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Global climate change has been widely discussed in the public media for the past decades. There have been ongoing debates about what may contribute to the development of climate literacy. This chapter discusses an important cognitive construct, scientific reasoning, to propose a new perspective toward the development of climate literacy. As an underlying mechanism for our mental activities, scientific reasoning relates to different aspects involved in the understanding of climate science. An in-depth investigation of scientific reasoning and its relationship with climate change education can provide an overarching framework for the ongoing efforts in enhancing climate literacy. The chapter presents a brief review on the nature of scientific reasoning, and discusses the importance of promoting scientific reasoning in climate change education. It provides some suggestions on how to incorporate scientific reasoning into the endeavor of enhancing climate literacy. | <urn:uuid:4e77d5af-09b6-450e-ab47-a4352ab6ddbe> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://minnesota-staging.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/climate-literacy-and-scientific-reasoning | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178361510.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20210228145113-20210228175113-00565.warc.gz | en | 0.914249 | 151 | 2.796875 | 3 |
By Jill Borowski
Women have been trying to get equal rights under the law for hundreds of years. Even as far back as the 1700s, Abigail Adams, wife of second president John Adams, realized that women legally were at a disadvantage. In one of her most famous quotes, she states, “We [women] will not hold ourselves bound by any laws in which we have no voice, or representation.”
Years later, many other women were willing to stand up and fight for the rights of women, such as Susan B. Anthony and Cady Stanton. Their efforts helped lead to the landmark decision of adding the 19th Amendment to the Bill of Rights, which gave women the right to vote.
But what exactly are women’s rights in 2014? Is it a struggle to be viewed as equal to men? Or has it been an attempt to gain clout in the workplace? Probably a little of both.
“Breaking through the glass ceiling” is a phrase that was coined to describe the hardships and sexism that women had to endure for quite some time. The glass ceiling is a metaphor in which women see the highest level of success in their field, but are unable to reach it. In many cases, women are getting paid less than men. According to data in the U.S. Census Bureau, in 2012, women earned 77 cents to every dollar that men were paid.
However, women in the U.S. have made progress towards equality in present day society. Even today, the U.S. has not had a female president. However, three women have served as Secretary of State (Madeleine Albright, Condoleezza Rice and Hillary Clinton).
Woomen have served in leadership positions in other countries as well, such Angela Merkel, the chancellor of Germany since 2005. Golda Meir was a politician, who later became the 4th Prime Minister of Israel from 1969-1974.
Women’s rights have only recently been exhibited in the armed forces throughout the world. These rights in the armed forces, especially in combat situations, are controversial, and only recently were women given more job options in the military. In the 1970s, Western armies allowed women to serve active duty in the armed forces. Only some of these Western armies allowed women to fill active combat roles. Places such as Canada, the United States, Germany, and Israel are among some of the few countries to allow this.
Women’s rights is a sensitive subject for both male and females alike throughout the world because some are hesitant to admit that women are still not treated as equals, and many still feel strongly about income equality. While many are on board, there are a few that still suffer from prejudicial thoughts towards women.
Women are no longer expected to stay at home and be house wives (unless they choose to), but instead are readily being inspired to lead careers in jobs that used to be for men, such as doctors, lawyers, and business positions. Women are in schools and universities (and running universities, like Kimberly R. Cline, LIU president), involved in government, and have complete freedom to lead lives equal to, and alongside men. According to today’s standards, the rights of women are an extraordinary improvement to those of the past, and now the world can head in a society where women are more equal to men. | <urn:uuid:bb7d1987-2a67-4622-b602-493a996b93a6> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | http://liupostpioneer.com/breaking-through/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988966.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20210509092814-20210509122814-00523.warc.gz | en | 0.985052 | 690 | 3.921875 | 4 |
Over the last decade the prevalence of glaucoma has been reported by the Vellore Eye Survey, Andhra Pradesh Eye Disease Study, Aravind Comprehensive Eye Survey, Chennai Glaucoma Study, and West Bengal Glaucoma Study. There have been some differences largely because of methodologic variations. We use the reported age and gender stratified prevalence estimates from these studies and the Indian population census estimates to calculate the number of persons with glaucoma or at risk of the disease in the country. On the basis of the available data, we estimate that there are approximately 11.2 million persons aged 40 years and older with glaucoma in India. Primary open angle glaucoma is estimated to affect 6.48 million persons. The estimated number with primary angle-closure glaucoma is 2.54 million. Those with any form of primary angle-closure disease could comprise 27.6 million persons. Most of those with disease are undetected and there exist major challenges in detecting and treating those with disease. In the light of the existing manpower and resource constraints, we evaluate options for improving case detection rates in the country. | <urn:uuid:9d1b9ccc-6f1a-4067-9245-fcb60de385e8> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://journals.lww.com/glaucomajournal/Abstract/2010/08000/Glaucoma_in_India__Estimated_Burden_of_Disease.8.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824217.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00194-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91089 | 234 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Leukemia is a disease that affects a person’s bone marrow. The bone marrow of a patient with leukemia produces an abnormally large amount of leukocytes or white blood cells. White bloods cells are a body’s defense against disease and infection. Patients who suffer from leukemia have a difficult time fighting off diseases and infection. This inability of the body to protect itself can make even the most common illnesses life threatening.
How Leukemia is Diagnosed
Physicians typically diagnose leukemia in one of three ways or a combination of the three. They use bone marrow biopsies, physical examination, and blood tests to determine if a patient may have leukemia. The first means of diagnosis that physicians normally turn to is the physical examination. They will inspect the patient for bruising, paleness, and sites of sustained bleeding. If he notices these signs, the next step is to check if the patient’s spleen is enlarged. After this, blood tests may be ordered. If the tests show elevated blood levels, a bone marrow biopsy should be ordered.
What is Standard of Care?
Standard of care is the responsibility the doctor accepts when he or she agrees to treat a patient. Standard of care requires that a doctor act in their patient’s best interest at all times while still following the patient’s wishes. If the doctor does not provide the necessary standard of care, the patient may be able to pursue a medical malpractice case.
What is Malpractice?
Medical malpractice occurs when an injury is sustained due to a physician or other health care professional’s negligence. Determining negligence is often difficult, but the courts view negligence as behavior that differs from what a normal doctor would do in similar circumstances.
How Malpractice Applies to Leukemia
A patient wanting to pursue a malpractice claim must be able to prove that the physician did not properly diagnose their condition, and because of this late diagnosis, the disease was allowed to spread.
Seeking Professional Legal Help
A patient that feels they have suffered as a result of their doctor failing to diagnose them with leukemia in a timely manner should seek the counsel of a qualified medical malpractice attorney. | <urn:uuid:c7f79be6-87ce-4faa-a097-f15df9103759> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://medicalmalpracticehelp.com/misdiagnosis/cancer/leukemia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549425117.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20170725082441-20170725102441-00702.warc.gz | en | 0.927958 | 445 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Підручник Англійська мова 9 клас (5-й рік навчання) - М.О. Кучма - Богдан 2017 рік
Unit 2 CINEMA AND THEATRE
Lesson 17 At the Theatre
1. Look at the picture and match the numbers with the words.
2. Read the text about the theatre and ask four questions on it.
AT THE THEATRE
Many people go to the theatre nowadays. I like going there because our theatre stages interesting modern and classical plays.
The performances usually begin at 6 p.m. and end at 8 p.m. I always come to the theatre ten or twenty minutes before the performance begins. I enjoy walking round the foyer, watching the portraits of theatre actors and actresses. I also like just to examine the balcony, boxes, pit, dress-circle and stalls. The atmosphere is unusual in the theatre. I feel very comfortable and relaxed there.
At 5.55 p.m. I take my seat in the stalls. During the performance everybody is quiet. Usually the cast and scenery are fantastic.
3. Say whether the following sentences are true or false. Correct the false ones.
1. Many people go to the theatre today.
2. The girl likes to go to the theatre because they stage feature films.
3. She always comes to the theatre ten or twenty minutes before the performance begins.
4. She enjoys walking round the dress-circle.
5. The girl likes to examine boxes, pit, dress-circle and stalls.
6. She feels very upset in the theatre.
7. The cast and scenery are usually fantastic.
4. Work in pairs. Role-play the dialogues and make up similar ones.
1. A: Can I still get tickets for tonight’s show?
B: The front row of the dress-circle is free.
A: Are there any boxes?
B: No, I am afraid that’s all there is.
2. A: Are there any seats left for Saturday night?
B: A - 12 and B - 17 are all that’s left.
A: Haven’t you got anything cheaper?
B: Only if somebody cancels.
5. Look through exercises 1-4 and tell the class what you have learnt about the theatre. | <urn:uuid:17b60f5f-7952-42c8-96bb-29ab5058b4f3> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://subject.com.ua/textbook/english/9klas/18.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103556871.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20220628142305-20220628172305-00123.warc.gz | en | 0.887543 | 545 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Why Virtual Communication Can Leave You Worn Out
Communicating online may cause more stress than connection.
Posted April 15, 2020 | Reviewed by Hara Estroff Marano
More than ever, we are reaching out online and communicating virtually. Remote communication is essential to combating loneliness and feelings of isolation. It’s also the best means we have for connecting and working together during the COVID-19 pandemic.
However, communicating this way can have drawbacks. If you are feeling like all those online calls and video conferences seem to be leaving you drained by the end of the day, it’s not just you—virtual fatigue is real.
Below are five reasons you may be feeling worn out and tired by virtual communication.
With Zoom or FaceTime, for example, you can’t rely on body language for communication in the same way you might when talking with someone in person. Sometimes there are sound delays and it can get stressful in communicating or repeating yourself constantly. It can sometimes also be difficult to pick up on inflections in peoples’ voices, which can make it challenging to understand the fullness of what others are trying to communicate. It also makes picking up nuanced forms of communication like sarcasm harder to detect.
For those with social anxiety, Zoom or FaceTime makes it harder to draw boundaries. People get to see into your environmental context, where you live or are staying.
This isn’t just about physical surroundings; it’s also more difficult to control interactions, especially if you are staying at home with others. For example, a person who works at an office likely has more control over the surroundings. Yet, when working from home or socializing from home virtually, there’s a greater chance that others, like a spouse or child, may drop in and interrupt accidentally or even on purpose.
Another reason all those online calls and conversations may be leaving you feeling tired and sluggish is because social cues become less clear. It can be hard to know when “socializing” should end and the work or primary purpose of the call should shift. Certain social cues that are easily read in real life like boredom or frustration can be harder to read virtually. Because of this, it’s common for people to feel pressure to fill silences and converse.
Further compounding the awkwardness of communicating remotely may be that you and the person you are talking with are struggling to know when to transition from small talk into something more substantial. When it comes to connecting virtually, a lot of people approach virtually socializing with the assumption that the purpose of the call is to just talk and catch up. This can leave you feeling like you are having conversations online that don’t seem to be going anywhere. In many cases, people are reaching out more often online for virtual communications as a way of addressing feeling lonely, not necessarily because they need to discuss a particular topic or issue.
Feeling worn out and drained by virtual communications may also be in part to how you are hard-wired. The benefits of digital hangouts are the flexibility and accessibility to connect with one another. Digital hangouts have fewer technical barriers to socializing (e.g., finding a place to meet, the cost of transportation). However, it would be presumptuous to say that digital hangouts are correlated with a finite result of well-being.
Anxiety and stress manifest in people differently, and while there are common symptoms, the subjective experience cannot be neatly confined. If digital hangouts are causing crippling social anxiety, perhaps an alternative form of communication may serve better. If a person’s anxiety is at a functioning level and the benefits of socializing outweigh or fosters positive behavior, then perhaps a gentle push outside of the comfort zone can be helpful. If this describes you or someone you know, another approach is to turn off the video function if possible. Changing video settings is another practical approach to reducing online social anxiety, like lowering lighting or changing filters to buffer image.
There is no perfect formula for how you should connect with people or how often you should connect. Everyone feels connection differently. For some people, texting is enough for them to feel socially engaged, while others may need an audible and visual connection to be satisfied in their social life. Just because people have moved to digital hangouts doesn’t mean your social boundaries have to change.
Overall, we need to be proactive and creative in fostering virtual social connections during this time of isolation. But we also need to make sure that how we are communicating doesn’t make things worse. This is why understanding the social drivers that may be causing you to struggle is important, now more than ever. | <urn:uuid:84863394-9398-4601-91db-40e492a98936> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/hope-resilience/202004/why-virtual-communication-can-leave-you-worn-out | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710712.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20221129232448-20221130022448-00767.warc.gz | en | 0.954686 | 980 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The annual session of the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women was held over the course of two weeks last month in New York. Established in 1946, the commission is the largest global forum on gender equality and women’s rights. It provides an opportunity for representatives from U.N. member states, international organizations and civil society groups to take stock of recent progress and assess unfinished business in advancing gender equality around the world.
This year’s commission meeting, which included a record number of attendees, was focused on social protection systems, access to public services and sustainable infrastructure to advance gender equality. But innocuous as that agenda may sound, the forum was marred by contentious negotiations, particularly over the use of words like “gender,” “family” and “reproductive rights” in the commission’s final outcome document, says Rachel Vogelstein, director of the Women and Foreign Policy Program at the Council on Foreign Relations. The facilitator of this year’s session, a Kenyan diplomat named Koki Muli Grignon, reported that she was subjected to a cyberbullying campaign for her work at the commission, receiving nearly 1,000 harassing text messages.
Since the late 1990s, the commission has focused each year on reviewing progress toward the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, a comprehensive set of commitments adopted by 189 countries at the 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing. The U.N. describes the Beijing Declaration as “the most progressive blueprint ever for advancing women’s rights,” and the document has “reflected international consensus on women’s rights for over two decades,” Vogelstein says. But this year, she notes, “the United States expressed concern about reaffirming the Beijing Declaration.” | <urn:uuid:ad19238f-8a8c-4221-9e51-1e4307a8b5a0> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/the-u-s-tries-and-fails-to-dilute-a-global-agreement-on-women-s-rights/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224657144.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20230610062920-20230610092920-00382.warc.gz | en | 0.946062 | 370 | 2.703125 | 3 |
From a young age we are taught that nothing in this word is free. This week Mr. Dunn told us otherwise. This week we learned about free energy and its purpose. What free energy is exactly is still a little fuzzy in my brain. The three main things we get from free energy are organization, growth, and reproduction. All energy comes from the sun (or environment). Without this available free energy from the sun our lives would probably not exist today. We utilize this free energy through metabolism (sum of all the chemical reactions in our body). Glycolysis is a series of reactions that happens in our bodies and its cool because we can jump into it at any point in the process depending on the nutrients or energy we are given (its the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate). How energy get to us from the sun is because plants take it in and create sugars and oxygen through photosynthesis. The energy is pasted on through consumption; we eat plants or other things eat plats and then we eat them. Excess free energy goes into storage. Disruptions in free energy can lead to death in an individual and can change a population or ecosystem. To maintain life we need order which requires a constant supply of energy. We also learned about the two laws of thermodynamics. The first one states that energy can never be created or destroyed just changed. The second law is that every time we convert energy, there is more entropy in the universe, or more disorder. This only applies to a closed system. When we create more order, it makes the universe more DISordered. This works because it is an open system not a closed system. This week connected to Big Idea 2.a. Big Idea 2.a talk about free energy and how every living thing needs it and utilizes it to live.
The lab that went along with this week confused me. We made little yeast balls and then put them in hydrogen peroxide and timed how long it took them to go from the bottom of the beaker to the top. Then we tested the yeast balls in different temps. of hydrogen peroxide. We went to 55˚ C and 10˚ C. When it was hotter it went faster and when it was colder it went slower. Full discloser I’m not completely sure why we did this lab or what it taught us. I don’t know how it connected to free energy or metabolism. If someone can explain, please do.
All in all I found this week to be a 7 on the toughness scale (1-10, 1 being the easiest). Maybe something that made the week hard was that I don’t quite understand what free energy mean. I sorta understood the idea but I don’t feel strong enough on the unit to take the test. This has been a very hard and confusing unit for me. I don’t understand a lot of chemical reactions or bonds and things like that. It’s hard for me to understand when I can’t physically see it. That’s what made this week so hard. I can’t visualize whats happening in glycolysis and within the body. I also don’t fully understand what’s happening when the universe is becoming disordered. I understand that order in our body is the cells becoming more defined and things like that and evolution is ordered but then what is disorder? We don’t un-evolve. That’s my main questions from the week. The main take away from the week, however, is that yeast balls are super cute. | <urn:uuid:ea7f97f9-b025-4e8c-bc4c-c1ea327e59c3> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://jfrad.wordpress.com/tag/metabolism/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948530841.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20171213201654-20171213221654-00201.warc.gz | en | 0.963013 | 735 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Within a 40-mile radius of Yuma, Arizona, probably in the
southeast quadrant of such a circle, lies the old "Four Evangelists" Spanish mission which has the curious habit of hiding under desert sands for years at a time, and then tantalizingly emerging, only to disappear again. Occasionally it is
seen briefly and unexpectedly by some lone venturer into the
area. Inevitably, rumors of a large cache of gold in the vicinity of the mission have cropped up -- as they do in many
places in the desert Southwest. The mission and its treasure
could be in Arizona, but some say it is more likely in Mexico
on the shores of a brackish lake called Laguña Prieta, which
no one has seen in recent years.
"Walking dunes," which are found between the Yuma Desert and the adjoining Gran Disierto of Mexico, are thought to be the cause of the "now-you-see-it-now-you-don't" mission. The knolls and gullies of the dunes constantly change shape in the eddying winds that play over the sand. Each shape contains some solid object, such as a rock or a desert plant, over which a mound gradually forms. Hills which can reach a height of 300 feet can easily contain an object as large as a mission building. Occasionally such covered objects are blown clear for a time before being buried again by the fickle breezes.
In 1970 a student aviator from Los Angeles strayed off course and noticed a belfry sticking up out of the dunes as he flew between Yuma and Tucson. He mentioned the sighting when he arrived in Tucson, but, since no one knew anything about the lost mission at that time, his story was "taken with a grain of sand."
Yuma has the dubious distinction of frequently being the hottest place in the whole U.S.-of-A. Although no permanent settlement existed there until the mid-1800s, Yuma is now a bustling (?) city of over 55,000 sweaty people. Hernando de Alarcón of the expedition led by Francisco Coronado passed through in 1540. Jesuit missionary Fr. Eusebio Kino (who, by the way, was a German) came into the area in 1699 and recognized what is now called the Yuma Crossing of the Colorado River as a gateway to California. Nothing came of his discovery at the time. Kit Carson rediscovered the crossing some 50 years later. For its role in the passage of travelers through the years, the Yuma Crossing has been designated as an historic landmark.
Fr. Francisco Garcés established missions at the crossing around 1780. The Yuma Indians later killed Garcés and the colonists and destroyed the missions.Sources: Jim Brandon, Weird America (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1978), p. 14; and The Internet.
|Return to Table of Contents| | <urn:uuid:97089be2-8aeb-400f-86af-aa2efe05e96f> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://struggler.org/yumasand.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948858.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20230328104523-20230328134523-00347.warc.gz | en | 0.964779 | 618 | 2.625 | 3 |
Reading to your child regularly is one of the best gifts you can ever give. It will instill a love for learning, build a foundation for scholastic and lifelong success, and help develop a lasting bond between child and parent. It is never too early to start. According to the Institute of Medicine National Research Council, "Early experiences clearly influence brain development, but a disproportionate focus on birth to three begins too late and ends too soon."
It is important then to surround young children with books, alphabet blocks, rhymes, other words and sounds that encourage word exploration. It is through repeated and sustained exposure that children expand their vocabulary, strengthen their communications skills, and deepen their comprehension about themselves, others, and the world around them. | <urn:uuid:3e1b5bc8-7f54-44a8-a7c7-39edc6376aeb> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://childtrek.com/childrens-books.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802773864.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075253-00005-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953715 | 149 | 2.796875 | 3 |
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Farming systems research strategy for the development of inland valleys for increased food production in West Africa
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This paper describes a research strategy for the inland valleys which are flat-bottomed and vary in size from a few to hundreds of hectares. Most of the valleys are not presently cultivated. Where cultivated, rice is the most important crop grown in the wet season followed usually by cultivation in the dry seasons of dry land crops such as sweet potatoes, cassava, groundnuts, maize and short season vegetables. Many attempts have been made in the past to introduce water control schemes into these valleys. Much of the available evidence shows that the economic return to this investment has been marginal. AIso, crop and resources management problems are more important than other constraints in the valleys. The paper proposes a research strategy that would concentrate on producing improved technologies for valleys in which there is minimum or no water control. This would involve increased emphasis on the linkages between technologies used in the wet and dry season. | <urn:uuid:b6a7184f-f145-4ae4-9b93-15af9a31003e> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://biblio1.iita.org/handle/20.500.12478/4992 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154385.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20210802203434-20210802233434-00627.warc.gz | en | 0.94226 | 223 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Appendices - Hirohito's War
APPENDIX M: AIRCRAFT CARRIERS IN THE PACIFIC WAR
In a war in which two of the major combatants, America and Japan, were 5,000 miles apart, with Great Britain a further 10,000 miles away, it was inevitable that a substantial part of the Pacific War would be fought on water. Added to this was the fact that Australia, another major combatant in the war and the base of US Army Operations under General MacArthur, was 3,000 miles from Japan.
For the entire period up to Pearl Harbor in December 1941 it was assumed that the battleship would be the key weapon that would determine the outcome of this conflict. In a single morning, events at Pearl Harbor overturned this perception. From now on it was clear that the aircraft carrier and their aircraft would dominate the fight for the vast stretches of the Pacific Ocean and the thousands of islands that populated it.
It is interesting therefore to look in detail at the carrier fleets of the combatants. As the attached aircraft carrier chart [See US Fleet Carrier Chart] shows Japan started the war with twelve fleet carriers of which half were light fleet carriers. Set against them the United States had six fleet carriers. Although two of these were lost at the Battle of the Coral Sea and the Battle of Midway, Japan’s numeric advantage was considerably reduced with the loss of 4 of their 6 frontline aircraft carriers. Nevertheless in the aftermath of Midway Japan remained a formidable Naval competitor. During the six month long Guadalcanal campaign, the Japanese Navy demonstrated superiority in traditional surface battles, showing particularly strength in torpedo technology and night fighting. Furthermore in the second of the two major carrier-on-carrier battles of the Guadalcanal campaign, the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands, the Imperial Japanese Navy scored a clear tactical victory. At this point in October 1942 the United States had just two aircraft carriers in the Pacific compared to Japan’s eight.
However Japan was unable to press its numerical advantage in carriers because in the first twelve months of the war it had lost two entire batches of trained aircraft carrier pilots. Because Japan had always anticipated a short war decided by a decisive battle, such as the naval victory at the Battle of Tsushima in Russo-Japanese War [1904-5], it had made inadequate investment in the pilot training capacity needed for a prolonged conflict. The result was that the Japan Navy was forced to retreat either to Japan’s Inland Sea or to Singapore and Borneo. MacArthur’s rampaging advance up the east and northern coasts of New Guinea in the 18 months after Japan’s retreat from Guadalcanal went uncontested, as did Admiral Nimitz’s advance through the Gilbert Islands and Marshall Islands in the Central Pacific.
During this period Japan’s carrier force in the Pacific increased from 8 carriers to 11 carriers while the US fleet went from 4 carriers to 19 carriers. The product of America’s pre-war rearmament had finally arrived. In addition to 8 new Essex Class fleet carriers, as a result of Roosevelt’s personal intervention in January 1942, cruiser hulls had been converted into 9 Independence Class light fleet carriers. The change in numbers of aircraft carriers available to both sides was dramatic. Nevertheless with 11 carriers in the Japanese fleet, the Imperial Japanese Navy still felt itself to be competitive because it could command a land based air force on Saipan and adjacent islands (‘unsinkable aircraft carriers’) of 300 aircraft. For the Imperial Japanese Navy it was now or never for a decisive battle before America’s production of new aircraft carriers became overwhelming.
In the event the Battle of the Philippines Sea (the Great Marianas Turkey Shoot) turned out to be a catastrophic defeat for Japan. The cause of this defeat was much less about numbers and much more about quality. In the 18 months after Guadalcanal the United States had not only produced a brand new navy, it had produced a navy that was vastly more technologically sophisticated than the navy that had started the Pacific War. The USS Essex with 33 knot top speed and its three lifts, one of them fitted to the side of the ship, making it much more bomb resistant, was the best aircraft carrier of the Pacific War.
More importantly the new breed of ship based aircraft, notably the Grumman Hellcat and the Vought Corsair fighters, were vastly better than the Grumman Wildcat fighter that started the war. In addition improvements to aircraft to ship communication and radar led to a massive improvement in the command and control functions of the US Navy. Advances in computer controlled anti-aircraft guns had also vastly upgraded the defensive capabilities of the US surface fleet whose main task now was to protect its carriers. These were advantages denied to the defense of Japan’s carriers. Lastly it should be noted that two of Japan’s carriers at the Battle of the Philippines Sea, Shokaku and Taiho, were sunk by US submarines. By mid-1944 the problematic Mark XIV torpedoes had finally been made to work and operation control of US submarines had significantly improved; an ability that was significantly advanced by the Allies by now vast resources in code-breaking intelligence gathering and analysis.
After the Battle of the Philippine Sea, although the Imperial Japanese Navy still had 9 carriers compared to the United States’s 19, most of these carriers were aged, worn out, and technologically outdated. Even more importantly a third generation of navy pilots had been obliterated. These pilots, themselves pale shadows of the brilliant navy fliers who had started the war, proved to be irreplaceable. Lacking instructors, planes, aviation gasoline, the Imperial Japanese Navy was never able to replace its Navy pilots. As a result its carrier force at the Battle of Leyte Gulf, instead of being the cutting edge of its navy, had to be used as bate to draw Admiral Halsey away from the St. Bernadino Strait dividing the main Philippine island of Luzon from Samar Island. Although the tactical deception worked, the battle was still a crushing defeat for Japan. In this last throw of the dice the Imperial Japanese Navy lost four more carriers, 3 battleships, 10 cruisers and 11 destroyers and what remained of its aircrews. As a coherent force the Japanese Navy had ceased to exist. | <urn:uuid:58613b5c-7cf5-4f9a-b264-b4edf84ccc0f> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://francispike.org/main.php?mode=7&p1=M1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794870082.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20180527190420-20180527210420-00176.warc.gz | en | 0.975583 | 1,297 | 4.03125 | 4 |
AP Literature & Composition
Poetry Essay 1st Draft
December 3, 2012
The theme of William Shakespeare sonnet # 18 “Shall I Compare Thee to a summer’s day” is eternal love. Shakespeare compares his lover to summer, the most beautiful season of the year. However summer beauty cannot exist all year long but his love for her and her beauty will always exist. The theme of Claude McKay sonnet “The Harlem Dancer” is that being a prostitute and stripper doesn’t mean you have to act like one, it don’t determine your enter self. In “The Harlem Dancer” poet Claude McKay uses imagery, diction, and metaphor to more effectively to express theme 2.
McKay used imagery in his sonnet so that the audience can paint a picture of the prostitute dancing around on the pole for the men and women while trying not to express that she was not comfortable doing that. “Her voice was like the sound of blended flutes blown by black players upon a picnic day” (stanza 2). She sounded if she liked the attention from the crowd of people but it seems that she was avoided by the situation. For example, “To me she seem a proudly –swaying palm, growing lovelier for passing through a storm” (stanza 2). From the looks of it the prostitute wasn’t a shamed of what she was doing but she felt if she was a lovelier in a small crude shelter and a storm was passing by to destroy it and end all her problems so she can be able to show the real her. For instance, “Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May” (stanza 3). Shakespeare is trying to say that the rough wind has turned into a beautiful season which is summer and summer is as lovely as his beautiful lady. Even though both poems used imagery McKay used the poetic device more effectively to express the theme of Harlem Dancer.
McKay and Shakespeare also used diction which is word choices to illustrate the theme of their poems. McKay says “Her voice was like the sound of blended flutes” (stanza 2). Her voice was kind of sounding... | <urn:uuid:7f79eddd-8a7f-42d5-a390-06c71c16a51b> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.brainia.com/essays/William-Shakespeare/278469.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+AllfreeessayscomRssFeed+%28AllFreeEssays%29 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720972.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00199-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973831 | 461 | 3.328125 | 3 |
NATIONAL REPORT—One of the main ways to slow the spread of COVID-19 is through the wearing of face masks. Face masks prevent you from spreading respiratory droplets and help reduce, but not eliminate, the wearer’s exposure to airborne particles. In recent months, many suppliers have emerged selling different types of masks. A review of supplier sites found at least a half-dozen different mask types. Ray Burger, President of Pineapple Hospitality, a company currently selling several mask varieties, says his customers are primarily buying 3-ply and KN95 for non-medical use masks.
Both N95 and KN95 masks are available in the marketplace but N95 masks are not meant for use by the public. According to Smart Air, the differences between the two types are not major. “N95 masks are the U.S. standards for respirator masks; KN95 masks are the Chinese standards for [respirator] masks,” the company says. “Lots of users care most about what percentage of particles the masks capture. On this metric, N95 and KN95 respirator masks are the same. Both masks are rated to capture 95 percent of tiny particles (0.3 micron particles, to be exact).”
The CDC recommends that members of the public use simple cloth face coverings when in a public setting to slow the spread of the virus, since this will help people who may have the virus and do not know it from transmitting it to others. Of course, the wearing of a face mask is also meant to impede the inhalation of droplets. N95 and KN95 respirator type masks are most effective at filtering out both large and small incoming droplets while simple 2-ply and 3-ply cloth masks can stop some larger droplets. KN95 masks offer significant protection over standard 2-ply or 3-ply masks.
Mask Prices Expected to Decrease
Which mask to use in a hotel environment is subjective and based on cost, brand/hotel standards, and level of protection desired. A review of sites selling face masks to hotels showed prices ranging from less than a dollar per mask for a 3-ply disposable cloth mask to more than eight dollars for a washable cloth mask. As supply catches up with demand, Burger expects mask prices will decrease.
Burger says guests should be supplied with a 3-ply mask. An employee should be supplied with a higher quality mask. “The KN95 would be very appropriate to provide to staff,” he says. “We are trying to offer a wide variety of solutions based on what customers and guests are going to require.”
What to do if a guest refuses to wear a mask? Burger says guests should at least be offered a mask. “Ask but not require,” he says. “In most cases travelers will bring their own.”
The industry has not come together on its own mask standard. In the recently released AHLA Safe Stay cleaning standards document, it states, “CDC recommendations along with federal and local government regulations shall dictate appropriate PPE to be worn by employees.”
Available from Numerous Suppliers
In addition to Pineapple Hospitality, other companies experienced in hospitality are also selling face masks. Below is a list of some of those companies, some of which are also supplying non-hospitality companies:
Hotel Emporium is currently offering 3-ply, surgical, KN95, N95, and NIOSH N95 masks.
A-1 Textiles & Hospitality Products is offering 3-ply face masks alone or as part of a PPE Kit that includes sanitizer, face masks and wipes.
Sterling Sleep Systems is selling 2-ply masks that feature SaniCare by Cramer: a special cleaning method for cotton that, when appropriately used, inhibits the production of mildew and fungus and destroys the conditions supporting the proliferation of house dust-mites.
American Hospitality Supply (AHS) is offering two-layer masks with a cotton-blend face with non-woven polypropylene filtering inner layer. These washable masks are available in grey, black and white. AHS also sells 3-ply face masks.
Guest Supply by Sysco sells 3-ply masks in either blue or white, as well as two types of KN95 face masks.
World Amenities is offering surgical and N95 masks.
Guest Care Solutions just unveiled its Personal Protection Pack that includes one 3-ply face mask, an individual pack of hand sanitizer, and an antiseptic wipe.
Glenn Hasek can be reached at [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:9d535830-89c2-4c1c-80bc-adf3c3f1e336> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://traveltechtoday.com/2020/06/01/industry-suppliers-step-up-to-provide-different-face-mask-types/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738816.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20200811150134-20200811180134-00248.warc.gz | en | 0.944948 | 965 | 2.609375 | 3 |
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Benzyl Chloride - Merriam-Webster
Its oxidation reaction with an alkali produces benzaldehyde. alpha-Chlorinated toluenes are used in the end applications of perfumery, dyes, pharmaceuticals, synthetic resins, photographic chemicals, warfare chemicals, penicillins, quaternary ammonium compounds, plasticizer and esters.
Chloromethylated aromatic compounds are used as monomer for a copolymerization and as intermediate in organic synthesis for the introduction of the benzyl protecting group for alcohols and carboxylic acids such as benzaldehyde and cinnamic acid.
Synthesis of benzyl chloride - YouTube
undergoes reactions typical of a reactive alkyl halide. Hydrolysis gives benzyl alcohol, reaction with ammonia yields benzylamines, and benzyl esters form by reaction with salts of carboxylic acids. Reaction with other nucleophiles yield substitution products; alkoxides give benzyl ethers and cyanide give .
They reacts vigorously with strong oxidants and water to produce hydrogen chloride and attacks many metals except nickel and lead in the presence of water.
Synthesis of benzyl chlorides - Organic chemistry
World consumption of benzyl chloride increased at an average annual rate of 5.6% from 2009 to 2013. This consumption growth was driven mainly by increases in China and India. Consumption in India and China will continue to grow the most rapidly, with expected annual growth rates of about 5.8% and 4.4%, respectively, during the next few years. The market for benzyl chloride is mature in Western Europe and demand will grow at a rate of only 1% annually during 2013–2018. In the United States, benzyl chloride consumption is expected to increase at an average rate of about 3% per year. Growth in demand is expected to be relatively stronger in Central and South America, Central and Eastern Europe, and the Middle East and Africa, albeit from a small basis, while the remaining regions such as Canada, Mexico, Other Asia and Oceania will continue to have minimal consumption and only modest growth. Japan’s market is expected to remain flat.
Benzyl chloride is consumed in the production of benzyl alcohol (accounting for about 40% of total benzyl chloride consumption), benzyl cyanide (17%), benzyl quaternary ammonium compounds (15%), and benzyl phthalates (13%), with the remainder consumed for benzyl esters and other products.
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Categories: C-Cl Bond Formation > Synthesis of benzyl chlorides
alpha-Chlorinated toluenes are organic compounds which one of the hydrogen atoms in the methyl group has been substituted by a chlorine atom instead of the substitution in the benzene ring .
Preparation of benzoyl chloride
Benzyl chloride consumption for the production of benzyl alcohol has increased and will continue to increase strongly in China and India. In China, benzyl alcohol is used increasingly in a variety of applications including epoxy resin diluent, perfumes, flavors, personal care and pharmaceutical products, and solvents. In India, benzyl alcohol is the largest benzyl chloride market and is mainly exported to Western Europe and the United States. It is also consumed domestically for pharmaceuticals, fragrances and other uses. In Western Europe, benzyl chloride consumption for benzyl alcohol production is the largest market use. Only slow growth is expected for this market in such areas as solvents, ballpoint pen inks and chemical intermediates. There is no benzyl alcohol production from benzyl chloride in the United States or Japan.
Benzyl Chloride For Synthesis | VWR
The following reagents were used: a) 1,3-dichloro-1,1,3,3-tetraisopropyldisiloxane, pyridine; b) benzoyl chloride, pyridine; c) tetrabutylammonium fluoride, HOAc, CH3CN; d) benzoyl chloride, pyridine, e) hexadecyloxypropyl phosphate, ,-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, pyridine; f) ammonia/methanol; g) 2,4,6-triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl chloride, pyridine.
benzyl chloride | Sigma-Aldrich
Benzyl chloride used for benzyl cyanide production occurs primarily in China. It is expected to have only modest increases, but will remain the largest market for benzyl chloride in China. Benzyl cyanide is a precursor to the manufacture of penicillin G; it is also used in minor amounts for pesticides, flavors and fragrances.
Search results for benzyl chloride at Sigma-Aldrich
Benzyl chloride use for benzyl quaternary ammonium compounds (benzyl quats) is a major global market. In the United States, benzyl quats are expected to grow as a result of increasing use in biocides, oil and gas applications, personal care, and other product areas. China will continue to see strong growth in the water treatment and biocides markets. Growth in the use of benzyl quats in Western Europe will be driven by the water treatment and pharmaceutical industries. Growth in other regions, such as India, Central and South America, Central and Eastern Europe, and the Middle East and Africa, will also be driven by benzyl chloride use in benzyl quats production.
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"Thank you for the GREAT work you have done. Just wanted to tell that I'm very happy with my essay and will get back with more assignments soon." | <urn:uuid:9d6aba61-c4bd-4759-8850-2df2e0f2617a> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://paperkilledrock.com/benzyl-chloride-synthesis.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676592650.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20180721164755-20180721184755-00102.warc.gz | en | 0.924913 | 1,553 | 2.921875 | 3 |
You’ve probably heard the saying before that in business “cash is king”. This business cliche’ depicts the importance of cash to any business regardless of the size. In fact, cash flow is the lifeblood of any organization and without it your business cannot survive. The word flow indicates the fluidity of cash. Where it’s coming from and where it’s going? Take for example that you need to pay a supplier, pay employees, purchase supplies…how are you going to pay for it? Better yet, how would you know that you have the money on hand to satisfy your end of the bargain? Well, the cash flow statement (is the “C” in the BIC+B group of financial statements) is the document that will help to keep your finger on the pulse of your organization.
As mentioned in a previous article, cash flow is the movement of money in and out of your business. Creating and reviewing a cash flow report on a regular basis will help you stay abreast on the cash that comes in and goes out of your enterprise for any given time period. It also helps to shed light on the timing of money flowing into and out of your business. Remember in an another article where I mentioned a quick tip about cash vs. profit? Many entrepreneurs or small business owners wonder why their business may show a profit, but there’s no cash in the bank. The cash flow statement can help provide those answers, by showing where your money is going.
Here are a few things to know about the cash flow statement:
While there may be differences in the way some create or show their cash flow the fundamentals are usually the same across all enterprises.
1.) This statement usually starts with the profit or loss for any time period (day, week, month, year, etc.).
2.) This statement depicts how cash in your business was generated or created (inflows) and how it was spent or used (outflows).
3.) There are 3 components to the cash flow statement: Operating activities (normal business activities), financing activities (assets purchased or sold for your business), and investing activities (financing of debt or equity or debt repayment).
As a solopreneur or entrepreneur, this may seem like a lot of information to take in. Or, it may seem like it’s way too difficult to do. Let me assure you that it’s not. You can start where you are and make it as simple as possible.
I recommend that as a new entrepreneur you review your cash report on a daily basis starting off and then move to a weekly basis format. More seasoned entrepreneurs or larger small businesses typically review cash flow statements on a monthly basis.
Get In The Know Tip: When you want to know what cash your business has on hand, start with looking at your business’s checking account.
Want more simple business finance tips? If so, sign up in the box at the upper right hand corner to get simple finance tips to help grow your business, save money, and make more money, delivered to your email every week! | <urn:uuid:ba347229-a700-43ee-a6f0-445f20e5d54a> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.simplisticfinancials.com/financial-statements-every-entrepreneur-must-know-cash-flow-statement | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549436330.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170728042439-20170728062439-00118.warc.gz | en | 0.94948 | 642 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Americans may have overthrown the monarchy and built the land of opportunity, but economic mobility is higher in Great Britain than in the United States. In Britain, the social safety net allows people who fall into poverty to pull themselves out. Americans who become poor are more likely to stay that way.
Research in the 1980s and 1990s showing that poverty was often short-term and not limited to an “underclass” helped motivate social policy shifts away from income redistribution. But it...
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Need to register for your premium online access, which is included with your paid subscription? Register here. | <urn:uuid:5e41c4ea-ab76-4699-8d94-327ff1029323> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://ssir.org/articles/entry/research_welfare_works_better_than_bootstraps | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607369.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170523045144-20170523065144-00311.warc.gz | en | 0.963028 | 171 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Separation and Individuation Issues
What are Separation and Individuation Issues?
The term “individuation” refers to the process of developing a sense of individuality. This individuality manifests itself as personal perspectives, emotions, and beliefs, separate from those of friends or family. Individuation is an ongoing, and some would argue lifelong, process.
The inability to individuate impedes the development of one’s sense of self, which can cause significant distress. Issues with separation and individuation can manifest as difficulties pursuing goals that differ from their family and friends’ wishes, which can result in feelings of depression and anxiety. A lack of individuation can also lead to co-dependence, problematic romantic, familial, and professional relationships, difficulty with independent decision-making, and a sense of aimlessness in life.
What are the causes of Separation and Individuation Issues?
Issues with separation and individuation are generally caused by developmental factors, such as family dynamics, though untreated mental health concerns may also impair this process. Individuation begins in infants, who gradually begin spending increasing amounts of time away from their mother. This process accelerates during adolescence, when a child begins to explore their identity further as they gain more freedom to act autonomously. Impediments to this process, such as a family’s refusal to accept aspects their child’s burgeoning identity or attempts to hinder their independence, may negatively impact the process of individuation. When a parent or family impedes individuation, it is often self-serving where their child may be acting as their caregiver or providing some psychological support in an unhealthy dynamic.
What is the prognosis for Separation and Individuation Issues?
Therapy is a useful tool for working through Individuation and Separation issues in that it allows for an open space to acknowledge aspects of the self that one is unable to express elsewhere. Therapy can help individuals suffering from Individuation and Separation issues practice setting boundaries, communicating assertively, and building confidence to express their genuine selves. Additionally, in therapy these individuals may explore the possible factors that contributed to their stunted individuation, as well as address possible underlying mental health concerns. Family therapy is also important, to address dynamics directly with family members that may be preventing a child from separating and individuating. | <urn:uuid:7b72b284-aa2f-430e-b114-c8fe9d046567> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.pchtreatment.com/who-we-treat/developmental-issues/separation-and-individuation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400211096.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200923144247-20200923174247-00426.warc.gz | en | 0.961075 | 487 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Researchers Participate in Collaborative Project After Discovering New Species on Their Honeymoon
Most newlyweds do not discover a new species while on their honeymoon.
That’s what happened in 2006 when Christy and Mike Slay were on the Big Island of Hawaii. Instead of lounging at the beach or taking advantage of an all-inclusive buffet at the hotel, the Slays were exploring cave tubes created by lava from a nearby volcano. Christy is director of technical alignment for The Sustainability Consortium, a global organization jointly administered by the University of Arkansas and Arizona State University, and Mike works for the Ozark Highlands Office of The Nature Conservancy. They are also University of Arkansas alumni and met while pursuing their graduate degrees in biological sciences.
Because of this discovery, the Slays, 13 years later, are part of a multi-institutional research project documenting and explaining several previously unknown species, mostly invertebrates such as the “thread-legged bug,” that live, thrive even, in the unique ecosystems of tunnel voids created by once-flowing magma. (Stop for second and try to imagine liquid fire so hot that it melts or dissolves everything in its path.)
Christy Slay inside lava tube cave.
They collaborate with Megan Porter, biology professor at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, and Annette Engel, professor of geochemistry at the University of Tennessee at Knoxville. Funded by the Cave Conservancy Foundation, the researchers are looking closely at cave habitats to understand how complex and diverse ecosystems thrive in the absence of light, similar to habitats and ecosystems at the very bottom of ocean trenches.
The Hawaiian Islands are the most remote islands on earth, so the team is also studying how long it took for these animals to adapt to the cave environment and who might be their closest relatives on Earth’s main continents.
Mike Slay in the middle of red lava. The material turns red when its iron composition oxides with oxygen in the air. The silver rock is likely composed of gypsum.
Recently, the researchers’ work was featured on a Honolulu television story, which included Mike Slay talking about the project and new species. The project was also featured on a PBS Nature documentary about volcanoes and the natural environment and life created by them. The Slays do not appear in the documentary (Porter and Engel do), but that did not dampen Christy Slay’s enthusiasm for the project.
“Mike and I are so thrilled that what started off as an idea on our honeymoon has expanded to include our friends and colleagues,” she said. “It’s a great excuse to see everyone twice a year in Hawaii and make some amazing new discoveries together. The PBS documentary captured the beauty of these rare cave animals and showed them to the world for the first time.”
The authors will eventually publish their findings in a research journal.
Thread-legged bug, a new species discovered by the researchers.
Last year, with co-authors from the World Resources Institute and the University of Maryland, Christy Slay published an article in Science stating that more than a fourth of global forest loss from 2001 to 2015 was permanent, meaning those areas likely will not return to forest. Christy Slay’s work on forests and cave animals has a surprising underground connection. The forests of Hawaii include the native Ohia tree. Found nowhere else on Earth, Ohia trees support cave life, as their roots are the main source of nutrients and habitat for the creatures the researchers found.
“Protecting forests protects these cave animals,” she says. | <urn:uuid:ce941b2c-3114-4bf2-94fa-b3295c94fcf5> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://researchfrontiers.uark.edu/researchers-participate-in-collaborative-project-after-discovering-new-species-on-their-honeymoon/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738855.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20200811205740-20200811235740-00421.warc.gz | en | 0.948155 | 740 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Getting to Union
Navigating Differences in the Constitutional Convention
Part I. Citizens of Our Fragile New Country were Deeply Divided by Their Differences.
Part I. Step 2: Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Watch the video to learn about how the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation led to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia.
While watching the video, write the answers to these questions on your own paper:
- Why did it look likely that the new United States would fail?
- Why did veterans who fought in the Continental Army, like Alexander Hamilton, have a national understanding of the United States instead of thinking of it as a confederation of independent states?
- What were the problems that Alexander Hamilton saw in the Articles of Confederation?
- Why did Washington want to replace the Articles of Confederation?
- What did James Madison’s Virginia Plan propose? | <urn:uuid:c4281a33-1479-488f-8dad-3145267f5088> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.utah3rs.org/students/getting-to-union-navigating-differences-in-the-constitutional-convention-learning-hub/pi-s2-weaknesses-of-the-articles-of-confederation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943483.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20230320114206-20230320144206-00784.warc.gz | en | 0.943338 | 179 | 4.09375 | 4 |
The researchers have been mainly focused on researching sulfur response for corn. One thing that seems to come to the forefront in this research is the overall importance of soil organic matter when considering where a yield increase will occur. For soybean, it is not that simple. If you go through much of the research from around the country there is not much supporting evidence for recommendations for sulfur application to soybean. Kaiser believes much of any potential for response of soybean to sulfur is related to a few factors, the most important of which revolved around climatic conditions. Where he saw the response was in 2009, which was a year that saw very large responses to sulfur in many of his corn studies. With temperatures being cool and with most areas being relatively dry the potential for mineralization of sulfur from organic matter was low. Two other factors that were important at the locations were the soil and the previous history of sulfur deficiency symptoms in other crops (alfalfa and corn). The site was on a silt loam soil in southeastern Minnesota with an organic matter concentration that averaged less than 2.0% in the top six inches. All these factors together created a perfect storm in terms of creating conditions were a sulfur application would benefit soybean.
Other than the field location in 2009, there was one other instance where sulfur benefitted soybean at the Southwest Research and Outreach Center at Lamberton. In this instance, soybean yielded higher with sulfur, but the sulfur was applied before the previous corn crop. To follow up on this response, Kaiser set up trials to look further into the sulfur cycling within corn-soybean rotations to better understand if there are greater benefits from application before the corn crop. One thing that he found in the studies in 2008 and 2009 is that he increased the amount of soybean plant material relative to the total grain produced, meaning he had more plant material per acre. When sulfur and phosphorus were added with N, there was a large increase in soybean vegetative growth at all locations. This concerned Kaiser due to extra water usage in dry years and potential for disease pressure to increase.
So what are the overall benefits? Increased yield is the overall goal but Kaiser does not think that there is a widespread need for sulfur to be applied on all soybean acres. He thinks the best bet would be to look at fields that are in a areas prone to sulfur deficiency on corn or alfalfa, soil organic matter is around 2.0% or less, and the field has not had any sulfur (including manure) applied to it for several years. In this case, 10-15 lbs of sulfur broadcast per acre should be enough for soybean. He would suggest not applying high rates of nitrogen and phosphorus with sulfur. In his field trials he broadcast potassium sulfate and did not see the large increases in plant mass. Another source that may work is gypsum.
The other aspect he has been studying is sulfur cycling in corn residue. Based on the information he had a few months ago, there did not appear to be much, if any, sulfur that would mineralize from the breakdown of corn stover. However, a more recent set of data shows that it may be possible. From the data he has now, without sulfur, the ratio of carbon to sulfur tends to maintain at a point where the breakdown of corn stalks will not release or tie up sulfur. However, when he looked at the data from 10 and 20 lbs of sulfur applied to corn, the ratio became smaller indicating a potential for a small amount of sulfur to be potentially released. The amount released will again depend on soil temperature, moisture, and tillage to incorporate the residue. This cycling mechanism may explain some of the response he saw in 2009. He also studied higher rates, but the effect appeared to not extend past 20 lbs of sulfur.
To reiterate, if sulfur is applied before another crop, Kaiser does not think it needs to be applied before soybean, especially corn where the chance of a profitable return is much greater. He thinks yield can still be increased without a direct application and he also has evidence to increases in grain protein concentration when sulfur was applied before corn. These increases have only been identified in our work in Southeastern Minnesota at this time. While most of the evidence does not support widespread use of sulfur on soybean, some of the isolated responses indicated that some changes needed to be made to his recommendations. Moving forward, he will continue to study the cycling mechanisms in order to provide the most up to date information for the current guidelines.
Fertilizing Soybean in Minnesota | <urn:uuid:bc8d9a3c-c846-4ebb-956a-6ba60ba2ad80> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.agprofessional.com/resource-centers/soybean/news/205226961.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535917463.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20140901014517-00395-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975018 | 927 | 3.078125 | 3 |
With the increasing use of the internet and new communication technology, comes the need to provide a safe online environment for children. One aspect of this is to build up children’s capacities to stay safe online. The CyberSafe program is Stairway’s contribution to the online safety field.
The CyberSafe website aims to provide guidance to children, youth, parents, teachers, caregivers and anyone interested on online safety. At the end of the day, we want children to have fun in a safe, online environment.
#BeCyberSafe is the product of the collaboration among The Department of Education, Stairway Foundation, and the Internet and Mobile Marketing Association of the Philippines (IMMAP). The project aims to inform, educate learners, teachers, parents and the school community on how children can be safe online. | <urn:uuid:9399f2ef-82a2-4eec-9406-787159b04ce5> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://www.cybersafe.asia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039741340.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20181113173927-20181113195927-00405.warc.gz | en | 0.918358 | 167 | 2.625 | 3 |
Made in America American Flags near Cresco IA 52136
A national symbol that has the labels “The Stars and Stripes”, “Old Glory”, and also “The Star-Spangled Banner”, the American flag is just one of the extremely identifiable signs in the world today. This is mainly due to the status of the United States as one of the most significant countries in history. The American Flag is the third oldest of the National Standards of the world – older compared to the Union Jack of Britain or the Tricolor of France. It is special in the deep and also honorable importance of its message to the whole globe. It represents a message of national independence, of individual freedom, of optimism, as well as of patriotism.
Who made the American Flag?
According to prominent tales, the very first American flag was made by Betsy Ross, a Philadelphia seamstress who was acquainted with George Washington. In May 1776, so the story goes, General Washington and 2 people from the Continental Congress visited Ross at her upholstery store and also showed her a rough design of the flag.
In those days, the flag was not the very same as we know it today. The act mentioned, “Resolved, that the flag of the United States be thirteen stripes, alternating red and white; that the Union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, standing for a new constellation.”
What does the American Flag represent?
The flag initially rose over thirteen states along the Atlantic seaboard, with a populace of some three million individuals. Today it flies over fifty states, extending across the continent, and over great islands of both seas; and many owe it obligation. It has actually been brought to this proud position by love and also sacrifice. People have advanced it and heroes have actually died for it.
The flag consists of 13 alternate red and white horizontal stripes representing the initial thirteen British communities that declared freedom from the Kingdom of Great Britain, and ended up being the initial states in the United States. A blue rectangular shape in the canton shows 50 little, white stars representing each state. The stars are arranged in 9 horizontal rows offset of each other. This blue location of the flag is called the Union.
The meaning of the Flag, as quoted from Washington: “We take the stars from Heaven, the red from our mother country, separating it by white red stripes, therefore showing that we have actually divided from her, and the white stripes shall decrease to posterity representing Liberty.”
It incarnates for all the human race the spirit of liberty and the glorious principle of human freedom; not the liberty of unrestraint or the liberty of license, yet an one-of-a-kind ideal of equal opportunity for life, freedom and the search of joy, secured by the strict as well as lofty concepts of task, of morality and of justice, as well as attainable by obedience to self-imposed regulations.
It embodies the significance of patriotism. Its spirit is the spirit of the American nation. Its background is the background of the American individuals. Decorated upon its folds in letters of living light are the names and popularity of our heroic dead, the Fathers of the Republic that devoted upon its altars their lives, their treasures and their spiritual honor. Twice told tales of nationwide honor and glory cluster thickly about it. Ever successful, it has actually arised triumphant from eight terrific national disputes. It flew at Saratog, at Yorktown, at Palo Alto, at Gettysburg, at Manila bay, at Chateau-Thierry, at Iwo Jima. It demonstrates to the immense expansion of our nationwide limits, the growth of our natural deposits, and also the remarkable framework of our civilization. It forecasts the triumph of prominent government, of public as well as religious freedom and of nationwide morality throughout the globe.
Why is the American Flag essential to American culture?
The American flag is extremely important because it symbolizes the independent federal government as defined under the United States Constitution. Contribute to that, it additionally represents the history, beliefs and also principles of its people. As a democratic nation, its individuals adhere to all-important values such as liberty, justice and equal rights. Moreover, the flag likewise signifies the various successes of the country in addition to the pride of its people.
This national symbol reminds individuals, not just in the Iowa state, but throughout the whole USA concerning the different vital elements of the Declaration of Independence. It is not just a simple icon, which means the freedom and also legal rights of Americans. Drifting from the lofty pinnacle of American optimism, it is a sign of enduring hope.
It is the indication made visible of the strong spirit that has actually brought freedom as well as success to the people of America. It is the flag of all us alike. Let us accord it recognize as well as commitment.
Where can I get American Flags?
You most likely currently observed this, however there are a great deal of areas where you can obtain American flags. It is vital to note that the flag you’re about to acquire ought to be “Made in United States of America”. There are several sellers whose flags are labeled as made in China, and flying a China-made American flag simply doesn’t make any sense now, does it?
Based upon data, Americans spend over 5.3 million US dollars on imported flags annually – a lot of which are made in China. Perhaps much more disturbing is that throughout 2001, in the wave of patriotism that spread over America after 9/11, Americans purchased $52 million USD in imported flags. The flag should signify the blood, sweat, and also tears of American people that brought this country into existence, not our indebtedness to China and also the death of the American manufacturing sector.
The flag represents nationwide freedom and also popular sovereignty. It is not the flag of a ruling family or royal house, yet of the thousands free individuals welded right into a nation, one and also indivisible, united not just by community of passion, yet by crucial unity of sentiment and also purpose; a country distinguished for the clear specific conception of its citizens alike of their responsibilities and also their privileges, their responsibilities as well as their rights.
Have a little pride, cough up a few more dollars, and also acquire an American flag made by Americans in the USA
Cresco ZIP codes we serve: 52136 | <urn:uuid:317600da-ca73-4d99-8830-45ccc8aac57c> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://americanflagweb.com/american-flags-store-cresco-ia-52136.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823565.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20181211040413-20181211061913-00301.warc.gz | en | 0.958262 | 1,321 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Summary by James R. Martin, Ph.D., CMA
Professor Emeritus, University of South Florida
Note: For a previous discussion of shared value, see my summary of Porter and Kramer's 2006 article, Strategy and Society.
Business organizations have increasingly been viewed as the cause of social, environmental, and economic problems, prompting political leaders to set policies that undermine competitiveness and economic growth. Companies have been trapped in an outdated approach to value creation based on short-term financial performance. Governments have been part of the problem by attempting to address social problems at the expense of business. This has all been based on an underlying model that assumes a trade-off between economic efficiency and social welfare. The solution is to reconnect business success with social progress based on the concept of shared value. What is needed is a new conception of capitalism where the purpose of the corporation is redefined as creating shared value.
Moving Beyond Trade-offs
The relationship between business and society has been based on the neoclassical view that social improvement is a constraint on business. From the social perspective, businesses must be taxed, regulated, and penalized to counteract the externalities (e.g., pollution), or social costs that they create, but do not have to bear. Corporate social responsibility programs have emerged to improve firms' reputations, but anything beyond that has been viewed as irresponsible from the shareholder perspective. Each side has assumed that the other side was an obstacle to achieving its goals. In contrast, the shared value perspective recognizes that business and society need each other to expand the total pool of economic and social value.
The Roots of Shared Value
The old narrow view of capitalism was that a business is a self-contained entity and social or community issues fall outside its scope. Business contributions through employment, wages, purchases, investments, and taxes in the pursuit of making a profit is all that can be expected. This sort of management thinking has resulted in commoditization, price competition, little innovation, slow organic growth, and no clear competitive advantage. A shortened investor time horizon, wave of vertical integration, outsourcing, and offshoring has weakened the connection between firms and their communities. Companies have been unaware or have ignored opportunities to meet social needs and have misunderstood how social weaknesses affect their value chains. Managers have focused on their industry and business environment and have missed the effect that location can have on productivity and innovation. Shared value involves policies and operating practices that improve a company's competitiveness while simultaneously improving economic and social conditions in the communities where the company operates.
How Shared Value is Created
Companies can create shared value in three ways:
1. By reconceiving products and markets,
2. by redefining productivity in the value chain, and
3. by building supportive industry clusters at company locations.
The concept of shared value provides many new ways to serve new needs, gain efficiency, create differentiation, expand markets and reset the boundaries of capitalism.
Reconceiving Products and Markets
Products and services that provide value to society represent the greatest unmet needs in the global economy. Companies should be asking questions such as: Is our product good for our customers or our customer's customers? Several examples are provided of firms that are moving to meet social needs such as healthier food and environmentally friendly products. For example, GE's Ecomagination products deliver cleaner and more efficient technology solutions for their customers and their communities in areas such as power generation, energy management, water, transportation and healthcare. IBM and Intel are developing ways to help utilities harness digital intelligence to economize on power usage. There are also substantial opportunities to serve disadvantaged communities and developing countries. Poor unban areas in the U.S. represent a large underserved market.
The starting point for creating shared value is to identify all the social needs, beneficial features, and harmful features that are, or could be embodied in the firm's products. This ongoing exercise will lead companies to discover new opportunities for reconceiving products, repositioning in some markets, and recognizing new markets previously overlooked. Some examples include micro finance and low priced cell phones that are providing banking services for people in developing countries. Thomson Reuters development of a monthly service for small low income farmers provides another example. The service includes weather reports, crop pricing, and agricultural advice that has helped many of the farmers double, and in some cases triple their incomes.
Redefining Productivity in the Value Chain
A company's value chain affects, and is affected by many societal issues such as natural resource and water use, health and safety issues, working conditions, and worker benefits and treatment. The shared value concept reveals the connection between societal progress and productivity in the value chain. The exhibit below conveys the idea where examining each of the areas illustrated reveals ways in which shared value thinking can transform the value chain to yield benefits to society and productivity benefits to the firm.
Energy use and Logistics - Energy utilization in processes, transportation, buildings, supply chains, distribution channels, and support services is improving using better technology, recycling, cogeneration, logistics to reduce shipping distances and in many other ways. For example, Marks and Spencer overhauled its supply chain to stop the purchase of supplies from one hemisphere to ship to another, saving millions in shipping cost annually.
Resource Use - There are numerous opportunities to reduce the utilization of all resources including water, raw materials, and packaging as well as to expand recycling and reuse. Some examples include Coca-Cola's reduction in its water consumption by 9% since 2004, and Dow Chemical's reduction in fresh water use by one billion gallons, saving $4 million.
Procurement - Some companies have realized that marginalized suppliers cannot remain productive or improve their quality. Improving the productivity of suppliers through increasing access to inputs, sharing technology, and providing financing can create shared value. For example, to help small coffee growers in rural areas of Africa and Latin America, Nestle redesigned its procurement system, providing advice on farming practices, guaranteed bank loans, and helping farmers secure inputs such as plant stock, pesticides and fertilizers. The farmers produce better yields, and increase their incomes. The farmers environmental impact decreased, and Nestle gained the advantage of buying from capable suppliers.
Distribution - New distribution models can dramatically reduce the use of paper and plastic as iTunes, Kindle, and Google Scholar have demonstrated by offering online scholarly literature. Hindstan Unilever developed a direct-to-home distribution system that provides another example. The system is run by underprivileged female entrepreneurs in Indian villages of fewer than 2,000 people. The project, referred to as Shakti provides skills and income to the women, and improves the health of the villagers through increased access to hygiene products.
Employee Productivity - Many companies have become aware of the effects a living wage, safety, wellness, training, and opportunities for advancement have on productivity. Poor employee health can cost companies a great deal more than health benefits. For example, Johnson and Johnson saved $250 million on health care costs and improved productivity from 2002-2008 by helping employees stop smoking and implementing many other wellness related programs.
Location - The myth that location doesn't matter is being challenged because of the productivity cost of highly dispersed production systems and the hidden costs of distant procurement. Examples of firms changing to local suppliers include Wal-Mart who is increasingly sourcing produce from local farmers near their warehouses, and Nestle who has established smaller plants closer to its markets.
All of the examples above illustrate how reimagining value chains from the shared value perspective can unlock new economic value that most companies have missed.
Enabling Local Cluster Development
Every company needs other companies and infrastructure around it to be successful. These geographic concentrations of firms, related businesses, suppliers, service providers, and logistical infrastructure are referred to as clusters. Clusters also include academic institutions, trade associations, standards organizations, and broader public assets and markets. Companies create shared value by building clusters to improve company productivity while addressing deficiencies in the surrounding cluster. Cluster thinking focuses on the connection between the firm's success and its communities success. Initiatives that address cluster weaknesses are more effective than community focused corporate responsibility programs, but require collective action. Cluster development that involves collaboration between the private sector, as well as trade associations, government agencies, and NGOs are the most successful. North Carolina's Research Triangle provides a notable example of public and private collaboration that created clusters in information technology and life sciences.
Creating Shared Value in Practice
A higher form of capitalism involves the recognition that not all profit is equal. Profits derived from a social purpose represent the creation of economic value through the creation of societal value. This shared value thinking is a powerful force to drive growth in the global economy and involves a whole new set of best practices and strategic opportunities. However, creating shared value will require identifying opportunities tailored to each units particular business in each of the three areas described above. Competitive advantages derived from these shared value initiatives are more likely to become sustainable than conventional cost and quality improvements, and are significantly more beneficial to companies and society than typical corporate social responsibility programs. Initiatives designed to create shared value (CSV) go far beyond the typical corporate social responsibility (CSR) program as indicated in the illustration below.
Enhanced opportunities to create shared value will come from collaboration between profit and nonprofit organizations, as well as private and public institutions. Governments and NGOs can also enable and reinforce the creation of shared value.
Although government regulations are needed, they must be designed and implemented in a way that sets goals to enhance shared value and stimulate innovation. Appropriate regulations have a number of characteristics including the following.
1. Set clear and measurable social goals. Where appropriate, the regulation should set prices based on true costs, e.g. water use.
2. Set performance standards, but not methods.
3. Include phase-in periods for meeting the standards that allow companies to develop the necessary products and processes in a timely manner that fits the economics of their business.
4. Include universal measurement and performance reporting systems and government investments in the infrastructure needed to support them.
5. Require efficient and timely reporting of results that can be audited by the government as necessary.
6. Limit the pursuit of exploitative, unfair or deceptive practices that benefit companies at the expense of society, e.g., where major U.S. banks promoted unsustainable mortgage financing vehicles that turned out to be socially and economically devastating.
The Next Evolution in Capitalism
It is time for the narrow management approaches based on short-term thinking and the wrong kind of profits to change. Shared value focuses on the right kind of profits that create rather than diminish social benefits. A more sophisticated form of capitalism is needed based on a deeper understanding of competition and value creation. Business schools need to move away from the narrow view of capitalism and broaden the curricula to include the concepts of shared value, clusters and locational influences on company productivity and innovation, the economic impact of societal factors on enterprises, and how to serve nontraditional customer groups. Shared value offers corporations the opportunity to lead social progress and earn the respect of society.
Busco, C., G. Fiori, M. L. Frigo and A. Riccaboni. 2017. Sustainable development goals: Integrating sustainability initiatives with long-term value creation. Strategic Finance (September): 28-37. (Summary).
English, D. M. and D. K. Schooley. 2014. The evolution of sustainability reporting. The CPA Journal (March): 26-35. (Summary).
Epstein, M. J. and S. D. Young. 1999. Greening with EVA. Management Accounting (January): 45-49. (Summary).
Esquire. 2015. America: These are your choices. Esquire (December/January): 149-153, 160-161, 164, 168. (Summary - This is a summary of ten questions related to the most critical choices for America based on information from the Brookings Institution).
Gadiesh, O. and J. L. Gilbert. 2001. Transforming corner-office strategy into frontline action. Harvard Business Review (May): 72-79. (Summary).
Gleeson-White, J. 2015. Six Capitals, or Can Accountants Save the Planet?: Rethinking Capitalism for the Twenty-First Century. W. W. Norton & Company. (Note).
Goldstein, S. 2015. Six capitals, or can accountants save the planet? Rethinking capitalism for the twenty-first century. The CPA Journal (October): 15-16. (Review of Gleeson-White's Book - Note).
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Hughes, S. B. and D. M. Willis. 1995. How quality control concepts can reduce environmental expenditures. Journal of Cost Management (Summer): 15-19. (Summary).
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Johnson, H. T. 2012. A global system growing itself to death - and what we can do about it. The Systems Thinker (May): 2-6. (Summary).
Jones, A. III. and G. A. Jonas. 2011. Corporate social responsibility reporting: The growing need for input from the accounting profession. The CPA Journal (February): 65-71. (Summary).
Martin, J. R. Not dated. ASCE report cards for America's infrastructure. Management And Accounting Web. https://maaw.info/ASCE2001Infrastructure.htm
McKeon, A. and G. Ranney. 2013. Ongoing Discussion "Thought Piece". Thinking about management from a climate change perspective. Presentation at Aerojet Rocketdyne's InThinking Network. (September): 1-29. (Note).
Neimark, M. and T. Tinker. 1986. The social construction of management control systems. Accounting, Organizations and Society 11(4-5): 369-395. (Summary).
Piketty, T. 2014. Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Belknap Press. (Note and Some Reviews).
Porter, M. E. 1987. From competitive advantage to corporate strategy. Harvard Business Review (May-June): 43-59. (Summary).
Porter, M. E. 1996. What is a strategy? Harvard Business Review (November-December): 61-78. (Summary).
Porter, M. E. and M. R. Kramer. 2006. Strategy and society: The link between competitive advantage and corporate social responsibility. Harvard Business Review (December): 78-92. (Summary).
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Schooley, D. K. and D. M. English. 2015. SASB: A pathway to sustainability reporting in the United States. The CPA Journal (April): 22-27. (Summary). | <urn:uuid:a8303346-c671-4308-833d-59dff641e016> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://maaw.info/ArticleSummaries/ArtSumPorterKramer2011.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886860.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20180117082758-20180117102758-00443.warc.gz | en | 0.936437 | 3,099 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Irritable bowel syndrome is one of the most common disorders of the digestive system. The organisation IBS Network estimates that it affects one third of people in the UK at some point and to some extent, and one in ten people have symptoms bad enough to visit their doctor. IBS is characterised by a collection of symptoms affecting the small or large bowel, which can cause pain and discomfort. The exact causes of IBS are unknown. IBS sufferers usually have no physical abnormalities in the bowel, so it has been suggested that there is a strong link between stress and IBS. What seems to happen with Irritable Bowel Syndrome is that the bowel becomes super sensitive and responds with violent contractions or spasms to stimuli such as stress or simply eating a meal.
Symptoms vary between individuals, but the following are common symptoms of IBS:
IBS sufferers may experience a combination of some of these symptoms, with one symptom in particular occurring more regularly or with greater severity. Symptoms vary from the mild, where they don't really affect someone's quality of life, to the serious, prompting the sufferer to seek medical help.
Because Irritable Bowel Syndrome is such a loose collection of symptoms, there is no one definitive 'cure' for IBS. However, there are a number of self-help treatments that can alleviate and improve symptoms, such as diet and therapies such as hypnosis.
Changing your diet can help Irritable Bowel Syndrome symptoms, although just as symptoms vary among different people, so do reactions to different kinds of food. In very general terms, increasing the amount of soluble fibre in the diet through eating more fruit, vegetables and wholegrain foods, and drinking plenty of water, can be extremely beneficial. Foods that could be potential irritants and trigger symptoms, and which you might want to avoid, include caffeine, alcohol, spicy foods, wheat and citrus fruit. Foods to eat more of, and which could help symptoms, are:
IBS can often be stress triggered, ie stress is the stimuli which sets off the spasms, cramps or other reactions affecting the small or large bowel. Hypnotherapy could help in the following ways:
Thanks largely to the work of Peter Whorwell of Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, hypnosis is now acknowledged by the medical profession as an effective treatment for IBS. However, his research doesn't mean that it is universal opinion that hypnosis is the best treatment for Irritable Bowel Syndrome, nor does it mean that your doctor will be able to give you hypnosis as a treatment. Not all 'lay' hypnotherapists will be able to help either, if they haven't had relevant training or experience in dealing with IBS.
This irritable bowel syndrome hypnosis session is worth a try.
Although hypnotherapy can help IBS, it is a medical condition. If you think you have IBS or are experiencing Irritable Bowel symptoms, then speak to your doctor in the first instance to get their diagnosis and advice on treatment. If after this you are interested in using hypnotherapy to help combat IBS, contact one of the associations listed on this site for advice; they will be able to direct you towards a suitable hypnotherapist in your area.
External web resources:
www.ibsnetwork.org.uk - The IBS Network is a national charity offering advice, information and support, to improve the quality of life of IBS sufferers and raise public awareness of the condition. You'll find information about Irritable Bowel Syndrome, publications, handy hints for coping with IBS and the latest news.
Hypnosis recordings which can be downloaded right now and listened to via your computer or mp3 player. Available for many issues including IBS. Click below for more information on the title 'Irritable Bowel Syndrome'.
Life Coaching Solutions 'All the resources you'll ever need' www.coaching-life.co.uk | <urn:uuid:c70f00e5-fb46-434a-862b-245406d3e71f> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.hypnosis.me.uk/pages2/ibs.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928965.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00249-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956009 | 819 | 2.625 | 3 |
عنوان مقاله [English]
Methods of evaluating the liquefaction potential in sandy soil is generally based on deterministic analysis. In deterministic
analysis, parameters are considered precise, without variance and error. As well as using these methods, one is unable to make a connection between the probability of liquefaction occurance and the safety factor. This problem can be answered by reliability
analysis. In this paper, reliability analysis, based on the popular Seed'85 method of liquefaction evaluation, using standard penetration test results, is offered. Since this method requires quantifying uncertainty values in calculation, one can use the statistical moment of undeterministic parameters, such as the mean, variance and probability density function (PDF), for determination of the most probable uncertainties. Then, using the advanced, first-order second-moment (AFOSM) technique, the reliability index is calculated and the relation probability of liquefaction occurance, reliability index and safety factor are deduced. For analysis of the data, statistical regression is used to establish a relationship between earthquake characteristics, resistance and the potential of liquefaction occurance of the soil, based on the proposed method and 180 field records in the Babolsar region. A comparison between the proposed method and the previous method shows good agreement. | <urn:uuid:cf222f8f-5d16-4080-84e8-3c5b51f256bd> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://sjce.journals.sharif.edu/article_73.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250604849.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121162615-20200121191615-00510.warc.gz | en | 0.885289 | 268 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Brilliant Blunders: From Darwin to Einstein—Colossal Mistakes by Great Scientists That Changed Our Understanding of Life and the Universe
Science consists of facts and theories. Facts and theories are born in different ways and are judged by different standards. Facts are supposed to be true or false. They are discovered by observers or experimenters. A scientist who claims to have discovered a fact that turns out to be wrong is judged harshly. One wrong fact is enough to ruin a career.
Theories have an entirely different status. They are free creations of the human mind, intended to describe our understanding of nature. Since our understanding is incomplete, theories are provisional. Theories are tools of understanding, and a tool does not need to be precisely true in order to be useful. Theories are supposed to be more-or-less true, with plenty of room for disagreement. A scientist who invents a theory that turns out to be wrong is judged leniently. Mistakes are tolerated, so long as the culprit is willing to correct them when nature proves them wrong.
Brilliant Blunders, by Mario Livio, is a lively account of five wrong theories proposed by five great scientists during the last two centuries. These examples give for nonexpert readers a good picture of the way science works. The inventor of a brilliant idea cannot tell whether it is right or wrong. Livio quotes the psychologist Daniel Kahneman describing how theories are born: “We can’t live in a state of perpetual doubt, so we make up the best story possible and we live as if the story were true.” A theory that began as a wild guess ends as a firm belief. Humans need beliefs in order to live, and great scientists are no exception. Great scientists produce right theories and wrong theories, and believe in them with equal conviction.
The essential point of Livio’s book is to show the passionate pursuit of wrong theories as a part of the normal development of science. Science is not concerned only with things that we understand. The most exciting and creative parts of science are concerned with things that we are still struggling to understand. Wrong theories are not an impediment to the progress of science. They are a central part of the struggle.
The five chief characters in Livio’s drama are Charles Darwin, William Thomson (Lord Kelvin), Linus Pauling, Fred Hoyle, and Albert Einstein. Each of them made major contributions to the understanding of nature, and each believed firmly in a theory that turned out to be wrong. Darwin explained the evolution of life with his theory of natural selection of inherited variations, but believed in a theory of blending inheritance that made the propagation of new variations impossible. Kelvin discovered basic laws of energy and heat, and then used these laws to calculate an estimate of the age of the earth that was too short by a factor of fifty. Linus Pauling discovered the chemical structure of protein, the active component of all living tissues, and proposed a completely wrong structure for DNA, the passive component that carries hereditary information from parent to offspring.
Fred Hoyle discovered the process by which the heavier elements essential for life, such as carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and iron, are created by nuclear reactions in the cores of massive stars. He then proposed a theory of the history of the universe known as steady-state cosmology, which has the universe existing forever without any Big Bang at the beginning, and stubbornly maintained his belief in the steady state long after observations proved that the Big Bang really happened.
Finally, Albert Einstein discovered the great theory of space and time and gravitation known as General Relativity, and then added to the theory an additional component later known as dark energy. Einstein afterward withdrew his proposal of dark energy, believing that it was unnecessary. Long after Einstein’s death, observations have proved that dark energy really exists, so that Einstein’s addition to the theory was right and his withdrawal was wrong.
Each of these examples shows in a different way how wrong ideas can be helpful or unhelpful to the search for truth. No matter whether wrong ideas are helpful or unhelpful, they are in any case unavoidable. Science is a risky enterprise, like other human enterprises such as business and politics and warfare and marriage. The more brilliant the enterprise, the greater the risks. Every scientific revolution requires a shift from one way of thinking to another. The pioneer who leads the shift has an imperfect grasp of the new way of thinking and cannot foresee its consequences. Wrong ideas and false trails are part of the landscape to be explored.
Darwin’s wrong idea was the blending theory of inheritance, which supposed the qualities inherited by offspring to be a blend of the qualities of the parents. This was the theory of inheritance generally accepted by plant breeders and animal breeders in Darwin’s time. Darwin accepted it as a working hypothesis, because it was the only theory available. He accepted it reluctantly because he knew that it was unsatisfactory in two ways. First, it failed to explain the frequent cases of hereditary throwback, when a striking hereditary feature such as red hair or musical talent skips a generation from grandparent to grandchild. Second, it failed to allow a rare advantageous variation to spread from a single individual to an entire population of animals, as required by his theory of the origin of species. With blending inheritance, any rare advantageous variation would be quickly diluted in later generations and would lose its selective advantage. For both these reasons, Darwin knew that the theory of blending inheritance was inadequate, but he did not have any acceptable alternative when he published The Origin of Species in 1859.
Nine years later, when Darwin published another book, The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication, he had abandoned the blending inheritance theory as inconsistent with the facts. He replaced it with another theory that he called pangenesis. Pangenesis said that the inheritance of qualities from parent to offspring was not carried in the seeds alone but in all the cells of the parent. Somehow the cells of the parent produced little granules that were collected by the seeds. The granules then instructed the seeds how to grow. For the rest of his life Darwin continued to believe in pangenesis, but it was another brilliant blunder, no better than blending inheritance and equally inconsistent with the facts.
Like Darwin’s theories of blending heredity and pangenesis, Kelvin’s wrong calculation of the age of the earth and Pauling’s wrong structure for DNA were speculations requiring blindness to obvious facts. Kelvin based his calculation on his belief that the mantle of the earth was solid and could transfer heat from the interior to the surface only by conduction. We now know that the mantle is partially fluid and transfers most of the heat by the far more efficient process of convection, which carries heat by a massive circulation of hot rock moving upward and cooler rock moving downward. Kelvin lacked our modern knowledge of the structure and dynamics of the earth, but he could see with his own eyes the eruptions of volcanoes bringing hot liquid from deep underground to the surface. His skill as a calculator seems to have blinded him to messy processes such as volcanic eruptions that could not be calculated.
Similarly, Pauling guessed a wrong structure for DNA because he assumed that a pattern that worked for protein would also work for DNA. He was blind to the gross chemical differences between protein and DNA. Francis Crick and James Watson, paying attention to the differences, found the correct structure for DNA one year after Pauling missed it.
Fred Hoyle’s wrong theory of the universe had a different status from the other mistakes, because Hoyle was a young rebel when he proposed it. The steady-state universe was from the beginning a minority view. The decisive evidence against it was the discovery in 1964 of the microwave radiation pervading the universe. The microwave radiation had been predicted to exist as a relic of the hot Big Bang. The radiation proved that the hot Big Bang really happened and that the universe had a violent beginning. After that discovery, Hoyle was almost alone, preaching the steady-state gospel to a small band of disciples.
Albert Einstein, the last of Livio’s five blunderers, is an exception to all rules. He is widely quoted as saying that his addition of dark energy to the theory of gravitation was his biggest blunder. Livio has carefully examined the evidence and has come to the conclusion that Einstein never made this statement. The evidence points strongly to George Gamow as the guilty party. Gamow was another brilliant blunderer with a reputation for making up colorful stories. Einstein blundered in the opposite direction when he changed his mind and dropped dark energy from his theory. Nature played a big joke on him fifty years after his death, when she revealed that three quarters of the total mass of the universe is dark energy.
Einstein invented a steady-state model of the universe many years before Hoyle. This steady-state model was discovered recently by a group of Irish scientists in an unpublished Einstein manuscript. Einstein abandoned the idea and never published it, probably because he found that steady-state theories are contrived and artificial. When Hoyle noisily promoted the steady-state cosmology twenty years later, Einstein never mentioned that he had discovered and discarded it long before. Einstein must have recognized it quickly as a brilliant blunder, clever but not likely to be correct. (I am indebted to the Irish scientist Cormac O’Raifeartaigh for information about this discovery.)
After reading Livio’s account, I look on the history of science in a new way. In every century and every science, I see brilliant blunders. Isaac Newton’s biggest blunder was his corpuscular theory of light, which had light consisting of a spray of little particles traveling along straight lines. In the nineteenth century, James Clerk Maxwell discovered the laws of electromagnetism and proposed that light consists of electromagnetic waves. In the twentieth, Einstein proved that Newton and Maxwell were both right and both wrong, because light behaves like particles in one situation and like waves in another.
The chief difference betwen science and other human enterprises such as warfare and politics is that brilliant blunders in science are less costly. Hannibal’s brilliant crossing of the Alps to invade Italy from the north resulted in the ruin and total destruction of his homeland. Two thousand years later, the brilliant attack on Pearl Harbor cost the Japanese emperor his empire. Even the worst scientific blunders do not do so much damage.
The worst political blunder in the history of civilization was probably the decision of the emperor of China in the year 1433 to stop exploring the oceans and to destroy the ships capable of exploration and the written records of their voyages. In no way can this blunder be called brilliant. Before the decision, China had a fleet of ocean-going ships bigger and more capable than any European ships. China was roughly level with Europe in scientific knowledge and far ahead in the technologies of printing, navigation, and rocketry. As a consequence of the decision, China fell disastrously behind in science and technology, and is only catching up now after six hundred years. The decision was the result of powerful people pursuing partisan squabbles and neglecting the long-range interests of the empire. This is a disease to which governments of all kinds, including democracies, are fatally susceptible.
Another cause of catastrophic blunders is religion. A legendary example of a religious blunder is the story of Tsar Lazar, king of Serbia in the year 1389 when his kingdom was invaded by the Turks. He confronted the Turkish army on the fatal battlefield of Kosovo Polje. The story is told in the Serbian national epic The Battle of Kosovo. The Virgin Mary happened to be in Jerusalem at the time when the Turks invaded, and sent a falcon with a message for the tsar. The falcon arrived on the battlefield and told the tsar that he must make a choice between an earthly and a heavenly kingdom. If he chose the earthly kingdom, his army would defeat the Turks and he would continue his reign in Serbia. If he chose the heavenly kingdom, his army would be annihilated and his people would become slaves of the Ottoman Empire. Being a very pious monarch with his mind concentrated on spiritual virtue, the tsar naturally chose the heavenly kingdom, and his people paid for his choice by losing their freedom.
Seven years after Darwin published The Origin of Species, without any satisfactory explanation of hereditary variations, the Austrian monk Gregor Mendel published his paper “Experiments in Plant Hybridization” in the journal of the Brünn Natural History Society. Mendel had solved Darwin’s problem. He proposed that inheritance is carried by discrete units, later known as genes, that do not blend but are carried unchanged from generation to generation. The Mendelian theory of inheritance fits perfectly with Darwin’s theory of natural selection. Mendel had read Darwin’s book, but Darwin never read Mendel’s paper.
The essential insight of Mendel was to see that sexual reproduction is a system for introducing randomness into inheritance. In sweet peas as in humans, each plant is either male or female, and each offspring has one male and one female parent. Inherited characteristics may be specified by one gene or by several genes. Single-gene characteristics are the simplest to calculate, and Mendel chose them to study. For example, he studied the inheritance of pod color, determined by a single gene that has a version specifying green and a version specifying yellow. Each plant has two copies of the gene, one from each parent. There are three kinds of plants, pure green with two green versions of the gene, pure yellow with two yellow versions, and mixed with one green and one yellow. It happens that only one green gene is required to make a pod green, so that the mixed plants look the same as the pure green plants. Mendel describes this state of affairs by saying that green is dominant and yellow is recessive.
Mendel did his classic experiment by observing three generations of plants. The first generation was pure green and pure yellow. He crossed them, pure green with pure yellow, so that the second generation was all mixed. He then crossed the second generation with itself, so that the third generation had all mixed parents. Each third-generation plant had one gene from each parent, with an equal chance that each gene would be green or yellow. On the average, the third generation would be one-quarter pure green, one-quarter pure yellow, and one-half mixed. In outward appearance the third generation would be three-quarters green and one-quarter yellow.
This ratio of 3 between green and yellow in the third generation was the new prediction of Mendel’s theory. Most of his experiments were designed to test this prediction. But Mendel understood very well that the ratio 3 would only hold on the average. Since the offspring chose one gene from each parent and every choice was random, the numbers of green and yellow in the third generation were subject to large statistical fluctuations. To test the theory in a meaningful way, it was essential to understand the statistical fluctuations. Fortunately, Mendel understood statistics.
Mendel understood that to test the ratio 3 with high accuracy he would need huge numbers of plants. It would take about eight thousand plants in the third generation to be reasonably sure that the observed ratio would be between 2.9 and 3.1. He actually used 8,023 plants in the third generation and obtained the ratio 3.01. He also tested other characteristics besides color, and used altogether 17,290 third-generation plants. His experiments required immense patience, continuing for eight years with meticulous attention to detail. Every plant was carefully isolated to prevent any intruding bee from causing an unintended fertilization. A monastery garden was an ideal location for such experiments.
In 1866, the year Mendel’s paper was published, but without any knowledge of Mendel, Darwin did exactly the same experiment. Darwin used snapdragons instead of sweet peas, and tested the inheritance of flower shape instead of pod color. Like Mendel, he bred three generations of plants and observed the ratio of normal-shaped to star-shaped flowers in the third generation. Unlike Mendel, he had no understanding of statistical fluctuations. He used a total of only 125 third-generation plants and obtained a value of 2.4 for the crucial ratio. This value is within the expected statistical uncertainty, either for a true value of 2 or for a true value of 3, with such a small sample of plants. Darwin did not understand that he would need a much larger sample to obtain a meaningful result.
Mendel’s sample was sixty-four times larger than Darwin’s, so that Mendel’s statistical uncertainty was eight times smaller. Darwin failed to repeat his experiment with a larger number of plants, and missed his chance to incorporate Mendel’s laws of heredity into his theory of evolution. He had no inkling that a fundamental discovery was within his grasp if he continued the experiment with larger populations. The basic idea of Mendel was that the laws of inheritance would become simple when inheritance was considered as a random process. This idea never occurred to Darwin. That was why Darwin learned nothing from his snapdragon experiment. It remained a brilliant blunder.
Mendel made a brilliant blunder of a different kind. He published his laws of heredity, with a full acount of the experiments on which the laws were based, in 1866, seven years after Darwin had published The Origin of Species. Mendel was familiar with Darwin’s ideas and was well aware that his own discoveries would give powerful support to Darwin’s theory of natural selection as the cause of evolution. Mendelian inheritance by random variation would provide the raw material for Darwinian selection to work on.
Mendel had to make a fateful choice. If he chose to call Darwin’s attention to his work, Darwin would have understood its importance, and Mendel would inevitably have become involved in the acrimonious public disputes that were raging all over Europe about Darwin’s ideas. If Mendel chose to remain silent, he could continue to pursue his true vocation, to serve his God as a monk and later as abbot of his monastery. Like Tsar Lazar five hundred years earlier, he had to choose between worldly fame and divine service. Being the man he was, he chose divine service. Unfortunately, his God played a cruel joke on him, giving him divine gifts as a scientist and mediocre talents as an abbot. He abandoned the chance to be a world-famous scientist and became an unsuccessful religious administrator.
Darwin’s blindness and Mendel’s reticence combined to delay the progress of science by thirty years. But thirty years is a short time in the history of science. In the end, after both men were dead and their personal shortcomings forgotten, their partial visions of the truth came together to create the modern theory of evolution. Thomas Hunt Morgan at Columbia University understood that the fruit fly Drosophila was a far better tool than the sweet pea and the snapdragon for studying heredity. Fruit flies breed much faster and are more easily handled in large numbers. With fruit flies, Morgan could go far beyond Mendel in exploring the world of genetics.
In my own life as a scientist, there was one occasion when I felt that a deep secret of nature had been revealed to me. This was my personal brilliant blunder. I remember it with joy, even though my dreams of glory were shattered. It was a blissful experience. It arose out of work that I did with my colleague Andrew Lenard from Indiana University, investigating the stability of ordinary matter. We proved by a laborious mathematical calculation that ordinary matter is stable. The physical basis of stability is the exclusion principle, a law of nature saying that two electrons can never be in the same state. Matter is stable against collapse because every atom contains electrons and the electrons resist being squeezed together.
My blunder began when I tried to extend the stability argument to other kinds of particles besides electrons. We can divide particles into two types in three different ways. A particle may be electrically charged or neutral. It may be weakly or strongly interacting. And it may belong to one of two types that we call fermions and bosons in honor of the Italian physicist Enrico Fermi and the Indian physicist Satyendra Bose. Fermions obey the exclusion principle and bosons do not. So each particle has eight possible ways to make the three choices. For example, the electron is a charged weak fermion. The light quantum is a neutral weak boson. The famous particle predicted by Peter Higgs, and discovered in 2012 at the European Centre for Nuclear Research (CERN), is a neutral strong boson.
I observed in 1967 that seven of the eight possible combinations were seen in nature. The one combination that had never been seen was a charged weak boson. The missing type of particle would be like an electron without the exclusion principle. Next, I observed that our proof of the stability of matter would fail if electrons without the exclusion principle existed. So I jumped to the conclusion that a charged weak boson could not exist in a stable universe. This was a new law of nature that I had discovered. I published it quietly in a mathematical journal.
I knew that my theory flatly contradicted the prevailing wisdom. The prevailing wisdom was the unified theory of weak and electromagnetic interactions proposed by my friends Steven Weinberg and Abdus Salam. Weinberg and Salam predicted the existence of a new particle as a carrier of weak interactions. They called the new particle W. The W-particle had to be a charged weak boson, precisely the combination that I had declared impossible. Nature, speaking through an experiment at CERN in Geneva, would decide who was right.
The decision did not come quickly. It took the experimenters fifteen years to build a new machine and use it to search for the W-particle. But the decision, when it came, was final. Large numbers of W-particles were seen, with the properties predicted by Weinberg and Salam. With hindsight I could see several reasons why my stability argument would not apply to W-particles. W-particles are too massive and too short-lived to be a constituent of anything that resembles ordinary matter. I quickly forgot my disappointment and shared the joy of Weinberg and Salam in their well-deserved triumph. As my mother taught me long ago, the key to enjoyment of any sport is to be a good loser.
In Livio’s list of brilliant blunderers, Darwin and Einstein were good losers, Kelvin and Pauling were not so good, and Hoyle was the worst. The greatest scientists are the best losers. That is one of the reasons why we love the game. As Einstein said, God is sophisticated but not malicious. Nature never loses, and she plays fair. | <urn:uuid:df569cda-70d7-4ef7-9f91-f8479f3428bf> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2014/03/06/darwin-einstein-case-for-blunders/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583516135.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20181023111223-20181023132723-00430.warc.gz | en | 0.969607 | 4,729 | 3.296875 | 3 |
An edublog about integrating technology into the classroom.
Save the Words
What it is: Save the Words is a site that celebrates words by “saving” words that are becoming forgotten and left behind in the English language. I learned about the site today from @BookChook on her wonderful literacy blog. The site has a simple premise, words are displayed graphically,...
Today @lancefinkbeiner shared this video with me. It is too good not to share! Now…how to make this the reality of what learning is really about in schools. I can’t tell you how often in education that the answer for why something is done is, “we are preparing kids for…” For example, we give 3 hours of homework to elementary students because we are “preparing them for middle school.” In middle school we give additional homework and weekly tests because we are “preparing them for high school.” High school has it’s own set of ridiculous standards in preparation for college.
My question: when are we preparing kids for life? When are we preparing them to engage in the world around them? When are we preparing them for healthy relationships with others? When are we preparing them to ask good questions and seek answers? When are we preparing them for what to do with failure?
The problem for preparing kids for the next system they will encounter is that the next system isn’t really the goal. That goal is this imaginary place we call “success” and “perfection”. Neither exist. How do we prepare kids to live honest, meaningful lives? THAT is what I am interested in preparing for.
What it is: Study Blue is a very handy study tool for high-school and college students that works the way they do. Students can use it to store notes and create flashcards. Study materials are then accessible anywhere that students have an internet connection and even from their phone. Best of all, it is free to sign up and get started! Study Blue helps students study more efficiently by keeping track of what students have already mastered, and what they still need work on. This makes studying focused and productive. Students can easily create flashcards based on their notes and use those flashcards to study online or from their phone. Study Blue is logically organized (by class) making keeping track of study materials easy. Students can invite classmates to add to the notes or study materials from within Study Blue. Students can even upload notes they have taken outside of Study Blue. As students are creating flashcards and notes, they can enter text, audio recordings, and images. Even better, Study Blue has a library of special characters that can be inserted into notes and flashcards-perfect for math and language studying.
How to integrate Study Blue into the classroom: What makes Study Blue so brilliant, is the way that it works for students. The features within Study Blue are robust enough to stay up with students needs, but simple enough that it will get used often. Study Blue is a must-recommend to students. I love the way that Study Blue pays attention to what has already been mastered, and works with students to strengthen study habits. The ability to share within Study Blue means that students can work together to share resources, collaborate, and tackle their studying. It may be worth creating a teacher account to share lecture notes with students via Study Blue. Study Blue is a great way to help your students stay organized, and make the most of their study time in a way that makes sense for them. It is flexible enough to work for any student!
Tips: Students will need an email address to sign up for an account on Study Blue. Study Blue is a free service to use, they also have an upgrade version that lets students compare notes with others, print notes, combine flash card decks, etc.
Please leave a comment and share how you are using Study Blue in your classroom | <urn:uuid:ccd82310-637a-4cf3-9e2a-719452cd62f9> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://ilearntechnology.com/?tag=prepare | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119646269.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030046-00050-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96106 | 806 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Bartolus de Saxoferrato
|Bartolus de Saxoferrato|
|Native name||Bartolo de Sassoferrato|
Venatura, Marche, Italy
|Died||13 July 1357
Bartolus de Saxoferrato (Italian: Bartolo da Sassoferrato) (1313 – 13 July 1357) was an Italian law professor and one of the most prominent continental jurists of Medieval Roman Law. He belonged to the school known as the commentators or postglossators. The admiration of later generations of civil lawyers is shown by the adage nemo bonus íurista nisi bartolista — no one is a good jurist unless he is a Bartolist (i.e. a follower of Bartolus).
Life and works
Bartolus was born in the village of Venatura, near Sassoferrato, in the Italian region of Marche. His father was Franciscus Severi, and his mother was of the Alfani family. He read civil law at the universities of Perugia under Cinus, and Bologna under Oldradus and Belviso, and graduated to doctor of law in 1334. In 1339 he started teaching himself first in Pisa, then in Perugia. He raised the character of Perugia's law school to a level with that of Bologna, and this city made him an honorary citizen in 1348. In 1355, Emperor Charles IV appointed him as his consiliarius. In Perugia Baldus de Ubaldis and his brothers Angelus and Petrus became pupils of Bartolus. Bartolus died in Perugia at the age of 43, and was interred in the church of San Francisco with a monument inscribed with "Ossa Bartoli".
Despite his short life, Bartolus left an extraordinary number of works. He wrote commentaries on all parts of the Corpus Juris Civilis (except Justinian's Institutes). He is also the author of a large number of treatises on specific subjects. Among these treatises is his famous book on the law relating to rivers (De fluminibus seu Tyberiadis). There are also almost 400 legal opinions (consilia) written at the request of judges or private parties seeking legal advice.
Bartolus developed many novel legal concepts, which became part of the civil law tradition. Among his most important contributions were those to the area of conflict of laws — a field of great importance in 14th century Italy, where every city-state had its own statutes and customs. Bartolus also dealt with a variety of constitutional law issues. In his treatise De insigniis et armis he discussed not only the law of Arms but also some problems of trademark law.
Bartolus also wrote on political issues, including the legitimacy of city governments, partisan divisions and the regimes of Italy's petty tyrants. His political thought balanced respect for the Empire with defense of the legitimacy of local Italian governments.
Already famous at his lifetime, Bartolus was later regarded as the greatest jurist after the renaissance of Roman law. This is not only evident from the above-quoted saying, but also from the fact that statutes in Spain 1427/1433 and Portugal 1446 provided that his opinions should be followed where the Roman source texts and the Accursian gloss were silent. Lorenzo Valla was driven out of the university of Pavia in 1431 for his critique of Bartolus' Latin style. Even in England, where the civil law he had worked on was not applicable, Bartolus was held in high esteem. He influenced civilian writers such as Alberico Gentili and Richard Zouch.
Due to Bartolus' fame, his name was used for the character of a lawyer in many Italian plays. A well-known example is Dr. Bartolo in Pierre Beaumarchais' The Barber of Seville (play), Gioachino Rossini's opera The Barber of Seville and in Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro.
- Maria Ada Benedetto (1958). Bartolo da Sassoferrato. In Novissimo Digesto Italiano. Vol 2. ISBN 88-02-01797-2. pp. 279–280.
- Friedrich Carl von Savigny (1850). Geschichte des römischen Rechts im Mittelalter. Vol. 6. pp. 137–184.
- Walter Ullmann (1962). Bartolus and English Jurisprudence. In Bartolo da Sassoferrato. Studi e Documenti per il VI centenario. Vol. 1. pp. 47–73.
- Ephraim Emerton, Humanism and Tyranny (Gloucester, Mass., P. Smith, 1964 [c1925]). Includes translations of Bartolus, "De tyrannia" and "De Guelphis et Gebellinis".
- Osvaldo Cavallar et al., A grammar of signs: Bartolo da Sassoferrato's Tract on insignia and coats of arms (Berkeley, CA: Robbins Collection, University of California at Berkeley, 1994).
- Osvaldo Cavallar,"River of Law," in A Renaissance of conflicts: visions and revisions of law and society in Italy and Spain, ed. John A Marino and Thomas Kuehn (Toronto, Ont.: Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies, 2004), pp. 31–129. (Includes editions of parts of the Tyberiadis and of a consilium.)
- Anna T. Sheedy, Bartolus on Social Conditions in the Fourteenth Century (New York: Columbia University Press, 1942).
- C. N. S. Woolf, Bartolus of Sassoferrato: His Position in the History of Medieval Political Thought (Cambridge, 1913).
Catalogs of manuscripts
- Casamassima, Emanuele, Codices operum Bartoli a Saxoferrato recensiti 1, Iter Germanicum (Firenze: Olschki, 1971).
- Dolezalek, Gero, Verzeichnis der Handschriften zum römischen Recht bis 1600, 4 vols. (Frankfurt: Max-Planck-Institut für europäische Rechtsgeschichte, 1972).
- García y García, Antonio, Codices operum Bartoli a Saxoferrato recensiti 2, Iter Hispanicum (Firenze: Olschki, 1973).
- Izbicki, Thomas M., and Patrick Lally, "Texts Attributed to Bartolus de Saxoferrato in North American Manuscript Collections," Manuscripta 35 (1991): 146-155.
- Krafzik, Sebastian: Die Herrschereinsetzung aus der Sicht des Bartolus von Sassoferato In: Journal on European History of Law, London: STS Science Centre, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 39 – 43, (ISSN 2042-6402).
- Kuttner, Stephan, and Reinhard Elze, A Catalogue of Canon and Roman Law Manuscripts in the Vatican Library, 2 vols. (Città del Vaticano: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 1986–1987). Volume 1: Codices Vaticani latini 541-2299; volume 2: Codices Vaticani latini 2300-2746.
- Bartolo's De Insigniis et Armis
- Commentary on Digestum Vetus part 1
- Commentary on Digestum Vetus, part 2
- Commentary on Digestum Novum, part 1
- Commentary on Digestum Novum, part 2
- Commentary on three books of Codex
- Commentary on Codex, part 1
- Commentary on Codex, part 2
- Translations of his tracts On Guelphs and Ghibellines and On the Government of a City | <urn:uuid:e60d3e66-3498-4ab9-aeda-708cb11499e4> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartholus_of_Sassoferrato | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119646180.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030046-00004-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.87042 | 1,699 | 2.75 | 3 |
474 Chapter 19 Host-Microbe Interactions to specific receptors on cells (figure 19.12). In other words, the A subunit, usually an enzyme, is responsible for the effects the toxin has on a cell, whereas the B subunit dictates the type of cell to which the toxin is delivered. Examples of A-B toxins include:
■ Neurotoxins. Tetanus toxin, produced by Clostridium tetani, blocks the action of inhibitory neurons, allowing all muscles to contract at the same time. Botulinum toxin, produced by C. botulinum, blocks transmission of nerve signals to the muscles, causing flaccid paralysis.
■ Enterotoxins. The enterotoxins produced by Vibrio cholerae and certain strains of E. coli cause severe watery diarrhea. They do this by chemically modifying a regulatory protein in intestinal cells, inducing those cells to continuously secrete electrolytes and water.
■ Cytotoxins. Diphtheria toxin, produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, inhibits protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells, leading to their destruction. The toxin is an enzyme that inactivates an elongation factor of eukaryotic cells by chemically modifying it; recall that elongation factors are involved in the translocation of the ribosome during protein synthesis. Shiga toxin, produced by Shigella dysenteriae and certain strains of E. coli, including O157:H7, damages eukaryotic ribosomes, halting protein synthesis. ■ elongation factors, p. 178
The structure of A-B toxins offers novel approaches for the development of vaccines and therapies. For example, a fusion protein that contains dipththeria toxin is now being used to treat cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. By fusing the toxin to the cytokine IL-12, the toxin is delivered to T cells, including cancerous ones. The B subunit of cholera toxin has been used to develop an orally administered vaccine against cholera. Antibodies that bind the B subunit should prevent cholera toxin from binding to intestinal cells, thus protecting the vaccine recipient. Researchers are now experimenting with attaching other compounds to B subunits, allowing those compounds to be delivered specifically to the cell type targeted by the B subunit.
Membrane-damaging toxins disrupt plasma membranes, causing the cell to lyse. Because they damage a variety of different cell types, they are cytotoxins. Many of these also lyse red blood cells, causing hemolysis that can be observed when the organisms are grown on blood agar; thus, many of these toxins are also referred to as hemolysins. They are also called cytolysins. ■ hemolysis, p. 94 ■ blood agar, p. 92
Some membrane-damaging toxins insert themselves into membranes, forming pores that allow fluids to enter. An example of a pore-forming toxin is streptolysin O, the compound responsible for the characteristic b-hemolysis of Streptococcus pyogenes grown anaerobically on blood agar (see figure 4.6). Recall that this membrane-damaging toxin enables S. pyogenes to avoid phagocytosis.
Phospholipases are a group of membrane-damaging toxins that enzymatically remove the polar head group of the phos-pholipids in the plasma membrane, destabilizing its integrity.
B chain attaches to receptor
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Nutrition is a matter that people spend their careers learning about and requires volumes of books to explain. My objective is to instruct you how to consume a healthy nutritional diet that aids your body in burning off fat instead of storing it. You do not require overwhelming science to get this. | <urn:uuid:8a875188-acc2-4a10-a551-2ea4ce9ec162> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.alpfmedical.info/causative-agent/info-izl.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514575515.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20190922135356-20190922161356-00355.warc.gz | en | 0.917039 | 791 | 3.484375 | 3 |
It can be challenging to eat healthy when you have a limited budget. Many high-nutrient foods can be pretty costly, so some people eat cheap junk food instead.
There are many affordable options to buy healthy, easy-to-add to your diet.
This article will discuss:
29 cheap healthy foods and their health benefits.
1-9: Cheap Healthy food Vegetables
It is one of the best cheap healthy foods. Broccoli can be purchased at a low price of $1.64 per person and provides almost all the nutrients you require.
Vitamin C is a vital component of this drink. It acts as an antioxidant and can boost your immune system. One cup will provide 135% of your daily requirements ( 1Trusted source).
It’s also rich in vitamin K, folate, and other nutrients that play a part in blood clotting.
Research shows that broccoli’s nutrients and antioxidants may prevent heart disease and cancer.
Broccoli can be eaten raw or cooked. Broccoli is often used in soups, salads, and casseroles, because it’s a cheap healthy food.
Onions, a popular vegetable with many health benefits and relatively inexpensive, are very popular. They can be bought at most grocery stores for $1 per pound (.45kg).
They are known for their high antioxidants, which may help protect against certain cancers, such as heart disease, diabetes, and certain types of cancer. ( 7Trusted source, 8Trusted source. 9TrustedSource. 10Trusted source).
Onions also contain small amounts of vitamin C, manganese, and vitamin B6.
One small amount of onions can make a big difference in a dish. Their versatility and delicious flavor make them an excellent addition to any word.
3. Bagged Spinach
Bagged spinach is a cheap healthy food. It is available for around $2 per 9-ounce (255 gram) bag in most stores.
Spinach contains high levels of vitamin K. This is important for bone health and reducing the chance of developing heart disease. Also, spinach provides immune-boosting vitamin A, vitamin C, folate, and manganese.
As with other leafy green vegetables, spinach contains beneficial plant compounds. They can reduce inflammation and protect cells from damage. The latter prevents chronic diseases ( 16Trusted source).
It is easy to incorporate spinach into your diet. It can be added to soups, salads, and casseroles. You can make smoothies with it for an extra nutrient boost.
4. Russet Potatoes
Russet potatoes provide a great source of nutrients and are usually available at a fair price. They cost approximately $0.56 per pound. It’s a cheap healthy food.
It may be beneficial for brain and immune system health to eat potatoes with skin. They are rich in vitamins C and B. Potatoes are also rich in fiber, which aids digestion and appetite control.
Potato skins are also rich in minerals, particularly potassium. A medium-sized russet potato has twice as much potassium as a banana.
There are many ways to add potatoes to your diet. They are delicious boiled or baked and make great side dishes.
5. Sweet Potatoes
Sweet potatoes can be very healthy and are one of the most affordable vegetables that you can purchase.
They are only $0.92 per pound and provide a remarkable amount of vitamins, minerals, and other health benefits.
These sweet potatoes are high in beta-carotene, converted to vitamin A by the body. One sweet potato can provide 369% of your daily vitamin A needs. This is an essential factor in eye health.
A good amount of B vitamins, vitamin B, vitamin C, and potassium are found in sweet potatoes. They may be anti-inflammatory, which could help lower the risk of developing chronic diseases like cancer and diabetes.
Sweet potatoes can be paired with almost any type of dish. They are easy to prepare by baking, steaming, or roasting.
6. Canned tomatoes
Tomatoes are the most commonly consumed canned vegetable in America. They are cheap healthy food. They are affordable at $0.92 per pound.
The vitamin C content of tomatoes is what makes them shine. One cup of tomatoes provides 37% of your daily vitamin C requirements. They provide B vitamins, vitamins A and E, and trace minerals.
Research has shown that tomatoes can help lower “bad” LDL cholesterol levels and blood pressure, two main risk factors for heart disease. They may also protect against certain types and cancers.
Lycopene is responsible for many of the health benefits they provide. Lycopene, an antioxidant, may lower inflammation, protect cells against damage, and lower the risk of developing diseases.
You will always have canned tomatoes in your pantry. You can add them to soups, casseroles, and stews.
Carrots can be a great option if you have a tight budget. They are cheap healthy food. You can buy them for $0.74 per pound.
Carrots are one the richest sources of beta-carotene. This is what gives them their high vitamin A content. One cup of carrots can provide 428% of your daily vitamin A needs, which is good for eye health and immunity.
Carrots also contain significant fiber, vitamin C, and vitamin K.
Because of their high antioxidant content, carrots may reduce your risk of developing certain types of cancer like stomach cancer and prostate cancer.
Carrots can be enjoyed raw or cooked to reap the health benefits. They are a great addition to both raw and cooked dishes. Above all, they are cheap healthy food.
8. Green Cabbage
Green cabbage is an affordable vegetable that can be bought at a low price, averaging $0.58 per pound; it’s cheap healthy food.
Green cabbage contains high amounts of vitamin K and vitamin C and some trace minerals.
Because of their high glucosinolate levels, cabbage and other cruciferous veggies are very special. Glucosinolates, antioxidants, have been extensively studied to protect against certain types and cancers.
A few studies also showed that cabbage consumption could reduce the risk of developing heart disease.
Cabbage is a versatile vegetable that you can easily add to your diet. You can enjoy it in salads or coleslaw. It can also be fermented to make sauerkraut.
9. Butternut Squash
Butternut squash is an affordable and nutritious option that you can include in your diet.
It’s averagely priced at just over $1 per pound.
Butternut squash is more nutritious than other varieties of winter squash.
One cup contains 298% of the RDI vitamin A, 49% vitamin C, and 14% potassium.
It’s also a rich source of soluble fibre and antioxidants. This provides many health benefits, including weight control, reduced risk of developing heart disease, and improved overall health.
One will enjoy Butternut squash in many different ways. Butternut squash is delicious but can also be enjoyed as a side dish.
10-16 – Cheap Healthy foods in Grains and Legumes
10. Brown Rice
Brown rice provides fiber, vitamins, and minerals at a very affordable price. It is generally available in stores for around $2 per pound.
It is primarily carbs with 4 grams of fiber (195g) and decent amounts of B vitamins, manganese, magnesium, and phosphorus.
Brown rice has many health benefits, including lowering the risk of developing type 2 diabetes or heart disease and promoting weight control (Trusted source, 46Trusted source, 47Trusted source, 47TrustedSource, 48TrustedSource, 48TrustedSource, 49TrustedSource, 49TrustedSource, 50TrustedSource).
It is simple to include brown rice in your diet. Brown rice is easy to make and can enjoy in almost any meal.
Another nutritious whole grain, Oatmeal, is usually affordable at around $2 per pound. It’s a healthy cheap food. It is rich in B vitamins, iron, and manganese.
It’s also high in fiber, with 4 grams per cup (234g). Fiber promotes fullness, may lower blood sugar levels, and reduce cholesterol (51, 52TrustedSource, 53TrustedSource, 54TrustedSource, 55TrustedSource).
Oatmeal’s combination of fiber, vitamins, and minerals may help to lower the risk of many diseases such as type 2 diabetes and heart disease.
Oats can be enjoyed as a breakfast food. You can combine Oats with milk, yogurt, and other ingredients to make a delicious, healthy meal.
12. Cannellini Beans
Canned beans are very affordable and also very nutritious. Although beans come at different prices, you will generally find them less expensive than $1 per pound.
Beans are rich in fiber and contain many vitamins and minerals such as folate, iron, and magnesium.
They are also a great source of plant protein. A cup of black beans (172g) contains 15g of protein, suitable for muscle strength and weight maintenance (60, 61TrustedSource, 62TrustedSource, 64TrustedSource).
Beans and other legumes are associated with a lower risk of developing heart disease and diabetes. This could be because beans and other legumes lower cholesterol and help control blood sugar.
You can incorporate beans into almost any dish. Beans are often added to soups, salads, and burritos.
13. Dried Lentils Cheap healthy food
Dried lentils are relatively affordable at $1.39 per pound.
Lentils provide a substantial amount of nutrients. A cup (198g) of lentils contains 90% of your daily folate needs, 37% iron, 25% copper, and 49% manganese.
They are also rich in fiber and protein, making them great for weight management.
Lentils contain antioxidants that protect cells against inflammation. This could reduce the likelihood of developing chronic diseases like diabetes or cancer.
Studies also suggest that lentils may be associated with lower blood pressure and cholesterol, which are essential factors in preventing heart disease.
Lentils can be used in a similar way to beans. There are many ways they can be included in your diet, including soups and salads.
Edamame can be considered a healthy food at a meager price. Edamame frozen in 16-ounce bags generally costs less than $2.
It is a high-fiber, nutritious food that provides many nutrients, including vitamin K and folate.
It’s also rich in protein from plants, with 17 grams per cup (155g).
Studies have shown that edamame, and other soy-based foods, may lower your risk of developing heart disease, osteoporosis, and certain types of cancer. This can be attributed to the high levels of isoflavones (which act as antioxidants in our bodies).
Edamame is most often served as a side dish. Seasonings can be added to enhance the flavor.
Quinoa is generally around $3-4 per pound. This is a reasonable price for such nutritious food.
Quinoa is a complete source of protein. This means that it contains all the essential amino acids your body requires. This makes it different from other grains that need to be paired together with other foods to be considered complete proteins.
Quinoa also contains fiber, vitamins B E, vitamin E, iron, and manganese. These minerals protect your cells against damage that can lead to disease.Quinoa’s health-promoting properties have improved brain health and helped prevent heart disease.
Quinoa is used in cooking in a similar way to rice. Quinoa is easy to prepare and can be used in salads or cooked dishes.
16. Air-Popped Popcorn
Popcorn is a great snack food because it’s healthy and inexpensive, usually less than $2 per pound.
It is deficient in calories compared to whole grains. It has only 31 calories per 8 g serving, so you can have a lot without worrying about gaining weight.
Popcorn also contains some fiber and anti-inflammatory antioxidants. It also has a fair amount of B vitamins and magnesium.
Air-popped popcorn is made by placing one-fourth of the popcorn kernels in a brown paper bag. Heat it in the microwave until it stops bubbling. You can add toppings such as olive oil, sea salt, or Parmesan cheese.
17-22: Cheap Healthy food in Fruits
bananas, one of the most affordable fruits, are usually sold at $0.60 per pound. They have many health benefits.
They contain essential vitamins and minerals like vitamin C, vitamin A, vitamin B6, potassium, and manganese. Bananas also have a good amount of fiber which can help with digestion, weight loss, and prevention of diabetes.
You can enjoy bananas as a quick snack food. Bananas are great with peanut butter and yogurt.
Oranges can be very healthy and inexpensive, usually selling for around $1 per pound.
They are highly prized for their Vitamin C content. It contains 116% of the daily requirement for this immune-boosting vitamin. Oranges are also rich in fiber, antioxidants, and many other nutrients such as calcium and potassium.
Regular consumption of oranges and other fruits has been shown to lower inflammation and reduce the risk of many conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, and obesity.
Oranges are easy to include in your diet. They can be eaten as a snack or with yogurt, salads, and smoothies.
19. Frozen Berries
Berries have high nutritional value and are affordable when frozen. A mixed berry frozen pound costs approximately $3.50.
They are one of the most healthful fruits that you can eat because they have high antioxidants. Berry is one of the most potent natural sources of antioxidants.
Consuming antioxidant-rich berries can help prevent certain chronic diseases such as heart disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and certain types of cancer.
They are also high in fiber and many nutrients such as vitamin C, vitamin K, and manganese.
Include berries in your daily diet to reap the health benefits. These berries can be used in smoothies or as a healthy dessert.
Apples can be very healthy, and they are generally relatively cheap at $1.60 per pound.
Three grams of fiber is found in a medium apple. This is responsible for apples’ positive effects on blood sugar control and weight loss .
Apples also contain vitamin C, B vitamins, and trace minerals. Regular consumption of apples may reduce inflammation, a risk factor for many chronic diseases.
These are quick and easy food that can be added to your diet. They are often eaten as a snack or in a salad.
21. Cantaloupe‘s Cheap Healthy Food
Cantaloupe, a nutritious fruit that is affordable and rich in nutrients, usually costs around $0.50 per pound. It is a cheap healthy food.
Its low-calorie count is one of its most notable features. One cup of cantaloupe has only 53 calories, making it an excellent food for weight loss.
It is rich in essential nutrients. One cup (177g) provides 106% of your daily vitamin A, 95% vitamin C, and 12% potassium ( 96).
Cantaloupe, like other orange fruits and vegetables, contains the antioxidant betacarotene. This has powerful health benefits, including the prevention of heart disease and cancer.
Kiwis are an excellent choice for anyone looking to reduce their carbon footprint and enjoy powerful health benefits.
A medium kiwi contains 117% of your daily vitamin C requirement, so they are so beneficial for immune function.
They also contain high levels of fiber, vitamin K and potassium, which work together to protect your cells and reduce the risk for chronic diseases.
The health benefits of Kiwis could be especially beneficial for your heart health. Regular consumption of them has been shown to raise "good" HDL cholesterol, reduce blood fats, and lower blood pressure.
23-26: Cheap Healthy Food: Fish, Meat, and Eggs
23. Canned Fish
Canned salmon is much healthier than fresh seafood and has many health benefits. A 6-ounce (170-gram) can of salmon or tuna costs $2-3.
Fish is an excellent source of protein and high in omega-3 fatty acids. Fish also contains a good amount of the trace mineral selenium. You can also get vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus from canned fish with bones.
It can be paired with salads, crackers, avocado, and sandwiches. You can also use canned fish in dishes such as seafood cakes or stir-fries.
Pork can be quite affordable compared to other meat. It generally costs $3-4 per pound and is one of the most nutritious sources of dietary proteins.
Only three ounces of ground pork provide 22 grams of protein and essential B vitamins, zinc, iron, and selenium ( 106).
Combining protein, vitamins, and minerals in pork can promote muscle growth, maintenance, and exercise performance.
It is best to eat raw pork that has been adequately cooked.
Eggs can be one of the healthiest foods on the planet and are available at a very reasonable price of $2 per dozen.
Eggs also provide a lot of vitamins and minerals that you may need. They are also one of the few sources of choline, which is a nutrient that plays a vital role in brain function.
Eggs can be a part of your daily diet. They are delicious and can be paired with nearly any type of food.
26. Breast of Chicken
Chicken breasts are a great healthy, protein-rich option for those on a tight budget at $3-4 per pound.
Half a chicken breast contains 27 grams of high-quality protein. This means that the breasts have all the essential amino acids your body requires.
High amounts of vitamins and minerals are also found in chicken breast, including vitamin B6, vitamin B6, magnesium, selenium, and niacin.
It has been proven that chicken breast can help lower the risk of diabetes, obesity, and heart disease. It may help reduce the risk of developing cancer.
27-29: Cheap Healthy Food in Dairy
27. Cottage Cheese
A 16-ounce container of cottage cheese usually costs less than $2. It’s affordable food that you can include in your diet.
Cottage cheese is a good source of protein. It contains 14 grams per half-cup (113g), approximately 28% of your daily protein needs.
It also contains many other nutrients, such as calcium and phosphorus, well-known for their essential role in bone health.
Cottage cheese can be enjoyed as a tasty snack. Cottage cheese is delicious when mixed with fruit, and it’s often added to salads.
Yogurt can be found in most grocery stores for $2-3 per 32-ounce (1kg) container. It is healthy and budget-friendly.
One cup of yogurt (2345g) contains 13 grams of protein, lots of B vitamins, and 45% of your daily needs for calcium, phosphorus, and zinc. Some yogurts also contain probiotics, beneficial bacteria for digestive health.
Yogurt is great with fruits and nuts. You can make a sauce with yogurt and add it to cooked dishes.
Milk has a very healthy price tag of just over $2 per gallon. It’s a cheap healthy food.
Whole milk contains substantial protein, calcium, and B vitamins in a cup (36 ml). It is also often fortified with vitamin A ( 120).
Regular consumption of milk and other dairy products may help prevent certain chronic diseases such as osteoporosis and heart disease.
The Bottom Line
Healthy eating doesn’t need to cost a lot.
You can find many cheap healthy foods that you can buy without spending a lot of money. Some healthy foods can be cheaper than junk food.
These 29 cheap healthy foods are an excellent addition to your diet. | <urn:uuid:9618f418-f5f2-49e7-94ca-6588cafc6c6e> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.healthyprotricks.com/cheap-healthy-foods-you-need-to-know/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662534669.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20220520191810-20220520221810-00080.warc.gz | en | 0.936472 | 4,296 | 2.875 | 3 |
Awareness of Reading Skills
In order to avoid embarrassment, leaders need to help poor readers without drawing attention to their difficulties. It is good practice for the game leader to offer to read out all hints, strategies and concepts discovered during the game.
Curiously, children will often insist on reading their own cards, even if they have trouble with reading. Some concepts will need explanation and discussion to ensure understanding. | <urn:uuid:717f67b8-9946-4f33-bc03-434139d41196> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.theragames.com/awareness-of-reading-skills | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363290.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20211206072825-20211206102825-00429.warc.gz | en | 0.971945 | 83 | 3.390625 | 3 |
These 2 stamps are from 2010/09 Minerals of Poland issue showing Gypsum and S
Gypsum is a common mineral, with thick and extensive evaporite beds in association with sedimentary rocks. Deposits are known to occur in strata from as early as the Permian age.Gypsum is deposited in lake and sea water, as well as in hot springs, from volcanic vapors, and sulfate solutions in veins. Hydrothermal anhydrite in veins is commonly hydrated to gypsum by groundwater in near surface exposures. It is often associated with the minerals halite and sulfur.
Sphalerite ((Zn,Fe)S) is a mineral that is the chief ore of zinc. It consists largely of zinc sulfide in crystalline form but almost always contains variable iron. When iron content is high it is an opaque black variety, marmatite. It is usually found in association with galena, pyrite, and other sulfides along with calcite, dolomite, and fluorite. Miners have also been known to refer to sphalerite as zinc blende and black-jack. | <urn:uuid:f35f6e4c-47c8-4b82-a59b-57803f115985> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://stampsland.blogspot.com/2010/10/445-polandthanks-piotr.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320201.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623220935-20170624000935-00707.warc.gz | en | 0.968501 | 239 | 3.359375 | 3 |
gospel means “good news.” The word occurs 93 times in the Bible and
refers to the Good News about Jesus and the way to salvation.
To understand the Good News, you must understand the bad news. The
Bible starts with the bad news – that man's relationship with God in the
beginning was perfect, but Adam and Eve sinned by disobeying God. Their
sin separated them from God. Since God is holy, He could not and would
not be in the presence of sin. Separated from God, man had no way to fix
the problem. Sin and its consequences meant that man would now die and
be forever separated from God.
The Good News is that God loved man, even after he sinned. Because of
His love, God made a way for the sin debt to be paid so mankind could
be in a relationship with Him once again. What humans could not do to
fix the problem, God did, and the way He fixed it is Good News! That
Good News is that God Himself came to earth as Jesus, the Son of God, to
fix the problem. Jesus was born of a virgin so He did not inherit the
sin nature and sin problem of man. He lived a perfect life so He owed no
sin debt. He died on the cross, not because of His sin, but to pay the
penalty for the sins of mankind.
Defeating death, Jesus rose from the dead and offers eternal life to
all who will receive it through faith and through believing this gospel
message. If you will admit you are a sinner and believe that Jesus came,
lived, died, and rose again, you can receive this gift of forgiveness
and eternal life – this relationship with God. No matter what you have
done, this gift is available to you. It is a free gift; you cannot earn
it or receive it apart from Jesus. It is available because of what He
has done. That is Good News!
The entire Bible reveals the story of God’s love for you, which is a
part of the gospel. The New Testament books of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and
John are called the Gospels because they reveal the story of Jesus and
how, in Him, God changes your bad news to Good News.
Romans 6:23 "The payment for sin is death, but the gift of God is eternal life in Jesus Christ our Lord."
I Corinthians 15:3-6 “For
what I received I passed on to you as of first importance: that Christ
died for our sins according to the Scriptures, that he was buried, that
he was raised on the third day according to the Scriptures, and that he
appeared to Cephas, and then to the twelve. After that, he appeared to
more than five hundred of the brothers and sisters at the same time,
most of whom are still living, though some have fallen asleep.”
one of the four gospels in the Bible, paying attention to the works of
Jesus (Matthew, Mark, Luke or John). Read about the birth of Jesus in
Luke 2, the ministry of Jesus in Matthew 5-25, and the death and
resurrection of Jesus in Mark 14-16. Answer the question of whether or
not you have embraced the truth of the gospel for your life. If you have
not, make an appointment with one of the Southcliff ministers to
discover how you can.Share the gospel story with someone in your family
or a friend.
Attend the Core4Kids Class.
# 8 Meet people around you#15 Pray for non-believers#33 Know your neighbors#25 Memorize and understand Matthew 28:18-20#59 Join and attend groups with non-believers#39 Develop Faith Story#47 Share your Faith Story
Southcliff Baptist Church4100 SW Loop 820 | Ft Worth, TX 76109(817) 924-2241 | <urn:uuid:b4671f1a-40ef-4735-9d21-0ffe0033054d> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.southcliff.com/understand-the-gospel | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711637.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20221210005738-20221210035738-00805.warc.gz | en | 0.953007 | 846 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Expedition 63 Commander Chris Cassidy of NASA continued working on a variety of science hardware throughout the International Space Station today. His two crewmates worked in the orbiting lab’s Russian segment on their complement of science and maintenance.
Cassidy started Tuesday in the Japanese Kibo laboratory module setting up a small satellite deployer. CubeSats are installed into the device, which is then loaded into Kibo’s airlock. Then the deployer is positioned in the vacuum of space to eject the tiny shoebox-sized satellites into Earth orbit.
In the afternoon, Cassidy moved over to the U.S. Destiny laboratory module and swapped computer parts inside the Fluids and Combustion Facility (FCF). The FCF consists of two refrigerator-sized research racks enabling safe observations of the behavior of fluids and flames in microgravity. Scientists use the data to design advanced fuel transfer systems and increase fire safety.
Russian Flight Engineers Anatoly Ivanishin and Ivan Vagner logged their meals today to understand how spaceflight affects a crewmember’s nutrition and metabolism. The duo then worked throughout the day on life support maintenance while continuing to get used to life onboard the station.
Russia’s next cargo craft to resupply the station is completing final processing and assembly at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. The Progress 75 (75P) space freighter packed with several tons of food, fuel and supplies is due to launch on Friday at 9:51 p.m. EDT. The 75P will make a two-orbit, three-and-a-half hour trip and automatically dock to the aft port of the Zvezda service module. | <urn:uuid:5fb9f9ff-8266-4ef3-875b-1fbdfbb9df45> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacestation/2020/04/21/advanced-space-research-ahead-of-weekend-cargo-mission/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710765.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20221130160457-20221130190457-00860.warc.gz | en | 0.914428 | 344 | 2.625 | 3 |
You are now entering the Jewish Currents archive.
Rivka Yosselevska was one of a handful of Jews to survive a Nazi massacre of 500 that began when the Einsatzgruppen surrounded the ghetto of Zagrodski, near Pinsk in Belarus, on this date in 1942. The next day, the Jews were herded to a pit and shot. Yosselevska was wounded in the head but lived, and spent three nights lying among bodies in the pit until a farmer rescued her, hid her, fed her, and later helped her join a group of Jews hiding in the forest, where she survived until the arrival of the Soviet army in the summer of 1944. Yosselevska testified about her horrors at the trial of Adolf Eichmann in 1961. She lost a daughter, as well as her mother, father, sister, and other relatives in the slaughter.
"I also want to mention what my child said while we were lined up in the ghetto, she said, 'Mother, why did you make me wear the Shabbat dress; we are being taken to be shot.' And when we stood near the dug-out, near the grave, she said, 'Mother, why are we waiting, let us run!' Some of the young people tried to run, but they were caught immediately, and they were shot right there. It was difficult to hold on to the children. We took all children not ours, and we carried them -- we were anxious to get it all over -- the suffering of the children was difficult; we all trudged along to come nearer to the place and to come nearer to the end of the torture of the children." —Rivka Yosselevska | <urn:uuid:8bab9887-bb8a-4874-b0e1-d575dc892fe4> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://jewishcurrents.org/august-14-surviving-the-einsatzgruppen | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104585887.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220705144321-20220705174321-00316.warc.gz | en | 0.988848 | 362 | 3.015625 | 3 |
One Carat Diamond Buying
Diamond carat weight is the unit of measurement used to describe how much a diamond weighs. It is one-of The Diamond 4C’s (color, clarity, cut, carat). Diamond carat weight is unrelated to the similar-sounding karat, which typically refers to the purity of gold. Carat weight is also often used interchangeably with diamond size, though they actually describe different characteristics. While carat weight isn’t a measure of a diamond’s size, but its weight, it’s a consistent indicator of how large the diamond will appear, when viewed from the top. Today, a metric carat is equal to exactly 200 milligrams (0.2 grams). This is roughly the-weight of a paper clip.
A diamond is a symbol of permanence and eternity since it’s a strong, durable stone. A one carat diamond is one of the “magic sizes”, others being half-carat, three-quarter carat, etc. Fewer than one in one-million mined rough stones are large enough to produce a finished 1-carat diamond. Perhaps it would be important to first consider why there are so many people who want a 1 carat diamond. And even though diamonds come in all sizes and shapes, the majority of them don’t weigh a nice round carat conveniently. So what is the big appeal? There is something satisfyingly ‘complete’ regarding a one carat diamond compared to, say a 0.85 carat diamond.
Weights for diamonds weighing under one carat are usually stated in points. Each carat can-be sub-divided into 100 ‘points.’ This system allows measurements to a high precision of a hundredth decimal place. Jewelers may describe the-weight of diamonds below 1-carat by its points’ alone. A diamond weighing one-quarter of a carat can be described as weighing 25-points or 0.25 carats or 25-pointer or 1/4 carat. Points aren’t generally used to describe weights over 1 carat. Diamond weights over a carat are usually expressed in carats-and-decimals. For example, a 1.03 carat-stone would be-described as “one oh three,” or “one point oh three carats.”
When it comes to- purchasing an engagement ring, a 1-carat diamond is the benchmark size most-people will shop for. It is important to know that the value of a diamond can be determined using all of-the 4Cs, and not just carat-weight. All-else being equal, the price of diamond increases exponentially with carat weight. This is because larger diamonds (1 ct or larger) are rarer & more desirable. However, 2 diamonds of equal carat-weight can have quite different prices (and values) depending on 3-other factors of diamond 4Cs: Color, Clarity, and Cut.
A typical one carat round brilliant-cut diamond, measures between 6.3mm to 6.5mm in-diameter. By comparison, a 1.20-carat diamond will typically measure around 6.75mm in-diameter. The small difference often results in a-noticeable difference between both these diamond sizes. A second stone slightly over the “magic” 1 carat diamond weight can give it as-much as a 20% price difference with only a 6 point difference in weight.
Currently, a beautiful 1ct F-color, SI-clarity excellent cut-grade diamond, all made-up in a classic solitaire, will typically cost you around $13000. The rule of thumb is that below one carat, the price will move roughly $1000 for every 10 points within a particular quality. The smaller the diamond weight is, the smaller the price variation for the 10 points. Changing the diamond’s size always has a much larger effect on the price than changing the clarity or color of-a diamond.
The Four C’s are, however, not the only measure of the quality of a diamond and there are other finer points put into consideration (symmetry, polish, certifying laboratory, table and depth percentages, ratio, etc.) Diamond certification labs, such as the GIA or AGS, rank on a-scale based upon how-many flaws a diamond has & the prevalence and size of the flaws. The-closer to flawless a diamond is, the-more rare & more expensive it’ll be.
A less expensive 1-carat diamond may have a lower clarity-grade, but the flaws are often not completely visible to-the naked eye. That is an amazing way to save cash on diamonds if you’re want to settle for diamonds with a clarity-grade of SI-1/SI-2. Non-certified diamonds may seem to-cost less but one needs to take caution that the grade of the diamond might be below stated, relative to the GIA or AGS standards. | <urn:uuid:64c3abf8-7d51-44e4-947f-98088157107c> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://techiediva.com/2017/03/13/one-carat-diamond-buying/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319265.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20170622114718-20170622134718-00362.warc.gz | en | 0.922248 | 1,061 | 2.78125 | 3 |
by Mike Fitz
Watching unfiltered footage of wild animals on explore.org means that we’ll inevitably witness nature’s harsh realities. Bears strip the skin off of living salmon. Lions subdue zebras. A python snares an unsuspecting bird from its perch. Falcons fight for nesting territories. Ravens pillage an unoccupied eagle nest. Although these events can be difficult to watch, the reasons for them are typically clear. Hunger and reproduction are powerful motivators. Other behaviors and situations, though, challenge our best available science as well as our sensibilities of right and wrong.
A bird nest is a dichotomous place of nurturing and conflict. Parents care for their vulnerable young, while chicks compete for food and space. The competition in a bird nest can manifest in ways far beyond the times when my brother, sister, and I fought over the last cookie.
An extreme form of sibling rivalry at a bird nest may lead to siblicide. Also called Cainism after the biblical story of Cain and Abel, siblicide occurs when a nestling’s behavior leads to the death of one or more of its siblings through starvation, physical injury, or eviction from the nest. While siblicide is not common among birds overall, it does happen in a wide variety of birds. It’s documented in the osprey, shoebill, southern ground hornbill, white-bellied swiftlet, blue-throated bee-eater, and blue-footed booby as well as certain species of cranes, eagles, egrets, hawks, herons, guillemots, gulls, owls, pelicans, penguins, and vultures.
Siblicide in birds often occurs as soon as a larger or more aggressive nestling gains the size, strength, and weaponry (such as a sharp beak) to cause significant harm to its younger and smaller nest mate(s). On explore.org we’ll likely witness it on the webcam that features the African black (Verreaux’s) eagle nest in South Africa, and it is possible that we could see it at the cams of great blue heron, osprey, black guillemont, and bald eagle nests in North America. But, there are differences in how it occurs. African black eagles experience obligate siblicide: two eggs are laid, they hatch at different times, and the older chick always kills its younger sibling. In contrast, siblicide is facultative in herons and osprey: it is circumstantial and doesn’t always occur.
Distinguishing the nuances of obligate and facultative siblicide doesn’t make it any easier to witness, of course. I wonder if this behavior is so difficult to watch, in part, because it is so difficult to explain.
Many organisms including humans make overt efforts to help ensure the survival of related individuals. This trait isn’t universal, though. At best, many more organisms behave indifferently to their siblings’ survival. Others take a more aggressive stance. Certain species of sharks attack and eat their siblings in the womb.
If siblicide was maladaptive, if it failed to provide survival benefits in the near or long term, especially if an alternate life history strategy such as cooperation among nestlings led to higher survival and reproductive rates, then those with the siblicidal trait might eventually have their genes winnowed from the population or species. Yet since siblicide persists, then scientists—or at least my interpretation of their conclusions—have operated under the assumption that siblicide, especially obligate variation, provides some sort of benefit that leads to reproductive success for the individuals that practice it.
During the last few decades, scientists have hypothesized many potential explanations for siblicide in birds. Maybe the only thing we know for sure is that there are certain factors that make it more likely to happen, although none appear to be universal. Among birds, siblicide is correlated with large body size at maturity, complex hunting and foraging behaviors, a protracted period of learning in early life, and a slow life history pace (that is, you live a long time and have a low reproductive rate). In addition, siblicidal bird species are more likely to have a long nestling period and effective weaponry at a young age such as a sharp bill. Regarding the nesting period, consider that American robins (a species with no documented siblicide) leave the nest about 14 days after hatching, while the African black eagle doesn’t fledge for 95 days or longer. The nests of many siblicidal species usually offer limited escape possibilities too. A mallard duckling spends relatively little time in its nest after hatching and its ability to move and feed independently allows it to easily avoid a pushy sibling, unlike a heron chick that remains in a nest high in a tree for weeks after hatching. Additionally, if the species practices asynchronous hatching, then the older, first-hatched chick has a head start on growth and those few days can make a tremendous difference. A mother Canada goose may lay many eggs, but she does not start incubating until the entire clutch is laid and all of her eggs hatch at about the same time. In contrast, a female African black eagle begins to incubate her first egg immediately even though she usually lays a second egg three or four days later. As a result, her first chick hatches several days before the second. When the second chick hatches, the older black eagle chick uses its strongly hooked beak to attack its younger, vulnerable sibling. In More than Kin, Less than Kind: The Evolution of Family Conflict, biologist Douglas Mock notes a case when an older African black eagle chick attacked its nest mate within a few hours of its sibling hatching. The younger chick died three days after hatching and weighed 18 grams less than when it hatched due to the repeated attacks and food monopolization from its older sibling.
Perhaps unsurprisingly, food availability and hunger play an important role, especially in species with facultative siblicide. If the parents deliver food in large parcels, then the older or stronger chicks may be able to monopolize the food to the detriment of their siblings. If the parents feed their chicks infrequently and food transfer between feedings is slow, then an older or stronger chick can also interfere with the feeding of its sibling.
Competition for food can become more intense as chicks grow. But, sufficient food can also allow younger or smaller chicks with the fortitude and energy to withstand and survive the aggression of their nest mates. One study on great egrets found that the amount of food had little direct influence on fighting behavior between siblings, though it consistently influenced chick survival. When scientists provisioned a great egret nest in Texas with extra food they found that nest mates didn’t reduce their aggression toward each other, but more chicks to survive to fledge.
There may be other factors that influence siblicide as well. One idea, for example, posits that some chicks may be more vulnerable to parasites. These infestations might leave a chick in a weakened state where it cannot withstand the aggression of its nest mates.
As species with facultative siblicide demonstrate, all nestlings can survive when circumstances allow. Parent birds are often great hunters and select their nesting territories well, which makes obligate siblicide perplexing. Food is not always in short supply for young (less than one week-old) African black eagle chicks. So if “Cain” is always going to kill “Abel,” then what’s the point of laying a second egg? Perhaps obligate siblicide evolved in anticipation of food shortages later in the nesting period or maybe there are other, stronger reasons. After all, natural selection operates on a continuum of scales.
For a mother African black eagle the energetic cost of laying a second egg is relatively small, but the payout could be huge—at least in terms of reproductive success—if something happens to the first egg. In this way, a black eagle’s second egg might serve as an insurance premium of sorts. An independent analysis of one chick mortality study in African black eagles found that about one in five of the second-to-hatch chicks survived to fledge. In fact, “Abel” survived to fledge at the Black Eagle Project’s Roodekrans nest, where explore.org now has a webcam, in 2005 and 2006 after the first egg failed to hatch. Although the probability of the second egg surviving remains low, it still may offer just enough of a reproductive reward to ensure the effort of laying a second egg, even if sibling aggression will lead an older chick to kill its nest mate in most instances.
I offer this information knowing that it won’t make siblicide any easier for many of us to witness. It is appropriate and natural to feel for animals and empathize with their struggles. Siblicide is often difficult if not disturbing to watch, so always remember that it is also okay to take a break from the cams or watch a camera that focuses mostly on scenery rather than wildlife when things get unpleasant.
The diversity of survival strategies among wild animals, though, serves as a never-ending point of fascination for me and I hope you as well. I wasn’t always the best brother to my younger siblings when I was a kid, but I was vested in their welfare. So something like siblicide in birds seems so out of the ordinary to feel alien. However, rather than judging whether it is right or wrong, I see it as something different, something outside of human ethics, a behavior that has purpose for the animals that experience it. Although siblicide in certain species of birds seems to have evolved to benefit survival, it remains a behavior that provokes our discomfort and is difficult for science to reconcile. | <urn:uuid:0b55f326-0e11-4db4-bace-5229f413d14c> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://californiadigitalnews.com/2023/12/06/siblicide-an-inextricable-behavior-in-birds/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474697.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228044414-20240228074414-00256.warc.gz | en | 0.950867 | 2,072 | 3.3125 | 3 |
If you found the transition from GCSE Maths to A Level Maths more difficult than you expected, don’t worry – lots of people find this a tricky time. Usually it’s just a case of getting used to the more rigorous style of Maths at A Level. Sometimes people find that they have a few knowledge gaps that need to be filled quickly, whether it is a topic that somehow got missed, or a topic that you thought you knew and understood well but now don’t feel so sure. If you have access to a GCSE textbook or a GCSE revision guide, you may well be able to fill the gap yourself. Don’t be afraid to ask your teacher for advice. It’s better to ask sooner rather than later.
You’ve tried working through a GCSE textbook or revision guide, and you’ve asked your teacher for help, but still need more help? Why not try a few sessions of one-to-one tuition. Individual tuition can be a very effective and efficient way to fill in the gaps and help your A Level studies go more smoothly. | <urn:uuid:51bed841-4bb7-4814-aab6-483d0944e196> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | http://witneymathstutors.co.uk/2010/09/18/from-gcse-to-a-level/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585203.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20211018124412-20211018154412-00167.warc.gz | en | 0.947779 | 231 | 2.734375 | 3 |
See the attached file for clarity in the tables.
1. It is suspected that high pollution levels (measured by number of particulates found in the air) increase the levels of asthma attacks. A researcher collects data on50 people who experienced an asthma attack during the course of one year. For each person the number of particulates was recorded for the day of the attack (day of attack) and for a day exactly one month before the day of the attack (control). The results are as follows:
Number of attacks.
Pollution day of attack > pollution on control day 30
Pollution day of attack < pollution on control day 15
Pollution day of attack = pollution on control day 5
Assume a null hypothesis that pollution has nothing to do with having an asthma attack. How many attacks would you expect when the pollution level on the day of the attack is higher than the control day, ignoring the days when pollution level days are equal?
Given the data in the table, assess whether pollution is affecting asthma attacks. (Hint: use the normal approximation to the binomial distribution).
c. Now assume a seasonal variation on the pollution levels. Say in the winter instead of 30 we have 10, instead of 15 we have 4 and 2 cases when they are equal. Given this data does pollution affect asthma attacks?
6. Recently a clinical trial was conducted to test the ability of heart failure patients to improve the amount of time they could walk on a treadmill post a surgical intervention. 107 patients were randomly assigned to regular medical therapy and 105 to the surgical intervention. The patients were tested at baseline and again at 6 months post surgery. The results are shown below:
Mean Change in 6month-baseline (minutes) Standard deviation N
Regular medical therapy 0.5 2.2 100
Surgical procedure 2.1 3.1 99
What test would we do to test for a change in mean total change for a specific group?
b. Report the value of this test for the medical group and report a p-value.
7. It is very hard to predict how long post-surgical trauma patients typically spend in the ICU (those who survive to make it to the ICU). Below is typical data on the number of days spent in ICU for these types of patients from 2 different hospitals
Days in ICU..
Hospital ICU A 10, 21, 60, 32, 5, 29, 44, 8, 33, 26, 13
Hospital ICU B 76, 68, 87, 10, 86, 27, 125, 238, 96, 44, 73, 35, 60
Why is a t-test not a good test for this type of data?
b. Pick a non-parametric test that is most appropriate for determining if the number of days spent in the ICU for these two hospitals is comparable. What is the result of this test?
The following posting helps with problems involving hypothesis tests. | <urn:uuid:1424f82e-7a60-4ca7-bf43-b65ab7771293> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://brainmass.com/statistics/hypothesis-testing/hypotheses-asthma-attack-heart-failure-patients-icu-days-381370 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541321.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00232-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929008 | 610 | 3.484375 | 3 |
The project areas
As different as the garden dormouse habitats are, also the study areas must be very diverse. Only in this way can we trace the causes of the garden dormouse disappearance.
The project areas include both the distribution centre in southwest Germany and the current peripheral regions of the garden dormouse distribution. Thus, the different garden dormouse habitats are reflected in the project. In this way, the populations and conditions of the individual areas can be compared well with each other. In addition, the declines are more clearly and faster noticeable in the peripheral regions of distribution, so they are probably easier to detect.
The main focus of the garden dormouse distribution in Bavaria – and thus also the project area– is situated in the north-eastern Bavarian uplands: Frankenwald (Franconian Forest), Fichtelgebirge (Fichtel Mountains), Bavarian Forest and Upper Palatine Forest. There, structurally rich spruce forests are populated with berry shrubs in the understory and species-rich mixed forests in the higher elevations. Important structures are screes and rock formations. Also known are deposits from some areas in the western Alpine region. Old evidence piling up in Lower Franconia in the Spessart. Very isolated, the species was formerly also found in lower elevations in many parts of Bavaria.
In Hesse, according to the current knowledge, the garden dormouse is mainly located along the Rhine and Main River in orchards and adjacent shrubs, as well as in residential and peripheral areas, where the garden dormouse lives in close vicinity to people in houses, arks and gardens. South of the Main River the dormice occur in the district of Groß-Gerau, there are individual evidences from the Forest of Odes. There are also reports from the fringes of Frankfurt and the Main valley. From the rest of Hesse, evidence is sparse and outdated.
The project areas include the city of Wiesbaden and its peripheral regions, as well as the adjacent Main-Taunus-district. In Wiesbaden, the garden dormouse lives in the middle of the city in the attics of buildings, balconies and in gardens, also in fringes in allotment gardens and meadow orchards. They find similar habitats in the Main-Taunus-district.
The project area of the BUND Lower Saxony for the detection of the garden dormouse is the Harz Mountains with the Harz National Park in the South of Lower Saxony.
Here is the only stable occurrence in Lower Saxony. The Harz Mountains are a diverse and thus attractive habitat with coniferous and deciduous forests, dwarf shrub heath, fenlands and flowing waters. But the most important structures for the garden dormice are the existing rocky structures and screes, which offer hiding places especially for hibernation.
The currently known distribution in North Rhine-Westphalia ranges along the Rhine Valley in the conurbation of Cologne-Bonn. There are occurrences in Bonn, the Rhine-Sieg district, Cologne and Leverkusen. The project area is about 400 km² large. The garden dormice are mainly found in gardens and allotment gardens, parks, natural bushes and forest edges. Allotment gardeners often encounter them as users of bowers and fruit trees. The animals stand out in the gardens and suburban settlements mainly because of their loud high whistles and can sometimes even be observed well.
In the whole of Rhineland-Palatinate, possibly with the exception of the northern areas (Eifel, Bergisch-Sauerland Mountains, Westerwald), the garden dormouse is still common according to the available reports. However, this has not been systematically investigated. Reports from all over Rhineland-Palatinate should therefore form the basis for an inventory.
In three selected project regions, the occurrence is to be examined in depth:
(1) The project region in the Hunsrück-Hochwald National Park covers 91 km² in the west of Rhineland-Palatinate. Extensive cool-moist forests characterize the low mountain range on the hills of the Hunsrück, which reach on the Erbeskopf 816 m above sea level. Mixed beech forests, but also spruce forests, slate heaps and rock formations, also marshy areas, so-called slope ruptures, are typical of the Hunsrück. Where in detail the garden dormouse occurs here, shall be clarified in the context of the project.
(2) The middle Moselle valley has been shaped by mankind since the Pre-Roman era. Characteristic is the constant change of the landscape. Steep undercut banks, which are wooded or bear the typical steep slope viticulture, alternate with flat point bars, on which orchards or cities and villages with gardens stand. Garden dormice were historically and currently observed frequently in the Trier region. Single announcements are in Moselle valley in orchards and old quarries.
(3) The Upper Rhine lowland, which extends along the Rhine and the mouth of the Moselle in Rhineland-Palatinate, is about 115 km long and 25 km wide. It is densely covered with towns and villages and predominantly characterized by intensive agriculture and viticulture. The garden dormouse has a frequent occurrence in gardens, forests and orchards.
Current evidence from Thuringia originates almost exclusively from the Thuringian Slate Mountains. Further focal points and thus project areas are the North-western Thuringian Forest, Meininger calcareous plates, the region around the Hainich, Ohm mountains and the southern Harz. The majority of the recent sightings and carcasses found come from former slate mining areas. The garden dormouse could be detected very often in waste places. Further evidence proves it is distributed in the for the high altitudes of the Thuringian Mountains typical forest spruce monocultures. | <urn:uuid:2ac48967-9546-4413-8d50-2f2bb819c850> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.gartenschlaefer.de/en/field-of-activity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655881763.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20200706160424-20200706190424-00012.warc.gz | en | 0.941751 | 1,256 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Teachers and parents often guide students through the K-12 learning experience. While this support can be seen as a helpful tool during primary and secondary education, these students often experience difficult transitions when they are suddenly expected to be self-directed and self-motivated upon entrance to college. Engaging with these students and helping them to become self-regulated learners in the college environment is critical to their success.
Participants in this webinar will learn teaching strategies and techniques for engaging their students and assisting them in becoming self-regulated learners, which will lead to academic success.
By the end of this webinar, participants will be able to:
- Explore some of the theories behind self-regulated learning
- Describe the characteristics of self-regulated learners
- Articulate why reflecting on personal learning and goal progression leads to self-regulation
- Identify effective instructional methods, strategies, and techniques that can be incorporated into their classroom that will lead to self-regulated learning | <urn:uuid:3dce567a-927c-46ca-ac4d-129e17b076ec> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.innovativeeducators.org/product-p/169.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637899701.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025819-00204-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974495 | 198 | 3.578125 | 4 |
French officials have long disparaged the concept of race. Now, it’s no longer in the French constitution.
French MPs on both the left and the right on Wednesday voted to remove the word “race” from the constitution. They argued that since race is a made-up social construct, it doesn’t exist and the word should therefore be taken out.
The MPs replaced “race” with the word “sex.” The new draft of the constitution now states that citizens are equal before the law “regardless of sex, origin or religion.”
The word “race” was first added to France’s post-war constitution in 1946 as a powerful rebuke of the racist ideology propagated by the Nazis and the collaborationist French regime. It was kept in 1958, when the constitution was updated, but politicians have long been campaigning to remove it. During his 2012 election campaign, former president Francois Hollande said “there are no different races,” adding that the word “has no place in the Republic.”
Racial categories that are commonplace in the US and UK—such as white, black, and Asian—don’t officially exist in France. (In fact, those categories are absent from much of Europe, where racial statistics have long been associated with Nazi Germany.) This means that the French government doesn’t keep track of the racial mix of schools, universities, and workplaces. The logic is simple: to avoid racism, avoid categorizing people by race and instead treat everyone equally.
When the issue of collecting racial statistics came up in France in 2007, many academics signed a letter of protest stating:
Ethnic statistics would have the effect of bringing in the notion of ‘race’—whose non-scientific character and danger are well-known by all—and to foster inter-community conflicts.
However, critics suggest these lofty principles keep the government ignorant of the extent of racial discrimination in the country. | <urn:uuid:b6291d96-0636-4fc5-a581-1cd730a0df5f> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://qz.com/1316951/french-mps-removed-the-word-race-from-the-countrys-constitution/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655886178.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200704135515-20200704165515-00229.warc.gz | en | 0.967635 | 412 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Yoga promotes mental and physical relaxation, which is beneficial in the reduction of stress and anxiety. Physical postures that enhance flexibility, release tension, and alleviate pain are demonstrated in the video. Yoga positions may aid in the release of physical obstructions such as muscular knots, as well as the discharge of emotions and stress.
- Yoga appears to be able to modify stress response systems by lowering perceived stress and anxiety levels. This, in turn, lowers physiological arousal, resulting in, for example, a slower heart rate, lower blood pressure, and easier breathing.
- 1 Why yoga is good for stress and anxiety?
- 2 Can yoga cure stress and anxiety?
- 3 How does yoga help mental health?
- 4 What are 10 benefits of yoga?
- 5 What are 5 benefits of yoga?
- 6 What is stress according to yoga?
- 7 What is yoga What is its importance?
- 8 Can yoga Cure overthinking?
- 9 What are 7 benefits of yoga?
- 10 How can yoga change your life?
- 11 How does yoga make you feel?
- 12 Why is yoga important in modern life?
Why yoga is good for stress and anxiety?
Stress may be relieved by practicing relaxation techniques such as meditation, visualization, and breathing exercises. In general, yoga can elicit the relaxation response, which allows both the body and mind to experience a sense of serenity and comfort.”
Can yoga cure stress and anxiety?
Stress reduction is important. Yoga has been found in a number of studies to be effective in the reduction of stress and anxiety. Yoga has been shown to improve your mood as well as your general sense of well-being. Yoga may also be beneficial in managing the symptoms of sadness and anxiety that may arise as a result of challenging circumstances.
How does yoga help mental health?
Meditating and breathing techniques are used into yoga to aid in the improvement of a person’s mental well-being. Yoga practice on a regular basis “creates mental clarity and tranquillity; develops bodily awareness; alleviates chronic stress patterns; relaxes and focuses the mind; and sharpens concentration,” according to Dr. Judith Hanson-Weill.
What are 10 benefits of yoga?
Meditating and breathing techniques are incorporated into yoga classes, which can assist to enhance a person’s mental health. Yoga practice on a regular basis “creates mental clarity and tranquillity; develops bodily awareness; alleviates chronic stress patterns; relaxes and focuses the mind; and sharpens concentration,” according to Dr. Judith Hanson-Weil.
- Posture is improved, while flexibility is increased, muscular strength is built, metabolism is boosted, and blood sugar levels are reduced.
- • Increased flexibility leads to increased muscle strength. It increases blood flow and helps to keep illnesses at bay. It also helps to boost self-esteem.
What are 5 benefits of yoga?
Yoga Provides a Variety of Health Benefits
- Strengthen and increase your flexibility. Yoga helps you to stretch your muscles. Straighten your posture. Many yoga positions can help you to strengthen the muscles in your stomach and back that support your spine. Stress and anxiety levels can be reduced. Low back discomfort can be reduced and sleep can be improved.
What is stress according to yoga?
Increasing the range of motion and the strength of your muscles Exercises such as yoga help to stretch your muscles. Put more effort towards maintaining your posture. The core muscles in your stomach and back may be strengthened by several yoga positions; Reducing stress and anxiety levels are important goals. Low back discomfort can be reduced, and sleep can be improved as well.
What is yoga What is its importance?
It is a combination of physical and mental disciplines that helps you reach a calm body and mind; it assists you in managing stress and anxiety while keeping you relaxed. It also contributes to the improvement of flexibility, muscular strength, and body tone. It has a positive effect on respiration, energy, and vigor. Yoga asanas help you to gain strength, flexibility, and self-assurance.
Can yoga Cure overthinking?
7 Yoga not only aids in the relaxation of the physical body, but it may also assist in the reduction of nervous thoughts. Individuals with panic disorder are more likely than the general population to have negative thought patterns and to worry often. Letting go of stress and fear can be assisted by techniques such as meditation, visualization, and breathing exercises.
What are 7 benefits of yoga?
There are several physical and psychological benefits of practicing yoga, including the following:
- Yoga promotes heart health by increasing flexibility and balance.
- Yoga enhances strength by increasing flexibility and balance. Yoga can help to alleviate back discomfort. Yoga can help to alleviate the symptoms of arthritis. Yoga has been shown to aid with weight loss. Yoga has been shown to alleviate stress and increase overall well-being.
How can yoga change your life?
Taking this new shape with your body might lead to you learning how to take a new shape with your thoughts as a result of your physical transformation. As yoga asana is properly done, it can help to break down psychological, emotional, physical, energetically, and psychological barriers that prevent us from prospering, according to Stryker. Yoga also teaches you how to make better judgments through meditation and breathing exercises.
How does yoga make you feel?
As a result of the breathing methods we utilize in yoga, such as diaphragmatic breathing — also known as Ujjayi breath — which helps to transfer us out of our sympathetic nervous system and into our parasympathetic nervous system (aka, rest and digest), we feel more peaceful and relaxed. Alia Sebben is a trained yoga instructor and a mother of two.
Why is yoga important in modern life?
Yoga’s significance in contemporary life is well documented. Yoga provides us with the knowledge and skills to live a healthy lifestyle. It boosts our ability to concentrate, think creatively, and recall information. Another benefit of yoga in modern life is that it increases our physical strength and stamina while also improving our immune system and mental stability, as previously stated. | <urn:uuid:0585f93e-40a0-48b1-828c-3402d0cf2ec8> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://rasayogacenter.com/yoga/how-yoga-helps-with-stress-solution.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334528.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220925101046-20220925131046-00712.warc.gz | en | 0.949707 | 1,281 | 2.984375 | 3 |
2012-10-03 00:51:45 by admin
Age Discrimination: Equal Protection Clause
Age Discrimination: age discrimination in employment act (ADEA)
Age Discrimination: Age Discrimination Act of 1975
Age Discrimination: State Laws
As the American population grows older, one can expect increasing challenges to age-based discrimination in the education setting over the coming decades. Financial considerations in tight economic times may lead educational institutions to more frequent hiring and promotion of younger candidates, who are normally less experienced and therefore may draw lesser salaries. In order to avoid legal challenges of this sort, college and university officials should adhere to three key principles. First, institutional policies should formally prohibit consideration of a person’s age in the process of reaching decisions regarding students and employees. Second, administrators in higher education must take steps to prevent subordinates and committees from informally considering the age of applicants and employees when making admission, hiring, promotion, andtenure decisions. Third, if needed, college and university officials should increase in-service training to make all employees, particularly those with decisionmaking responsibility, aware of the legal prohibitions against age discrimination. | <urn:uuid:8218f337-4c6b-4100-a7c2-7500ab4146b2> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://usedulaw.com/423-age-discrimination-conclusion.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335257.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20220928145118-20220928175118-00740.warc.gz | en | 0.905232 | 229 | 2.875 | 3 |
By Anna Von Reitz
More Nitty-Gritty: How the Bar Associations Contrived to Overcome the Constitution and Common Law
We have long been aware of the "sea change" that happened in the American Court System circa 1965-66. We have been aware that the result was an unlawful conversion of the State of State Courts from operating in Common Law to Statutory Law and that this was accompanied by an equally unconstitutional and improper shift in legal presumptions about our "Persons"---in fact, an unlawful conversion and trafficking in our Persons occurred.
The organic constitutions under which our states (soil) and States (land) function all refer to "persons" defined as Natural Persons --- living men and women -- and "inhabitants" -- again, living people who have made their home (soil) and established their domicile (land) in one of the sovereign States of The United States of America.
So exactly how was this sleight of hand "redefining" Natural Persons as legal fiction "Persons" accomplished, and how was the Organic Constitution and Common Law overthrown? And why? | <urn:uuid:67c83601-b0da-4185-9e01-7558c49f8f96> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://www.paulstramer.net/2018_07_27_archive.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986675409.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20191017145741-20191017173241-00029.warc.gz | en | 0.963966 | 234 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The SMHSA tool is organized into sets of domains and sub-domains. A domain is defined as an area of interest or related interest. The tools captures related information about the Mental Health Systems within the state under 10 domains . Currently, the SMHSA includes information on all 10 domains along with their sub-domains.
It was evident from our earlier work that the data required for assessing the mental health systems under different domains could not be obtained from a single source. Even within each domain, a combination of data sources rather than a single data source was required. There were certain areas where precise data was not available or was difficult to obtain from routine data sources. Thus, multiple sources and methods were required to provide a clear and broad picture of a mental health system.
The guidelines for data collection laid down the three phases of SMHSA which included obtaining administrative permission to gather data, methods to sensitise different levels of administration to obtain relevant data / information, steps to identify different sources of data for different sections of the questionnaire, data collection mechanisms, steps to reconcile information from different sources and most importantly to establish a method for finalising the data in the proforma during the consensus meeting.
A set of 15 quantitative indicators, covering various domains was developed based on quantitative information collected by using the SMHSA proforma. Data drawn from the Na¬tional Mental Health Survey was used to de¬velop 5 morbidity indicators. These domains focused on the coverage of the DMHP, human resources for mental health, facility coverage for mental health, financing for mental health, burden of mental morbidity, treatment gap and incidence of suicides. A set of 10 qualitative indicators covering 10 essential domains of the mental health system, based on a scoring pattern has been developed as qualitative indicators. These include mental health policy, plan of action, service delivery, availability of drugs, budget, IEC activities, legislation, inter-sectoral activities and monitoring of programmes.
The purpose of the state level experts’ consensus meeting was to have a broader discussion and better documentation of the mental health systems in the state, to review the collected information, to examine the indicators, to suggest changes/modifications and to agree on areas requiring further data inputs. Furthermore, where data for some domains / components were not available, an agreement / consensus had to be arrived at to provide an understanding as a first step. The experts (15 to 20 in number) participating in the consensus meeting varied across states and often included one or more of the following: State Principal Health Secretary or representative, State NHM Director or representative, State Mental Health Programme Officer, Member-Secretary of the State Mental Health Authority, psychiatrist(s) from both the private and public sectors, public health specialists, civil society members, legal advisors, a representative from the state IEC cell, etc. During the consensus meeting each of the components of the proforma was discussed in detail and The group deliberated, debated and discussed issues before reaching consensus on the ten core parameters of mental health systems. | <urn:uuid:42efeaed-f165-4de8-93be-ca74aa674309> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | http://indianmhs.nimhans.ac.in/smhsa-methodology.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487626465.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20210617011001-20210617041001-00194.warc.gz | en | 0.948265 | 618 | 2.546875 | 3 |
This article was written fro St. Monica's Student Abroad Newsletter
With first term quickly coming to an end, in addition to any personal stresses, it wouldn’t be uncommon for you to be developing some academic stress. Your exams and term paper due dates are likely quickly approaching! This can be a very stressful time when you are away at school. The key to stress management is being able to identify your stressors and choosing an approach to help you manage these stressors.
Firstly, let us chat a bit about what stress is. Positive and negative stress are constantly impact all our lives. According to The Random House Dictionary, stress is defined as “physical, mental, or emotional strain or tension,” and, “a situation, occurrence, or factor causing this.” The word “stress” comes from a Latin word meaning, “distress.”
Stress can be difficult to pin down because it is a very individual thing. Since stress is different for everyone, your approach must be personalized, too. Typically, we interpret stress as a negative thing, but it doesn’t have to be that way.
By this point, you may have figured out what your stress indicators are. Some people begin to feel anxious, some get neck pain, some just have difficulty settling down to get work done because they just feel overwhelmed and do not know where to begin. Your symptoms will help you identify exactly what it is that is stressing you out. Once you identify your stressors, you can start to look at how to manage them.
Identifying the cause of stress can help you reduce the number and impact of stressors in your life, and it can help you manage the stress that does occur. If you are having difficulty identifying your stressors, you can always create a stress log. Not only can a stress log help you identify your major stressors, but it can also help you identify trends in those stressors and give you clues as to the best way to manage your stress.
Once you have identified your stressors, you must remind yourself that you have a choice in how you will approach it. You can choose from the three A’s
- Alter the situation or your approach to it
- Avoid the situation
- Accept the situation
Alter – Perhaps you need to alter the way you are approaching a difficult roommate in order to make your living situation less stressful.
Avoid – Study groups can be helpful, and they can also be stressful. If there is a study group that is making you more anxious than it is helping you, you may decide that you will avoid this group.
Accept – Perhaps you haven’t done as well on an exam as you would like. The results may cause you stress, but once you accept them, and that these things do happen, you will be in a better position to work towards a more successful grade the next time around.
The three A’s can really help in dealing with stress once it occurs. However, the best way to manage stress is to create a stress reducing lifestyle. When you live a stress reducing lifestyle, you will do a better job of managing personal and academic challenges when they do arise.
The foundation of a low-stress lifestyle involves 3 essential building blocks: diet, sleep and exercise. Take some time to evaluate your diet. Is it balanced? Are you getting enough sleep? Are you ensuring that you are getting exercise daily? No stress reduction program will be successful in the long term unless you have this solid foundation.
Additional tools that can help you in this upcoming busy academic season are: listening to music, having a sense of humor, soothing stretches, deep breathing, prayer and meditation.
Wishing you a great and low stress month! | <urn:uuid:df8658d5-8b67-4d38-89b9-41ceb7ca2a2c> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.learnandleadec.com/blog/archives/11-2017 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541308604.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20191215145836-20191215173836-00008.warc.gz | en | 0.960124 | 771 | 2.765625 | 3 |
A team of European researchers tested Neandertal bones recovered from a Spanish cave for a certain gene, called FOXP2, that has been dubbed "the speech and language gene."
It's the only gene known so far that plays a key role in language. When mutated, the gene primarily affects language without affecting other abilities.
The new study suggests that Neandertals (often spelled Neanderthals) had the same version of this gene that modern humans share—a different version than is found in chimpanzees and other apes.
"From the point of this gene, there is no reason to think that Neandertals did not have language as we do," said the study's lead author, Johannes Krause of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany.
"Of course many genes are involved in language, so we can't say from this result alone that Neandertals spoke just as modern humans do," Krause added.
October 18, 2007
Neanderthals had same version of FOXP2 "language gene" as modern humans
Via National Geographic: | <urn:uuid:98186337-a53f-4e34-a543-d49ad8dca3c9> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://dienekes.blogspot.com/2007/10/neanderthals-had-same-version-of-foxp2.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701146600.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193906-00032-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959258 | 228 | 3.96875 | 4 |
a public expenditure (as for unemployment compensation or veteran's benefits) that is not for goods and services
In economics, a transfer payment is a redistribution of income in the market system. These payments are considered to be exhaustive because they do not directly absorb resources or create output. In other words, the transfer is made without any exchange of goods or services. Examples of certain transfer payments include welfare, social security, and government making subsidies for certain businesses.
The numerical value of transfer payment in Chaldean Numerology is: 4
The numerical value of transfer payment in Pythagorean Numerology is: 6
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Noah’s wife is one of the more overlooked characters of the Bible, considering every one of us contains some of her DNA! But what would she have looked like, and what can we find out about her?Ticket Options
If she were near Noah’s age, she could have been 600 years old when she boarded the Ark! But even if she were, she probably aged quite a bit better than we do today.
We know Noah’s wife was old enough to have three grown children, and she is an ancestor of every person on earth. She probably had a mixture of traits that some might associate with “race,” so it is likely that she was neither particularly pale nor dark.
It’s not unreasonable to think she helped quite a bit with getting the Ark ready for the Flood. Although she could have been quite advanced in age compared to our standards, she was probably quite active and fit.
The Bible does not mention her by name so we cannot know for certain, but this has not stopped people from speculating. The most common name given to her is Naamah, which is taken from Genesis 4:22. This guess is reflected in some ancient books outside of the Bible. Another popular name found in ancient writings is Emzara.
She is merely referred to as “Noah’s wife” the five times she is specifically mentioned (Genesis 6:18; 7:7, 13; 8:16, 18). The rest we must take from what we know about her being on the Ark and being the matriarch of the small family that would repopulate the entire world.
While we can all be traced back ultimately to Adam and Eve, we can look to Noah and his wife as humanity’s most recent common ancestors.Explore More of Noah’s Family Tree
There are perhaps more secular stories about Noah’s Flood than any other major Bible topic. But the biblical account of Noah’s family and how they prepared for and survived the Flood and its aftermath is more than just a story. It’s actual history.Discover More About Noah’s Ark
We can’t know exactly what Noah’s wife did or how she looked, but come to the Ark Encounter and see how our team has depicted her using some artistic license based on the one reliable source we have—the Bible, of course!
Come meet Mrs. Noah and her family at Ark Encounter!Ticket Options | <urn:uuid:c896d9ba-940b-4d01-9060-6efd71bdc926> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://arkencounter.com/noah/wife/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337803.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20221006092601-20221006122601-00650.warc.gz | en | 0.985573 | 517 | 2.609375 | 3 |
How the Gospels
The Clementine Gospel Tradition
In a few words
For over 200 years there has
been debate over the order in which the Gospels were written. But, just
before he died, Bernard Orchard put forward a solution which makes the
Markan priority theory and ‘Q’ redundant. This is a summary built on his
The Apostle Matthew wrote his
Gospel in Hebrew for the Jewish Christians to read at the: “Breaking of
bread” (an early reference to the Eucharistic celebration, Acts 2:42.)
It was in thematic form and illustrated the fulfilment of the Jewish
prophesies. Matthew or a colleague translated it into Greek.
Next, Luke wrote a Gospel in
Greek in historical order for the Gentiles. As Luke had not been a
companion of Jesus, he needed an Apostle to indorse his Gospel. So when
he arrived in Rome he asked Peter to do this. Peter agreed and gave a
talk in which he quoted alternatively from Matthew and Luke. In this
manner he indorsed Luke’s Gospel by merging it with that authored by a
well known Apostle. Peter’s secretary Mark used Greek shorthand to
record Peter’s words.
Peter, not being a native Greek
speaker or an academic, spoke in koine (common) Greek. Linguists agree
that what became known as Mark’s Gospel has poor Greek grammar and
style. Mark’s shorthand faithfully records Peter’s poor Greek. The large
audience of leading Christians: ‘Incessantly begged Mark to make copies
for them’. To which Mark agreed. When Peter saw the good the Gospel of
Mark was achieving, he agreed to him issuing a second edition: ‘to all
the churches’. In the meantime Luke had published his Gospel.
Archaeologists have found copies
of both editions of Mark’s Gospel, which are distinguished by one
edition omitting the last 12 verses. These final verses appear to record
Peter’s answers to questions asked at the end of the meeting.
So the Gospels were written in
the Matthew – Luke – Mark- John order, but published in the: Matthew –
Mark – Luke – Mark (2nd Edition) – John order. This led to
libraries cataloguing them in differing sequences and preachers quoting
from them in differing orders. In following generations this would have
caused discussion and raised questions. So, to clarify the situation,
Clement of Alexandria, the leading teacher in the diocese originally
founded by Mark, explained: “The first written of the Gospels were those
with the infancy narratives”.
At the time Jerome wrote, the
Matthew- Mark – Luke – John order was popular, so he adopted it for his
Latin translation. He never said it was the order of their composure.
Augustine of Hippo, writing his
first book at about the same time, reported that: ‘it was said’ that
‘the order of writing’ had been: Matthew- Mark-Luke- John. This was
presumably the order they had been received by the library at Hippo.
Augustine didn’t offer an opinion regarding their order of being written
and published. But some years later, after careful internal analysis of
the Gospels, he stated in his fourth book that Mark’s theology had been
influenced by that of both Matthew and Luke.
This article was obtained from the: ‘Church in
History’ website. You can find more interesting articles there
concerning the bible. For more details: see www.churchinhistory.org
How the Synoptic
Problem Was Solved - By Dennis Barton -
The Gospels are Historical -
By Dennis Barton - Free Pamphlet | <urn:uuid:2d6c6dbf-5654-4454-a380-60fb911b2f16> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.defendingthebride.com/ss/mat/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647883.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20180322112241-20180322132241-00335.warc.gz | en | 0.962542 | 819 | 3.5 | 4 |
Second in a series of articles examining the Lincoln myth vs. reality
By Jerry Kohn
LINCOLN AS TYRANT
Lincoln has become an iconic figure in American politics. In government-run (“public”) schools, where criticizing or questioning Lincoln or his legacy is virtually unthinkable, Lincoln is lionized for saving the union and as a champion for racial justice and equality. Nevertheless, it is vital to the future of liberty that we reassess both the man and his legacy.
In seceding from the Union, the Confederacy was merely exercising a long recognized right under the Constitution–a right recognized by most Northern newspapers until 1861–a privilege that implemented a vital check on federal government power. Since secession was not expressly prohibited by the Constitution, it was a right “reserved to the states” by the Tenth Amendment. The secession of the Southern states was done lawfully and peacefully either via elected state conventions or votes in state legislatures. Following their secession, the new Confederate States of America asked only that the United States of America (i.e. Lincoln’s “union”) leave them alone in peace and remove U.S. troops and military installations (such as Fort Sumter) from C.S.A. territory. Lincoln would have none of this. In his inaugural address, Lincoln reassured the South that he had no intention of interfering with slavery, but he insisted the South submit to his rule and particularly to the collection of federal taxes.
The war that followed was not about slavery; it was about taxes. Federal taxes were collected on the South on imports, and this money was spent in the North by northern bureaucrats. Lincoln was determined to keep this southern cash cow from breaking away.
After launching a violent and illegal invasion of the Confederacy, Lincoln illegally shut down opposition newspapers in the North, imposed the first military draft in U.S. history, and ordered the arrest and imprisonment without trial of numerous political opponents. He also illegally banished from the country a northern former member of Congress, and even ordered the arrest of the Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court after he tried to restrain Lincoln’s abuse of power. Lincoln also imposed the first federal income tax.
Lincoln may have vacillated on breaking the bonds of slavery, but he was anything but vacillating when it came to breaking the restraints of the Constitution. Lincoln’s presidency, more than any other presidency, undermined the Constitutional framework of American government.
Jerry Kohn is a Policy Analyst for the Illinois Taxpayer Education Foundation. | <urn:uuid:c8333750-59ea-4c0a-afce-6bc99169df7e> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.taxpayersunitedofamerica.org/commentary/itef/itef-comment-vol-xv-issue-4 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936464809.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074104-00099-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972873 | 523 | 3.625 | 4 |
“You never know how strong you are, until being strong is the only option you have left.” Bob Marley
The term Scope in programming refers to the scope of the variables in our program. A distinction is made between:
Global scope, which affects the entire program.
Local scope, which affect within a function.
print ("Scope local:",a+b)
print ("Scope global:", a+b)
It is very important to understand what we have just done to gain more basic programming fundamentals. The key is in a=10, which is within the “sum” function so it is considered local and only affects what is within this function.
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — The End — — — — — — — — — — — — —
If you like this small and free magazine you can help us by simply sharing it or subscribing to the publication. My name is Rubén Ruiz and I work in Artificial Intelligence in the financial industry and as a personal project I run this little magazine where we experiment with Artificial Intelligence… until the computer explodes :) You can follow me on:
Instagram (Personal life, it’s fun) => @rubenruiz_t
Youtube (Channel about AI, try to make it fun )=> Rubén Ruiz A.I.
Github (Where I upload my code, this is not so much fun anymore) => RubenRuizT
Source: Deep Learning on Medium | <urn:uuid:26713a38-9eea-47a1-b0ff-6e12799bc92e> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://mc.ai/learn-python-now-book-the-pillars-of-python-15-the-scope/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221213405.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20180818060150-20180818080150-00080.warc.gz | en | 0.908729 | 315 | 2.625 | 3 |
5 Facts On Cancer That Conventional Medicine Is Now Aggressively Claiming Are Myths
According to the conventional wisdom of mainstream medicine, the world’s leading health practitioners in alternative, complementary and integrative medicine have it all wrong and are misinforming millions in practice and on the internet with a barrage of myths and misconceptions they claim are causing more harm to cancer patients. Could this initiative to sway opinion by leading cancer authorities possibly, just possibly be related to the revolution that is happening around the world–highlighting the dangers and ineffectiveness of toxic chemotherapy and radiation, bringing cancer cures such as cannabis to the forefront, or the emerging mass markets now creating awareness on the reality of our food and the consequences of the cancer industry itself?
The Rise In All Types of Cancers Are Due To Our Modern Society Diets, Lifestyles and Environment
Why The Cancer Industry Claims This Is a Myth
The claim is that our genes are responsible, combined with the fact that people are living long enough now to develop cancer. It’s because of our success in tackling infectious diseases and malnutrition that we now get cancer. It’s perfectly normal for DNA damage in our cells to build up as we age, and such damage can lead to cancer developing. Cancer has existed as long as humans have.
The only reason that people around the world today believe that our ancestors did not live past 100 years is because the official data has been sparse. There are very few records that show (officially) the age of our ancestors before then 18th century, but there is a reasonable amount of evidence suggesting there were many people living hundreds of years in prehistory and beyond.
In all the skeletons collected in the history of paleoanthropology, scientists have only been able to identify a mere 200 possible cancer sightings dating to prehistoric times, and these identifications are far from certain. Despite the numbers, when you look at the remains, it seems to indicate that malignancies were a “striking rarity” in ancient times, but that evidence is hardly conclusive. We just don’t know for sure, so to use any type of argument that cancer existed or did not exist to any extent in prehistory involves making a great deal of assumptions.
So let’s just focus on what has transpired in the last century alone.
According to the U.S. National Center for Health Statistics, Vital Statistics of the United States, from the early 1900s alone up to an including 2011, there was a greater than 3 fold increase in cancer death rates.
According to a 2013 featured report compiled by the American Cancer Society and other government and cancer advocacy groups, progress has been made in the “war on cancer.” But what kind of progress? Declining mortality rates are not due to decreases in incidence. More people are getting cancer, but they’re staying alive longer. What the cancer industry does not point out is that the trends clearly show that we haven’t eliminated cancer to any extent, but we have managed to be able to diagnose it and treat it and thus profit from the actual disease itself.
People globally are living longer but chronic debilitating conditions are becoming more prevalent.
Diagnosis and treatment are the money makers in this industry. Actual prevention is not. So when it comes to prevention, conventional medicine has stuck its head in the sand.
Overall, cancer deaths began dropping in the 1990’s, with death rates declining by 1.8 percent for men and 1.4 percent for women between the years 2000-2009, according to the featured report. Children’s death rates from cancer are also declining at a pace of 1.8 percent per year, although incidence is still rising by about 0.5 percent annually.
Other cancers are also still on the rise though, including liver and pancreatic cancer and melanoma (among men).
A 2008 study in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science demonstrated how nutrition alone can have a tremendous impact not only on prevention, but even on the treatment of cancer once you’ve been diagnosed.
This type of information is never emphasized by the medical community because they do not believe cancer can be treated without either cutting, poisoning or burning cancerous tumors.
Super-foods and Herbs Can Prevent Cancer
Why The Cancer Industry Claims This Is a Myth
The claim is that specific fruits and vegetables you choose don’t really matter. There’s no such thing as a ‘super-food’ or medicinally powerful herb and any assertion has no scientific basis.
This one is just embarrassing for them. While there is not one super-food or herb that may cure all cancers, to suggest that super-foods don’t exist or that herbs are not medicinally powerful is reaching deep in the pits of ignorance. In fact, there is so much evidence that super-foods exist and have anti-cancer properties, that any claims suggesting the opposite are a good measure of where the credibility lies among many of these industry quacks that make such preposterous statements.
As of the date of this article, The American Cancer Society (ACS) appears to have removed references to “super foods” or “super-foods” off of their website. Yet, several authors have written extensively about previous recommendations of the ACS, specifically regarding the potential of super-foods to prevent cancer. Northridge Hospital Medical Center lists several super foods using the ACS as a source. Calorielab.com has posted a super food infographic also using ACS as a source. But information on super-foods on the ACS website does not appear to exist.
Cancer Research UK also discredits and discourages the use of super-foods On this page it states “you shouldn’t rely on so-called super-foods to reduce the risk of cancer,” and that super-foods “are unlikely to give you added health benefits over and above what you would get from eating a varied and healthy diet.”
One irritating problem that confuses the public is that most dietitians have no foundation of practical knowledge in nutrition. They propagate mainstream opinion on the validity of the food pyramid–that bread, cereal and grains should be the mainstay of our diets and that fruits and vegetables are all equal. Most dietitians I know don’t use the term super-food because they’re not taught what super-foods are in school. The only thing they are taught is that “super-foods” are non-medical terms popularized in the media to promote unsupported health-promoting properties in foods.
A super-food can be summed up as any multi-tasking food with higher than average concentrations of disease-fighting nutrients, which are usually in abundance among the antioxidant and phytonutrient rich profiles. Some suggest they are also low in calories but that does not always apply to all super-foods
Some super-foods like blueberries just stand out above the rest. Out of Over 400 Compounds Analyzed, Red Grapes and Blueberries Are Tops In Boosting Immunity.
Even WebMD.com, a very pro mainstream medical website lists 10 Everday Super Foods. Here they list foods such as broccoli, berries, quinoa, beans, nuts, eggs and others which few can den are very nutrient dense foods with anti-cancer properties.
It’s not necessary, however, to spend any large sums of money for heavily promoted super-foods such as noni, acai, mangosteen and other juices in an attempt to prevent cancer. The top six foods with the highest antioxidant values on the ORAC (Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity) scale are cheaper and more readily available than the more expensive alternatives and they all are proven to prevent cancer. They include cloves, sumac, cinnamon, sorghum, oregano and turmeric.
For example extracts of black, red, and white sorghums had strong antiproliferative activity against human cancer cells.
Studies on animals with lung and skin cancers show that eugenol in cloves can stop cancer cells from multiplying. Clove oil extract was found in one study to have maximal cytotoxic activity on cancer cells.
In fact there are 17 herbs and spices which in their own right are considered super-foods, and have been scientifically proven to prevent and treat cancer.
Cannabis is one of the most powerful healing plants in the world and it makes cancer essentially disappear. Cancer societies would certainly like cannabis to disappear because there is so much evidence that it prevents cancer. There are dozens of studies which prove cannabis cures cancer. A quick search on Pubmed for “cannabinoid” will yield almost 18,000 results.
The reason cancer societies are now turning their heads to the power of super-foods and herbs is because they work. So they must try and sway opinion in an attempt to convince millions who are now converting back to nature to prevent and cure disease.
Acidic Diets Cause Cancer
Why The Cancer Industry Claims This Is a Myth
This is biological nonsense according to the cancer industry. The pH of the blood is tightly regulated by the kidneys within a very narrow and perfectly healthy range. It can’t be changed for any meaningful amount of time by what you eat. There’s no evidence to prove that diet can manipulate whole body pH, or that it has an impact on cancer.
Part of the problem with this notion is that there has been a lot of misinformation spread around by so-called health gurus in trade shows attempting to convince people that you can make dramatic shifts in the pH of your body through foods and alkaline water. The truth is, you can’t make huge shifts in blood alkalinity or acidity, but you can small shifts that are significant enough to reverse cancer.
The pH of your blood is tightly regulated by a complex system of buffers that are continuously at work to maintain a range of 7.3 to 7.41, which is slightly more alkaline than pure water.
If the pH of your blood falls below 7.3, the result is a condition called acidosis, a state that leads to central nervous system depression. Severe acidosis – where blood pH falls below 7.00 – can lead to a coma and even death. If the pH of your blood rises above 7.45, the result is alkalosis.
The bottom line is that if you’re breathing and going about your daily activities, your body is doing an adequate job of keeping your blood pH somewhere between 7.3 to 7.41, and the foods that you are eating are not causing any wild deviations of your blood pH. However keeping your body closer to an alkaline state by even a few points up .05 can make a significant difference in how well cancer grows or suppresses. Cancer cells can’t live in an alkaline environment.
The reason acidosis is more common in our society is mostly due to the typical American diet, which is far too high in acid-producing animal products like meat, and dairy, and far too low in alkaline-producing foods like fresh vegetables. Additionally, we eat acid-producing processed foods like white flour and sugar and drink acid-producing beverages like coffee and soft drinks. We use too many drugs, which are acid-forming; and we use artificial chemical sweeteners like NutraSweet, Equal, or aspartame, which are extremely acid-forming. One of the best things we can do to correct an overly-acid body is to clean up the diet and lifestyle.
Dr. A. Keith Brewer explained that in alkaline environments and high pH condition, the acid toxins of the cancer cell are neutralized and rendered nontoxic. Acidic toxins, and not the tumor lump per se, is what brings about the death of the host. In the high pH condition, the life of the cancer cell is short. The dead cancer cells are readily absorbed by the system and eliminated. “I am convinced that it is food that causes cancer, but it is the food we don’t eat and not the food we do eat.”
This condition forces the body to borrow minerals–including calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium–from vital organs and bones to buffer (neutralize) the acid and safely remove it from the body. Once a person is diagnosed with cancer, the most effective way of reversing the disease is to move towards an alkaline diet and shift blood pH towards the 7.41 range. This is accomplished most effectively with raw fruits and vegetables and daily greens which maximize phytonutrients and enhance the immune system’s potential to reverse cancer. No, the body will not dramatically shift blood pH, but it doesn’t need to for cancer cells to die. Even a small shift will reverse cancer and prevent the body from borrowing minerals from organs and bones to compensate for a nutritionally deficient diet. That’s where alkalizing agents come in.
I have seen stage IV cancer patients with tumors the size of footballs recover using alkalizing agents. It is beyond the scope of this article to explain how alkalizing agents and pH therapy can eliminate cancer, however if you seek the assistance of any Naturopathic Physician well-versed in cancer treatment, the protocols are fairly common although inconsistent.
The bottom line is that the body can achieve the metabolic accomplishment of keeping blood pH towards the alkaline spectrum where cancer will not proliferate. The immune system can then thrive and signal recovery which is facilitated through nutritional mechanisms and alkalizing agents to maximize recovery and make treatments such as chemotherapy, radiation or surgery completely unnecessary.
Sugar Feeds Cancer
Why The Cancer Industry Claims This Is a Myth
They claim there is no evidence that cancer cells use glucose and produce energy in a different way from healthy cells. The “sugar feeds cancer” myth distorts sensible dietary advice which must be based on nutritional and scientific fact.
Understanding cancer cannot result from the view on a single cancer event, but must consider the combined action of all cellular triggers in a given cellular background. There is little doubt in the scientific community that the high rate of carbohydrate ingestion contributes to various metabolic diseases, including the development of aggressive cancer.
The medical establishment may be missing the connection between sugar and its role in tumorgenesis Consider the million-dollar positive emission tomography device, or PET scan, regarded as one of the ultimate cancer-detection tools. PET scans use radioactively labeled glucose to detect sugar-hungry tumor cells. PET scans are used to plot the progress of cancer patients and to assess whether present protocols are effective.
Domestic animals (e.g. cats and dogs) which usually consume western diets with a comparatively high glycemic index, frequently suffer from aggressive cancer, whereas carnivore animals and herbivore animals do have a low rate of metastasizing cancer and rarely die from this disease. Both carnivores and herbivores predominantly live from proteins and fat/oil. Although herbivores ingest large amounts of complex carbohydrates (cellulose and other fibres), these are fermented to fatty acids by bacteria within the gastrointestinal tract and therefore exhibit an extremely low glycemic index. Limited release or even absence of glucose during digestion may explain the low rates of cancer-caused mortality in herbivore and carnivore animals.
A four-year study at the National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection in the Netherlands compared 111 biliary tract cancer patients with 480 controls. Cancer risk associated with the intake of sugars, independent of other energy sources, more than doubled for the cancer patients. Furthermore, an epidemiological study in 21 modern countries that keep track of morbidity and mortality (Europe, North America, Japan and others) revealed that sugar intake is a strong risk factor that contributes to higher breast cancer rates, particularly in older women.
In Europe, the “sugar feeds cancer” concept is so well accepted that oncologists, or cancer doctors, use the Systemic Cancer Multistep Therapy (SCMT) protocol. Conceived by Manfred von Ardenne in Germany in 1965, SCMT entails injecting patients with glucose to increase blood-glucose concentrations. This lowers pH values in cancer tissues via lactic acid formation. In turn, this intensifies the thermal sensitivity of the malignant tumors and also induces rapid growth of the cancer. Patients are then given whole-body hyperthermia (42 C core temperature) to further stress the cancer cells, followed by chemotherapy or radiation. SCMT was tested on 103 patients with metastasized cancer or recurrent primary tumors in a clinical phase-I study at the Von Ardenne Institute of Applied Medical Research in Dresden, Germany. Five-year survival rates in SCMT-treated patients increased by 25 to 50 percent, and the complete rate of tumor regression increased by 30 to 50 percent.20 The protocol induces rapid growth of the cancer, then treats the tumor with toxic therapies for a dramatic improvement in outcome.
For metastatic cancer cells, a shift towards growth is facilitated by an evolutionary novel microenvironment within the body, which is characterized by a permanent availability of high amounts of glucose due to a nutrition with a high glycemic index, the absence of periods of starvation, as well as reduced physical activity. The more the body absorbs simple carbohydrates in the form of artificial sugars
Conventional Cancer Treatment Kills More Than It Cures
Why The Cancer Industry Claims This Is a Myth
The medical community insists that surgery is still the most effective treatment we have for cancer. Radiotherapy helps cure more people than cancer drugs. Yet chemotherapy and other cancer drugs have a very important part to play in cancer treatment — in some cases helping to cure the disease, and in others helping to prolong survival. Chemotherapy does not encourage cancer.
Doctors and pharmaceutical companies make money from it. That’s the only reason chemotherapy is still used. Not because it’s effective, decreases morbidity, mortality or diminishes any specific cancer rates. In fact, it does the opposite. Chemotherapy boosts cancer growth and long-term mortality rates. Most chemotherapy patients either die or are plagued with illness within 10-15 years after treatment. It destroys their immune system, increases neuro-cognitive decline, disrupts endocrine functioning and causes organ and metabolic toxicities. Patients basically live in a permanent state of disease until their death.
The reason a 5-year relative survival rate is the standard used to assess mortality rates is due to most cancer patients going downhill after this period. It’s exceptionally bad for business and the cancer industry knows it. They could never show the public the true 97% statistical failure rate in treating long-term metastatic cancers. If they did publish the long-term statistics for all cancers administered cytotoxic chemotherapy, that is 10+ years and produced the objective data on rigorous evaluations including the cost-effectiveness, impact on the immune system, quality of life, morbidity and mortality, it would be very clear to the world that chemotherapy makes little to no contribution to cancer survival at all. No such study has ever been conducted by independent investigators in the history of chemotherapy. The only studies available come from industry funded institutions and scientists and none of them have ever inclusively quantified the above variables.
Why? Money, greed and profits run the cancer industry–nothing else. The cancer establishment must retreat from the truth to treat cancer because there will never be any profit for them in in eradicating the disease. There is no governing body in the world that protects consumers from being subjected to these toxic therapies or even known carcinogens in our foods our environment, because that too, will prevent the profits from rolling in. It’s a business of mammoth proportions and must be treated as such.
According to official statistics, one person out of two is claimed to recover from cancer through conventional methods. Although dramatic, the information nevertheless contains a certain amount of hope, as implicitly it provides something positive for both scientists and patients. To the scientists it says: continue the research because it is producing results; do not try preventive, alternative theoretical or therapeutic roads, nor get discouraged by the fact that patients keep on dying every day. To the patients, on the other hand, it provides a warning: you have a 50 percent chance of making it, as long as you follow the conventional therapeutic protocols without trying what they claim are the useless alternatives.
So, in the early stages of tumors (the dubious ones) the recovery rates are extremely high, while in the following stages — that is, where they certainly are tumors — the rates are barely above zero. The reason for the discrepancy is the qualification of the data and how a patient is assessed in terms of recovery. Immune reconstitution and tolerance, organ and metabolic toxicities, endocrine challenges, functional outcomes, quality of life, and neurocognitive outcomes are NEVER inclusively assessed in any clinical study discussing the long-term survival and recovery rates of cancer patients. The damage to these systems slowly develops after chemotherapy, however if often does not begin to manifest throughout the body until several months or even years have passed. It takes time, but within a 3-5 year period, most chemotherapy patients begin to have many more symptoms of disease than they every had before their diagnosis, due to and as a direct result of cytotoxic drug intervention.
Adjuvant chemotherapy is often given to patients who might not really need it at all. Oncologists do not consider the whole spectrum of chemotherapy risks versus benefits and thus compromise quality of life for every patient they treat. A study in the Annals of Oncology is one of few which assessed the different potential long-term adverse events associated with adjuvant chemotherapy in cancer, with a particular focus on long-term cardiac toxicity, secondary leukemia, cognitive function, and neurotoxicity. The authors stated that the adverse events are frequently overshadowed by the well-demonstrated clinical efficacy and/or reassuring short-term safety profiles of the different chemotherapy regimens commonly used today.
Another study in the American Society of Clinical Oncologydetermined whether long-term survivors of metastatic testicular cancer have an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity more than 10 years after chemotherapy. They observed a significantly increased risk for occurrence of cardiac events accompanied by a persisting unfavorable cardiovascular risk profile likely due to chemotherapeutic agents.
A 12-year meta-analysis published in the Journal of Clinical Oncologyobserved adults who had developed cancer and treated with chemotherapy. The 12-year study looked at adults who had developed cancer as an adult. 97% of the time, chemotherapy did not work in regressing the metastatic cancers.
About the Author
Dave Mihalovic is a Naturopathic Doctor who specializes in vaccine research, cancer prevention and a natural approach to treatment.
Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of WakingTimes or its staff.
~~ Help Waking Times to raise the vibration by sharing this article with the buttons below… | <urn:uuid:386142a6-7679-4606-a0be-5c598d22652f> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.wakingtimes.com/2014/05/29/5-facts-cancer-conventional-medicine-now-aggressively-claiming-myths/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655882634.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20200703153451-20200703183451-00481.warc.gz | en | 0.941179 | 4,752 | 2.703125 | 3 |
RE CURRICULUM OVERVIEW
During the academic year we celebrate key Christian festivals such as Harvest, Christmas, Easter and Pentecost. They are important dates in the Church calendar and in our school calendar. These days are celebrated with a variety of whole school worships, Nativity plays, Church services, Music performances. We also take part in special experience days where the whole school rotates around each class engaging in activities, reflections and exploration of the key events and stories of these celebrations. These days are enjoyed by all staff and pupils, it allows us to take time to personally reflect and develop in our understanding of the Christian faith.
Within our school setting there are different faiths and so we ensure that children are given the opportunity to share and learn about these other faiths through multicultural days.
OUR SCHOOL PRAYER
As I face today
May the strength guide me,
The power of God shine on me,
The wisdom of God show me,
May the vision of God look ahead for me,
The ear of God listen to me,
The word of God teach for me,
May the hand of God shield me,
The way of God lie down in front of me,
The host of God help me,
The protection of God defend me.
May Christ teach me today
Christ in me, Christ ahead of me
Class 6 Holy Trinity Models
Class 6 have been studied the Holy Trinity and learnt about God the Father, God the Son and God the Holy Spirit. They looked at traditional symbols that are used to represent the Trinity and then designed and made their own Trinity models. | <urn:uuid:b33af407-759a-4344-847a-ad98922fb6b4> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://www.stmartinsfolkestone.com/religious-education/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912204768.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20190326014605-20190326040605-00462.warc.gz | en | 0.931487 | 330 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Is protagonist good or bad?
While in many narratives, the protagonist is synonymous with “the good guy,” the word “ protagonist ” is simply from an Ancient Greek word meaning “one who plays the first part, chief actor.” The definition of protagonist has nothing to do with a character’s internal moral compass: a protagonist can be both a “ good ”
What is an example of protagonist?
The protagonist of a story is its main character, who has the sympathy and support of the audience. This character tends to be involved in or affected by most of the choices or conflicts that arise in the narrative. For example, Snow White is the protagonist of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.
What do we mean by protagonist?
Protagonist comes from a Greek word for the principal actor in a drama. In modern literature, the protagonist drives the story forward by pursuing a goal. The protagonist of a story is sometimes called the main character. The protagonist of a story is opposed by an antagonist.
What is another word for protagonist?
protagonist combatant. hero. idol. champion. exponent. lead. mainstay. warrior.
Can protagonist be evil?
Short answer: yes, a protagonist can be evil. Sometimes the villain protagonist will start evil and become a better person at the end. Other times they will remain evil throughout, stuck in their ways. Sometimes they might even start out as a hero and descend into villainy.
How do you identify a protagonist?
So who is the protagonist in a story, and how can we identify them? The protagonist faces challenges, particularly the central challenge or conflict within the story. The protagonist wants or needs something (has a goal). The antagonist’s actions are interfering with the protagonist’s ability to achieve the goal.
What makes an interesting protagonist?
Protagonists are more interesting if they have internal issues. You want to set up issues, and personality clashes, and personal problems for the protagonist. 2. If you want your protagonist to stand out and be worthy of a story, make them unique by making their past highly specific.
What character is the main protagonist?
The concept of a protagonist comes from Ancient Greek drama, where the term originally meant, “ the player of the first part or the chief actor.” In film today, the protagonist is the character who drives the plot, pursues the main goal of the story, and usually changes or grows over the course of the film.
What are the characteristics of a protagonist?
However, most protagonists display common traits, which set them apart from the other characters: Driven by a goal, duty, or curiosity. Has a relatable character flaw. Loyal to cause, family, and allies. Experiences change. Brave and courageous. Superior intelligence or strength. Invokes trust or likeability.
What kind of person is a protagonist?
A Protagonist (ENFJ) is a person with the Extraverted, Intuitive, Feeling, and Judging personality traits. These warm, forthright types love helping others, and they tend to have strong ideas and values. They back their perspective with the creative energy to achieve their goals.
What is the protagonist most important relationship?
Answer: The protagonist must build a relationship into the audience. A connection towards the audience that could influence them.
What does soliloquy mean?
1: the act of talking to oneself. 2: a poem, discourse, or utterance of a character in a drama that has the form of a monologue or gives the illusion of being a series of unspoken reflections. Soliloquy vs.
What is the opposite to a protagonist?
An antagonist is someone that opposes the protagonist -someone who all of the action in a story is centered around.
Who is an antagonist and protagonist?
Protagonist and antagonist and are nouns that refer to characters in a story. The protagonist is the main character, often a hero. The antagonist is the character who opposes the protagonist, often a villain.
What’s another word for main character?
main character; protagonist; leading actor; principal person; principal character; hero; principal figure; main actor. | <urn:uuid:f0f6cbb3-a1ad-4bb1-9069-af835757b5ae> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://skipperwbreeders.com/training/faq-what-does-protagonist-mean.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446708010.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20221126144448-20221126174448-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.936592 | 868 | 3.15625 | 3 |
The working principle of a drilling machine is applicable in a different field and on various materials such as wood, metal, rock etc. This has shown the fact that different construction companies make use of a drilling machine. They are made of various types, making them suitable for specific operations.
Today we’ll be looking into the working of drilling machine on metal and wood.
Drilling operation on metals
In this metal operation swarf is carried away from the tip of the drill bit by the fluting of the drill bit. The cutting tip produces more chips which continue the movement of the chips outwards from the hole. Cutting fluid or coolant is sometimes applied to prolong the tool’s life by cooling and lubricating the tip and chip flow.
When using a gun drill coolant may be introduced with the drill shank, it is used mostly while drilling aluminium. The cutting fluid help to ensure smooth and accurate cutting and prevent the metal from grabbing the drill bit while drilling the hole.
When cutting soft metals like brass that can cause grabbing of the drill bit and even causes chatter. 1-2 mm can be ground on the cutting edge to create an obtuse angle of 91 to 93 degree. This prevents chatter and instead cuts the metal. The cutting tool edge pushes away the metal rather than grabbing the metal, creating high friction and hot swarf.
On heavy feeds and comparatively deep holes, oil-hole drills are used in the drill bit. It is designed with a lubricant pump to the drill head through a small hole in the bit and flowing out along the fluting. The arrangement of a conventional drill press can be used in oil-hole drilling. However, it is more common in automatic drilling machinery, because the workpiece rotates rather than the drill bit.
In computer numerical control (CNC) machine tools which are also called peck drilling or interrupted cut drilling. It is used to keep swarf from detrimentally building up when deep holes.
This peck drilling involves plunging the drill partway through the material, which more than five times the diameter of the drill. It then retracts it to the surface, which is repeated until the cutting is completed.
The advance way the process, is called high-speed peck drilling or chip breaking as it only retracts the drilling slightly. Its process is faster but used only in moderately long holes, else the drill bit will overheat. It is also used when drilling stingy material to break the chips.
Another best alternative of the CNC machine is a Magnetic Base Drilling Machine. In this type, the base allows drilling in a horizontal position and even on a ceiling. The cutter should be used in this machine because they drill faster in less speed. The cutter size varies from 12mm to 200mm DIA and from 30mm to 200mm depth of cut. The base drilling machines are widely used in construction, fabrication, marine, and oil & gas industries.
Research has shown that in the oil and gas industry, pneumatic magnetic drilling machines are used to avoid sparks, as well as special tube magnetic drilling machines that can be fixed on pipes of different sizes and even inside.
Drilling in wood
As wood is a softer material than most metals, drilling in wood is considerably easier and faster than drilling in metal. In wood cutting fluid is not need, but the issue in drilling wood is ensuring clean entry and exit holes and preventing burning.
However, burning in wood drilling is one of the unwanted occurrence as it destroys fine woodworking applications. Well, this can be avoided when a sharp bits and appropriate cutting speed. Twist drill bits used in metalworking also work perfect in wood as its tend to chip wood out at the entry and exist of the hole
There are many types of specialized drill bits for boring clean holes in wood. these include, brad-point bits, forstner bits and hole saws. | <urn:uuid:b222a6ef-4d34-40b2-ab60-32975bce66f0> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://studentlesson.com/working-of-drilling-machine-on-wood-metal/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499857.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20230131091122-20230131121122-00149.warc.gz | en | 0.943679 | 821 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Confusion reigns over what we mean by the term ornithologist. Though most understand it involves birds, the situation is not helped by the media routinely describing anyone connected with birds as an ‘expert’. And academic status is not a reliable guide as like elsewhere; experience does not necessarily follow academic qualification.
Legislation controlling actions involving both wild and captive birds is complex and full of pitfalls for the unwary. The main UK statute now says different things in England, Scotland and Wales. And whilst the EU has tried standardising legislation, the reality is very different. Overlaying all this complexity are UK and EU controls aimed at enforcing international trade for globally threatened species, and further similarly challenging rules about welfare controls on captive birds.
Role of a bird expert
The most likely reason solicitors require a bird expert is in relation to criminal proceedings. Such cases involve:
- captive birds
- taking or possessing wild birds or eggs
- killing wild birds
- sale/exchange of birds or eggs
- disturbance of rare birds.
Issues can also arise over legal activities, e.g. taxidermy, falconry and game management.
Bird person terminology
Descriptive terms for people with a knowledge of birds include Bird Watcher, Birder, Bird Fancier, Bird Lover, Bird Breeder, Bird Keeper and, of course, Ornithologist, all of whom may consider themselves expert.
Bird Watcher and Birder are terms that bring under their wing a substantial proportion of the ‘bird expert’ population. Many of these people will be members of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) or of local bird clubs. Most could competently identify live or dead birds, but would be less capable with skins, eggs, etc. Very few would have any courtroom experience, and their ability to assist with law and regulatory processes will be limited.
Bird Breeders and Bird Fanciers tend to limit their interests to captive birds, with a subset keeping just UK native birds. Four groups are recognised:
- keeping birds purely for pleasure
- keeping birds for breeding
- keeping birds for competitive exhibiting, and
- keeping birds for commercial trading.
As with bird watchers, some of these people may be able to assist with litigation. But for most, their experience is limited. Be warned, too, that many bird keepers remain heavily reliant upon tradition and custom, with far less regard for science. Indeed, many bird-related cases coming before UK courts will involve this category of person as a defendant!
Ornithologist is a term that tends to describe people working professionally or semi-professionally in the fields of zoology or ecology. They are often well qualified in their own specialist subjects. However, very few of these people will have any practical (or even theoretical) experience of criminal evidential issues.
Questions that can arise about birds are extensive and varied, but tend to fall under the following broad categories:
- Captive Birds, e.g. What species – hybrid/mule – captive-bred or wild origin? What is wild/captive behaviour? Can it be sold? Should it be ringed? Has the ring been legally or illegally fitted? Is its sale/possession covered by UK or other European legislation? If so, what legislation? Are there any open general licenses/registration? Is the cage/container legally acceptable or physically fit? Could the bird have been illegally imported into the UK/Europe? What is its conservation status? What is its UK/world trade status? What can the traps be used for?
- Wild Birds and Taxidermy, e.g. What species? How did it die? Where in the UK/Europe does it occur naturally? What is its UK/European conservation status? How or when can it be caught? What habitat does it occupy? Are there lead shot traces on the feathering? Is accompanying data acceptable/plausible? Can it be sold? How reliabile are the records? What legislation applies?
- Birds’ Eggs, e.g. What species are the eggs from? Could there be any possible confusion between species? Could the eggs have come from outside the UK/Europe? Were they collected pre- or post-1982? Are there acceptable written data? Can they be sold/exchanged? Is the defendant’s explanation acceptable/plausible? How relevant are marked maps, dairies, paperwork, climbing equipment, etc.? What legislation applies?
- Wildlife & Countryside Act 1981 (now English, Scottish and Welsh versions)
- Wildlife & Countryside (Registration and Ringing of Certain Captive Birds) Regulations – (Various)
- Wildlife & Countryside Act 1981 (Variation of Schedules) Order – (Various)
- Open General Licences – (Various)
- Control of Trade in Endangered Species (Enforcement) Regulations 1997
- Protection of Animals Act 1911
Only a handful of people in the UK have professional enforcement experience in this kind of work combined with the practical experience of relevant legislation and courtroom procedures in England, Scotland and Wales. To gauge the ability of your expert you should ask:
- Do you have practical experience of wild bird populations and in which countries?
- Have you worked with captive birds, either commercially or privately?
- Have you hands-on bird experience, e.g. are you a qualified bird ringer?
- Have you hands-on experience of birds’ eggs, skins, etc?
- How well read are you in current environmental issues?
- With which previous cases have you been involved?
There are few professional qualifications to look for in a bird expert. The key to ability will rest largely upon levels of experience. Former professional appointments or memberships of professional bodies, e.g. Institute of Professional Investigators, may also help. | <urn:uuid:cd61fb9c-9762-4d18-8052-7be40753b7dd> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.jspubs.com/experts/bae/sample.cfm?id=43 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128322870.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628050821-20170628070821-00316.warc.gz | en | 0.942844 | 1,212 | 2.859375 | 3 |
How useful is Solar ?
Over the years solar panels have become more efficient and crucially cheaper as more and more of them are made and economies of scale drive the prices down.
There are now many motorhomes, caravans and boats with solar panels installed to provide a trickle charge to their sets of batteries. But how useful are they ? and what are their limitations ?
How much power do they actually provide ?
Firstly you must remember that unfortunately it is rarely completely sunny and without clouds in the UK. And secondly the ratings quoted assume direct sunlight so the panel would have to be facing the sun to provide the maximum output. And finally depending on the type and manufacturer of the solar panel, the effeciency can vary hugely and you can assured that some loss will occure and that you will not get 100% of the quoted output. I haven't run the numbers yet but will do so in a future post.
But it must be remembered that a 100watt panel may at best provide something in the region of 30amps over the course of a sunny, clear summer afternoon. And at worst barely 10amps.
So if you are planning on extended wildcamping trip off electric hook up. It is always best to ensure you have a small generator or some other way of charging up your batteries.
For battery charging :
If you are hoping to completely charge a flat battery using solar panels on a constant and regular basis, unfortunately we do not recommended this. Your battery will last much longer if charged using a good quality multi stage charger. To top up and maintain or extend a batteries usage when not connected to electric hook-up, solar panels are great as an "addition" to a good charging regime.
For trickle charging :
Solar panels are great for supplying a small trickle charge to batteries while they are not being used to make up for alarms or other small electric drains. But you must ensure the output is not too high and there is a smart charge controller connected so as not to damage the batteries by constantly charging it.
For maintaining batteries off season :
If you have an alarm or other items on board that draw a small current while the motorhome/boat is not being used than the solar will help. But we always recommend that you use a proper multistage smart charger once a month during the off season to ensure your battery remains fully charged. Solar panels will not be able to provide the full complete charge that good quality multistage chargers can.
Having said the above solar technology and just as importantly the solar charge controllers connecting the panels to the batteries are increasing in sophistication and what is available today is a lot better than what was available 5 years ago.
If you are considering solar panels, always go for a good quality monocrystalline panel with a good quality charge controller. | <urn:uuid:6cd0482c-c365-44d5-8cca-7d931f7fb3df> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.leisurebattery.net/single-post/2015/03/11/how-useful-is-solar | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945242.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20230324020038-20230324050038-00035.warc.gz | en | 0.951494 | 574 | 2.546875 | 3 |
An Overview of Solar Batteries
When you install battery storage along with your solar panel system, you can store excess solar electricity produced by your panels for use later on when the sun goes down, when your panels are not producing power.
Solar batteries provide many benefits for property owners, including increased savings and disaster resiliency. If your electric utility uses a time-of-use (TOU) rate structure, having solar battery backup can save money on your electric bill. In addition, with net settlement policy, solar batteries are still able to save money on your bill.
Aside from saving money on your electric bill, solar batteries can provide backup power in the case of a grid blackout (but it is very rare in Singapore!). If the power goes out and you have solar electricity stored in a home battery, you can power your home for a period of time using the electricity you generated with your solar panels. The traditional method of powering a home during a blackout is by running a standard diesel generator that costs extra money to fuel and maintain and produces greenhouse gas emissions.
Can You Go Off-grid With Solar Batteries?
Many homeowners, who are shopping for solar, want to use their solar panels to go “off the grid.” Is it possible to go off-grid with a solar panel system that includes a battery? The answer is YES!
Whether you are considering a standard solar energy system or one that includes energy storage, you can receive a best offer from Solar Era. We are able to provide high-quality solar energy system for your home/business, which means you can save 20% or more. You can get a FREE NO OBLIGATION SITE SURVEY from our professional solar consultant teams. | <urn:uuid:d15cc6d8-c12a-4b3d-abb0-5407dfa828f9> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.thesolarera.com/post/solar-energy-storage | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657146845.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20200713194203-20200713224203-00242.warc.gz | en | 0.940482 | 354 | 2.671875 | 3 |
For the first time in its 130-year-old history, the first house designed by Antoni Gaudí will soon be open to the public. Casa Vicens, built between 1883 and 1885 in the Barcelona neighborhood of Gràcia, will open in October as a museum following a major two-year restoration led by a trio of Spanish architects. With an interior as decorated as its dizzying facade, it’s one more stunning stop for visitors to check out on the city’s so-called Gaudí Route, which comprises a dozen other publicly accessible buildings by the Catalan architect, from the dragon-like Casa Batlló to the towering La Sagrada Familia.
Commissioned by tile manufacturer Manuel Vicens i Montaner as a summer home, Casa Vicens remained a private residence until 2014, changing ownership only twice in its history. The Jover family, who purchased it in 1899, decided to sell it in 2007, and the family bank, MoraBanc, purchased it seven years later with the intention of opening it up for public visits. Restorations led by architects José Antonio Martínez Lapeña, Elías Torres, and David Garcí began in 2015 to transform the four-story building into a cultural center that both showcases Gaudí’s original designs and hosts permanent and temporary exhibitions.
Casa Vicens represents one of Gaudí’s earlier works, designed by the architect when he was only 31, and when he was heavily influenced by oriental arts. An early masterpiece of Art Nouveau, it stands out from many of his more famous buildings, which feature mind-melting curves, for its linear structure and Moorish elements — from its many interior and exterior arches to its incorporation of vegetative designs and decorative tiles. Gaudí found inspiration while at the Barcelona School of Architecture, where he had a chance to study photographs and prints that documented examples of architecture in Egypt, Morocco, India, and the Iberian Peninsula.
The house has undergone a number of transformations over the years, most significantly in 1925 when the Jovers enlisted an architect to nearly double it in size. Now listed as a UNESCO World Human Heritage Site and an Asset of National Cultural Interest, though, Casa Vicens may only receive certain structural edits. For this two-year project, none of the spaces originally designed by Gaudí were modified, but those constructed in the 1925 enlargement were altered to better accommodate crowds and serve new functions in the forthcoming cultural center.
In addition to transforming certain sections into exhibition spaces, a bookstore, and a gift shop, as well as the garden into an outdoor cafe, the restoration team also worked on beautifying the building’s decorative elements. Gaudí covered Casa Vicens’ facade with cheery, ceramic tiles decorated with marigold and dianthus motifs, and many had to be replaced through a detailed process to replicate the careful casting technique of the original manufacturer. The building also houses a variety of lamps, some of which are attributed to the architect’s contemporaries, and many of these, too, required restoration. The dining room itself presented a massive undertaking: it features 34 paintings Montaner had commissioned Barcelona artist Francesc Torrescassana i Sallarés to create, and these were carefully revived to their original colors by a team of painters. Gaudí, however, maintained control over most of Casa Vicens’ appearance; the jewel-like structure we observe today, sandwiched between two modern, monochrome buildings, emerges from his idiosyncratic vision.
“In Casa Vicens, Gaudí recreated the figurative worlds that were fashionable at the time, but in a highly personal way,” the project’s organizers said in a statement. “The house is built following Catalan construction traditions, which the architect interpreted in unexpected ways, while he also incorporated decorative and symbolic elements, also in his highly personal way. As a whole, it heralds and displays the creative freedom that would become the hallmark of his entire future oeuvre.”
In an exhibition that consists of mostly small-scale black and white works on paper, viewer engagement almost magically awakens the sleepy room.
Maria Maea’s All in Time continues an intergenerational conversation and exemplifies the artist’s process, not simply the finished pieces.
The program, along with recently announced visiting critics, will provide long term funding, promote access, and safeguard experimentation for future students of color.
Koestler Arts works with incarcerated people and patients in secure mental health units, aiming to improve their lives through creativity.
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Three weeks into their strike, part-time professors are escalating their protests, backed by public figures and disgruntled parents. | <urn:uuid:3dc73976-9a4e-4230-8f2f-e68e56d011e7> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://hyperallergic.com/383936/first-house-built-by-antoni-gaudi-will-become-a-museum/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711126.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20221207021130-20221207051130-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.956275 | 1,238 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Recently some colleagues and I were discussing the teaching of writing for elementary school students. The general mood of the discussion was frustration with expecting students to perform well in an on-demand setting. (see On-Demand Writing) I was shocked to hear a respected colleague question the teaching of narrative writing. “After all,” this person said, “no one ever writes narratives as an adult.”
Silence fell and everyone looked at me.
“Well, most people don’t,” this person admitted with a grin.
I laughed it off, but the comment stayed with me. Is the purpose of elementary school to teach only what a child needs as an adult? Who decides what skill set they need? I’m quite sure that the skills I use every day are very different from the skills of astrophysicist Stephen Hawking or NFL star Vernon Davis or supermodel Cindy Crawford. And when Stephen, Vernon, Cindy, and myself were in elementary school did our teachers know what we would be? What skills we would need? I don’t think so.
As teachers we learn to teach children with differing abilities and learning styles. Some can only study with music. Some need to move, or see instructions written down, or interact with something to learn about it. A good teacher balances investigations, lectures, visual presentation, and written directions so as to reach everyone.
Within that class are children with varied interests that include sports, art, drama, math, science, reading, and, believe it or not, writing. Anything that interests a child can be used to instruct them. Math facts can be rapped, P.E. can be the latest dance, art can be a Social Studies project. Writing stretches across the curriculum. Students learn summaries, response to literature, research reports, persuasive writing, and how to write short answer responses on tests. And they learn to write stories and poems.
Tompkins (1982) lists seven reasons creative writing should be included in the elementary school classroom. Here are those reasons, with my thoughts.
1. to entertain Stories and poems entertain the reader as well as the writer. Of course while students are learning it is as agonizing as those first weeks of violin lessons and as frustrating as learning to do a layup in basketball. With practice, the end product improves and so does the enjoyment.
2. to foster artistic expression Creative writing is just that–creative. Every child has stories within them (see Everybody Has a Story), and most have an innate desire to express themselves in words. With encouragement, teachers can use writing as an artistic outlet as well as drawing or music.
3. to explore the functions and values of writing If my elementary school teachers had focused on reports and functional writing, I would have felt cheated once I discovered narrative! How can students be taught the different purposes of writing if you don’t teach all types of writing?
4. to stimulate imagination Today’s students are often caught up in video games, or in the stress of giving the teacher enough to get good grades. True imagination must be stimulated. It’s the adults with imagination who innovate, who can see how life can be improved. Those with imagination will someday cure cancer and AIDS, solve the world’s hunger issues, and neutralize the greenhouse effect. We can never achieve the solutions if we can’t envision them.
5. to clarify thinking Students often write about what is troubling them. In journals or personal narratives they can act out their anger or frustration and test out different courses of action. By role modeling on paper, they can choose the best course of action for real life, or indulge their fantasies and get rid of that bully once and for all!
6. to search for identity By exploring narrative genres, students can be the bully and the princess, the athlete and the nerd. Some roles will feel odd to them and others will settle on them like a familiar coat. Success at creative writing can, in itself, give a student an identity in the classroom.
7. to learn to read and write Students who read are better writers. Reading shouldn’t be taught without writing and vice versa. There are many students whose creativity shines in narrative, so stories are an enjoyable way to practice communicating with writing.
Narrative writing is hard work, but it can be immensely rewarding for both teacher and student. It absolutely should be an important part of every elementary school day, whether the children are going to write narratives as adults or not.
Hmmm, I don’t use algebra every day. Maybe we should stop teaching THAT. :)
What do YOU think?
♥ On my Kindle: Shaxoa’s Gift by DelSheree Gladden | <urn:uuid:6dd4a5c7-7fcd-47c4-9fc5-1e81143cb74e> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | https://ulleseit.wordpress.com/2011/03/25/should-we-teach-narrative-writing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207927634.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113207-00076-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962717 | 978 | 3.3125 | 3 |
- Meanings of holidays, traditions, and customs
* Understanding and appreciating other cultures
* Individual’s role in family, home, school, and community
* Relationship of the individual to the group
* Work and jobs
* Safety rules and symbols
* Basic human needs
* Self-respect and self-awareness
* Awareness of others
* Location of home and school
* Diagram of home and school
- Recognize events that reoccur (at specific times of the day or week).
- Knowledge ofUSA– location on globe, national bird, distinct from other countries
- Knowledge of where child lives (country, state, city)
- Observation of everyday, familiar things
* Common animals and plants
* Interrelationships of animals and plants
* Classification of living things
* Like and unlike plants
* Weather and seasons
- Use a balance scale to compare the weight of two objects and identify which is heavier.
- Simple measurement
- Sort, order and classify — Sort and classify objects by attributes including size, shape, color, texture, orientation, position and use, and explain the reason for each sort.
- Beginning experimentation
- Describe and make comparisons of qualitative and quantitative changes of a given pattern using terms such as warmer, softer, more, one more, less, one less, bigger, smaller, longer and shorter.
- Identify and extend visual, auditory and physical patterns to make predictions.
- Describe location, direction, and position of objects or parts of objects, using terms such as under/over, inside/outside, next to/near, top/bottom, in front of, first and last.
- Pose questions about objects and events in the environment that can be used to guide the collection of data.
- Collect data, record and the results using real graphs and picture graphs.
- Arrange information in a systematic way using counting, sorting, lists and graphic organizers.
- Describe measurable attributes of objects, such as length or weight. Describe several measurable attributes of a single object.
- Directly compare two objects with a measurable attribute in common, to see which object has “more of”/“less of” the attribute, and describe the difference.
Speech / Communication
- Following and giving directions
- Use the most frequently occurring prepositions correctly (e.g., to, from, in, out, on, off, for, of, by, with).
- Produce and expand complete sentences in shared language activities.
- Participate in collaborative conversations with diverse partners
- Follow agreed-upon rules for discussions (e.g., listening to others and taking turns speaking about the topics and texts under discussion)
- Ask and answer questions in order to seek help, get information, or clarify something that is not understood.
- Form regular plural nouns orally by adding /s/ or /es/ (e.g., dog, dogs; wish, wishes).
- Understand and use question words (interrogatives) (e.g., who, what, where, when, why, how).
- Relating events and experiences using complete sentences
Language Arts / Phonics /Reading
- Social listening
- Constructing visual images while listening
- Paraphrasing and summarizing
- Recognize and name end punctuation.
- Follow words from left to right, top to bottom, and page by page
- Understand that words are separated by spaces in print.
- Recite familiar stories, poems, nursery rhymes, and lines of a play
- Describe familiar people, places, things, and events and, with prompting and support, provide additional detail.
- Print many upper- and lowercase letters.
Health, Safety, Social Skills
|* Personal hygiene
* Good eating habits
* Good grooming
* Care of teeth
* Major body parts
* Physical fitness
Mathematics / reasoning
- Simple counting to 100
- Count to 100 by 2, 5 And 10.
- Write numbers from 0 to 20.
- Understand One-to-one relationship
- Count forward beginning from a given number within the known sequence (instead of having to begin at 1).
- Sequence of events
- Recognize, reproduce, extend and create repeating patterns.
* Concepts of more, less than, same.
* Correspondence of quantities
* Ordinal-cardinal relationship
- Identify the ordinal position of objects: first, second, third, fourth, fifth and last.
- Meaning of addition and subtraction
- Act out and solve addition and subtraction story problems that reflect real-world experiences and contextual problems using sets of up to 10 objects and describe the strategy or reasoning used to solve a problem.
- Solve addition and subtraction word problems, and add and subtract within 10.
- Write the number sentences that correspond to story problems using addition, subtraction and equals symbols (+, -, =) correctly
- Fluently add and subtract within 5.
- Number line (Introduction and use for simple math)
- Identify and describe familiar shapes (triangles, squares, rectangles and circles) and solids (cubes, spheres, cylinders, cones and prisms) in the environment.
Locate yesterday, today, and tomorrow on a calendar to sequence events and use terms such as before and after to compare events.
- Basic chart and graph concepts
- Complete simple shape and jigsaw puzzles
- Compose simple shapes to form larger shapes.
- Model shapes in the world by building shapes from components (e.g., sticks and clay balls) and drawing shapes. writ writing | <urn:uuid:93ef2a48-f12a-4f84-9ef1-f3b60704d00b> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://scribinglife.wordpress.com/education/kindergarten/check-list-of-kindergarten-skills-blank/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891811352.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20180218023321-20180218043321-00655.warc.gz | en | 0.866702 | 1,181 | 4.1875 | 4 |
Week beginning 1/06/2020
Good Morning York Class,
I hope you had a lovely week off in the sun!!
All new activities have been uploaded -
Well-being: choose two activities to complete over the week
Basic Skills: VIPERS - is wonder continues and is labelled for each day of the week however, complete at your own pace. Maths - there are five lessons included in the powerpoint with some practice in each, 5 Mathletics have been set.
Writing - there are a few different activities over the week
Science - one task linked to Living things
Wider Curriculum - this week we are focusing on Art.
Please email me pictures, videos or examples of work. Work through the work at your own pace - the days on the powerpoints are there to help you as a guide.
We look forward to hearing from you!
Miss Suckling and Mrs Winsor | <urn:uuid:d20b617c-1b54-4bdb-9aa7-a395f19546b3> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.shenleyprimary.co.uk/week-beginning-1062020/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662636717.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220527050925-20220527080925-00263.warc.gz | en | 0.966166 | 190 | 2.625 | 3 |
OF THE FAMILY OF COMBERBACH
The family of Comberbach is traditionally derived from three brothers, who are said to have come over to England with William the Conqueror. Their christian names were Robert, Roger, and John, and if the frequent occurrence of these names at the present day afford any ground for belief in the story, we may not be disinclined to accept it in lieu of more certain information. The Comberbachs seem to have assumed their name from the township of Comberbach, in the parish of Great Budworth, in Cheshire, where they were settled as early as the reign of Richard the First. The first notice of any of them that I have been able to find is given by Dr Ormerod, in his history of Cheshire, under that township, and is as follows:-
Roger, constable of Cheshire and baron of Halton, about the reign of Richard the First [1183-1199], granted Deo et Beatae Mariae, et fratribus servientibus beatis pauperibus Sancti Hospitalis de Jerusalem, totam medietatem de Comberbach ; illam scilicèt quam Willielmus de Comberbach de me tenuit : unà cùm salina in Northwich quae pertinet ad Astonam juxta Budworth-in puram et perpetuam elemosynam-Et si Ricardus Fitton, vel heredes suos recuperaverit, ego et heredes mei predictam donationem praedictis hospitalariis warrantizabimus; et Willielmo Comberbach et hereditibus suis tenendum de praedicto hospitalariis in feodo et hareditate : reddendo eiis annuatim sexdenarios pro omnibus quae ad domum et ad fratres ejusdem domus pertinent. Hiis testibus, etc.-Johane de Comberbach, Henrico fratre suo, etc.- John, son of Henry de Comberbach, gave to Adam, son of William de Litley, in Aston juxta Budworth, all his lands in Comberbach,- unà cùm reversione dotis Elenae matris praedicti Johannis et piscariâ suâ in lacu de Budworth, etc. Entailing these lands, first on the said Adam, and the heirs of his body ; and in default of such, the on Robert, brother of the said Adam. Dated at Comberbach, 1 August, 1335 (9 Edward III).
Roger, constable of Cheshire and baron of Halton, about the reign of Richard the First [1183-1199], granted to God and the Blessed Mary, and to the brothers serving with the blessed paupers of the Holy Hospital of Jerusalem, all the moiety of Comberbeche; that is to say, which William de Comberbeche held of me [etc], together with the salt-works in Northwich [Norwich] which belonged to Aston near Budworth, in pure and perpetual alms. And if Richard Fittun, or his heirs, should recover [i.e. recover seisin of] the aforesaid fee upon me or upon my heirs, I and my heirs will warrant the aforesaid gift to the aforesaid hospital, and to William Comberbeche and his heirs, to hold of the aforesaid Hospitallers in fee and heredity, yielding annually to them six pence for all the things which appertain to the house and to the brothers of the same house. These being witnesses, John de Combirbech, Henry his brother, etc. John the son of Henry [the son of Hugh] de Comberbeche have granted to Adam the son of William de Litley [Little Leigh], in Aston near Budworth, all his lands in Comberbach,- together with the reversion of the dower of Ellen, mother of the aforesaid John, and its fishery in the lake of Budworth etc. Entailing these lands, first on the said Adam, and the heirs of his body; and in default of such, the on Robert, brother of the said Adam. Dated at Comberbach, 1 August, 1335 (9 Edward III).]
They seem to have been principally located in Cheshire until quite modern times, and I shall presently show that the name was by no means uncommon in that county till nearly the present day . Like most of our old English surnames, it has undergone various changes of spelling, thus it is written, Comberbach, the most ancient form, Cumberbach, Cumberbatch, and Comberbatch, and I do not doubt but that Comberbirch, Cumperpatch* (* Bristol Directory), Comberback, Comberbage † († Lieut. John Comberbage, Ormerod, vol. i., p.41), Cumberbeg, and even Cumberlege, together with many more, are only varieties which have crept in at different times, and through individual differences in pronunciation.
Whatever may have been the origin of the Comberbachs, and although they have never risen to any eminence, or bean entered in those valuable records the Heralds Visitations, they have long laid claim to rank among our armigerous families, though they have not succeeded in proving their right to arms. Alas for their claims to such distinctions, one Roger Comberbach, of Nantwich, was among those who disclaimed arms at Sir William Dugdale's Visitation of Cheshire, in 1663. And that this circumstance has not been overlooked by modern heralds, I notice as a significant fact that when the representative of the Nantwich branch assumed the name of Swetenham on inheriting the ancient possessions of that family at Somerford Booths, he did not assume their arms, nor were any entered in the books of record at the College of Arms, as pertaining to him, as representative of the family of Comberbach. I am, however, of opinion that their claim to arms is not without foundation; but it is curious that in each instance in which they are used some slight discrepancy in the mode of blazoning occurs. Thus, Burke in his General Armory, under Swetenham, describes them, Barry of six ermine amid sable, on a canton azure a fleur-de-lis or. On the monument of Helen, widow of Roger Comberbach, in St. Michael's Church, Chester, they are blazoned, Ermine, three bars azure, on a canton of the last a fleur-de-lis argent [impaling azure 3 bars, argent]. On a board, * (*This has been removed during the recent so-called restoration of that church) upon which are depicted the arms of different mayors of Chester, in St. John's Church in that city, I found, Barry of six ermine and azure, on a canton gules a fleur-de-lis or, for James Comberbach, mayor in 1727. And on the monument of Henry Bennet, in St. Peter's Church, Chester, Bennet, impaling, Barry of six ermine and azure, on a canton argent a fleur-de-lis gules, being the arms of Elizabeth, his wife, daughter of John Comberbach, of Nantwich. All these persons were nearly connected. John Comberbach, of Haughton, 1779, bore on his seal, an impression of which is in my possession, Azure, two bars ermine, on a canton argent a fleur-de-lis. The crest is, A cubit arm erect, vested and cuffed, holding a fleur-de-lis. Here I should remark that one of my reasons for considering the names Comberbach and Cumberlege identical is the similarity of the arms. John Cumberlege, was a subscriber to Plot's Natural history of Staffordshire, and his arms figure on the folding title to that work, viz. Barry of six ermine and sable, on a canton or a fleur-de-lis gules. The Rev. S. F. Cumberlege, who claims to be of the same family, now bears this coat, and for his crest, a fleur-dc-his between two feathers, with a motto, Vouloir ce que Dieu veut.
The traditional account of the origin of the canton and crest, for I have no better evidence to offer, is, that they were given as an augmentation to one of the family who took a standard from the French at some great battle of the Middle Ages. If the canton be azure, and the flour-dc-us or, there may be some foundation of truth in the story. Be this as it may, let us not though we do well to be cautious in listening to the voice of the charmer, tradition.-altogether reject it when it argues on the side of possibility.
The pedigrees of the Comberbachs of Nantwich, Haughton, and Barbadoes, as far as I have been able to trace them, will be found at subsequent pages. Here are only put down such detached notes and references as I have collected concerning various branches of the family of which it is impossible to give any continuous pedigree. From 1335 all trace of the name is lost for nearly 200 years.
On the 24th April, 1521, Sir Richard Comberbach, “our ladies priest and overseer of the works,” was one of those who desired a contribution towards the building of the tower of the parish church of Lymm. (Topographer and Genealogist, vol. i., p. 385.)
During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries a numerous family of this name existed in Congleton and the neighbourhood. From it the Nantwich branch may have sprung. The obscurity however of their position in social life renders it difficult, if not impossible, to form a connected pedigree, one must therefore be content with placing on record such scattered notes as a few wills and parish registers afford.
Congleton is situate in the parish of Astbury, in the registers of which place occur numerous entries relative to persons of the name; they commence as early as 1593. They will be found at page 49 [Appendix], being too long for insertion here. The first notice I find of a Comberbach of Congleton, is in Harleian MS. 2115, ff. 120c, and 133b, where occur, “Ed. Comberbach,” and “Ranus Comberbach de Congleton. 35 Henry VIII.” . One Thomas Comberbach was mayor of Congleton in 1576; see Yates’ History of that place, page 67. John Comberbatche, of Odd Rode, near Congleton, yeoman, in his will bearing date 10th Jany, 1626, directs his body to be buried in the church yard of Astbury. He mentions therein his sons Raffe, John, and Richard, and daughters Ellen Twemblowe, Margaret Cartwright, and Anne Loundes.* (* Baptized 15th April, 1593. See Astbury Parish Register extracts).
Administration of the effects of Richard Cumberbach of Congleton, was granted in 1633 ; two persons named Ralph Comberbach assisted in making the inventory of his goods. Ralph Cumberbach of Congleton, in his will made 9th Septr 1652, directs his body to be buried in the churchyard of Astbury; mentions his wife Isabell, sons Ralph and William, daughter Jone, and grandchild Margery Comberbach, daughter of said son Ralph.
In later times a family probably connected with that of Congleton, resided in the neighbouring parish of Sandbach, but no person of the name is now living there. A Joseph Comberbach was churchwarden of Sandbach in 1731 and 1732. Joseph Comberbach, of Sandbach, innholder; died 9th March, 1743, aged 56; and Mary his wife, died 23rd March, 1754, aged 70, and was buried on the 26th of the same month. (See monumental inscription, page 47 [Appendix].) They had issue:-
RICHARD, baptized 26th Nov. 1710.
JOSEPH, bapt. 30th June, 1713 ; was town-clerk of Macclesfield. His will dated 28th March, 1762, proved at Chester, 1st October, 1764, He died 21st June, 1761, and was buried at Sandbach.
MARY, married Randle Furnival, of Congleton, and had issue Mary and Ellen.
ANN, baptized 9th Oct., 1715 ; married __ Brooke, of Congleton.
SARAH, baptized 28th April, 1717.
DANIEL, of whom presently.
SAMUEL, baptized 30th April, 1721. In his will dated 4th July, 1792, and proved 4th March, 1793, he mentions his sister-in-law, Mary Comberbach, “widow of my late brother, Daniel Comberbach,” and his nephew, Daniel Comberbach. He was buried at Sandbach, 22nd February, 1792. Samuel Comberbach and Elizabeth Hitchinson, both of Sandbach, were married 17th April, 1751. Elizabeth, wife of Samuel Comberbach, was buried 22nd March following Samuel Comberbach had a son Joseph, who is mentioned in the will of his uncle and god-father, Joseph Comberbach. He is, I presume, the Joseph who married 12th February, 1771, Mary Stanway. She was buried 22nd April, 1772. He was buried 25th Dec., 1771.
ELLEN, baptized 20th January, 1722; living 1762.
WILLIAM, baptized 13th November. 1726.
MARTHA, baptized 3rd March, 1727, buried 13th February, 1729.
Daniel, son of Joseph Comberbach, was baptized 28th Dec. 1718. As far as I am able to reconcile the various entries which occur in the parish registers of Sandbach, I am inclined to think that he married four times; first, 11th May, 1755, to Ann Johnson, of Sandbach; she was buried 3rd April, 1759. They had issue:-
Mary, baptized 21st March, 1756, buried 14th August, 1778.
Ann, baptized 15th February, 1758, and buried 15th November following.
Unless there were two persons of the same name living in Sandbach at the same time, which is scarcely probable, he must have married again, soon after his first wife's death, a second, and had issue by her:-
JOSEPH, baptized 10th September, 1760, buried 23rd Aug. 1761.
ELIZABETH, baptized 11th June, 1762.
DANIEL, baptized 18th May, 1764. Living 1792.
This wife of Daniel Comberbach was burried (sic) Dec. 1764. On the 14th March, 1765, he married his third wife, Katherine Mortlock, of Sandbach, who was buried 7th August, 1785. And 14th March, 1786, he married Mary Handcock, of Barthomley, who survived him. He was buried 15th June, 1787.
The Comberbachs of Congleton are not yet quite extinct. A William Comberbach still keeps the White Bear Inn, in that town.
Several persons of this name were living at Kenyon, in the county of Lancaster, during the seventeenth century. A few extracts relative to them from the Registers of Winwick, will be found at page 51 [Appendix]. Randle Cumberbach, of Kenyon, in his will dated 28th September, 1630, directs his body to be buried in his parish church of Winwick ; mentions the lease of his house from Edward Holland, of Denton, Esq. ; his wife Anne, son John, daughter Katheren, wife of Peter Crofte. Ellen Comberbatche was a witness to the will.
John Comberbirch (sic), of Kenion, made his will 20th January, 1687, mentions his sons John and Robert, his daughter Mary Johnes, and son-in-law Richard Andrews.
Robert Cumberbatch, of Kenyon, yeoman, in his will of August 8th, 1710, mentions among other persons his sister, Alice Norris, and nephew, Robert Cumberbatch. The will was proved 12th May, 1721.
Persons named Comberbach resided at Alvanley and Helsby, in the parish of Frodsham, county of Chester, but I only find four entries in the parish register (see page 51 [Appendix]. John Cumberbach, of Alvanley, by his will, bearing date 26th October, 1631, directs his body to be buried in the parish church of Frodsham, and mentions his wife, Joane Comberbache, sons John, Edward, Raffe, and Robert, daughters Anne and Alice, and his kinsman Rychard Weston, whom he appoints one of his executors.
Administration of the effects of Robert Cumberbach, of Alvanley, in the county of Chester, was granted to Jeremiah Leech, to the use of Ellen Leech, alias Cumberbach, his wife’s daughter, in 1672.
Probate of the nuncupative will of John Cumberbach, of Helsby, in the parish of Frodsham, blacksmith, was granted 16th February, 1664 ; mention is therein made of testator’s sons Richard and Ralph, daughter Mary Miller, alias Cumberbatch, and grandchild Elizabeth Miller ;
“and likewise hee expressed that hee had a sonn in Portingale * (* i.e. Portugal); and if ever hee returned he did give and bequeath him the bedd whereon hee lay to rest his bones upon. These words hee uttered in the presence of Thomas Oulton and Edward Comberbach, and suddenly departed this life.”
In the beginning of the eighteenth century I find the will of a Roger Comberbach, of Cuddington, and of a John Comberbach, of Walton-le-Dale, but have no further information concerning them. The will of Roger Comberbach, of Cuddington, in the county of Chester, yeoman, is dated 2nd April, 1709, and was proved 30th May in the same year; he mentions, together with other persons, cozen John Sheen’s four children, of Over, cozen John Sumner’s five children, daughter Katherine Comberbach, brother-in-law Robert Anson’s four children, neice (sic) Ann Burrowes, of Little Lee, son-in-law John Hold (?) of Aughton, cozen John Sheen’s children, of Peckforton; and appoints John Sheen and John Sumner executors. Among bequests to several persons the following item occurs:- “I give and bequeath unto my landlord and landlady Gill, of Haddington, and to their son, Thomas Gill, two shillings and sixpence apiece to buy them gloves.” The inventory of goods amounts to £156 7s. John Comberbach, of Walton-le-Dale, in the county of Lancaster, husbandman, in his will, dated 28th January, 1723, and proved 21st October, 1724, directs his body to be buried in his parish church of Walton, and names his wife Cicily Comberbach, brother Robert Comberbach, and nephew John Comberbach.
The next person I have to mention is Richard Cumberbache* (* Buried 9th May, 1624), of Lee, in the parish of Wybunbury. In his will, bearing date 22nd April, 1624, he directs his body to be buried in the parish churchyard of Wybunbury; and mentions Francis Aston, daughter of Thomas Aston, his son-in-law, Margaret Cumberbache, alias Lownes, his base daughter, and his wife Elizabeth Cumberbache† († Buried at Wybunbury, 21st January, 1637). He may possibly have been related to the Comberbachs of Nantwich. Mary, daughter of .John Comberbach, was baptized at Wybunbury, December 8th, 1684. Was this a John Comberbach of Nantwich?
An ecclesiastic the Reverend Richard Comberbach, was perpetual curate of Little Peover, near Knutsford, in Cheshire, during the early part of the eighteenth century, and was at one time a non juror. He endowed a school there which remains to this day, and left a charity to the poor of bread. His monumental inscription, &c., will be found at page 18. In his will, made 18th June, 1720, and proved 4th June, 1722, he directs his body to be put into a poplar coffin, coloured black, and to be laid in his late wife’s grave, in the evening, by candle light, near the font in the chapel of Lower Peover. He then appoints Richard Mee, his sole executor. He bequeaths four hundred pounds to five trustees, for an endowment for Lower Peover school. The trustees are to take “direction of my worthy friend, Sir Francis Leicester, Bart., in what relates that trust, when he is in the country.” Gives £52 to provide bread for the poor, who shall attend divine service and sermon every Sunday. Gives all his household goods to his wife. Mentions several persons to whom he gives legacies, and among them his “kinsman, Samuel Twisse.” Gives his wife £1200, and states, that £100 of this was given her by her late brother, Francis Hobson, late of Butley Hall, Gent. deceased. Mentions his wife’s neice, Mary, wife of Edward Oakes, and his wife’s nephew, Ralph Leach’s son Ralph. Gives £52 for bread to be given to the poor of Nether Alderley, every Sunday. Mentions “brother and sister Lee, and their children.” “Kinsman William Watts.” Directs his will to be preserved among the records of Lower Peover Chapel.
In a codicil, testator mentions his brother Ralph Leach’s wish to have his grandson’s legacy paid, which the testator does, and revokes the former bequest.
Value of inventory of goods amounts to £1274 9s. 5½d. The will is sealed with a seal, upon which is, Ermine on a chief a bezant between two billets. Crest, a fusil between two wings erect addorsed. These are the arms of Watts.
Notwithstanding a slight discrepancy in the dates (see monumental inscription), I consider Richard Comberbach, of Peover Inferior, to be identical with Richard Comberbach who graduated B.A. at Caius College, Cambridge, in 1668. In the admission book at that College, now in the custody of Dr. Guest the Master, I find him entered as Richard Comberbatch, son of Ralph Comberbatch, of Lyme, i. e, Lymm, in Cheshire ingenuus; born at Lachford, and educated under Mr. Richardson, of Lyme; entered as a sizar under Mr. Ellys; aged 21, anno. 1665.
In the lists of non-jurors in Kettlewell and Bowles I find the following entries, which I believe refer to this person, although they are both manifestly erroneous :-
“Mr. Richard Cumberland, curate of Tabby,” (i.e. Tabley.) Life of Kettlewell, 1718. App. Vi.
“Mr. Cumblach, Vicar (sic) of Lym.” Bowles’ Life of Ken. II., 185.
I have examined the transcripts of the parish registers of Lymm, but without eliciting much information, vide page 52 [Appendix].
Some Cumberbachs were resident at Crich, in the county of Derby, in 1707 and 1708. Administration of the effects of William Cumberbach, of Crich, was granted to his son Richard, 18th April, 1707. Administration of the effects of Richard Cumberbach, of Frichley, in the parish of Crich, was granted to his sister Joan Cumberbach, 23rd April, 1708.
The other side of the Atlantic may not be without a Comberbach. One Thomas Comberbach emigrated to New England from Norwich, in 17th century. (See New England Genealogical and Historical Register, vol. vi., p. 171, and vol. xiv., p. 325.)
It was under the name of Comberbach that Samuel Taylor Coleridge, the poet, enlisted in the 15th dragoons, when in great pecuniary distress after quitting Jesus College, Cambridge, in 1794, without a degree.
A fatal accident, of which a man named James Comberbach was the innocent cause, is reported in the Standard newspaper of September 20th, 1864.
I have now only to mention one more family claiming to be descended out of Cheshire, and I regret that I have but little information concerning it. It is, I believe, represented by Mr. R. Comberbach, of Antwerp, who, on the 21st February, 1862, wrote me :-
“I regret that my time has been so fully employed as to prevent me from thinking of genealogy, in bringing up a family of twelve children, of which I have unfortunately lost six, five of them grown up men and women. My age, now seventy-seven nearly, will excuse my not complying with your request of giving you my pedigree; in fact, I have been quite separated from my father’s relatives, he having left Cheshire at the age of twenty; he often spoke of visiting the tombs of his ancestors in Chester Cathedral, but death prevented him.”
This gentleman's younger brother, the Rev. Father Comberbach, of St. Mary's Priory, Princethorpe, near Rugby, in a letter dated 12th February, 1862, says:-
“Being the youngest of a very large family (nineteen in number) my early life found little interest in enquiries from those who were near the close of theirs as to genealogy, My father was from Cheshire, a younger son, he entered the army at an early age, enlisting in a moment of anger. He was at the seige of Gibraltar, and I have always understood that to the accurate journal of that celebrated seige which he kept, Colonel Drinkwater was largely indebted for his work."
I have here, as briefly as possible, narrated all the scattered facts I have collected concerning individuals of the surname of Comberbach, of whose families it would be difficult, if not impossible, to form connected genealogies. I shall, therefore, pass on to those whose descent can be more certainly ascertained. | <urn:uuid:bc083f96-fbb8-40e1-beee-66304abe15ec> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://cumberbatch.org/index.php/surnames/comberbach/comberbach-book?showall=&start=3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583807724.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20190121193154-20190121215154-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.964446 | 5,840 | 2.5625 | 3 |
And that brings us to:
H E B R E W S
The New Testament can be divided into the following categories:
The Gospels (4 books – Matthew, Mark, Luke, John)
History (1 book – Acts)
The Pauline Epistles (13 books – Romans – Philemon)
The General Epistles (8 books – Hebrews – Jude)
The Revelation (1-book – Revelation)
The term “General Epistles” is used to identify letters intended for widespread circulation among Christians rather than letters delivered originally to a specific church or individual.
The book of Hebrews is not included in the Pauline Epistles list because the author is unknown. There are many who believe that Paul wrote this very important part of our New Testaments, but his name is nowhere assigned to this work in the book itself. The KJV adds, without justification,“The Epistle of Paul,” to the title of this book. That title is not found in the oldest manuscripts. It is not necessary for an apostle’s name to be attached to an epistle to prove that it is inspired. The content of this epistle proves that it is inspired. This is an extremely important part of the New Testament. It was clearly written before the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 A.D. because of the nature of this book this event would have certainly been mentioned if it had already taken place.
It is called the “Book of Hebrews” because it is clearly addressed to Jewish Christians of the first century. The context of the book make it clear that the recipients of this book had been converted to Christ some time ago (Heb. 3:1, 12; 6:9), and yet they were immature in the Faith (Heb. 5:11-14), after their conversion they had endured suffering for Christ (Heb. 10:32-34), and as a result of their suffering they were now growing weary (Heb. 10:35-38), they were in danger of apostasy (falling away)(Heb. 3:12-12).
The theme of the book of Hebrews is the superiority of Jesus and the New Covenant over the Jewish system under the Old Covenant.
After the church was established on Pentecost the church grew by leaps and bounds among the Jewish community. For about ten years the church was comprised almost exclusively of Jews. Persecution then came upon the church which caused Jewish Christians to be spread all over the world (Acts 8). The tone in the book of Hebrews indicates that by the writing of this book (my guess is in the 60’s A.D.) the Jewish Christians were beginning to hide their Christian beliefs and practices to avoid persecution. When Nero began to persecute the church Jews were spared persecution if they were practicing Judaism. Evidently some Jewish Christians were hiding behind the practice of Judaism to avoid persecution.
Hebrews was written to demonstrate that it is impossible to be justified with God in a religion, even a previously God given religion, if it does not acknowledge Jesus Christ as Messiah and obey Him. Speaking of Jesus the Hebrew writer said:
9 And having been made perfect, He became to all those who obey Him the source of eternal salvation,
Important teachings in Hebrews include: The doctrine of the priesthood of Jesus Christ, The Biblical significance of blood Sacrifice, The wages of Sin, The concept of Atonement, the value of studying the Old Testament today.
The Hebrew writer begins by showing the supremacy of Christ over all that the Old Covenant has to offer, His Priesthood is superior to the order of Melchizedek and Aaron, Christ performs the role of priest from His heavenly sanctuary with a better sacrifice for sin, therefore Christians have very special privileges before God which can be forfeited by apostasy. Hebrews ends with a call to commitment to Christ. This book is one of the most eloquent and systematic defenses of Christianity ever written.
And that bring us to:
J A M E S
James is one of the most practical and needed New Testament books for a Twenty-First Christian to study today. It contains a stinging rebuke of wordiness that our world needs to hear:
4 You adulteresses, do you not know that friendship with the world is hostility toward God? Therefore whoever wishes to be a friend of the world makes himself an enemy of God.
5 Or do you think that the Scripture speaks to no purpose: “He jealously desires the Spirit which He has made to dwell in us”?
6 But He gives a greater grace. Therefore it says, “GOD IS OPPOSED TO THE PROUD, BUT GIVES GRACE TO THE HUMBLE.”
7 Submit therefore to God. Resist the devil and he will flee from you.
8 Draw near to God and He will draw near to you. Cleanse your hands, you sinners; and purify your hearts, you double-minded.
9 Be miserable and mourn and weep; let your laughter be turned into mourning and your joy to gloom.
10 Humble yourselves in the presence of the Lord, and He will exalt you.
The author of this book was James, the Lord’s brother. Although James did not believe in Jesus’ claims about His Messiahship early in His ministry (John 7:3-5) , Jesus appeared to James after his resurrection and thereby removed his doubts (1 Cor. 15:7, Acts. 12:17). James because a leader in the church in Jerusalem (Acts 15:13ff). Paul referred to him as one of the “pillars” of the church at Jerusalem (Gal. 2:9).
The recipients of this book were:
1:1 ¶ James, a bond-servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ, To the twelve tribes who are dispersed abroad: Greetings.
The reference to the 12 tribes does not mean that James is writing exclusively to Jewish Christians only. In the New Testament the 12 Tribes represents all of God’s people in a covenant relationship to Him in His church. Consider Paul’s view of Israel in Galatians:
16* And those who will walk by this rule, peace and mercy be upon them, and upon the Israel of God.
The “Israel of God” today is the church of Christ which is comprised of both Jew and Gentile, those who have been obedient to God and have been added to His church.
Many scholars believe that this is one of the earliest books of the New Testament, likely written about
Important teachings in James include: The purpose of Trials, how to gain Patience, the acquisition of Wisdom, Dealing with Riches and Temptation, warnings about the Tongue, Pure Religion, Faith and Works, warnings against Worldliness.
James begins by telling the Jewish Christians who are scattered because of persecution that their trials will accomplish something good in their lives. Perseverance is the way to overcome, God blesses those who endure, when temptation comes it is not from God, while the Christians may be tempted in many ways a correct response is to accept the Word of God and demonstrate one’s faith by his works. | <urn:uuid:9c17e98b-692c-402f-8ccd-7ed82b8e16eb> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.scripturessay.com/survey-of-the-new-testament/7/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424154.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170722222652-20170723002652-00117.warc.gz | en | 0.967857 | 1,506 | 2.828125 | 3 |
In medicine, patients are often treated as slightly less than human—sometimes unintentionally, and sometimes to help doctors do their jobs. Making patients into people again while still giving them the best treatment is not a simple task.
As though being in the hospital were not bad enough—there is the hospital gown, gaping open in all the wrong places; the efficient but unpleasant tests; the doctor too absorbed in your chart to make eye contact—the impersonal routines and small humiliations of medicine can leave patients feeling demoralized. But more than that, these practices unintentionally dehumanize patients, treating them as not fully capable of thinking, making decisions, or—as many a patient will wincingly agree after a particularly brusque exam—feeling.
Adam Waytz, an assistant professor of management and organizations at the Kellogg School of Management, and Omar Sultan Haque, a psychologist and physician at Harvard University, catalogued six practices that lead to dehumanization in hospitals and suggested possible alternatives that would diminish it without compromising care.
Cataloging the Causes
The causes of dehumanization in medicine, Waytz and Haque found, fell into two categories. Some were simply byproducts of the clinical system. One such cause is deindividuation, the practices that take away identifying characteristics and make both doctors and patients seem less like individuals and more like part of larger groups: legions of doctors all donning white coats, gown-wearing patients in rows of identical beds. The patients all begin to blend together, to seem less like individuals with distinct concerns. And as for the doctors, Waytz says, “this sea of white coats loses their individuality,” making them feel less personally responsible for their patients and their actions.
When diagnosing a patient, physicians often think of the patient not as a person, but as something made up of interacting systems, a practice called mechanization.
Patients are dehumanized, too, by what is known as impaired agency, a lessened ability to think or plan for oneself. Many patients’ conditions—whether they are in a coma or simply groggy-headed from medication—keep them from making all the necessary decisions.
The dissimilarities between doctors and patients contribute to dehumanization, as well. People tend to think of people less like themselves as being less human, social psychologists have shown. Doctors are healthy and operating in a situation in which they are comfortable and competent. Patients are, of course, sick or injured—and what’s more, “anyone who’s going to the hospital or the doctor’s office is there precisely because they lack the ability to make themselves better or self-diagnose,” Waytz says. The dynamic of a healthy person in power and an ill one needing help sets up a dehumanizing relationship.
Unintended Consequences Deindividuation, impaired agency, and dissimilarity do not serve a particular purpose; they are side effects of the way the medical system is set up. Other causes of dehumanization, however, can actually help healthcare workers handle a tough job. “Despite dehumanization having negative effects on patients’ reports of the quality of care that they receive, it has some benefits for nurses and doctors,” Waytz says. Earlier studies found that dehumanizing patients can reduce healthcare workers’ feelings of burnout, and let them cope better with the constant pain and illness they see.
When diagnosing a patient, physicians often think of the patient not as a person, but as something made up of interacting systems, a practice called mechanization. Thinking of a patient as the sum of their parts—cardiovascular system, biomarker levels, tumor cells—can help doctors pinpoint what is wrong and determine how to fix it. But it also means thinking of patients as mechanical objects, made up of interacting systems, rather than as people.
Doctors also show less empathy to patients’ pain than non-doctors do, suggesting they are not thinking of patients as having fully human feelings. A recent neuroimaging study found that, when watching a patient get pricked with a needle, physicians showed far less activation in brain areas linked to empathy. This lessening of empathy, Waytz and Haque say, likely comes from medical training. Since feeling the pain of each patient would be overwhelming, future physicians are encouraged to control and mitigate their responses to other people’s pain, freeing up valuable mental resources for diagnosing and treating patients but again treating them as somewhat less than human.
Physicians pledge to do no harm, but many medical procedures—surgeries and setting bones, for example—are painful. This leads to moral disengagement in which doctors distance themselves from patients so that willfully inflicting pain on another person—something that would be abhorrent in other circumstances—becomes permissible.
Finding a Fix Once they had identified the causes of dehumanization, Waytz and Haque proposed potential fixes that could lessen it. Since they hope that these fixes could be tried and tested in clinical settings, Waytz says, “these are not things that would cost any money. They’re just practices, and really minor practices.”
For the causes of dehumanization that do not serve a purpose, Waytz and Haque propose small tweaks that would keep both doctors and patients from falling into that mindset. Changing practices that usually make patients and doctors anonymous members of larger groups—having doctors not wear identical coats, for instance—can humanize both groups by making their individuality apparent. Letting patients make more decisions or giving them responsibility can increase their agency; an earlier study found that caring for a plant or taking on similar tasks helped patients at a nursing home live longer. Focusing on patients’ humanity rather than labeling them as their disease—calling a patient “Mr. Smith, who has diabetes” rather than “the diabetic in room 341”—can remind doctors how much they and their patients have in common.
Several other practices could help humanize patients without lessening healthcare workers’ ability to do their jobs, Waytz and Haque suggest. Saying a sentence or two about a patient’s background, job, or family life—information often already available on their chart—at the beginning of hospital rounds, for instance, could remind doctors of the patient’s humanity. To increase empathy without making it difficult for doctors to operate or perform painful procedures, medical training could help them learn when empathy is necessary and when detachment is. A surgeon could empathize with a patient during an office visit, then regulate his emotions and become more detached in the operating room.
Waytz hopes to soon test these practices in a clinical setting. “We proposed these interventions based on the psych literature and based on Omar [Haque]’s experiences as a physician, but future research has to determine whether our suggestions are really effective,” he says. Under the unique demands and situations of hospital life, some interventions might prove infeasible, while others could have a big effect for little effort. To do those tests, Waytz says, “we have an open call for anyone in the medical world who would like to collaborate with us.”
Related reading on Kellogg Insight | <urn:uuid:5bad34f4-3f8a-4e48-9a43-d7f75d3148a7> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://insight.kellogg.northwestern.edu/article/a_patient_not_a_person | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794865679.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20180523141759-20180523161759-00491.warc.gz | en | 0.966543 | 1,481 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Earth Day is a time for us to bring about awareness of our planet’s most precious resources—including water. This Thursday, April 22, we want to remind you of ways we can help each other protect our water sources. Without good, clean water, we could not survive and not a single thing we see around us would be possible.
We must remember that the water we use in our homes comes from your local lake, river or aquifer, and society’s day-to-day actions affect the quality of this water. The ecosystems we live in are delicate and what goes into the drain or gutter can poison flora and fauna in your neighborhood and alter the quality of the water you see. Also, it is the responsibility of your water and wastewater utility company to treat water to make it safe for consumption and to be safely return it back to the environment. The quality of the wastewater leaving our systems and source water coming into our systems has an impact on the costs to treat it due to needing more extensive infrastructure—this can result in higher costs to you. Following are tips to help maintain water quality and protect our local water sources.
Use and dispose of harmful household chemicals properly. Do not pour hazardous waste down the drain, on the ground, or into storm sewers. Household products that are hazardous and can contaminate our drinking water may include:
- motor vehicle fluids such as antifreeze, battery acid, brake fluids, motor oil, and gasoline;
- pesticides and fertilizer;
- leftover paints or paint cans;
- flea collars;
- household cleaners;
- prescription medication
Do not flush chemicals down the toilet or pour down drains, including storm drains.
Properly dispose of unwanted medicine by putting medication in a bag or container with used coffee grounds. You can also ask your pharmacist if they have an established program for proper disposal of syringes and expired medications.
If you have a septic system, make sure it is properly maintained. The average household septic system should be inspected at least every three years and pumped every three to five years by a service professional. Leaking septic systems release bacteria, viruses, and chemicals to local aquifers and waterways.
Pick up after your pets. Pet waste contains bacteria that is harmful to humans such as E.Coli and fecal coliform. When you do not clean up after your pet, waste is left on sidewalks and lawns and when it rains and can be carried by storm water into nearby rivers, lakes and streams. Pet waste can run down the storm drains, spreading bacteria and viruses.
Fix leaks that drip from your car and put down a liner in your driveway to collect oil and other materials. These leaks and drips contribute to stormwater pollution. The EPA suggests that one million gallons of drinking water can be contaminated from the waste oil from a single oil change.
Consider landscaping that requires minimal water and minimizes run off. Much residential water use accounts for outdoor landscaping. Take a close look at your outdoor watering activities. Most landscapes do not need to be watered as often in the fall and winter as they do during the summer.
Use mulch in your landscaping. Mulch retains moisture within plants and saves water, allowing you to water plants less often and get more out of each watering. Consider not paving your property. The more pavement there is, the more rain water will simply run off the storm drains, picking up pollutants on the way and causing flooding. Allowing water to soak into the ground can prevent flooding, recharge groundwater supplies and dilute contaminants.
Be mindful in which soaps, detergents and cleaners you use. Products you use to clean your showers or clean your toilets can be extremely harmful and uses harsher chemical than what is needed to get the job done. A simple mix of Dawn dish soap and vinegar is natural and does the job just as well. Also, be mindful the soap you use to wash with laundry. | <urn:uuid:cebb2428-6107-4b93-9e53-7d69a970f566> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://swwc.com/how-to-maintain-water-quality-and-protect-local-water-sources-on-this-earth-day/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587623.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20211025030510-20211025060510-00661.warc.gz | en | 0.938446 | 813 | 3.484375 | 3 |
More than 55 million people around the world currently suffer from dementia. Advanced age remains the main risk factor for developing dementia. Yet recent studies have uncovered several other potential risk factors for dementia and cognitive decline that you may not expect.
- Having poor oral hygiene. Finnish researchers recently found that gum disease and tooth loss could up your risk of cognitive decline and dementia. The study’s results, the authors say, suggest that for older adults who may already be experiencing some form of dementia, maintaining oral health may be particularly important.
- Watching too much TV. One recent study shows that the type of activity you are doing while sitting down for long periods of time may be connected to your risk of developing dementia. For example, watching TV while being sedentary involves less muscle activity than using a computer or reading during leisure time.
- Avoiding your household chores. Recent research from the U.K. also demonstrates a tie between even light physical activity and a lower risk of dementia. Staying active – including with such everyday activities as completing household chores, walking, or other engaging in other forms of light exercise – is associated with a reduced risk of dementia.
- Having frequent nightmares. New research findings suggest that experiencing distressing dreams once a week or more may be associated with an increased risk of dementia and cognitive decline in middle-aged and older adults. Screening individuals for the frequency of their bad dreams could mean diagnosing cases of dementia earlier, say the researchers. Potentially, an earlier diagnosis that leads to more immediate intervention could mean slowing an individual’s cognitive decline.
- Going to bed early and staying in bed longer. A separate study of older adults in China offers evidence that going to bed early in addition to staying in bed longer could be linked to faster cognitive decline in older adults – particularly among men aged 60 to 74. Older individuals who report going to bed early and staying in bed longer should be monitored for cognitive decline, the study’s authors suggest.
- Being diagnosed with a certain form of glaucoma. According to recent findings, individuals with normal-tension glaucoma are roughly 52 percent more likely to develop Alzheimer’s disease, a type of dementia, than people without glaucoma. The researchers stress the need to screen patients with this type of glaucoma for Alzheimer’s disease. | <urn:uuid:f8c85dbc-b33b-4531-957e-3ab0e54255af> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://kevinhardylaw.com/articles/6-possible-dementia-risk-factors/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707948217723.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20240305024700-20240305054700-00741.warc.gz | en | 0.93486 | 479 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Posted: February 21, 2012
On Thursday, March 8th at the Cumberland Woodland Owners’ Association meeting, Gene Wingert, Environmental Science Instructor at Dickinson College, will give a presentation on Pennsylvania’s vernal ponds and the important role they play in our ecosystem. The meeting will be held at 7:00 P.M. at the Cumberland County Extension Office which is located at 310 Allen Road in Carlisle. You do not have to be a member and there is no cost to attend.
Seasonal pool wetland ecosystems, known commonly as "vernal ponds," are isolated from streams, rivers, and other bodies of water and characterized by a seasonally fluctuating water level, often drying out completely for some part of the year. Vernal ponds are often small, seemingly "minor" waterbodies that are particularly important to amphibian populations. Amphibians that breed in vernal ponds produce the greatest vertebrate biomass in the forest. Seasonal pools are beginning to gain recognition as important habitats because of their unique role in the landscape, their valuable wetland function, and the critical habitat they provide for plants and animals of special concern.
The Cumberland Woodland Owners Association is an organization of forestland owners and others interested in forestry issues in south central Pennsylvania. For more information about the meeting or the Cumberland Woodland Owners Association, contact Fred Peabody at 717/776-3565 (email: [email protected]). | <urn:uuid:25b068df-743d-4401-a959-1d4c7e125d3e> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://extension.psu.edu/cumberland/news/2012/vernal-ponds | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737893676.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221813-00244-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947257 | 307 | 2.890625 | 3 |
By DAVID CHANDLER, MIT NEWS OFFICE April 9, 2013
A TEAM AT MIT has published a detailed analysis of all the factors that could limit the efficiency of an “artificial leaf” — a semiconductor device that uses photons to generate a storable fuel such as hydrogen. The new analysis lays out a roadmap for a research program to improve the efficiency of these systems, and could quickly lead to the production of a commercially viable prototype.
The work is described in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, by Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering Tonio Buonassisi, former MIT Professor Daniel Nocera (now at Harvard University), MIT postdoc Mark Winkler (now at IBM) and former MIT graduate student Casandra Cox (now at Harvard). It follows up on 2011 research that produced a “proof of concept” artificial leaf — a small device that, when placed in a container of water and exposed to sunlight, produced bubbles of hydrogen and oxygen.
The device combines a silicon solar cell with chemical catalysts applied to each side to split atoms of hydrogen and oxygen from the water molecules surrounding them.
The original demonstration leaf converted at less than 4.7 percent efficiency, Buonassisi says. But the new analysis shows that efficiencies of 16 percent or more should be possible using single-bandgap semiconductors, such as crystalline silicon. For gallium arsenide cells, the limit rises to about 18 percent. The key to obtaining high solar-to-fuel efficiencies is to combine the right solar cells and catalyst — a matchmaking activity best guided by a roadmap. The approach presented by the team allows for each component of the artificial leaf to be tested individually, then combined.
The voltage produced by a standard silicon solar cell, about 0.7 volts, is insufficient to power the water-splitting reaction, which needs more than 1.2 volts. One solution is to pair cells in series. While this leads to some losses at the interface between the cells, it is a promising direction for the research, Buonassisi says.
An additional source of inefficiency is the water itself, which functions as a resistor, Buonassisi says. So another way to improve efficiency would be to lower that resistance, perhaps by reducing the distance that ions must travel through the liquid, perhaps by using interleaved plates.
The work was supported by the National Science Foundation, the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, the Singapore National Research Foundation through the Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, and the Chesonis Family Foundation. | <urn:uuid:d1e02180-8b3b-4d49-8a55-4f59b78bed16> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.ases.org/mit-team-draws-roadmap-for-artificial-leaf-efficiency/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400244353.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200926165308-20200926195308-00462.warc.gz | en | 0.940139 | 526 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Bean leaf beetle (yellow phase)
The yellow phase of the bean leaf beetle is the most common color variety.
This image appears in the following articles:Bean leaf beetles damage soybean pods (September 1997)
Bean leaf beetles damage soybean pods (August 1998)
Bean leaf beetles can knock down soybean yields (August 1999)
Expect lots of bean leaf beetles in 2000 (May 2000)
Bean leaf beetle numbers hit the roof (August 2000)
Bean leaf beetles: a current and historical perspective (March 2003) | <urn:uuid:b6dcdb51-5dfa-463d-a5e4-8e6b1609d6a9> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.ent.iastate.edu/imagegal/coleoptera/beanlb/0212.5yelblb.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644063666.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025423-00280-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.90879 | 115 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Analysis of Fish Consumption and Poverty in Bangladesh
Toufique, Kazi Ali | March 2015
Aquaculture has grown in leaps and bounds in the last couple of decades in Bangladesh. This is welcomed by most as increasing fish production is expected to contribute to enhancing food security in a country becoming more vulnerable by fragile fisheries resource systems where catches from the wild have been steadily declining. This transformation characterised by the domination of non-farmed by farmed fishes is poorly understood in terms of changes in production, consumption and livelihoods and as a result often misguides towards adopting inappropriate strategies. Several questions remain insufficiently answered. What are the major changes in consumption pattern in terms of fish species? Are households increasingly consuming more farmed species? Which ones? Is the growth in aquaculture helping the poor consume more fish? What is the extent and pattern of substitution of non-farmed species by farmed? Some attempts have already been made in the literature to answer these questions but they are limited in scope as they are based either on unrepresentative or on dated or on cross-section data. This report attempts to answer these questions by analysing fish consumption data collected in Household Income Expenditure Surveys carried out in 2000, 2005 and 2010 in Bangladesh. We have found that rapid expansion of commercial aquaculture pegged down fish prices, resulting in increased rates of fish consumption by extreme poor and moderate poor consumers and those in rural areas. The capture fisheries still play a very important but unrecognised role in terms of consumption although this role is fast declining. Aquaculture has helped the poor households to increase fish consumption although they continue to consume proportionately more non-farmed fishes as compared to the non-poor households. These outcomes are closely linked to the pro-poor nature of national economic growth during this period. However, the impact of this growth in farmed fishes on capture fisheries still remains unclear. Aquaculture growth has been encroaching common fishing rights and perhaps stunting the growth of small-indigenous species (SIS) which are vital source of rich nutrients for the poor. Steps should be taken not only to develop the aquaculture sector in a planned way but also to manage the capture fisheries which are increasingly under threat from several strains.
CitationToufique, Kazi Ali. 2015. Analysis of Fish Consumption and Poverty in Bangladesh. © Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies. http://hdl.handle.net/11540/6502.
Health Aspects Of Poverty
Poverty Reduction Strategy
Standard of living
Low Income Groups
Adaptive natural resource management
Health status indicators
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Asian Development Bank (Asian Development Bank, 2008-06-30)We, at the Office of the Special Project Facilitator, are ready to listen to your complaints with the aim of finding satisfactory solutions to problems. We provide an independent forum for people and communities who have been adversely affected by an ADB-assisted project. We handle the Consultation Phase, which involves a series of activities and dialogue with all concerned parties to reach a good ...We, at the Office of the Special Project Facilitator, are ready to listen to your complaints with the aim of finding satisfactory solutions to problems. We provide an independent forum for people and communities who have been adversely affected by an ...
Thematic Evaluation Study: ADB Private Sector Operations: Contributions to Inclusive and Environmentally Sustainable Growth (Main Report) Asian Development Bank (Asian Development Bank, 2013-08-15)The corporate strategy of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) (Strategy 2020), approved in 2008, supports expanding work with the private sector in the Asia and Pacific region. ADB is to act as a catalyst for investments that the private sector might not otherwise be willing to make and to do more to help developing member countries (DMCs) attract direct private sector investments that support inclusive ...The corporate strategy of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) (Strategy 2020), approved in 2008, supports expanding work with the private sector in the Asia and Pacific region. ADB is to act as a catalyst for investments that the private sector might not ...
Woodruff, Allison (Asian Development Bank, 2014-06-30)This flyer outlines appropriate technologies for solid waste management in the Pacific. Effective management of municipal solid waste (MSW) in Pacific developing member countries (DMCs) is difficult because of several country-specific characteristics. These include limited land area, customary land ownership; environmental fragility; limited human and financial capacity; and in some countries, a ...This flyer outlines appropriate technologies for solid waste management in the Pacific. Effective management of municipal solid waste (MSW) in Pacific developing member countries (DMCs) is difficult because of several country-specific characteristics. ... | <urn:uuid:34f6d5f5-38c8-4fe2-80d4-79aea678a85a> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://think-asia.org/handle/11540/6502 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362230.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20211202145130-20211202175130-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.931738 | 1,101 | 2.546875 | 3 |
We are now seeing the first results of ANDIS – a study covering all newly diagnosed diabetics in southern Sweden — published in The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology.
The major difference from today’s classification is that type 2 diabetes actually consists of several subgroups, the results indicate. “This is the first step towards personalised treatment of diabetes”, says Leif Groop, physician and professor of diabetes and endocrinology at Lund University in Sweden. Today, about 425 million people around the world have diabetes. By 2045, the number is expected to have increased to 629 million*. Secondary diseases in the form of kidney failure, retinopathy (eye damage), amputations and cardiovascular diseases result in huge costs to society and major individual suffering. Thus, the need for new and better treatment options is great.
“Current diagnostics and classification of diabetes are insufficient and unable to predict future complications or choice of treatment”, explains Professor Leif Groop, who initiated the study. He believes that the results represent a paradigm shift in how to view the disease in the future. “Today, diagnoses are performed by measuring blood sugar. A more accurate diagnosis can be made by also considering the factors accounted for in ANDIS (All New Diabetics In Skåne).”
Since 2008, the researchers have monitored 13 720 newly diagnosed patients between the ages 18 and 97. By combining measurements of, for example, insulin resistance, insulin secretion, blood sugar levels (BMI, HbA1c, GADA, HOMA-B and HOMA-IR) and age at onset of illness, the researchers were able to distinguish five distinct clusters that differ from today’s classification (see diagram).
In addition to a more refined classification, the researchers also discovered that the different groups are more or less at risk of developing various secondary diseases. “This will enable earlier treatment to prevent complications in patients who are most at risk of being affected”, says Emma Ahlqvist, associate professor and lead author of the publication.
- Group 1, SAID (severe autoimmune diabetes): essentially corresponds to type 1 diabetes and LADA (latent autoimmune diabetes in adults), and is characterised by onset at young age, poor metabolic control, impaired insulin production and the presence of GADA antibodies.
- Group 2, SIDD (severe insulin-deficient diabetes): includes individuals with high HbA1C, impaired insulin secretion and moderate insulin resistance. Group 2 had the highest incidence of retinopathy.
- Group 3, SIRD (severe insulin-resistant diabetes): is characterised by obesity and severe insulin resistance. Group 3 had the highest incidence of kidney damage – the secondary disease producing the highest costs to society.
- Group 4, MOD (mild obesity-related diabetes): includes obese patients who fall ill at a relatively young age.
- Group 5, MARD (mild age-related diabetes): is the largest group (about 40%) and consists of the most elderly patients.
This will give us even better opportunities to tailor the treatment to each individualEmma Ahlqvist
“The most insulin resistant patients (Group 3) have the most to gain from the new diagnostics as they are the ones who are currently most incorrectly treated”, says Professor Leif Groop.
The researchers subsequently repeated the analysis in a further three studies from Sweden and Finland. “The outcome exceeded our expectations and highly corresponded with the analysis from ANDIS. The only difference was that Group 5 was larger in Finland than in Skåne. The disease progression was remarkably similar in both groups”, says Leif Groop.
The recruitment of newly diagnosed diabetes patients continues and the researchers have several studies underway based on the data they have already acquired. “The longer the study is running, the more and better data we’ll get”, says Emma Ahlqvist. The researchers are also planning to launch similar studies in China and India with people of different ethnic backgrounds. “This will give us even better opportunities to tailor the treatment to each individual”, she concludes.
*According to the International Diabetes Federation, www.idf.org
Source: Lund University Diabetes Centre | <urn:uuid:ca534b34-2efc-402a-a1f8-30a2da79a605> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://healthcare-in-europe.com/en/news/diabetes-has-5-subtypes-not-2-study-suggests.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704799711.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20210126073722-20210126103722-00410.warc.gz | en | 0.93663 | 878 | 3.203125 | 3 |
The Hundred Years' War (1337 – 1453) was a series of wars over possession of France fought between the English-based Plantagenets and the continentally based Valois following the death of France's King Charles IV without an heir. English claims were based on dynastic marriages and inheritances. At the outbreak of the war, most English nobles had stronger French than English identities dating back to the Norman Conquest (1066). Despite repeated military defeats, the French eventually expelled the English. In England, changes in peasant-noble relationships throughout the war prompted by the Black Death and the contribution of peasants, especially archers, in English victories helped develop a unified national identity that was solidified by English expulsion from the continent at the war's end.
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Answers in a pinch from experts and subject enthusiasts all semester long | <urn:uuid:e154c9c4-dbf4-477f-9b02-c6eecf913101> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.chegg.com/homework-help/definitions/hundred-years-war-45 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802775394.157/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075255-00096-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94108 | 213 | 3.875 | 4 |
This study reports on a three-year group randomized controlled trial, the Cyber Friendly Schools Project (CFSP), aimed to reduce cyberbullying among grade 8 students during 2010-2012. In each year, 14-15 year old student "cyber? leaders acted as catalysts to develop and implement whole-school activities to reduce cyberbullying-related harms. This paper examines students? leadership experiences and the effectiveness of their training and intervention efforts. A mixed methods research design comprising interviews and questionnaires was used to collect data from 225 grade 10 students at the end of their leadership years (2010 & 2011). Four to six cyber leaders were recruited from each of the 19 intervention schools involved in each year of the study. The cyber leaders reported high self-efficacy post-training, felt their intervention efforts made a difference, and experienced a sense of agency, belonging and competence when given opportunities for authentic leadership. They identified key barriers and enablers to achieving desired outcomes. Students greatly valued having their voices heard. Their engagement in the development and delivery of whole-school strategies allowed them to contribute to and enhance efforts to promote their peers? mental health and wellbeing. However, a lack of support from school staff limits students? effectiveness as change-enablers.
|Number of pages||7|
|Journal||International Journal of Emotional Education|
|Publication status||Published - 1 Nov 2018| | <urn:uuid:391b8b92-4e42-4675-87c0-d7b864cacc52> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/publications/if-its-about-me-why-do-it-without-me-genuine-student-engagement-i | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500028.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20230202133541-20230202163541-00646.warc.gz | en | 0.950625 | 319 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Bertrand Arthur William Russell Russell, 3d Earl
Philosopher and Mathematician
Throughout his life his dissent had scorned easy popularity with either the right or the left. Untamable, he had profound trust in the ultimate power of rationality, which he voiced with an undogmatic but quenchless zeal. Philosophically and ethically Russell's thought grew in reaction against the extremes he encountered. He answered the idealism of F. H. Bradley and J. M. E. McTaggart with a logical atomism founded on a rigorous empirical base: he was deeply convinced of the logical independence of individual facts and the dependence of knowledge on the data of original experience. His emphasis on logical analysis influenced the course of British philosophy in the 20th cent.
One of his most important notions was that of the logical construct, the realization that an object normally thought of as a unity was actually constructed from various, discrete, simpler empirical observations. The technique of logical constructionism was first employed in his mathematical theory. Under the influence of the symbolic logic of Giuseppe Peano, Russell tried to show that mathematics could be explained by the rules of formal logic. His demonstration involved showing that mathematical entities could be "constructed" from the less problematic entities of logic. Later he applied the technique to concepts such as physical objects and the mind.
Although he came to have misgivings about logical atomism and never assented to all the propositions of empiricism, he never ceased trying to base his thought—mathematical, philosophical, or ethical—not on vague principle but on actual experience. This can be seen in his pacifism as well as in his philosophy: he objected to specific wars in specific circumstances. So, in the circumstances preceding World War II he could abandon pacifism and, following the war, resume it.
Similarly, in ethics he described himself as a relativist. Good and evil he saw to be resolvable in (or constructed from) individual desires. He did distinguish, however, between what he called "personal" and "impersonal" desires, those founded mainly on self-interest and those formed regardless of self-interest. He admitted difficulties with this ethical stance, as well as with his logical atomism. As much as anything, his thought was characterized by a pervasive skepticism, toward his own thought as well as that of others.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Philosophy: Biographies | <urn:uuid:dc00daed-09be-40cc-899c-26c49ab3e17f> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.factmonster.com/encyclopedia/people/russell-bertrand-arthur-william-russell-3d-earl-philosopher-mathematician.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443738008122.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001222008-00204-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97591 | 519 | 3.5625 | 4 |
You are served a slice of pizza and you notice that it’s quite a bit larger than the slice that someone else is getting. Then cookies are served. Does the perceived size of the pizza slice have any effect on how many cookies you go on to eat?
Yes — but exactly what the effect is depends on whether or not you’re a dieter.
This is the latest finding in a huge body of work by University of Toronto psychologist Janet Polivy, who’s been studying human eating behaviour and the dieter personality since 1974. In this latest experiment, she and her colleagues invited 106 young women into the lab on the pretext of rating cookies that someone was hoping to market on campus. The women were told not to eat for three hours before the experiment, and that they would be given a light lunch before the cookie tasting, so that ratings would not be biased by hunger.
The light lunch consisted of a slice of pizza. In the control scenario, the volunteer saw only her own slice of pizza, which is a standard Pizza Pizza slice, exactly like those sold on campus. In the experimental scenario, the women got exactly the same sized piece, but they also saw the piece that another participant would be receiving — and it was either one-third larger or one-third smaller than the one they were given.
After eating the pizza, the volunteers were given three plates of cookies — oatmeal raisin, chocolate chip and double chocolate chip — and asked to rate them. They could eat as many as they wanted. Unbeknownst to them, the plates and remaining cookies were then weighed to see how much they’d consumed.
The volunteers were also asked to fill out questionnaires, including one assessing whether they are dieters (“restrained eaters”) and another on how they were feeling.
Interestingly, dieters and non-dieters behaved very differently after receiving the apparently larger slice of pizza. Non-dieters ended up eating fewer cookies than controls did. But dieters ate significantly more. Polivy thinks it has to do with what she calls the “what the hell effect”. That is, the diet has been broken by the big slice anyway, so why be good?
What’s more, the questionnaires revealed that dieters were delighted to get the “large” piece. “They’re secretly actually happy when they get the larger portion and get to break their diet,” says Polivy. “The diet is wrecked, but it wasn’t their fault.” The study is published in the journal Appetite. | <urn:uuid:4e35f24d-db83-4c49-97d5-3ac72eb52e93> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://magazine.utoronto.ca/research-ideas/health/does-dieting-affect-how-you-think-janet-polivy-psychologist/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710962.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20221204040114-20221204070114-00624.warc.gz | en | 0.9797 | 549 | 2.796875 | 3 |
It was a significant landmark both physically as well as psychologically – Physically it had the objective of protecting Roman Britain from the ruinous incursions of the northern barbarians of Caledonia (modern Scotland). Psychologically and socially it divided the barbarian tribes of the north from the Romanised population of the south, creating and reinforcing a distinct culture on the two sides which continues to this day – the Scottish clans of the north continue to this day whilst the tribes of southern England were homogenised into a single people.
The wall itself was a defence rampart built between 122AD and 128AD following the northern frontier of Roman Britain (Britannia): It stretched from coast to coast from the Solway firth at the west to the Tyne river in the East.
It was 120 kilometres long (approx. 75miles), 2.5-3 meters wide (8-10ft), 4.5 meters high (14-15 ft). There were fortified sections every mile, known as milecastles which were manned with approximately 60 men, and towers every third of a mile (two towers between milecastles) which held just a few men to act as watch and signalmen: either by lighting fires at night time or by running the short distance to the next tower like a relay race. Along the whole length of the wall there were 16 larger forts which could hold more significant garrisons of 500-1000 men each. These men could be displaced quickly to an area of larger attack by using the network of roads on the southern side of the wall. These larger castles also had gates fortified gates facing to the northern countryside.
The entire length was further reinforced by ditches on either side known as a “Vallum” with 2m high earth banks (approx 6 ft). Areas of particular danger might be further reinforced by having a false bottom on the vallum with stakes. The north side vallum was be approximately 9m wide (30ft) and 2.5m (9ft) deep.
The wall was initially built of wood and later made into stone. The turrets and castles were of stone and mortar whilst the wall sections were plastered over and painted white – clearly a fearsome structure which would have stood out for miles in the barren landscape – barren because all resources including stone and timber in the area would have been used to build the wall itself as well as the settlements which sprang up around it.
Construction technique varied throughout its length according to the terrain and materials readily available. The towers, set out at approximately every mile, were positioned so as to enable line-of-sight signalling from one to the next. Whilst the wall consisted of a variety of different construction techniques, the towers themselves were all made of hard stone and mortar. It is believed that its length was covered in plaster and painted. The entire lengths of the wall were further protected with earthwork ramparts and ditches known as the “vallum” which was dug after the wall itself had been completed and ran at varying distance from the wall itself, sometimes very close and at others, depending on the situation and terrain could be pretty far.
Today large portions of it are still visible, much more so than the parallel wall known as the Antonine wall further north (from which the Romans retreated).
Hadrian’s wall – part of the Limes
Hadrian’s wall is a wonderful example of the “limes” or “Limites” a word which finds its origins in the Etruscan aruspices
(diviners) meaning the boundary between animal organs and entrails which they used for divining the future and to this day lies at the root of the word “limit”. At the time of Hadrian it stood for that series of fortifications built to strengthen the empire’s borders where natural barriers were insufficient to maintain a degree of control and preside the area. They were intended as a means of halting small scale incursions or of delaying larger attacks so that forces could be mustered in the affected area. Otherwise the intention was to allow free trade, economic growth
and cultural exchange, benefitting both sides of the border. Internally the wall, like other limes (limites), was supported by a well developed network of the well known Roman roads
to enable easy movement of troops and Roman legions
As suggested above, Britain wasn’t the only province to deserve well structured fortifications. Other areas included northern Germany and perhaps more similar to Hadrian’s wall is the Anastasian wall (long walls of Thrace) built in the 5th century and abandoned in the 7th for being too long to garrison easily and expensive to maintain. Portions of it still remain of its original 55km (34miles). Other famous walls built by other cultures but with similar defence purpose include the great wall of china and more recently the maginot line of France in the second world war. It is interesting to note that none of these actually managed to keep any army “out” for any decent period of time.
So we should not imagine Hadrian’s wall as a barrier which was intended to be air-tight at all times; in fact the limes, including Hadrian’s wall, were actually intended more as a semi-permeable filter, enabling trade and inter-cultural mixing to continue, so long as it was peaceful. Hadrian’s wall is not to be considered purely from a military and engineering point of view but also for its social, economic and cultural aspects: the wall, like the empire’s “limes” was both physical and ideal at the same time, permitting populated areas to develop around it, thriving on the economy of the militia stationed at the wall and hence bringing intermarriage, families, manufacture and trade.
The wall was abandoned around 450AD, approximately when the Roman garrisons were recalled into Italy and the Roman empire fell and declined. Archaeological research suggests that the social, economic and cultural progress which had been made in the region, commonly referred to as “Romanisation”, fell back to its original state: the Britons left the populated centres and scattered, retreating from what was evidently a dangerous and undefended region, open to incursions from the northern tribes.
Hadrians Wall Map | <urn:uuid:79aa7723-9f6c-456a-92d1-7df32dffc2e7> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://mariamilani.com/ancient_rome/hadrians_wall.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526517.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20190720132039-20190720154039-00383.warc.gz | en | 0.980671 | 1,311 | 3.84375 | 4 |
Lewis and the Isles saw many men lost to the First World War despite their relatively sparse population. Of the 30,000 people who lived in Lewis at the time of the 1911 census, some 6,200 joined up during the war. Of these, more than 1,200 died during or after the conflict. Like so many similar coastal communities, the disproportionate loss of predominantly young men would have had an enormous impact. The tragedy of the First World War would take its toll even after the cessation of hostilities in November 1918. On New year’s Day 1919, HMY Lolaire foundered and sank less than a mile off shore near Stornoway harbour, claiming the lives of more than 200 men returning home to the Islands.
Seaman Norman MacDonald, R.N.R., eldest child of Norman and Christy MacDonald, was born in Breaclete, Great Bernera, off the Isle of Lewis, on the 13th of February 1885.
The 1901 census shows Norman, aged 16, at 5 Breaclet, with his parents and 7 siblings: John (14), Catherine (12), Mary (10), Donald (8), Angus (6), George (4) and Donald John (8 months). Donald John only lived to the age of 5 years. Another boy was born in 1904, but only lived for 5 days and remained unnamed.
Norman joined the Royal Naval Reserve in 1904. He served in Howe Battalion, part of the Royal Naval Division, from 19 September until 27 October 1914, during which time he participated in the defence of the Belgian city of Antwerp. Formed from surplus naval men, the RND was a unique formation in World War 1 and fought alongside the Army. Norman was discharged to the Royal Navy Barracks, Portsmouth on the 27th of October 1914. We do no know when he joined the crew of HMS Laurentic.
The following obituary appeared in the Stornoway Gazette at the time of his death:-
Seaman Norman Macdonald whose loss in the sinking of the Laurentic is deeply deplored. Norman joined the RNR at the age of 19 and has served for 13 years, being at the time of his death 32 years of age. He was one of the most likeable young men one could wish to meet, and he was a general favourit wherever he went. During the summer he generally went to the East Coast herring fishing, but during the rest of the year he prosecuted lobster fishing from here. When bad weather prevented the boats going out, his company was much sought after, and his cheery presence will be much missed. His father is an old RNR man, having served in the first-class reserve for the long period of 27 years, while two brothers are in the Seaforths.
Norman’s body was never recovered after the sinking of HMS Laurentic.
His brothers Donald and George served in the Seaforth Highlanders. Donald was wounded and later discharged; he died in military hospital in 1922. George was gassed but survived. His brother John, who was in the Canadians Engineers, also survived.
Norman MacDonald is remembered on the Chatham Naval Memorial; Great Bernera Memorial, Breaclete (a memorial paid for with money collected locally and with donations from exiles and friends) and on his family’s gravestone in Bosta Cemetery, Great Bernera.
British Commonwealth War Graves Registers, 1914-1918
http://www.ancestry.com: UK, British Army and Navy Birth, Marriage and Death Records,
1901 Scotland Census: Reels 1-446. General Register Office for Scotland, Edinburgh.
Scottish War Memorials Project: http://www.scottishmilitaryresearch.co.uk
Lewismen Lost in the Great War: http://lewis-lost-ww1.blogspot.com
Imperial War Museums: http://www.iwm.org.uk/memorials/item/memorial/57332
The Commonwealth War Graves Commission: http://www.cwgc.org | <urn:uuid:e001ff60-93cf-4017-9740-b7abf42a6388> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://laurenticmemorial.com/2019/03/17/norman-macdonald/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488553635.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20210624110458-20210624140458-00389.warc.gz | en | 0.971433 | 841 | 2.875 | 3 |
3 Using knowledge about language
Now let’s turn to five different real-world scenarios or puzzles, where knowledge about language can be used to inform decision-making.
Consider each of the following puzzles in which decisions about language need to be taken. These are all real situations, though some identifiers have been changed. How would you go about investigating these in order to formulate and give your advice to those who have to take these decisions? (You do not need to come up with solutions, just a possible process for arriving at one.) Make notes of your ideas.
The head teacher of a London secondary school is thinking of offering another foreign language in addition to French. The options are Chinese (the world’s largest first language), Spanish (one of the world’s largest and most widely distributed languages) or the Indian language Gujarati (the largest home language in the school and local community – and one which has approximately 43 million speakers worldwide). Which of these languages should be taught, and why?
In Metropolis, a US city with a large immigrant population, a specialist healthcare clinic wants to improve the care they offer to people with low English proficiency. They have already introduced translated versions of their information leaflets and provide interpreters on demand. However, even with interpreters present, the clinic finds that consultations involving patients with low English proficiency don’t go as smoothly as others and they want to find out why. What aspects of communication might be at play here? What should the clinic investigate?
Zramzshra is a small island in the Indian Ocean. The Zramzshran language uses a unique alphabet, which (like Greek) developed from the Phoenician alphabet when traders came there 3000 years ago. The island’s finance minister argues for a ‘reform’ in which this alphabet will be replaced by the Roman alphabet (the one used in English and many other languages). This change, she argues, will make the island’s life easier and more prosperous, with benefits for English teaching, computer-mediated communication, trade and tourism. Is this the best policy? What other factors should the finance minister consider?
Two medium sized travel agencies are about to merge and form a new mass market travel company. They are trying to decide what to name their new company and have a shortlist of two names: ‘Destinations’ and ‘Going Places’. Which name would you recommend and why?
The interaction below took place in an office in Australia. Why did the first speaker not achieve her goal of getting time off?
In responding to such language-related problems, one can of course draw upon common sense and experience to judge what action should be taken. Yet, if called upon to offer advice on these problems as an applied linguist, a more systematic approach is needed, as Block’s description of the research process suggests. Each puzzle was set so the next step might be to study what other people have said on similar matters and to see what other information may need to be gathered to understand the situation better. You may have noted down different approaches, but our suggestions are:
- Puzzle 1: Sometimes the best option for an applied linguist is not offer any answers, but to ask more questions. The head teacher could use questionnaires to find out what parents and pupils think would make sense.
- Puzzle 2: Language and culture interact in complex ways so linguistic competence (whether someone has low or high language proficiency) may not be the only thing at play here. The clinic could investigate what differences there might be between how medical consultations work in the patients’ home country and in Metropolis.
- Puzzle 3: While the finance minister might be right about the economic advantages of switching alphabets, she should also consider that language, including its script, is part of culture, as a number of scholars have pointed out. She is asking the islanders to give up something that is part of their cultural heritage and identity.
- Puzzle 4: With these kinds of decisions one needs to think about all possible meanings of the words. One has to consider not only the dictionary definitions, but also their social meanings and emotional impact. In short, their associations and connotations. Associations and connotations of words develop through usage so a good starting point would be investigating how these are used by speakers in different contexts.
- Puzzle 5: There could be lots of factors involved here and an applied linguist would need to consider the institutional context, the relationship between and relative positions of speaker and addressee, how important those project reports are and the language (including body language and facial expressions) that was used. A change in any of these could lead to a different outcome.
In the video below, you can see the difference a change in communicative style made. Think about what aspects of communication have changed. | <urn:uuid:0935008b-1e1f-4728-b929-930f239bb158> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.open.edu/openlearn/languages/english-language/language-the-real-world/content-section-3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224657144.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20230610062920-20230610092920-00289.warc.gz | en | 0.953099 | 1,031 | 3.984375 | 4 |
Hypergravity of 10g Changes Plant Growth, Anatomy, Chloroplast Size, and Photosynthesis in the Moss Physcomitrella patens
- 234 Downloads
The photosynthetic and anatomical responses of bryophytes to changes in gravity will provide crucial information for estimating how these plant traits evolved to adapt to changes in gravity in land plant history. We performed long-term hypergravity experiments at 10g for 4 and 8 weeks using the moss Physcomitrella patens with two centrifuges equipped with lighting systems that enable long-term plant growth under hypergravity with irradiance. The aims of this study are (1) to quantify changes in the anatomy and morphology of P. patens, and (2) to analyze the post-effects of hypergravity on photosynthesis by P. patens in relation to these changes. We measured photosynthesis by P. patens for a population of gametophores (e.g., canopy) in Petri dishes and plant culture boxes. Gametophore numbers increased by 9% for a canopy of P. patens, with 24–27% increases in chloroplast sizes (diameter and thickness) in leaf cells. In a canopy of P. patens, the area-based photosynthesis rate (A canopy) was increased by 57% at 10g. The increase observed in A canopy was associated with greater plant numbers and chloroplast sizes, both of which involved enhanced CO2 diffusion from the atmosphere to chloroplasts in the canopies of P. patens. These results suggest that changes in gravity are important environmental stimuli to induce changes in plant growth and photosynthesis by P. patens, in which an alteration in chloroplast size is one of the key traits. We are now planning an ISS experiment to investigate the responses of P. patens to microgravity.
KeywordsBryophyte Leaf CO2 diffusion Evolution Gametophore
This work was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Space Utilization by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (to T.F. in Space Moss Project) and JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP21657011 and 15K11914. We appreciate Dr. Yosuke Onoda for his constructive comments concerning the effects of leaf anatomy on photosynthesis.
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- Mori, A., Kamachi, H., Karahara, I., Kume, A., Hanba, Y.T., Takemura, K., Fujita, T.: Comparisons of the effects of vibration of two centrifugal systems on the growth and morphological parameters of the moss Physcomitrella patens. Biol. Sci. Space 31, 9–13 (2017). https://doi.org/10.2187/bss.31.9 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Soga, K., Harada, K., Wakabayashi, K., Hoson, T., Kamisaka, S.: Increased molecular mass of hemicellulosic polysaccharides is involved in growth inhibition of maize coleoptiles and mesocotyls under hypergravity conditions. J. Plant Res. 112, 273–278 (1999a). https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00013881 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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- Tosens, T., Nishida, K., Gago, J., Coopman, R.E., Cabrera, M., Carriqu, M., Laanisto, L., Morales, L., Nadal, M., Rojas, R., Talts, E., Tomas, M.: The photosynthetic capacity in 35 ferns and fern allies: mesophyll CO2 diffusion as a key trait. New Phytol. 209, 1576–1590 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13719 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Wang, H., Li, X., Krause, L., Görög, M., Schüler, O., Hauslage, J., Hemmersbach, R., Kircher, S., Lasok, H., Haser, T., Rapp, K., Schmidt, J., Yu, X., Pasternak, T., Aubry-Hivet, D., Tietz, O., Dovzhenko, A., Palme, K., Ditengou, F.A.: 2-D Clinostat for simulated microgravity experiments with Arabidopsis seedlings. Microgravity Sci. Technol. 28, 59–66 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12217-015-9478-1 CrossRefGoogle Scholar | <urn:uuid:2e220bb7-e3f5-4b74-8e0b-577ba613c316> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12217-017-9565-6 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232255944.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20190520121941-20190520143941-00025.warc.gz | en | 0.731632 | 1,202 | 2.828125 | 3 |
- Published: November 13, 2022
- Updated: November 13, 2022
- Level: Masters
- Language: English
- Downloads: 2
24 February Worksheet Architecture on Campus Which of those architectural styles that we discussed in class are represented on campus?
The primary style of architecture represented on the campus of Utah State University is Gothic, or campus Gothic. This can be seen most clearly in buildings like Old Main, built in 1889 under the guidance of Architect C. L. Thompson.
2. How does the campus architecture reflect the 100 or so years that the university has been in existence?
The campus architecture reflects the 100 or so years that the university has been in existence by the fact that the buildings themselves were designed and built in the predominant style during the time in which their existence was determined to be a necessity.
3. Which building do you think works most well to serve the function it is designed for?
The building that now houses the public relations department for Utah State University was originally designed and used as the campus agricultural experimental station. It was used for its original intended purpose from the time that it was built, in 1890 all the way through 1956; it has since been used by the Information News Services departments and now by the Public relations department of the University. Due to the amount of time that the building itself was used for its original intended purpose, I believe this building worked the best to serve its original function; most of the other buildings on the campus itself have been used for far more than their original purpose, while this one held true to its original purpose the longest.
4. What building on campus is your favorite and why? Consider aesthetics, style, function, accessibility etc. in your answer.
My favorite building on campus is what is now known as the David B. Haight Alumni Center, originally used as a model farm house, and later used as the President’s home prior to becoming the alumni center. At 10, 507 square feet, it is far larger than a typical house, which usually falls between 1, 500 and 2, 300 square feet, but in spite of its size, it still looks quite homey. Its original purpose was to be a model farm house, and later used as an actual home, offering testament to its original purpose. It is a moderately accessible building, located on the southwest side of the campus, making it close enough to be accessible, but far enough away to not seem hedged in by the main buildings on campus. In addition, it was an absolutely beautiful home, and still is from the exterior, though with the changes from home to alumni center, it has lost some of that aspect.
5. What is the oldest building on campus and how does it reflect the original mission of the university?
Old Main is the oldest building on campus, built in 1889, a year before the agricultural experiment station and the model farm house. It was originally designed to be “ The College Building” (Bouwhuis, 2002) and encompassed the entirety of the campus at the time, and was meant to serve as a beacon to those around, offering learning and enlightenment for those who wished to seek it. It was built atop the hill in Logan, and its tower could be seen for miles.
Work Cited/Work Referenced
Bouwhuis, Rob. ” USU Historical Buildings.” Utah State University. Utah State University, 2002. Web. 24 Feb. 2013. | <urn:uuid:f58e1133-2826-47fc-a95d-0cc024816144> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://assignbuster.com/worksheet-1-architecture-on-campus/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644915.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20230530000715-20230530030715-00741.warc.gz | en | 0.981115 | 713 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Cough can be a troubling condition for both patients and partners and may last for days, weeks, or months in certain cases. It has a prevalence of between 5 to 10% in adults and children and is a common reason for patients to visit their GP or ENT specialist. It is more common in females and is associated with a negative quality of life. Chronic cough is defined as lasting longer than 8 weeks.
Cough following an upper respiratory tract infection (cold or flu) or lower respiratory tract infection (pneumonia) is very common and often persists for days or sometimes weeks once the symptoms of the infection are long gone. This type of cough almost always resolves without treatment.
Other causes include cough associated with asthma, laryngopharyngeal reflux, postnasal drip or hayfever (allergic rhinitis). Some medications can cause cough (e.g. certain blood pressure tablets). Neuropathic cough (caused by irritation of nerves) is less common. In rare cases, a cancer in the airway (upper or lower) can present with cough as one of the associated symptoms.
A thorough history and physical examination is very important. A careful assessment of oral cavity, as well as the nose and voice box with a nasendoscope (small camera) is vital to determine the cause of cough. Occasionally, imaging (X-rays or CT scans) of the neck, sinuses or chest may be needed, which Dr Levin can arrange onsite at both of his consulting locations.
With state-of-the-art endoscopes, cameras and monitors, Dr Levin can usually diagnose the cause of your cough and help alleviate this annoying condition. He also has good relationships with Respiratory Physicians, Gastroenterologists and Speech Pathologists who may also be required to manage chronic cough. | <urn:uuid:fd95a762-9558-456e-b66f-c17d16a1cc70> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://drbrettlevin.com.au/conditions/throat/cough | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585181.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20211017175237-20211017205237-00523.warc.gz | en | 0.956919 | 371 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Strengths And Weaknesses Of The Ontological Argument Philosophy Essay
The a priori and analytic argument posed by Anselm states that God must exist solely by definition; it uses the subject of God and predicate of perfection. In Proslogian 2 Anselm defines God as "being than which no greater can be conceived" .
The main strength of Anselm's argument is showing that the concept of God is not illogical, though explaining that everyone, even a non-believer must have a concept of God in the mind and because of this have a concept of God existing in reality. By definition, God cannot exist in the mind alone, as "no greater can be conceived" as something greater could be thought of, namely that same thing existing in both mind and reality. Hence, God must exist in reality by the meaning of the word God.
The argument succeeds as it is deductive and clear conclusions can be drawn from it, this leaves the argument with only one answer; God exists. Because of it's a priori nature It also offers an actual proof for God's existence which can be logically debated rather than relying on changeable evidence.
The main weakness of Anselm's argument is posed by Gaunilo of Marmoutier, a contemporary of Anselm, Gaunilo posed, using reductio ad absurdum, that if the logic of the argument were applied to anything other than God, its conclusion would be unreasonable. The analogy of a perfect island was formulated, and using the same argument as Anselm reasoned that as the perfect island could be thought of, then it also must exist.
Though Gainilo's perfect island does have flaws itself as it pointed out by Rowe "if we follow Anselm's reasoning exactly, it does not appear that we can derive an absurdity from the supposition that the island than which none greater is possible does not exist." It does highlight the many flaws in Anselm's, mainly that something cannot be thought into existence, as Russell states "the argument does not, to a modern mind, seem very convincing, but it is easier to feel convinced that it must be fallacious than it is to find out precisely where the fallacy lies." Russell draws a clear distinction between existence and essence and argues that the essence of something can be defined but this does not constitute existence.
Russell argues that the word "exist" is used incorrectly in Anselm's argument . Russell states that to define something is to provide an intention and to add existence would be an extension of that intention, Anselm does provide both as the idea which is said to exist, then "that which nothing greater can be conceived" must exist, as it is the totality of all ideas. Russell believes that this only constitutes God being the greatest thing one can think of, but does not prove God exists in realily.
Anselm responds to this with Proslogian 3, by explaining that something that cannot not exist (necessary existence) is greater than something which could not exist (contingent existence), "That God Cannot be Thought Not to Exist" . This however can be disputed is God is not thought of as a necessity and also as necessary existence can only be applied to God then it is unverifiable.
Another weakness in Anselm's argument is posed by St Aquinas, as Anselm states God is "that which nothing greater can be conceived" then to understand God in this way is to be equal to him, which Anselm cannot be, as he is human.
Descartes begins his argument from the position that he has certain ideas that have necessary qualities; 'necessary' meaning a priori. For example, it is necessary of a triangle that it has three sides and three angles totalling 180 degrees. Because these properties are demonstrably undeniable, he could not have invented such ideas himself. These ideas possess their own undisputable nature which is, regardless of will, perceived clearly and distinctly. Because of this, they must be true. So, if one is able to draw such an idea from one's mind, then whatever one predicates of that thing is truly a predicate of it. Because it is clearly and distinctly recognised that actual existence is a property of God, actual existence is truly of God's nature. Therefore, Descartes reasons, God exists.
This argument only succeeds if existence is regarded as a predicate; Descartes argues that God possesses necessary existence in the same way that a triangle does three sides; this analogy is a main weakness of Descartes argument. It may be easy to understand what it means for a triangle to have three sides, but if the properties of a triangle, such as the number of its sides, then the mental concept of the triangle changes (and becomes a square/rhombus/etc.) it is very difficult to see how existence, or the lack of it, changes the mental concept of God, and so we may be reluctant to say that it is necessary of God. Kant argues that there are differences between something having certain predicates, such as in the case of the triangle, and something existing, in the case of God.
Kant argues that the examples given by Descartes are of 'judgements' and it is not necessarily true that three sides exist at all. It is only necessarily true that, given a triangle, there are three sides consisting in it. By this understanding, existence is separate from the predicates that determine how a subject is.
If Kant's view is correct then The Ontological Argument fails, if existence is not a real predicate that is added on to the subject then to deny existence you take away the whole subject. The principle of the Ontological Argument regards this as being as an attribute.
The Ontological argument can only succeed using faith in something which cannot be quantified, therefore can only really be used to prove the existence of God by someone who is already a believer, as Barth suggests "it can tell what theists believe about God but not whether he exists" . Because of this the argument ultimately fails, as it claims to be a proof but that proof will never be able to be measured.
If you are the original writer of this essay and no longer wish to have the essay published on the UK Essays website then please click on the link below to request removal: | <urn:uuid:bd577c7d-3d5e-4f1d-b832-16c4b753b707> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.ukessays.com/essays/philosophy/strengths-and-weaknesses-of-the-ontological-argument-philosophy-essay.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246636255.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045716-00125-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958147 | 1,306 | 2.578125 | 3 |
In the late Victorian era, a period stretching from roughly 1876 to 1900, a series of droughts and famines hit large areas of the world. Various studies, both contemporary and more recent, paint a truly appalling picture of the resultant deaths. A study by the medical journal The Lancet in the immediate aftermath suggested that 19 million Indian people died during the 1896-1902 famine. The totals from all the events, allowing for the variance of scientific debate suggest between 31.7 and 61.3 million died.
Mike Davis argues that these were not merely environmental disasters. Changing weather patterns were caused by the complicated ENSO changes of air-pressure and ocean temperatures. The El Niño effects certainly could be associated with dramatic changes in rainfall, or wind patterns that brought crop failure or flooding to large areas. In late Victorian times politicians and apologists for colonial policies made much of the supposed links between these weather patterns and regular famines. But Mike Davis argues that the economic policies and the particular nature of colonialism (specifically in the British Empire) made, in places as diverse as Brazil, India, the Philippines, Korea, Africa and China, the famines far worse. As Davis suggests, of the victims:
They died in the golden age of Liberal Capitalism; indeed many were murdered... by the theological application of the sacred principles of Smith, Bentham and Mill.I've written elsewhere about the Irish Potato Famine and the way that British rulers application of the principles of Free Trade condemned thousands to starvation while grain was shipped out to be sold at a profit. What Davis describes is a similar process on an enormous scale:
Although crop failures and water shortages were of epic proportion.. there were almost always surpluses elsewhere in the nation or empire that could have potentially rescued drought victims.It is worth repeating this simple fact. That (with the possible exception of Ethiopia in 1899) Davis argues that there was almost always enough food or other supplies that could have helped the starving peasants. The people didn't just starve - sometimes they sold their children into slavery in the hope they would survive, or killed strangers and committed cannibalism, or ate tree bark and mud. But their deaths, or many of their deaths, could have been avoided.
Take the official report on the Bombay famine of 1899-1902, which concluded that "supplies of food were at all time sufficient and it cannot be too frequently repeated that severe privation was chiefly due to the dearth of employment in agriculture." In neighbouring Berar, commissioners said that "the famine was one of high prices rather than a scarcity of food."
The problem was that the hungry couldn't afford to eat. It was rarely that there wasn't food. For instance Davis argues that the problem in the case of India was that the British had transformed the old social relations. Under British rule, profit was king, but so was private land. The British destroyed the old economic relations that gave peasants access to communal land and resources like wells. They broke up the old social obligations that meant Chinese rulers stockpiled grain for famine outbreaks. They scrapped the requirements to build or maintain flood defences or dams, because they were considered native, and not valid scientifically. All these facts helped make famine far worse when it arrived. Indeed some of the most shocking descriptions here are when Davis contrasts the way that before colonialism, societies in India, Africa or China dealt far better with drought than under the Imperial era.
|Indian Famine Victims 1877|
And the vast infrastructure that the Empire builders created, the roads and rail-roads didn't serve to bring food to the hungry, it took it to where the profits were to be made. In the 1870-80 famine, according to official reports, In Bombay and Madras Deccan, "the population decreased more rapidly where the districts were served by railways than where there were no railways." It was easier to take the food away with trains. Davis also writes on how modern industry failed the hungry:
The newly constructed railroads, lauded as institutional safeguards against famine, were instead used by merchants to ship grain inventories from outlying drought-stricken districts to central depots for hoarding (as well as protection from rioters). Likewise the telegraph ensured that price hikes were coordinated in a thousand towns at once, regardless of local supply trends.This is not a happy book. When Mike Davis describes the vast celebrations for Queen Victoria's Jubilee that involved enormous feasts at a time of vast hunger, most readers will feel sick. I certainly did. But the really sad thing is that nothing has changed. Capitalism's distortion of agriculture through the creation of cash crops and the domination of large multinationals leaves millions still in a precarious place, and as Mike Davis suggests, all the evidence is that global warming will make El Niños worse in the future.
Anyone interested in the confluence of the environment and the economy and the impact upon human beings should read this book. But so should anyone who wants counter-arguments to those who suggest that Empire was a good thing for the majority of people in the world.
Davis - Planet of Slums
Davis - The Monster at Our Door
Woodham-Smith - The Great Hunger; Ireland 1845-9
Bello - The Food Wars
Magdoff & Tokar - Agriculture and Food in Crisis | <urn:uuid:e5f7888c-6645-4715-831b-c9522ef300b8> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://resolutereader.blogspot.com/2013/08/mike-davis-late-victorian-holocausts-el.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221211185.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20180816211126-20180816231126-00685.warc.gz | en | 0.972274 | 1,081 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Thu, 05 Mar 2020 12:51:47 +0000Géralde Vincent-BancroftAs language learners, we are always encouraged to take notes. They allow us to know what we’re studying and help when planning revisions. Furthermore, there are scientific reasons why note-taking plays an important role in the learning process.
Note-taking improves comprehension of what…
As language learners, we are always encouraged to take notes. They allow us to know what we’re studying and help when planning revisions. Furthermore, there are scientific reasons why note-taking plays an important role in the learning process.
Note-taking improves comprehension of what is heard by boosting learners’ attention.
Various studies have proven the advantage of handwritten notes over notes taken using a keyboard. They show that students who took handwritten notes performed better on comprehension tests than those who used electronic devices. The reasons mentioned are the following: first because handwriting is slower allowing for more mental processing of the information as well as a better ability to summarise the content.
Note-taking in language studies, trains the learner to focusing in the main ideas and key words that will help develop short-term and long-term memory.
This process is much more helpful in more advanced phases of language learning (intermediate onward) where students will have to face big chunks of unknown words in listening practice and must learn to go pass them and still grab the general meaning.
The Cornell Note-taking.
There is a way of note taking called the Cornell note-taking system.
It was developed in WWII by a colonel called Walter J. Pauk.
He wanted to teach his soldiers how to read and study effectively for their correspondence courses.
Traditionally, the Cornell notes are made of three sections. The main section which is around 6” is the note-taking column. On the margin of 2 ½” is the cue column. In this section students write questions down to summarise large chunks of information.
There is a third section at the bottom of the page – 2” high – where the student summarises the notes on that page.
Pauk attributed the success of his system due to the following:
“by relating newly learned conceptual material that is stored in the left brain, to a visualised object stored in the right brain, you can efficiently affect long-term memory”.
How can this method be useful to language learners?
There are notebooks set up in the Cornell style and you can find them on Amazon. If not, you can easily make your own.
Divide each page in four sections:
A title section at the top
A seven-line summary section at the bottom
A section for cue questions and recall prompts on the right and
A main note-taking section.
You can either use grid or lined paper.
In the title area write the topic: verbs- future tense, kitchen appliances, winter clothes etc…also write down where you are taking the information from, i.e Talk- German chapter 4; or YouTube- speak-Fast-Languages French words etc…
In the note-taking section write the information that you wish to recall. If you are using a book, use their headings for your notebook. You might want to colour-code the information to make it more accessible later.
The cue section can be used as the vocabulary list for this lesson, and again you can colour code them if the language you are studying have masculine, feminine or neutral like in German, for example. This visual cue will also be useful for memorisation and recollection. You can also add extra information that you will judge to be useful.
This section can be for additional sample sentences and/or page number where the information was found. You can also reflect on the main learning points.
You can be as creative as you wish as long as the process helps you in improving in your daily language learning.
There is a study published in 2015 in the Journal of Studies in Education trying to establish the relationship between Cornell note-taking method and improved grammar learning in EFL (English as a Foreign Language) learners’ grammar learning.
They studied 70 Iranian EFL intermediate learners. 35 constituted the experimental group, and the rest (35) were the control group. They all underwent a grammar pre-test at the beginning to assess their current knowledge of grammar.
The experimental group was given Cornell note-taking instruction prior to the grammar lessons. The control group did not receive any instruction and were told to take notes in their usual way.
Both groups underwent a post-test and, in both groups, – experimental an control – there was a clear improvement in test performance due to note-taking.
The students in the experimental group (Cornell note-taking) achieved higher than the control group. The researchers attributed this result to the fact that students reviewed their note at the end of each grammar lesson to ensure their accuracy.
They concluded that making students aware of note-taking as a learning strategy can have a positive effect on learning. It encourages critical thinking.
To sum up, note-taking has its place in language learning due to its multiple advantages. Try to use the Cornell note-taking system and I would be delighted if you let me know whether you notice any improvement. | <urn:uuid:e31d5815-19ae-4e89-9d4f-265a639de46b> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.speak-fast-languages.com/cornell-note-taking-and-improved-language-learning-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510942.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002001302-20231002031302-00372.warc.gz | en | 0.943265 | 1,110 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Bhutanese culture and Buddhist influence go hand-in-hand. The influence of religion is highly visible in every day life and is a major reason for Bhutan’s spiritual and cultural legacy. The hundreds of sacred monasteries, stupas, religious institutions, prayer flags and prayer wheels make Buddhism a faith that nowadays still is very alive and probably always will be in the kingdom. Not only this makes Bhutan a very authentic country; it is also because of the traditional woven garments the people wear, the typical robust yet refined architecture and the splendid cultural festivals which are steeped in Buddhism. All of these combined make Bhutan into a unique cultural setting.
All religious ceremonies and rituals (and there are many!) are regularly performed, with reverence for all of life. All Bhutanese families go on a pilgrimage on auspicious days, offering prayers and butter lamps to the gods of the Himalayas. National and regional festivals coincide with the seasons, happening all year round.
Bhutan might globally be a small country, yet it holds a very strong identity and unity. The rich cultural heritage is strongly promoted by its government. Although modernization is slowly making its way, generating urban settlements and introducing computers, mobile phones and other Western modernities, most of Bhutan’s people still live quietly in small remote villages. The predominant way of life are small family farms and Bhutan’s number one occupation is being a farmer. | <urn:uuid:232535e4-905a-434c-a937-f942180bac26> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://bucketlistbhutan.com/bhutan/culture-tradition/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257553.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20190524064354-20190524090354-00110.warc.gz | en | 0.938696 | 295 | 3 | 3 |
Mayor Mitchell Landrieu of New Orleans at the meeting in the Vatican could be pleased to hear what other mayors were doing to make cities more resilient and “get a practical guide on climate change.” When Hurricane Katrina hit 10 years ago, he said, his city became “the canary in the coal mine” showing the world how extreme weather associated with climate change can devastate a major city.
Mayor Tony Chammany of Kochi, India said that mitigating climate change and curbing poverty and exploitation cost money and demand investments. Today’s financial crisis is hindering greater efforts. for that reason the greater worldpowers should find solutions to get a better balance between rich and poor and getting their priorities right.
Governments must make the environment and social problems a top priority in public spending.
“holds individuals accountable for the fate of our planet, but it rightly asks the most of governments.”
People are being
“pushed by the highest moral authority to take the next step, no matter how challenging it appears to be,”
California Gov Jerry Brown said in his speech that there is “fierce opposition and blind inertia” to moving away from dependence on petroleum and coal. And, he said,
“that opposition is well financed — hundreds of millions of dollars are going into propaganda, to falsifying the scientific record, bamboozling people of every country.”
Mayor Kagiso Thutlwe of Gaborone, Botswana, told CNS that he disagrees with claims that radically reducing greenhouse gas emissions will hurt development.
“There was a period when our forefathers didn’t know anything about development,”
he said. That changed when outside assistance brought in modern methods
“and this development is now making us be engaged with the world”
and getting his people access to new technologies, he said.
In fact, Thutlwe said he sees public-private partnerships as being key to growing a more “green” development, for example by partnering with solar-panel companies to exploit his country’s abundance of sunshine and get needed electricity to more people.
“People aren’t stubborn. They are trying to make a living,” she said. “They say, ‘If I need fuel, don’t tell me not to cut down my trees because that’s the only way I am going to be able to cook my food.’”
Communities will need to provide the alternatives if any of the environmental awareness campaigns are going to work, she said.
- Climate change guilty of doing too little
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- Environmental Clean-Up! Meeting July 9th.
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- Greenpeace Petition | <urn:uuid:c422fea0-4840-4937-8f59-6e02796a988e> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://marcusampe.wordpress.com/2015/07/23/mayors-from-all-over-the-world-at-the-vatican-to-talk-about-climate-change/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046150266.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20210724125655-20210724155655-00642.warc.gz | en | 0.882142 | 1,401 | 2.546875 | 3 |
BREMEN, Germany -- Three research institutes from the German federal state Bremen among others have set up an observation ward for the long-term observation of a mud volcano in the Norwegian deep sea. This took place during RV Polarstern's 24th Arctic expedition from July 10th until August 3rd.
The endeavours are part of the project ESONET (European Seas Observatory NETwork), funded by the European Union. Its purposes are to provide information about the dynamics of gas eruptions in the next years and to show the consequences of these eruptions, for example on the biological communities on the seafloor. Another investigation area was the deep sea ecosystem west of Spitsbergen, the so-called "Hausgarten" of the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research in the Helmholtz Association. 50 researchers from seven nations participated in the research activities on board of Polarstern.
The Fram Strait between eastern Greenland and Spitsbergen is the only deep sea connection between the North Atlantic and the central Arctic Ocean. The Hausgarten is situated here and the Alfred Wegener Institute is conducting long-term observations at this observatory since 1999. The observatory consists of 16 separate stations from 1.000 to 5.500 m depth.
The researchers are able to discern considerable changes after a decade of systematic research. The water temperature in 2.500 m depth has increased by a tenth degree Celsius, for example. There is first evidence that the oxygen saturation has decreased at the boundary layer between seafloor and water and that the composition of the animal community has changed quicker than expected.
"Whether we really observe consequences of rapid change in the Arctic in several thousand metres of water depth, or if we are witnesses to natural changes taking place over several decades will be seen after the analysis of our data and further research", says Dr. Michael Klages, biologist at the Alfred Wegener Institute and scientific head of the expedition.
The research schedule at the AWI Hausgarten further contributes to other projects funded by the European Union: for example, work in shallower sea areas has been carried out in coordination with Norwegian Institutes in the framework of a project financed by the company StatoilHydro.
The construction of the long-term observatory LOOME (Long Term Observation of Mud Volcano Eruptions) was another focus of the expedition. The target of the observatory is to better understand the Hakon Mosby mud volcano situated at the Norwegian continental shelf in regard to the processes happening inside. The mud volcano has a diameter of about 1.5 km and it lies in 1.250 m water depth in the southwestern Barent Sea.
Mud, gases and water are pressed from the centre of the active mud volcano from a depth of about three kilometres to the surface of the seafloor. The efflux decreases in the direction of the outer areas of this structure. This is the spot where methane gas hydrates can be found on the floor which help to stabilize this zone.
Earlier research conducted by the Alfred Wegener Institute, the Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology and the French Institute IFREMER show that the efflux controls the distribution of biological communities and the stability of the gas hydrates as well as their release. With the construction of the long-term observatory it is possible to examine the mud volcano in regard to sudden gas eruptions and possible effects on the gas hydrate system, the composition of the soil and the organisms living at the fringe of the mud volcano.
"The distribution of the long-term observatory is an important milestone of the project ESONET", explains Dr. Dirk DeBeer, coordinator of the project from the Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology in Bremen. "It was possible to install the complicated construction of the observatory as planned with the help of all partners from Germany, France and Norway involved in the project. It shows again that good collaboration of the involved institutes is an important component of European marine research", DeBeer continues.
The availability of a remote-controlled submarine vehicle, a so-called ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle), was essential for the scientific work in the investigation area. The deep sea robot QUEST from the Center for Marine Environmental Research (Marum) of the University Bremen was therefore on board of Polarstern for the second time after 2007.
"This journey posed the highest scientific-technical demands on the ROV and my team", explains Dr. Volker Ratmeyer, head of QUEST at Marum. "I think that we were able to show with our expedition that it is possible to work on tasks of this difficulty in Germany as well, like the installation of a deep sea observatory or the retrieval of heavy equipment", Ratmeyer continues.
Klages adds: "It is impressive to see the level of competence that has grown together during the last years between Bremerhaven and Bremen. It is also impressive to see what we are able to achieve in deep sea research if we bring our excellent infrastructures jointly into such projects."
Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of UnderwaterTimes.com, its staff or its advertisers. | <urn:uuid:d9ebdf7c-f900-4881-8182-bd3ee56d570f> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.underwatertimes.com/news.php?article_id=92164538107 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998607.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20190618043259-20190618065259-00289.warc.gz | en | 0.937339 | 1,068 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Awfulising: Are you making mountains out of molehills?
How often do you rate something as awful, terrible, or horrible? Sometimes people use such words in a superficial sense: 'Wasn't that a terrible play?'; 'Look at that awful outfit shes got on', and the like. But often we do attach a significant meaning to them. We imply to ourselves that something is the worst that could ever happen, or its the end of the world.
You can awfulise about things that have happened in the past, things that are happening now, and things that may happen in the future. Typical self-talk may involve:
All things in moderation
Old habits die hard. We often see only two alternatives - our problems are either serious, or there is nothing wrong at all (an example of black and white thinking).
There is a better way: learn to think in moderate terms. That means avoiding extremes (either positive or negative) which are out of proportion to what is going on and that hurt unnecessarily. Do not minimise your difficulties, though. Avoid so-called positive thinking. What we are talking about here is realistic thinking - seeing things as they really are.
In real life, very little is ever 100% bad - or 100% good. The trouble with awfulising is that it often implies something is as bad as it could be. But how often is this the case? Someone once asked me, for instance: 'What could be worse than dying in agony over a whole hour?' Well, the answer to that is: 'To die in agony over two hours!' (or three, or four, or a whole day - or more). You can undercut awfulising by viewing what is going on in relation to other - possibly worse - events.
I am not suggesting you deny reality by telling yourself that 'it could be worse.' Rather, see things that are unpleasant, uncomfortable and inconvenient as just that and no more - not as the end of the world. Then you will avoid adding unnecessary emotional pain to the real problems you do have. In other words, keep things in perspective.
Mountains Back to Molehills
See the list of typical catastrophising thoughts below. Alongside each is a more realistic alternative.
Here are a few strategies to help you change from awfulising to realistic thinking:
In other words, get those mountains back to the molehills they really are. | <urn:uuid:9b544591-5948-40f1-9c42-52bb479078a5> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://working4recovery.com/Self_Defeating_Beliefs/sup3.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711360.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20221208183130-20221208213130-00305.warc.gz | en | 0.967486 | 506 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Or download MP3 (Right-click or option-click and save link)
CHRISTOPHER CRUISE: I’m Christopher Cruise.
FAITH LAPIDUS: And I’m Faith Lapidus with EXPLORATIONS in VOA Special English. Today we tell about the life of one of the most famous and powerful women in history. She was a goddess, a queen, and a skilled diplomat and negotiator. She was a great politician who knew how to show off her and her country’s power and influence.
At the height of her rule more than two thousand years ago, she controlled Egypt and other lands including most of the eastern Mediterranean coast.
She was also one of the richest people in the world. She was known for her striking personality, her sharp intelligence and her alliances with the two most powerful men of her time. Her name was Cleopatra.
CHRISTOPHER CRUISE: Many people remember Cleopatra as the beautiful and fiery woman played by Elizabeth Taylor in the nineteen sixty-three movie “Cleopatra.”
ELIZABETH TAYLOR (AS CLEOPATRA): “Do as you say, literally? As if I was something you had conquered?”
REX HARRISION (AS CAESAR): “If I choose to regard you as such.”
ELIZABETH TAYLOR: “Am I to understand then that you feel free to do with me whatever you want, whenever you want?”
REX HARRISON: “Yes, I want that understood.”
CHRISTOPHER CRUISE: She is also the subject of one of William Shakespeare’s great tragic plays, “Antony and Cleopatra.” Shakespeare describes Cleopatra with these lines:
“Age cannot wither her, nor custom stale her infinite variety; other women cloy the appetites they feed, but she makes hungry where most she satisfies.”
FAITH LAPIDUS: The story of Cleopatra has influenced countless historians, painters, writers and filmmakers. But much of the story of her life is based on descriptions that are not true. She is often described as an evil and sexy beauty who liked to take control of men.
To learn the truth about this famous ruler requires separating fact from centuries of storytelling. Most historical documents describing her life were written long after she had died. They were written by historians who never knew her and who were loyal to her enemies. Remembering this famous woman as an evil beauty discredits her role as a wise and intelligent ruler who lived during an important period in history.
CHRISTOPHER CRUISE: Cleopatra the Seventh was born over two thousand years ago in sixty-nine B.C., or sixty-nine years before the birth of Christ. Her ancestors came from a long line of rulers that began with Ptolemy the First and ended with Cleopatra. This family is known as the Ptolemies. Although Cleopatra ruled Egypt, she was not Egyptian. She was Macedonian Greek. Her first language was Greek, but historians say she spoke eight others including Hebrew, Latin, Parthian and Egyptian.
Cleopatra became queen of Egypt at the age of eighteen. Egyptian tradition required that a female rule alongside a male family member. She ruled jointly, first with her younger brother, Ptolemy the Thirteenth. She was also married to him. After his death, Cleopatra ruled with her other brother Ptolemy the Fourteenth. Later she ordered that he be killed.
FAITH LAPIDUS: The Ptolemies were famous for marrying within their family. They were also well known for their murderous aims and often plotted to kill one another to gain power. Cleopatra’s sister Arsinoe attempted to have herself declared queen of Egypt. So Cleopatra ordered that her sister be killed. Cleopatra was not interested in sharing power and was not going to risk any threats from her family members.
CHRISTOPHER CRUISE: One of Cleopatra’s main concerns throughout her reign was Egypt’s relationship with the powerful Roman Republic. The Romans had taken control of most of Europe and parts of North Africa.
Cleopatra had good reason to be concerned that Rome would try to take over Egypt. She worked hard to create strong alliances with Rome’s leaders. She offered them her financial support and resources such as grain, warships and soldiers. Egypt was an extremely rich country, and Rome began to depend on its wealth. Throughout her more than twenty years as ruler, she kept Egypt allied with, but independent from, Rome.
FAITH LAPIDUS: Starting in the year forty-eight B.C., Cleopatra allied herself with the Roman general and statesman Julius Caesar. She had been exiled by her brother Ptolemy the Thirteenth and was fighting to take back power. Rome was going through a period of civil war. Pompey the Great and Julius Caesar were fighting each other for control of Rome.
After Pompey was murdered, Cleopatra decided it was important to make friends with Caesar for her safety and that of her country. Tensions were high in Egypt’s main city, Alexandria. She had a servant secretly bring her into Caesar’s home while hidden in a cloth bag.
CHRISTOPHER CRUISE: Cleopatra supported Caesar during fighting between the Egyptian supporters of Ptolemy the Thirteenth and the Roman military. And upon his victory, Caesar gave control of Egypt back to Cleopatra. The queen would soon give birth to Caesar’s child, a boy named Caesarion. Cleopatra knew this child would deepen ties between Rome and Egypt.
Caesar and Cleopatra continued their relationship although he was often travelling on military campaigns. She visited him twice in Rome. But many Romans did not like that a queen from the East was interfering in Roman affairs. And, some Romans felt Caesar was becoming too powerful. In forty-four B.C., Caesar was murdered by a group of Roman senators.
FAITH LAPIDUS: Rome was later controlled by three rulers -- a triumvirate. The rulers were Octavian, Marcus Lepidus, and Mark Antony. Cleopatra would ally herself with Mark Antony. They would also become lovers. She had three children with him. But their alliance would come at a huge cost.
CHRISTOPHER CRUISE: Stacy Schiff is an award-winning writer who published a book on Cleopatra in two thousand ten. It is called “Cleopatra: A Life.” Ms. Schiff’s aim is to separate fact from fiction in telling Cleopatra’s story. She says Cleopatra was smart and powerful. She has been misrepresented by history as a liar and someone who used men for her own gain. Ms. Schiff’s book helps bring to life not only this famous queen, but also the richness of ancient Egyptian culture and society.
Her description of Alexandria helps explain why the city was one of the most famous and beautiful in the world. Alexandria was a capitol for learning and culture. Its library was the largest and greatest in the ancient world.
FAITH LAPIDUS: Cleopatra would have been a part of this learned environment. She grew up studying and memorizing literary works which taught about history, religion and philosophy.
She also studied public speaking, math, music, astronomy and geometry. She used this knowledge in her many duties as queen. She organized an army, acted as a judge, controlled the value of the country’s money, secured Egypt’s economy and was a huge supporter of the arts.
CHRISTOPHER CRUISE: Stacy Schiff also describes how Cleopatra successfully used her image as a powerful queen and goddess to influence others. Ms. Schiff explains that the power of imagery was huge in a world where only some people knew how to read. For example, Cleopatra made herself into a representation of the goddess Isis. Isis was a goddess of motherhood, righteousness and justice.
Ms. Schiff describes how Cleopatra used the power of imagery for her first official meeting with Mark Antony at his base in the town of Tarsus. She arrived in a golden boat with a team of musicians and servants. This had an unforgettable effect on Mark Antony.
The two would remain a couple for the rest of their lives. Mark Antony controlled the eastern part of the Roman Republic. He gave many rich lands to Cleopatra to rule. In return, she helped him pay for his military campaigns.
FAITH LAPIDUS: However, Mark Antony began to spend more and more time in Alexandria with Cleopatra and less time planning his military invasions. People in Rome feared Mark Antony’s growing loyalty to Egypt.
He received increasing criticism from the powerful Roman ruler Octavian. A huge battle between Octavian’s troops and those of Mark Antony and Cleopatra took place at Actium in modern day Greece. Octavian’s forces quickly defeated his enemies.
CHRISTOPHER CRUISE: Mark Antony’s soldiers deserted him as Octavian’s troops entered Alexandria. Mark Antony soon killed himself, dying in Cleopatra’s arms. Cleopatra killed herself by poison several days later to escape watching her kingdom become a province of Rome. The golden age of ancient Egypt and its rulers ended with her death. But Cleopatra’s timeless story would live on.
FAITH LAPIDUS: This program was written and produced by Dana Demange. I’m Faith Lapidus.
CHRISTOPHER CRUISE: And I’m Christopher Cruise. Our programs are online with transcripts and MP3 files at voaspecialenglish.com. You can also find us on Facebook and Twitter at VOA Learning English. Join us again next week for EXPLORATIONS in VOA Special English. | <urn:uuid:840d1b5b-0e24-4e91-8dd1-7e69e5b1e48f> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/cleopatra-was-a-powerful-and-wise-ruler-116280284/114309.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912201996.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20190319143502-20190319165502-00158.warc.gz | en | 0.981056 | 2,118 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Queen or worker? Flexibility between roles relies on just a few genesTwo insect species from Latin America, the dinosaur ant and the red paper wasp, have been used to uncover the molecular mechanisms underpinning queen and worker roles in social insects. The research by an international team of scientists brings us closer to understanding how genomes are used to generate castes in social evolution.
Researchers from the University of Bristol, the Babraham Institute (Cambridge, UK) and the Centre for Genomic Regulation (Barcelona, Spain) analysed individual wasp and ant brains from queens and workers of both species to see whether caste differences could be explained by variations in how the genome is ‘read’ and regulated.
As published in the latest issue of PNAS, the two species revealed much more than honeybees about how queen and worker castes evolve in insect societies. Dr Seirian Sumner, a senior author on the paper, and a senior lecturer at the University of Bristol, explains: “Unlike honeybees, who as larvae are fated irreversibly to be a queen or worker, paper wasps and dinosaur ants are able to switch role from worker to queen at any point in their life. This flexibility is thought to represent the first stages of caste evolution, when the simplest societies form.”
Queens and workers of paper wasps and dinosaur ants look identical. It was only by observing the insects’ behaviours and social interactions that the researchers were able to identify their roles. To do this, the researchers fitted the insects with tiny paint spots or identification tags to study the insects in their natural environments.
Comparing the molecular differences between queens and workers of both species was surprising. “We found very few differences in gene expression and gene functional specialisation between queens and workers in both the ant and the wasp,” said Dr Solenn Patalano from the Epigenetics Programme at the Babraham Institute and lead author on the paper. “In both, less than one per cent of the genome showed noticeable differences in expression levels. This was unexpected as many hundreds of genes are involved in differentiating queens and workers in the honeybee.”
Instead, the authors found that castes were differentiated by subtle, but non-random arrangements of gene networks. “This suggest that there is no single master gene regulating caste differentiation in these simple societies, and that genes for simple social behaviour act in interconnected networks involving many genes of small effect,” explained Dr Sumner.
The authors also looked at whether epigenetic modifications to DNA (DNA methylation) might be regulating these subtle gene networks. “Surprisingly, we found no evidence that queen- and worker-specific gene expression was driven by DNA methylation and more generally the ant and wasp genomes lack strong epigenetic signatures.” said Dr Patalano. “We suggest that this absence of molecular commitment keeps the genome open and responsive, facilitating the behavioural plasticity we see in these species.”
“As part of this research we are also really excited to be publishing the first genome sequence for a social wasp!” Dr Sumner added. “Genome sequences exist for eleven ant species and three bee species. The sequencing of the first wasp genome completes the trio of the social Hymenoptera (bees, wasps and ants), giving us a more balanced understanding of the molecular basis of sociality in insects, and opens up exciting new avenues of research into a somewhat neglected group of insects.”
Professor Wolf Reik, Head of the Epigenetics Programme at the Babraham Institute, associated faculty at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute and a senior author on the paper, said: “We are excited about discovering molecular mechanisms which in these wasps and ants allow easy switching between workers and queens. There are some applications of these principles to human stem cells to make them more plastic, potentially leading to better stem cell therapies in the future.”
“The work illustrates the relevance of genomic approaches, including genome and transcriptome sequencing, to understand animal behaviour. They help to uncover the genetic basis underlying behavioural traits.” added Professor Roderic Guigó, coordinator of the Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme at the Centre for Genomic Regulation in Barcelona, Spain.
This work was supported by Wellcome Trust and Biotechnology and Biological Research Council funding to the Babraham Institute, funding from the Natural Environment Research Council to the University of Bristol, and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness ‘Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa 2013-2017’ to the Centre for Genomic Regulation.
Amalgam of graphics and photographs artistically illustrating the entire scientific study. Credit: Solenn Patalano and Philippos Vardakas
Main image description:
Associated resource:This video shows several dominance behaviours performed by
the wasp queen in her nest. The queen shakes her abdomen
to activate her ovaries (highlighted by the label ‘queen abdominal
waves’); ‘aggression’ is performed by the queen in order to apply
her dominance over one worker who shows an imitation of this
behaviour. Every wasp on this nest bears an identification mark
(either tag or painted marks). Credits: Solenn Patalano, BBSRC
Solenn Patalano, Postdoc research associate (Reik lab)
Associated researchers (in author order):
Philip Ewels, previous postdoc researcher (Reik lab)
Anne Segonds-Pichon, Biological statatician
Felix Krueger, Bioinformatician
Simon Andrews, Head of Bioinformatics
Wolf Reik, Head of Epigenetics programme and group leader at the Babraham Institute, and associated faculty at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute
As a publicly funded research institute, the Babraham Institute is committed to engagement and transparency in all aspects of its research. The research presented here used paper wasps and dinosaur ants collected from their native environments for genomic analyses.
Animal research statement:
Please follow the link for further details of our animal research, how we use alternatives whenever possible and our animal welfare practices.
Publication reference:Patalano et al. (2015). Molecular signatures of plastic phenotypes in two eusocial insect species with simple societies. PNAS
20 October, 2015 | <urn:uuid:771779c7-fb34-405a-8752-f50d83f356eb> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.babraham.ac.uk/news/2015/10/Queens_workers_insect_societies | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982291592.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195811-00291-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.915536 | 1,332 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Vol. 19 Issue 9
The Rheumatoid Arthritis Pain Scale (RAPS)
Imagine a 43-year-old wife and mother who presents with gnarled and misshapen hands and feet, partially fused wrists, swollen joints and calluses under the pads of her feet.
Imagine ruptured tendons, fallen arches, severe ankle pronation. Imagine the misery of a 3-year-old in pain and stiff as a result of inflamed, swollen joints.
As health care providers, these scenarios are not too difficult to imagine. They are often a reality for many of the patients that we see suffering from the debilitating effects of rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
RA is an auto-immune disorder of unknown cause that primarily affects the peripheral joints. RA causes the joint lining to swell and produce a chemical substance that attacks and destroys the joint surface. Most commonly, the most affected joints are the MCP followed by the wrist, PIP, knee, MTP, shoulder, ankle, cervical spine, hip, elbow and temporomandibular.1
Though RA is less common than OA, it affects almost 3 million Americans. The worldwide incidence of RA is approximately three cases per 10,000 and the prevalence rate is approximately 1 percent.1 Symptoms common to this disease include fatigue, malaise, morning stiffness and pain.
Whereas joint involvement is the characteristic feature of patients with RA, where generally it is the small joints of the hands and feet that are affected in a relatively symmetrical manner, it is pain that is often a major limiting variable when it relates to function and mobility.
Pain is the major complaint in individuals with RA and a chief reason why medical attention is sought.2,3 It is this last variable that is often difficult to quantify from patient to patient.
To quantitatively assess pain in the patient with arthritis, numerous self-report methods have been employed. The most simple of these measurements is the 10cm visual analog scale (VAS) which is completed by the patient and scored quickly by a health professional. Other measures of pain include the McGill Pain Questionnaire4, the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ),5 Modified Health Assessment Questionnaire (MHAQ),6 the Short Form 36 (SF-36),7 and the Western Ontario McMaster Questionnaire (WOMAC).8
While clinically valuable, these measures may be time-consuming to complete or may not be specific to RA as in the case of the WOMAC. To specifically address these concerns, the Rheumatoid Arthritis Pain Scale (RAPS) was developed to measure pain in adult patients with RA.9
The evaluation of pain is complex and involves a multidimensional approach in order to capture the many facets contained within this construct. The RAPS, based on the Gate control and the affective motivational theories of pain sets out to capture the multidimensionality of pain. The Gate control theory manifests that pain consists of sensory, motivational, affective and cognitive factors that are influenced by neural mechanisms in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord which act like a gate that regulates the flow of nerve impulses from the periphery to the central nervous system.9,10
The affective motivational model builds upon the Gate control theory. This theory consists of two stages. Stage 1 is termed the immediate affective stage that is comprised of immediate discomfort/unpleasantness and distress simultaneously occuring with the intensity of painful sensations and arousal. Stage 2 includes the memory and past experiences of pain and therefore is considered more cognitive in nature. Anderson (2001)9 proposed that if all the components of pain are present in RA, a comprehensive tool should exist to measure the various domains of pain.
The development of the RAPS as a clinical measure of pain in adults with RA was accomplished through clinical assessments and input from patients with RA as well as from theoretical concepts previously discussed.
Initial development of the instrument included 4 subscales each representing major pain dimensions in RA: physiologic, affective sensory-discriminative and cognitive. The scale initially consisted of 36 items, but after piloting with men and women 18 years and older diagnosed with RA, the items on the scale were reduced to 24.
The items are scored using a 7-point Likert scale ranging from "0 = never" to "6 = always," with a higher score considered to represent greater severity of pain.2.9 The complete RAPS is available in the appendix of the original article.9
Content, Concurrent Validity
Content validity of the RAPS was established by expert review. Six individuals actively involved in clinical work and research and publication in the field of rheumatology were recruited to review the subscales of the RAPS. Eleven items were removed as a result of the expert review with one item being removed because it caused confusion.
This led to there being 24 items on the final scale. Concurrent validity was established by comparing the domains of the RAPS with the total joint count (TJC) (Pearson correlation= 0.5237; p = 0.0001) and the modified VAS (Pearson correlation =.6756; p = 0.0001).
Construct validity was established via exploratory factor analysis which yielded three factors with criteria for factor loadings greater than 0.4 and 84 percent of the variance explained by these three factors. Factor loadings for the affective subscale were not larger than 0.3, which is considered standard for accepting a factor.
Total RAPS showed strong internal consistency (Cronbach's • = 0.91). Cronbach alpha for the four subscales ranged from 0.64 (affective subscale) to 0.86 (cognitive subscale). The sensory-discriminative subscale had a Cronbach's • = 0.80 and the physiologic subscale had a Cronbach's • = 0.70.
In its current form, the RAPS can be used to measure the relationship between pain and the effectiveness of treatment interventions for RA (medication, modalities, therapeutic exercise, etc.) in reducing pain in patients with RA.
The developer of the RAPS concludes that this understanding between pain associated with RA and interventions for the disease may help clinicians choose interventions that would be more effective in the treatment of this dimension of RA.
So for the 43-year-old female, for those burdened by ruptured tendons and the discomfort associated with fallen arches, and for children with juvenile RA who will become adults with RA, there is hope that an understanding of the multidimensionality of pain can lead to relief for at least this symptom of the disease.
1. Smith, H. (2008). Rheumatoid arthritis. Available at: http://www.emedicine.com/MED/topic2024.htm
2. Sokka, T. (2003). Assessment of pain in patients with rheumatic diseases. Best Practice Research in Clinical Rheumatology, 17(3), 427-449.
3. Anderson, K., Bradley, L., Turner, R., et al. (1994). Pain behavior of rheumatoid arthritis patients enrolled in experimental drug trials. Arthritis Care Research, 7, 64-68.
4. Melzack, R. (1975). The McGill Pain Questionnaire: Major properties and scoring methods. Pain, 277-299.
5. Fries, J., Spitz, P., Kraines, R., & Holman, H. (1980). Measurement of patient outcome in arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatology, 23, 137-145.
6. Pincus, T., Summey, J., Soraci, S., et al. (1983). Assessment of patient satisfaction in activities of daily living using a modified Stanford health assessment questionnaire. Arthritis Rheumatology, 26, 1346-1353.
7. Ware, J., & Sherbourne, C. (1992). The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36): I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care, 30, 473-481.
8. Bellamy, N., Buchanan, W., Goldsmith, C., et al. (1998). Validation study of WOMAC: A health status instrument with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. Journal of Rheumatology, 15, 1833-1840.
9. Anderson, D. (2001). Development of an instrument to measure pain in rheumatoid arthritis: Rheumatoid arthritis pain scale (RAPS). Arthritis Care Research, 45, 317-323.
10. Melzack, R., & Wall, P. (1965). Pain mechanisms: A new theory. Science, 50, 971-979.
Dr. Lewis is a private practice and consulting clinical specialist for ProfessionalSportsCare and Rehab. She lectures exclusively for GREAT Seminars and Books, Inc. Dr. Lewis is also the author of numerous textbooks. Her Website address is www.greatseminarsandbooks.com. Dr. Shaw is an assistant professor in the physical therapy program at the University of South Florida dedicated to the area of geriatric rehabilitation. She lectures exclusively for GREAT Seminars and Books in the area of geriatric function. | <urn:uuid:82bb7dbb-464a-4af4-b374-587653a038e9> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://physical-therapy.advanceweb.com/Article/The-Rheumatoid-Arthritis-Pain-Scale-RAPS.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542246.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00303-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91718 | 1,913 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Choosing the right code is a basic way of ensuring your product gets to the right place, at the right time. This is vital for fresh produce, which has a shorter life-span than other food products.
In Coding and labelling: decoding the rules for fresh produce – Part 1, we talked about the rules for labelling fresh produce, especially focusing on the country-of-origin legislation. As with labelling, there is a range of standards for coding to consider for fresh produce as well — some mandatory and some recommended. At the end of the day, it all comes down to what’s best for your customers and your supply chain as a whole.
There are 5 essential codes you need to understand for fresh produce:
1. Date codes
The most common coding needed in the fresh produce industry is date coding, or use-by dates, on plastic packaging. In Australia, the Food Standards Code states that packaged foods with a shelf-life under two years must have a use-by date on the primary packaging, and a best-before date in most other cases. The intention of date coding is to give consumers a guide to that food’s shelf-life in terms of quality. So they know how long a food can be kept before it begins to deteriorate or becomes unsafe to consume.
Retailers also require date code information on secondary packaging. This gives them the information they need to improve stock turnaround and avoid food wastage. Retail date codes must be clearly read and easily visible to the end consumer. Because it’s law to have that date, the code must be indelible. Matthews helps fresh produce suppliers with printing and coding solutions to meet legal requirements. The most common technology used by companies is a thermal transfer overprinter (TTO). Date codes are also applied with label printer applicators (LPA).
2. Price look up (PLU) codes
“Price look up” (PLU) codes are four or five-digit numbers used to identify fresh produce items. They might appear on a small sticker on an individual piece of fresh produce. There are two types of PLU codes: global assigned and retailer assigned. Global PLU codes are assigned to items that are traded on an international level (click to see the global PLU list here), while retailer-assigned codes are for national use only. There are also “Australian grown” PLU codes that should be used by national suppliers who sell to retailers within Australia (these codes are not to be applied to fresh produce that is exported). GS1 Australia has managed a central list of PLU codes since the early 1990s.
3. National Global Trade Item Numbers (GTINs) for cartons and crates
The national GTIN is strictly for loose fruit and vegetable suppliers to use to identify cases and crates (known as non-retail trade items). It is recommended for use alongside the GS1 logistics label we talked about in Coding and labelling: decoding the rules for fresh produce – Part 1, allowing trading partners to scan the label and trace the product through the supply chain. These GTINs are managed and assigned by GS1 Australia, so if you find that a National GTIN does not exist for your product, GS1 Australia will allocate one.
However, this is not as simple as it might first appear. In the long term, the fresh produce industry wants to move towards supplier/agent-assigned GTINs — but only if the supplier is deemed the brand owner. Some loose produce suppliers are already doing this, while others are still utilising the national GTIN number assigned by GS1 Australia. If you do assign GTINs to non-retail trade items, it’s important to inform your customers so they can update their databases.
For any pre-packed produce, the standard rules of GTINs apply (you can read more about them in Matthews FAQs). Once you have a GTIN, you can create a barcode for your product.
4. Serial Shipping Container Code (SSCC)
As in any industry, an SSCC should be assigned to pallets or logistics units of fresh produce. This code provides your logistics units with a unique reference that can be used to trace products from manufacturing through to delivery. Find out more about SSCCs in the Matthews FAQs.
The DataBar is a new group of barcodes being rolled out in Australia in 2014. This small barcode will be used to deliver enhanced product information at retail point-of-sale. The main advantage for retailers and suppliers is that DataBar can be used on small or hard-to-mark consumer items that could not previously hold barcodes — such as fresh produce.
This means products can be quickly and accurately scanned at point-of-sale. It will also provide for automated markdowns, improving stock rotation and eliminating stock wastage. Visit the GS1 Australia website for the latest information on GS1 DataBar.
How to get the right codes
Once you’ve identified the best codes for your fresh produce, finding a way to generate and keep a track of them is critical. Matthews iDSnet can help you do that. iDSnet can generate and manage codes as well as keep a record of what is printed. All codes are stored in a central database along with the product information. With a streamlined system, message changes for the printers are quick and easy to do from one central location to ensure the correct code is put on the right product at the right time.
Need to discuss your coding and labelling needs for fresh produce? Contact Matthews for more information and advice. We also recommend you visit www.foodstandards.gov.au to stay up to date with the latest changes to the Food Standards Code. | <urn:uuid:6ba0a76f-648b-4aa0-bda4-e5cafa35e6c7> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://blog.matthews.com.au/coding-labelling-decoding-rules-fresh-produce-part-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541308604.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20191215145836-20191215173836-00384.warc.gz | en | 0.924253 | 1,189 | 2.546875 | 3 |
An earthquake that shook the south coast of Oregon erupted late this morning and was centered 135 miles offshore from Bandon, Oregon. The 5.1 shaker was felt over a wide area.
USGS and NOAA data shows the quake was centered in an active earthquake zone far offshore, in the middle of what is called the Cascadia Subduction Zone. Today’s shaker did NOT generate a tsunami.
Scientists say the area is well overdue for a major earthquake which could produce a tsunami much on the same scale of what lashed Japan on March 11, 2011. | <urn:uuid:90651c68-65ba-4762-93ab-02f1ce68d035> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.newslincolncounty.com/archives/112800 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780058456.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20210927151238-20210927181238-00247.warc.gz | en | 0.970135 | 116 | 2.65625 | 3 |
October 28th, 2013 | Tis the season to get the flu vaccine, but what’s a parent to do if your child has an intolerance or allergy to the flu shot? It’s true that the flu vaccine contains a very small amount of egg protein, but it is still recommended for all children aged six months and older. You may need to take precautions if your child has an egg… Continue Reading
The board certified allergists and clinical immunologists at Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health evaluate and treat children who get recurrent infections because of defects in their immune system. Our physicians evaluate children who have an immune system that is “overactive,” which may show up as the classic allergy, and “underactive,” which means their immune system is deficient. A defective immune system leaves the child unprotected and may lead to recurrent infections.
If your child suffers from recurrent infections, an immune evaluation may be needed. Immune deficiency conditions are rare and are not the only reason for recurrent infections in children. There are four general reasons why children have recurrent infections. Those reasons include:
- Exposure to others
- Physical reasons related to the anatomy or structure of the child
Problems with the immune system such as:
- An overactive immune system, which results in the classic allergy
- An underactive immune system, which can be defined as immune deficiency
- Other, which includes recurrent infections that are never totally cured
EXPOSURE TO OTHERS
Exposure to other people is the most common reason for recurrent infections in children. A noted study from 1964, conducted in Cleveland, Ohio, pinpointed factors that are associated with recurrent infections. Those factors include the age of the patient, the size of the family, the season and school exposure.
Average Respiratory Tract Infections by Age
|Age||Number of illnesses/year||Range (min to max)|
A one-year-old child may average 8 colds per year, but may have playmates who average anywhere from 1 to 17 per year. This number of opportunities for exposure can be frustrating for a concerned parent.
Family size also impacts the number of respiratory illnesses a child may be exposed to. The larger the family, the greater the chance for infection.
|Family size||Illnesses per person per year (respiratory)|
The time of year also affects respiratory tract illness. The Cleveland study showed that peak times of year for respiratory tract illness were between September and March. If your child experiences illness during summer months or there is no change in frequency at other times of year, an immune problem may be the cause.
The Cleveland study also considered school exposure. The study found that once a child was in school, respiratory tract infections increased. If a child had younger siblings, their risk of infection also increased with the school attendance of the older child.
Over the years, there have been many studies looking at the incidence of infection in children who attend daycare. Attending daycare increases the risk of upper respiratory tract infections anywhere from two to eight times. When the child is in a one-on-one situation, just the child and the attending adult, they do better. The most important consideration as to why a child is having recurrent infections is exposure to others.
The second reason why a child may have recurrent infections is physical. The child’s structure or anatomy—how the child is made—may be the reason for recurrent illness.
Some physical reasons for recurrent infections include:
- Circulation issues, such as those caused by sickle cell disease, diabetes, kidney ailments and heart disease.
- Obstruction issues, as caused by Eustachian tube blockage in the ear, cystic fibrosis or stenosis, which is the abnormal narrowing of a passageway in the body.
- Foreign bodies, such as shunts, catheters, valves or aspirated foreign bodies (something unusual that is breathed in by the child).
- Broken barriers when a protective system (like the skin) of the body is compromised, such as eczema, burns or midline sinus tracts.
- Other issues in the body, such as abnormal cilia, which are hair-like structures in the respiratory tract. The respiratory tract is lined with cells that make mucus and the cilia in those cells propel the mucus.
- Irritants that are not part of the physical body. Irritants such as cigarette smoke or strong smells can increase the risk of respiratory tract illness.
DEFICIENT IMMUNE SYSTEM
The third reason why children may have recurrent infections is a deficient immune system.
This deficiency may occur in two major areas:
- An overactive immune system, which may result in the classic allergy.
- An underactive immune system, which may indicate a deficient immune system.
Allergic conditions may lead to infection. Those illnesses include allergic rhinitis (the immune system overreacts to particles that are breathed in), atopic dermatitis (an itchy skin disorder) and asthma.
Allergic rhinitis may be associated with as many as one-third of cases of serous chronic fluid in the ears. Infectious complications of allergic rhinitis may also include chronic sinusitis (nasal inflammation).
Those with atopic dermatitis who are constantly scratching and breaking down the skin barrier may suffer from recurrent skin infections.
Recurrent pneumonia, a serious lower respiratory tract infection, may actually be asthma.
Deficient Immune System
Immune deficiency can be primary or secondary. The primary immune deficiencies are when the immune systems of the body do not work properly. There are a number of secondary immune deficiencies that are the consequence of other conditions. The immune system needs time to mature (which explains why recurrent infections are common in children). The immune system needs nourishment because good nutrition is essential for good health. The immune system needs help from other body systems. Below are the conditions that have been associated with recurrent infections caused by primary and secondary immune deficiency.
Primary Immune Deficiency
Primary immune deficiencies are rare conditions. The most common is selective immunoglobulin A (IgA) deficiency, which may be seen in one in 500 people. Beyond this, the incidence of immune deficiency is one per 1,000 in some conditions and 1 in 1,000,000 in others.
The immune system is divided into four areas. Each area has its own type of infection. The type of infection, where it is happening and the nature of the organisms that are causing the infections help determine where the defect is.
The four areas of immune dysfunction are:
- T cells
- B cells
- Polymorphonuclear cells
- T cell defects: T cells are the most important immune functioning cells. When these do not work, the most severe forms of immune deficiency will occur. These illnesses strike early in life. Infants have recurrent infections caused by unusual organisms and fail to thrive. There may be a family history of these illnesses.
- B cell defects: The B cell is responsible for antibody protection. Defects of this system are the most common. The hallmark is infection with specific organisms that cause high fever and invasive disease.
- Polymorphonuclear cell defects: These defects are uncommon. Children with defects of these cells may have recurrent skin infections with staphylococcus or recurrent fungal infections.
- Complement defects: The complement system is part of the immune system. These defects are rare.
Knowing what type of organism is responsible for the infection helps define the possible defect in the immune system.
Secondary Immune Deficiency
Secondary immune deficiency may be caused by the following:
- Premature birth
- Hereditary or rare metabolic conditions
- Immunosuppressive agents like drugs, irradiation or oral steroids
- Infectious diseases
- Cancer and blood disorders
- Surgery or trauma
THE DIAGNOSIS OF IMMUNE DEFICIENCY CONDITIONS
A patient’s history helps determine what studies need to be done. The history plus results of studies should help in forming the diagnosis. Once a diagnosis is made, treatment can be defined for the specific defect.
Clinical symptoms of immune deficiency vary by age.
Clinical symptoms that may occur from birth to six months include:
- Low calcium
- Heart disease
- Unusual appearance (facial features may be a clue)
- Delayed separation of the umbilical cord
- Very high or very low white blood cell counts
- Thrush that is recurrent and resistant to treatment
- Failure to thrive
- Swollen lymph nodes
- Severe skin conditions
- Bloody stool
- Draining ears
- Mouth ulcers
Clinical symptoms (occurring in addition to the infections) that may occur from six months to five years include:
- Severe infectious mononucleosis
- Paralytic disease after oral polio vaccine
- Recurrent infections with staphylococcus
- Problems with the fingernails and toenails
- Endocrine problems and infections
- Short stature
- Fine hair
- Severe chicken pox
- Swollen, large lymph nodes
- Recurrent pneumonia
- Bone infections
Clinical symptoms (occurring in addition to the infections) that may occur in older children include:
- Certain skin conditions
- Sinopulmonary (sinus and lung) infections
- Neurologic deterioration
- Spider-like blood vessel patterns on the skin
- Recurrent infections with neisserial (a type of bacteria) organisms
- Malabsorption syndromes
- Enlarged spleen
- Autoimmune illnesses
- Candida (yeast) infections
CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY APPOINTMENTS
To get an appointment, you need a referral from your primary care physician. If you are referred to an allergist, but require the additional services of a hematologist, we will direct you to the appropriate provider. We prefer to review all patient records before your first visit. Frequently, blood tests are needed to help with the evaluation. Our clinic uses the labs at Indiana University Health. All appointments for immune evaluations should be performed at the Riley Outpatient Center at IU Health. | <urn:uuid:1ecb2b0a-1d94-457e-82fd-27c958efeece> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://iuhealth.org/riley/pediatric-allergy-and-asthma/recurrent-infections/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999642517/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060722-00038-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928091 | 2,111 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Everyone agrees that art history is an important component to a quality of art education. However, we all know as public high school educators that visual art is an elective. That's right. Most students don't have a requirement to take art, or at least not visual art.
So it's important that we make our classes not only rich with art history but engaging and fun for kids! Enter the "Digital Escape Room." I love that this is a fun and engaging way for students to learn about art history!
Here is how it works. The first thing you will do as a teacher is play the escape room yourself. Don't worry, it's fun! Make sure your school will allow you and your students to the websites that are in the escape room, including youtube, googlesites, thinglink and jigsaw. Next you will go to the Escape room homepage on google sites.
You will take the students through the rules and how to play. Then they click on the image/link provided and they are off!
The room opens to a 360 degree escape room! Kids start by reading the "setup", in this case, thieves have stolen Van Gogh's Starry Night. You must follow the clues and find the painting before it disappears into the art underworld forever!
The goal of the game is to answer all of the clues. To do that you need to go to the locks page by clicking the "lock icon" in the escape room. It will take you to each lock. You must answer the locks/questions in numerical order.
Once they answer all of the locks, the painting is found and they win the game. This is a fun and engaging way for students to become acquainted with Vincent Van Gogh and his work. It is also a wonderful way to teach students how to read and follow instructions! Many students (an adults) struggle with this and it's an important skill to learn!
The whole experience lasts around 45 minutes. Have fun with this one! It is available now on my Shopify store. Just click the link below.
Have fun exploring with your students!
A Space to Create Art | <urn:uuid:8bbb8a1e-e0b2-4680-be89-5c1f92fbfdfb> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://aspacetocreateart.com/blogs/a-space-to-create-art-blog/fun-and-engaging-art-history-yes-art-history-digital-escape-rooms | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506686.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925051501-20230925081501-00278.warc.gz | en | 0.963098 | 443 | 3 | 3 |
For the Linux installation on your VPS to be able to host and serve web pages it needs to be configured with various sets of software. This is the called the server environment. One of the most common server environments is the so called 'LAMP' stack. (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP)
It consists of:
- An operating system..in this case a Ubuntu flavor of Linux. all ready installed with your Droplet
- A web server (Apache).
- MYSQL a database engine
- PHP. A programming language.
Firstly we need to log in to our VPS via the SSH terminal (Putty). Open Putty (Click Run) and Enter the IP address you received with your email. Click Open. Ignore this warning (click Yes). this is simply telling you that Putty has not connected to this server before.
A terminal window will open. At the prompt 'Login as' type root then press Enter
Enter the password you received with your welcome email. (you can copy it from the email and use the right click to paste it at the prompt. It will not display anything just right click once in the terminal window then press enter).
You will then be prompted to re enter the password (right click and press enter again and then enter a new password). The new password must include letters and digits. This is your VPS root password.
You should see the 'Welcome to Ubuntu message' and some information about the system. At the bottom is the command prompt. Something like:
As a security precaution it is common practice, and highly recommended to create another user (other than the root) and assign that user the privileges we need. To add a user we type the command (The square brackets are Linux speak for a user variable.):
Replace [username] with a username. It can be (almost) any letter or number combination, but for practice purposes keep it simple.
You will be prompted for a password, enter then re- enter a password of your choice. This is your VPS User password it. Once again for practice sake keep it simple. (this, of course would not be true if this was a production environment).
You will then be prompted for a bunch of stuff. Just keep pressing enter until you get back to the command prompt:
Now we need to assign this user the priveleges we need. To do this enter
adduser [user name] sudo
Now we need to log in as that user. Enter:
The command prompt now changes to
The final thing we need to do before we instale the necessary software is go to our home directory.
You will notice the command prompt changes to
Indicating that you are now in home directory.
Now we need to install Apache, MySQL and PHP. We are also going to install a program that allows us to transfer our files between our local machine and the server.
To make things a little easier I have prepared a script that install all this software in one hit. First you will need to copy the script into your server home directory. We need to use the 'sudo prefix' to ensure the command runs with super user privleges.
sudo wget http://22.214.171.124/assets/lampin.sh
You should see the saving file mesage then the comand prompt when it is finished.
Now we can run this file.
sudo rbash lampin.sh
A bunch of text will scroll past indicating the software is being installed. As each step completes you will be prompted to enter yes or no. Simply press enter, indicating the default 'Yes', at each of these stages. Eventully a screen will appear asking for a MySQL password. For practice purposes just enter a generic password. (once a gain in a production environment you would ensure that you used a complex password) Re enter it at the prompt.
Then you will be prompted to 'enter the current pasword for root'. This is the MySQL root password you entered in the previous step. Simply type it again.
When asked to change the pasword type n and press Enter.
Press Enter for all subsequenty steps until you are returned to the command prompt.
The LAMP stack and FTP have now been installed.
You can checked that the server is running pointing your browser to your IP address. You should see the default Apache welcome page.
To learn more about the linux shell ad setting up LAMP see the Linux Shell section of the Usefull Links page | <urn:uuid:d5947215-4645-4871-9fa7-0bb3006a5aac> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | http://interthing.org/introwd/index.php/8-lessons/5-installing-lamp?tmpl=component&print=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347422065.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20200602002343-20200602032343-00433.warc.gz | en | 0.873014 | 931 | 2.71875 | 3 |
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