is made,冰块只是当制造冰块的水安全时才是安全的。 3 know about ,知道...的情况，了解。 Lesson 38 课后练习和答案Exercises and Answer

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Students will relate decimals & fractions w/ a garden Students will demonstrate understanding a fractional and decimal relationships using a 10 x 10 garden. Students will be able to relate decimals and fractions when using a base ten, or base one-hundred system. Students will be able to demonstrate that decimals and fractions represent a part of a whole. Students will be able to label and document their work. Learn to teach with Minecraft, find activities to engage your students across subjects and join our global community. Whether you are new to Minecraft or looking to improve your skills, these training materials will help.

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Definition of NLP (Neuro-Linguistic Programming): A specific coaching technique that provides useful insights into oneself. What is NLP? NLP was co-founded by Richard Bandler and John Grinder in the 1970s. They claimed it would be instrumental in finding ways to help people have better, fuller and richer lives. They coined the title to denote a supposed theoretical connection between neurological processes ('neuro'), language ('linguistic') and behavioural patterns that have been learned through experience ('programming') and that can be organised to achieve specific goals in life (source: Wikipedia). Your coach has been trained in NLP which provides specific tools, techniques and exercises that can be used in the coaching process. What are the benefits? The added value from our point of view is the three dimensional aspect of the exercises. This gives fresh insights when combined with the more conventional talking/listening aspects of coaching. NLP is particularly valuable in exploring certain group dynamics in your (working) life by literarily taking on each individual’s position. It allows us to gain insights into those inner voices that sabotage us while trying to reach our goals. NLP offers a unique sensory-based approach, which calls for the integration of both the conscious and unconscious mind.

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Space exploration has been monumentally expensive for all those who have dared to engage in it. What benefits did all this spending really bring? Asking whether or not space exploration is worth the investment is both sensible and necessary. But an equally valid question to ask in the midst of considering all that we’ve derived from it so far is, “would that have been possible otherwise?” Would we have seen the same revolutions in terms of communications, computing, transportation, medicine, astronomy, astrophysics, and planetary sciences? Would we have come to learn as much about our origins on this planet? Would we understand just how interconnected life and ecosystems are today? Pondering these questions is vital as we embark on an era of renewed space exploration, which will require a similar commitment in terms of time, energy, resources, and vision. It’s also worth considering whether or not we will even be able to address our problems here on Earth without investing in space exploration. Source: Interesting Engineering Name of Author: Matthew S. Williams

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Other Common Names wigglers (larvae), tumblers (pupae) Synonyms and other taxonomic changes World Mosquito Classification(s) - Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Sept 2013 (PDF) "Traditional" mosquito classification as of 2000. Derived from Knight & Stone (1977) and supplements. "New" mosquito classification. Classification of Tribe Aedini is also reflected in Reinert et al. (2009) and in Harbach's Valid Species list (1) Explanation of Names - Latin for 'gnat' (2) mosquito - Spanish for 'small fly' ~150 spp. in 12 genera in our area(3) , ca. 3500 spp. in 44 genera and 145 subgenera worldwide, arranged in 2 subfamilies(1) [many subgenera, esp. in the Aedini, are often treated as separate genera -- cf.(4) Wings with scales on veins and along margins; legs and proboscis long; antennae with 6 or more segments, plumose on males and short-haired on females keys to N. Amer. spp. in (5) New Jersey's 63 Mosquitoes - Rutgers (includes some species accounts) Texas' 86 Mosquitoes - Fournier et al. 1989. Medical Entomology Section, Texas Department of Health - U. of Saskatchewan Larvae are aquatic, developing mainly in standing water (temporary pools, water in discarded containers, saltmarshes, treeholes, etc.). However, some mosquitos, like some species of Anopheles, lay eggs in very slow moving streams and brooks. Mostly spring and summer in temperate climates Male and female adults feed on nectar and plant juices and only females feed on blood because a blood meal is usually required for development of eggs. Females can feed on the blood of amphibians, birds, reptiles, and mammals - including humans. to learn how mosquitos bloodfeed. Larvae feed on algae, protozoans, and organic debris filtered from the water. However, a few species are predaceous on other mosquito larvae The eggs are laid either on the surface of standing water or above the waterline in areas subject to flooding; eggs hatch in spring and larvae complete 4 stages of development before pupating; larva stage may last from less than a week to more than a month, depending mostly on temperature and species; pupa stage typically lasts less than a week; adults emerge directly from pupae at the water surface; from one to several generations per year, depending on species and latitude. 1: Eggs. 2: Egg rafts. 3, 4 : Larvae. 5: Pupa. 6, 7: Adult female. 8, 9: Adult male Female mosquitoes are vectors (i.e. carriers and transmitters) of major diseases, including malaria [caused by a protozoan], yellow fever [virus], filariasis [nematode], dengue [virus], and certain types of encephalitis [virus]. Carbon dioxide, expelled in the breath of animals, attracts female mosquitoes that are looking for a blood meal. They detect carbon dioxide in the air and travel upwind to the source. Knight, KL, Stone, A 1977. A catalog of the mosquitoes of the world (Diptera: Culicidae). The Thomas Say Foundation, Vol. 6, 2nd Ed. Entomological Society of America, College Park, Maryland. Reinert, JF, Harbach, RE, Kitching, IJ 2009. Phylogeny and classification of tribe Aedini (Diptera: Culicidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 157: 700−794. - Mosquito Taxonomic Inventory

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First, what is metabolism? Simply stated, it's the rate the body burns the calories consumed. But, it's anything but simple. There are many things that significantly impact how everybody's metabolism differs. There are some things we can do to control our metabolism, and some things we have no control over. The factors we can't control that can effect our metabolism are age, it can slow 5% every 10 years after the age of 40; sex, men tend to burn calories more quickly then women; heredity, metabolism can be impacted by your ancestors. The metabolism factors we do have control over include what we choose to eat, how much we eat, how much water we drink, what physical activity we choose, and how much time we devote to that activity. Another condition that can greatly effect the body's metabolism is a thyroid disorder. The thyroid gland can cause the metabolism to slow down. Including an herbal supplement made from irish moss, white oak bark, iceland moss, bladderwrack, kelp, and other natural ingredients will regulate the thyroid and help stimulate the metabolism. When we think of metabolism, we think of weight loss. When we think of weight loss, we think of food. What we don't want to do is "not eat". If the body feels it's being starved, it will hold onto as many calories as it can, storing them up as fat. Make sure you start your day with a small, healthy meal, perhaps grains and fruit. Don't Skip Breakfast! It sets your metabolism in motion for the rest of the day. Then eat frequent, but smaller meals, throughout the day. This tells the body it's OK to let those calories go, and, will assist in increasing your metabolism. There are different theories on when you should consume the majority of your calories. Some experts feel calories are calories and it doesn't matter when they're consumed. Others stand by the recommendation of eating nothing 3 or 4 hours before you retire for the evening. Experiment, do what works for you. But if you're in doubt, err on the side of caution. Eat your last light meal or snack around 8 PM. Starting the day off with some kind of physical exercise will help to jump-start your metabolism for the day. Getting up a half hour earlier and taking a brisk walk for 30 minutes will do the trick. You want to raise your heart rate and keep it up for a period of time. In addition to aerobic exercise, the body's metabolism can be greatly boosted by adding muscle building exercises to your routine. It's been proven that muscle burns more calories than fat, and, it continues to burn calories even when you're sleeping. Not only while you're exercising, but throughout the day, make sure you drink the recommended eight 8-oz glasses of water every day. Including caffeinated coffee or tea, which are stimulants, in your daily fluid intake can also help boost the metabolism. Snacking on what are referred to as negative calorie foods burn fat simply because it takes more calories to eat the food than the calories in the food you're eating. Some negative calorie foods include apple, broccoli, cabbage, cantaloupe, green beans, lettuce, peach, strawberry, spinach, and tomato. Complete your program by including an herbal energy booster derived from sarsaparilla, licorice, Brazilian cocoa, Chinese white ginseng, Korean red ginseng, bee pollen, chicory, and other natural ingredients.

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Expert Applauds Colleges’ Greater Sensitivity Toward American IndiansMarch 21, 2013 | by Lydia Lum BERKELEY, Calif. — Although many pop culture representations still marginalize American Indians nowadays, the tide is steadily shifting among higher education institutions — and for the better, says a longtime educator and expert in indigenous topics. Karen Biestman, associate dean and director of Stanford University’s Native American Cultural Center, applauds the growing tendency of colleges to do away with Indian mascots, for example. “If you’re going to be inclusive of all students on campus, you cannot do so by commodifying someone’s name or heritage,” says Biestman, who has held teaching and administrative roles involving American Indians at Stanford and the University of California, Berkeley for 30 years, combined. “A chant or the use of someone’s name doesn’t honor that person or that group of people. It’s not an honor; it’s commodifying.” She notes that academia has been more responsive than professional sports franchises to the demands by indigenous people for more sensitivity in their choices of team names and mascots. Ongoing controversies, such as the Washington Redskins’ moniker, typically involve legally approved trademarks, too, she says, “which is another reason why trends have been different in higher education.” Biestman’s remarks occurred during the weeklong Executive Leadership Academy, sponsored by the Center for Studies in Higher Education at UC-Berkeley in partnership with the American Association of Hispanics in Higher Education. The annual event is intended to help academicians prepare to become university presidents, vice presidents and deans. This year’s event included more than 30 participants from throughout this country and South Africa who are currently faculty and administrators at a variety of institutions. Unlike other programs around the country offering such training and mentoring, the academy was designed around a multicultural and multinational faculty, as well as a multicultural curriculum, says Josefina Baltodano, the academy’s founder and executive director. Biestman, who’s Cherokee, explained how some schools have successfully navigated through questions over the appropriateness of their mascots. Florida State University, for instance, still uses “Seminoles” for its sports teams, after holding discussions with leaders of the Seminole tribe, who indicated that the mere use of the name didn’t offend them. Such an example reiterates the importance of, and raises questions over “who can, and when to appropriate images,” Biestman says, adding, “If you get the support of the tribe, that can make all the difference.” Although American Indian students convinced Stanford’s administration to dump its Indian mascot in the 1970s, Biestman says that every fall, leading up to the much-hyped “Big Game” with archrival UC-Berkeley, a handful of non-native students and alumni invariably show up to the festivities sporting Indian headdresses or driving cars bearing vanity license plates of the old Stanford Indian. “Because there’s a prevalent absence of Native Americans in pop culture,” she says, “there are limited ways that native students can be perceived.” Stanford’s Native American Cultural Center offers cultural programming to reduce educational and other barriers on campus, provides leadership training for indigenous student organizations and articulates and advocates native issues and perspectives to the administration. Among other ethnic-focused amenities, the university offers a Native American residential theme house, full-time undergraduate outreach and recruitment staff and a full-time, graduate recruiter and retention recruiter who works out of the Native American Cultural Center, Biestman says. She credits such outreach and co-curricular activities to producing a 92 percent graduation rate of native students at Stanford. Stanford typically enrolls about 350 annually among undergraduates and graduates combined. With the theme, “Ten Years From Now: Leading in a Multicultural Environment,” the weeklong leadership academy featured sessions on community college leadership, corporate and foundation relations, athletic program governance, successful CV and job interviewing techniques, governing board relations and communication competencies for campus leaders. Leadership academy participants also tackled hands-on exercises that they will most likely face as upper-level administrators. For instance, they were divided into groups and assigned to devise an assessment case study of some aspect of a fictional college campus — within 15 minutes — and explain it to the other groups. One group discussed institutional core values, specifically a case study assessing the critical thinking skills of students and what they need to be able to do in order to land jobs after graduation. Another group chose to do a case study on a men’s basketball team, which startled not only members of some of the other groups, but also facilitator Dr. Juan Gonzalez, a clinical professor and deputy chairman of educational administration at the University of Texas at Austin, who noted, “This is a good reminder that the athletes are, first and foremost, student-athletes.” Spelman College Provost and Vice President for Academic Affairs Dr. Johnnella Butler told academy participants that there are many routes toward making multicultural competencies and institutional change a reality. Shortly after her 2005 arrival to the women’s college, she and other administrators began revising the curriculum, a task that required them to scrutinize the cultural complexities on campus. “We knew nearly every student was Black,” Butler recalled, “but what we didn’t realize was that we had not only African-Americans, but many Afro-Puerto Ricans, Afro-Caribbeans and Africans. So that made us reexamine our mission because we had been focused on uplifting African-American women, rather than women of African descent.” The leadership academy ends Friday.Semantic Tags: Student Athletes • Students

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As mentioned before, Mutual Mentorship gives a variety of benefits to its participants. They will be given the opportunity to learn not only new technical skills (using gadgets, doing crafts), but also to improve their interpersonal ones, such as empathy and solidarity. This process creates meaningful relationships and concludes with satisfaction for both young and elderly – both youth’s social responsibility and senior’s sense of belonging are envisaged to increase. The youth grew up with technology and can easily use all the new gadgets and programs. They can share their knowledge about it with senior citizens for whom new technologies are not that common and could be really helpful in this fast-changing world. Youngsters have experience in using apps, social media, different online communication and working platforms. They could explain to older generations how to use computers, phones, social media accounts such as Facebook or Instagram, how to install and use apps that could be useful for food delivery or ordering a taxi, and how to use platforms for creativity, such as music or visual creation. This would improve the skills of seniors and give a better understanding of what is driving today’s world. Seniors are not the only ones benefiting from this mutual relationship. They can also share their knowledge, experience and skills with youth, even if it is not that popular today, it is still interesting and valuable. These skills can range from history lessons to handmade crafts. Sometimes what we don’t even think about can be very interesting. Crafts can include sewing or netting clothes, cooking some delicious traditional (or not) dishes, growing and taking care of plants and doing some woodwork. These are not the only things that seniors can share, the possibilities are endless. It seems clear that mutual mentoring brings mutual benefits. Presented with the opportunity, mutual mentoring relationship between youth and seniors has the potential to increase the ability to communicate, build and foster relationships, and create a culture of learning. Through mutual mentoring, participants can learn to understand and respect differences between them, and open up to new ideas and ways of living. It encourages knowledge transfer and development of skills that could be useful in day to day activities or even career opportunities. Furthermore, the wellbeing of both parties is improved. Youth can experience what social responsibility is, feel the satisfaction of helping others, and gain skills that can be useful in the future. With regards to seniors, their sense of belonging is boosted, they feel more socially involved in the community and are updated with new inventions of this fast-changing world.

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Well, maybe not frightful, but rain is falling outside my window and according to the news report it is likely to turn to snow flurries by morning. How do we turn news reports into learning opportunities? Siemens Science Day: Learning By Doing makes it easy with this month’s activity theme “Weather You Like It Or Not” I could say with certainty that we’ve done a good job teaching our students about the different forms of precipitation. However, do your students know about how the density and temperature of air masses impact weather conditions? Do they understand what those squiggly lines and arrows mean on weather reports? Chances are at one point tonight, they will watch the news, so why not make it an assignment? After students have had time to review local, national, and world wide weather reports, engage them with the hands-on “How’s the Weather” activities, handouts, and videos complete with background information and lesson plans found on the Siemens Science Day site. Take it up a notch and have students create tomorrow’s weather reports by creating their own maps and charts for various locations across the globe. Provide purpose to the assignment by having them create public service announcements about safety in different types of weather events. As you explore the site, be sure you enter to win the “Ultimate Cool School” sweepstakes for an opportunity to win an interactive science assembly for your school site. **Siemens Science Day is brought to you in partnership with the Siemens Foundation and Discovery Education. Siemens Science Day: Learning by Doing is a resource center for K-6 science teachers, with over 60 hands-on activities, aligned to national standards, and corresponding videos.

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pharmacy, art of compounding and dispensing drugs and medication. The term is also applied to an establishment used for such purposes. Until modern times medication was prepared and dispensed by the physician himself. In the 18th cent. the practice of pharmacy began to be separated from that of medicine. The Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science was founded in 1821, the first school of its kind in the United States. The American Pharmaceutical Association was formed in 1851. The progress of medicine, and therefore the expansion of pharmacy, has necessitated more stringent requirements in the training of pharmacists; it is of vital interest that medications be formulated accurately according to the physician's prescription. Schools of pharmacy are now associated with universities, and a degree in pharmacy follows a four-year course of instruction. Examination and licensing by the state is mandatory. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: Medicine

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The large migration of Puerto Ricans to the United States took place after 1945 as a result of economic changes having to do with the transformation of the Island’s economy from a monocultural plantation economy into a platform for export-production in factories. When did Puerto Ricans start migrating to the United States? Puerto Ricans have been migrating to the continental United States since the 19th century and migrating since 1898 (after the island territory was transferred from Spain to the United States) and have a long history of collective social advocacy for their political and social rights and preserving their cultural … Where do Puerto Ricans immigrate to? Puerto Ricans on the Island. As U.S. citizens, people born in Puerto Rico can move to the 50 states or District of Columbia without restrictions, and there is a long Puerto Rican tradition of back-and-forth migration between the island and mainland. What was the average number of Puerto Ricans that migrated per year from the island to the mainland between 1950 and 1963? From 1950 until 1963 an average of 50,000 per year would come to settle in New York alone. What facilitated the migration of Puerto Ricans from the island to the mainland was the fact that in 1917 the U.S. congress passed the Jones Act, a law that made Puerto Ricans into U.S. citizens. Can a Puerto Rican move to the US? As citizens, the people of Puerto Rico can move throughout the 50 states just as any other Americans can—legally, this is considered internal migration, not immigration. Can Puerto Ricans get deported? Puerto Ricans are US citizens. They can’t be deported from the United States. Are there more Puerto Ricans in the US or Puerto Rico? Puerto Ricans are the second-largest population of Hispanic origin living in the United States, accounting for about 10% of the U.S. Hispanic population in 2017. (An additional 3.4 million people live in Puerto Rico.) Share this chart: |Year||Born in Puerto Rico||Born in U.S. states and D.C.| Are Puerto Ricans immigrants? Are Puerto Ricans immigrants? No, they are U.S. citizens. … Many Americans mistakenly include Puerto Ricans with people from other Caribbean and Latin countries who come to the U.S. as immigrants and must petition the government for legal immigration status. Are you a citizen if born in Puerto Rico? All persons born in Puerto Rico on or after January 13, 1941, and subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, are citizens of the United States at birth. Is Puerto Rican a nationality? Nationality: Noun Puerto Rican(s). Adjective Puerto Rican. Ethnic composition: white (mostly Spanish origin) 80.5%, black 8%, Amerindian 0.4%, Asian 0.2%, mixed and other 10.9%. Do Puerto Ricans pay US taxes? While the Commonwealth government has its own tax laws, Puerto Rico residents are also required to pay US federal taxes, but most residents do not have to pay the federal personal income tax. What happened in 1952 in Puerto Rico? A referendum on a new constitution was held in Puerto Rico on 3 March 1952. It was approved by 81.9% of voters. On November 1, 1950 two Puerto Rican Nationalists had attempted assassination of the United States President Harry S. … What happened in Puerto Rico in 1950s? By the 1950s, the flow of Puerto Ricans to the mainland United States had increased so drastically that historians dubbed the phenomenon the “Great Migration.” An estimated 470,000 people—or 21 percent of the island’s total population—left Puerto Rico for the United States between 1950 and 1960.

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Strengthening intervention trials for children and adolescents who stammer An exciting new paper was published by Dr Hilde Hofslundsengen (pictured above with Ria) and colleagues from Norway, which looks at the delivery of therapy approaches in clinical trials and provides some real food for thought on how we can strengthen research in the field. There are many therapy approaches available to support children and adolescents who stammer. Researchers run clinical trials to evaluate the effectiveness of certain treatments or interventions – and many have been published by researchers in the world of stammering. However, it is really important that these clinical trials are of high quality to ensure that the effect of the intervention can be attributed to that intervention and is not the result of other factors. For example, if a research study finds poor outcomes associated with an intervention, this may suggest that the intervention is not effective at achieving it’s objective. Alternatively, it may reflect poor implementation of the intervention. This new paper evaluates the implementation quality of previous clinical trials of stammering interventions – and the findings are really interesting… What do we mean by implementation quality? Here, we’re talking about the quality of how a therapy approach is implemented (or delivered) in clinical trials. This includes the training provided to clinicians and/or parents; the ways in which intervention programmes are adapted to individual needs during the trial; planned dosage (e.g. number of sessions); whether the stipulated dosage was adhered to; and the ways in which sessions were monitored during the trial. So why is implementation quality important? Research has shown that implementation quality is associated strongly with trial outcomes. Consequently, it is an important factor when evaluating how effective that intervention is. What did they do? In the current paper, the authors address several research questions but I’m only going to talk about the findings of their first question here (you can read about what else they found out in the paper). Hofslundsengen et al. (2022) reviewed 21 studies of clinical trials with children and adolescents who stammer, which were published between 1974 and 2019. They recorded whether the published papers had included the following elements of implementation quality: - Description of the therapy approach - Method of delivery of the therapy approach and support provided to the individual delivering it, e.g. the Speech and Language Therapist, parent, researcher, etc. - Specification of how the approach should be delivered, e.g. the number, length and frequency of sessions and whether these were adhered to - Whether the programme was adapted during the trial - How intervention sessions were monitored, e.g. were they recorded or observed in person? What did they find? The big finding was that across the 21 studies, there was substantial variation in the level of detail provided about how interventions were implemented. Here are a few of the key discussion points: - The level of detail included about how to carry out the intervention varied – this is important because other researchers might want to replicate the study to see if they find the approach as effective with another population. - Many studies did not talk about how therapy sessions were monitored, which is necessary to check that the therapy is being implemented as intended. - There was limited information about the training provided to clinicians in many studies – training clinicians in the approach helps to reduce variability in how it is delivered so we can more accurately evaluate the effectiveness of it. What do the authors recommend? Hofslundsengen et al. (2022) conclude that there is a need for clearer guidelines for running clinical trials of stammering interventions. Helpfully, they go even further though! They have developed a checklist for researchers to use when designing and reporting on future clinical trials. They hope that such a checklist will enhance implementation quality, which will help clinicians to make more informed decisions about management of children and adolescents who stammer. If you would like to read the paper in its entirety, you can follow the link below: Hofslundsengen, H., Kirmess, M., Guttormsen, L. S., Bottegaard Næss, K.A., Kefalianos, E., (2022). Systematic review of implementation quality of non-pharmacological stuttering intervention trials for children and adolescents, Journal of Fluency Disorders. PhD student, UCL

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The internet is swarming with misinformation, which makes finding simple answers to questions like how many carbs per day should I eat suuuper hard to find! The answer is simple, you just need to decide: - Which low carb lifestyle do you plan to follow? Keto, low carb diet, USDA rec. - Do you want to count the total or net carbs of your keto foods and low carb recipes? If you have no idea what that means, fear not, we’ll delve into that below. So, here are the facts so you can make the best decision for you! Want to Save This Recipe? Enter your email below and we'll send it straight to your inbox. Plus you'll get great new recipes from us every week! Carb Counting Facts You can calculate how many carbs per day based on percentages, grams, or calories — here’s a little clarity on exactly what that means: Grams + Calories Each gram of carbohydrate or protein provides 4 calories, while each gram of fat has 9 calories — so if your goal is to eat 80 carbohydrate calories at each meal, you’d eat 20 grams. Percentages are based on the caloric percentage of the food you eat. To make it easy, say your goal is to eat 50% of your caloric intake in carbohydrates — that means half the food you eat would be carb calories. A keto diet is less than 50 grams of carbohydrates or 200 carbohydrate calories. That said, many following atkins or keto count net carbs as opposed to total carbs. Net carbs are total carbs minus fiber and sugar alcohols — the number you’re looking for if you’re wondering how many carbs for ketosis. This is because the function of carbohydrates vary depending on the type of carb you’re eating — for example, soluble fiber is a complex carbohydrate that can improve blood sugar levels by slowing the absorption of sugar. Whereas sugar is a simple carbohydrate which quickly spikes your blood sugar. If you decide to go the net carbs route, be leary of products flaunting “active / impact carbs”, as there’s no legal definition for these terms. Unfortunately, this often means manufacturers are adding ingredients that can affect your blood sugar. According to the Mayo Clinic, a low carb diet consists of 20-60 grams of carbohydrates or 80-240 carbohydrate calories. As a frame of reference, The American Dietary Guidelines recommend consuming 45-65% of your caloric intake in carbohydrates — So for a person consuming 2,000 calories a day, that would be 225-325 grams. Which may seem like a lot, but according to the Institute of Medicine, most people exceed this “how many carbs per day” recommendation! How Many Carbs Should You Eat? Figuring out how many carbs should I eat a day has taken testing, time, and advice from doctors. Knowledge is also a big part of it — you can’t eat low carb foods, if you don’t know which foods are low in carbs and which aren’t. For those interested in switching to low carb foods, identify your goal: whether it’s health, weight loss, or more energy — write it down, and talk to a health professional to see if eating low carb will help you achieve your goals. Then start learning about eating low carb. It’s actually really simple, just get the basics down and you’ll be golden. How to Track Your Carbs There are quite a few ways to track your daily carb intake — it boils down to personal preference. That said, countless studies have found that people who journal are twice as likely to lose weight compared to those who don’t. Sufficed to say, journaling will help you stick to your how many carbs in a low carb diet goal. Whether it be an app on your phone or a good old pen and paper. Once you’ve established how many carbs you’ll eat in a day, pick the method that you’ll most likely stick to. I use a printed low carb meal plan with my goals and daily carb intake (I like to see it all in one place). Others prefer apps such as My Fitness Pal. These are mobile and super convenient. That said, these apps contain user uploaded nutritional info, so it’s common to find errors. Just be aware, you can easily make adjustments for this. More Keto Tips If you’re new to low carb eating and are looking for some delicious recipes to help you stick to your goals, here are some options! - Keto Breakfast. Smoothies, quiches, and casseroles! - Keto Dinner. Everything from soup to casseroles to salads. - Keto Lunch Ideas. Easy meals to make ahead! - Keto Snacks. From sweet to savory. - Keto Desserts. Every craveable dessert recipe! I hope this article helped shine light on how many carbs in a low carb diet there are! Again, if you’re wondering how many carbs in a low carb diabetic diet or any other health-related questions, it’s important to consult with your doctor.

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In most parts of the country the gardening season is winding down and preparations are under way to put the garden to bed. That's a somewhat misleading phrase because, for instance, in my Chicago garden many plants (the witch hazels, creeping sedums, aster rosettes, and a few precocious snowdrops) are active in winter. Also, it is not yet time to pull the blanket of mulch over the garden. That comes next month when the ground begins to freeze. Much like with a toddler resisting bedtime, putting the garden to bed does not mean it's going to go to sleep. But the steps we take now will prepare it for the cold to come. Begin by clearing away garden debris. Cut down dead plants rather than pulling them. Cutting the plants keeps the soil structure intact and allows the old roots to release their nutrients back into the garden. Dig and store all tender bulbs (see Moving Houseplants Back Indoors). Check the remains of annuals and veggies for signs of disease. Remove diseased material from the site and dispose of it, don't compost it. Leave plants standing only if they are appealing to you. If you like the tawny, swaying ornamental grass stalks, leave them. Personally, I enjoy the brown lily stems and watching the birds eat the seeds from faded prairie plants in winter. It reminds me that the garden is alive and will return. However, don't feel obligated to leave spent plants, particularly if you don't find them to be aesthetically pleasing. If you have rodent problems, cut down all spent plants to eliminate nesting material. Because of the huge population of voles in my community garden, I even trim back my growing sedges. If not, the voles will nest in the plants and munch on their crowns all winter long. By spring the voles will be healthy and ready to breed, while my sedges will be devoured. But it could be worse. Rats and mice will also nest in garden debris. Watering is only necessary for newly planted evergreens. Soak them well until the ground freezes to give them the best chance of survival. Reduce weed problems next year by pulling perennial weeds with rosettes or creeping stems, such as thistle, dandelion, bindweed, nightshade, burdock, and nut sedge. Annual weeds, such as amaranth, velvet leaf, and weedy morning glories, should be removed before their seeds ripen and drop into the garden. Plant-munching voles will try to spend the winter in plant debris and mulch. Planting can be chancy this late in the fall, but there are exceptions. Dormant woody plants can still be planted. If cold weather is still a ways off, cover crops can be sowed in vegetable gardens. They help prevent erosion from rain and wind, improve soil tilth, and prevent leaching of nutrients from the soil. Cover crops in the pea family, like clover, alfalfa, and hairy vetch, also deposit nitrogen in the soil. While southern gardeners have a wide selection of cover crops to try, northerners typically choose buckwheat, ryegrass, annual rye, or hairy vetch. Once the plants are all set, move to the equipment. Clean and store all gardening machinery, such as the lawn mower, weed whacker, and trimmer. A few simple steps will have them ready to go next spring: Disconnect hoses from outdoor spigots. Lay hoses flat and drain any water from them. Roll them up and store for the season. Close spigots tightly to reduce drips. Gardeners in cold weather climates can buy spigot covers to protect against extreme cold that can burst pipes. All garden chemicals should be properly stored and labeled. Place garden fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides in separate plastic bins away from heat and moisture. In preparation for the coming snow, buy calcium chloride to melt ice instead of the usual sodium chloride or potassium chloride. Typical salts can damage plants and soil. Calcium chloride is an effective deicer, plus it's a beneficial soil amendment. Finally, make some notes about your gardening season. What performed well? What did poorly? What section seemed to thrive? Which tomato produced the tastiest fruit? Which plants stood up best to the summer heat? Which was your favorite and why? The gardening season is not completely over until you have made assessments and evaluations. Thinking back over the year allows you to recognize your horticultural accomplishments. It also gets you planning for next year, which is going to be the best gardening season ever.

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How to Use Ergonomics in the Workplace for Maximum Health Benefits Most of us tend to position ourselves in a way that makes us feel most comfortable because what feels best must be best, right? Well, this is not true—failing to take ergonomic precautions when it comes to sitting for a long period of time can result in several musculoskeletal disorders and seriously impact our health. - By Beth Meakin - Dec 10, 2019 The average office worker spends an average of 1,700 hours per year in front of the computer screen—that makes up over 70 days of sitting at a desk. Most of us tend to position ourselves in a way that makes us feel most comfortable because what feels best must be best, right? Well, this is not true—failing to take ergonomic precautions when it comes to sitting for a long period of time can result in several musculoskeletal disorders and seriously impact our health. Every year, over 6.9 million working days are lost as a result of musculoskeletal disorders and generally progress over a period of time, especially in those who tend to endure prolonged sitting positions or repetitive motions. The symptoms of MSDs include recurrent pain, stiff joints, shooting pains, swelling, dull aches and loss of strength. They can affect any major part of the musculoskeletal system, but most frequently affects the back, neck and shoulders. Research has found that lower back pain is the world’s most common work-related disability. How do you prevent the onset of MSDs? The risk of musculoskeletal disorders increases with age, but people of any age can experience them due to other conditions, like bad posture. The best way to prevent the onset of musculoskeletal disorders in the workplace office environment is with ergonomics. What is ergonomics? Ergonomics is the process of designing or arranging furniture, products, systems and devices so that they fit the people that use them to minimize the risk of injury or harm as a result. The aim is to create a comfortable, safe and productive workspace by bringing together health and design, with positioning and adjustment based on thing such as: - Body size - Sensory abilities (vision, hearing) How to do apply the correct ergonomics? Every individual is different, so the best way to educate and apply correct ergonomics is with a personal workstation assessment. There is no ‘one-size-fits-all’ ergonomics solution, so it’s about investigating each person to determine his or her requirements. This can be done by a specialist, or a designated staff member who takes the appropriate training. Chair adjustments. An employee should be shown how to adjust his/her chair, which needs to be at a comfortable height with feet lying flat on the floor and knees as at a 90° angle. The individual’s back should be supported by the back and seat pan, preferably with a chair with lumbar support. The user should sit up straight in the seat, and be encouraged to take regular breaks away from the screen and walk around the office, even if this is to the kitchen to make the tea round. Computer monitor. An employee’s screen should be adjusted so that eyes are level or slightly higher than the top of the monitor, to limit the requirement of excessive neck movements. It should also be positioned at an arms-length away from the user. Keyboard and mouse. The computer mouse should be comfortably within reach of the user, with the forearms, wrists and mouse parallel to the desk. Wrists should be in a neutral position and is best assisted by a wrist or palm support. The keyboard should be slightly tilted and also at a comfortable distance. Other accessories. Any equipment used by the employee should not require strained, repetitive or awkward postures or motions. This includes phones, headsets, staplers, and calculators for example. What to do if you are experiencing a musculoskeletal disorder If you are experiencing symptoms of a musculoskeletal disorder such as back, neck or shoulder pain, then you should visit a GP. You will likely be referred to a physiotherapist or specialist, but this can take weeks and even months. Why not visit a private GP, who is able to fit you in around your schedule, including same-day appointments?

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What is EMDR? As stated in Eye movement Desensitization and Reprocessing-- Basic Principles, Protocols and Procedures (Francine Shapiro, 1995, Guilford Press): "Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a new clinical treatment that has shown to be effective for victims of trauma . EMDR is a time-efficient, comprehensive methodology--backed by positive controlled research--for the treatment for the disturbing experiences that underline pathologies. An eight phased treatment approach that includes using eye movements or other left-right stimulation, EMDR helps victims of trauma reprocess disturbing thoughts and memories. Although current knowledge of neurobiology does not provide a definitive explanation, Dr. Francine Shapiro, the originator of EMDR, theorizes that its effects are connected to the same processes that occur in REM sleep. The eye movements seem to stimulate the client's innate information-processing system to transform dysfunctional, self-denigrating thoughts into less threatening, more palatable information." Who Can Benefit From EMDR Therapy? EMDR seems to be effective for those individuals suffering from chronic grief, trauma, or post-traumatic stress disorder. It offers the POTENTIAL for fairly rapid treatment from these problems as well as those dealing with less debilitating issues. It is for those who have the desire and motivation to use a tool that can possibly accelerate the therapeutic healing process. What Does EMDR Do? EMDR is a clinically proven technique, which can possibly accelerate access to memories, and issues usually dealt with in traditional psychotherapy, especially those associated with trauma. During a traumatic experience, a person can be so severely affected that the brain's information processing system does not function normally. The traumatic memories and feelings can associate with negative thoughts about one-self and get "stuck" in the subconscious in ways that can greatly inhibit a person's ability to function normally. With the help of a trained therapist, EMDR could possibly provide this person with a controlled therapeutic method, which might help access this material and help the brain process it as it should have been when it first occurred. This does not cure the person of the stress or grief associated with a trauma, but it might enable the person to start moving past the pain and blocks and start focusing more on life. Why Does EMDR Work? In clinical terms, EMDR is the rapid desensitization of traumatic memories, including a cognitive restructuring and a possible significant reduction of client symptoms (e.g., emotional distress, intrusive thoughts, flashbacks and nightmares). In practical terms, EMDR is a controlled technique, which simulates the subconscious rapid-eye-movement (REM) which you experience when asleep. Just as REM sleep can release painful memories subconsciously when you dream, EMDR can possibly help to release, in a conscious state, the fear and anxiety associated with traumatic memories. EMDR can then assist the client to address their feelings and beliefs attached to this event or memory. Through the "Reprocessing" component of the session, EMDR then attempts to gradually empower the client to change the meaning and beliefs associated to the event. What Should I Expect to Experience During an EMDR Session? "The EMDR procedure includes induced movements of the client's eyes while the client is guided through an account of a trauma or a body sensation. In the hands of a trained clinicain with good clinical skills, who is adept at following the client's process, it can save many hours of therapy" (Judith Boore, M.A., 1993. The California Therapist, "EMDR - A New Procedure") EMDR is performed with the active participation of the client, so they will remain awake, alert, and in control throughout the session. After a full overview of the technique, the therapist will ask the client to identify an image, which represents the memory associated with a traumatic, painful or disturbing event. The client will be asked to identify a negative belief that that was programmed in the subconscious, as a result of the incident. The client will also be asked to identify a positive belief they would desire to have activated in place of the negative statement. In the course of the session, the client will be subjectively using a numeric rating scale to measure the level of disturbance between brief periods of induced rapid eye movements, roughly 30 to 60 seconds in duration. Between the short periods of eye movement, the client simply reports anything they notice about the memory, negative belief, physical sensations and emotional state. If the desired effect of a lessened or eliminated sense of disturbance related to the memory is achieved, the therapist will then use the eye movement to reprocess the desired positive belief in the conscious mind of the client. This will continue until the client reports greater comfort and association with the positive belief about themselves. The therapist will then offer suggestions. To the client to help reinforce the positive beliefs between sessions and ways of just noticing any effects the session may have had on the client after they leave the office. What if I Need More Information? For additional information or to schedule an appointment, feel free to leave a message on my consultation page or call me at the number listed on this website. I would be pleased to answer any questions you may have about EMDR, or send you additional information. During a consultation, I can listen carefully to concerns you may have about your condition, and help you determine whether EMDR is an appropriate tool to assist you in your desire to overcome your pain and live more fully. EMDR is a specialized therapy tool that requires supervised training and experience. I have taken this training, and have used EMDR with varying degrees of success with many of my clients suffering from anxiety, trauma, and fear. It is not a magic cure-all, but it can possibly assist you. For additional information and referrals in your area, you can also contact the EMDR INSTITUTE at 408 372-3900 or their website at www.emdr.com Stuart Altschuler, M.F.T.

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The EU did not lose any time from engaging with the challenges that the pandemic brought forward. It has announced solidarity measures for the countries most affected by the crisis with the transfer of medical equipment and teams being at the spearhead of this effort. It has also announced a financial aid package (“Team Europe”) to support partner countries with more than 20 billion euros. Yet, these are not the sole areas in which the EU is taking action. Being a values-based organisation, it has also taken special care to protect human rights, democracy and the rule of law during this period. In that respect its cooperation with the Council of Europe is of particular importance. A quick reaction and warnings to protect human rights in times of crisis Already from the first days of the emergency CoE and EU officials were quick to underline the challenges that this situation posed with regard to human rights. Just to take a few examples officials from the CoE have raised issues relating to the exacerbation of domestic violence, the further isolation of the older population, the instigation of hate-speech. Last but not least, the Secretary General of the Council of Europe has issued a toolkit for governments across Europe on respecting human rights, democracy and the rule of law during the COVID-19 crisis. One can find similar statements from the EU side. The EU is taking active measures to protect the employers and employees and to safeguard their social and economic rights. At the apex of this effort is the new financial instrument SURE proposed by the Commission with the aim of protecting jobs and workers affected by the coronavirus pandemic. The Commission has also taken note of the elevated risks that a COVID contagion would pose for immigrants located in camps across the EU border. It subsequently moved to ease the pressure by achieving an agreement on the partial relocation of unaccompanied minors. Finally, it has called upon member-states to ensure that vulnerable population received the needed support during the pandemic. The value of CoE standards and monitoring system in the face of a sanitary emergency The incessant efforts of CoE and of the EU to protect human rights during the epidemic should also continue in the future as the quarantine drags on and the aftermath of the crisis becomes evident. The following are some areas where the CoE expertise can be pertinent: A temptation to derogate from human rights standards Of even more importance with regard to future challenges is the role of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). As numerous CoE member states have taken drastic measures to protect public health, we need to ensure the compatibility of these measures with the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). The ECHR allows states to announce and implement a derogatory regime in the form of a state of emergency and several states have already notified the CoE of their intention to derogate from the ECHR. Yet, such derogations should always abide by strong safeguards and be proportional to the situation that countries face; they should be limited in duration, circumstance and scope. Maybe the most telling example of such a controversy comes from the measures taken by the Hungarian government. In a letter addressed to Viktor Orbán, CoE Secretary General pointed out that an indefinite and uncontrolled state of emergency cannot guarantee that the basic principles of democracy will be observed. In his response, the Hungarian PM rejected such worries. The European Commission announced that it would evaluate the emergency measures taken by Hungary and other EU member states with regard to fundamental rights. The Parliamentary Assembly of the CoE seized itself of the matter and is also preparing a report titled “COVID-19 – an effective and human rights-compliant response”. It is obvious that these debates and controversies are just starting. All in all, the measures taken to fight the outbreak of the disease pose serious limitations on rights that we have taken for granted until now. Values-based organisations like the EU and Council of Europe can act as a political and moral compass for policy-makers and citizens alike during such an era. As explicitly noted in the EU Human rights and Democracy Action Plan 2020-2024 enhancing and extending the cooperation between the EU and the CoE is of strategic importance in order to ensure coherence and complementarity in the field of human rights protection. In the COVID-era this is even more important as the two organisations need to ensure that safeguarding citizen's health does not come at the expense of their fundamental rights and liberties.

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Already mentioned in the last chapter, yet the GTX 260 has a 182W TDP. Which boils down the peak wattage (not continuous or average which is lower), for a product of this caliber it's really not that bad. More transistors means more power consumption ... well you figured that out yourself already I guess. The new GPU however is one of the most energy aware products you'll find on the market today. NVIDIA made sure several new power states are active in the GPU. What this means is that depending on the task at hand you assign to the GPU, it'll react to that in terms of power consumption. NVIDIA's integrated these 'p-states' and allows the GPU to alter clocks, voltages and frequencies on the fly. Very interesting is that certain parts of the GPU when not used, can be shut down, preserving energy. In GPU terminology this is called clock-gating circuitry, it effectively "shuts down" blocks of the GPU which are not being used at a particular time, reducing power during periods of non-peak GPU utilization. For example .. in idle this graphics processor only consumes 25 watts. I think the previous generation products consumed up-to 70 watts alone in idle. Another nice example is that movie playback is accelerated and enhanced over the GPU (Purevideo), when you decode 1080P content (Blu-ray) movies you'd figure that it would use up a lot of power, right ? Think again. Remember what I said about the GPU being able to shutdown segments of the GPU? Likely (and I'm not 100% sure here) mainly the video processor, IO and perhaps one shader block for some post-processing are at work. While decoding a 1080P movie over the GPU this product utilizes only 35 Watts. That's pretty amazing to be honest. Let's take an overview on what we just said: Idle/2D power mode: approx. 25W Blu-ray DVD playback mode: approx. 35W Full 3D performance mode: varies - worst case TDP 236W for GTX 280 Full 3D performance mode: varies - worst case TDP 182W for GTX 260 HybridPower mode: effectively 0W Using a HybridPower-capable nForce motherboard a GeForce GTX 200 GPU can be fully powered off when not performing intensive graphics operations and graphics output can be handled by the motherboard's IGP. So though the processor can peak towards 182 Watt with hefty gaming, the reality is that it's just as much as a GeForce 8800 Ultra, yet you have double the performance and the overall picture of this GPU in more common situations seems to be very energy efficient. We'll now show you some tests we have done on overall power consumption of the PC. Looking at it from a performance versus wattage point of view, the power consumption is not as bad as I expected it to be. The card according to NVIDIA has a TDP of roughly 182 Watts. The methodology is simple: We have a device constantly monitoring the power draw from the PC. After we have run all our tests and benchmarks we look at the recorded maximum peak; and that's the bulls-eye you need to observe as the power peak is extremely important. Bare in mind that you are not looking at the power consumption of the graphics card, but the consumption of the entire PC. Our test system contains a Core 2 Duo X6800 Extreme Processor, the nForce 680i mainboard, a passive water-cooling solution on the CPU, DVD-rom and a WD Raptor drive. The results: PC in Idle = 159 Watt PC 100% usage (wattage gaming Peak) = 302 Watt The monitoring device is reporting a maximum system wattage peak at roughly 302 Watts, and for a PC with this high-end card, that is not excessive at all. Recommended Power Supply So here's my power supply recommendation: GeForce GTX 260 | 280 A GeForce GTX 260 requires you to have a 500 Watt power supply unit at minimum if you use it in a high-end system. That power supply needs to have (in total accumulated) at least 38 Amps available on the 12 volts rails. A GeForce GTX 280 requires you to have a 550 Watt power supply unit at minimum if you use it in a high-end system. That power supply needs to have (in total accumulated) at least 40 Amps available on the 12 volts rails. GeForce GTX 260 | 280 SLI A second GeForce GTX 260 requires you to have a 700 Watt power supply unit at minimum if you use it in a high-end system. That power supply needs to have (in total accumulated) at least 50 Amps available on the 12 volts rails. A second GeForce GTX 280 requires you to have a 800 Watt power supply unit at minimum if you use it in a high-end system. That power supply needs to have (in total accumulated) at least 55 Amps available on the 12 volts rails. 3-way SLI ... well check our article on Wednesday please. There are many good PSU's out there, please do have a look at our many PSU reviews as we have loads of recommended PSU's for you to check out in there. What would happen if your PSU can't cope with the load?: GeForce GTX 980 2 and 3-way SLI review We review GeForce GTX 980 but this time in a 2-way and 3-way SLI. We'll FLIR them, Overclock them, look at ultra HD performance as well as a micro stuttering analysis with the help of FCAT. Join us i... GeForce GTX 970 SLI review We review Nvidias money maker, the GeForce GTX 970 but this time in a 2-way SLI. As such we'll be going from fast to faaaaast. In this review we'll run the standard benchmarks, but we will also have... Palit GeForce GTX 970 Jetstream review Palit is back in the house as we review their GeForce GTX 970 Jetstream edition. The product comes factory overclocked with a boost clock of 1304 MHz. The product has a custom and very small PCB, it'... ASUS GeForce GTX 970 Strix review We review the new ASUS GeForce GTX 970 Strix edition. A product that has been overhauled in terms of PCB and cooling. ASUS also clocks the product a little faster then reference. The new DirectCU II b...

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Brandies, that receive the name Brandy from Brandywine, “burnt wine” in dutch, are a selection of spirits that are elaborated from distilled wine. There are two general varieties of wine brandy, one being aged in wooden casks and another being colored using caramel coloring, so as to end up with a color that is very similar to that of it aged counterpart. There is also a third less common variety that uses a combination of the two aforementioned methods. Even though the name brandy denotes a grape brandy, there are also two other varieties that are commonly referred to with the same term: Fruit brandies, distilled from a selection of fruit, receiving the name Eau-de-vie in France, and Pomace brandies, called Marc in both England and France, that is distilled from the remnants left behind after pressing the grapes for their juice. History of brandies All though brandies date as far back as ancient Greece and Rome, it is generally believed that what is now considered the brandy liquor dates from some time between the 10th and 12th century, having become rather popular in the 14th century. As to the reasons behind its discovery, it is not at all clear what the intention was, but it is generally believed that the basic idea was to dry wine to make it easier to transport from one location to another by extracting all water, that would later be added anew. Over time the merchants discovered that transporting the distilled wine in wooden caskets changed the flavor of the wine all together. This process was improved over the years as different woods and aging were tested to find out the quality of the resulting product. Where is brandy produced and which varieties have appeared Since the vast majority of brandies are distilled from grapes it is not at all strange that the areas where brandy is produced are the same as those where the most important wines are produced, starting of mainly in France and Spain in Europe, then moving to other countries and regions that are well known for their wine productions like California in USA or South Africa. Over the years brandy has expanded to new areas receiving specific names in each area in which it is produced. Some of the most important are Brandy de Jerez (Spain), Cognac (denoting a specific area of France that uses a double distillation in pot stills), Armagnac (the southwest of France) and Metaxa, that is a Greek variety of Brandy that has the honor of being the first alcoholic spirit that was drunk in space. Brandies are generally considered to be an after-dinner drink that is served in a specially designed glass. This special glass is called a sniffer, or balloon, can easily be recognized due to its short stem and its vessel with a very wide bottom and a narrow top, which it heated before the brandy is poured. It is considered to be good manners to let the brandy sit for a few minutes before sniffing its aroma, slowly stirring the liquid with a small movement of the wrist, then drinking the brandy in small sips so as to appreciate all the flavor of the liquor. Fruit brandies and Pomace brandies Unlike their grape counterpart fruit and pomace brandies have appeared in many regions all over the world, something that is specially significant in the case of the fruit brandies. Among the fruit brandies it is possible to find varieties based on plenty of different fruits, some of the most common being apple, peaches, plums, cherries and blackberries. It is normally colorless and served chilled. Some of the noteworthy fruit brandies are: - Applejack, distilled from hard cider in America. - Rakia, name that brandy from apple, pears, cherries and other fruits receives in Albania, Bulgaria and Serbia, as well as nearby countries. - German Schnaps. When it comes to important Pomace brandy or marc, that is fermented and distilled from the residue left behind after grapes for wine is pressed. It is neither aged nor colored. Some of the best known are: - Italian grappa - Greek tsipouro - Spanish orujo

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This past Sunday, we covered another "Woe" of Jesus. In this "woe," he tells the Pharisees and scribes of the law that they by focusing on their precision of the law have neglected the weightier matters of the law - "justice, mercy, and faithfulness" (Matthew 23:23). Jesus essentially summarized Micah 6:8 which says to "act justly, love mercy, and walk humbly with your God." What does it mean then to "act justly" or to "do justice?" This is a word that is loaded in our culture today. What I observe from the media is that justice almost takes on a vengeance type of idea today. What about biblically? What did justice look like in the Bible? There are actually two words in the Hebrew Bible that are translated "justice." One is the word "mishpat." It is used over 200 times in the Old Testament. It's basic meaning is to treat people equally, giving them their due - whether that be punishment, protection, or care. Over and over again this particular word is used in conjunction with four particular groups - Levites (priests who had no inheritance), foreigners living in the land, widows, and orphans. A couple of examples - "Do what is just and right. Rescue from the hands of the oppressor the one who has been robbed. Do no wrong or violence to the foreigner, the fatherless or the widow . . ." (Jeremiah 22:3). "This is what the Lord Almighty said: 'Administer true justice; show mercy and compassion to one another. Do not oppress the widow or fatherless, the foreigner or the poor." (Zechariah 7:9-10) "Learn to do right; seek justice! Defend the oppressed. Take up the cause of the fatherless; plead the case of the widow." (Isaiah 1:17) Even the tithe had a justice element to it - "At the end of every 3 years bring the tithe . . . so that the Levites and the foreigners, the fatherless and the widows who live in your towns may come and eat and be satisfied." (Deuteronomy 14:28-29). In pre-modern, agrarian societies these four groups had no social power. The mishpat of society then is evaluated, according to the scriptures, by how these groups are treated. Jesus seems to stay in line with that definition as he continually helped these groups in his day (those possessed by demons, lepers, the woman bleeding for 12 years, the blind and lame). God's Himself is concerned with the most vulnerable and their justice. In Psalm 68 God is called "a father to the fatherless, a defender of widows." The other word that is sometimes translated as justice, but more often as righteous is "tzadeq." This refers to right relationships. We are not righteous before God, but God sends Jesus that we may become the righteousness of God. This righteousness then extends to human relationships. This is how we treat people in day to day living. So when we are seeking the righteousness/justice of God we are seeking to treat people in a way that is fair, generous, and reflects the character of God. My prayer for our church is that as we understand how God has treated us justly through Christ Jesus, we would treat the people we come in contact with, whether deemed important or unimportant by society, with the justice of God. I love you all and hope you had a great spring break and we will see you Sunday!

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As crime and violence overrun our cities and homes, law can often be something that deters criminals, and protects people and their property. doesn’t it make sense that we should all obey the laws that ensure peace and safety? Well, centuries ago, God wrote His own law in stone—and the Bible says we’re still supposed to keep it today. Violating any part of God’s law always brings negative consequences. But most important, keeping all of God’s law secures our peace and safety. Since so much is at stake, isn’t it worth your time to take a few minutes to seriously consider why God would have given us the law? 1. Who Gave the Ten Commandments? And how were they given? “And he gave unto Moses, when he had made an end of communing with him upon mount Sinai, two tables of testimony, tables of stone, written with the finger of God.” (Exodus 31:18) “And the tables [were] the work of God, and the writing [was] the writing of God, graven upon the tables.” (Exodus 32:16). Answer: The God of heaven wrote the Ten Commandments on tables of stone with His own finger. 2. What is God’s definition of sin? “Sin is the transgression of the law” (1 John 3:4) “I had not known sin, but by the law: for I had not known lust, except the law had said, Thou shalt not covet.” (Rom 7:7) Answer: Coveting is a violation of the Tenth Commandment. Sin is the breaking of God’s law. The law of God is perfect (Psalm 19:7), and its principles cover every conceivable sin. The commandments cover “the whole duty of man” (Ecclesiastes 12:13). Nothing is left out. 3. Why did God give us the law? “Happy is he who keeps the law” (Proverbs 29:18) “Keep my commands; for length of days and long life and peace they add to you” (Proverbs 3:1, 2) A: As a guide for happy, abundant living. God created us to experience happiness, peace, long life, contentment, accomplishment, and all the other great blessings for which our hearts long. God’s law is a road map that points out the right paths to follow in order to find this true, supreme happiness. “By the law is the knowledge of sin” (Romans 3:20). “I had not known sin, but by the law: for I had not known lust, except the law had said, Thou shalt not covet.” (Romans 7:7). B:To show us the difference between right and wrong. God’s law is like a mirror (James 1:23–25). It points out wrongdoing in our lives much like a mirror points out dirt on our faces. The only possible way for us to know we are sinning is to carefully check our lives by the mirror of God’s law. Peace for a mixed-up world can be found in God’s law. It tells us where to draw the line! “The Lord commanded us to observe all these statutes [commandments] … for our good always” (Deuteronomy 6:24). “Hold thou me up, and I shall be safe: and I will have respect unto thy statutes continually. Thou hast trodden down all them that err from thy statutes: for their deceit [is] falsehood.” (Psalms 119:118) C: To protect us from danger and tragedy. God’s law is like a strong cage at the zoo that protects us from fierce, destructive animals. It protects us from falsehood, murder, idolatry, theft, and many other evils that destroy life, peace, and happiness. All good laws protect, and God’s law is no exception. “And hereby we do know that we know him, if we keep his commandments.” (1 John 2:3) D: It helps us to know God. Special Note: The eternal principles within God’s law are written deep in every person’s nature by the God who created us. The writing might be dim and smudged, but it is still there. We were created to live in harmony with them. When we ignore them, the result is always tension, unrest, and tragedy—just as ignoring the rules for safe driving can lead to serious injury or death. 4. Why is God’s law exceedingly important to you personally? “So speak ye, and so do, as they that shall be judged by the law of liberty.” (James 2:12) Answer: Because the law is the standard by which God examines people in the heavenly judgment. 5. Can God’s law ever be changed or abolished? “And it is easier for heaven and earth to pass away than for one tittle of the law to fail” (Luke 16:17). “My covenant I will not break, nor alter the word that has gone out of My lips” (Psalm 89:34). “All His precepts [commandments] are sure. They stand fast forever and ever” (Psalm 111:7, 8). Answer: No. The Bible is clear that the law of God cannot be changed. The commandments are revealed principles of God’s holy character and are the very foundation of His kingdom. They will be true as long as God exists. This chart shows us that God and His law have the exact same characteristics, revealing that the law is actually God’s character in written form—written so that we can better comprehend God. It is no more possible to change God’s law than to pull God out of heaven and change Him. Jesus showed us what the law—that is, the pattern for holy living—looks like when expressed it in human form. God’s character cannot change; therefore, neither can His law. |GOD IS||THE LAW IS| |Good||Luke 18:19||1 Timothy 1:8| |Holy||Isaiah 5:16||Romans 7:12| |Perfect||Matthew 5:48||Psalms 19:7| |Pure||1 John 3:2,3||Psalms 19:8| |Just||Deuteronomy 32:4||Romans 7:12| |True||John 3:33||Psalms 19:9| |Spiritual||1 Corinthians 10:4||Romans 7:14| |Righteousness||Jeremiah 23:6||Psalms 119:172| |Faithful||1 Corinthians 1:9||Psalms 119:86| |Love||1 John 4:8||Romans 13:10| |Unchangeable||James 1:17||Matthew 5:18| |Everlasting||Genesis 21:33||Psalms 111:7,8| 6. Did Jesus abolish God’s law while He was here on earth? “Think not that I am come to destroy the Law. … I am not come to destroy but to fulfill. … Till heaven and earth pass away, one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass from the law till all be fulfilled” (Matthew 5:17, 18). Answer: No, indeed! Jesus specifically asserted that He did not come to destroy the law, but to fulfill (or keep) it. Instead of doing away with the law, Jesus magnified it (Isaiah 42:21) as the perfect guide for holy living. For example, Jesus pointed out that “You shall not murder” condemns anger “without a cause” (Matthew 5:21, 22) and hatred (1 John 3:15), and that lust is a form of adultery (Matthew 5:27, 28). He said, “If you love Me, keep My commandments” (John 14:15). 7. Will people who knowingly continue to break God’s commandments be saved? “The wages of sin is death” (Romans 6:23). “He shall destroy its sinners” (Isaiah 13:9) “For whoever shall keep the whole law, and yet offend in one point, he is guilty of all” (James 2:10) “The soul that sinneth, it shall die.” (Ezek 18:20) Answer: The law guides us into holy living. If we ignore even one of the commandments, we neglect an essential part of the divine blueprint. If only one link of a chain is broken, its entire purpose is undone. The Bible says that when we knowingly break a command of God, we are sinning (James 4:17) because we have refused His will for us. Only those who do His will can enter the kingdom of heaven. Of course, God will forgive anyone who genuinely repents and accepts Christ’s power to change him or her. 8. Can anyone be saved by Keeping the Law? “Therefor by the deeds of the law no flesh will be justified in His sight” (Romans 3:20). “For by grace you have been saved through faith, and that not of yourselves; it is the gift of God, not of works, lest any man should boast” (Ephesians 2:8, 9). Answer: No! The answer is too plain to miss. We do not earn or buy grace by our own good works. No one can be saved by their law keeping. Salvation comes only through grace, as a free gift of Jesus Christ, and we receive this gift by faith, not by our works. The law serves as a mirror that points out the sin in our lives. Just as a mirror can show you dirt on your face but cannot clean your face, so cleansing and forgiveness from that sin come only through Christ. Keeping His law is a fruit that comes from receiving God’s grace. You are not saved by the law. 9. Why, then, is the law essential for improving a Christian’s character? “Fear God and keep His commandments, for this is the [whole duty] of man” (Ecclesiastes 12:13). “By the law is the knowledge of sin” (Romans 3:20). Answer: Because the full pattern, or “whole duty,” for Christian living is contained in God’s law. Like a six-year-old who made his own ruler, measured himself, and told his mother that he was 12 feet tall, our own standards of measure are never safe. We cannot know whether we are sinners unless we look carefully into the perfect standard—God’s law. Many think that doing good works guarantees their salvation even if they ignore keeping the law (Matthew 7:21–23). Hence, they think they are righteous and saved when, in fact, they are sinful and lost. “By this we know that we know Him, if we keep His commandments” (1 John 2:3). 10. What enables a truly converted Christian to follow the pattern of God’s law? “I will put My laws in their mind and write them on their hearts” (Hebrews 8:10). “I can do all things through Christ” (Philippians 4:13). “God sending His own Son … that the righteous requirement of the law might be fulfilled in us” (Romans 8:3, 4) Answer: Christ not only pardons repentant sinners, He also restores in them the image of God. He brings them into harmony with His law through the power of His indwelling presence. “Thou shalt not” becomes a positive promise that the Christian will not steal, lie, murder, etc., because Jesus lives within us and is in control. God will not change His moral law, but He made a provision through Jesus to change the sinner so we can measure up to that law. 11. But isn’t a Christian who has faith and is living under grace freed from keeping the law? “For sin shall not have dominion over you: for ye are not under law but under grace. What then? Shall we sin [break the law] because we are not under law but under grace? God forbid!” (Romans 6:14, 15) “Do we then make void the law through faith? Certainly not! On the contrary, we establish the law” (Romans 3:31) Answer: No! The Scriptures teach the very opposite. Grace is like a governor’s pardon to a prisoner. It forgives him, but it does not give him the freedom to break another law. The forgiven person, living under grace, will actually want to keep God’s law in his or her gratitude for salvation. A person who refuses to keep God’s law, saying that he is living under grace, is sorely mistaken. 12. Are the Ten Commandments of God also affirmed in the New Testament? Answer: Yes—and very clearly so. Look over the following very carefully. The Law of God in the New Testament. 1. “Thou shalt worship the Lord your God, and Him only shalt thou serve” (Matthew 4:10). 2. “Little children, keep yourselves from idols” (1 John 5:21). “Forasmuch then as we arethe offspring of God, we ought not to think that the godhead is like unto gold or silver or stone, graven by art and man’s device ” (Acts 17:29). 3. “That the name of God and His doctrine be not blasphemed” (1 Timothy 6:1). 4. “For he spake in a certain place of the seventh [day] on this wise, And God did rest the seventh day from all his works.” (Hebrews 4:4) “There remaineth therefore a rest to the people of God.” (Hebrews 4:9) “For he that is entered into his rest, he also hath ceased from his own works, as God [did] from his.” (Hebrews 4:10) 5. “Honor thy father and thy mother” (Matthew 19:19). 6. “Thou shalt not kill ” (Romans 13:9). 7. “Thou shalt not commit adultery” (Matthew 19:18). 8. “Thou shalt not steal” (Romans 13:9). 9. “Thou shalt not bear false witness” (Romans 13:9). 10. “Thou shalt not covet” (Romans 7:7). 13. Are God’s law and Moses’ law the same? “Ye shall make you no idols nor graven image, neither rear you up a standing image, neither shall ye set up any image of stone in your land, to bow down unto it: for I am the LORD your God. Ye shall keep my sabbaths, and reverence my sanctuary: I am the LORD. If ye walk in my statutes, and keep my commandments, and do them; Then I will give you rain in due season, and the land shall yield her increase, and the trees of the field shall yield their fruit… These are the statutes and judgments and laws, which the LORD made between him and the children of Israel in mount Sinai by the hand of Moses.” (Lev 26:1-4, 46) “Thou camest down also upon mount Sinai, and spakest with them from heaven, and gavest them right judgments, and true laws, good statutes and commandments: And madest known unto them thy holy sabbath, and commandedst them precepts, statutes, and laws, by the hand of Moses thy servant:” (Nehemiah 9:13, 14) Answer: Some say no, but the answer is yes. God made the law and gave it to Moses. That includes laws such as idolatry and the Sabbath. The common objection is that because it was given by Moses, and Moses wrote the statutes on paper, that this means that these words were actually Moses law and not God’s law. This is a very serious mistake. This mistake leads many to say that all the writings of Moses are ceremonial or ritual laws that pointed to the cross and Christ. And then they end up nailing all of it to the cross. The Bible tells us in the book of Exodus chapter 20 that Moses received the 10 commandments on stone to give to the people, and then afterward the Lord wanted to give them more, but the answer was given. “And they said unto Moses, Speak thou with us, and we will hear: but let not God speak with us, lest we die.” (Exod 20:19) If we read carefully we will see that God gave them the statutes and judgments through Moses and wrote them in a book. (Exodus 21-23) This same history of giving the ten commandments is repeated in Deutoronomy chapter 5, where the 10 commandments are repeated. (Deu 5:5-22) And Moses begins it thus: “(I stood between the LORD and you at that time, to shew you the word of the LORD:..” (Deut 5:5) After the giving of the 10 commandments (Deu 5:5-22) we read that they cried. “Now therefore why should we die? for this great fire will consume us: if we hear the voice of the LORD our God any more, then we shall die. For who is there of all flesh, that hath heard the voice of the living God speaking out of the midst of the fire, as we have, and lived? Go thou(Moses) near, and hear all that the LORD our God shall say: and speak thou unto us all that the LORD our God shall speak unto thee; and we will hear it, and do it.” (Deut 5:25-27) And so finally in Deutoronomy 6 onwards Moses gives them the statutes of God. This book is said to be the law of Moses and because it witnessed against us and was placed in the side of the ark, some say that it was to be done away. (Deu 31:26) But this is a grave mistake. The symbol of putting the book of the law in the side of the ark symbolizes God writing that very law in your heart. If we read the context carefully, we will see that it says exactly that. “And the LORD thy God will circumcise thine heart, and the heart of thy seed, to love the LORD thy God with all thine heart, and with all thy soul, that thou mayest live… thou shalt return and obey the voice of the LORD, and do all his commandments which I command thee this day…If thou shalt hearken unto the voice of the LORD thy God, to keep his commandments and his statutes which are written in this book of the law, and if thou turn unto the LORD thy God with all thine heart, and with all thy soul.” (Deut 30:5, 6, 10) That is the new covenant promise, to circumcise your heart and write His law in your heart. 14. Isn’t the Law of Moses only Ceremonial Law? And the Law of God only Moral Law? No. As we seen above, the law of Moses included many moral laws and statutes including the Sabbath, Idolatry and the rest of the 10 commandments. (See also Neh 9:14) However, the term “law of God” sometimes refers to the ceremonial part of the Law. Notice how the terms “Law of God” and “Law of Moses” are used interchangeably. “And when the days of her purification according to the law of Moses were accomplished, they brought him to Jerusalem, to present him to the Lord; (As it is written in the law of the Lord, Every male that openeth the womb shall be called holy to the Lord;) And to offer a sacrifice according to that which is said in the law of the Lord, A pair of turtledoves, or two young pigeons.” (Luke 2:22-24) As with the moral laws such as the ten commandments being called the law of Moses, in the same sense, the ceremonial laws are called “the law of the Lord” or “the law of God”. The idea that the term “Law of God” only refers to the moral part of the law, and that the term “Law of Moses” only refers to the ceremonial part of the law is a human invention. 15. The Bible says “Christ hath redeemed us from the curse of the law” (Gal 3:13) Isn’t it a curse to keep the law of Moses? It is actually a curse NOT to keep it. “Cursed be he that confirmeth not all the words of this law to do them. And all the people shall say, Amen.” (Deut 27:26) “Cursed is every one that continueth not in all things which are written in the book of the law to do them.” (Gal 3:10) Christ payed the penalty for breaking the law. This does point to the ceremonial or remedial part of the law. However, the remedy was given because we violated the moral part of the law. The curse came because we broke the law. The opposite of a curse is a blessing. And the Bible says: “Blessed are they that do his commandments, that they may have right to the tree of life, and may enter in through the gates into the city.” (Rev 22:14) “Blessed are the undefiled in the way, who walk in the law of the LORD.” (Ps 119:1) “Behold, I set before you this day a blessing and a curse; A blessing, if ye obey the commandments of the LORD your God, which I command you this day: And a curse, if ye will not obey the commandments of the LORD your God, but turn aside out of the way which I command you this day, to go after other gods, which ye have not known.” (Deut 11:26-28) Galatians 3 is often misused and abused and many when reading the words “Christ redeemed us from the curse” are happy and relieved to hear these words. Because they believe they were redeemed so that they might not have to keep the law. The reason they are happy is written: “Because the carnal mind is enmity against God: for it is not subject to the law of God, neither indeed can be.” (Rom 8:7) 16. How does the devil feel about people who pattern their lives after God’s Ten Commandments? “The dragon [the devil] was enraged with the woman [true church], and he went to make war with the remnant of her seed, which keep the commandments of God” (Revelation 12:17) “Here is the patience of the saints; here are they that keep the commandments of God” (Revelation 14:12) Answer: The devil hates those who uphold God’s law because the law is a pattern of right living, so it is not surprising that he bitterly opposes all who uphold God’s law. In his war against God’s holy standard, he goes so far as to use religious leaders to do away with the law while at the same time upholding the traditions of men. No wonder Jesus said, “Why do you also transgress the commandment of God because of your tradition? … In vain they worship Me, teaching as doctrines the commandments of men” (Matthew 15:3, 9). And David said, “It is time for You to act, O Lord, for they have regarded Your law as void” (Psalm 119:126). Christians must wake up and restore God’s law to its rightful place in their hearts and lives. 17. Do you believe it is essential for a Christian to obey the Ten Commandments? 1. Doesn’t the Bible say the law was (or is) faulty? No. The Bible says the people were faulty. The Israelites made a promise to obey God’s law. (Exo 19:8) God found “fault with them” (Hebrews 8:8) So therefore it was their own words that were faulty. They promised to do this in their own power and failed. God’s covenant was promising them that He would do it through them. (Exo 19:4-6) In Romans 8:3 the Bible says that the law “was weak through the flesh.” It is always the same story. The law is perfect, but the people are faulty, or weak. So God would have His Son live within His people “That the righteousness of the law might be fulfilled in us” (Romans 8:4) through the indwelling Christ. 2. What does it mean when Galatians 3:13 says we are redeemed from the curse of the law? The curse of the law is death (Romans 6:23). Christ tasted “death for everyone” (Hebrews 2:9). Thus He redeemed all from the curse of the law (death) and in its place provided eternal life. In the verse we are told how he did this. “Cursed is every one that hangeth on a tree.” Christ nailed the curse to the tree. He didn’t say that it was a curse to keep the law. The Bible says there was a curse to break the law and a blessing to keep the law. (Rev 22:14, Psa 119:1, Deu 11:26-28, Deu 27:26) 3. Don’t Colossians 2:14 and Ephesians 2:15 teach that God’s law ended at the cross? No. Again as in Galatians 3:13, both of these verses refer to what Christ took to the tree or cross. That is the curse for breaking the law. The ceremonial or remedial part of the law. The remedy was the blood of Christ. Some have attempted to nail the blessing to the cross rather than the curse. The Bible says God “blessed the seventh day, and sanctified it” (Gen 2:3) The Ceremonial part of the law has to do with the temple and its furniture, the priesthood, and the sacrifices. The moral law has to do with our duty’s concerning man,(Lev 19:18) and God. (Deu 6:4-7) 4. The Bible says “love is the fulfillment of the law” (Romans 13:10). Matthew 22:37–40 commands us to love God and to love our neighbors, ending with the words, “On these two commandments hang all the Law and the Prophets.” Do these commands replace the Ten Commandments? No. The Ten Commandments hang from these two commands as our 10 fingers hang from our two hands. They are inseparable. Love to God makes keeping the first four commandments (which concern God) a pleasure, and love toward our neighbor makes keeping the last six (which concern our neighbor) a joy. Love fulfills the law by taking away the drudgery of mere obedience and by making law-keeping a delight (Psalm 40:8). When we truly love a person, honoring his or her requests becomes a joy. Jesus said, “If you love Me, keep My commandments” (John 14:15). It is not impossible to love the Lord and not keep His commandments, because the Bible says, “This is the love of God, that we keep His commandments. And His commandments are not burdensome” (1 John 5:3). “He who says, ‘I know Him,’ and does not keep His commandments, is a liar, and the truth is not in him” (1 John 2:4). 5. Doesn’t 2 Corinthians 3:7 teach that the law engraved in stone was to be done away? No. It is referring again to what Christ abolished. Notice: “And not as Moses, which put a vail over his face, that the children of Israel could not stedfastly look to the end of that which is abolished:” (2Cor 3:13) “Who hath saved us, and called us with an holy calling, not according to our works, but according to his own purpose and grace, which was given us in Christ Jesus before the world began, But is now made manifest by the appearing of our Saviour Jesus Christ, who hath abolished death, and hath brought life and immortality to light through the gospel:” (2Tim 1:9, 10) The passage is saying that the law written on dead stones was glorious, but when we behold Christ and the cross, there is a much more glorious thing that happens, the law is not just written in stones, but it becomes written in the heart and we become a “walking epistle”. (2 Cor 3:2, 7) “Forasmuch as ye are manifestly declared to be the epistle of Christ ministered by us, written not with ink, but with the Spirit of the living God; not in tables of stone, but in fleshy tables of the heart.” (2Cor 3:3) Keeping God’s law becomes a delight and a joyful way of living because the Christian has true love for both God and man. 6. Romans 10:4 says that “Christ is the end of the law.” So it has ended, hasn’t it? “End” in this verse means purpose or object, as it does in James 5:11. The meaning is clear. To lead men to Christ—where they find righteousness—is the goal, purpose, or end of the law. 7. Why do so many people deny the binding claims of God’s law? “Because the carnal mind [is] enmity against God: for it is not subject to the law of God, neither indeed can be.” (Romans 8:7) The carnal mind is the unconverted mind. And having this mind and not accepting the mind of Christ will keep us out of the kingdom of God. (Rom 8:9, Gal 5:21, Gal 4:30, Phi 2:5) 8. Were the righteous people of the Old Testament saved by the law? No one has ever been saved by the law. (Gal 2:16) All who have been saved in all ages have been saved by grace. This “grace … was given to us in Christ Jesus before the world began” (2 Timothy 1:9). The law only points out sin and by itself saves no one, but condemns all men.(Rom 3:23) Christ alone can save. Noah “found grace” (Genesis 6:8); Moses found grace (Exodus 33:17); the Israelites in the wilderness found grace (Jeremiah 31:2); and Abel, Enoch, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph, and many other Old Testament characters were saved “by faith” according to Hebrews 11. They were saved by looking forward to the cross, and we, by looking back to it. The law is necessary because, like a mirror, it reveals the “dirt” in our lives. Without it, people are sinners but are not aware of it. However, the law has no saving power. It can only point out sin. Jesus, and He alone, can save a person from sin. This has always been true, even in Old Testament times (Acts 4:10, 12; 2 Timothy 1:9). 9. Why worry about the law? Isn’t conscience a safe guide? No! The Bible speaks of an evil conscience, a defiled conscience, and a seared conscience—none of which is safe. “There is a way that seemth right unto a man, but the end thereof are the ways of death” (Proverbs 14:12). God says, “He who trusteth in his own heart is a fool” (Proverbs 28:26). Though conscience is the voice of God, sometimes what we hear is contrary to the word of God, and if it is contrary to the word of God, then it isn’t the voice of God. Sometimes what we think to be our conscience is the voice of the devil. Our conscience must sometimes be brought back into harmony with the word of God. - The Ten Commandments were written by (1) _____ An unknown person. - According to the Bible, sin is (1) _____ A personality deficiency. _____ Breaking God’s law. _____ Whatever seems wrong. - Check the statements that tell the truth about God’s law: (4) _____ It is a perfect guide for happy living. _____ Like a mirror, it points out sin. _____ It is burdensome and oppressive. _____ It can protect me from evil. _____ It has the same characteristics as God. _____ It was canceled in the New Testament. _____ It is a curse to keep it. - God’s law (1) _____ Was for Old Testament times only. _____ Was abolished by Jesus at the cross. _____ Is unchangeable. - In the judgment day I will be saved if (1) _____ I maintain an excellent record of good works. _____ I love the Lord, regardless of whether or not I obey the Ten Commandments. _____ My personal love relationship with Jesus leads me to obey all His commandments. - People are saved by (1) _____ Keeping the law. _____ Breaking the law. _____ Jesus Christ alone. - Truly converted Chrisians (1) _____ Keep God’s law through the power of Christ. _____ Ignore the law because it is done away. _____ Consider commandment keeping unnecessary. - A person living under grace (1)_____ Can break the Ten Commandments without sinning._____ Is freed from keeping the law. _____ Will gladly keep God’s commandments. - Love fulfills the law because (1) _____ Love does away with the law. _____ True love toward God and people makes keeping the law a joy. _____ Love is more important than obedience. 10. Moses’ law is (1) _____ Another term for God’s law. _____ Only the law of ceremonies and sacrifices, which pointed forward to Christ and ended at the cross. _____ A requirement we don’t need to keep anymore. 11. People who obey the Ten Commandments (1) _____ Are all legalists. _____ Will be opposed by the devil, who hates God and His law. _____ Are saved by keeping the law. 12. Check the statements that are true regarding Christ and the law: (4) _____ Jesus broke the law. _____ Jesus is the perfect human example of keeping the law. _____ Jesus abolished the law. _____ Jesus said, “If ye love me, keep my commandments.” _____ Jesus magnified the law and showed that it covers all sin. _____ Jesus said that the law cannot be changed. 13. I believe a Christian will gladly obey God’s Ten Commandments, and I am asking Jesus to help me bring my life into harmony with them.

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Brahman. The Human Condition –life is a journey to union with God but, when they remain ignorant of this, human beings suffer and are continually reborn. The Goals - to live a virtuous life and finally to achieve Moksha. The Human Condition –life is a journey to union with God but, when they remain ignorant of this, human beings suffer and are continually reborn. The Goals - to live a virtuous life and finally to achieve Moksha. The Means – there are many paths which lead to Moksha. Brahman also has a role in the attainment of Moksha. Kama Dharma Artha Guru, rishi, swami Who or What is Brahman ? the ultimate reality behind existence pure being – sat pure consciousness – cit pure bliss – ananda What aspects of Brahman are represented by the Trimurti ? Creation – Brahma Preserver – Vishnu Destroyer – Shiva What is the Atman ? The real self. The one that is permanent. A spark of the divine Brahman Hinduism is all about realising the Atman & Brahman are the same. The Atman goes through samsara, and controls moral behaviour Moksha ends the Atman’s journey. What is Avidya ? Ignorance; stops spiritual enlightenment or the union of the Atman & Brahman. People sometimes claim to know something is true but they don't. Avidya is kept alive by materialism, Education is not the same as knowledge. (see Jnana Yoga) What is samsara? What Is Dharma ? Right Conduct – behave yourself, duty of your caste/varna and your obligation or responsibility to society. Religious or moral duty relating to specific varna and stage in life. It gives order to the world – we all know what we should do allowing a harmonized universe. Personal code of conduct. Affects a person’s journey through samsara. How can a person affect samsara through their dharma? What is Samadhi ? It means enlightenment. It means realising who Brahman really is. It is the final state of the Atman, and you have no sense of 'I' or 'mine' The highest state that someone who practices yoga/meditation can reach What is Moksha? Why is Moksha Important to Hindus ? The ultimate goal for a Hindu is to achieve Moksha. Without re-uniting with Brahman, your Atman/soul can never be at peace. It encourages Hindus to lead a good/honest and peaceful life because to achieve Moksha requires good karma & following Dharma – varnashramadharma Gives hope of a better life after this one Why/when is Moksha not important to some Hindus? Many Hindus struggle to survive from day to day and do not think about life after death. Moksha has too many stages and some Hindus do not think it is achievable. Scientific development has lead many Hindus to question the concept of reincarnation. What does varna mean? What are the 4 varnas? Who are the Brahmins ? They are priests and those in a higher professions, i.e. teachers & doctors. They understand and study Hindu teachings. They set a good moral example for others by remaining pure in words and deeds. Who are the Kshatriyas ? They are the rulers & military forces in society, such as royal family, prime minister, members of the government and officers in the armed forces. They are leaders, and protectors and guard the welfare of the people. They were a secular (non-religious) power responsible for enforcing dharma. Who are the Vaishyas ? They are the business people in society. They deal with money and commercial activities i.e. traders, bankers, financial advisers, solicitors and directors. They were farmers or peasants involved in agriculture to provide food. They are responsible for providing the material goods & the wealth in society. Who are the Shudras ? Skilled workers eg potters, weavers and servants. The working class. i.e. workers, labourers, factory workers and builders. They do the physical and manual workers, serving the needs of others. They were banned from access to scriptures. Could not be twice-born (sacred thread ceremony) Who are the Untouchables ? They are outside the caste system. They deal with things considered unclean i.e. dead animals/rubbish. Why are Varnas important for Hindu Society ? Everyone is given a role and responsibility to produce a stable society. It was based on occupation ensuring that society had a thriving society with everyone depending on each other. Your caste reflects your position and status in terms of a persons karma and therefore reincarnation. It provides a moral incentive for all to improve their caste. What are the 4 Ashramas ? Student Stage – Brahmacharya Householder Stage – Grihastha Retirement Stage – Vanaprasta Renunciation Stage – Sunnyasin What is Brahmacharya ? This begins with the initiation rite of the sacred thread called upanayana preformed only by boys in the upper 3 castes Students study Hindu scripture. What is Grihastha? This begins when the student returns from his studies, marries, produces children and takes on the duties of a householder. This stage is considered very important. What is Vanaprastha? This stage occurs when the children are grown up and able to run their own lives. To become detached from worldly goods, go on pilgrimages. What is Sunnyasin? Practices detachment and renunciation from all worldly possessions To give up all worldly ties, possessions, family and even name and devoting one's entire life to the spiritual god of liberation or moksha. Some become a wandering holy man (sadhu) What are the Three Margas ? Karma yoga including 'seva' – charity work Bhakti yoga including 'puja‘ - worship Jnana yoga – Meditation & learning A form of following dharma What is Ahimsa ? Means non-violence to all things, this is because Hindus believe in the 'specialness' of all life. All life is involved in samsara. Gandhi followed ahimsa. Some Hindus reject it because if we don't defend ourselves we can allow suffering to happen. This might mean poor karma and not following your dharma. What is God’s Grace?

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(45K) Harvard Medical Library in Francis A Countway Library of Medicine Virologist who shared the Nobel Prize in 1954 for work on poliomyelitis virus. Born at Ann Arbor, MI, USA, on June 15, 1915, he died in his sleep on Aug 23, 2008, aged 93 years. In 2004, half a century after he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for an achievement that sped the development of the vaccines against poliomyelitis, Thomas Weller wrote his autobiography. He called it Growing Pathogens in Tissue Cultures, which was an accurate, if rather modest, description of his career. In a similar vein, Weller had begun his Nobel acceptance speech, in 1954, with an acknowledgment that scientific achievements are almost never the work of a single person or even a single research group: “As nearly always in the undertaking of science many others who have worked with us have contributed of their minds and labor…And so we would think of them as here with us now, sharing in these great happenings.” Humility aside, Weller was an important scientist, says Dyann Wirth, of the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases at the Harvard School of Public Health. He exemplified the best in science, she says: “He was one of the few people who could experience in his lifetime something going from the lab to affecting so many people and having such a major pubic-health impact. As a person, he was clearly focused on the quality of science he was doing, and the kind of questions being asked and their public-health impact.” Weller, whose father was a pathologist at the University of Michigan, once said that “the bug of scientific curiosity” had bitten him at an early age. His father was interested in birds, and Thomas himself published his first scientific papers, on ornithology, on work he did while still in his teens. Later, Weller earned a BA and a masters of science from the University of Michigan. He then moved to Harvard Medical School in the 1930s, graduated in 1940, and did his clinical training at Children's Hospital Boston. 2 years later, however, his work was interrupted by World War II and he was assigned to a laboratory in Puerto Rico with the Medical Corps of the US Army, where he worked on malaria control. After the war, he returned to Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, working under John F Enders, who was using tissue-culture techniques to study the aetiology of infectious diseases. In 1949, Weller, Enders, and Frederick C Robbins, showed for the first time that it was possible to grow poliomyelitis virus outside nerve cells. “It was the early days of cell culture and they really went at it with a systematic approach”, Wirth said. “They wanted to test everything they could, which is the hallmark of the scientific process.” As B Lee Ligon from Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, TX, wrote in 2002, the paper with which the trio reported their results (Science 1949; 109: 85—87) “set into motion a race to develop a vaccine for the disease that had crippled countless thousands of individuals”. In 1953, Jonas Salk reported that he had used the Boston team's technique to develop a killed-virus polio vaccine, followed a few years later by Albert Sabin's orally administered vaccine. That discovery was the beginning of a productive career for Weller, who went on to make many contributions to virology, including isolating the varicella-zoster virus from cases of chickenpox and zoster, which provided suggestive evidence that the same virus is responsible for both diseases. He also isolated human cytomegalovirus for the first time in tissue culture, established Coxsackie viruses as the cause of epidemic pleurodynia, and isolated rubella virus, the cause of German measles. “Beyond his pioneering scientific breakthroughs in growing polio in culture and discovering varicella and rubella viruses, all of which made the new vaccines possible, Professor Weller became a champion for public health and the effort to focus the best of science on the diseases and health problems of the poorest people on the globe”, Barry R Bloom, Dean of Harvard School of Public Health, said. Weller also recognised the importance of thoroughly understanding the biology of diseases before attempting a public-health intervention, Wirth added. “In many senses he was before his time in recognising that science requires many disciplines working together when it comes to tackling public health problems.” Weller is survived by his wife, Kathleen, his sons, Peter and Robert, his daughter, Janet, and six grandchildren.

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June 28, 2010 LHC Achieves New Milestone Scientists working with the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) said they have moved a step closer to reaching their goal of unlocking the mysteries of the Universe. The LHC has produced a record-breaking particle collision rate, which is about double the previous rate.According to physicist Andrei Golutvin, the collider is now generating about 10,000 particle collisions per second. The LHC is the world's highest-energy particle accelerator and is located in a 16 mile tunnel under the French-Swiss border. The machine is operated by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), and is based near Geneva in Switzerland. Scientists say this marks the start of turning the LHC into the world's most powerful particle collider. "It's clear that the LHC is the new boy in town, but in two years running we're going to put Fermilab out of business," operation group leader Mike Lamont told BBC News. The Tevatron particle accelerator at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab) in Illinois, USA, is the LHC's rival. It has operated at higher intensities, but the current collision rate is a record for CERN. The LHC is expected to eventually surpass the Fermilab eventually. LHC engineers have slowly and carefully increased the energy and intensity of the proton beams. This weekend, engineers smashed two beams together that consisted of three "bunches" of proton particles. These bunches were at "nominal" intensity for the first time, which is the intensity the LHC was designed to work at. This means each bunch consisted of as many as 100 billion protons. The LHC smashed its first two particle beams together at the speed of light in November 2009. It is currently running at half the energy it was designed for, but scientists hope to take the machine to the top energy of seven tera-electronvolts (TeV) per beam by 2013. Stationed around the collider's ring are four large experiments designed to study new physics. These are Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS), Atlas, Alice and LHCb, of which Golutvin is chief scientist. The researchers hope to find an elusive sub-atomic particle known as Higgs boson, dubbed the "God particle," which explained why matter has mass. Mike Lamont said that his team has recently achieved a record luminosity, which is a measure of the number of protons colliding per second. Luminosity is key to a particle smasher's power, he said. More collisions means more chances of "really interesting physics, like [finding] the Higgs", Lamont explained told BBC. Dr. John Ellis, one of CERN's top theoretical physicists, is among those on the hunt for the Higgs. Ellis said he was very excited by the LHC's latest record. "Protons are complicated particles, they've got quarks, [and other small particles], and colliding them is like colliding two garbage cans and watching carrots come out," he told BBC News. "The more collisions we get, the closer we get to supersymmetry, dark matter, the Higgs boson and other types of new physics." The theoretical physicist explained that collision rates depend on the bunch intensity, which is the number of protons in a bunch. "Now we will be trying to increase the number of those bunches, and then probably in August we will spend quite a period of time just banging away and trying to get as many collisions as we can." The ultimate goal is to reach 2,808 bunches in a beam. The LHC team hopes that they achieve this by 2016. Ellis said that as the luminosity increases, one of the things physicists at CERN will be on the look-out for is a mini black hole. "It would be absolutely, fantastically exciting if we produced black holes at the LHC," he said. "Then we would test our ideas about gravity, quantum physics, string theory. This would be much more exciting than finding a... Higgs boson or even dark matter." Lamont said that before stepping up the intensity, scientists had to be certain the beam carrying bunches at nominal intensity was not going to become unstable. "Up to now we've been working with very low intensities because we didn't want to risk any damage," he told BBC. The two beams that produced the first high-energy collisions of seven tera-electronvolts (TeV) on March 30 contained four bunches each, but with relatively small number of protons in each bunch. He said that as the number of protons increased, the team had to be really careful not to lose "a high-intensity beam in an uncontrolled way." "The beam has got enough energy to melt a hole in the vacuum pipe, cause a vacuum leak into the magnet and helium leak into the vacuum pipe. It could be a real mess and would probably take us six months to repair," Lamont told BBC. However, he said the consequences for the general public would be roughly nothing. "Standard analogy is a British aircraft carrier going at 12 knots. Imagine it going into the Mont Blanc Bridge - it would be a real wreck, but it would not destroy half of Geneva." "And given that this is all buried 100m under ground, the loss of energy would be very localized and safely contained in the tunnel." The LHC is located in picturesque region of French-Swiss Alps, but Lamont said the team had few opportunities to get off the site and joy the area's natural beauty. "The aim over this summer now is to get into a routine, where we're just turning the handle, delivering collisions on a regular basis to the experiments," he told BBC. He added that this weekend's record is the first step towards that goal. "Once we get into a routine, [scientists on individual experiments] can get on with their analysis, and we can gradually increase the intensity and at the same time catch our breath, go home see our families and maybe get into the mountains occasionally." On the Net:

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A flu vaccine injection that is given just once in a lifetime and can fight off all strains of the virus will be available within the next five years, according to findings presented at a Royal Society conference. The vaccine would fight not only the winter flu that leaves millions feeling miserable each year, but also deadly pandemic viruses. The current flu jab protects roughly 75% of those immunised and needs to be reformulated each year to keep on top of changes in the virus. The new drug, developed at the National Institute of Health (NIH) in Maryland, US, uses DNA to trick the body’s immune system into producing antibodies against the “lollipop stick”. Unlike the head, the “stick” changes little from strain to strain, which means one vaccine should protect against multiple strains of the virus. The vaccine was also effective against bird flu. Safety trials have begun on people and its effectiveness could be tested on patients by 2013. If the vaccine is successful, it could be in widespread use by 2015.

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Do GFCI Outlets Go Bad? Since their introduction into the National Electrical Code (NEC), Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI outlets) outlet location requirements have expanded way beyond the initial recommendations, and now include practically every outlet on your property, in and out of the house. These life-saving devices have improved to the point where they are, almost, tamper-proof, but they can still suffer the consequences of age, overuse, and/or incorrect installation. Simple GFCI Troubleshooting GFCI outlets were initially designed to protect against electrical shock hazards in areas in and around your home where water is present, such as bathrooms, kitchens, and outside pools. The very nature of this frequent exposure to moisture promotes internal corrosion in the outlet that can cause any number of internal parts to fail. The GFI (ground fault interrupter) has a built-in sensor that is highly sensitive any small changes in the line source current and ideally will trip the breaker inside a GFCI outlet if anything irregular is detected. Most GFCI outlets in use today come with two buttons: one black and the other red. The black button is for testing the outlet, and the red is for resetting the internal breaker after it has tripped. A quick way to tell if your outlet is working correctly is to press the test button and listen for an audible “snap.” This usually means the circuit is broken, but just to be sure, plug some device like a lamp into the outlet to see if indeed the power is off. If this is the case, the device left plugged into the outlet should come to life after the reset, or red button is pushed. Ground fault interrupter outlets manufactured after 2006 are often designed with no external test buttons. These type of outlets should be tested with a separate plug-in circuit tester with its built-in GFCI. Whether dealing with either button or non-button types, this circuit tester is an excellent way to tell if something inside the outlet is causing the break. Reasons for GFCI Outlet Failure Don’t ignore occasional GFI trips in your home, but don’t get too concerned that it’s the fault of just one outlet, either. There can be any number of reasons for these breaks that sometimes originate far beyond the outlet in question, such as distant line surges and accidental current leakage. Often, a faulty appliance “downstream” will cause any of the GFI outlets in your home to trip. Like most things electrical, GFCI outlets do have a life expectancy. The industry standard for change-outs is typically every 10 to 15 years, but you really should have a qualified electrician inspect any outlet that has been exposed to excessive UV light, heat, moisture, or chemical vapors, as all these factors can cause a ground fault interrupter to fail prematurely. If the internal circuit is still working, one tip-off that you have a worn-out GFI outlet is when it continually trips when you try to use an appliance. You should test any GFCI outlet you have outside your house at least once a month. Even if they are carefully protected from the elements, the constant exposure to nature makes them more vulnerable than those indoors. Pay particular attention to the outlets that are near swimming pools and hot tub/spas, as the inherent danger of these features is often amplified by the use of radios and other plug-in devices around the area. While there are a few genuine GFCI protected power strips on the market today, most are just glorified extension cords, and will not block any surge in voltage or current unless they have a built-in breaker. Careful thought should be utilized when giving the GFCI powerstrip an amperage load. Just because the device is protected doesn’t mean it’s immune from misuse. Leave it to the Experts! Replacing bad GFCI outlets is not a recommended DIY project! When you’re dealing with the lethal current present at an outlet, the potential for disaster is quite high. If anything is incorrectly wired up or improperly grounded, you could expose yourself or anyone else in the house to deadly electrical shock. It’s also true that electrical fires can and do happen with alarming regularity, and all it takes to start a raging blaze is one tiny spark. If you find after doing the aforementioned simple tests that a GFCI is malfunctioning and needs to be replaced, please call Attaboy Electrician Services immediately for prompt, professional electric service! Attaboy Electrician Services Littleton serves the Denver metro area with superior quality and reliable residential electrician services. Our certified technicians and Master Electricians provide professional, affordable service and electrical repairs. Attaboy Electrician Services does home rewiring, electrical installations including breaker panels, electrical panel repairs, lighting installation services, and appliance installations. Call us today at (303) 288-2269 to schedule an appointment!

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