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Who were the runners up in the men’s rugby union 2012-13 Six Nations competition?	2016 World Rugby U20 Championship live on Sky Sports \| Rugby Union News \| Sky Sports 2016 World Rugby U20 Championship live on Sky Sports By Emma Thurston Last Updated: 08/06/16 1:34pm New Zealand celebrate winning the 2015 World Rugby U20 Championship The 2016 World Rugby U20 Championship kicks-off on Tuesday at the AJ Bell Stadium in Salford live on Sky Sports, with New Zealand looking to retain their title and hosts England hoping to go one better than their runners-up position last year. The Championship brings together the best young talent from across the globe and during the 18 days of competition, new stars will emerge onto the world stage. Since 2008, only three sides have lifted the title - New Zealand, South Africa and England. However, with Wales taking the 2016 U20s Six Nations Grand Slam and Australia recently beating New Zealand, we're set for a highly competitive Championship. Ahead of Tuesday's opening matches in Salford and the Manchester City Academy Stadium, we cast our eye over the three pools and mark your card with a few players that you'll want to keep an eye out for... Pool A The reigning champions New Zealand are joined by Wales, Ireland and Georgia. Georgia qualified by winning the U20s trophy last year and the Junior Lelos start in the most difficult manner possible by facing New Zealand. Scrum-half Vasil Lobzhanidze will captain the side and his experience, playing in last year's senior Rugby World Cup, will be vital. Georgia's scrum-half Vasil Lobzhanidze became the youngest player in tournament history at RWC 2015 New Zealand have two returnees from the 2015 Championship and have an impeccable record at this level. Jordie Barrett, brother of Beauden, will pull the strings at fly-half and prop Alex Fidow has impressed with his set piece ability and play in the loose. Wales should be confident after their Grand Slam title and one player that excelled in that tournament is Harrison Keddie, whose physicality and leadership are expected to come to the fore over the coming fortnight. Nigel Carolan's Ireland will be led by James Ryan, an athletic lock also tipped to have an excellent future, and the Irish will start their tournament by facing their Six Nations compatriots. Pool B Italy and Scotland will join two sides that are familiar opponents on the world stage, England and Australia. Bath Rugby's Adam Hastings is the third Hastings to represent Scotland, following in the footsteps of his father Gavin, and uncle Scott The victories that Scotland recorded over England and Italy in the Six Nations will provide them confidence and head coach John Dalziel retains 23 of the squad that took part in that tournament. Italy have avoided relegation on the final day of the last two Championships, the last placed side drops into the World Rugby U20 Trophy, and it's a relatively inexperienced Azzurrini side that will wish to do so again this time around. Australia boast a number of players with Super Rugby experience including Lukhan Tui, James Tuttle and Sione Tuipulotu. Coach Adrian Thompson has openly highlighted his side's need to counter the Northern Hemisphere's teams' 'focus on the set piece' and that will be tested straight away in their opener against Scotland. Jack Walker will captain hosts England who start their Championship against Italy Hosts England will field a plethora of players with Premiership experience and ones that turned heads during this domestic season including Harry Mallinder, Will Evans, Ollie Thorley and Johnny Williams. The home side know the pressure that's on their shoulders given England's early exit in the senior competition and have to step up from their Six Nations outings to deliver. Pool C Argentina, France, Japan and South Africa make up the final pool in tournament The Junior Springboks start their tournament against Japan and will be hoping that history doesn't repeat itself at age-grade level. The squad features just two players that were involved in Italy last year and coach Dawie Theron has had to contend with a few more injuries than he'd like in the build-up. Japan's winger, Ataata Moeakiola, will surprise a few people with his physical presence. The 20-year-old stands at 185cm and 110kg and his power will be key for the Japanese. With six members of the sevens side that won silver medal at the Youth Olympic Games in 2014 the expectation is that Argentina will follow the example of their senior men and deliver high tempo attacking rugby. Damian Penaud scored 5 tries in 4 matches during this year's U20s Six Nations France haven't won an age grade title for 10 years and in 2016 Olivier Magne wants this to change. Damian Penaud, the 20-year-old Clermont centre, is certainly a man to watch. He's a player that beats defenders with ease and will be a handful for all in Pool C.	England
Which African country was known as South-West Africa, prior to 1968?	England women's Rugby World Cup squad \| Rugby Union News \| Sky Sports England women's Rugby World Cup squad Last Updated: 10/07/14 12:36pm We profile the 26 players who've made Gary Street's England Women's Rugby World Cup squad. The top 12 nations in women's rugby union will compete in France this August and Sky Sports will show the semi-finals and final plus pool stage matches live. England will be hoping to lift the trophy having finished runners-up in the last three Women's Rugby World Cups and recording their only win in 1994. Find out more England squad who will be looking to repeat the success of 20 years ago... Clare Allen CLUB: Richmond England caps: 27 As if playing at centre for your country isn’t tough enough, Claire Allan mixes her rugby with her day job as a Police Officer in the Metropolitan Police – Acton Proactive Robbery Squad. Claire had a taste of World Cup action on the Sevens circuit playing in both the 2009 World Cup in Dubai and the 2013 World Cup in Moscow but was cruelly stopped from playing in the 2010 XVs World Cup when she ruptured her ACL two weeks before the tournament kicked off. She did, however, show off her skills in front of the camera as she was a lead pundit with Sky Sports. Her career began with Richmond at the age of 14 and before returning there in 2009, she represented Clifton, Wasps, Worcester and Saracens. Claire has represented England at seven levels; Under 18s, Under 19s, Under 20s, Academy, A, Sevens and Seniors and is a big fan of Olympic Gold medallist, Mo Farah. “I love his down-to-earth attitude and work ethic,” she says. Margaret Alphonsi CLUB: Saracens England caps: 70 Born with a club foot, Margaret, known by many as Maggie the Machine, has turned early adversity into a remarkable career which has seen the Saracens flanker awarded an MBE in the 2012 Queen’s Birthday Honours List for Services to Rugby, something the experienced player described as “incredible”. She has played in two XVs Rugby World Cups and in 2012 shared in a record-breaking seventh successive Six Nations title and a sixth Grand Slam in seven years. Maggie started playing rugby in the centres and then moved to the back row – her first cap for England came at 12 and her second cap for England at 7. Maggie has also picked up a number of high-profile awards. In 2011, she was awarded an honorary doctoral degree from the University of Bedfordshire for her services to rugby, she has been named in the Powerlist for three years running, a highly respected publication which profiles 100 of the most influential people of African and African-Caribbean descent in Britain. There was also the Sunday Times Sportswoman of the Year prize in 2010 and the prestigious Pat Marshall award from the Rugby Union Writers’ Club, where she pipped New Zealand captain, Richie McCaw, to the gong to become the first woman to claim the prize in its50-year history. Rachael Burford CLUB: Thurrock England caps: 51 Rachael comes from a rugby family background. She played in the same Medway RFC team as her mother, Renata (who's Polish), and her sister, Louise. It was the club where Rachael spent the first ten years of her career. And, to ensure that there was a full house of Burfords at Medway, dad Michael also played for them as did her brother, Reuben. Rachael was selected to go to the RFUW Rugby Academy at Bath at the age of 16 before being advised to join a Premiership club to raise her experience levels. So, off to Henley she went before being picked for the England U19s, only for a couple of serious injuries to lead to nearly two seasons being lost. Thankfully, that did not hold her back. A talented sevens player, Rachael took part in the 2009 and 2013 Sevens World Cups, her high spots including sharing in England’s triumph over Australia in the 2012 Hong Kong Sevens final. She also played in the 2006 15-a-side World Cup, making her senior debut against Canada, and the 2010 tournament in England. Rochelle Clarke CLUB: Worcester England caps: 91 A leader in the front row, Rochelle already has a glittering career to look back on but is determined to triumph on a global stage before she hangs up her scrum hat. She has played in two World Cups, in 2006 and 2010, and remembers fondly the 2010 final: “The home crowd chanting ‘Swing Low, Sweet Chariot’ while the Kiwis did the haka gave me goosebumps and an overwhelming sense of pride.” Rocky found rugby when she was 15 with Beaconsfield and after working her way through the England ranks at U19 and Academy levels she thanks Geoff Richards for awarding her first cap. Also, she says: “Rob Drinkwater recognised my potential and gave me exposure while England forwards coach Graham Smith strives to make me better and better.” Emma Croker CLUB: Richmond INTERNATIONAL CAPS: 50 Richmond hooker Emma has more reason than most to enjoy every game of rugby that she plays. The birth of her child was a complicated one that led to her being banned from any kind of training for three months after the delivery of her baby girl, Lucy. As soon as she was cleared by the doctors to resume training, Emma threw herself back into things with a vengeance. Incredibly, after four months she was back playing club rugby and after five she was in the England side selected for the European Championships. “One day I was pregnant,” she said, “the next I’m on the field. I think being a mum makes you more focused. I used to think I trained 110% but I know now that I didn’t. Now I am much more intense because every minute in the gym is time away from Lucy.” Having played in the 2009 Rugby World Cup Sevens in Dubai, Emma went on to be selected for the 2010 XVs World Cup in England and played in every game. Becky Essex CLUB: Richmond INTERNATIONAL CAPS: 52 Becky only picked up rugby at Loughborough University at the age of 19. She remembered: “It was a good set-up there with good coaches. Then I joined Premiership club, Worcester. When I moved to London to do my PGCE, I joined Richmond where I was selected for the England Academy.” Becky has not looked back since. She was voted as Richmond’s Players’ Player of the Season in 2010 – some effort for someone who began life on the wing before making the unusual career move to the pack. These days she appears as a lock or blind-side flanker. She got her first taste of World Cup rugby in 2010 and played a part in all five of England's games. Her greatest World Cup memory is lining up opposite the All Blacks haka in the final and she’s now very much looking forward to playing in France. “They always have large crowds in France, which makes for a great atmosphere,” she said. Heather Fisher CLUB: Worcester INTERNATIONAL CAPS: 22 Heather Fisher is one of life's achievers. She may suffer from severe alopecia but refuses to dwell on it, instead keeping the focus firmly on the sport she loves. She played a big part in the 2010 World Cup in England but missed out on the final because of a fracture to her hand. Heather first started playing rugby as a 15-year-old and says: “When I started I hated contact and could not tackle for toffee. After my confidence grew and I played more and more, the contact just became a part of the game. I took a few years out of rugby when I had an opportunity to represent GB in bobsleigh around the world. For me this made me the rugby athlete I am today and I would still love to go back to bobsleigh after I've accomplished all that I am capable of in both sevens and XVs.” Vicky Fleetwood CLUB: Lichfield INTERNATIONAL CAPS: 39 Born in Nuneaton, Vicky began playing rugby at the age of 14 after tiring of watching her brother play it. This took her away from athletics where she was once the UK’s number one junior hurdler. In her same year at school was England’s Manu Tuilagi. In 2008, she switched from centre to hooker and a month later she was playing for England U20s in a 31-0 victory over their Welsh counterparts in Cardiff. Vicky has never played in a World Cup but she said she's “very much looking forward to playing in France against new opposition. It’s the biggest accolade in a female rugby player’s career.” Further educated at Leeds Metropolitan University where Martin Hynes, the former England U20s forwards coach, helped mentor and develop Vicky’s skills on the pitch while off it she earned a degree in Sport and Exercise Science. She began her association with her present club Lichfield at the same time. Sophie Hemming CLUB: Bristol INTERNATIONAL CAPS: 67 Prop Sophie first played rugby at Bristol University. She soon developed her rugby career to be good enough to be named as the Bristol Ladies captain. Sophie played in the 2010 World Cup in England and has taken time off from work so she can train fully in preparation for her second World Cup. She was a Grand Slam winner with England in 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011 and 2012. Sophie was named as the Bristol Ladies and the England Coaches’ Player of the Season in 2011. She has also won the RFU Linda Uttley Award, one which recognises the commitment and dedication of an individual. Emily Ryall, one of her first coaches, has been a real inspiration and was the person who persuaded Sophie not to retire from the sport she loves after breaking a leg. Natasha Hunt CLUB: Lichfield INTERNATIONAL CAPS: 24 Natasha initially began her rugby career as a full back, but a move from Bristol to Lichfield also saw her switch positions. She has also represented Malvern, Bath, England U20 and England A. The first time that she ran out at Twickenham in England colours was the best moment of her career to date. It was her granddad we have to thank for getting her into the sport in the first place. She remembers: “He was really big on the sport and a very good player back in his day. He used to take me down to an old, sloping pitch and teach me how to kick and pass alongside my dad and sisters. My old PE teacher was the one who got me to Malvern ladies, however, so she also has to be one to thank.” Natasha represented her county in netball, football, athletics and golf and also played regional netball before deciding to change to rugby. Her initial Test appearances came against the United States, South Africa and twice against Canada in the Nations Cup in Ontario in August 2011. Sarah Hunter - vice captain CLUB: Lichfield INTERNATIONAL CAPS: 63 Sarah decided at a very young age that she wanted to play rugby for England. By the age of 23 she had realised her ambitions. She played a full role in the 2010 World Cup in England and will never forget the final at the Stoop. “The moment that stands out is just before New Zealand were about to do the Haka and we were stood opposite waiting and all you could hear around us was a 14,000 home fans singing Swing Low Sweet Chariot.New Zealand were waiting for the crowd to go quiet before starting but the crowd just kept going and going until New Zealand eventually had to start and they were drowned out. It was an amazing feeling to know that all these people were there to support the team.” On top of studying Sport Science and Mathematics at Loughborough University, Sarah won the British Universities Championship, skippered Lichfield from 2005-09, played for the North East U18s and represented Northumberland at U16 level. Her international triumphs span the Six Nations five times, together with the European Championship, Nations Cup and the European Trophy twice each. Her inspirational performances have seen her captain her country on many occasions and she was rewarded when she celebrated her 40th international cap with a try when captaining England to a 61-0 thrashing of Spain in the opening European Cup match of 2012. Laura Keates CLUB: Worcester INTERNATIONAL CAPS: 36 Rugby didn't find Laura that early – she first got involved with the Bishop of Hereford Bluecoat U15 team – but she has steamrolled ahead at quite a pace since. At the age of just 16 she was selected for the Under 19 England side. She then went on to captain both England U19 and U20. Laura missed out on the 2010 Rugby World Cup but picked up her first cap against USA the year after while at the Nations Cup in Canada and, sticking with her swift movement through rugby, her second came three days later against South Africa. The prop is now a firm fixture in the full England squad with 36 caps to her name so far and, after featuring in all 2012 Six Nations games, she played a part in all 12 England Test matches in 2013. She also scored her maiden try for her country in the Nations Cup match against Canada at Infinity Park, Glendale in August. During the Six Nations, there tends to be a bit of tension in Laura's home as her housemate is Scotland captain, Tracy Balmer. Indeed, Laura names Tracy as her best friend in rugby. “We get on really well and can have a good laugh at pretty much anything,” she said. Ceri Large CLUB: Worcester INTERNATIONAL CAPS: 27 As a child Ceri used to ride her bike to Drybrook Rugby Club in Gloucestershire. She lived just a stone’s throw from the ground and would go along with her three rugby-mad brothers and her inspirational dad, Philip, who used to play for Rotherham. She remembers: “Dean, my eldest brother, started when he was seven and we’ve been up there with a ball ever since.” Ceri started playing at the age of six. She was to spend 12 years with the club. “I still come back to Drybrook to watch as my brother Ben plays fly half for the firsts.” She'd love to emulate Jonny Wilkinson's World Cup-winning drop goal – her fondest memory – and can't wait to play in France as she says the support there is second to none. Ceri joined Worcester in 2010, winning the Most Improved Player of the Year and the Players’ Player of the Year in 2012 and she captained the side last season. In 2011, Ceri made her England debut against France. She and fellow debutant Alexandra Matthews became the first Hartpury College students to win senior women’s international rugby caps. La Toya Mason CLUB: Wasps INTERNATIONAL CAPS: 42 La Toya was brought up in Auckland, New Zealand, but is proud to represent England courtesy of her four grandparents, who were all born on English soil. She moved to England in 2009 and in a twist of fate, she made her England debut against the Kiwis later that year. Unsurprisingly, she remembers her debut as the proudest day of her rugby life, made even more special by the fact that a few of her close friends were playing for the opposition on the same day. She admitted: “I was so nervous and emotional but it was also so amazing at the same time.” La Toya played tag rugby for the New Zealand mixed team and the England mixed team but now is a firm fixture in the full England set-up. Alexandra Matthews CLUB: Richmond INTERNATIONAL CAPS: 9 Alex owes England team mate Danielle Waterman a lot of thanks for getting where she is today. She was coached throughout the Hartpury College AASE (Advanced Apprenticeship in Sporting Excellence) programme by the Bristol and England player. She also points to Maggie Alphonsi as a big influence on her. The younger sister of fellow England player, Fran, Alex also says that her favourite player is Jonah Lomu. She played seven times for England Under-20s, was London Irish Club Person of the Year in 2011 and Surrey Sportswoman of the Year in 2010. She has captained both London Irish and her county. Joanna McGilchrist CLUB: Wasps INTERNATIONAL CAPS: 58 Jo has already bagged more than 50 caps for her country and rates the 10-3 win over New Zealand at Twickenham in November 2009 as the outstanding moment in her career and the 2010 WRWC final against the same opponents as her most memorable game. She was named player of the match in the semi-final against Australia and this time around, she told us, she's most looking forward to: “Playing on the world stage against teams you rarely play against.” Rugby may have come late to Jo – she was 21 when she started playing the game – but she didn't hang around. She played for two years in the England Students team before she muscled her way into the Test side. And when she's not donning the Red Rose, you'll find her with her club Wasps where she was named the Newcomer of the Year and Player of the Year. Katy Mclean - captain CLUB: Darlington Mowden Park Sharks INTERNATIONAL CAPS: 69 Katy took over the captaincy reins from Catherine Spencer after the 2010 World Cup and now has an MBE to her name after receiving the honour in this year's New Year's Honours List for her Services to Rugby. She was a non-playing reserve in the 2006 World Cup but played in every game in the 2010 tournament asvice-captain, apart from England's meeting with Kazakhstan. Katy got into rugby through her dad, David, who played for Westoe. “I got involved at five or six, just wanting to have a go,” she remembers. Jonny Wilkinson became her inspiration. “He’s a top bloke and I kicked with him before the last World Cup. His work ethic is immense but he’s down to earth and easyto chat to.” Katy is a vital cog in England's machine. England Head Coach, Gary Street, calls her “my eyes on the pitch”. He said: “You need thinking players and Katy is one of those.” Katherine Merchant CLUB: Worcester INTERNATIONAL CAPS: 54 Kat has a quite remarkable record of try-scoring for her country, going over the line 41 times in her first 50 Test appearances. Kat has been with Worcester for more than a decade and won the Premiership with them two seasons ago. She started with Worcester in the U16 team before moving through to win caps at England U19, A and Sevens level. She took part in the 2009 and 2013 Rugby World Cups Sevens and played a big role in the 2010 XVs World Cup in England, something she remembers fondly. Kat said: “I owe a lot to Nicky Crawford, the former Worcester and England Women wing, who nurtured my game from when I was 16. I also admire her on-field performances.” Nicky became the first women's player to score 60 international tries. Marlie Packer CLUB: Wasps INTERNATIONAL CAPS: 28 Marlie left her West Country roots and moved to play for Wasps as her career went from strength to strength in 2013. The flanker played in the 2013 Sevens Rugby World Cup in Moscow but has never played in a XVs World Cup and can't wait to get involved. She said: “Competing against the best in the world in my first XVs World Cup, along with the atmosphere in France, would be amazing.” Marlie began her rugby career as a five-year-old with Ivel Barbarians, a club at which she spent 13 years. She then moved to Bath before joining Bristol in 2009. She has been voted the England Players’ Player in the 2012 Six Nations Championship and was Bristol’s Personality of the Year in 2011. She has represented England U19, U20 and England A before winning a full cap when England beat Sweden 80-3 in the European Championships in Limoges in May 2008. She was initially a hooker but moved to the second row and, in recent times, has played in every back row position. Her mentors are club coach Tracey Lane and strength and conditioning coach Andy Roda. Marlie’s favourite rugby memories are beating New Zealand twice in the 2011 Autumn International Series and her first start at Twickenham in the Six Nations against Wales. Her favourite ground is Cleve. Claire Purdy CLUB: Wasps INTERNATIONAL CAPS: 41 Versatility is a big part of Claire’s game – she's the only player to have been capped in every position in the front row for England. She played in the 2010 World Cup and can't wait for this year's tournament. “Having been a part of the 2010 adventure I know what a fantastic experience it can be. Playing in France will be an amazing experience, they get tremendous support and this will help to make the tournament a success.” Since joining her club Wasps – her only one - she has been named Players’ Player of the Year in 2007, 2009 and 2011 – a pretty good effort given that history seems to forget props when it comes to awards. Amber Reed CLUB: Bristol INTERNATIONAL CAPS: 17 Rugby is in Amber’s blood. With her uncle, Andy Reed, a British Lion and Scotland international and her dad a keen club player in the Bristol area there was no getting away from the game while Amber was growing up. But she wouldn't have had it any other way. Amber’s never been involved in a World Cup before but after playing in France on two occasions, once for England Women Under 20s and again in this year's Six Nations, she's very much looking forward to the atmosphere for which the French are renowned. Having secured a 2:1 in Exercise and Sports Science from the University of Exeter where, in the 2012/13 season, she won the British University Colleges Sports Person of the Year award, she now plays her rugby for Bristol – a team she also captains. Emily Scarratt CLUB: Lichfield INTERNATIONAL CAPS: 50 Emily may wear 13 or 15 on her back, but if you put her in any position on a rugby pitch you get the impression that she would become world class at it. In fact, you could probably say the same about a number of sports she’s been involved in. Throw her a ball, any shape, and she'd catch it, hit it or dunk it. When she burst on to the international scene in 2008 with 12 tries in 12 games, she was being touted as the Brian O'Driscoll of the women's game. Not a bad comparison to have. Her fondest Rugby World Cup memories are England's men winning in 2003 and walking out at a packed Stoop in 2010 in the WRWC final against New Zealand. She was recently named the Sky Sportswoman of the Month in March and has also won the Rugby Players Association’s England Women’s Players’ Player in 2013 while being short-listed for the same award this year. She was also nominated for the IRB Sevens Player of the Year last season. Coming from a rugby-mad family, she started her rugby journey with Leicester Forest and found her way to Lichfield. She's got time on her side and you wouldn't put it past her topping a few of the record lists, and adding to her already impressive rugby CV by the time that journey ends. Tamara Taylor CLUB: Darlington Mowden Park Sharks INTERNATIONAL CAPS: 73 Tamara played in the 2006 and 2010 World Cups and is pretty excited about playing in her third one. She said: “I’ve got vivid memories of walking towards the changing rooms at Surrey Sports Park ready for the first pool game in the 2010 World Cup, and just breathing in the atmosphere and the excitement of what was to come. I’m looking forward to being in France, I think they will put on a great tournament, and having the opportunity to take on the best teams in the world again and trying to beat them will be a fantastic experience.” Born in the West Country, Tamara made her way up to Reading, where she first started playing rugby at the age of 11 at Oratory Prep School. Back then she was a self-proclaimed “skinny winger and centre”. Now you'll see her smashing rucks and taking lineouts for her club Darlington Mowden Park Sharks and for England. Lydia Thompson CLUB: Worcester INTERNATIONAL CAPS: 13 You can’t really do much better than score a hat-trick of tries on your England debut, and that’s just what Lydia managed to do when she was called into the national team for a game against Spain in the 2012 European Cup. Two of her three touchdowns came in the space of only four minutes. Lydia is a speedy winger with an eye for the try line and although she hasn't played in a World Cup, she says the 2010 tournament was a significant part in her rugby journey. “The Women’s 2010 RWC final between New Zealand and England is an important moment in my rugby career as it inspired me to carry on playing and aim to play for my country,” she said. Lydia’s first rugby experience was at the age of 11 in the South Staffordshire Tag tournament for Blakeley Heath Primary School. She later attended Ounsdale High in Wombourne and King Edward VI College inher home town of Stourbridge. She played for the local club, based in Stourton, from 2004-06 and appeared at age group level for Worcester before stepping up to the senior squad at Sixways three years ago. Danielle Waterman CLUB: Bristol INTERNATIONAL CAPS: 55 It was perhaps inevitable that Danielle would end up playing rugby. After all, she is the daughter of Jim Waterman, who played more than 400 games for Bath Rugby. She recalls: “My dad started me off at Minehead when I was four and he’s still there for me, not only to work on my skills but to be my biggest critic. He has been my coach and mentor throughout my whole playing career.” Her dream is to one day play in the same side as her dad and her two brothers, Sam and Joe, who have both played county rugby at age group and senior levels. Danielle is one of the most experienced players when it comes to World Cups, having played big parts in the 2006 tournament where she featured against South Africa and France in the pool stages and started in the final against New Zealand. In 2010 she played in every game and was one of three nominees for player of the tournament. Kay Wilson CLUB: Bristol INTERNATIONAL CAPS: 26 Kay started her career with a 10 on her back but you'll find her playing anywhere in the back three these days. Having bagged 26 caps so far in the XVs version of the game and with a sack full of sevens games under her belt, Kay is one of the “gas women”. She's never been involved in a World Cup before but made her debut in the Nations Cup and came off the bench in the famous 10-0 win over New Zealand at Twickenham in November 2011. Her first start came against Scotland in the 2012 Six Nations and her first try came against Wales in the 33-0 win later on in the same tournament. Given the strengths of her game – passing and speed – Sevens plays a big part in the life and rugby of Kay and beating Australia to win the Hong Kong Sevens in March 2012 rates as her most memorable success in an England shirt. Back to XVs and after two seasons with Richmond she now plays her rugby with Bristol, mixing a Sports Development course at Cardiff Met with a world record attempt at how many times she can cross the Severn Bridge in a week.	i don't know
The 9-inch tall pyramid at the top of the Washington Monument is made of what?	What's the Point? The Pyramid Atop the Washington Monument \| Mental Floss What's the Point? The Pyramid Atop the Washington Monument Getty Images Like us on Facebook There's an aluminum pyramid perched on top of the Washington Monument. Here's how and why it got up there. Medioimages/Photodisc When the monument was constructed in the 1880s, aluminum was pretty rare and pretty expensive. Although it's very abundant in the Earth’s crust, the metal occurs tightly bonded and combined with other minerals, so it was very difficult and costly to extract. In 1884, aluminum was $1 per ounce, or about the same price as silver, and equal to the wage a laborer working on the monument got for one of his 10+ hour workdays. Modern myth says that the pricey topper was sort of an "only the best" tribute to the first President, but the metal's value had no real impact on the decision, nor did the choice seem to involve any design evaluation, testing, or comparative competition among available materials. Instead, aluminum was selected because William Frishmuth, conveniently one of the only U.S. aluminum producers at that time, thought it could take a shock. The pyramid was supposed to serve as a lightning rod, and since Frishmuth had already done some plating work for the monument, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers called on him to fashion the topper as well. They requested a small metal pyramid, preferably made from copper, bronze, or platinum-plated brass. Frishmuth suggested that he instead use aluminum for its conductivity, color, and the fact that it wouldn't stain. He gave them a quote of $75, and the Corps agreed. Frishmuth cast a cap that he called a “perfect pyramide of pure aluminum," weighing in at 100 ounces and standing nine inches tall. It was the largest piece of cast aluminum that had ever been created at the time, and Frishmuth was so tickled with his accomplishment that he arranged with the Corps to exhibit the pyramid in New York before he brought it to Washington. For two days, the pyramid sat in the window of Tiffany's in New York City, displayed like a precious jewel. Later, it was put on public display, on the floor, and visitors were allowed to carefully step over so they could tell their friends that they had walked "clear over the top of the Washington Monument." Frishmuth's delays in delivering the pyramid to the monument site finally wore thin, and its tour came to an end when Colonel Thomas Lincoln Casey, the engineer in charge of the monument project, threatened him with force. The pyramid finally arrived with Frishmuth's request that it be displayed in the House and the Senate. He also wanted it wiped free of fingerprints with a chamois after being set atop the monument. Budget Problem Casey's eroded patience with Frishmuth completely gave way when he received the bill. Frishmuth exceeded his estimate by more than three times and submitted an invoice for $256.10. No more than a few hours after the papers arrived, Casey sent his assistant to Frishmuth's foundry in Philadelphia to investigate the bill. The entire accounting of the bill isn't clear, but one major factor in the unexpected cost appears to have been that Frishmuth could not use a standard sand mold to cast the pyramid and had to construct an iron one for the project. Another problem was that the cost of the aluminum alone, at the day's prices, was higher than Frishmuth's estimate of materials plus labor. Davis managed to negotiate Frishmuth down to a final price of $225 and the pyramid was placed on top of the monument on December 6, 1884. But just a few months later, the pyramid fell down on the job. In June 1885, lightning struck the monument and cracked the north face of the spire just under the capstone. The pyramid was apparently not cut out to handle lightning on its own, and it was soon surrounded by a crown of gold-plated copper bars. During a 1934 rehab of the monument's exterior, workers found another flaw in Frishmuth's pyramid. Repeated lightning strikes had blunted its tip, and pieces had melted and re-fused to the sides. Frishmuth's promise that the pyramid would not tarnish was good, though, and the inscriptions made on the metal 50 years prior were still readable. Frishmuth is the kind of guy a trivia junkie drools over. Not only was he America's first aluminum magnate, but after he campaigned for Lincoln in German-speaking communities, he developed a close friendship with the president. During the Civil War, Lincoln appointed Frishmuth as a special secret agent in the U.S. War Department and reportedly awarded him $200 from his own pocket for the capture of three Confederate spies.	Aluminium
Below the ‘out’ line, what is the only part of a squash court that is out of bounds?	How Tall Is the Washington Monument? \| Wonderopolis Wonder of the Day #429 How Tall Is the Washington Monument? How tall is the Washington Monument? What is an obelisk? How much does the Washington Monument weigh? Tags: Listen George Washington remains one of the most important figures in American history. As a military leader, he led the colonies through the Revolutionary War to independence. As a statesman, he helped forge the Constitution and then served as the first President of the United States. How do you honor such an important historical figure ? In the 1780s, the Continental Congress decided to honor Washington with a prominent monument at the site of the new national government. Peter L'Enfant's 1791 design for Washington, D.C. made the Washington Monument the centerpiece of the new city. The monument was not built right away, however. It was not until 1836 that the Washington National Monument Society chose Robert Mills' architectural design — a tall obelisk that would tower over the city. An obelisk is a tall , narrow , four-sided monument that tapers toward the top, where it ends in a pyramid . The Society laid the cornerstone for the Washington Monument on July 4, 1848, and construction began soon thereafter. Unfortunately, the Civil War and other political pressures forced a halt to the construction. The Washington Monument stood at only about 150 feet tall for many years. Eventually, construction was completed and the capstone was set on December 6, 1884. The Washington Monument was dedicated on February 21, 1885, and officially opened to the public on October 9, 1888. Finally finished, it was 555 feet 51⁄8 inches tall ! The Washington Monument sits at the west end of the National Mall in Washington, D.C. It is due east of the Reflecting Pool and the Lincoln Memorial. Made of marble, granite, and bluestone gneiss, it's the tallest structure in Washington, D.C., the tallest stone structure in the world, and the tallest obelisk in the world. Built of 36,491 stone blocks, the monument weighs 90,854 tons! When it was completed, it was also the tallest structure in the world. In 1889, however, the Eiffel Tower was completed in Paris, France, and it took over that title. At the very top of the Washington Monument , there is an aluminum pyramid . When the monument was built, aluminum was as expensive as silver. It was the largest single piece of aluminum ever cast at that time. The Washington Monument features an elevator and an 897-step stairway that lead to an observation deck at 500 feet above ground. On a clear day, you can see over 30 miles in every direction. On August 23, 2011, the Washington Monument sustained some damage during an earthquake that was centered in Virginia. The National Park Service closed the monument indefinitely, so it could be inspected and repaired. Wonder Words (17) Test your knowledge Wonder What's Next? What do an alligator in the bathtub and a kangaroo on the lawn have in common? Find out tomorrow in Wonderopolis! Try It Out What a monumental Wonder of the Day! Keep the learning going and explore the following fun activities with a friend or family member: Have you ever seen the Washington Monument in person? If not, you're missing a magnificent marvel of architecture. Jump online and check out these photos and videos of the Washington Monument, courtesy of the National Park Service. Ready to explore the nation's capital? Many schools take field trips to Washington, D.C., because so many historical sites can be seen and toured in a short time. If you can't make it to Washington, D.C. any time soon, you can still explore all that our capital has to offer. Simply take The Virtual Tour of Washington, D.C. online! From the Washington Monument and the White House to the Capitol and the Jefferson Memorial, you can see the sights and learn so much about their history without ever leaving home. You can even virtually tour the collections of some of the city's most famous museums! Up for a challenge? Design your own memorial! Pick out someone worthy of honor. It could be a current or former American President, a war hero, or even a relative or parent. Just choose someone you admire. Then think about the qualities you value in that person. What kind of memorial would be a fitting tribute to that person and his or her qualities? An obelisk like the Washington Monument? Or perhaps a statue along the lines of the Lincoln Memorial? Something else entirely? Grab some art supplies and sketch what you think the memorial should look like. If your subject is a relative or parent or someone else you know personally, share your design and thoughts with them. It'll make their day for sure!	i don't know
On Sept. 20th 2013 , who were runners-up to Nottinghamshire in the YB40 final at Lords?	BBC Sport - YB40: Nottinghamshire beat Glamorgan to win Lord's final BBC Sport YB40: Nottinghamshire beat Glamorgan to win Lord's final By Ged Scott BBC Sport at Lord's YB 40 final, Lord's Match scorecard Nottinghamshire claimed their first Lord's one-day final win in 24 years as they beat Glamorgan by 87 runs. Chasing Notts' 244-8, spinner Samit Patel took three Glamorgan wickets in nine balls to inspire his side on the way to a comfortable YB40 final win. Nottsl owed much to a 99-run fifth-wicket stand between captain Chris Read (53) and Aussie David Hussey (42). Ajmal Shahzad and Stuart Broad then both chipped in with three wickets each as Glamorgan were bowled out for 157. That kept up the Welsh club's unwanted record as the only first-class county never to have won a final at Lord's. Notts/Glamorgan in Lord's finals Of the original 17 first-class counties who began playing one-day cricket 50 years ago, this year's YB40 final was contested by the two with the fewest appearances at Lord's. Nottinghamshire, runners-up in the 1985 NatWest Trophy came back to win the same competition two years later, in 1987. And, having been runners-up in their first-ever Lord's final in 1982, in the Benson & Hedges Cup, they won that trophy too seven years later in 1989 - on their fourth appearance at Lord's, 24 years ago. Glamorgan have an even worse record in St John's Wood, having previously been to Lord's only twice before, as runners-up in the 1977 Gillette Cup final before suffering the same fate in the 2000 Benson & Hedges Cup final. England all-rounder Broad, called in to play his first one-day game for Notts since 2010, finished the game off with a burst of three wickets for two runs in six balls to earn his country their first silverware since claiming the Benson and Hedges Cup in 1989. And that made up for the taunting of this summer's Ashes central figure by Glamorgan supporters when he came in to bat earlier in the afternoon. The defeat maintained the Welsh club's unwanted record as the only first-class county never to have won a final at Lord's. Having won the toss and put Notts in, it soon looked ominous for Glamorgan when their opponents passed 50 in the ninth over. After beginning with a massive wide, Australian fast bowler Michael Hogan's unsuccessful shout for lbw against Michael Lumb with the last ball of his first over was the only sign of early danger. But, after Lumb in particular had tucked into Jim Allenby, a double bowling change after eight overs brought a double reward. With the score on 52, Lumb returned a catch to young spinner Andrew Salter to depart for 28 before Alex Hales followed in the next over, carving a catch to the deep cover boundary. On 80-2, Salter then struck again from the first ball of his fifth over when he removed Patel. And, again, the fall of one wicket triggered another. When Simon Jones had James Taylor caught behind to leave Notts 90-4 in the 19th over, underdogs Glamorgan were suddenly looking a good bet. It could have been worse for Notts if, in the next over, Gareth Rees had held onto a hard, low drive from Hussey to mid-off when he had made just three. As it was, Read and Hussey put on 99 from 93 deliveries, a stand that ended just after the start of the Notts powerplay. A ball after Read had reached a run-a-ball 50, with a lofted six over mid-on, he went for a short single on his own call to mid-off - and non-striker Hussey was run out by a sharp piece of work from Ben Wright. Hogan's Haul Michael Hogan's last-ball yorker to remove Stuart Broad leaves him on 99 wickets in all competitions this season - 63 in the Championship, 28 in the YB40 (the top wicket taker in the competition) and eight in the Twenty20. Read rapidly followed, hoisting Hogan to deep square cover. But the loss of two quick wickets for the third time in the innings did not halt Notts, as Graeme Swann and Steven Mullaney helped complete a tally of 47 from the powerplay. Graham Wagg bowled Mullaney for 21 with the last ball of the penultimate over but, with Swann scraping seven more off the final over to finish with 29 before Broad's golden duck off the final delivery, that left the Welshmen chasing 245 to win. Glamorgan got off to a bad start when skipper Mark Wallace carved Harry Gurney's first ball of the second over to Taylor in the gully, Rees following for a quickfire 29. From 42-2, Glamorgan's semi-final match-winner Allenby helped put on 66 for the third wicket before South African Chris Cooke was bowled for 46 in the 20th over by a big turner from Patel. That proved to be the beginning of the end, the first of three wickets for Patel for just four runs in nine balls as he also bowled Allenby for 34, then had Murray Goodwin trapped lbw. Shahzad joined in the fun when he removed Wright and Salter in the same over to finish with 3-33, before that perennial scene-stealer Broad rounded it all off. Also related to this story	Glamorgan
In 1967, who became the first recipient of a human heart transplant?	From The Sea End Spring 2013 by GSM Publications - issuu issuu Seaend SUSSEX COUNTY CRICKET CLUB \| MEMBERS MAGAZINE ED LOOKS AHEAD ROBBO ON FRESH CHALLENGES ZAC: LET’S SPREAD THE WORD MATT PRIOR: BEST IN THE WORLD PLUS TONY GREIG REMEMBERED lanDlOrDs let Us let yOUr PrOPerty FOr yOU 01273 724000 welcome FtSe WHAT’S INSIDE Welcome to the Spring edition of From The Sea End as we look ahead to another great summer of Sussex cricket! 5 ZAC TOUMAZI 9 2013 FIXTURES 10 MARK ROBINSON 14 ED JOYCE 17 THE 2013 SQUAD 22 MATT PRIOR 25 NEWSDESK 33 2013 TEAM PICTURE 35 MAURICE TATE: A SUSSEX LEGEND 37 KINGS OF THE DESERT AGAIN 38 LUKE WRIGHT 40 COUNTY BY COUNTY 42 BLIND CRICKET IN SUSSEX 45 TONY GREIG REMEMBERED 48 WOMEN’S CRICKET 49 PRESIDENT PARKS 50 FOLLOWING THE CRICKET 5 22 PINNACLE ExCELLENCE IN vIsuAL CommuNICAtIoN www.pinnacle.uk.com • 08707 707 765 • [email protected] Sussex County Cricket Club & Pinnacle wish to thank the advertisers who appear in this publication for their support and wish them every business success. The contents of this brochure are believed to be correct at the time of printing, nevertheless, we cannot endorse and readers should not rely solely upon the accuracy of any statements or claims contained herein without prior consultation with the service provider. \| DIGITAL \| WEB experts in digitalCREATIVE communication Editor: Bruce Talbot Editorial: MBP Sports Media Photo credits: James Boardman, Getty Images 38 45 SPRING 2013 \| 3 109 Western Road Hove BN3 1FA Tel: 01273 827090 Fax: 08442 250201 [email protected] Our policy includes everything a landlord would usually require, at extremely competitive prices. We compared our discounted premiums against our main competitors and here's what we found… Insurer Up to 20% of Sum Insured Included Included All Quotes are illustrations based on £150k rebuild cost with no claims and in area free of flood and subsidence. The quotes are based on a typical quotation for similar landlords property cover. Quotes obtained on 15th March 2013 and are inclusive of IPT. All quotations given will be individual and based on the specific risk information provided 01273 827090 zac toumazi FtSe Spread the word New Chief Executive Zac Toumazi sets out his plans to get a positive message about Sussex cricket to all corners of the county. S ussex have been based in Brighton & Hove since their formation 174 years ago and a move away from the County Ground is definitely not on the agenda of new Chief Executive Zac Toumazi. But Zac, who succeeded Dave Brooks at the start of the year, does have a plan to start spreading the word about Sussex cricket beyond its traditional boundaries while making people more aware of the County Ground itself - and not just because Sussex have agreed a naming rights sponsorship with BrightonandHoveJobs.com, which came into effect for the start of the new season. Everyone with an interest in Sussex cricket knows where Eaton Road is. Some supporters could probably get there blindfolded from any corner of the county. But Sussex have never lost sight of the need to keep attracting a new audience and a recent episode involving his wife Janice left Zac in no doubt that there is still work to be done. “She had never been to the ground before and I said to her when she got off the train at Hove to ask people for directions or follow the signage,” said Zac. “None of the three people knew where the ground was even though it was effectively two streets away and the only signs she saw pointed her towards the Samaritans or the Seafront. And this is Hove, a place whose history is intertwined with cricket. SPRING 2013 \| 5 FtSe zac toumazi “So that told me that we need to put the County Ground on the map a bit more and I don’t just mean extra signs. There is a whole population that isn’t aware of what a fantastic job the team are doing here on and off the field. We should be shouting about it and getting people in. I would love a situation eventually where people know there is an event on, whether it’s a cricket match or something else, and almost create a stampede for tickets. A lot has got to happen for us to be in that situation but it would be some achievement if we could.” The criticism that Sussex are too Brighton & Hove-centric has been thrown at them for years yet if any county try and reach out to their population it is them. In the past Sussex have played at Hastings, Eastbourne, Worthing, Chichester and even Pagham, who staged two first-class games against Oxford University in the 1970s. True, these days festivals are only staged at Horsham and Arundel but they continue to be successful from a cricket and commercial angle and which other county still visits two outgrounds a season anyway? Zac’s plan is to recruit volunteers to spread across the county from Chichester to Rye, Crawley to Bognor and all points in between. “They would be our ambassadors to help us get the message out there about the wonderful cricket club we have here in Sussex and how the next generation of cricket fans can engage with us. It would also help us repel Hampshire, Surrey and Kent who are on our borders and are all looking to increase their own supporter base.” sports fans who cannot be bothered with the hassle of getting to and from the AMEX League One football within easy reach of the A23 has become an attractive alternative. He is also aware that Sussex faces a competition for the leisure spend even in a county which is usually buffeted during straitened economic times. That competition is fiercer than ever in the sporting context with Brighton & Hove Albion surely heading toward the Premier League and attracting 28,000 crowds to the Amex as well as a big slice of the local sponsorship market. Meanwhile, up the A23, Crawley Town have gone from non-league to playing the likes of Sheffield United and Coventry in the space of two years. Their fanbase is a fraction of Albion’s but for floating “They are concentrating on a promotion push at the moment but we did agree that there should be a more joined-up approach by both of us,” added Zac. “A strategic partnership should be more than Shelter from the storm: Zac Toumazi cannot control the weather but he says Sussex are in good shape. “Things can always be better but we have a wonderful base to work from,” he said. 6 \| 2013 SPRING Sussex have a reciprocal arrangement with Crawley whereby season ticket holders/ members can watch certain games for free. Albion would surely be a better fit though and one of Zac’s first meetings after he became Chief Executive was to meet his opposite number Paul Barber at the AMEX. zac toumazi just flogging tickets for each other. We are the two biggest sporting organisations in Sussex with Crawley Town not far behind. We should be exploring joint community projects and initiatives to get young people watching cricket and football more in the great environments which already exist.” The pile in Zac’s in-tray won’t reduce for a while but he has no complaints about that. As Chief Executive of not just the county club but Sussex Cricket as an entity he is aware of his responsibilities towards the recreational game and the need to build on the good work done by his predecessor. Then there are the day-to-day challenges facing every head of a county club like making the books balance while ensuring that as much investment as possible is ploughed into the shop-window product: professional cricket. Zac fell in love with Hove when he bought a flat in the Marina because his daughter was studying in Brighton. Even when he worked for Surrey and Hampshire he never turned down the opportunity to spend a few hours at the County Ground watching the successful teams of the last decade or so and sniffing the salty air. FtSe have inherited a club that is in good shape which is unusual in professional sport,” he said. “Dave Brooks did an outstanding job but there are always new challenges to confront. I love cricket and what it stands for and when (chairman) Jim May interviewed me I made no secret of my affection for Sussex. I’m 57 now so this might be my last job but this is the pinnacle of my career and I love the passion for Sussex that I see around the place. Things can always be better but we have a wonderful base to work from.” Interview: Bruce Talbot “It’s a great job and I am very fortunate to “It’s a great job and I am very fortunate to have inherited a club that is in good shape which is unusual in professional sport.” SPRING 2013 \| 7 Business Plans Business Seminars Tax Planning Advice Management Accounts Company Secretarial Company Formations Business Startup Advice VAT Payroll Accountancy Attitude Focus Experience Fun For business owners that want MORE! Wishing Sussex a great season 01273 329 603 www.dynamixgroup.co.uk August September Date Mon 1st – Tue 2nd Fri 5th - Sun 7th Wed 10th- Sat 13th Wed 24th- Sat 27th Wed 1st – Sat 4th Sun 5th Fri 10th Sun 12th Wed 15th- Sat 18th Mon 20th Wed 22nd–Sat 25th Sun 26th Thu 30th Fri 31st – Mon 3rd Wed 5th – Sat 8th Wed 12th– Sat 15th Sun 16th Wed 19th Fri 21st Sat 22nd – Tue 25th Fri 28th Sun 30th Wed 3rd Fri 5th Mon 8th – Thu 11th Fri 12th Sun 14th Tue 16th Wed 17th – 20th Sun 21st Wed 24th Fri 26th – Sun 28th Wed 31st Fri 2nd -Mon 5th Tue 6th – Thu 8th Tue 13th Thu 15th Sat 17th Fri 23rd Sun 25th Mon 26th Wed 28th– Sat 31st Tue 3rd – Fri 6th Sat 7th or Mon 9th Wed 11th– Sat 14th Sat 21st Tue 24th – Fri 27th Comp Opponents PSF Hampshire UNI Loughborough MCCU LV=CC Yorkshire LV=CC Surrey LV=CC Warwickshire YB40 Worcestershire YB40 Northamptonshire YB40 Warwickshire LV=CC Derbyshire YB40 Netherlands LV=CC Somerset YB40 Kent YB40 Warwickshire LV=CC Nottinghamshire LV=CC Middlesex LV=CC Surrey YB40 Northamptonshire YB40 Kent YB40 Nottinghamshire LV=CC Nottinghamshire t20 Surrey t20 Middlesex t20 Surrey t20 Hampshire LV=CC Somerset t20 Hampshire t20 Essex t20 Middlesex LV=CC Middlesex t20 Essex t20 Kent TOUR Australia t20 Kent LV=CC Derbyshire t20 qf TBC YB40 Netherlands YB40 Nottinghamshire t20 Finals Day Edgbaston WODI Eng Women v Aus W WODI Eng Women v Aus W YB40 Worcestershire LV=CC Warwickshire LV=CC Durham YB40 sf TBC LV=CC Yorkshire YB40 Final TBC LV=CC Durham Venue Floodlit Hove Hove Headingley Kia Oval Hove Hove Northampton FL Edgbaston Derby Schiedam, Rotterdam Horsham Horsham Hove FL Hove Lord’s Arundel Arundel Canterbury FL Trent Bridge FL Trent Bridge Hove FL Lord’s Kia Oval FL Hove FL Taunton Ageas Bowl FL Chelmsford Hove FL Hove Hove Canterbury FL Hove Hove FL Hove TBC Hove FL Hove FL TBC Hove Hove New Road Edgbaston Emirates ICG TBC Hove Lord’s Hove Start Time 11.00am 11.00am 11.00am 11.00am 11.00am 1.45pm 4.40pm 1.45pm 11.00am TBC 11.00am 1.45pm 4.40pm 11.00am 11.00am 11.00am 1.45pm 4.40pm 4.40pm 11.00am 7.10pm 2.30pm 6.30pm 7.10pm 11.00am 7.00pm 2.30pm 7.10pm 11.00am 2.40pm 7.00pm 11.00am 7.10pm 11.00am 4.40pm 4.40pm 10.45am 10.45am 1.45pm 11.00am 10.30am 10.30am TBC 10.30am 2nd XI April May August September Date Wed 10th – Fri 12th Tue 16th – Fri 19th Mon 29th – Tue 30th Mon 6th Tue 7th – Thu 9th Wed 15th Thu 16th Tue 21st Wed 22nd – Fri 24th Wed 29th Wed 5th – Fri 7th Mon 10th Tue 11th Fri 14th Tue 18th Thu 20th Wed 26th – Fri 28th Mon 1st Tue 2nd – Thu 4th Tue 9th – Thu 11th Fri 12th Tue 16th Wed 17th – Fri 19th Tue 30th – Thu 1st Fri 2nd Mon 5th Tue 6th – Thu 8th Mon 19th Tue 20th – Thu 22nd Tue 27th Wed 28th – Fri 30th Tue 3rd Wed 11th Mon 16th - Wed 18th Comp Friendly Friendly Friendly SET SEC Friendly Friendly SET SEC SET Friendly SE t20 SE t20 SET SE t20 SEt20 SEC SET SEC Friendly SEt20 SET SEC SEC SET SET SEC SET SEC SET SEC Friendly SET SEC Opponents Lancashire Middlesex Surrey Middlesex Middlesex Guernsey Guernsey Somerset Somerset Unicorns A Hampshire Hampshire Surrey Essex MCC Young Cricketers Kent MCC Universities Hampshire Hampshire Essex Finals Day Gloucestershire Gloucestershire Kent Kent Surrey Surrey Northamptonshire Northamptonshire Semi-Final Essex Durham Final Final Venue Floodlit Blackstone Hove Blackstone Radlett Radlett TBC TBC Taunton Vale Taunton Vale The Saffrons, Eastbourne Horsham Ageas Bowl Preston Nomads Preston Nomads Shenley CC Stirlands Horsham Ageas Bowl Ageas Bowl Garon Park, Southend Arundel Castle Frocester CC Frocester CC Maidstone Maidstone Arundel Castle Arundel Castle Horsham Horsham TBC Hove Preston Nomads TBC TBC Start Time 11.00am 11.00am 11.00am 12.00pm 11.00am TBC TBC 12.00pm 11.00am 12.00pm 11.00am TBC TBC 12.00pm TBC TBC 11.00am 12.00pm 11.00am 11.00am TBC 12.00pm 12.00pm/11.00am 11.00am 12.00pm 12.00pm 11.00am 12.00pm 11.00am TBC 11.00am 11.00am TBC TBC SPRING 2013 \| 9 FtSe Mark Robinson New challenges invigorate Robbo Of first division coaches, only Notts’ Mick Newell has been in charge longer than Mark Robinson. As he prepares for his eighth season in the Hove hot seat his appetite for another summer is undiminished. Q You are working with your third different skipper now in Ed Joyce. How does he compare to his predecessors? A Yards was a completely different character to Chris Adams. Chris was a great orator with Churchillian speeches whereas Yards was a lot quieter. The players knew when Yards was happy with them and when he wasn’t. He was a strategist, a tactician. They were both completely different but had success which shows there are different ways to achieve what you want from your team. I feel a bit sorry for Yards because during his captaincy he lost six or seven big players from the side and to manage that change was really hard. For us to still pick up a couple of trophies during that time is a real credit to him. Now we have Ed Joyce who is more similar to Yards. He’s very laid-back and less emotional outwardly than his two predecessors. He gives the impression of calmness and control around the dressing room and he is a good thinker, he’s very committed and I’m sure he’ll do well. Q What is your assessment of Ed having worked with him at the end of last season? A He had a good taste of captaincy in the last third of the summer and did well. I felt the captaincy gave him a new lease of life because he was beginning to stagnate a little bit. He was keen to lead without pushing himself forward and he wanted a new challenge. 10 \| 2013 SPRING There are certain things you don’t know how someone will cope with until it happens. There is added external pressure when you are captain. You feel accountable for 11 blokes and you take a win or a loss a lot more personally. If you are a player you can still take satisfaction from your own performance if you have done well even if the team has lost. Q Do you expect him to captain in all three formats? A He will be captain in the Championship and YB40 and we will have to see with T20. He hasn’t played much T20 in the last couple of years but he is keen to play in that format. Q Do you think we will ever have a captain who does the job for a decade as Chris Adams did? A I don’t think that you could ever say we will have that situation but it is harder now. Ideally, you need someone who is 27 or 28. I’m not sure it’s a job for a younger player because when you are 22 or 23 you should still be thinking about playing for England and that can take your focus away. If you are not in contention for England or the Lions it might mean your position in the team itself isn’t secure. Ideally you want someone who is secure in who he is and in his game, and with his place in the team. These often end up being the more senior players. Q Last year was ultimately disappointing because we didn’t win a trophy but did we over-achieve in a sense to be competitive virtually all the way in three formats? A I don’t think that was the case and what happened in the one-day competitions was disappointing. Sometimes a set of circumstances can make it hard for you on a particular day and I think we had that on T20 finals day. We played a good Yorkshire team so I’m not making excuses - we just didn’t perform, but the lead-up was far from ideal, sitting around at Taunton the day before waiting for the rain to stop. In the 40 overs competition, disappointing though it was to lose a semi-final Michael Carberry played a special innings on a wicket that wasn’t easy. Matt Prior and Luke Wright had done that to a few teams for us on the way to the semi-final and in the shorter formats you are liable to run into a player in form like Carberry was that day. In the Championship, having got into a position where we could have got second place the stuffing got knocked out of us a bit at Taunton when we drew a game we should have won. Our weakness was on flat wickets in both batting and bowling. Difficult pitches brought the fight out in us and covered up our inadequacies. On flat wickets, the opposition could sit in when Steve Magoffin and Monty Panesar were bowling and exploit some of our less consistent bowling. With the bat we weren’t able to get the 450 scores that gives you control yet when it was doing a bit we seemed to find a way to get to 250 that gives you a chance. We need big runs this season on a more consistent basis. If you can post 400 you are always in the game. Mark Robinson FtSe “Yards will miss elements of the captaincy but freed from the pressures I hope will give him a new lease of life. He can be selfish and concentrate on his own form.” Mike Yardy may no longer be captain but he is still a key member of the Sussex dressing room Q Despite his travails last season Murray Goodwin will be a big loss. Is he irreplaceable or is there someone who can fill his boots? A Our batting last year highlighted how much we came to rely on Murray over the years. He was not only our best player but also our best flatwicket player who would get double hundreds, not just hundreds. He had the season from hell but it’s not just his runs we will miss. He gave us a steeliness and drive in the dressing room and was someone who would help young players. I don’t think you can replace a player like that, someone with his consistency are very few and far between. What we want is for everyone to kick on this year. Yards will miss elements of the captaincy but freed from the pressures I hope will give him a new lease of life. He can be selfish and concentrate on his own form and hopefully have a big year. Chris Nash is vice-captain and that should give him renewed vigour because it’s not a token appointment. Ed’s Ireland commitments mean in certain parts of the season Nash will captain. We have also brought in Rory Hamilton-Brown of course and you hope at his age (25) he will kick on and become a high run-scorer. Q A year ago you said we were still a work in progress. Is that still the case? A Yes, but I think we are a lot closer to where I’d like us to be although we still have work to do. Back in 2002, when I first started working on the coaching side, we were as fit and driven as any side but we didn’t have that X-factor. Then Mushtaq Ahmed came along and we knew with him in the team we weren’t going to be relegated at the very least. Eleven years later we are closer to getting as fit and organised as I want us to be. We stole a march a decade ago and other counties have caught up. Also, during that time four members of the personnel we had off the pitch have gone to work in the England set-up. A lot of initiatives we pioneered are now shown to other counties as an example of how to do things. Warwickshire and ourselves were the only clubs to have full-time strength and conditioning coaches, now the ECB help fund them at all the other counties. We are still looking for the fine margins that give us an edge. In recent years we have lost a lot of internal leaders in our dressing room- guys who knew how to win and how to drive standards of excellence. This year Ed will have experienced guys like Magoffin, Nash and Yardy back on the shop floor to drive standards backing him up. That will be important. We’re not a football club where you can turn over a lot of players if you want to quickly achieve success. You cannot do that in cricket, even if you are a wealthy county. You have to trust the systems you have put in place and we are getting closer to having the personnel and structure we would like. SPRING 2013 \| 11 Exemplary Patient Focused Care Brighton & Hoveâ€™s new hospital For all enquiries please call 01273 828120 The Montefiore Hospital 2 Montefiore Road, Hove BN3 1RD [email protected] [email protected] themontefiorehospital.co.uk Mark Robinson FtSe “A quiet but natural leader in his own way. There’s no reason why Mags can’t have another good summer for us. ” Steve Magoffin has become an important and popular member of the dressing room Q Let’s talk about the new signings. What are you expecting from Chris Jordan and Rory Hamilton-Brown? A Chris reminds me a bit of Luke Wright when he came from Leicestershire. Luke has become an England cricketer and an integral part of our set-up and that has to be Chris’s aim. He needs to transform himself from a promising cricketer into a consistent one. Losing your best friend in the circumstances that he did is not something anyone should have to go through, never mind someone at the age of 25. Rory had shared a life with Tom Maynard since they were at Millfield School together at 16 and he was with him the night he died. We are aware that there are going to be some down times for Rory and we will help all we can. He has been to Florida in the winter and got himself really fit before coming back and working hard in January with our coaches. He went to Port Elizabeth on our training camps and I got great reports back on his progress. Rory sets very high standards for himself and if he reaches them he will be a great asset to us. Q Is it realistic to expect Steve Magoffin to repeat his heroics of 2012? will be wary of him a bit more. Last season he was a bit of an unknown quantity and in a damp summer and on average wickets there was no one better. He is less effective on flat wickets but he has got a good bouncer and of course he bats as well. A good bowler is a good bowler and he is a craftsman. He’s old school - he bowls a lot of balls in the same place. He’s good in the dressing room as well and very low maintenance, a quiet but natural leader in his own way. There’s no reason why Mags can’t have another good summer for us. Mark Robinson was talking to Bruce Talbot A I hope he is as good and he’s capable of it although the opposition SPRING 2013 \| 13 FtSe ED JOYCE For club and county Ed Joyce can’t wait for his first full season in charge of Sussex. But he still has international ambitions to fulfil as well as those for his county I t is one of the best times of the year for any professional cricketer. Early March, the hint of Spring in the air and back together with the rest of your teammates at the start of another season. And for Ed Joyce, the beginning of his 16th summer as a county pro has special resonance. Having led Sussex in the second half of 2012 following Mike Yardy’s resignation the genial Irishman is preparing for his first full season in charge. And for a change, when Ed walked into the dressing room on the first Monday in March at the start of pre-season training the place wasn’t the ghost town it had been in recent years when international call-ups and commitments overseas often precluded seven or eight players from reporting back with the rest of the squad. These days, of course, the majority of the Sussex players spend the winter in warmer climes, whether it’s playing for their countries or experiencing a different cricketing culture anywhere from Cape Town to Sydney. But Ed and Cricket Manager Mark Robinson had the luxury of everyone except Matt Prior and Monty Panesar, who were with England in New Zealand, in attendance when they laid down some markers for the season ahead. “We will see if it makes any difference once the season starts but it certainly helped having virtually everyone there,” said Ed. “Especially for Robbo, who is used to players coming and going. As a coach that can be difficult to manage. I know he was delighted to have so many of the boys back for the start of pre-season.” Ed’s winter did involve playing some competitive cricket in Ireland’s short-lived campaign in the T20 World Cup in Sri Lanka. This summer Ireland are due to take on Scotland in qualifiers for the 2015 World Cup as well as prestigious ODIs against Pakistan and England. It means he will hand over the captaincy to Chris Nash for at least three Championship games but playing for his country still means a lot. “I really enjoy it,” he said. “I went shooting for the stars when I qualified for England to try and play Test cricket and I enjoyed the one-day internationals I played. But we are trying to grow the game in Ireland and getting to another World Cup in two years time would mean a lot. It might be time for me to call it a day after that so I want to help us reach another major tournament.” On the domestic front Ed has considerable shoes to fill. Despite leading a team in transition Yardy still managed to win some trophies and he still remembers playing against Chris Adams’ all-conquering side. ‘Grizzly’ led Sussex for a record-breaking 11 seasons – an achievement in itself never mind the number of trophies he won as well. At 34, Ed is six years older than both Adams and Yardy were when they became captain. “These days I think it would be impossible for anyone to do the job as long as Grizzly did,” said Ed. “How long can I do the job for? Well, as long as the body holds up I’d like to think I could do two or three good years. I’ve got big boots to fill but the more I have thought about it and the closer we have got to the start of a new season the more I have begun to relish the challenge ahead.” Ironically, Joyce was 28 when he put himself forward to be Middlesex captain. They looked elsewhere and in 2009 he was heading to Hove in search of a fresh challenge. Back then captaincy was the last thing on his mind. “I’d been a fill-in a few times at Middlesex and when I didn’t get it I was disappointed. When I came to Sussex I just wanted to play well but when the opportunity arose last year the more I thought about it the more I felt that at this stage of my career it was a fresh challenge I needed.” 14 \| 2013 SPRING You only have to spend a few minutes in his company or watch his demeanour at the crease to recognise that Joyce is made more in the mould of Yardy than Adams. He wants to win badly but there is a calmness and serenity to what he does. “Doing the job last season definitely improved my focus and that won’t change,” he said. “When I only had to worry about myself I found it quite easy to switch off. Failure never ate me up like it does to some players but there is no doubt that you do feel the losses a lot more.” The vice-captains in both the Adams and Yardy eras had little input. It will be a lot different for Joyce’s deputy, not least because of the cricket he is going to miss because of Ireland commitments. Fortunately for him and Sussex Chris Nash is not only an experienced and hardworking player in his own right but also Joyce’s best friend and confidant in the dressing room. The captain’s privilege is his own room on away trips but it wouldn’t be a surprise if Joyce continues to share his quarters with Nash so they can chew the cud. “Don’t get me wrong we do disagree on things,” says Joyce when discussing their partnership which, of course, extends to opening the batting together. “But we agree on a lot more and we’ve always got on. When I’m not here I know he will do a terrific job.” Nash might end up leading the side in the Friends Life T20 too. Joyce hasn’t been involved for the Sharks in the last two tournaments and admits he was grateful in the past for the opportunity in mid-season to recharge his batteries and rest the hip which was operated on two years ago and which still needs to be managed. “I do miss playing Twenty20 and I certainly feel I can bring something to the side but it’s a format we are very strong in without me so we will have to see what happens.” Joyce was watching from the Cardiff pavilion last August when Sussex were beaten in the semi-finals of the T20. Their subsequent tumble down the Championship table – after they had appeared favourites to finish second – and defeat in the semis of the CB40 competition added up to a ‘nearly but not quite’ season although one the vast majority of counties would have been happy with. The problem for Joyce, of course, is that both Adams and Yardy set high standards in terms of achievement. So what was the gist of his message when he addressed the troops back in early March? “Look, we have always been strong in one-day cricket and I can’t see that changing. Getting Rory Hamilton-Brown back here is a big coup, not least because he is a fantastic fielder and that is perhaps the one area of our one-day cricket that could improve. I can definitely see us challenging in both 20 and 40 overs formats. “The Championship is a bit more of an unknown. With everyone fit I think we have an attack that can take 20 wickets but we need to bat better, both individually and as a unit and I include myself in that. Last season our best batting tended to be on poor pitches. On flat wickets we didn’t get big runs so we need to be able to perform on all sorts of surfaces. Our first aim will be to improve on last season (4th). If we do that, then I think we will challenge but the First Division is very hard to predict. Six or seven sides will feel they have a chance of winning it.” Captaincy seemed to bring the best out in Joyce, whose first game in charge against Worcestershire not only brought an innings victory but a hundred for the skipper. If he and the senior batsmen can find consistency it might not be long before he is emulating his predecessors and holding a trophy aloft too. Interview: Bruce Talbot Above: Ed Joyce scored “Doing the job in 2012 d way to a century in the 4 strong in one-day cricket ed joyce FtSe d a century in his first game as skipper last season. definitely improved my focus.” BELOW: Ed on his 40 overs league against Unicorns last May. “We are t and I can’t see that changing,” he says. Ed in action for Ireland at the 2012 T20 World Cup against West Indies. He would love to represent his country in the 2015 World Cup in Australia SPRING 2013 \| 15 Here when you need us... Premier funeral arrangements FREE bereavement advice & support Pre-paid inflatation proof funeral plans Private and home visits FREE parking available Welcomes visitors anytime Brighton 155 Lewes Road, BN2 3LG 01273 626 326 Goring-by-Sea 56 Goring Road, BN12 4AD 01903 505 757 Hove 8 Blatchington Road, BN3 3YH 01273 771 332 Peacehaven 217 South Coast Road, BN10 8LA 01273 626 326 Shoreham 68 High Street, BN43 5DB 01273 771 332 Worthing 72 Newland Road, BN11 1LB 01273 626 326 For more details please visit our website: www.caringlady.co.uk SQUAD PROFILES Who’s who in 2013 Adam Matthews profiles this season’s Sussex squad ED JOYCE T he Irish left-hander was named as Sussex’s new captain in October 2012. He took over the captaincy at Hove midway through the 2012 season when Michael Yardy stood down from the position in LV=County Championship and Clydesdale Bank 40 cricket, leading the side in four LV=CC matches and five CB40 games. During that period, he guided the Sharks to a semi-final in the CB40 competition whilst also sealing a fourth-placed finish in the Championship. He topped the Championship averages, scoring 829 runs at 39.48 with a highest score of 108 in the draw against Worcestershire at New Road. Ed made his debut for Sussex in 2009 after joining from Middlesex and he is still an important member of the Ireland team, having also played international cricket for England. CHRIS NASH C uckfield-born Nash penned a new two-year extension to his contract in November 2012 that will see him remain at Hove until at least the end of the 2016 season, following his appointment as vicecaptain. He made his first-class debut for Sussex in 2002, and has scored over 10,000 career runs for Sussex. He was named in the PCA Team of the Year at the conclusion of the 2012 season. Chris scored 984 runs in 2012 in the LV=County Championship and also took 21 wickets with his off-spin. In addition, he notched 240 runs and took 10 wickets in the Clydesdale Bank 40 and made 319 runs in the Friends Life t20 campaign, which saw the Sharks reach Finals Day at Cardiff. BEN BROWN T he Crawley-born wicketkeeper-batsman signed a new two-year extension to his contract that will keep him at Hove until at least the end of the 2014 season. A product of the Sussex Youth and Academy set-up, he played 14 first-class matches during the 2012 season, scoring over 500 runs as well as taking 38 catches behind the stumps. He also featured in ten Clydesdale Bank 40 matches and five Friends Life t20 games before representing England, along with Chris Nash, in the Hong Kong Sixes tournament. CHRIS LIDDLE S ussex’s most consistent bowler in one-day cricket over the past two seasons, Liddle has kicked on to become the Sharks’ strike bowler in the 20 and 40 over formats. He topped the averages last season in the Friends Life t20 taking 17 wickets, with a best performance of 5 for 17 against Middlesex. His form in the Friends Life t20 at Hove persuaded Dhaka Gladiators to acquire his services for the Bangladesh Premier League where he performed admirably earlier this year. He was also leading wicket-taker in the Clydesdale Bank 40 with 14 scalps. MICHAEL RIPPON A n unknown quantity when drafted into Sussex’s Friends Life t20 campaign, the South African-born left-arm chinaman bowler left the Kent Spitfires batsmen in no doubt of his ability when he ripped through their line-up on debut at Hove. He claimed a haul of 4 for 23 on the day he penned an 18-month deal with the county. The 21 year-old qualifies for Sussex through his Dutch passport and also had a successful season in the 2nd XI, the highlight his incredible return of 7 for 12, also against Kent, in a Trophy match at Hove. Michael plays club cricket for Brighton and Hove CC. AMJAD KHAN T he right-arm seamer made a real impact in all three formats for Sussex in 2012 despite still suffering from injury problems which ruled him out for several LV=County Championship matches. He also became an important member of both one-day sides taking some key wickets. The Danish-born seamer also claimed the Champagne Moment at the Awards Evening after he smashed 16 off the final over in the crucial Clydesdale Bank 40 clash against Yorkshire at Headingley. During the winter Amjad underwent a major knee operation but is confident of being fit for the start of the 2013 campaign. SPRING 2013 \| 17 JAMES ANYON 2 012 proved to be yet another fruitful year for the former Warwickshire man as his improved pace yielded 42 wickets in the LV=County Championship, including a stunning haul of 5 for 36 in the ten-wicket win over Lancashire, the county of his birth, at Liverpool. He played in all but one of Sussex’s four-day games with his other five-wicket haul coming against Surrey at the Kia Oval. His lower-order batting was also particularly useful, with his eight not-outs propelling him to an average 28.72. It included a career-best 64 not out against Surrey at Horsham. JOE GATTING I t was the shorter format of the game that the Brighton-born batsman proved the most adept as he averaged 32.75 across the ten games he played. His best performance came in the 19-run win over Essex at Hove when he hit an unbeaten 45 from only 22 balls. He has spent the winter in Australia working on his game and has been at the county since the age of 15, although he did spend three seasons away playing football for Brighton & Hove Albion before returning to cricket. LEWIS HATCHETT O ne of the most local members in the squad, having been born in nearby Shoreham-by-Sea, the left-arm seam bowler was restricted to mainly Second XI appearances in 2012 where he regularly impressed. He did get his chance in the LV=County Championship match with Somerset in September when he took 3 for 25 in the first innings, and followed it up with four wickets in the match at Durham. Has since struggled with injury over the winter but will hope to be fit for the new campaign. LUKE WELLS I t was another exciting season for the young and fluent left-hander as finished behind only the prolific opening partnership of Joyce and Nash in the LV=County Championship averages. His 713 runs came at 37.52 and the son of former Sussex and England man Alan Wells took a particular liking to the bowling of rivals Surrey as he hit centuries in both matches, at the Kia Oval and Horsham. Sussex born and bred, he will this year be aiming to overhaul his season’s best run tally of 824 which he lodged in 2011. MATT MACHAN The 22 year-old left-hander finally announced himself on the 1st XI stage early last season with a stunning unbeaten 126 against the Unicorns in the CB40 victory at Hove. He went on to play a further three matches in the tournament, along with three appearances in the Friends Life t20 as well as an outing in Sussex’s final Championship match of the season at Durham. Born in Brighton but with Scottish heritage through his mother, he was selected for an informal tour of South Africa with Scotland in October and had his qualification confirmed earlier this year and is hoping to get further international opportunity with the Scots. FtSe CHRIS JORDAN B arbados-born but E n glish-qualified , bowling all-rounder Jordan signed a two-year contract with Sussex in December 2012 following his release by Surrey at the end of last season. He had been with Surrey since 2006, after former Sussex opener Bill Athey, who spotted his potential at Dulwich College, recommended him. Chris made his first-class debut a season later and has since played 40 first-class matches, 20 List A games and 12 t20 matches, taking 112 wickets across all three formats. He bowls genuinely quick and his allround ability can see him bat strongly down the order and even field in the slips. He played for Barbados during the winter and took match figures of 9 for 58 in his final first-class match there in February. LUKE WRIGHT L uke’s early season may have been dogged by both injury and illness but he hit back in style for Sussex in 2012 and was one of only two players – Chris Nash being the other – to score over 300 runs in the Friends Life t20 tournament. His scintillating one-day form wasn’t only restricted to the shortest format as he averaged 59.71 – including three centuries – as the Sharks reached the semi-finals of the Clydesdale Bank 40. He has once again been globetrotting this winter, playing in the Big Bash and the Bangladesh Premier League whilst also cementing his place in the England t20 side and starring at the World Twenty20 in Sri Lanka. MATT PRIOR I t was another great season for England’s wicketkeeper-batsman where he scored heavily for Sussex when available from international duty. He hit a swashbuckling 86 against Lancashire in a televised Championship match at Hove whilst his highlight in the Friends Life t20 was a knock of 81 from only 37 balls in the washed-out affair against Hampshire at the Ageas Bowl. He helped confirm the Sharks’ place in the CB40 semi-final with an unbeaten 78 against Kent at Canterbury, putting on 152 with Luke Wright. On the Test match stage he was among England’s best players in the 2012 home series against West Indies and South Africa and in the historic series victory in India at the end of last year. SPRING 2013 \| 19 MICHAEL YARDY I n the season when Yardy relinquished the captaincy at Hove in two formats of the game, his top score with the bat came in the second outing in the County Championship with a superb innings of 110 against Lancashire at Liverpool which helped to set up the ten-wicket victory against the reigning champions. He retained the captaincy in the Friends Life t20, leading the Sharks to their second Finals Day in four seasons and was also named the 1st XI Fielder of the Year, with his 34 catches across all formats rivalling numbers taken by wicketkeepers around the county circuit. MONTY PANESAR P laying in all but one of Sussex’s Championship matches, Panesar again broke the 50-wicket barrier, claiming 53 scalps at an average of 23.15, with a best of 7 for 60 in the first innings of the drawn match against Somerset at Taunton. He also took six wickets in the second innings, handing him match figures of 13 for 137. It was this kind of consistent form which again persuaded the England selectors to come calling, with him being selected for the tour of India. There was controversy as he was not picked for the First Test in Ahmedabad which the tourists lost, but he vindicated the decision to leave him out by taking 17 wickets in the next three matches. RORY HAMILTONBROWN T he 25 year-old all-rounder returned to his former county last September when he signed a threeyear deal at Hove following his release from Surrey. He originally developed through the Surrey youth system but spent two seasons at Sussex in 2008 and 2009, winning both the t20 and Pro40 competitions in 2009. He also played for the Sharks in the Champions League but moved to the Oval shortly afterwards when the lure of captaincy proved too good to turn down. He took a break from cricket last season following the tragic death of his close friend and team-mate Tom Maynard. He has spent much of the winter fitness training in Florida. WILL BEER H aving forced himself into Sussex’s one-day line-up during 2012, the 24 year-old Crawleyborn leg-spinner signed a new two-year deal with the county which ties him to Sussex until the end of the 2014 season. His best haul came in the crucial CB40 clash with Warwickshire Bears under the floodlights and in front of the cameras at Hove when he took 3 for 27 as he helped Sussex defend 199. He also kept his nerve, with the bat this time in the Friends Life t20 clash at Essex Eagles, again televised, as he and Ben Brown ensured that the Sharks crept over the line with a ball to spare in a nail-biting affair at Chelmsford. FtSe SCOTT STYRIS T he former New Zealand international, who returns for the Sharks’ Friends Life t20 campaign this season, wrote himself into Sussex folklore during last season’s Quarter-Final against Gloucestershire Gladiators at Hove, and needed only 37 balls to do it. The hard-hitting all-rounder showed no mercy on the visiting attack, plundering five fours and nine sixes in his unbeaten century which fired Sussex to Finals Day once more. His seam bowling also proved useful during the tournament, along with knocks of 48 and 36 against Middlesex and former county Essex respectively, and confirmed his return to Hove last October with the Club announcing he will once again play in the t20 tournament. A true globetrotter, Styris has also represented Kandurata Warriors, Northern Districts and Hobart Hurricanes in t20 tournaments over the past 12 months. ANDREW MILLER S ussex signed the 25-yearold former Lancashire and Warwickshire seamer on a oneyear contract after a successful trial. Andrew was released by Warwickshire at the end of the 2012 season having taken 35 wickets in 18 first-class matches. He travelled with Sussex to both Port Elizabeth and Dubai on their recent pre-season tours and impressed the coaching staff sufficiently to be awarded a contract. Miller said: “I’m absolutely thrilled to be given this opportunity. I am really looking forward to making an impact within the squad as we go forward.” STEVE MAGOFFIN O riginally signed as Sussex’s overseas player for only the early part of the 2012 summer, his blistering form earned him a deal until the end of season and 2013. He took 57 wickets in the LV=County Championship Division One last season at an average of only slightly over 20, his best of 7 for 34 coming on his debut at Lancashire in April. He also made some vital contributions with the bat, scoring 363 runs at an average of 22.68. The 33-year-old also has experience in England with Surrey and Worcestershire. SPRING 2013 \| 21 FtSe MATT PRIOR Best in the world? Matt Prior’s performance in New Zealand had the pundits comparing him to some of the great wicketkeeperbatsmen but his goals are all about team success with England and Sussex rather than individual glory Matt Prior’s focus in 2013 is back-to-back Ashes series but Hove is never too far from his mind. “I’m passionate about Sussex cricket,” he says. “It’s been a huge part of my life for almost 20 years.” 22 \| 2013 SPRING Matt PRIOR T his year could hardly have started any better for Matt Prior, with his elevation to the Test vice-captaincy in New Zealand and a series of individual performances which, after his 110 not out in Auckland especially, led to widespread media notices pressing his case to be considered the best wicketkeeper-batsman in England’s history. All that came after a successful Sussex benefit year in 2012 which, he said, “was a great honour”, and yet he is now preparing for another English summer with the exhilarating prospect of 2013 becoming the most momentous year of his career to date, which in itself is saying something for a and I won’t do that again.” Prior’s modesty and grounded attitude also shines through when he is asked about comparisons between himself and the greatest wicketkeeper-batsmen of England’s past – a list headed by the likes of Alan Knott and Alec Stewart, Prior’s own mentor, and especially Les Ames, the first of a line of great Kent and England stumpers which also includes Knott and Godfrey Evans, and who has long been generally regarded as the finest of them all. Ames scored 2,434 runs in the 47 Test appearances he made between 1929 and 1939, at an average of 40.56, and hit eight hundreds – still the most by an England wicketkeeper – while his batting average of 43.40 in the 44 matches he played as a keeper-batsman has also been a long-held England record. Prior, however, took his own Test batting average above Ames to FtSe anywhere in the top or middle order. But it is a question of team balance. If the opportunity to bat at No 6 in the Test team arose then I would take it, but for me it is always about the team situation and what is best for the team.” Prior, meanwhile, is approaching even this busiest and most high profile of ‘double-Ashes’ years with a real desire to continue to do his best for Sussex in whatever county cricket he gets to play outside of his England commitments. Sussex, indeed, has been such a big part of his life – let alone his cricketing life – that he cannot begin to visualise himself playing for another county. “I probably won’t have a huge amount of time to play for Sussex in 2013, if things go well with England, but when I do get the chance I’ll be hoping to contribute on and off the field. On international duty I’ll be following “I’ve been part of the club since I was 12, so it’s been a huge part of my life for almost 20 years – with many more years to come, I hope.” man with 65 Test caps and almost 3,500 runs at the highest level. With ten Ashes Tests scheduled in the back-to-back series here in July and August and then in Australia from November, Prior could even become one of a select band of English cricketers who have played in four or more winning Ashes series against the oldest enemy. Prior, however, an Ashes winner already of course in both the 2009 and 2010-11 series, makes it a habit these days of not looking too far into the future, despite rising excitement among England supporters that Alastair Cook’s team can post a run of four or more winning Ashes series for the first time since 1890 and the first back-to-back away victories since 1929 and 1933. “It’s a massive year for English cricket coming up and I’ll hopefully have a large part to play during what should be an exciting next twelve months,” said Prior. “But I made the mistake once before, earlier in my England career, of looking too far ahead 45.46 with that Wellington 110, and ended the New Zealand tour with seven centuries, the same number Stewart made when wearing the gloves and one more than Knott. “I might have some distant goals, but in my mind I have a long way to go yet before I can class myself with the likes of Knott, Stewart and Ames,” said Prior. “Those guys are legends of the game.” It is the same when the question is raised about whether Prior will be promoted up the England batting order from No 7 to No 6 – where he batted, don’t forget, throughout the 2009 Ashes, when Andrew Flintoff was placed at seven in his final series – and when it is intimated, too, that he might even finish his Test career as a specialist batsman as high as No 5 with a younger thruster such as Jonny Bairstow or Ben Foakes eventually being given an opportunity with the gloves in the five-day game. “I do consider myself a frontline batsman, and batsmen can play the team’s progress and will be checking the scores at the end of each day’s play as usual, and I hope that 2013 is a good year for us. “I’ve been part of the club since I was 12, so it’s been a huge part of my life for almost 20 years – with many more years to come, I hope. I’m passionate about what goes on at the club, which is why it means so much pulling on the shirt whenever I get the opportunity and trying to make a positive contribution. “It was a great honour to have been awarded a benefit year, which thanks to all the members and supporters went very well. I hope that everyone who turned up and supported the events had a good time and I would like to take this opportunity to thank you all once again for the continued support not only of myself but every Sussex beneficiary and of Sussex cricket and the team in general.” Mark Baldwin writes on county cricket for The Times SPRING 2013 \| 23 Sell your unwanted gold & silver. Best prices paid in cash or part exchange. Please visit our shop for a valuation. We also manufacture jewellery in our own workshop and buy and sell pre-owned watches including: SHOP: 29 StatiOn ROad, PORtSlade Bn41 1GB Call: 01273 239763 www.jamesrossjewellers.co.uk Our new partners It’s the BrightonandHoveJobs.com Montefiore Hospital to sponsor County Ground Boundary Rooms T Brighton and Hove Jobs.com founder Gary Peters is welcomed to the County Ground by skipper Ed Joyce and Mike Yardy B rightonandHoveJobs.com have become the official ground naming rights partner for at least the next three seasons. The ground will now officially be known as The BrightonandHoveJobs. com County Ground. The deal cements the close relationship between BrightonandHoveJobs.com and the club, as the employment specialists sponsored the Boundary Rooms - Sussex’s state-of-theart and award winning hospitality facilities - last season. As well as this the job specialists have gone one step further by relocating part of their business to a new base in the ground, with a purpose-built office on the eastern side housing their sales and marketing team all year round. BrightonandHoveJobs.com, the leading employment website for the region, was founded in 2010 by Gary Peters. The company - which specialises in advertising local jobs and providing employment advice - also has plans to open further offices and to become one of the leading employment websites in the country. BrightonandHoveJobs.com has a track record of major investment in sport in Brighton and Hove, particularly with their sponsorship of Brighton and Hove Albion Football Club since their move to the Amex. Gary said: “We have grown significantly over the past two years and due to overwhelming demand we are now taking our model across the UK and beyond. The sponsorship of Sussex is not only a significant investment into the expansion of the cricket club but also a further commitment to our local area — particularly in the area of job advertising and employment advice. “Our relationship with Brighton and Hove Albion continues to go from strength to strength but, as was always the case, our two-year shirt sponsorship comes to an end at the end of this season. Ensuring our brand continues to be associated with the very best sporting and cultural facilities locally is imperative and this sponsorship couldn’t have been better timed. “Since coming to the County Ground I have made so many good friends, seen the club grow significantly and I’m delighted to be part of the Sussex cricket family. It really is a dream come true to be so involved in one of the country’s most successful teams and I’m really looking forward to meeting the many businesses and fans involved with the club.” Chief Executive Zac Toumazi said: “It is pleasing to see an expanding local company like BrightonandHoveJobs.com increase their involvement in the club and take their place as a major part of the Sussex family. We look forward to working together.” he Montefiore Hospital are the new sponsor of the Boundary Rooms. The Boundary Rooms, which are situated in the south-east corner of the BrightonandHoveJobs.com County Ground, are a focal point for both match day and non-match day activity and will now be known as The Montefiore Hospital Boundary Rooms. Montefiore Hospital director Andy Wood said: “We are in the business of looking after people, but we believe this should extend beyond the hospital and out into the community. Sussex CCC is on our doorstep and part of the local community that we are very proud to be part of. “The club does a great deal to promote a healthy and active lifestyle which is something that the Montefiore Hospital, as a healthcare provider, wholeheartedly endorses. “We hope that our support of the club will help to encourage more people to come and watch the matches and in turn, be inspired to have a go themselves.” Mark Robinson and Zac Toumazi welcome Director Andy Wood and Commercial Manager James Dempster to the Sussex family Mayo Wynne Baxter sponsor Executive Suite S ussex-based solicitors Mayo Wynne Baxter, who have been long-term supporters of the club, have signed a two-year deal at Hove, with ‘The Mayo Wynne Baxter Executive Suite’ becoming the latest name behind the boundary. The Executive Suite gives visitors to Hove the chance to entertain clients, colleagues and friends in a superb location, situated between the Players’ Club and The Montefiore Hospital Boundary Rooms in the south east corner of the ground. Mayo Wynne Baxter are one of the largest law firms in the region and boast five offices in Brighton, Eastbourne, East Grinstead, Lewes and Seaford. They provide a comprehensive and personal service to a broad spectrum of local, national and international clients and have been highly commended by the Law Society for their client service. Chairman Dean Orgill, said: “We are delighted to sponsor the Executive Suite and show our continued support for Sussex cricket. Mayo Wynne Baxter have a strong association with sport across the county that goes back many years and we are looking forward to more first-class cricket at The BrightonandHoveJobs. com County Ground this season.” SPRING 2013 \| 25 Doddington Aerials & Satellites specialise in residential & commercial aerial and satellite solutions • Aerial / Satellite / Freeview / Freesat Installations • Aerial Repairs, Upgrades, Problem Solving • • Abseiling & Rope Access Services All our quotes are free with no obligation, for further information please contact us today! “The work carried out was first class. We recommend Doddington Aerials & Satellites to anyone. Chris is such a nice person and so helpful!” - Mr Moon 07794786718 \| [email protected] \| Facebook/DoddingtonAerials @AerialSatellite \| Youtube.com/DoddingtonAerials NEWS Academy intake confirmed O ur Academy intake for 2013 has been confirmed with the programme a combined one between the ECB and the club itself. Following a two-month trial before Christmas, nine players regained their places for a further year whilst three players have also been added to the programme. The audition included the Academy tour to Cape Town before Christmas. Georgia Adams, Harry Finch, Ollie Graham, Josh Hayward, Elliott Hooper, Fynn Hudson-Prentice, Callum Jackson, Tim Moses and Abidine Sakande will all remain part of the Academy in 2013, whilst Leo Cammish, Ben Shoare and Sam Grant will become part of the setup for the first time. Leo and Ben showed during the audition that they could absorb new information and alter their techniques in the appropriate areas, whilst achieving the set goals to earn their place on the programme. All 12 players have shown good evidence that they can portray the Sussex values which are of course an important part of Sussex Cricket and its Academy. Cammish, a right-handed wicket-keeper batsman who is educated at Hurstpierpoint College, has played for Sussex Under13s right through to the 17s age group last season and has also featured for the Development XI in the Sussex Premier League. Shoare, 17, has also represented Sussex right through from the Under-13s and the right-handed opening batsman, who can also bowl off-spin, has played for Horsham in the Sussex Premier League. The nine existing players will be hoping to step up their development this year. Both Harry Finch and Callum Jackson were in in the England Under-19s squad that toured South Africa in February whilst Sakande remains a part of the Under-18/19s Development Programme with England. Sam Grant is a 17 year-old all-rounder, who bowls left-arm seam and bats in the top-order. He plays for Steyning in the Sussex Cricket League. It was Sussex’s connections at Brighton College which brought Grant to the attention of Cricket Performance Manager Keith Greenfield, with former Sussex Women’s player and Director of Cricket at Brighton College Alexia Walker and Les Lenham who has of course been involved with the county for over 60 years, both working closely with Sam over the past year. Keith said: “Les approached me earlier in the year about Sam and how well he was developing, so we kept an eye on him and invited him to practise with our Development Squads and Academy. LED Europe light up Hove T here is a brand new addition to the facilities at the BrightonandHoveJobs.com County Ground this season – an LED big screen. It will replace the fascia of the old main scoreboard as part of a five-year sponsorship agreement between the county and LED Sport Europe who, as part of the sponsorship, have agreed to sponsor the Yorkshire Bank 40 clash with Worcestershire Royals on Sunday 5th May when there will be free entry to all supporters. It will enable LED Sport Europe to showcase the big screen by streaming live match footage. All supporters MUST gain their ticket for free entry in advance of the day by calling the Ticket Office on 0844 264 0206 or booking online. Tickets will be limited to four per person maximum. Anyone attending on the day without a ticket will be asked to Steyning’s Sam Grant is the latest addition to the 12-strong Sussex Academy intake for 2013 “We are looking forward to continuing the work we have started with the majority of this group. We’re excited by the addition of Ben and Leo and how far we can progress them all and the whole group as players and as importantly, people and leaders.” Sussex Academy 2013 Georgia Adams Leo Cammish Harry Finch Ollie Graham Josh Hayward Elliott Hooper Fynn Hudson-Prentice Callum Jackson Tim Moses Abidine Sakande Ben Shoare Sam Grant Brighton & Hove CC Unattached Hastings Priory CC Haywards Heath CC Cuckfield CC Hastings Priory CC Haywards Heath CC Eastbourne CC Lewes Priory CC Three Bridges CC Horsham CC Steyning CC pay the usual Yorkshire Bank 40 price of £15 for Adults or £5 for juniors. Zac Toumazi, Chief Executive of Sussex Cricket, said, “We’re delighted to be able to form this partnership with LED Sport Europe, which we hope will bring many benefits to both parties. Thanks to their generous support we are able to offer the Worcestershire clash as a free match. “Hopefully the waiving of the admission fee will encourage not only new visitors to Hove but also those who have not been to the ground in a while, particularly with the fantastic new redevelopment which has been undertaken.“ Ed de Lucy, Managing Director of LED Sport Europe, said: “The new big screen and perimeter boards will help enhance the match day experience for supporters with live match coverage and replays.” Visitors to the Worcestershire game will be able to enjoy the Sussex Beer Festival with a range of real ales on offer as well as the Street Entertainers that will also be in the ground on the day. SPRING 2013 \| 27 Industry leaders in results driven Beauty and Aesthetic treatments in Brighton and Sussex. Sophie Sarah Yasmine Sarah Hurst Beauty Studio invests in itâ€™s staff. This means that we attend frequent training courses and also apply in house training. This ensures that all our knowledge is of an extremely high standard. Our treatments and products are backed up by strong scientific evidence to provide real results. We have many regular clients who visit the Studio from all over Sussex for our knowledge and expertise. Electrolysis - the only method of hair removal that can claim permanence. Collagen Stimulation Therapy - Medical needling for skin rejuvenation Waxing - Using strip & hot wax. Men & Women including intimate areas. Removal of thread veins, skin tags & other minor skin conditions. Specialised Eyebrow Shaping - by waxing, plucking & trimming. Mineral make-up, for weddings, special occasions etc - and to purchase. Massage - swedish, holistic, medical massage and sports, indian head, aromatherapy and hot stone fusion. Eyelash & brow tinting, Eyelash perming. Manicures & Pedicures Orly Gelfx Manicures and Pedicures Advanced Skin Care using Environ vitamin range that is clinically proven to assist with ageing, sun damage, acne and other skin conditions. Also in maintaining healthy skin. Hair V Go - treatment for downy hair Kae Argatherapy Organic Skin Care - For the ultimate in skin care and pampering. Spray and Manual Tanning â€“ using Mistair and Sienna X Pamper parties - This is a mobile beauty service that we offer to groups, not just necessarily girls, but can be tailored to your requirements Ear Piercing Nouveau lash extensions ALL TREATMENTS ARE AVAILABLE FOR MEN AND FOR WOMEN Telephone: 01273 Water way to launch Ashes year! T he Southern Water Ashes returns this year and the launch event took place at Hertford Junior School in Brighton, when the Sussex Community coaches and Sid the Shark were in attendance, along with Southern Water’s very own ‘Mr Drink-it’. The Community Roadshow will be visiting eight schools across the South Coast between Rottingdean and Portslade, the aim of the tour to promote the message of hydration in cricket and water saving as well as how to become more efficient with water in school and at home. Each student’s aim during the roadshow is to build up as many points as possible in their quest to be one of the top five scorers at their school. This earns them a “golden ticket” invitation down to The BrightonandHoveJobs.com County Ground to compete against all the other ticket winners for the right to take home the ‘Ashes Urn’. Every school involved in the scheme has or will receive an assembly presentation, highlighting the importance of water efficiency and hydration, including a fun catching competition between two teachers. All children are given a Southern Water comic book and 7-day water diary. They also get the chance to take part in the practical part of their roadshow themselves where the Year 5 and 6 children are challenged with cricket-based activities. Andy Shaddick, Southern Water’s Public Affairs Manager, said: “We are delighted to again be running the Southern Water Ashes with local schools. As part of our Sporting Chance programme this partnership with Sussex Cricket teaches children the importance of staying hydrated during exercise while being put through their paces by these professional coaches.” Matt Parsons, Sussex Cricket Board’s Community Coach, said: “The cricketing reason behind the event is to bring simple, slightly different and interactive cricket activities to the schools and generate as much interest in this year’s Ashes series as possible. “We’re very grateful to Southern Water for supporting the event as such a scheme wouldn’t have been possible without their sponsorship.” The final takes place on Saturday 27th April in the Farnrise Indoor School at Hove between 12.00pm and 3.00pm. Junior pro contracts awarded H arry Finch and Callum Jackson have both been awarded junior professional contracts for 2013. The pair have been given the squad numbers 12 and 16 respectively following their graduation through the Academy setup. Finch, an 18 year-old all-rounder who bowls right-arm medium-fast, hails from Hastings and began his Sussex career playing for the under-13 team. Jackson, also 18, is a right-handed wicketkeeper-batsman from Eastbourne who has also represented Sussex through from the under-13s age group squad. Both players have already made their 1st XI debut in the nonfirst-class match against Leeds/Bradford MCCU last summer and earlier this year toured South Africa with England under-19s. Harry said: “I’m absolutely thrilled as it is something that I have been working towards for a very long time. This is the first big step on the ladder to what I hope will be a successful career with Sussex”. Callum said: “I owe a lot to the age group coaches at Sussex and my time in the EPP, while both Keith Greenfield and Andy Cornford have been a great help in the Academy. “I am really looking forward to representing Sussex and I’m delighted at the opportunity given to me.” Club coach Carl Hopkinson said: “Both players made good strides in the Second XI last season and gained some valuable experience. “They will both be hoping to use this season as a springboard into the professional ranks and hopefully we’ll see them make their mark on first team cricket in the future.” SPRING 2013 \| 29 0800 9247 990 07775 247 999 \|\| [email protected] NEWS FtSe Testimonial to benefit two charities T he county have announced that this season’s testimonial has been awarded to the two Sussex CCC charities: the Sussex Cricket in the Community Trust (SCCT) and the Sussex Cricket, Museum and Educational Trust (SCMET), who have joined forces to create the Sussex Cricket Combined Appeal 2013 to raise vital funds for these local cricket based charities. Bryan Bedson, who is chairman of the Appeal Committee said: “This is a very exciting opportunity for Sussex Cricket and the money raised will be spent in three separate ways: 1. On Cricket in the Community projects including Street20 cricket, played across the county, and Disability Cricket. Annually, Sussex Cricket runs a very successful Disability Cricket Day at Hove which sees over 400 disabled children come to The BrightonandHoveJobs.com County Ground to play various forms of cricket, and our Visually Impaired team are also county champions. 2. At the Sutton Winson Academy Ground at Blackstone, where we have developed a unique facility with two grounds where the county’s entire youth cricket is played. It is good at the moment but we aim to make it world class with extensions to the playing facilities, a drainage project, state of the art machinery and top class grass nets. 3. At Hove where we are working to develop the most exciting Cricket Museum in the country and are aiming to purchase a series of interactive exhibits for educational and entertainment purposes. The appeal is particularly pertinent in 2013, with this year being not only the 10th anniversary of Sussex’s historic inaugural County Championship victory, but also the 50th Anniversary of Sussex winning the first one-day competition against Worcestershire at Lord’s in the first ever Gillette Cup. The patrons of the appeal have been confirmed as the former England wicketkeeper batsman and Sussex icon Jim Parks, former Sussex captain Michael Yardy, who is a graduate of the Sussex youth programme and a World T20 winner with England, and Holly Colvin, Sussex women’s captain who was just 15 when she played in an Ashes Test at Hove. Fashion guru Wayne Hemingway has designed the Appeal tie. Chairman Jim May said: “The Combined Charities Appeal is very important in helping our two cricket charities develop their good work. I trust that the supporters of Sussex Cricket will support the events to help our volunteers with these two worthy causes.” The appeal was launched in March with a lunch attended by 315 guests at the Grand Hotel when £28,000 was raised to give the appeal a magnificent start. Their next event is a lunch to remember Tony Greig and Christopher Martin-Jenkins, who both passed away this winter. It takes place on Monday, May 6 in the Montefiore Hospital Bounday Rooms when John Barclay will pay tribute to both men. Tickets cost £30 and the event starts at 12 noon. A commemorative booklet produced by Nick Sharp in memorial to Tony Greig and limited to 150 copies will also be available to purchase on the day at £20 per copy. Forward orders may be placed in advance if desired from the Sussex Cricket World website or by emailing Nick directly at [email protected] Three of the trustees Jim Parks, Holly Colvin and Bryan Bedson toast a successful start to this year’s testimonial when £28,000 was raised at the launch lunch Family Fun Days are back Family Fun Days will be returning to Hove this year with four fixtures designated for Cricket & Sunday Lunch at The BrightonandHoveJobs.com County Ground, including the weekend of the much-anticipated visit of Australia in July. You can sample a fantastic two-course lunch, combining first-class food and first-class cricket in The Montefiore Hospital Boundary Rooms. These options are for pre-booking only and no combined ticket will be available on the day. The price includes matchday ticket, dedicated seating area and a two-course lunch. Sunday Lunch fixtures Sunday 2nd June – v. Nottinghamshire (LV=County Championship) £40 adults, £20 juniors. Sunday 21st July – v. Essex Eagles (Friends Life t20) £40 adults, £20 juniors. Saturday 27th and Sunday 28th July – v Australia (Tourist Match) £40 adults, £20 juniors. Sunday 4th August – v Derbyshire (LV=County Championship) £40 adults, £20 juniors. SPRING 2013 \| 31 installations ltd The experts in double glazing • • • • Rooflights / Lanterns Shopfronts Curtain Walling Fascias / Soffits • • • • FREE ESTIMATES NO PRESSURE SALES LOCAL FAMILY BUSINESS Guttering 40 YEARS EXPERIENCE Composite Doors EXPERT ADVICE Driveways & Patios Sarnafil Flat Roofing Systems FULL INSTALLATION SERVICE BY OUR OWN FITTERS 01273 691 000 www.shawsofbrighton.co.uk Showrooms At Brighton: Units 8-9, Centenary Industrial Estate, Hughes Road, Brighton BN2 4AW Shoreham: 266 Upper Shoreham Road, Shoreham-By-Sea BN43 6BF AAAAAAShaws Fax 01273 692077 Play the revenue with a straight bat but score as many runs as possible! www.hsc.uk.net e: [email protected] t: 01273 324163 (Brighton) t: 01403 786788 (Billingshurst) Front row: Mike Charman (scorer), Carl Hopkinson (Coach), Michael Yardy, Amjad Khan, Chris Nash, Ed Joyce, Zac Toumazi (Chief Executive), Mark Robinson (Professional Cricket Manager), James Anyon, Steve Magoffin, Mark Davis (Coach) Middle row: Chris Pickett (Analyst), Paul Khourry (Physiotherapist), Tom Cross (Sports Psychologist), Luke Wells, Lewis Hatchett, Chris Jordan, Callum Jackson, Harry Finch, Les Lenham (Coach), Nick Lee (Strength and Conditioning Coach), Jon Marrale (Physio). Back row, left to right: Michael Rippon, Rory Hamilton-Brown, Andrew Miller, Chris Liddle, Joe Gatting, Will Beer, Matt Machan. SUSSEX CCC 2013 FtSe Tel: 01903 533770 [email protected] www.jca-ltd.co.uk Chartered Surveyors Providing • Construction Consultancy • Quantity Surveying • Project Management • From Worthing, Sussex to Nationwide FOR YOUR HOME OR BUSINESS - WORKING FOR SUSSEX ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS, REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE Professional, cost-effective service for your home or business Safe, well planned, approved electrical work across Sussex and the South Outside normal office hours if required For a free, no obligation quote or expert advice, call us or email T : 01273 317 307 M : 07886 578 444 E-mail : [email protected] Web : sussexelectricalworks.co.uk Maurice Tate FtSe Remembering a legend He was named the county’s best ever player in 2004, now a new book tells the story of the remarkable Maurice Tate S ussexhas always had a place for stars. From Ranjitsinhji and CB Fry through the likes of Ted Dexter, John Snow, Tony Greig, Imran Khan, Mushtaq Ahmed to today’s Matt Prior, we love a bit of glamour on the south coast. But who is the greatest of the great? The one who achieved the most fame, the largest success? In my humble opinion, but one name emerges: Maurice Tate. In the 1920s he was the most popular cricketer in the world.A medium-fast bowler of genius he was famed for an uncanny ability to “gain pace” off the pitch, flummoxing the best in the world. So muchso that in his first encounter with the Aussies he broke the record for wickets in an Ashes series.Tate also took a wicket with his very first ball for England when South Africa were dismissed for just 30 runs. When not on international duty, Tate dismissed batsmen in their hundreds for Sussex. In three consecutive years he did the extraordinary “double” of at least 200 wickets and 1,000 runs. A first-class career record of 2,784 first-class wickets is barely conceivable nowadays. Tate was the first professional to captain Sussex in the 20th century and was a key part of the heart-breaking seasons of 1932, 1933 and 1934, when the team were runners-up in the Championship three times in a row. Tate hit more than 20,000 runs too, while charming crowds with his broad smile. His enormous feet inspired music hall songs. On the Bodyline tour of Australia in 1932-3 he even managed to take part in a comedy feature film. The title of my book,Then Came Massacre, refers to a newspaper report in which that three-word sentence was used to describe his single-handed demolition of Glamorgan in a game. It was deliciously over-the-top and yet appropriate for a biography of this force of nature. Tate in his pomp was as box-office as they come: an all-round English cricketing superstar not seen again until the days of Ian Botham and Andrew Flintoff. And he was ours, Brighton-born and mostly Sussex-raised. But who today remembers and reveres him? Having read a distressing newspaper articlein 2010 about the awful state of his gravestone in the East Sussex village of WadhurstI decided to write a book about this man, whose memory is vague, even in his own county. His story began in the most extraordinary circumstances. His father, Fred, was for many years a stalwart medium pace bowler for the county. Then, in 1902, he was called up by England to do service in the deciding match of the Ashes summer at Old Trafford. “Poor Fred’s” début was possibly the worst personal sporting disaster in history. At a crucial point he dropped a catch, which was blamed for the loss of the match – and the series.He never played for England again. Fred was a broken man on the train journey home, reportedly confiding to his fellow passenger: “I’ve got a little kid at home who’ll make it up for me.” And how he did – eventually. Maurice Tate started life as a fairly ordinary spin bowler. But one day, either in the nets at Hove or in a match (reports conflict), he decided to bowl quickly instead. Almost straight away he started taking wickets by the bucket.Within two years Tate was universally recognised as the best bowler in the world, indeed one of the best ever. For a decade, he knew nothing but cricketing success. But life outside cricket was not as easy. Tate set up a sports shop anda pools company which failed miserably. Hesuffered a nervous breakdown and was even accused of throwing a glass of beer over England captain Douglas Jardine.His sacking by Sussex was the bitterest in the county’s history and he died, aged just 60, as a rather unsuccessful publican. Yet Tate was a fascinating human being, with magnetism and skill shared by few cricketers. Then Came Massacre, by Justin Parkinson and published by Pitch Publishing, will be published on July 1. SPRING 2013 \| 35 Latino Tapas Pintxos Bar Restaurant latino is unlike any other Tapas restaurant outside of Spain. It’s a Spanish dinning experience packed with flavour, value and a twist of modern day Spanish cuisine, along side the traditional dishes. Every Sunday, all day, freshly made Paella for 2 or more and a starter each (for only 9.90pp) 40% off the food every Tuesday from 5.30pm till 9pm (a la carte Tapas only, cash only) We have a private function room upstairs which can fit up to 35 people for meetings or parties. We offer a party menu for 8 or more people only £13.90 (which includes all the favourite Tapas dishes) We do lunch Tapas Tuesday to Friday till 3pm (4 Tapas for £10.00, 6 Tapas for £14.50 or 8 Tapas for £18.00) 01273 770355 36 Church Road, Hove, BN3 2FN [email protected] www.latinotapas.co.uk @latinotapas Latino Restaurant Pre season FtSe Feeling the heat The pre-season trip to Dubai was another successful one as the Sharks retained their Emirates T20 trophy. Kings of the desert: Sussex celebrate after retaining the Emirates T20 title W hile the rest of us shivered back at home, the players enjoyed another successful pre-season trip to Dubai and came home for the second year running with a trophy in the luggage after retaining the Emirates Airline T20 Trophy. Conditions in Dubai werenâ€™t always what you might expect in the desert with overcast skies and even the odd shower but Mark Robinson, his coaching staff and the players enjoyed excellent conditions in which to train and play in a setting they have become familiar with in recent years. The playing part of the tour began with an eight-wicket win over Lancashire Lightning. Chris Jordan impressed in his first bowling stint for the Sharks with 3 for 14 and there were two wickets for Jimmy Anyon as Lancashire were restricted to 118 for 9. Joe Gatting kept wicket and even pulled off a stumping to get rid of top scorer Andrea Agathangelou (42). Man of the match Chris Nash then took centre stage, scoring 71 off 59 balls to help ease Sussex to victory with 16 balls to spare. MCC were our next opponents and Sussex made short work of them as they won by seven wickets with seven balls to spare. MCC were restricted to 115 for 6 with trialist Andrew Miller taking 2 for 11 and Nash 2 for 17. Joe Denly made an unbeaten 29 while Rahul Dravid (26) and Dawid Malan (21) also chipped in. In reply, Nash and Matt Machan (28) put on 58 for the first wicket before Nash was dismissed for 23. Joe Gatting (12) and Rory Hamilton-Brown (29) put Sussex on their way to victory. The trophy was retained in some style as as the Sharks comfortably beat the Fly Emirates XI in the final by 89 runs. Batting first, Sussex made 172 for 8 with Luke Wells making 54 at the top of the order. Jordan scored 42 and Nash 18 off seven balls to propel Sussex to a total that was always going to be hard to get on a slow pitch. The Fly Emiratesâ€™ reply never took off and they were bowled out for 83 in the 18th over. Wells completed an excellent match with 3 for 17 with his off spin and there were two wickets apiece for Lewis Hatchett and Michael Rippon. The format switched to 40 overs against MCC Young Cricketers and the game ended in a tie. Sussex made 242 for 5 with captain Ed Joyce top-scoring with 66 from 65 balls. Ben Brown (38) and Rory Hamilton-Brown (35) also chipped in but MCC made good progress in reply and required 11 from the final over bowled by Chris Liddle. Adam Dobb, who had only just come to the crease, hit a six over fine leg to leave former Sussex player Jordan Rollings needing a single off the last ball. But Chris Liddle produced a perfect leg-stump yorker to prevent a run being scored. Both Liddle and Andrew Miller each took two wickets. Next, Sussex met Lancashire in a two-day friendly with both sides batting for a day, regardless of how many wickets they lost. Jimmy Anyon took 4 for 14 as Lancashire made 301 from 91 overs and when Sussex replied made 259 with Ben Brown unbeaten on 57. Brown continued his good form in the tour finale when Sussex beat Lancashire by 23 runs in a 40 overs game. Brown made a counter-attack 58 as Sussex recovered to make 199 for 9 before Rippon ripped through the Red Rose on a turning wicket with 6 for 27 as Lancashire slumped to 176 having been 103 for 1. It was a great end to another tour in a place which has almost become a second home for the Sussex boys. SPRING 2013 \| 37 FtSe LUKE WRIGHT Wright happy to take flig All-rounder Luke Wright clocks up the air miles playing T20. But heâ€™d love to play ODI cricket for England again and playing well for Sussex can help Luke made contributions with bat and ball during Englandâ€™s T20 series win over New Zealand win. Here, he celebrates the wicket of Hamish Rutherford in Hamilton. RIGHT: Luke in action for Melbourne Stars in the Big Bash semi-final in February. Already he has played T20 in four different countries in 2013 38 \| 2013 SPRING LUKE WRIGHT L uke Wright still looks like someone out of a teenage pop band but it will be ten years in September since he first made his mark on Sussex cricket. In truth it was as something of a bit-part role during the greatest few days in the county’s history. Wright made his first-class debut in the Leicestershire side trounced by Sussex at Hove in 2003 when the county won the Championship for the first time. The following year Peter Moores brought him to Sussex and now Wright is part of the furniture at Hove, although these days it is rare for him to be in any place for more than a few weeks at a time. For Luke is the archetypal gun for hire in Twenty20, a format of the game that seemed tailor-made for his muscular talents from that Australia’s Big Bash tournament before a quick stint in the Bangladesh equivalent for Dhaka. Then it was off to New Zealand where he helped England win the T20 series. After a few weeks at home, including a few days of pre-season at Hove, he was on his travels again to India to take part for the second time in the IPL for Pune Warriors. Since his recovery from knee surgery at the end of the 2011 season he seems to have taken his game to a new level. The ebullient stroke-play is what attracts potential suitors but he has become a better white-ball bowler in the past 18 months, safe in the knowledge that following knee surgery in the Autumn of 2011 his body isn’t going to let him down. There are plenty of people – not all of them from Sussex – who find it hard to believe that Matt Prior, the world’s best wicketkeeper- FtSe many superb one-day innings for Sussex, topped off by that brilliant century in a losing cause in the CB40 semi-final against Hampshire, would argue that he has moved his game on in the last 12 months and deserves another crack in England’s middle order this summer. More eye-catching domestic performances would help and so, no doubt, would a few in the IPL. Wright only played one game for Pune last year but he is one of only three England players in this year’s edition and, as the only one who is not centrally contracted, he is allowed to play in the whole six-week tournament from April 7 to May 27. “I’m looking forward to it because you are up against the best players in the world even if you tend to come across a lot of the same guys playing T20 these days,” he added. “I must have faced Alfonso Thomas on at least “It is quite tough to get into our top order with Cook, Bell, Trott and KP but I’d love to come into the middle order if there’s no role for me at the top and obviously my bowling would help” June evening back in 2007 when he announced himself to the wider cricketing world with that blitzkrieg hundred against Kent at Canterbury. A few weeks later he was making his England debut and although there have been periods when he has been out of the side since he goes into this summer’s international series against New Zealand and Australia with 88 appearances to his name, 46 in ODIs and 42 in Twenty20. He will always be more than a footnote in English cricket history having been part of the side which won the T20 World Cup in 2010 and in Sri Lanka last September his 193 runs in five games was one of the better individual performances in a pretty toothless title defence by England. Already this year Wright has played T20 for Melbourne Stars in batsman, doesn’t play limitedovers cricket for England. Wright hasn’t played an ODI for more than two years now and while his is happy to jet off around the globe (despite his aversion to flying he made 38 flights in 2012) to pick up T20 riches it is a means to an end in some ways. three different continents! But I know that if I perform well in any competition wherever it is I will get noticed and that’s all I can do.” “I have huge ambitions to get back into the one-day side,” he said. “It is quite tough to get into our top order with Cook, Bell, Trott and KP but I’d love to come into the middle order if there’s no role for me at the top and obviously my bowling would help. Every time I get the chance to push my case I will try and do so.” Those 46 ODIs to date have included just two fifties while his economy rate with the ball is 5.07. These are not statistics which are necessarily going to alert Andy Flower & co. but everyone who watched him last season play so SPRING 2013 \| 39 FtSe COUNTY Preview County by County Bruce Talbot looks at what’s been going on at our first division rivals and previews their prospects for the new season WARWICKSHIRE Coach: Dougie Brown Captain: Jim Troughton N o county has retained the title since Durham followed Sussex by winning back to back in 2008 and 2009 and it may be difficult for the Bears to emulate them. They have a new coach in Dougie Brown but Ashley Giles, now with England, will be a hard act to follow and with an expensive ground redevelopment to pay for there have been no big signings at Edgbaston. Mind you, the existing squad is still strong although Warwickshire will need the likes of Chris Wright and Varun Chopra, who had the best seasons of their career last year, to repeat their achievements. A strong seam attack, with Wright supplemented by the likes of Boyd Rankin and Chris Woakes (pictured) will make them a handful on early season pitches and Rikki Clarke has matured into one of the best all-rounders in the county game. They will go close again but might come up short. When we play them – May 1-4: Hove; August 28-31: Edgbaston YORKSHIRE Coach: Jason Gillespie Captain: Andrew Gale J udging by the comments attributed to their chairman Colin Graves, the Tykes felt they were too good for Division Two but they only just scraped up and might find it tough to avoid relegation again. The seam attack has been strengthened by the signing of Jack Brooks (pictured), from Northamptonshire, and Durham’s Liam Plunkett and their bowling unit looks decent but Joe Root is likely to be lost to England for much of the season while the normally reliable Anthony McGrath has retired. Jonny Bairstow and Gary Ballance are also England contenders so scoring heavy runs to give their attack a chance could be problematical. They are a decent one-day side and will target further success in T20 while leg-spinner Adil Rashid, who is now 25, has to kick on. The forgotten man of England’s spin department, he lost his place to Azeem Rafiq last season and is in danger of squandering his talent. When we play them – April 10-13: Headingley; Sept 11-14: Hove. 40 \| 2013 SPRING DERBYSHIRE Coach: Wayne Madsen Captain: Karl Krikken M ost Championship aficionados were delighted to see the Peakites win promotion and a top-flight place for the first time since the two-divisional split. Staying up will be a big achievement but in Shiv Chanderpaul they have recruited a batsman almost guaranteed to score consistently and someone comfortable in English conditions. Their other recruit is Billy Godleman, a batsman who has so far failed to fulfil his promise at Middlesex and Essex. The seam attack is decent although not a patch on some of their rivals but Derbyshire have an under-rated spinner in David Wainwright who is also a very useful lower-order batsman as Sussex found to their cost in his Yorkshire days. South African Wayne Madsen (pictured) is an astute leader whose runs will again be important and if they can continue to perform well at home they might have a better than even chance of staying up. When we play them – May 15-18: Derby; Aug 2-5: Hove. COUNTY Preview Captain: Paul Collingwood Captain: Neil Dexter his could be a tough season for cash-strapped Durham who have no money to bring in an overseas player and who have lost two key members of their attack in Liam Plunkett, now with Yorkshire, and Ian Blackwell, who was forced to retire because of injury. hey might be an outside bet for Championship honours, having strengthened an already strong seam attack by recruiting Glamorgan’s James Harris who opted for Middlesex ahead of a clutch of other counties. Coach: Geoff Cook T They cannot rely on the runs of Michael Di Venuto anymore either and if Graham Onions wins back his England place there won’t be much left of the excellent seam attack that helped them win the title as recently as 2009. Coach: Richard Scott T Toby Roland-Jones (pictured) could emulate Steve Finn and push for England honours if he has another good season while the batting looks strong and their batsmen now have the benefit of Mark Ramprakash’s tutelage after he joined them as coach. Chris Rogers, who leads them in one-day cricket, should have another solid season and the arrival of Australian Adam Voges might enable them to improve on a pretty average T20 record. When we play them – June 5-8: Lord’s; 17-20 July: Hove Can Steve Harmison and Paul Collingwood, now in the twilight of their careers, roll back the years? They might have to if Durham are to avoid a long battle against relegation. NOTTINGHAMSHIRE When we play them – Sept 3-6: Emirates ICG; Sept 24-27: Hove Captain: Chris Read Captain: Marcus Trescothick T he nearly-but-not-quites for so long now, time is running out for Somerset to fulfil their undoubted potential and win a trophy. It looks like Nick Compton won’t be around for much of the summer, which will be a big loss, but they still have plenty of potential match-winners although their lack of a quality spinner means that elusive silverware is likely to come in either of the oneday competitions. South African Alviro Petersen should make big runs, especially at Taunton, while all-rounder Peter Trego (pictured) enjoyed some of the best form of his career last season as Sussex discovered to their cost in the final home match. When we play them – May 22-25: Horsham; July 8-11: Taunton FtSe A nother county who will quietly fancy their chances of making a tilt for the title. Australian Ed Cowan is their early-season overseas player and won’t lack for motivation with back-toback Ashes series on the horizon while James Taylor (pictured) has the talent to improve on a modest first year at Trent Bridge and push his England claims again. Ajmal Shahzad has joined his third county in as many years and will relish conditions at home but a lot will again depend on the formidable Andre Adams, although at 37 it could be that his powers are on the wane. They might not win the title but with England’s T20 openers Alex Hales and Michael Lumb in their ranks they ought to challenge for one-day honours. When we play them – May 31-June 3: Hove; June 22-25: Trent Bridge. SURREY Coach: Chris Adams Captain: Graeme Smith Surrey flattered to deceive last season and nearly ended up getting relegated but if things click they could well challenge strongly for the Championship this year. Any side with the formidable Graeme Smith and – for two months at least – Ricky Ponting should score big runs. There’s no Mark Ramprakash, of course, but a new challenge ought to invigorate Vikram Solanki (pictured), who has joined from Worcestershire. Like Solanki, left-arm spinner Gary Keedy has been there, done that and will relish a new challenge on a wicket which ought to help him more than Old Trafford tended to in recent years. Their seam attack has enviable depth and will allow rotation and if things fall into place they could be genuine contenders. When we play them – April 24-27: The Oval; June 12-15: Arundel. SPRING 2013 \| 41 The game is adapted for visually impaired cricketers but matches are hard fought and competitive! S ussex CCC in association with Santander will be hosting their annual Disability Cricket Day at the Brighton & Hove Jobs.com County Ground on Thursday, May 16, between 10am-2pm. Participation by disabled people in the game has grown in the last three years and this event will hopefully attract more people to cricket, whether your interest is in playing, watching or even scoring. There will be small-sided games and lots of other fun activities including ECB’s Cricket Factory, Table Cricket, Skills Zone, Street20 Zone and VI Skill Zone. Food and drink will be available. Coaching is available and entrance is free. It runs from 10am – 2pm and for more details, or to book a coaching course, please email [email protected] Come down and get involved! T he Sussex Sharks Visually Impaired team are celebrating their tenth anniversary in 2013. What a ten years it has been, topped off with winning two trophies - the Visually Impaired Cricket League Cup and the Bill Frindall T20 Memorial Cup – last year. With the support of the county club, the Sussex Sharks VI team play many of their games at the Academy Ground at Blackstone. The game and laws of cricket have been slightly adapted for the visually impaired but the spirit of cricket is the same and highly competitive and hard fought 42 \| 2013 SPRING games have become a mainstay of visually impaired cricket. The Sussex Sharks has been part of the Sussex Cricket family since 2003, growing from strength to strength not only through one of the most successful senior squads in the visually impaired cricket but also through an ever-growing and impressive junior section. The Visually Impaired Cricket League stretches throughout the country from Durham to Hampshire and Kent to Wales, meaning that many games need to be fitted into the season.Extra pressure on team selection can also happen when members of the Sharks VI team are also involved in the English VI side, as is regularly the case. Sussex Sharks VI are looking forward to yet another ten years in partnership with Sussex CCC. They hope to win more trophies and encourage young people who might not think they can access the wonderful world of cricket and play the game. To find out more visit www.sussexcricket.co.uk or www.bcew.org.uk INDOOR SCHOOL FtSe Get ready for the new season! Courses and coaching available in our fantastic Indoor School There are coaching sessions and courses for players of all ages and standards available in the Farnrise Indoor School T he Farnrise Indoor School is an all-year round facility at The BrightonandHoveJobs.com County Ground, Hove and is a key component to Sussex’s preparation for the season, both in the winter and summer months. It boasts some of the most up-todate facilities in the country, including specialist surfaces, independent lanes with interchangeable nets, substantial run-ups, tension netting (which is ideal for indoor cricket matches), bowling machines and a comfortable viewing gallery overlooking the school. We also offer unrivalled one-to-one coaching with a Sussex CCC coach, subject to availability. The cost for these sessions is £40 per hour, £34 for area squad players and £30 for early-bird sessions. Discounts are available for block bookings. There are Junior Coaching Courses taking place in the Indoor School throughout the year including all school holidays. Many of the professional and coaching staff of the County Club started their cricketing careers by attending one or other of the Club’s Junior Coaching Courses. Children aged between 6 and 14 years of age, of all abilities and experience, will find a suitable course at an appropriate time of year. The Coaches supervising all these sessions are all English Cricket Board qualified and experienced in relaying information to children in an informative but enjoyable way. Several current and ex-Sussex players take part in many of the courses. Do you play for a local club? Why not hold your net sessions at Hove? The nets are hired by many clubs across the county on evenings and weekends and with the changing and shower facilities, as well as the viewing area, coupled with the state-of-the-art cricketing facilities then we really are the premier place venue for clubs to base themselves for out-of-season for indoor training. The school is also available for private hire to accommodate corporate days or birthday parties. To find out more about the Farnrise Indoor School, visit our website www.sussexcricket.co.uk/indoor-school To book nets or find out about the latest courses ring: Indoor School Manager: Colin Bowley: [email protected] Indoor School Administrator: Pat Green: [email protected] Or call us to book on 0844 264 0203 SPRING 2013 \| 43 TONY GREIG FtSe colossus of Cricket Sussex committee member Richard Barrow pays an affectionate tribute to Tony Greig, who died at the turn of the year Tony gets ready to play for the Rest of the World team in World Series Cricket. News of the Packer revolution, and Tony’s part in it, broke at Hove in May 1977. W ith the incredibly sad passing of Tony Greig, Sussex and England lost one of their most charismatic and controversial captains of the 20th century. A.W. Greig exploded on to the Sussex scene as a 20-year-old ‘import’ from South Africa with a debut hundred (156) against Lancashire at Hove in 1967. Born in South Africa of Scottish parentage Tony was forced to serve a one-year qualification in 1966 by MCC. Tall, athletic and strong he could bowl, bat and field with equal adeptness. He had an ego and an ambition to match his ability and a self-belief that never wavered. In 1970 he played three ‘Tests’ against the Rest of the World, although no caps were awarded for these prestige games. In 1972 Tony was selected to make his official Test debut against Australia at Old Trafford, scoring two fifties and taking five wickets. His star was rising. During the Port of Spain Test in March 1974, on the tour to West Indies, Tony experimented by bowling off-spin with phenomenal results, taking 13 for 156 in the match to square the series. Tony played many a memorable Test innings but possibly none more so than his 110 at Brisbane in November 1974 against Dennis Lillee and Jeff Thomson at their absolute devastating and ferocious best. Greig counter-attacked by angling his bat flat and aquaplaning the ball over the four slips and two gully fielders. Australian captain Ian Chappell was not amused. In 1975 Tony assumed the England captaincy from Mike Denness, leading England for the first time at Lord’s against Australia and scoring 96 before he was caught behind going for the boundary. I was privileged to see this innings. Lillee had ripped out the upper order but David Steele on debut and Greig added 96 for the fifth wicket, carefully building the innings before going on the offensive. The infamous streaker on the fourth day just seemed to add to the gaiety of the occasion! Greig’s tendency to provoke the opposition backfired the following year with his infamous ‘grovel’ quote during an interview at Hove to preview the series, which the West Indies rightly took a bit too personally. This culminated with Greig grovelling on his hands and knees at The Oval during Viv Richards’ epic 291 to the humiliation of England cricket. SPRING 2013 \| 45 TONY GREIG FtSe Greig played 58 Tests for England averaging just over 40 with the bat, scoring 3,599 runs. With the ball he averaged 32 taking 141 wickets. Tony bowling for England in India in 1977 when he led his country to only their second series win on the sub-continent Of course the opposition prized his wicket greatly and in one-day games the opposition crowds loved to hate Tony, a sign of his enormous contribution to Sussex. MAIN: Members of the Greig family, including his wife Vivian, at the tribute to Tony held at the Sydney Cricket Ground in January. LEFT: Tony bowling for England in India in 1977 when he led his country to only their second series win on the sub-continent During the winter of 1976-77 Tony was at the height of his powers. England won 3-1 in India and Tony became only the second England captain to win on the sub-continent, Douglas Jardine being the other. However, during the Centenary Test at Melbourne that followed Greig’s triumphal tour, the storm clouds were gathering which would ultimately explode at Hove on May 11 1977. The start of Kerry Packer’s World Series Cricket dominated the front pages of the broadsheet and tabloid papers. At the time, the Packer Revolution was sensational news. The sedate world of English cricket was turned upside down overnight. The ultra-conservative establishment was vitriolic and indignant at the loss of its star players and the England captain to private enterprise. Court writs were served, Packer players ostracised even in their own dressing rooms and the public could not comprehend such insolence. In May 1978 Tony’s Sussex contract was terminated by mutual consent and he quietly slipped out of the UK and did not return for a very long time. Of course Greig’s actions, seen as heresy at the time, ultimately commercialised the professional game beyond recognition, while rewarding players their true worth and introducing much-needed sponsorship to international and domestic cricket. Floodlights and coloured clothing were just the start. Today’s generation of millionaire cricketers have every good reason to thank Tony Greig. After a fractious peace broke out in 1979 and Packer won control of Australian TV cricket coverage, Greig moved to the Channel Nine commentary box where he would stay for over 30 years. Greig played 58 Tests for England averaging just over 40 with the bat, scoring 3,599 runs. With the ball he averaged 32 taking 141 wickets. If Packer had not happened it is possible Tony could have played 100 Tests and scored 7,000 runs and taken 300 wickets, putting him right up there with the absolute best of the game’s all-rounders. On a personal note I remember his heyday at Sussex with great affection. He, more than any other Sussex player during the late 1960s and early 1970s, fired my enthusiasm for cricket and Sussex CCC. As a kid he was great to watch, always involved in the game with his searing off drives, unique ‘engine pistons’ bowling action and bucket hands at slip. ‘Tony Greig walks on Water’ was the view in the ‘Cowshed’. And so said all of us! Of course the opposition prized his wicket greatly and in one-day games the opposition crowds loved to hate Tony, a sign of his enormous contribution to Sussex. Off the field there was a real human heart and he was a very approachable man. As a 14-year-old I wanted so many pictures of Tony autographed (to his despair). He invited me to his home for tea and cakes and signed all 32 pictures! When I was 18 Tony gave me a lift in his white Jaguar from Leicester to Worcester and bought me a fillet steak. I was just a ‘green behind the ears’ teenager. He was Captain of England. It seemed surreal then as it does now, but Tony really was a decent man and arguably the Godfather of the Sussex Family we know today. I was fortunate to see so much of Tony’s career. I recall his career-best 226 against Warwickshire at Hastings in 1975. Having passed 200 just after tea on the first day he decided to try and emulate Sobers and go for six sixes. The first four off Peter Lewington’s off-breaks easily cleared the boundary, the fifth went up a mile and was caught just inside the long on rope. ‘Greig the Colossus’ was the headline the next day. Indeed he was. SPRING 2013 \| 47 FtSe Review cricket women’s REWARDING START FOR SUSSEX The domestic season has only just got underway but Sussex’s women cricketers have been busy since the start of 2013, as Charlotte Burton reports S ussex women’s season began early this year with the under-19 squad heading to Abu Dhabi in February for the first women’s Sport Arabia tour and the first overseas tour by a Sussex women’s team. Sussex were up against Lancashire, Wales and Scotland with the group winners going on to play in the final at the Zayed International Stadium in Abu Dhabi. Sussex played Lancashire first and adjusted to conditions quickly, posting 245 for 7 with Georgia Adams (59) and Chiara Green (35) the top scorers. Sussex kept the runs down by bowling and fielding tightly, restricting Lancashire to 149 for 6 with Freya Davies and Rebecca Silk both taking two wickets each. In their second match against Wales in a day/night game in Dubai, Sussex again kept the bowling tight and restricted Wales to 144 for 6 with Silk taking 2 for 28. Sussex openers Adams and Green continued where they left off the day before in their partnership, playing with intelligence and confidence as they worked the ball into the gaps. They put together a stand of 73 before Adams was caught at square leg for 37. Sophie Parnell joined Green and both kept the momentum going with Green finishing on 57 and Parnell 31 as Sussex won by nine wickets. Sussex faced Scotland in their final game and they knew victory would mean they would reach the final. Sussex were put into bat and Georgia Adams and Sophie Parnell played with power and flair and put pressure on the bowlers from the start. Both players reached 50 quickly and put together an opening partnership of 142 before Parnell was caught for 65 off 68 balls. Adams continued to hit all around the ground with some impressive shots and she led the team to 248 for 5 with 112 not out off 118 balls. Izi Noakes started well with the ball and took three early wickets with Scotland soon 28 for 3. Jade Elphick, Georgina Monk and Alicia Caillard kept the bowling tight and restricted Scotland to 104 for 7 in their 40 overs. 48 \| 2013 2012 SPRING AUTUMN The Zayed International Stadium provided a magnificent backdrop for the tournament Sussex were in the final where they faced the MCC and fielded first, with Noakes taking the early wicket of fellow Sussex player Izzy Collis. Sussex’s fielding and bowling was again tight as it had been in their earlier games and they kept the MCC down to 150 with pick of the bowlers being Sam Wright (1 for 12) and Jade Elphick (1 for 19). Sussex lost the early wickets of Green and Parnell, but Carla Rudd and Izi Noakes built a partnership and kept Sussex in the game with a stand of 58 before Noakes was caught and bowled for 35. Rudd continued to dig deep but Sussex kept losing wickets at the other end before she was given out lbw for 41. Sussex came close but were finally bowled out with just two overs remaining and lost by 12 runs. Even though Sussex lost, the tour was a great success and to reach the final and to come so close in conditions the side were not used to was a great achievement and they will all take a lot from this experience. The forthcoming season sees one major change with Holly Colvin taking over the captaincy reins from Caroline Atkins and Sarah Taylor coming in as vice captain. Both players have fantastic knowledge of the game and have worked together since they were at school so the side is in very good hands. With the experience and knowledge they have and the youth in the side Sussex are in good shape. The under-19s who took part in the first overseas tour by a women’s team from Sussex The domestic season starts against Berkshire at East Grinstead CC on Sunday 14th April in the County Championship. They will also face Warwickshire, Surrey, Kent, Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire, Middlesex and Essex. Sussex couldn’t retain the title they won in 2011 last year despite being the side that played the most games and had most wins (five). Instead, they finished second on bonus points. They will also look to hold onto the T20 trophy for the first time and the squad are very determined to win the double this year. Let’s just hope the rain stays away this summer! JIM PARKS FtSe THE PRESIDENT’S MEN: Jim, far right, with current chairman Jim May, one of his predecessors Robin Marlar, and vice-chairman Richard Barrow It’s President Parks Jim gets the honour for second time in his illustrious career F ormer Sussex and England wicketkeeper-batsman Jim Parks is our club President for 2013, his appointment having been ratified at the county’s AGM at the end of March. Jim, who was born in Haywards Heath, played 739 first-class matches including 46 Tests for England and scored over 36,000 runs in his career. He followed in the footsteps of his father Jim and uncle Harry, who both played for Sussex between the wars. Jim first played for the County in 1949 and captained the side for five years before he saw out his playing days with Somerset in 1972. He later worked as the Marketing Manager at Hove in the 1990s and served as President from 2003 to 2005, when Sussex won the Championship for the first time and Jim famously marched onto the outfield at Hove with a glass of champagne for skipper Chris Adams in the title-clinching game against Leicestershire. Jim said: “I feel very honoured to be invited to be President for the coming year, and look forward to what I hope will be a most successful season for the team.” Sussex Chairman Jim May said, “Bryan Bedson has been an outstanding President for the past five years and has helped us improve the way Sussex is run. 2013 is a very important year for us with a testimonial granted to the two Sussex cricket charities. It will also mark the 50th anniversary of Sussex’s triumph in the inaugural Gillette Cup Final over Worcestershire, in which Jim Parks starred with the bat. We also have the Australians playing us in July at Hove and Jim is well respected by the Aussies. “Jim is an iconic Sussex cricketer and we are delighted that he has agreed to be this year’s President.” The story of Sussex’s first domestic success 50 years ago, as seen through Jim’s reminiscences, is one of the chapters in a new book on Sussex ‘Match of my Life’, written by Bruce Talbot and published by Pitch Publishing. Sussex beat Worcestershire in a lowscoring Lord’s final after earlier wins over Kent, Yorkshire (in front of a 15,000 crowd at Hove) and Northamptonshire. Jim said: “I just don’t think the one-day sides back in the early 1960s got enough credit. A lot of very fine English players took to the one-day game very easily when it started, it’s just there wasn’t a lot of fuss made at the time. If we’d had a World Cup then instead of waiting until 1975 I’m convinced England would have won it and the next one as well.” Jim played 739 first-class games in a career of more than 25 years including 46 Tests for England Jim has an association going back with Sussex cricket for more than six decades and doubtless ‘Mr President’ will enjoy reminiscing about his life and times with the county during 2013. SPRING 2013 \| 49 Review Following Sussex If you can’t get to the game… John Lees, of BBC Sussex, shares commentary duties with Chris Nash at Arundel. Stick to the day job Nashy! I f you cannot get to a Sussex game this summer you won’t have to move too far to enjoy the best possible coverage of every ball home and away. The BBC have agreed a new radio commentary deal with the ECB which sees commentary of all county games streamed through the BBC website. Locally, BBC Sussex will be providing ball-by-ball commentary on every single match played at Hove in all competitions. That commentary will be available via the BBC website and many of the matches should also be on Tune-in radio. You can also purchase radios at the ground pre-set to hear the commentary. BBC Sussex will also be staffing every Sussex away game in the County Championship and the BBC Local radio network as a whole will be guaranteeing that every away game in the YB40 and Twenty20 competitions are also covered and available on the BBC website. BBC Sussex Sports Editor Tim Durrans said: “Our coverage of Sussex this season will be better than ever thanks to this deal which is great news for 50 \| 2013 SPRING cricket fans everywhere in the county. “Not only can you listen to ball-by-ball commentary if you are not at a game you can listen to the coverage at the match too which will hopefully enhance your viewing and listening experience.” BBC Sussex will again be calling on the services of the indefatigable John Lees, who watched his first Sussex game in the 1950s, as well as John Barnett, Simon Levenson and Adrian Harmes. The BBC Sussex team will also link up with the commentators covering our opponents to bring you the best possible coverage as well as special guests and hopefully a Sussex player or two! As well as live stream of all match commentaries, there will also be increased coverage on Radio 5 live sports extra. “There is a big appetite for county cricket coverage,” said BBC head of radio sport and sports news Richard Burgess. “This broadcast partnership between the BBC and the ECB means that the entire season will now be available to audiences. “The BBC has a long-standing commitment to cricket commentary, and this is a great opportunity to further raise the profile of the sport and promote the game at county level through BBC Sport’s multi-platform capabilities.” The new agreement came into force for the opening day of the County Championship on 10 April. ECB chief executive David Collier said the new deal was a “fantastic boost” for county cricket. He said: “With a new domestic playing schedule due to start in 2014, we are keen to promote the county game to the widest possible audience and are delighted that the BBC will be providing such comprehensive coverage of all our county competitions, and seeking to recruit a new generation of broadcasting talent. “This is great news for all followers of county cricket nationwide, and for the 18 first-class counties who will undoubtedly benefit from wider levels of media exposure.” BBC Test Match Special will be providing full coverage of this summer’s international fixtures, featuring the Ashes Tests against Australia, on Radio 4 LW and 5 live sports extra. Celebrat in g of legal practice For all your legal needs, QualitySolicitors Howlett Clarke is the most established name in Brighton and Hove. As we celebrate our 240th year, we know how best to serve the people and businesses of Brighton, whatever your life brings. 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Who wrote the series of children’s books about Dr. Dolittle?	Doctor Dolittle: The Author Hugh John Lofting was born in Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, on January 14, 1886. He was one of six children of an English father, John Brien Lofting, and an Irish mother, Elizabeth Agnes (Gannon) Lofting. Below Left: Hugh Lofting with his mother and siblings. Below Right: Several years later, HL with two of his siblings and his parents. [Click on each picture to see a larger version of it.] With the benefit of 20-20 hindsight, one can identify a few facts about Hugh Lofting's childhood which seem to "foreshadow" his later career. For instance, the standard biographical sketches say that, as a boy, the future children's author liked to tell stories to his siblings. And apparently Doctor Dolittle's creator-to-be evinced an early interest in nature, even bringing some of it indoors (as little boys are wont to do) and maintaining a sort of personal "natural history museum and zoo"...that is, until his mother found it in her linen closet! And animals in particular must have held some attraction for young Hugh, as we are told that one of his favorite outings was to go to London with his mother to look at the puppies in a certain pet shop. But however clear it may seem that Hugh Lofting was "destined" for his eventual career, it may also be said that he arrived at it via the long route. For, at the end of his ten years (1894-1904) at Mount St. Mary's, the Jesuit boarding school in Chesterfield, Derbyshire, where he received a classical education, the young man had made up his mind to become a civil engineer and see the world. Below Center: Mrs. Lofting with her children, four of whom are almost grown, it appears. Below Left: Hugh Lofting, in his teens (?). Right: HL as a young man. The desired world travel actually commenced before the career did, as Lofting went straight to America to begin studies for his engineering degree at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. After a year (1904-05) at MIT, it was back to England, to finish up (1906-07) at the London Polytechnic. Then there followed a brief stint as an architect, after which the odyssey began in earnest. The newly minted civil engineer did some prospecting and surveying in Canada in 1908-09, and went on between 1910 and 1912 to work first for the Lagos Railway in West Africa and then for the Railway of Havana in Cuba. But the attractions of the life faded sufficiently that by 1912 Hugh Lofting was ready to do something else. That year, he returned to America, married Flora Small, and settled in New York City to begin a writing career. HL's entry in the 1931 edition of Living Authors says that the ex-engineer's first story was about "culverts and a bridge." :-) He soon hit his stride, however, and was producing short pieces which were published in magazines. Of course, these stories were different from the books on which his fame would ultimately rest. For one thing, they were not written for children. Nor did they include any drawings by their author: Lofting's experience as an illustrator was confined, at this point, to the technical drawing he had done as an architect and civil engineer. A new career was not the only thing begun during these first few years of the Loftings' marriage: they also started a family. Elizabeth Mary was born in 1913; Colin MacMahon followed in 1915. Meanwhile, Europe went to war, and the Lofting family would not be unaffected. Below: What appears to be an interesting trick photo of Lofting "times five." The "Great War" broke out 1914, and in 1915 Hugh Lofting, still a British subject, worked for the British Ministry of Information while remaining in New York. A year later, though, he was commissioned as a lieutenant in the Irish Guards, and he saw action in Flanders and France in 1917-18. To say that "the experience affected him profoundly" seems trite and unnecessary; how could a person of any sensitivity not react deeply to the horrors of war? And yet out of what was surely a terrible experience came something altogether lovely: the charming story, told in simply illustrated letters home to Elizabeth and Colin, of an endearingly sensible little man who values and cares for all creatures as ends in themselves, and who is unsympathetic only to the falseness and hypocrisy which characterizes much of human society. It is thought that the idea for The Story of Doctor Dolittle came to Hugh Lofting after he saw the destruction of regimental horses wounded in battle. In her History of the Newbery and Caldecott Medals, Irene Smith notes that "[a]t the 1923 conference, after Hugh Lofting had accepted the second Newbery Medal [for his second Dr. Dolittle book], Mr. R.R. Bowker asked him how Doctor Dolittle had originated. Lofting said that at the front he had been so impressed by the behavior of horses and mules under fire that he invented the little doctor to do for them what was not and could not be done in real life...." In 1918, Hugh Lofting was badly wounded (struck in the thigh by a piece of shrapnel from a hand grenade); he would be invalided out of the army before the War's end. His family eventually joined him in England, and by 1919 they were all ready to return home to New York. The precious Doctor Dolittle letters had, of course, been saved, and at some stage Lofting began to entertain his wife's suggestion of turning them into a book. And then, a bit of serendipity: British poet and novelist Cecil Roberts was on the same ship as the Loftings during their return trip to America. "Crossing the Atlantic," Roberts later wrote, "I had a neighbor in my deck chair. Every evening about six he said he had to disappear to read a bedtime story to Doctor Dolittle. I enquired who Doctor Dolittle might be and he said it was his little son. The next day a snubnosed boy appeared on deck with his mother and thus I made the acquaintance of the original Doctor Dolittle. Later Hugh Lofting at my request showed me some of his manuscript and he wondered if it would make a book. I was at once struck by the quality of the stories and, enthusiastic about their publication, recommended him to my publisher, Mr. Stokes. I never saw Hugh Lofting again, but when his first Dolittle book came out, he sent me a copy with a charming inscription." And so in 1920, a series of letters written to ease the strain of war became The Story of Doctor Dolittle: Being the History of His Peculiar Life at Home and Astonishing Adventures in Foreign Parts. Never Before Published ... and an instant children's classic. Readers in both America and England wanted further adventures, and some youngsters even wrote offering story suggestions. Lofting seemed happy to comply with the requests for more, and in 1922 he produced the first of many Dolittle sequels. The Voyages of Doctor Dolittle introduces the character of Tommy Stubbins, who becomes the Doctor's apprentice and also serves as narrator of the book. As seen though the boy's wide eyes, our hapless, top-hatted hero becomes a matter-of-factly self-confident, flute-playing deliverer of dreams-come-true. Voyages is a beautifully written book, as well as being that rarest of literary phenomena--a sequel worthy of its original. In 1923, by a vote of the members of the Children's Librarians section of the American Library Association, The Voyages of Doctor Dolittle won the Newbery Medal (in the second year of the prestigious prize's existence). . After the War, the Loftings moved to Connecticut. There, Hugh Lofting wrote one Doctor Dolittle book a year between 1922 and 1928--and other books, besides. He also lectured and gave illustrated talks to children, whose letters he continued to receive in great numbers (many believed the Doctor to be a real person). He highly valued those letters, especially the ones he could tell were written from the child's own impulse, rather than as a school assignment. However, Lofting did not think of himself as a "children's author," saying later: "I make no claim to be an authority on writing or illustrating for children. The fact that I have been successful merely means that I can write and illustrate in my own way. There has always been a tendency to classify children almost as a distinct species. For years it was a constant source of shock to me to find my writings amongst 'Juveniles.' It does not bother me any more now, but I still feel there should be a category of 'Seniles' to offset the epithet." Not surprisingly, "Doctor Dolittles"'s family kept pets. At one point there were four dogs, including one that Lofting and his children chose from that London petshop he had liked to visit years before, as a boy. In 1927, Flora Lofting died. Hugh Lofting re-married in 1928, and-- adding loss to loss-- his second wife, Katherine Harrower Peters, became ill and died that same year. In Three Bodley Head Monographs, Edward Blishen claims that one can see in the Dolittle books of those years a "deepening of Lofting's pessimism about human affairs." Doctor Dolittle's Garden, published in 1927, had as a leading character a wasp who described a human battle. And Doctor Dolittle in the Moon, published in 1928, was intended to finish the series altogether. Popular demand could not be gainsaid, however, and the hero came back five years later in Doctor Dolittle's Return. . But happier times were ahead. Lofting was married again in 1935, to Josephine Fricker, a Canadian woman of German descent. Their son, Christopher Clement, was born in 1936. The family moved to California, where the author began writing what really would be the last of the Dolittle stories. Doctor Dolittle and the Secret Lake, written for Christopher, was the work of 12 years (some of it published, along the way, in the NY Herald-Tribune in a syndicated Doctor Dolittle feature). The book was completed before Lofting's death, but not published until after. Though unable to write at the pace that had characterized his earlier career, Lofting did produce another published book during this period. In 1941, as the second "war to end all wars" was raging in Europe, he gave voice to his hard-won pacifism by composing a "passionate, despairing poem on the recurrence and futility of war in human history." Victory for the Slain would not be published in the US, however, for by the end of that year his adopted homeland was at war with Japan, and such a poem was not seen as suiting the moment. Instead, it was published in Britain in 1942. Hugh Lofting, whose health had been failing, became very ill during the last two years of his life, and he died on September 26, 1947, in Topanga, California, at the age of 61. He is buried in Killingsworth, Connecticut. [Many thanks to Christopher Lofting for providing the images used above, and for making corrections to my text.]	Hugh Lofting
What eight-letter word is the Japanese for ‘goodbye’?	The Story of Doctor Dolittle - FULL Audio Book - by Hugh Lofting - YouTube The Story of Doctor Dolittle - FULL Audio Book - by Hugh Lofting Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Jan 10, 2013 The Story of Doctor Dolittle - FULL Audio Book - by Hugh Lofting Doctor John Dolittle is the central character of a series of children's books by Hugh Lofting starting with the 1920 The Story of Doctor Dolittle. He is a doctor who shuns human patients in favour of animals, with whom he can speak in their own languages. He later becomes a naturalist, using his abilities to speak with animals to better understand nature and the history of the world. Doctor Dolittle first saw light in the author's illustrated letters to children, written from the trenches during World War I when actual news, he later said, was either too horrible or too dull. The stories are set in early Victorian England, where Doctor John Dolittle lives in the fictional village of Puddleby-on-the-Marsh in the West Country. Doctor Dolittle has a few close human friends, including Tommy Stubbins and Matthew Mugg, the Cats'-Meat Man. The animal team includes Polynesia (a parrot), Gub-Gub (a pig), Jip (a dog), Dab-Dab (a duck), Chee-Chee (a monkey), Too-Too (an owl), the Pushmi-pullyu, and a White Mouse later named simply "Whitey". THE BOOKS The Story of Doctor Dolittle: Being the History of His Peculiar Life at Home and Astonishing Adventures in Foreign Parts Never Before Printed (1920) began the series. The sequel The Voyages of Doctor Dolittle (1922) won the prestigious Newbery Medal. The next three, Doctor Dolittle's Post Office (1923), Doctor Dolittle's Circus (1924), and Doctor Dolittle's Caravan (1926) are all actually prequels (or "midquels", as they take place during and/or after the events of The Story of Doctor Dolittle). Five more novels followed, and after Lofting's death in 1947, two more volumes of short unpublished pieces appeared. The books, in order of publication, are: The Story of Doctor Dolittle (1920) The Voyages of Doctor Dolittle (1922) Doctor Dolittle's Post Office (1923) Doctor Dolittle's Circus (1924) Doctor Dolittle in the Moon (1928) Doctor Dolittle's Return (1933) Doctor Dolittle and the Secret Lake (1948) Doctor Dolittle and the Green Canary (1950) Doctor Dolittle's Puddleby Adventures (1952) Gub-Gub's Book, An Encyclopaedia of Food (1932) was an associated book, purportedly written by the eponymous pig. It is a series of food-themed animal vignettes. In the text the pretense of Gub-Gub's authorship is dropped, Tommy Stubbins, Dr. Dolittle's assistant, explains that he is reporting a series of Gub-Gub's discourses to the other animals of the Dolittle household around the evening fire. Stubbins explains that the full version of Gub-Gub's encyclopedia, which was an immense and poorly organized collection of scribblings written by the pig in a language for pigs invented by Dr. Dolittle, was too long to translate into English. Doctor Dolittle's Birthday Book (1936) was a piece of merchandise produced during the gap between Doctor Dolittle's Return and Doctor Dolittle and the Secret Lake. CHRONOLOGY The main events of The Story of Doctor Dolittle apparently take place in 1819 or 1820,[3] although the events of the early chapters seem to be spread over several years. The Voyages of Doctor Dolittle begins in 1839.[4] Backstory references indicate that Dr. Dolittle travelled to the North Pole in April 1809, and already knew how to speak to some species of animals at that date, suggesting that the early chapters of The Story of Doctor Dolittle take place before that date.[5] However, it's possible that the internal chronology is not consistent. - If you enjoyed "The Story of Doctor Dolittle - FULL Audio Book - by Hugh Lofting" then please like,comment and subscribe to GreenAudioBooks, we really appreciate it :) Category	i don't know
The European prince Henry the Navigator was born in 1394 in which country?	Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460) of Portugal Prince Henry the Navigator By Matt Rosenberg Updated March 03, 2016. Portugal is a country that has no coast along the Mediterranean Sea so the country's advances in worldwide exploration centuries ago comes at no surprise. However, it was the passion and goals of one man who truly moved Portuguese exploration forward. Prince Henry was born in 1394 as the third son of King John I (King Joao I) of Portugal. At the age of 21, in 1415, Prince Henry commanded a military force that captured the Muslim outpost of Ceuta, located on the south side of the Strait of Gibraltar. Three years later, Prince Henry founded his Institute at Sagres on the southwestern-most point of Portugal, Cape Saint Vincent - a place ancient geographers referred to as the western edge of the earth. The institute, best described as a fifteenth century research and development facility, included libraries, an astronomical observatory, ship-building facilities, a chapel, and housing for staff. The institute was designed to teach navigational techniques to Portuguese sailors, to collect and disseminate geographical information about the world, to invent and improve navigational and seafaring equipment, to sponsor expeditions, and to spread Christianity around the world - and perhaps even to find Prester John . continue reading below our video 10 Facts About the Titanic That You Don't Know Prince Henry brought together some of the leading geographers, cartographers, astronomers, and mathematicians from throughout Europe to work at the institute. Although Prince Henry never sailed on any of his expeditions and rarely left Portugal, he became known as Prince Henry the Navigator. The institute's primary exploration goal was to explore the western coast of Africa to locate a route to Asia. A new type of ship, called a caravel was developed at Sagres. It was fast and was much more maneuverable than prior types of boats and though they were small, they were quite functional. Two of Christopher Columbus' ships, the Nina and the Pinta were caravels (the Santa Maria was a carrack.) Caravels were dispatched south along the western coast of Africa. Unfortunately, a major obstacle along the African route was Cape Bojador, southeast of the Canary Islands (located in Western Sahara). European sailors were afraid of the cape, for supposedly to its south lay monsters and insurmountable evils. Prince Henry sent fifteen expeditions to navigate south of the cape from 1424 to 1434 but each returned with it's captain giving excuses and apologies for not having passed the dreaded Cape Bojador. Finally, in 1434 Prince Henry sent Captain Gil Eannes (who had previously attempted the Cape Bojador voyage) south; this time, Captain Eannes sailed to the west prior to reaching the cape and then headed eastward once passing the cape. Thus, none of his crew saw the dreadful cape and it had been successfully passed, without catastrophe befalling the ship. Following the successful navigation south of Cape Bojador, exploration of the African coast continued. In 1441, Prince Henry's caravels reached Cape Blanc (the cape where Mauritania and Western Sahara meet). In 1444 a dark period of history began when Captain Eannes brought the first boatload of 200 slaves to Portugal. In 1446, Portuguese ships reached the mouth of the Gambia River. In 1460 Prince Henry the Navigator died but work continued at Sagres under the direction of Henry's nephew, King John II of Portugal. The institute's expeditions continued to venture south and then rounded the Cape of Good Hope and sailed to the east and throughout Asia over the next few decades.	Portugal
Which element in the periodic table has the chemical symbol W?	��ࡱ�>�� :<��9�� @ ��bjbj{�{� "&��2222222F� � � � $� F�D� � � � � � > bdddddd$'Ry��2V� � VV�22� � ��V�2� 2� b�Vb��22�� @� Xl�� R�b�0��KZRK�FF2222K2��+ �) l��$��+ + + ��FF$jD�FFjPrince Henry the navigator was born in 1394, in Porto Portugal. He was the third son of John the 1st. His mother was Philippa of Lancaster and was the sister of King Henry IV. Henry was a royal prince, soldier and explorer. He is most famous for the voyages of discovery that he organized and financed. When Henry was 21 he attacked the Moslem port of Ceutha in north Morocco, with his father and two brothers. After the successful attack in 1915, Henry was inspired to explore Africa. He was determined to see Portuguese ships sail down the western coast of Africa and see the amazing churches and empires. He also sent his men to kill the African pirates that were attacking Portugal. The ships that the Portuguese were using were very slow and heavy. Henry came up with an idea to build a much lighter faster boat called the carnival. In 1418 Prince Henry started the first school of oceanic navigation. In this school they learned navigation, map making, and science. The prince wanted to teach his students how to master exploration and the sea. Along with the school Henry established an observatory and a base for exploration. In 1419 his father appointed his governor of the province of Algarve, in southern Portugal. Algarve is one of the sunniest parts of Portugal and is one of the only destinations with dry sandy beaches. When Henry�s brother John died, his other brother Edward became head of the Castles Council and appointed Henry a �Royal Flush� or total control of profits from trade for Portugal. At the time no European ship had sailed past the extremely dangerous Cape Bojador. Many European ships have attempted to sail down the coast, but no ship had ever returned. Prince Henry sent 14 different expeditions along the coast of Africa and no one came back. He was losing hope until he found Gil Hannes. Gil Hannes was the first Portuguese explorer that crossed the dreaded Cape Bojador. In 1437 Henry was sent on an expedition to fight Tangier with his younger brother Fernao. There were many mistakes mainly because of Henry and Fernao. Soon after Fernao was captured and was imprisoned in bad conditions. He was held hostage for the return of Ceutha the port that he and his father attacked earlier in his life. Portugal was debating giving up Ceutha, but it was too late Henry�s brother had died in captivity. Henry started to lose a lot of money, he was sending out many fleets that were paid for out of his pocket. He was getting a lot of information from the trips to Africa, but he wasn�t finding anything really big. To make things worse soon after the expedition to Ceutha his brother Duarte died. People may have thought that Prince Henry was going to just quit, but he made one expedition that he found hard working African people. Henry learned a lot about them how they lived and what they ate. Prince Henry died on November 13th, 1460, and was buried near his father in the Batalha cemetery. In 1839 there was a monument erected for his memory and was placed in Sagres. Prince Henry is very important to Portuguese�s history; he made many discoveries on his explorations. He may be one of the most famous Portuguese people I have every read about. Prince Henry Henry the Navigator. Web. 18 Nov. 2009. http://www.thornr.demon.co.uk/kchrist/phenry.html Zoom Explorers. Web. 18 Nov. 2009. . Henry the Navigator. Web. 18 Nov. 2009. . Henry the Navigator. Web. 19 Nov. 2009. . Prince Henry. 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Which sport was played at Wimbledon prior to lawn tennis?	A journey with tennis through time - The Championships, Wimbledon 2017 - Official Site by IBM A journey with tennis through time Wimbledon.com is marking National Sports Heritage Day with this blog to take a look back at not only how past events have affected tennis but also how the sport has impacted on history READ MORE By Bianca Harrisskitt The Championships at Wimbledon have long been a key part of the British sporting calendar. Talented tennis players, Henman Hill and strawberries and cream have all played their part in enshrining Wimbledon’s iconic place in Britain’s sporting heritage. However, the game of tennis has a long history dating back to the 14th century. From advancements in game play to tennis related deaths, tennis-inspired fashion and even a tennis-incited war, this blog post considers not only how past events have affected tennis but also how the sport has impacted on history. Have a look through and see how much tennis history you really know! 14TH CENTURY Did you know that tennis has been an important part of life in Britain since the 14th century? It is widely believed that the game we now know as tennis first emerged from early ball games which involved using hitting a ball back and forth using the palm of the hand, popular in the Southern regions of Europe. This game was given the name Jeu de Paume (game of the hand or hand ball). Despite the tensions between Britain and France during the 14th and 15th centuries, one thing they had in common was a love for Jeu de Paume, with the game spreading from France to Britain in the mid-14th century. 24 May 1337 Hundred Years' War between England and France begins. 7 July 1348 'Black Death' enters Britain On average, between 30% and 45% of the general populace died. 30 September 1399 Henry IV is proclaimed King of England. 15TH CENTURY Developments in game play/equipment In the first half of the 15th century a stiff double glove started to be widely used in Jeu de Paume in order to avoid nasty broken fingers! Did you know that tennis balls played a role is kicking off the Battle of Agincourt? Henry V was the first monarch who played tennis regularly. In 1414, he allegedly received some tennis balls from France’s Dauphin, an act which he chose to interpret as a grave insult following the breakdown of recent negotiations. Shakespeare even wrote about the event, stating that the balls were sent to signify the king’s wild youth. After this ‘provocation’ Henry V sailed to France to meet with them in battle. Recent historians have questioned whether any balls were actually sent; nevertheless, the story certainly legitimised Henry’s decision to embark on the Agincourt campaign. Did you know that King James I of Scotland met a grizzly end due to his love of tennis? In 1437 at the Blackfriars in Perth, the drain outlet through which the King hoped to escape when the building was invaded by dissident Scottish nobles had been blocked, to prevent the loss of tennis balls when the King was playing in the courtyard. James was trapped and killed. Developments in game play/equipment: By the second half of the 15th century wooden battoirs, covered with parchment, were starting to be used. This soon developed into the use of strung rackets, usually made with sheep gut or silk stringing. By the 16th century, the game had moved to an enclosed playing area, and the rules had stabilized and thus Real Tennis was born. The game was particularly popular amongst European royalty and was referred to solely as ‘tennis’. 20 March 1413 Henry IV dies and is succeeded by his son, Henry V. 25 October 1415 Henry V defeats the French at the Battle of Agincourt. 21 May 1420 Charles VI cedes France to Henry V in the Treaty of Troyes. 1424 James I crowned King of Scotland in 1424 at Scone in Perthshire. 22 May 1455 - 22 August 1485 Wars of the Roses. 16TH CENTURY Did you know that Anne Boleyn was watching tennis when she was arrested on the 2nd May 1536? Real tennis received growing popularity under Henry the VIII and throughout his reign he doubled the number of courts he owned by building tennis-courts at Beaulieu, Bridewell, St James’s, Greenwich, Calais, Whitehall and Hampton Court, the last of which is still used today. Henry was even reportedly playing tennis when Anne was beheaded. Failed peace treaty with Scotland. 1509 1534 –1539 The Reformation: The Church of England is created. 800 monasteries are closed down and their wealth transferred to the crown. 1553 Mary 1st is crowned Queen. 1558 Elizabeth I is crowned 17th CENTURY 1601 Provisions for the poor provided for the first time since the dissolution of the monasteries. The Elizabethan Poor Law of 1601 requires each parish to provide for the 'lame, impotent, old and blind'. 1603 King John VI of Scotland becomes King of England. 1603 – 1714: Civil War, revolution and settlement in the Americas. 18TH CENTURY Developments in game play/equipment By the 18th century tennis balls had evolved to become hard and heavy with relatively little bounce, weighing around 70g. Racket manufacturing came to be constructed from ash, with their heads tilting towards the left. Did you know that Frederick, Prince of Wales is thought to have been killed by a tennis ball? Yet another person to meet their end because of tennis, the prince was said to have died from an internal infection arising from being hit in the stomach by a ball in 1751. Did you know that the French Revolution kick-started the production of tennis rackets in England? French produced rackets were said to be the best quality rackets in the 18th century but the revolution caused racket supplies to cease. Consequently, British makers started racket production in order to keep the game going, but they were considered heavy and basic in comparison. After the revolution, French manufacturers dominated the market once more. 1707 The Act of Union between England and Scotland. Great Britain is formed, Parliament formed. 1756 Seven years War starts between Britain and France over American colonies. 1772 The storming of the Bastille begins the French Revolution 19TH CENTURY Developments in game play/ equipment The invention of the lawnmower and vulcanisation of rubber were crucial to the development of lawn tennis. Suddenly it was possible to manufacture a ball with a high bounce and the Victorians began to experiment with new games and a new use for the croquet lawn; in 1872 the world's first lawn tennis club was set up at Leamington Spa. Did you know that in the late 19th century women wore the same clothes they would wear to a garden party to play tennis in! The constraints of Victorian society stopped practical changes from being made to women’s attire, meaning that tennis clothes sacrificed comfort for ‘prettiness’. Women wore ground-length dresses with long sleeves, high necklines and cinched corseted waists, petticoats, stockings, straw hats and initially even heels! Developments in game play/ equipment – Sphairistikè; In February 1874 Major Clopton Wingfield introduced his version of lawn tennis, which was similar to other versions of the game that emerged at the time. Wingfield’s version was called called Sphairistikè, which took its name from the Greek word for ball, ‘sphairos’, and was played on an hour-glass shaped court. It was adapted by the Marylebone Cricket Club who issued the Laws of Lawn Tennis in 1875; the first unified rules for lawn tennis. Developments in game play/ equipment The tilt head racket design, imported from real tennis, began to die out in the 1870s as it caused too much stress on the thinner ‘lop’ sided part of the head, causing rackets to break. By 1890 most manufacturers were producing oval-shaped tennis rackets which spread the stress on the strings more evenly. Did you know that the first Wimbledon Championships were held to raise money to repair the AELTC’s pony roller? The All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club had been founded in July 1868, as the All England Croquet Club. Lawn tennis was introduced in February 1875 to compensate for the waning interest in croquet and in June 1877 the Club decided to organise an amateur tennis tournament to pay for the repair of its pony roller, needed to maintain the lawns. 22 players took part in the Gentlemen's Singles competition, paying one guinea each to participate. Spencer Gore, a rackets player, became the first Wimbledon champion and fortunately for The Club (and the entire sport of lawn tennis) the tournament was a success, making a profit of £10, allowing the pony roller to remain in use! Did you know that Lawn Tennis was one of the original sports chosen for the Olympic Games? Despite the sport not being particularly popular at the time, lawn tennis was one of the nine sports chosen for the games in 1896. It consisted of Men’s Singles and Doubles events, with 13 players from six nations taking part. An unknown Irishman, John Boland, won both titles. 1st January 1801 Act of Union creates United Kingdom. Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales) and Ireland were formally joined to create the United Kingdom. 18 June 1815 The Battle of Waterloo 1830s The nineteenth century was a century of innovation and developments in manufacturing. Edwin Budding invented the lawn mower enabling grass to be cut short and even in 1830. Nine years later American inventor Charles Goodyear discovered how to vulcanise rubber. 20 June 1837 Victoria comes to the throne after the death of William IV. 28 March 1854 Britain and France declare war on Russia and the Crimean War begins. 1860-1890 Women’s fashion: Restrictive corsets and the era of the skirt Large skirts became fashionable in the 1860s and as the skirt developed, the back emphasis saw the creation of the first bustle, which had appeared by 1868. The 1880s were a decade of severely tight corsetry that was worn under dresses with long boned bodices, tight sleeves and high necks. 13 July 1878 Congress of Berlin aims to settle European problems. Britain signed a European treaty which attempted to settle problems between states in the Balkans and, in particular, to reduce perceived threats to European stability from Russian expansion. 1896 20TH CENTURY Did you know that World War One affected The All England Lawn Tennis Club? The Championships were suspended and 17 Club members were killed serving in the war. 1914 Wimbledon Gentlemen’s Champion, Norman Brookes, was commissioner of the Australian branch of the British Red Cross in Egypt during the war and four- time Wimbledon Champion Anthony Wilding died whilst serving on the Western front. New Zealand born Wilding joined the British Royal Marines when war broke out, rising to the rank of captain in the Armoured Car Division. He was killed, aged 31, during the Battle of Aubers Ridge at Neuve Chapelle, 9 May 1915. Did you know that the All England Lawn Tennis Club moved from Worple Road to Church Road in 1922? By 1920 The Club had outgrown the 4 acres of land at Worple Road. They bought 13 ¼ acres on land at Wimbledon Park Road (later Church Road) for £7,870 and on 26th June 1922, King George V and Queen Mary opened the new grounds. Did you know that tennis heavily influenced 1920s fashion? In line with the emancipation of women in the time period, French player Suzanne Lenglen introduced short skirts, no corset and bandeaus to the Wimbledon courts, causing shocked reactions. However, the trends quickly took off on and off-court and can still be seen today, even in men’s attire – think of Rafael Nadal’s bandana! Another French player, Rene Lacoste, invented a fabric called jersey petit piqué, which still nowadays features the polo shirt with the crocodile. The fabric was lighter and more transpiring than the cotton that had been used to that day, and the short sleeves and the comfortable collar aimed at making the tennis players’ movements easier. Developments in game play/ equipment During World War II developments in the use of synthetic glue and resins in aircraft construction were adapted by racket makers. Whereas previous rackets had been made by a single piece of ash wood, rackets from the 1940s onwards tended to be made by thin strips of different kinds of wood bonded together by strong synthetic glues, making them stronger, lighter and more flexible. Did you know that World War Two had a significant impact on The AELTC? During the war The Championships were suspended and the premises were used for civil defence and military functions, along with growing crops and keeping farm animals! Wimbledon was not spared from The Blitz and on Friday 11th October 1940 the AELTC grounds were hit, including Centre Court. The damage to the court resulted in the loss of approximately 1,200 seats. Seats, however, were not the only thing that The AELTC lost. Five club members gave their lives to the war effort, and a plaque is located in the current Clubhouse which commemorates them. Did you know that the liberal landscape of the 1960s affected tennis? The legalisation of homosexuality in Britain and the USA in the 1960s allowed sportsmen and women to come out in public as gay. Tennis player turned fashion designer Ted Tinling was one figure in British tennis who announced his sexual orientation in the time period. Since the 1960s individual sports such as tennis have had more openly gay athletes than team sports. However, former tennis star Martina Navratilova, who has campaigned against homophobia in sports since 1981, has stated that gay players, particularly men, still face barriers and public discrimination due to their sexuality. Did you know that The Championships at Wimbledon opened to all categories of players for the first time in 1968? In 1968 the open era began, where amateurs and professionals were allowed to compete side by side at Wimbledon for the first time. This ushered in a period of rapid changes in the tennis world as new tournaments sprang up, with large prize money. Development to game play/equipment - Did you know that we have NASA to thank for graphite tennis rackets? In the 1950s and 60s NASA’s research on low-weight carbon fibre made the material more popular and widely available. Racket makers started to use graphite (carbon fibre reinforced plastic) in the 1970s and 80s to make tennis rackets lighter, although wood and steel frames remained popular until the 1980s. Nowadays, the main material in most rackets is graphite. 1990: The ATP tour begins In 1990, the Association of Tennis Professionals became the governing body of men's professional tennis, and the ATP Tour was born. The 2012 Olympic tennis event was held at the All England Lawn Tennis Club. From 28th July to 5th of August, the traditional green and purple colour scheme of The Championships was replaced by the magenta colours of London 2012 as the world’s best tennis players battled it out on the lawns of The AELTC. The United States won three gold medals whilst Andy Murray brought home the gold for the United Kingdom in the men’s singles. Did you know that on Sunday 7 July 2013 Andy Murray was the first British man to the win Wimbledon in 77 years? Murray converted his fourth championship point in a dramatic final game to win 6-4 7-5 6-4, claiming his second major title. 1900 Victoria dies and is succeeded by Edward VII 4 August 1914 Britain declares war on Germany in response to the invasion of Belgium 6th February 1918 The Representation of the People Act. This enfranchised all men over the age of 21, and propertied women over 30. 11th November 1918 World War One ends when Germany signs an armistice. 1st January 1927 British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is created 7th May 1928 All women over the age of 21 get the vote 10 December 1936 Edward VIII abdicates in order to marry Wallace Simpson 12 May 1937 George VI is crowned king 3 September 1939 Britain declares war on Germany in response to the invasion of Poland 8 May 1945 Britain celebrates the end of war on Victory in Europe Day 5 July 1948 National Health Service is established 22 June 1948 Post-war immigration from the Commonwealth begins. 2nd June 1953 Elizabeth II is crowned Queen. 12 July 1965 Comprehensive education system is initiated 1967 Homosexuality is legalised under the 1967 Sexual Offences Act 1969 American Neil Armstrong is the first man on the Moon. 3 May 1979 Conservative Margaret Thatcher becomes Britain's first female prime minister. 02 April 1982	Croquet
Who wrote the 1927 poem ‘The Journey of the Magi’?	Wimbledon History - History & Origin Of Wimbledon Championship Tennis » Wimbledon » Wimbledon History Wimbledon History Wimbledon championship, simply called Wimbledon, is the oldest and the most prestigious tennis tournament in the world. The name of the tournament is derived from Wimbledon, a suburb of London, where it has been held since 1877. The All England Club is the chosen venue for the tournament. Out of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments, Wimbledon is the only one played on grass courts, the others being played on grass, hard as well as clay courts. Wimbledon is held for a period of two weeks, starting from late June until early July. Wimbledon championship is preceded by Australian Open (played on hard court) and French Open (played on clay court). U.S. Open tournament are held after Wimbledon. Go through the following lines to get interesting information on the origin and history of Wimbledon. History & Origin Of Wimbledon All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club A private club named All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club came into existence in 1868, with its ground located off Worple Road, Wimbledon. Lawn tennis was invented by Major Walter Clopton Wingfield in 1873. The game of lawn tennis was introduced as one of the activities of the Club in 1875. The Club was rechristened as The All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club in 1877. Soon after the Club's name was changed, the Lawn Tennis Championship was started. Consequently, a new code of laws was formulated especially for the event. In 1877, Gentlemen's Singles title - the only tennis event held in the year - was bagged by Spencer Gore. The event was witnessed by about 200 spectators, who paid one shilling each to watch the final match. Various sporting activities were performed at The All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club until 1882, when it was decided that lawn tennis would be the only activity of the Club, thereafter. Consequently, the word 'croquet' was removed from the name of the Club. However, with the intention of not hurting the sentiments of the people associated with the Club, the word 'croquet' was restored to the name of the club in 1899, this time, with a slight change in the phrasing - the Club now came to be called The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club. Entrance Of Women In The Game Women's Singles tennis events were started in 1884. Initially, 13 players entered the tournament. The first win of the tournament was registered by Maud Watson. In the same year, the Gentlemen's Doubles event was also started. Oxford University Lawn Tennis Club sponsored the trophy for the tournament. With the passing time, Wimbledon championship gained immense popularity. The facility for the spectators was improvised. The temporary accommodation for the players was replaced by permanent stands. More and more people started flocking the grounds by the mid 1880s. The maximum crowd was seen during the matches played by British twins Ernest and William Renshaw, who emerged as outstanding players. They won 13 titles (separately as well as doubles partners) between 1881 and 1889. The era was dubbed as 'Renshaw Rush'. However, the public affection for Wimbledon waned with the advent of the 1890s. The popularity picked up pace in 1897, when the legendary Doherty brothers, Laurie and Reggie, entered the championships. In following decade, the championship was simply ruled by them. Winners From Overseas With the advent of the 20th century, players from outside England started winning titles, one of the first wins being registered by May Sutton of the United States in 1905. With the win, she became the first Wimbledon Champion from overseas. Sutton registered another success in 1907. In the same year, Norman Brookes of Australia created history by becoming the first Gentlemen's Singles title winner from overseas. The year saw only two players of British origin - Arthur Gore and Fred Perry - to have won the Men's Singles, while five British women - Kitty McKane Godfree, Dorothy Round, Angela Mortimer, Ann Jones and Virginia Wade - managed to grab the Ladies' Wimbledon Champions. Relocation The facilities of ground at Worple Road were improvised prior to the First World War, to meet the increasing needs of the spectators. Larger premises were planned, as to ensure maximum footfall of spectators. The tennis ground was relocated in 1922, to the present location in Church Road. The stadium was built to accommodated as many as 14000 spectators, which helped in the popularization of the game. The expenses for the ground were handled partly by the reserves of the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club and partly by the issue of Debentures. Increase In Popularity During the 1920s, the French tennis players set a record, by winning at least one Wimbledon Single's Championship. Players from countries including US also emerged as winners. Some of the prominent names in the championship, during the time, were Jean Borota, Jacques Brugnon, Rene Lacoste, Kitty McKane and Helen Wills. Wimbledon continued to thrive in the 1930s, with more and more players emerging as outstanding winners. Bill Tilden (American tennis player) made a comeback at the age of 38 and grabbed his third crown in 1931. In the following year, the number of spectators increased to 200,000. The period from 1934 to 1937 was ruled by British tennis players, while tennis players of US origin managed to register consecutive wins just before the Second World War. Wimbledon During World War II Although the Club had limited staff during the Second World War, it managed to remain open and carry out its activities. The premises of the club were used to conduct a variety of civil defense and military functions, including fire and ambulance services. In addition to this, a decontamination unit was also set up in the premises of the Club. The main concourse was used by the troops, who camped within the vicinity of the Club. A small farmyard was also established around the ground. The Center Court became a storehouse for five 500lb bombs, which resulted in the loss of as many as 1200 seats. Therefore, it can be said that Wimbledon faced a downfall during wartime. Post World War II Things were brought back to normality post World War II. In 1945, between June and July, a series of Wimbledon matches were organized between Allied service members, on the No. 1 Court, which was left unscathed by the enemy action. In August, the final stages of the US European Championships were played. The war damage were cleared and repairs were carried out, to resume the game. Consequently, the ground was brought back to its previous form, a situation that was hard to achieve until 1949. In the 1950s, US tennis players continued to dominate Wimbledon. Some of the outstanding players were Jack Kramer, Ted Schroeder, Tony Trabert, Louise Brough and Maureen Connolly. The wind changed its direction, when Aussie players registered wins in 1956. From 1956 to 1970, the Gentlemen's Singles titles were won by Australian tennis players - Lew Hoad, Neale Fraser, Rod Laver, Roy Emerson and John Newcombe. On the other hand, the stranglehold of US players on Ladies's Singles was broken by Maria Bueno of Brazil, in 1959. In the 1950s, more and more overseas players were competing at Wimbledon and other tennis tournaments held in different parts of the world. Consequently, in 1959, Herman David put forward the proposal that the Wimbledon Championships be made open to all the players. This proposal was rejected by the International Tennis Federation (ITF) and arguments persisted in the following years, at all the levels of the game. After persuasion, in 1964, the Lawn Tennis Association (LTA) declared the Wimbledon Championships to be open to all tennis players. Present Day Wimbledon has emerged as one of the premier tennis tournaments, with worldwide recognition. The All England Lawn Tennis Club, which has been hosting the tournament since the inception of the same, continues to maintain its leadership in the 21st century as well. With the passing time, the quality of the event has been improved. Seating capacity for the spectators has also been improved. Wimbledon has evolved as one of the most prestigious titles. Important Dates Wimbledon championship celebrated its centenary in 1977. The roof of the Center Court was increased by a height of one meter, in 1979, thereby providing room for another 1088 seats. The centenary of the Ladies' Singles championship was held in 1984. The year 1986 is one of the significant years in the history of Wimbledon, because its 100th championship was celebrated with great fanfare. The 100th Ladies' Championship was commemorated in 1993.	i don't know
The Bible. What is the fifth book of the Old Testament?	God's Book, Old Testament The Bible is written by men. God instructed the men what to write. That means that the whole Bible is God's book. Because it is God's Book we know it is true. Below are some of the books of the Old Testament: GENESIS The name Genesis means "in the beginning." It tells of the creation of the earth and the sun and the moon, and all the other things that God made. EXODUS This is the second book of the Bible. The name Exodus means "going out." . It's about how God used Moses to lead Hebrews out of Egypt. LEVITICUS The third book of the Bible tells about the family of Levi. It's called Leviticus because it tells about the way the family of Levi and the priests were to serve God. It also tells all the other Israelites how to serve God. NUMBERS The fourth book of the Bible is called Numbers because it tells of the numbering, or counting, of the people of Israel. DEUTERONOMY This is the fifth book of the Bible. Its name means "giving the Law the second time." Moses reminds the children of Israel about the Law which God had given to them, and how important it was for them to obey that Law. JOSHUA This tells what Joshua did when he was the leader of the Israelites. JUDGES Before the Israelites had kings, God gave them judges. This book tells of that period of time, 450 years, when the Israelites were ruled by judges RUTH A wonderful story of Ruth and how she trusted the Lord SAMUEL 1 and 2 There are two books in the Bible named after Samuel the prophet. These books tell about the birth and life of Samuel. Samuel was the prophet of God who chose Saul to be Israel's first king. He later appointed David king to take the place of Saul. These two books also tell the story of both Saul and David up to the time Saul died and David became the king in Israel. KINGS 1and 2 These two books give the history of Israel during the time that kings reigned over them, beginning with King David, and ending with Zedekiah, their last king. CHRONICLES 1 and 2 These two books contain stories of the Israelites that were not written in the first and second Books of Kings. EZRA This book is named after the priest who served the Israelites during the time they were captives in Babylon. NEHEMIAH Nehemiah wrote nearly all of this book. It is about Israel during and after the time they returned to Palestine following their captivity in Babylon. ESTHER This book records the experiences of Esther, a Jew, who became the wife of Ahasuerus, the king of Persia. JOB This book is the life's story of a very faithful servant of God. PSALMS The Book of Psalms contains the beautiful writings of King David and other servants of God. Psalms mean "hymns." David was a musician who played the harp, and he was also a poet. In the poetic Psalms which David wrote, he expresses his love for God, and thanks God for all the wonderful things He had done for him. PROVERBS This is a book of wise sayings nearly all of which were written by King Solomon. ECCLESIASTES The name of this book means "the preacher." It contains many things which are good for all of us to follow. THE SONG OF SOLOMON This is another book of the Bible written by King Solomon. It is also called "The Song of Songs," or "Canticles" by some people. It is a story of love. ISAIAH Written by the Prophet Isaiah. JEREMIAH Written by the prophet Jeremiah. God asked Jeremiah to write a great deal about the sins of the people of Israel, and also to warn them that they would be punished for their sins. LAMENTATIONS The word "Lamentations" means feeling very sad. This book was also written by the Prophet Jeremiah, and he tells of all the trouble the people of Israel had because they had not done what God wanted them to do. EZEKIEL Written by another of God's prophets, Ezekiel. DANIEL This book was written by the Prophet Daniel. This book of the Bible is named after the Prophet Hosea. JOEL Joel loved God, and did what God asked him to do. In this book, he tells the people about terrible wars which were coming, and that the nations would fight each other. AMOS Amos was a prophet and God told him to write that a time would come when the Jewish people would be brought back to the Promised Land. OBADIAH This book has only one chapter. It was written by God's prophet Obadiah JONAH This Book of Jonah tells about his experiences when Jonah was afraid and didn't do as God asked of him MICAH Micah was a prophet through whom God promised the people that a time will come when the nations of the earth will not fight each other any more. NAHUM Nahum was a prophet of God. HABAKKUK Habakkuk is a hard name to pronounce. He loved God, and wrote many wonderful things in this book. ZEPHANIAH In this book, the Prophet Zephaniah explains that a time is coming when everybody in the whole world will worship God and serve Him just the way He wants him to. At that time, there will be just one religion for everybody, and they will then know how good God really is. HAGGAI Written by the prophet Haggai. God told him to write of a troubled time that was coming. ZECHARIAH This book, named after the prophet who wrote it, tells a great deal about trouble that would come upon the Israelites. It also tells about a happy time coming when the Israelites and all other nations, when they obey God, will be blessed. MALACHI This is the last book in the first part of the Bible, the part which is called the Old Testament. Like many of the other books of the Bible, it is named after the one who wrote it. Please remember this about all the books of the Bible. No matter who wrote them, God told them what to write Go to Day 1 of creation Go back to menu	Book of Deuteronomy
According to tradition in Syria, who or what deliver the Christmas presents?	3. The Law: The First Five Books \| Bible.org From the series: Concise Old Testament Survey PREVIOUS PAGE \| NEXT PAGE 3. The Law: The First Five Books The first five books of the Bible are sometimes called the Pentateuch which means “five books.” They are also known as the books of the law because they contain the laws and instruction given by the Lord through Moses to the people of Israel. These books were written by Moses, except for the last portion of Deuteronomy because it tells about the death of Moses. These five books lay the foundation for the coming of Christ in that here God chooses and brings into being the nation of Israel. As God’s chosen people, Israel became the custodians of the Old Testament, the recipients of the covenants of promise, and the channel of Messiah (Rom. 3:2; 9:1-5). GENESIS (The Book of Beginnings) Author: 1450-1410 B.C. Name of the Book: The name Genesis is taken from the Septuagint (LXX), the Greek translation of the Old Testament. Theme and Purpose: Even a casual reading of the Book of Genesis reveals the prominence of the theme of blessing and cursing. For obedience and faith, there is blessing as in the Garden of Eden, but for disobedience, there is cursing. The entire book turns on this theme and its antithetical opposite, cursing. But perhaps the main theme is the choice of a nation through Abraham and the Abrahamic covenant. Through Abraham God promised to bless the nations (Gen. 12:1-3; 15:1-21). Key Words: “Generations” or “account.” A key word or phrase is “these are the generations of” or “this is the account of.” It is used some eleven times to introduce the reader to the next section which gives the narrative about what happened in connection with the key events and persons of the book from the creation of the heavens and the earth to all the patriarchs of Israel. Key Idea: Beginnings: Genesis not only means ‘beginning’, but it is the book of beginnings. The book of Genesis gives us our historical point of reference, from which all subsequent revelation proceeds. In the book of Genesis all the major themes of the Bible have their origin. It is a book of many beginnings: in it we see the beginning of the universe, of man and woman, of human sin and the fall of the race, the beginning of God’s promises of salvation, and the beginning of the nation Israel as the chosen people of God because of God’s special purpose for them as the channel for Messiah and Savior. In Genesis we learn about Adam and Eve, about Satan the tempter, about Noah, the flood, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Joseph and his brothers. But here we also have the beginning of marriage, family, work, sin, murder, capitol punishment, sacrifice, races, languages, civilization, Sabbath, the first attempt at a united nations, and Babylonianism. The Bible is, through and through, a historical revelation. It is the account of God’s activity in history. Key Chapters: Since the call of Abraham and the promises of blessing to the nations through his seed is the prominent message of Genesis, the key chapters are those relating to the Abrahamic covenant and its reiteration, 12:1-3; 15:1-21; 17:1-9. Key People: Adam, Eve, Noah, Abraham, Sarah, Isaac, Rebekah, Esau, Jacob, Rachel, Joseph. Christ as Seen in Genesis: Prophetically: Immediately after the fall, the promise of salvation is given in the seed of the woman (3:15), but then the Messianic links are made clear throughout Genesis: the line of Seth (4:25), the offspring of Shem (9:26), the family of Abraham (12:3), the seed of Isaac (26:3), the sons of Jacob (46:3), and the tribe of Judah (49:10). Typologically: There are several key types that portray the Savior in Genesis. (1) Adam is a type of Christ (Rom. 5:14). As Adam is the head of the old creation, so Christ is the head of the new spiritual creation. (2) Abel’s offering of a blood sacrifice points to Christ who would die for us. Abel’s murder by Cain may also illustrate Christ’s death. (3) Melchizedek is also a type of Christ (see Heb. 7:3). (4) Joseph, who was loved dearly by his father, betrayed by his brothers, and yet became the means of their deliverance typifies Christ. Outline: The book easily falls into two major sections: Four Events and Four People I. Four Events (Gen. 1-11). A. The creation of the world and man (1-2) B. The corruption of man, the fall (3-5) C. The destruction of man, the flood (6-9) D. The dispersion of man, the nations (10-11) II. Four People: the election of a nation and the preparation for the redeemer (Gen. 12-50) A. Abraham (the father of faith and of the nation Israel) (12-23) B. Isaac (the beloved son of promise) (24-26) C. Jacob (scheming and chastening) (27-36) D. Joseph (suffering and glory) (37-50) EXODUS (The Book of Redemption) Author: 1450-1410 B.C. Name of the Book: “Exodus” is a Latin word derived from the Greek exodos, the name given to the book by those who translated it into the Greek Septuagint (LXX). The word means “exit,” “departure.” Theme and Purpose: Two themes prevail in Exodus: (1) Redemption as pictured in the Passover, and (2) deliverance from the bondage of Egypt as seen in the Exodus out of Egypt and crossing the Red Sea. Key Word: “Redeem,” used nine times (6:6; 13:13; 15:13; 21:8; 34:20). After nearly four hundreds years of growth in Egypt, Exodus continues the history of God’s chosen people, the nation of Israel, and describes their deliverance out of Egypt and their development as a nation, actually, a theocracy under God. It describes the birth, history, and call of Moses by God to lead the people out of their Egyptian bondage and into the promised land, the land of Canaan. Through the Passover lamb, the sparing of the firstborn, along with the miracles of the ten plagues, and the crossing of the Red Sea, God showed His people that He was not only more powerful than any Egyptian Pharaoh, but was the sovereign Lord, Yahweh, the God of redemption and revelation. Once the people had crossed the Red Sea and arrived in the wilderness or desert, God gave them His righteous law and declared that they were a treasured possession to Him and were to be a kingdom of priests, a holy nation as a testimony to the nations (Ex. 19:4-7). This holy law, including the Ten Commandments, demonstrated God’s holiness, taught them how to love God and one another, but in the process, it also demonstrated how all fall short of the holiness of God and need a way of access to God that provides forgiveness. This was provided for in the tabernacle, the sacrifices, and the levitical priesthood. Key Chapters: Chapters 12-14 record the redemption of Israel from slavery in fulfillment of God’s promises; delivered from slavery by blood (the Passover lamb) and by power (the parting of the Red Sea). Key Verses: 6:6 Say, therefore, to the sons of Israel, ‘I am the Lord, and I will bring you out from under the burdens of the Egyptians, and I will deliver you from their bondage. I will also redeem you with an outstretched arm and with great judgment’ (see also 20:2). 19:5-6 ‘Now then, if you will indeed obey My voice and keep My covenant, then you shall be My own possession among all the peoples, for all the earth is Mine; 6 and you shall be to Me a kingdom of priests and a holy nation.’ These are the words that you shall speak to the sons of Israel. Key People: Moses, Aaron, Miriam, Pharaoh. Christ as Seen in Exodus: While Exodus contains no direct prophecy of Christ, there are a number of beautiful types of the Savior. (1) In many ways, Moses is a type of Christ. Deuteronomy 18:15 shows that Moses, as a prophet, anticipates Christ. Both are kinsman-redeemers who were endangered in infancy, renounced their power to serve others, and functioned as mediators, lawgivers, and deliverers. (2) The Passover is a very specific type of Christ as the sinless Lamb of God (John 1:29, 36; 1 Cor. 5:7). (3) The Seven Feasts, each of which portray some aspect of the Savior. (4) The Exodus, which Paul connects with baptism, pictures our identification with Christ in His death, burial, and resurrection (1 Cor. 10:1-2; Rom. 6:2-3). (5) The Manna and Water are both portrayed as pictures of Christ (John 6:31-35, 48-63; 1 Cor. 10:3-4). (6) The Tabernacle portrays the Savior in its material, colors, furniture, arrangement, and the offerings sacrificed there (Heb. 9:1-10:18). (7) The High Priest quite clearly foreshadows the person and ministry of Christ (Heb. 4:14-16; 9:11-12, 24-28). Outline: Exodus easily divides into two sections: Redemption and Revelation I. Redemption From Egypt (1-18) A. In Bondage (Subjection) (1-12) B. Out of Bondage (Redemption by blood and power) (12-14) C. Journeying to Sinai (Education) (15-18) II. Revelation From God (19-40) A. The Giving of the Law (19-24) B. The Institution of the Tabernacle (25-31) C. The Breaking of the Law (32-34) D. The Construction of the Tabernacle (35-40) LEVITICUS (The Book of Holiness) Author: 1450-1410 B.C. Name of the Book: Leviticus receives its name from the Septuagint and means “relating to the Levites.” The Levites were the priests who were chosen of God to minister to the nation. The book of Leviticus contains many of the laws given by God to direct them in their work as priests for the worship of God. Theme and Purpose: Leviticus 11:45 says, “Be holy, because I am holy.” The directives given in the book of Leviticus showed Israel was to walk before God as a holy people. Leviticus was designed to teach Israel (1) how to worship and walk with God and (2) how the nation was to fulfill its calling as a nation of priests. The great theme of Leviticus is holiness. A holy God can only be approached on the basis of sacrifice through the mediation of a priest. Key Word: “Holiness.” Key Verses: 17:11 For the life of the flesh is in the blood, and I have given it to you on the altar to make atonement for your souls; for it is the blood by reason of the life that makes atonement. 20:7-8 You shall consecrate yourselves therefore and be holy, for I am the Lord your God. 8 And you shall keep My statutes and practice them; I am the Lord who sanctifies you (see also 11:45). Key Chapter: Chapter 16 deals with the Day of Atonement, which became the most important day in the Hebrew calendar because it was the only day the high priest was allowed to enter into the Holy of Holies in order to make atonement for the people. “… for it is on this day that atonement shall be made for you to cleanse you; you shall be clean from all your sins before the Lord” (16:30). Key People: Christ as Seen in Leviticus: Similar to Exodus, a number of types of Christ are evident in Leviticus. (1) The Five Offerings all typify the person and work of Christ in His sinless life, submission to the Father that we might have fellowship with God. (2) The High Priest as mentioned above is a very prominent type of Christ in Leviticus. (3) The Seven Feasts, again, as mentioned, also form a type of the Savior. Outline: Leviticus falls into two clear divisions: Sacrifice and Sanctification I. Sacrifice (1-17) 1450-1410 B.C. Name of the Book: Numbers gets its name from the two accounts in chapters 1 and 26 of the numbering or counting of the people of Israel first at Mount Sinai and second on the plains of Moab. Theme and Purpose: Though Numbers gets its name from the numbering of the people, it is primarily concerned with nearly 40 years of wandering in the desert. A journey which should have only lasted eleven days became a 38-year agony of defeat simply because of the disbelief and disobedience of the people. Numbers, then, shows the consequence of failing to mix faith with the promises of God (see Heb. 3:16-4:2). Further, Numbers teaches us that while life does have its wilderness experiences, God’s people do not have to stay in those conditions. Joshua will illustrate this later. Another important theme shown throughout the book of Numbers is found in God’s continual care for his people. Over and over again, regardless of their rebellion and unbelief, He miraculously supplied their needs. He provided them with water, manna, and quail. He continued to love and forgive the people even when they complained, grumbled, and rebelled against Him. Key Word: “Wanderings.” Key Verses: 14:22-23 Surely all the men who have seen My glory and My signs, which I performed in Egypt and in the wilderness, yet have put Me to the test these ten times and have not listened to My voice, 23 shall by no means see the land which I swore to their fathers, nor shall any of those who spurned Me see it. 20:12. But the Lord said to Moses and Aaron, “Because you have not believed Me, to treat Me as holy in the sight of the sons of Israel, therefore you shall not bring this assembly into the land which I have given them.” Key Chapters: Chapters 13-14 stand as the key chapters because these chapters record a critical turning point for the nation. Here, at Kadesh-Barnea (32:8), after receiving the evil report from 10 of the 12 spies whom Moses sent to spy out the land, with the exception of Joshua and Caleb Israel focused on the giants in the land, failed to believe God, and refused to enter to possess and conquer the land, a Land that flowed with milk and honey. Key People: Moses, Aaron, Miriam, Joshua, Caleb, Balak Christ as Seen in Numbers: (1) Perhaps no place is there a clearer portrait of Christ and His crucifixion than in the serpent lifted up on the standard (cf. Num. 21:4-9 with John 3:14). (2) The rock that quenched the thirst of the people is a type of Christ (1 Cor. 10:4). (3) The daily manna pictures Christ as the bread come down from heaven (John 6:31-33). (4) The pillar of cloud and fire portray the guidance of Christ and the cities of refuge certainly portray Christ as our refuge from judgment. (5) Finally, the red heifer is also a type of Christ (ch. 19). Outline: Numbers divides into three sections: Preparation at Sinai, Failure of the Old Generation, Preparation of the New Generation. I. Preparation at Sinai (Old Generation) (1-10) A. The Position and Numbering of the People (1-4) B. The Precepts of God and Sanctification of the People (5:1-9:14) C. The Pilgrimage Toward the Promised Land (9:15-10:36) II. Failure of the Old Generation (11-25) A. Discontent Along the Way (11-12) B. Disbelief at Kadesh-Barnea (13-14) C. Discipline from the Lord (15-25) III. Preparation of the New Generation (26-36) A. Reorganization of Israel (26-27) B. Regulation of Offerings and Vows (28-30) C. Regionalization of the Land (31-36) The figures below illustrate the position of the tribes in camp and on the march: 1410 B.C. Name of the Book: The English title, which comes from the Septuagint, means “second law-giving” and comes from the mistranslation of 17:18, which actually says “a copy of this law.” Deuteronomy is a not a second law, but rather a review, expansion, and reiteration of the original law given at Sinai. Theme and Purpose: Watch yourself lest you forget. After forty years of wandering in the wilderness, the Israelites were on the eve of entering the promised land. Before they did, it was necessary (lest they forget what God had done and who they were) that they be reminded about all that God had done for them and about God’s holy law which was so vital to their ability to remain in the land and function as God’s holy nation and as a kingdom of priests to the nations (Deut. 4:1-8). As a part of this theme or purpose, the book also emphasizes the vital necessity of teaching children to love and obey God. Deuteronomy ends with the renewal of God’s covenant with Israel (chapter 29), Joshua’s appointment as the new leader (chapter 31), and Moses’ death (chapter 34). Key Word: “Covenant” (occurring some 27 times) Key Verses: 4:9, 23 Only give heed to yourself and keep your soul diligently, lest you forget the things which your eyes have seen, and lest they depart from your heart all the days of your life; but make them known to your sons and your grandsons. 23 So watch yourselves, lest you forget the covenant of the Lord your God, which He made with you, and make for yourselves a graven image in the form of anything against which the Lord your God has commanded you. 4:31 For the Lord your God is a compassionate God; He will not fail you nor destroy you nor forget the covenant with your fathers which He swore to them. 10:12-14 And now, Israel, what does the Lord your God require from you, but to fear the Lord your God, to walk in all His ways and love Him, and to serve the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul, 13 and to keep the Lord’s commandments and His statutes which I am commanding you today for your good? 14 Behold, to the Lord your God belong heaven and the highest heavens, the earth and all that is in it. 30:19-20 I call heaven and earth to witness against you today, that I have set before you life and death, the blessing and the curse. So choose life in order that you may live, you and your descendants, 20 by loving the Lord your God, by obeying His voice, and by holding fast to Him; for this is your life and the length of your days, that you may live in the land which the Lord swore to your fathers, to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, to give them. Key Chapters: Chapter 27 is key because in it there is a formal ratification of Israel’s covenant as Moses and the levitical priests call upon all Israel to take heed and listen, for in verses 9-10 it is declared, “This day you have become a people for the Lord your God. You shall therefore obey the Lord your God, and do His commandments and His statutes which I command you today.” Chapters 28-30 are also key because of the promises regarding Israel’s near and distant future as it pertains to blessing for obedience or cursing for disobedience. Key People: Moses and Joshua. Christ as Seen in Deuteronomy: The statement about Moses in 18:15 is one of the clearest portraits of Christ. It reads, “The Lord your God will raise up for you a prophet like me from among you, from your countrymen, you shall listen to him.” Further, Moses, as a type of Christ, is the only figure other than Christ to fill all three of the offices of prophet (34:10-12), priest (Ex. 32:31-35), and king (although Moses was not king, he functioned as ruler of Israel; 33:4-5). 4 Outline: Deuteronomy divides into three sections: I. Preamble (1:1-5)	i don't know
Which of Santa’s seven reindeer comes first in the alphabet?	The Sleigh Bell Letters: Untold Stories of Santa's Reindeer \| Prefundia The Sleigh Bell Letters: Untold Stories of Santa's Reindeer This project has already launched. Visit project page Everyone knows the story of how a certain reindeer came to lead Santa's sleigh, but what about Santa's other eight reindeer? They all have their own stories, too - of how they came to join Santa's team and help pull his sleigh on Christmas Eve. It's time the world discovered their stories and what better person to tell them than Santa, himself! The Sleigh Bell Letters are a series of children's books that share the untold stories of Santa's eight reindeer. Written in the form of a letter from Santa, each 9"x7" hardcover book tells a different reindeer's tale - starting with Donner, Santa's very first reindeer. Each reindeer possesses positive attributes that children will love to emulate. Adding to the charm and magic of these stories is the fact that each one comes with a matching engraved sleigh bell that reminds children of the message each reindeer has to offer the world. Here is a little snippet on the storyline for each of the eight books in the series. There is just no way these stories should not be published and shared! The Story of Donner: Santa's First Reindeer Did you know that before Santa found Donner, his sleigh was pulled by horses? Learn the myth surrounding Donner and how he got his name. Then go on an adventure with Santa to find Donner, his very first reindeer. Donner from The Story of Donner The Story of Blitzen: Santa's Second Reindeer Did you know that Donner has a little brother? Well Donner didn't! Learn the story of Blitzen's childhood and how he grew into his special power. Then discover how Blitzen found Donner at the North Pole and joined his brother to pull Santa's sleigh. The Story of Cupid: Santa's Third Reindeer Everyone knows Cupid's magical gift is love and joy, but did you know she was owned by a magical wizard before joining Santa? In this delightful tale, learn how Santa acquired Cupid from a wise and generous wizard, along with a bag of magical corn to help all Santa's reindeer fly! The Story of Comet: Santa's Fourth Reindeer With a name like Comet, is it surprising to learn that this young reindeer's only wish is to fly across the night sky? This fourth letter from Santa tells the story of how Comet grew up studying the stars and comets and eventually traveled to the North Pole in the hope that Santa would make his lifelong wish come true. The Story of Prancer: Santa's Fifth Reindeer The Queen's Guard in London is replacing the royal reindeer with horses and all 40 reindeer are looking for new homes. Will Santa ignore the nasty remarks about Prancer and choose him as his fifth reindeer? In this sweet story, Santa is reminded that what you see on the outside is not necessarily how you should judge a person -- or a reindeer. The Story of Vixen: Santa's Sixth Reindeer Can Vixen win the first ever North Pole Reindeer Athletic Competition to become the sixth reindeer on Santa's team? Learn how the Athletic Competition first came to be and the details of the six events that make up the games. Then discover how Vixen proved to Santa that she was not only a clever athlete, but a kind and respectful competitor as well. The Story of Dancer: Santa's Seventh Reindeer This charming story shares the life of the minstrel Baron von Gyldenstem and his magical dancing reindeer, Dancer. Learn how Mrs. Claus discovered them by chance and how she convinced Dancer and the Baron that they belonged at the North Pole. The Story of Dasher: Santa's Eighth Reindeer The Annual North Pole Reindeer Athletic Competition is back and the competition is fierce! Three reindeer -- Javan, Neve, and Dasher -- stand out from the rest but, as Santa explains, it isn't about whether you win or lose, it's about how you play the game. This story is a great reminder for all children that fair play and honesty is more important than winning. Blitzen from The Story of Blitzen MY VISION My vision is that these books become a Christmas tradition that will be passed down from generation to generation. The lessons learned in each story remain true for young and old alike, regardless of the era. And the sleigh bells are a gift children will treasure forever. For more information, please see my Kickstarter campaign at https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/1177236445/the-sleigh-bell-letters-untold-stories-of-santas-r Thanks for taking the time to read this. Feel free to contact me at [email protected] if you have any questions.	Blitzen
Whose radio show can be heard on Radio 1 Mondays to Thursdays, 7-00 to 9-00 pm?	Santa's Reindeer - Rudolph, Dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen in Lapland Home • More Magic • Santa's Reindeer Santa’s Reindeer We all know Rudolph and his red nose but what about the other reindeer that help to pull Santa’s sleigh and all the many more reindeer that you will see in Lapland? Santa's Magical Reindeer Apart from Santa’s magical reindeer there are many thousands more living in the forests and fells of Lapland who have not yet reached the standard for a joining the special magic team. These are reindeer that were originally wild animals that the Lapps started to domesticate about 1,000 years ago. Reindeer calves are born between April and early May and the weight at birth is 5kg. During summer, the Reindeer owners get together to mark the calves. Each owner has his own mark, which is put inside the reindeer’s ear, and there are over 16,000 different marks in Finland. In the autumn, the mating season starts and the dominant male reindeer gathers a large harem. The total number of reindeer in the wintertime exceeds 200,000 heads and, during the summer, about 150,000 calves are born. Reindeer eat anything that is green including grass and birch tree leaves, as well as cloudberry flowers, berries and mushrooms. In the winter reindeer must find food by digging for lichen under the snow. They also eat moss that grows on trees but in reality most winter nutrition comes from the fat layer on their backs. The Reindeer can run at a speed of 70km per hour but they can not maintain this speed for long. Some compete in reindeer race competitions. What are theIr Names? Twas the night before Christmas, when all through the house Not a creature was stirring, not even a mouse. The stockings were hung by the chimney with care, In hopes that St Nicholas soon would be there. The children were nestled all snug in their beds, While visions of sugar-plums danced in their heads. And mamma in her ‘kerchief, and I in my cap, Had just settled our brains for a long winter’s nap. Tore open the shutters and threw up the sash. The moon on the breast of the new-fallen snow Gave the lustre of mid-day to objects below. When, what to my wondering eyes should appear, But a miniature sleigh, and eight tiny reindeer. whistled, and shouted, and called them by name! “Now Dasher! Now Dancer! Now Prancer and Vixen! On, Comet! On, Cupid! On, Donner and Blitzen! To the top of the porch! to the top of the wall! Now dash away! Dash away! Dash away all!” As dry leaves that before the wild hurricane fly, When they meet with an obstacle, mount to the sky. So up to the house-top the coursers they flew, With the sleigh full of Toys, and St Nicholas too. And then, in a twinkling, I heard on the roof The prancing and pawing of each little hoof. As I drew in my head, and was turning around, Down the chimney St Nicholas came with a bound. He was dressed all in fur, from his head to his foot, And his clothes were all tarnished with ashes and soot. A bundle of Toys he had flung on his back, And he looked like a peddler, just opening his pack. His eyes-how they twinkled! his dimples how merry! His cheeks were like roses, his nose like a cherry! His droll little mouth was drawn up like a bow, And the beard of his chin was as white as the snow. The stump of a pipe he held tight in his teeth, And the smoke it encircled his head like a wreath. He had a broad face and a little round belly, That shook when he laughed, like a bowlful of jelly! He was chubby and plump, a right jolly old elf, And I laughed when I saw him, in spite of myself! A wink of his eye and a twist of his head, Soon gave me to know I had nothing to dread. He spoke not a word, but went straight to his work, And filled all the stockings, then turned with a jerk. And laying his finger aside of his nose, And giving a nod, up the chimney he rose! He sprang to his sleigh, to his team gave a whistle, And away they all flew like the down of a thistle. But I heard him exclaim, ‘ere he drove out of sight, “Happy Christmas to all, and to all a good-night!”	i don't know
Which Scottish Premiership association football club has Rugby Park for its home ground?	Who are Scotland’s oldest professional football clubs - The Scotsman Heroes Who are Scotland’s oldest professional football clubs Kilmarnock v Real Madrid at Rugby Park in November 1965 - McInally knocks the ball past Betancort to score Killie's second goal, with the final score 2-2. Picture: Ian Brand 18:02 Tuesday 12 April 2016 Have your say With the Scottish Cup being the oldest national Association Football trophy in the world, Scotland has birthed an array of clubs with long lineages in the beautiful game. We’ve compiled a list of the oldest teams still playing across the top four tiers of the Scottish Professional Football League. David Galt of Queen's Park in action at Hampden in a 0-0 home league draw against Elgin earlier this season. Picture: Contributed QUEEN’S PARK FC (1867), LEAGUE TWO Scotland’s oldest amateur football team was formed on July 9, 1867 at 3 Eglinton Terrace on Glasgow’s South Side. As well as playing their home games at Scotland’s national football stadium, Hampden, no player to have walked onto the field in Queen’s Park FC colours has ever collected a wage for their services. This decision to “Ludere causa Ludendi”, or play for the sake of playing, makes Queen’s unique as one of the few ‘amateur’ teams in the professional leagues. ‘The Spiders’, as they are known, currently hold the fourth spot in the League Two table, with just one point off Annan Athletic and Clyde FC above them. Queen’s Park has also proven to be a vital training ground for footballing greats such as Sir Alex Ferguson and FIFA Technical Director and ex-Scotland manager Andy Roxburgh. KILMARNOCK FC (1869), PREMIERSHIP Stranraer are Scotland's third-oldest football club. Picture: Derek Watt Two years after Queen’s Park was created, Killie was born as Scotland’s oldest professional football club. Their long history has seen them qualify for European competition several times throughout the years, with their most recent accolade being the Scottish League Cup in the 2011-12 season. Formed by a group of cricketers looking for a sport to play during the off-season, Kilmarnock FC originally played a game more akin to rugby than Association Football (hence the name of their stadium, Rugby Park). The team has played there continuously since 1899 - apart from a four-year spell during the Second World War, when the government requisitioned the stadium as a fuel depot. STRANRAER FC (1870), LEAGUE ONE ‘The Blues’ currently occupy fourth spot in League One, despite a mixed history that according to their own website saw the club awarded “more wooden spoons than Delia Smith”. Since 1907, Stranraer has called Stair Park home after an almost-nomadic search for a home in the East End of the town. The Club won the Scottish Challenge Cup in 1996 and the Scottish Second Division in the 1993-94 and 1997-98 seasons; arguably their best victories in 146 years. READ MORE: Scotland’s oldest sporting venues DUMBARTON FC (1872), CHAMPIONSHIP Dumbarton FC have existed since 1872 and are currently eighth in the lower reaches of the Championship table. Their current stature is a far cry from their form in the early 19th century, where they won the Scottish Football league in its first two seasons. ‘The Sons’ also have the dubious honour of being the sole Scottish league champions to not have competed in the current format of the Scottish Premiership, having last played top-tier football in 1985. RANGERS FC (1872), CHAMPIONSHIP The Ibrox club recently won promotion to the top flight after winning this season’s Scottish Championship crown in the same week they also secured the Petrofac Training Cup. They’ve won 54 top tier titles throughout their storied history, starting in 1891 and securing the most recent in 2011. In 2012, Rangers suffered liquidation and had to reapply to the Scottish leagues. They were denied access to the top flight (then called the SPL) but were allowed to make their way through the lower leagues by starting in the Third Division (now called League Two). Whether or not the club has an “unbroken” history has been a source of much contention, with many claiming the Govan giants are a “new club”. However, the SPFL, including chief executive Neil Doncaster, has stated categorically that they remain the same club. HAMILTON ACADEMICAL FC AND HEARTS FC (1874), PREMIERSHIP Both Hamilton Accies and the Jam Tarts play in the Scottish Premiership, with both being founded in the same year. Hamilton are the sole British football club to have been formed from a school football team, with the club last winning the first division trophy in 2007/08. The team was promoted to the Premiership following their penalties victory over Hibernian to secure the runner-up spot in the 2014/15 Scottish Championship season. Heart of Midlothian emerged from the eponymous Dancing Club based in Edinburgh; in itself named after the old tolbooth of Edinburgh that used to exist on the Royal Mile. The club has enjoyed several big successes over the years, including the Scottish Championship title in 2014/15 and the Scottish Cup in 2011/12 respectively. Rumour has it that the dance hall friends were directed away from the Tron Kirk to the East Meadows by a policeman who thought this the best plan of action for the budding footballers. HIBERNIAN FC (1875), CHAMPIONSHIP Hibernian FC was founded by the city’s Irish community just a year after their rivals. In 1891 Hibernian ceased to operate as a football club for two years before playing matches again in 1893. However, the club state their history as starting in 1875 with two trophies won prior to 1891 among their list of honours. The Hibees have had a tumultuous performance record marred by relegation and re-promotion and back again, with the club claiming the Scottish League Cup in 2006/07 as its last major accolade. For many Hibs fans, the ‘Famous Five’ of Gordon Smith, Bobby Johnstone, Lawrie Reilly, Eddie Turnbull and Willie Ormond - who helped the club secure three championships in four seasons between 1948 and 1952 - are still revered as their greatest players. FALKIRK FC (1876), CHAMPIONSHIP Continuing the flurry of clubs created during the 1870s, Falkirk FC have been around since 1876 and have won the First Division no less than four times in their long history. Only two years after its formation, ‘The Bairns’ joined the Scottish Football Association and reached the second round of the Scottish Cup in the year of its creation. The club’s Brockville Park, used from 1885 until 2003, was outgrown by the club in order for it to meet the stringent SPL stadium criteria which had previously denied the club three separate promotions. Since 2003, the club has played its games at the 8,750 seater venue, Falkirk Stadium. ST MIRREN (1877), CHAMPIONSHIP AND CLYDE (1877), LEAGUE TWO St Mirren was originally formed as a gentleman’s club for those who wished to play the game alongside cricket and rugby. By 1877, the team had decided to play solely association football, and took the name of St Mirin, the town’s patron saint. St Mirren won the Scottish League Cup in 2012/13, though they have are no stranger to relegation, having dropped down from the Scottish Premier League and the Premier Division of the Scottish Football League before. Originating on the banks of the River Clyde at Barrowfield, Clyde FC played in an area known for its textile, chemical and factory workers, which provided a talent pool for the club to draw on. Having spent most of its career as a minnow in Scottish football, the club’s last accolade was the 1999/00 Second Division title. ARBROATH FC (1878), LEAGUE TWO ‘The Red Lichties’ currently ply their trade in League Two, where they sit just above arch-rivals Montrose in eighth place. So-called because of the red harbour light used to guide ships back to the port from the North Sea, Arbroath also previously held the accolade for the largest victory in worldwide senior football, where they beat Aberdeen Bon Accord 36-0 in September 1885. Arbroath were Third Division champions for the 2010/11 season, with their earliest achievement the Division II title in 1934/35.	Kilmarnock
The 1954 film ‘White Christmas’ is set in which state of the USA?	Kilmarnock go to war over 'Killie Pie' as local bakery apply to trademark the famous Rugby Park delicacy \| Daily Mail Online Kilmarnock go to war over 'Killie Pie' as local bakery apply to trademark the famous Rugby Park delicacy Browning Bakers apply to trademark Kilmarnock fans favourite 'Killie Pie' The club will end a 13-year association with Brownings on May 31 Rugby Park side unhappy at attempt to cash in on their name and are entering legal proceedings to claim the pies for their own comments Kilmarnock have become embroiled in a legal battle over the naming rights to their iconic, award-winning ‘Killie Pie’. Brownings Bakers, makers of the local delicacy repeatedly named the best in the SPFL Premiership, sparked pie wars with the Rugby Park board by applying to trademark the fans’ favourite. Brownings Managing Director John Gall – a lifelong supporter and vocal critic of company secretary Michael Johnston – has now been told the firm’s 13-year tie-up with the club will end on May 31. The award-winning Killie Pie at the centre of the dispute between Kilmarnock and Brownings Bakery Gall, a fierce public opponent of the decision to sack Kenny Shiels as manager in 2013, is now expected to withdraw all sponsorship at the club. Kilmarnock trademarked the ‘Killie’ name for club merchandise in 1998 and believe Brownings have cashed in on the success of a product once again voted the best in the Premiership in January. RELATED ARTICLES Share 126 shares The league strugglers, currently fighting for their top-tier survival, have now instructed trademark attorneys Marks & Clerks to fight the Brownings bid to call the ‘Killie Pie’ their own. Arguing the ‘Killie Pie’ was manufactured by local butcher WW Wales before Brownings became involved, a Kilmarnock statement to Sportsmail claimed: ‘The Killie Pie was first made not by Brownings but by other local bakers who won a best football pie in Britain award. Former chairman Michael Johnston, right, has frosty relations with local businesses in Kilmarnock ‘In 2003, it was agreed by the then Kilmarnock chief executive that Brownings would supply the match-day tea-bar catering and as part of that agreement, Brownings were given the right to use the club’s ‘Killie’ trademark on its pies. ‘This was a commercial agreement which included an annual sponsorship spend on advertising and hospitality but with no additional charge for Brownings’ use of the “Killie” trademark. ‘The club has supported the Brownings business for 13 years by allowing them royalty free use of the club’s trademark “Killie” on pies.’ Kilmarnock claim they have backed a major expansion of the ‘Killie Pie’ success story by spending £20,000 a year on Brownings products, but have been denied details of how much cash the local firm now earns from sales of the product across the west of Scotland. ‘It is understood that sales have grown very significantly from which the club receives nothing in return — Brownings refuse to disclose details of their sales to Kilmarnock FC,’ a club statement read. Brownings Managing Director John Gall objected to the sacking of Kenny Sheils by Johnstone back in 2013 ‘In the summer of 2015, Brownings opened discussions for an exclusive trademark licence agreement through their solicitors but subsequently, without informing the club, Brownings applied for their own trademark for the “Killie Pie” name. ‘The club has instructed its trademark attorneys, Marks & Clerk, to oppose Brownings’ trademark application. The club has also taken expert legal advice and, based upon that, has served notice that all contractual arrangements with Brownings will end on May 31. ‘These steps have been taken with the club’s best interests in mind and with the sole purpose of protecting the club’s valuable intellectual property.’ Brownings chief Gall has endured an uneasy relationship with Johnston, chairing an unsuccessful bid by a group of local businesses to oust the local chairman three years ago. Jim Mann, the club’s most recent chairman, announced his decision to step down this week. Johnston, now company secretary, is unlikely to return as chairman following fierce criticism from supporters. Insisting the legal row with Brownings is not just the latest spat between Johnston and Gall, a Killie source told Sportsmail: ‘Over the years, because of the football club, the “Killie Pie” has received massive publicity on television and elsewhere, which has led to increased sales. ‘That’s fine, because it has benefited Brownings. But now, when the football club is looking for some return on is trademark, we have encountered this attempt by Brownings to apply for their own “Killie Pie” trademark behind the club’s back.’	i don't know
Who painted ‘The Adoration of the Magi’ (1624)?	Peter Paul Rubens: The Adoration of the Magi (1624) Peter Paul Rubens 1577 – 1640 The Adoration of the Magi (1624) oil on panel (447 × 336 cm) — 1624 Peter Paul Rubens biography This work is linked to Matthew 2:11 The central figure is one of the Magi, kneeling before Jesus, who is resting on a pillow. The wise man is dressed like a priest and holds a censer, as if he were celebrating mass. Behind him, looking rather disturbed, is the second wise man. The third, wearing a turban, is on the second row in the center. They can be identified by the gifts they're holding, as opposed to their colorful company. The panel was made for the church of St. Michael's abbey in Antwerp. Rubens made several paintings of the Adoration of the Magi, e.g. in 1618 . Rate this work of art: [81 votes]	Peter Paul Rubens
What is the name of the dog in ‘How the Grinch Stole Christmas’ (2000)?	Rubens - Oil Painting Reproductions ART MOVEMENTS: BAROQUE Peter Paul Rubens (June 28, 1577 - May 30, 1640) was a prolific seventeenth-century Flemish Baroque painter, and a proponent of an exuberant Baroque style that emphasized movement, color, and sensuality. He is well-known for his Counter-Reformation altarpieces, portraits, landscapes, and history paintings of mythological and allegorical subjects. In addition to running a large studio in Antwerp which produced paintings popular with nobility and art collectors throughout Europe, Rubens was a classically-educated humanist scholar, art collector, and diplomat who was knighted by both Philip IV, king of Spain, and Charles I, king of England. Rubens was born in Siegen, Westphalia, to Jan Rubens and Maria Pypelincks. His father, a Calvinist, and mother fled Antwerp for Cologne in 1568, after increased religious turmoil and persecution of Protestants during the rule of the Spanish Netherlands by the Duke of Alba. Jan Rubens became the legal advisor (and lover) to Anna of Saxony, the second wife of William I of Orange, and settled at her court in Siegen in 1570. Following imprisonment for the affair, Peter Paul Rubens was born in 1577. The family returned to Cologne the next year. In 1589, two years after his father's death, Rubens moved with his mother to Antwerp, where he was raised Catholic. Religion figured prominently in much of his work and Rubens later became one of the leading voices of the Catholic Counter-Reformation style of painting. n Antwerp, Rubens received a humanist education, studying Latin and classical literature. By fourteen he began his artistic apprenticeship with Tobias Verhaeght. Subsequently, he studied under two of the city's leading painters of the time, the late mannerists Adam van Noort and Otto van Veen . Much of his earliest training involved copying earlier artists' works, such as woodcuts by Hans Holbein the Younger and Marcantonio Raimondi's engravings after Raphael . Rubens completed his education in 1598, at which time he entered the Guild of St. Luke as an independent master. In 1600, Rubens traveled to Italy. He stopped first in Venice, where he saw paintings by Titian , Veronese , and Tintoretto , before settling in Mantua at the court of duke Vincenzo I of Gonzaga. The coloring and compositions of Veronese and Tintoretto had an immediate effect on Rubens's painting, and his later, mature style was profoundly influenced by Titian . With financial support from the duke, Rubens traveled to Rome by way of Florence in 1601. There, he studied classical Greek and Roman art and copied works of the Italian masters. The Hellenistic sculpture Laocoon and his Sons was especially influential on him, as was the art of Michelangelo , Raphael and Leonardo da Vinci . He was also influenced by the recent, highly naturalistic paintings by Caravaggio . He later made a copy of that artist's Entombment of Christ , recommended that his patron, the duke of Mantua, purchase The Death of the Virgin (Louvre), and was instrumental in the acquisition of The Madonna of the Rosary (Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna) for the Dominican church in Antwerp. During this first stay in Rome, Rubens completed his first altarpiece commission, St. Helena with the True Cross for the Roman church, Santa Croce in Gerusalemme. Rubens traveled to Spain on a diplomatic mission in 1603, delivering gifts from the Gonzagas to the court of Philip III. While there, he viewed the extensive collections of Raphael and Titian that had been collected by Philip II. He also painted an equestrian portrait of the Duke of Lerma during his stay (Prado, Madrid) that demonstrates the influence of works like Titian 's Charles V at Muhlberg (1548, Prado, Madrid). This journey marks the first of many during his career that would combine art and diplomacy. He returned to Italy in 1604, where he remained for the next four years-first in Mantua, and then in Genoa and Rome. In Genoa, Rubens painted numerous portraits, such as the Marchesa Brigida Spinola-Doria (National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.), in a style that would influence later paintings by Anthony van Dyck , Joshua Reynolds , and Thomas Gainsborough . He also began a book illustrating the palaces in the city. From 1606 to 1608, he was largely in Rome. During this period Rubens received his most important commission to date for the high altar of the city's most fashionable new church, Santa Maria in Vallicella (or, Chiesa Nuova). The subject was to be St. Gregory the Great and important local saints adoring an icon of the Virgin and Child. The first version, a single canvas (Musee des Beaux-Arts, Grenoble), was immediately replaced by a second version on three slate panels that permits the actual miraculous holy image of the "Santa Maria in Vallicella" to be revealed on important feast days by a removable copper cover, also painted by the artist. The impact of Italy on Rubens was great. Besides the artistic influences, he continued to write many of his letters and correspondences in Italian for the rest of his life, signed his name as "Pietro Paolo Rubens", and spoke longingly of returning to the peninsula-a hope that never materialized. In 1621, the queen-mother of France, Marie de' Medici, commissioned Rubens to paint two large allegorical cycles celebrating her life and the life of her late husband, Henry IV , for the Luxembourg Palace in Paris. The Marie de' Medici cycle (now in the Louvre) was installed in 1625, and although he began work on the second series it was never completed. Marie was exiled from France in 1630 by her son, Louis XIII , and died in 1642 in the same house in Cologne where Rubens had lived as a child. After the end of the Twelve Years' Truce in 1621, the Spanish Habsburg rulers entrusted Rubens with a number of diplomatic missions. Between 1627 and 1630, Rubens's diplomatic career was particularly active, and he moved between the courts of Spain and England in an attempt to bring peace between the Spanish Netherlands and the United Provinces. He also made several trips to the Northern Netherlands as both an artist and a diplomat. At the courts he sometimes encountered the attitude that courtiers should not use their hands in any art or trade, but he was also received as a gentleman by many. It was during this period that Rubens was twice knighted, first by Philip IV of Spain in 1624, and then by Charles I of England in 1630. He was awarded an honorary Master of Arts degree from Cambridge University in 1629. Rubens was in Madrid for eight months in 1628-1629. In addition to diplomatic negotiations, he executed several important works for Philip IV and private patrons. He also began a renewed study of Titian 's paintings, copying numerous works including the Madrid Fall of Man (1628-29, illustrated right). During this stay, he befriended the court painter Diego Velazquez . The two planned to travel to Italy together the following year. Rubens, however, returned to Antwerp and Velazquez made the journey without him. His stay in Antwerp was brief, and he soon traveled on to London. Rubens stayed there until April, 1630. An important work from this period is The Allegory of Peace and War (1629, National Gallery, London). It illustrates the artist's strong concern for peace, and was given to Charles I as a gift. While Rubens's international reputation with collectors and nobility abroad continued to grow during this decade, he and his workshop also continued to paint monumental paintings for local patrons in Antwerp. The Assumption of the Virgin Mary (1625-6) for the Cathedral of Antwerp is one prominent example. Rubens's last decade was spent in and around Antwerp. Major works for foreign patrons still occupied him, such as the ceiling paintings for the Banqueting House at Inigo Jones's Palace of Whitehall, but he also explored more personal artistic directions. In 1630, four years after the death of his first wife, the 53-year-old painter married 16-year-old Helene Fourment . Helene inspired the voluptuous figures in many of his paintings from the 1630s, including The Feast of Venus (Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna), The Three Graces (Prado, Madrid) and The Judgment of Paris (Prado, Madrid). In the latter painting, which was made for the Spanish court, the artist's young wife was recognized by viewers in the figure of Venus. In an intimate portrait of her, Helene Fourment in a Fur Wrap, also known as Het Pelsken (illustrated left), Rubens's wife is even partially modeled after classical sculptures of the Venus Pudica, such as the Medici Venus. In 1635, Rubens bought an estate outside of Antwerp, the Chateau de Steen (Het Steen), where he spent much of his time. Landscapes, such as his Chateau de Steen with Hunter (National Gallery, London, illustrated right) and Farmers Returning from the Fields (Pitti Gallery, Florence), reflect the more personal nature of many of his later works. He also drew upon the Netherlandish traditions of Pieter Bruegel the Elder for inspiration in later works like Flemish Kermis (c. 1630, Louvre, Paris). Rubens died from gout on May 30, 1640. He was interred in Saint Jacob's church, Antwerp. The artist had eight children, three with Isabella and five with Helene , his youngest child was born eight months after his death.	i don't know
Who composed ‘A Sea Symphony’ between 1903 and 1909?	Vaughan Williams A SEA SYMPHONY Britten FOUR SEA INTERLUDES - The Royal Melbourne Philharmonic Choir & Orchestra The Royal Melbourne Philharmonic Choir & Orchestra Vaughan Williams A SEA SYMPHONY Britten FOUR SEA INTERLUDES Hamer Hall, Arts Centre Melbourne A Sea Symphony, composed by Ralph Vaughan Williams between 1903 and 1909 was that composer’s first and longest symphony, and helped set the stage for a new era of symphonic and choral music in Britain during the first half of the 20th century. The text of A Sea Symphony comes from the great American poet Walt Whitman. Vaughan Williams was attracted to Whitman’s verses for their ability to transcend both metaphysical and humanist perspectives. Vaughan Williams’ masterly handling of the massive orchestral and choral forces, the boldness, energy and stunning orchestration of A Sea Symphony vividly evokes the immensity and primal force of the sea. The work hailed the triumphant arrival of a new and powerful voice in English music. Benjamin Britten’s orchestral tour de force Four Sea Interludes come from his operatic masterpiece Peter Grimes, about a fisherman on England’s eastern coast, a misanthropic loner who is hounded to self-destruction by the townspeople after the mysterious, but accidental, deaths of two of his apprentices. The opera’s premiere was immediately recognized as a landmark for English opera. In the opera the Four Sea Interludes not only take the listener from one physical location to another, but also go inside the characters’ minds, which throughout the opera are full of turmoil and doubt. This relentless tragedy evoked from Britten music of overwhelming power with a score that is high-tensioned, surging with dramatic force and orchestral violence, but also includes passages of sublime beauty and tenderness Hear these two great masterpieces performed by over 300 passionate choral and orchestral musicians, two outstanding Australian soloists and dynamic RMP Chief Conductor Andrew Wailes, widely acknowledged as one of the country’s leading symphonic choral interpreters. BENJAMIN BRITTEN Four Sea Interludes from Peter Grimes RALPH VAUGHAN WILLIAMS A Sea Symphony	Ralph Vaughan Williams
In what year did King Edward VIII’s abdication crisis occur?	Vaughan Williams: Symphony No.1, 'A Sea Symphony' - Classic FM Classic FM Music Now Playing Vaughan Williams: Symphony No.1, 'A Sea Symphony' Vaughan Williams's first symphony set the stage for a new era of British symphonic and choral music. Written between 1903 and 1909, Vaughan Williams ’s first and longest symphony was first performed at the Leeds Festival in 1910, with the composer conducting it on his 38th birthday. He was 30 when he first began sketching it and the scale and sophistication of the work belies his relative youth. Vaughan Williams had never before attempted a work of this duration, or for such large forces, and it was his first of what would eventually be nine symphonies. The text of A Sea Symphony comes from Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass. Though Whitman's poems were little known in England at the time, Vaughan Williams was attracted to them for their ability to transcend both metaphysical and humanist perspectives. The poet's use of free verse was also beginning to make waves among composers, where fluidity of structure was beginning to be more attractive than traditional, metrical settings of text. One of the first symphonies in which a choir is used throughout the work and is an integral part of the musical texture, A Sea Symphony helped set the stage for a new era of symphonic and choral music in Britain during the first half of the 20th century. Latest on Classic FM	i don't know
What nationality is violinist Andre Rieu?	Biography - The official André Rieu website Biography 1949 André is born under the sign of Libra as his parents’ third child. His parents and their two young daughters had moved from Amsterdam to Maastricht shortly before. (André later got two brothers and another sister). To the present day, André Rieu has been at home in the beautiful capital of the Dutch Province of Limburg, namely in Maastricht. 1954 André, his brothers and sisters grow up exclusively with classical music: symphonies, chamber music and opera. Encouraged by his father, a professional conductor, André starts taking violin lessons at the age of five. A.R.:"I had great difficulty concentrating at the start. That was because my violin teacher was so beautiful and so blonde that I fell in love with her and stared at her all the time, instead of listening to her instructions!" 1967 After leaving grammar school, the talented young man first continues his musical training on the violin at the conservatoire in Liège and later in Maastricht (until 1973).His teachers are Jo Juda and Herman Krebbers. 1974 André Rieu moves to the conservatoire in Brussels, where he receives violin tuition from André Gertier. Still a student, André marries his "great love", Marjorie. André Rieu concludes his musical training with distinction (Premier Prix) at the conservatoire in Brussels. 1978 Their first son is born. His name is Marc. In the same year, André Rieu founds his first orchestra, the Maastricht Salon Orchestra, with which he appears in the Netherlands, the Federal Republic of Germany and even the United States. At the same time (until 1989) he is engaged as a violinist in the Limburg Symphony Orchestra. André's and Marjorie's second son, Pierre, is born. 1987 André recruits his Johann Strauss Orchestra. A.R.:"At that time, we rehearsed for 6 months before getting started. There were just twelve musicians in the beginning. Today, there are 43, and sometimes even 50 on very large stages. "In the same year, the new orchestra leader and his wife found the André Rieu Productions company. 1988 New Year's Day is the big moment: André Rieu and his Johann Strauss Orchestra give their first public concert. This is soon followed by brief tours, also through the Benelux countries and the Federal Republic of Germany. 1994 The "From Holland with Love" album is released in the Netherlands and something happened that no one would have thought possible: "From Holland with Love" triggers a waltz wave in the tiny country.A.R.: "This CD was the definitive breakthrough for me. One of the pieces on it is the "Second Waltz", a beautiful, very melancholy waltz. Really, the piece is called 'Waltz No. 2 from Jazz Suite No. 2' by Dmitry Shostakovich, but itwould probably never have been a hit with a title like that. Marjorie came up with the name 'Second Waltz' at the time, and that's what it became famous as. "From Holland with Love" soon headed the Top 100 in the Netherlands. The album stayed in the Top 10 for more than a year! 1995 At an international football match in Amsterdam stadium, the smart man from Maastricht fills the half-time interval with the "Second Waltz". The fans in the stands sway in time with the music and hum along enthusiastically, as do the TV viewers. While Ajax eventually wins the match against Bayern München, André Rieu gains thousands of new followers. After an initial concert in Hamburg's Musikhalle and several television appearances, the "From Holland with Love" album is also released in Germany, where it instantly heads for the charts and gets into the Top 5 with ease. It stays for months in the weekly hit list compiled by Media Control and receives several gold and platinum disks. 1996 André Rieu is dubbed the "Modern King of Waltz" by the media and next launches the "The Vienna I love" and the live "In Concert" albums on the European music market. Again, he can assert himself in the charts in many countries, even against international pop icons like Madonna, for example. A.R. on "The Vienna I Love": "The album 'The Vienna I Love' contains two violin solos that I particularly enjoy playing: the spirited gipsy melody 'Hör ich Zimbalklänge' and the 'Méditation' from the opera Thais by Jules Massenet. I've been playing the latter piece for about 20 years now, but I still find it a fascinating melody. And when I'm on the stage, I can always very clearly sense that it goes straight to the audience's heart as well. Of course, that motivates and inspires me! A.R. on "In Concert": "A live CD is always something very special, I think. You really get to feel the atmosphere that filled the auditorium. 'In Concert' was recorded at the Concertgebouw in Haarlem, a wonderful concert hall with a magnificent audience. Also in 1996, André Rieu received the World Music Award in Monte Carlo. 1997 A year of hard work: André Rieu has little time for his private life and family, as he is permanently on the road with the Johann Strauss Orchestra. An extensive concert tour takes the charming orchestra leader and his musicians across half of Europe. Still, he takes the time to record "The Christmas I love" and thus fulfill a personal musical wish: "When making this CD, we chose the songs that I've heard at Christmas from my childhood on. They very much remind me of Christmas at home with my parents and of the many, many midnight masses I sang in as a choirboy…" 1998 On the "Romantic Moments" album, the "King of Waltz" puts the emphasis on dreamy, romantic melodies. The tone is set by the "Love Theme from Romeo & Juliet". In addition, André Rieu this time comes up with classical pieces, such as the "Etude op.10" by Chopin, Mozart's "Adagio" and the melancholy "Far From Home Largo" from the From the New World symphony by Antonín Dvorák.A.R. on "Romantic Moments": This CD is totally different from all the others. I like listening to that kind of music when I have time to dream. Although I lead a fairly hectic life, I'm a romantic person at heart and love peace and quiet. Antonin Dvorak's music really puts me in a happy, contented mood." 2003 The tour in Japan is extended to include 17 concerts in 11 different Japanese cities. As André is celebrating 25 years on the stage, an anniversary CD is released in the autumn: Romantic Paradise. To include his fans in the celebrations, André makes Romantic Paradise into a double CD, one of the two CDs being a gift. The CDs are enormously successful. The Romantic Paradise Special is recorded in the Italian town of Cortona. André invites his fans to come from all over the world to attend the recordings for the special - three concerts - all for free! Later in the same year, preparations begin for a tour of the USA and Canada, planned for April/May 2004. 2006 The year 2006 began in the traditional way, with a winter tour in Germany. In March, André was touring in France and in April and May he was back in the USA and Canada. The tour included 25 cities, making this the biggest USA/Canada tour ever! In July the brand-new André Rieu office opened in New York. That month also turned out to be the busiest month ever. In Vienna a fabulous special was recorded on the square in front of Schönbrunn Palace; it turned out to be the biggest production ever undertaken within the André Rieu concern. Within a week André was waltzing his home town of Maastricht off its feet with three midsummer night concerts ending with a special appearance from the Harlem Gospel Choir. One week after that the same choir joined André on the stage in their own home town, New York, where a second special was recorded in the famous Radio City Music Hall. That evening André and his orchestra won the hearts of thousands of Americans in just a few hours, raising the roof of New York’s famous theatre. Both specials appeared on DVD; the new CD reflected the New York special. September 2006: 4 concerts in Tokyo. October, November, December: concerts on the west coast of the USA, in Canada, Germany and Belgium. André Rieu is living up to his nickname of the Flying Dutchman more than ever before! 2007 A report of the 2006 American tour was broadcast on Dutch television as a series of six programmes from January. Later these were issued as a DVD entitled ‘André Rieu on his way to New York’. The German TV station ZDF broadcast a musical special: ‘Meine Welt ist die Musik’, showing André in Tuscany, Venice, Vienna, Paris and Maastricht. This German musical special came out as a DVD later in the year with the title ‘Romance’. In March André Rieu and his orchestra toured through Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Belgium and France, followed by a spring tour through America and Canada. As in previous years, once again André gave a number of summer evening concerts at the Vrijthof square in Maastricht. September saw André Rieu performing with the Harlem Gospel Choir at the Gelredome in Arnhem. A concert at the Efteling amusement park was broadcast in two parts on German and Dutch television. A reality TV show was made about the preparations for this special. In the autumn André Rieu visited Australia to promote his 2008 concerts, which brought on real Rieu mania: in October André became the first artist in history to have 9 DVDs in the top 10! Next the double CD and DVD ‘In Wonderland’ was recorded in the Efteling amusement park. On 14 and 15 December André Rieu performed at the Rogers Centre in Toronto, Canada, the largest indoor stadium in the world, in a Viennese evening set in a reproduction of Vienna’s Schönbrunn Palace. This was the kick-off for the big ‘World Stadium Tour: A Romantic Vienna Night’. 2008 The grand World Stadium Tour ‘A Romantic Vienna Night’ came to Europe too! With a set featuring a life-size replica of the imperial Schönbrunn Palace (the world’s biggest mobile stage) André Rieu and his Johan Strauss Orchestra performed together with more than 250 artists in Düsseldorf, Leipzig, Amsterdam, Paris and Brussels. The concerts were a great success. The concerts featured the Platinum Tenors, the Vienna State Opera Ballet, 80 Vienna Debutantes, the golden coach with the Empress Sisi and Emperor Franz-Joseph and the Vienna Figure Skating Association. In March André Rieu set a new record in Australia when the millionth item was sold. Australia is entirely under the spell of André Rieu. On 7 April 2008 André Rieu and his Johann Strauss Orchestra received the golden Medal of Honour from Mayor Gerd Leers of Maastricht – the greatest distinction the city can offer. The autumn was all about Australia. Rieu broke record after record with sales of his CDs and especially DVDs. He was the most successful artist in 2007 and in 2008, with more than 2 million copies sold by the end of 2008. From mid November Rieu toured Australia with more than 500 people, taking the replica Schönbrunn Palace with them. Almost 300,000 people came to his concerts ‘down under’. The Melbourne concert, attended by more than 38,000, was broadcast live on Australian and Dutch television. The DVD ‘Live in Australia’ was released worldwide. 2008 was a top year for André Rieu and his orchestra. At the end of the year he was the only classical musician in the top ten of the Pollstar list – the important annual ranking of best-selling worldwide touring acts. The only artists above the King of Waltz were big names like Madonna and The Police. 2009 Following tradition, 2009 began with the successful New Year concerts in the Köln Arena, followed by a tour through Germany, Austria and Switzerland. In March a Japanese tour was planned. For April, May and June, Rieu again did a tour of America and Canada for 24 concerts. At the end of 2009, Rieu did Australia, this time with an arena tour through all the big cities. By the end of January the tour was practically sold out. In the cities of Melbourne and Sydney there was the possibility of extra concerts. André turned 60 and became a grandfather no less than three times! He rose 2 places to number 6 in the Billboard Chart for best-selling tours worldwide. In America he was again the best-selling classical artist of the year. In December André performed alongside artists such as Lady Gaga & Michael Bublé for Queen Elizabeth II of England. 2010 Following the performance for the British queen, this year André also performed for the Dutch Queen Beatrix in the caves of Valkenburg. This was on the occasion of the 125-year anniversary of the Dutch tourist office organisation (VVV). In April, André conquered South Africa. In spite of a difficult departure from Europe due to ‘volcanic ash’ it was a successful tour with concerts in Sun City, Durban and Cape Town. Also this year a soap opera was produced about the preparations from this South African tour; “André Rieu on the road to South Africa”. In January, André broke the 20 year old record set by Nigel Kennedy in England by being the first artist to reach no. 2 in the pop charts with a classical album. André preformed at the Classical BRIT Awards and an English tour is planned for September. As if this wasn’t enough, there are another 2 tours planned in the US and Canada this year, a tour in Australia and New Zealand, and he is giving no less than 8 concerts at the Vrijthof in Maastricht. On June 11 a TV special was made on the German ‘flower island’ Mainau. Although this year is only half over, André has already received a number of honours including a Multi Platinum Award in South Africa and the European culture prize (Medaille Charlemagne) for bringing so many people together. In august André is felled by a viral infection. For the first time in his 32-year career he must cancel concerts due to illness. In November he resumes his tour with a concert in Antwerp followed by his first Mexico tour. 2011 In the first months André and the JSO give concert in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Denmark. From the beginning of March they start to catch up the rescheduled concerts in South Africa, Ireland, the UK, Australia, New Zealand and 2 sold out stadium concerts in Amsterdam. André releases the DVD Fiesta Mexicana! – a documentary and concert of his 2010 Mexico tour. In July the book André Rieu: The person behind the phenomenon is released. It is made by Dutch top photographer Govert de Roos, who describes the book as “A journey of 1000 days with André Rieu”. In April André get's a phone call from Anthony Hopkins – The Academy Award-winning actor has written music for many years, but composed his latest piece “And The Waltz Goes On” with Rieu specifically in mind to perform it. Rieu was so enthusiastic about the work that he immediately set plans in motion to record it, moving Hopkins’ wife to tears during the initial performance of the tune. “I’ve been a great admirer of André Rieu for several years. He’s a great musician. My wife and I had the same dream of meeting him one day, so I’ve send him some music that I wrote. It’s a dream come true for me that André performed it with his orchestra. I’m totally knocked out by the result. It’s even more than I expected!” says Anthony Hopkins about his cooperation with André Rieu. Sir Anthony Hopkins and his wife flew in a private jet to Maastricht to attend André's hometown concerts where he performed it for the first time for such a large crowd. Rieu included the waltz on his new DVD and album and performed it on his USA, Canada and Mexico tours in the fall. In september André started with the recordings for his new christmas special “Home for the Holidays” which was shown on German television in December. 2012 Tours in Germany, France and Denmark were caught up and in may André gave his first concerts in Brazil. Over 180.000 people visit his record breaking series of 30 sold-out concerts in Sao Paulo in May, June, July and September. André & his orchestra appear on Domingão do Faustão; one of the biggest and longest running shows in Brazil. The episode with André had the best audience ratings since the start of the program 23 years ago. In June André gave his traditional hometown concerts, which were recorded and broadcasted in cinemas worldwide. In July André earns the No. 1 ranking in Billboard Magazine' Hot Tours chart before Kenny Chesney, Brad Paisley, Cirque du Soleil, Van Halen and Nickelback. And in August 2012 Rieu tours South Africa for the third time. For the second year in a row André Rieu wins a Classic Brit Award. This time for his album 'And The Waltz Goes On'. He dedicated the award to Sir Antony Hopkins, who wrote the title track of the album. At the end of the year André gives a concert in Rotterdam and is one of the very first artists to play in the brand new venue 'Ziggo Dome' in Amsterdam. Rieu ends the year in style with a sold out UK and Ireland tour, including 2 concerts at London's The O2 Arena. 2013 2013 began in the traditional way with 2 concerts in Cologne, Germany. In March, André toured throughout the USA and Canada, where Paul Anka attended one of the concerts and sang his biggest hit 'My Way' on stage with André. Five concerts in Rio de Janeiro followed. On April 30 2013 André gave a 'Coronation Concert' on Museum Square in Amsterdam in honor of the investiture of the new King Willem Alexander and Queen Maxima of the Netherlands. Tens of thousands of cheering people attended the unique concert which was broadcast live on national television. Not much later the DVD and CD 'Rieu Royale' were released, which included André's 'Coronation Waltz' that he wrote especially for the occasion. André resumed his tour in May with concerts in Denmark and Austria. Followed by his first concerts on Argentine and Chilean soil. By the end of June The Vrijthof Square was once again the stunning backdrop for André's traditional summer concerts in his hometown Maastricht. Motown legend Jermaine Jackson, who already recorded several songs with André in March, joined André on stage where he sang an emotional rendition of 'Smile', one of the favorite songs of his late brother Michael. Singer and guitarist Trini Lopez also flew in to Maastricht to attend the Maastricht concerts. Together with André he performed his world famous hits 'La Bamba' and 'If I had a Hammer', bringing the audience to its feet dancing, singing, clapping and cheering. After a short summer break the show goes on in September with tours throughout Mexico, Australia and New Zealand. October marks the start of André's weekly documentary series 'André Rieu: Welcome To My World'. The 10-part series documenting the world behind the scenes of André's concerts is broadcasted by Sky Arts. Also in October, André won the 'Album of the Year award' at the Classic BRITs - for the third year in a row. His album 'Magic of the Movies' beat competition from other nominees including Andrea Bocelli, Lang Lang and Nicola Benedetti. André gave his first ever concert in Turkey in November 2013. The sold out concert in Istanbul's Sinan Erdem Dome was an enormous success and André promised the audience that they would return as soon as possible. In December 14 sold out concerts followed through the UK & Ireland. 2014 January and February are two busy months. André is giving a long series of concerts in Germany and France. Also, together with violinist Frank from his orchestra, he is composing three new numbers for the soundtrack of the film 'Tuscan Wedding'. The film is having its premiere in the beautiful Tuschinski theatre in Amsterdam. In April, André travels to Asia, where he performs for the first time in Taiwan and China. He is also giving a concert in Singapore. Clearly: the Asians are crazy about André! In May the concert agenda is again chock-full: André and the Johann Strauss Orchestra are touring through the Czech Republic, Poland, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, Austria and Hungary. Among other places, they are playing in his favourite city of Vienna. A romantic city with a rich history and also of course the city of the Viennese Waltz. A month later it is the turn of Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Finland. In Estonia, Ott Lepland, who is representing his country at the Eurovision Song Contest in 2012, is singing his greatest hit 'Kuula'. In Riga, André is surprised by a large group of children from Russia. The children are officering him a book with illustrations of paintings, made while listening to André's music. In June, the album 'Magic of the Musicals' is also appearing, together with the Johann Strauss Orchestra. In line with tradition, July is seeing the well-known Vrijthof concerts. The concerts in his home city of Maastricht are always very special. The first five concerts are already sold out in January. André is deciding to give three extra concerts. The show of 19 July is seen live in various cinemas in the United Kingdom, Ireland and Europe, and later on also in Australia and New Zealand. After a well-earned holiday, October is seeing the start of his successful tour through bustling Brazil. During the concerts in Sao Paulo, is an exhibition of the works of art painter and son Marc Rieu. Together with his entire orchestra, staff and also the mayor of Maastricht, André is celebrating his 65th birthday in his studio in Maastricht. In November, André is giving a few concerts in the Netherlands, Belgium and Turkey. In the same month, the first three Vrijthof concerts of the coming year (2015) are already sold out. Due to the worldwide interest, three extra concerts are planned. In December, André is closing an unprecedented year with a series of concerts in Ireland and the United Kingdom. 2015 2015 has got off to a flying start. In January and February, André gives a series of concerts in Germany and Austria. In March a series of concerts in France is planned. Besides hard work, there is also thankfully time for a delicious glass of bubbles in Epernay, the capital of Champagne country. Then in May, different countries are on the concert agenda: Sweden, Denmark, Switzerland, Hungary, the Czech Republic and Poland. In June, André tours through Romania with the Johann Strauss Orchestra. Within fifteen hours a record 33,000 tickets are sold out! During his tour, André makes five thousands tickets available for a symbolic amount. The revenue is donated to UNICEF and the Save the Children Fund. André has a warm heart for children. In July it is time for the famous Vrijthof concerts. Cosy summer evening concerts full of beautiful music, special guests and a fireworks show. This year too presents a grand spectacle. In August, the warm and enthusiastic audiences in Chile and Peru enjoy the performances of André and his Johann Strauss Orchestra to the full. The South Americans love a party! During his visit to beautiful Rome at the end of September, he receives the 'Jubilee Award', thanks to the gigantic sales of 35 million CDs and DVDs. While in Rome, his new album 'Roman Holiday' is announced. A brand new CD full of well-known Italian melodies, such as 'Mattinata' and of course 'Arrivederci Roma'. October is also a busy, but cosy month. André tours through Mexico. Apart from the concerts, there is also another (literal) peak: an excursion to Teotihuacan, the oldest city with two world-famous pyramids. André rounds off 2015 with different concerts in Europe. During the last months of this calendar year, people in, among other places, the UK, France, South Africa, Canada and the United States may (again) enjoy the cosy Vrijthof concerts in various cinemas. The cinema-goers are also treated to an exclusive interview by the English journalist Charlotte Hawkins. She interviews André immediately after his concert.	Dutch people
Strabismus is more commonly known by which one-syllable word?	André Rieu - YouTube André Rieu The next video is starting stop André Rieu - The Second Waltz (Shostakovich) 22,711,748 views 4 years ago André Rieu performing Shostakovich' "The Second Waltz" live in Maastricht, The Netherlands. For concert dates and tickets visit: http://www.andrerieu.com Top 10 best viewed videos 3:08 4 years ago 22,006,216 views André Rieu & The Johann Strauss Orchestra performing "Ballade pour Adeline" live in Vienna. Taken from André Rieu's breathtaking live spectacle on DVD and Blu-ray "André Rieu - And the waltz goes o... 4:10 4 years ago 22,711,748 views André Rieu performing Shostakovich' "The Second Waltz" live in Maastricht, The Netherlands. For concert dates and tickets visit: http://www.andrerieu.com 5 years ago 18,168,454 views André Rieu & his Johann Strauss Orchestra playing "The Beautiful Blue Danube" (An der schönen blauen Donau) by composer Johann Strauss II. Recorded live at Empress Sisi's castle; Schönbrunn Palace ... 6:57 André Rieu & the Johann Strauss Orchestra performing Ravel's Boléro live in Maastricht. Taken from the DVD/Blu-Ray "André Rieu - Under the Stars - Live in Maastricht 5." For tour dates visit: http... 6:27 Play next Play now 4 years ago 13,363,192 views André Rieu & His Johann Strauss Orchestra performing "And The Waltz Goes On" in Maastricht. A Waltz composed by Sir Anthony Hopkins. Taken from "André Rieu - Under the Stars. Live in Maastricht 5."... 5:30 Play next Play now 4 years ago 10,949,317 views André Rieu performing Frank Sinatra's My Way. Taken from the DVD "André Rieu - New York Memories- Live at Radio City Music Hall". For concert dates and tickets visit: http://www.andrerieu.com http... 3 years ago 9,645,715 views André Rieu, Mirusia and The Johann Strauss Orchestra performing Ave Maria live in Maastricht. Taken from the DVD "André Rieu Live in Maastricht 4, A Midsummer Night's Dream". For concert dates and... 3 years ago 7,679,319 views André Rieu & His Johann Strauss Orchestra performing the Main Title Theme from The Godfather movie live in Cortona, Italy. Taken from the DVD Romantic Paradise. For concert dates and tickets visi... 2:47 4 years ago 6,235,918 views André Rieu, Mirusia & his Johann Strauss Orchestra performing Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious (Mary Poppins) live in Maastricht. Taken from "André Rieu - Under the Stars - Live in Maastricht 5."... 4:38 3 years ago 6,695,019 views André Rieu, over 500 brass players & the Johann Strauss Orchestra performing Nearer, my God, to Thee live in Amsterdam. Taken from the DVD "André Rieu Gala-Live in de Arena" (Dutch release), availa... Show more André Rieu - The Second Waltz (Shostakovich) - Duration: 4 minutes, 10 seconds. 22,711,748 views André Rieu - Ballade pour Adeline - Duration: 3 minutes, 8 seconds. 22,006,216 views André Rieu - The Beautiful Blue Danube - Duration: 8 minutes, 14 seconds. 18,168,454 views André Rieu - Boléro (Ravel) - Duration: 6 minutes, 57 seconds. 17,402,680 views Play next Play now Play next Play now André Rieu - I Will Follow Him - Duration: 4 minutes, 19 seconds. 7,095,834 views André Rieu - You'll Never Walk Alone - Duration: 5 minutes, 2 seconds. 6,602,910 views André Rieu - Zorba's Dance (Sirtaki) - Duration: 2 minutes, 58 seconds. 6,459,619 views Play next Play now Play next Play now Official videos of André Rieu's Maastricht concerts 4:10 Play next Play now Play next Play now Play next Play now André Rieu Christmas songs, taken from the DVD André Rieu - Home for Christmas. 3:44 Official videos of André Rieu's DVD 'Live in Vienna' 4:27 1 year ago 106,498 views André Rieu & His Johann Strauss Orchestra performing Morgenblatter live in front of Hofburg Palace, Vienna. Taken from the DVD André Rieu Live in Vienna. For concert dates and tickets visit: http... 3:32 2 years ago 35,432 views André Rieu & His Johann Strauss Orchestra performing Wien du stadt meiner traume live in front of Hofburg Palace. Taken from the DVD André Rieu - Live in Vienna. For concert dates and tickets vis... 7:21 1 year ago 191,836 views André Rieu & His Johann Strauss Orchestra performing Gold & Silber in front of Hofburg Palace, Vienna. Taken from the DVD André Rieu Live in Vienna. Available at: http://www.andrerieu.com For conc... 8 years ago 1,664,680 views André Rieu Live in Vienna: a romantic midsummer night concert on the square in front of the imperial Hofburg Palace in the heart of Vienna. It includes superb compositions from the most famous Vien... Show more	i don't know
Which king of England had the nickname ‘Beauclerc’?	Henry (1068 - 1135) - Genealogy Genealogy Join the world's largest family tree Gender Henry I "Beauclerc", King of England London, Greater London, England, United Kingdom Henry I "Beauclerc", King of England's Geni Profile Share your family tree and photos with the people you know and love Build your family tree online Share photos and videos French: Henri, Danish: Henrik, Latin: Henricus, German: Heinrich, Spanish: Enrique, Portuguese: Henrique, Dutch: Hendrik Also Known As: Selby, North Yorkshire, England, United Kingdom Death: in Saint-Denis-le-Ferment, Department de Eure, Haute Normandie, France Cause of death: Reading Abbey, Reading, Berkshire, England Immediate Family: Brother of Robert II "Curthose", duke of Normandy ; Adelizia de Normandie, Princess of England ; Cecilia, Abbess of Holy Trinity ; Richard ; Agatha de Normandie, Princess of England and 5 others ; Anna de Normandie, Princess of England ; Constance, Duchess Consort of Brittany ; Adela, countess of Blois ; Matilda and William II "Rufus", King of England « less Occupation: King of England, Roi d'Angleterre de 1100 à 1135-Duc de Normandie, King of the English Duke of Normandy, Duke of the Normans, Kung av England och Hertig av Normandie, Duke of Normandy King of England, King, kung, KING OF ENGLAND, 1100-1135, King Henry I Managed by: http://genealogics.org/getperson.php?personID=I00000238&tree=LEO Called "Beauclerc because of his study habits (Beauclerc meaning well-learnt, scholarly, erudite) Il est aussi connu sous le nom de Henri Ier de Normandie, roi d'Angleterre et Henri Ier, roi d' Angleterre dit le Beau Clerc. En 1106, il est connu sous le nom de Henri Ier, duc de Normandie dit Beauclerc. Henry I 'Beauclerc', King of England gained the title of Lord of Domfront in 1092 Comte de Coutances in 1096 Comte de Bayeux in 1096 King Henry I of England on 2 August 1100. He was crowned King of England on 5 August 1100 in Westminster Abbey, Westminster, London, Married First: Eadgyth renamed on marriage Mathilda of Scotland He had 2 wives, Eadgyth of Scotland who changed her name to Matilda mother of Euphemia (unconfirmed), Matilda & William and Adelisa de Louvain who married William d'Aubigny on Henry's death He also had many mistresses (or concubines) as follows: 1 Unknown woman from Caen mother of Robert de Caen aka Robert FitzRoy, Earl of Gloucester 2 Edith Unknown mother of Mathilde w/o Routrou de Perche 3 Ansfride widow of Anskill mother of Richard, Juliane & Foulques 4 Unknown mother of Sybil Queen of Scotland & William 5 Sibyl Corbet married Herbert FitzHerbert mother of Renaud de Dunstanville, William, & Gundred, Rohese 6 Edith FitzForne d/o Forn Sigurdson Lord of Greystoke, Cumberland married Robert De Oilly of Hook Norton mother of Robert FitzEdith 7 - 12 All Unknown. Mothers to: * Maud (m. Conan III Duke of Brittany), Alix (m. MATHIEU [I] de Montmorency) Constance (Mathilde) (m ROSCELIN Vicomte de Beaumont) Mathilde abbess of Montvilliers Gilbert *William de Tracy 13 Nest of South Wales wife of Gerald FitzWalter of Windsor d/o Rhys apTewdwr Prince of South Wales and Gwladus mother of Henry 14 Unknown mother of unknown daughter (m GUILLAUME [III] GoÃ«t de Montmirail) 15 Isabelle de Beaumont d/o Robert de Beaumont Comte de Meulan, Earl of Leicester and Isabelle de Vermandois and wife of Gilbert FitzGilbert de Clare Earl of Pembroke mother of Isabel Please do not merge Named Mistresses as Unknown Mistresses ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The fourth son of William I the Conqueror the first King of England after the Norman Conquest of 1066. Henry I 'Beauclerc', King of England gained the title of Lord of Domfront in 1092. He gained the title of Comte de Coutances in 1096. He gained the title of Comte de Bayeaux in 1096. He succeeded to the title of King Henry I of England on 2 August 1100. He was crowned King of England on 5 August 1100 in Westminster Abbey, Westminster, London, and styled 'Dei GratiÃ¢ Rex Anglorum.' He fought in the Battle of Tinchebrai on 28 September 1106.2 He succeeded to the title of 9th Duc de Normandie on 28 September 1106, after defeating his brother Robert in battle. Strangely, at the time William 'Rufus' was shot in the New Forest, Henry was also hunting there and this may or may not be coincidence. Henry was in turn in some danger from his brother Robert who claimed the throne for himself. Robert was captured at the battle of Tinchebrai in 1106 and Henry imprisoned him in Cardiff Castle for the rest of his life. Henry was successful in keeping the peace in England despite spending much time in Normandy. He developed the English system of justice and organised the civil service of the time, particularly the taxation department. He was unpopular with the church leaders. He had only one legitimate son, William and a legitimate daughter Matilda, but over twenty illegitimate children. His sons William and Richard were drowned in 1120 aboard his personal vessel the 'White Ship' when it struck a rock off the Normandy coast. He wanted his successor to be his daughter Matilda whom the English called Maud. He has an extensive biographical entry in the Dictionary of National Biography. All detailed biographical entries are extracted from: 1. [S18] Dictionary of National Biography; and 2. [S23] Dictionary of New Zealand National Biography Henry I 1068-1135, king, fourth son of William the Conqueror and Matilda, was born, it is said, at Selby in Yorkshire (Monasticon, iii. 485; Freeman, Norman Conquest, iv. 231, 791), in the latter half of 1068, his mother having been crowned queen on the previous Whitsunday (Orderic, p. 510). As the son of a crowned king and queen of England he was regarded by the English as naturally qualified to become their king; he was an English Ã¦theling, and is spoken of as clito, which was used as an equivalent title (ib. p. 689; Brevis Relatio, p. 9; comp. Gesta Regum, v. 390). He was brought up in England (Cont. William of JumiÃ¨ges, viii. 10), and received an unusually good education, of which he took advantage, for he was studious and did not in after life forget what he had learnt (Orderic, p. 665; Gesta Regum, u. s.). The idea that he understood Greek and translated Ãsop's Fables into English is founded solely on a line in the Ysopet of Marie de France, who lived in England in the reign of Henry III, but it is extremely unlikely, and there is so much uncertainty as to what Marie really wrote or meant in the passage in question that it is useless to build any theory upon it (PoÃ©sies de Marie de France, par B. de Roquefort, i. 33-44, ii. 401; Professor Freeman seems to think that the idea is fairly tenable, Norman Conquest, iv. 229, 792-4). It is certain that he understood Latin (Orderic, p. 812), and could speak English easily (William Rufus, i. pref. viii). At least as early as the thirteenth century he was called clerk, the origin of the name Beauclerc (Wykes, iv. 11; Norman Conquest, iv. 792). While he was with his father at Laigle in Normandy, in 1077, when the Conqueror was on bad terms with his eldest son Robert, he and his brother, William Rufus, went across to Robert's lodgings in the castle, played dice with their followers in an upper room, made a great noise, and threw water on Robert and his men who were below. Robert ran up with Alberic and Ivo of Grantmesnil to avenge the insult, a disturbance followed, and the Conqueror had to interfere to make peace (Orderic, p. 545). His mother at her death in 1083 left Henry heir of all her possessions in England, but it is evident that he did not receive anything until his father's death (ib. p. 510). The next year, when his father and brothers were in Normandy, he spent Easter by his father's order at the monastery of Abingdon, the expenses of the festival being borne by Robert of Oily (Chron. de Abingdon, ii. 12). At the Whitsuntide assembly of 1086 his father dubbed him knight at Westminster, and he was armed by Archbishop Lanfranc. He was with his father when the Conqueror lay dying the next year at Rouen, and, on hearing his father's commands and wishes about his dominions and possessions, asked what there was for him. I give thee 5,000l., was the answer. But what, he said, can I do with the money if I have no place to live in? The Conqueror bade him be patient and wait his turn, for the time would come when he should be richer and greater than his brothers. The money thus left had been his mother's, and he went off at once to secure the treasure. He returned for his father's funeral at Caen Robert of Normandy, who was in want of money, asked Henry for some of his treasure; Henry refused, and the duke then offered to sell or pledge him some part of his dominions. He accordingly bought the Avranchin and the CÃ´tentin, along with Mont St. Michel, for 3,000l., and ruled his new territory well and vigorously (Orderic, p. 665). In 1088 he went over to England, and requested Rufus to hand over to him his mother's lands. Rufus received him graciously, and granted him seisin of the lands, but when he left the country granted them to another. Henry returned to Normandy in the autumn in the company of Robert of BellÃªme, and the duke, acting on the advice of his uncle, Bishop Odo, seized him and shut him up in prison at Bayeux, where he remained for six months, for Odo made the duke believe that Henry was plotting with Rufus to injure him (ib. p. 673). In the spring of the following year the duke released him at the request of the Norman nobles, and he went back to his county, which Robert seems to have occupied during his imprisonment, at enmity with both his brothers. He employed himself in strengthening the defences of his towns, and attached a number of his nobles to himself, among whom were Hugh of Chester, the lord of Avranches, Richard of Redvers, and the lords of the CÃ´tentin generally. When the citizens of Rouen revolted against their duke in favour of Rufus in November 1090, Henry came to Robert's help, not so much probably for Robert's sake, as because he was indignant at seeing a city rise against its lord (William Rufus, i. 248). He joined Robert in the castle, and headed the nobles who gathered to suppress the movement. The rebellious party among the citizens was routed, and Conan, its leader, was taken prisoner. Henry made him come with him to the top of the tower, and in bitter mockery bade him look out and see how fair a land it was which he had striven to subject to himself. Conan confessed his disloyalty and prayed for mercy; all his treasure should be given for his life. Henry bade him prepare for speedy death. Conan pleaded for a confessor. Henry's anger was roused, and with both hands he pushed Conan through the window, so he fell from the tower and perished (Orderic, p. 690; Gesta Regum, v. 392). In the early part of the next year Robert and William made peace, and agreed that Cherbourg and Mont St. Michel, which both belonged to Henry, should pass to the English king, and the rest of his dominions to the Norman duke. Up to this time Henry had been enabled to keep his position mainly by the mutual animosity of William and Robert. Now both his brothers attacked him at once. He no longer held the balance between them in Normandy, and the lords of his party fell away from him. He shut himself up in Mont St. Michel, and held it against his brothers, who laid siege to it about the middle of Lent, each occupying a position on either side of the bay. The besieged garrison engaged in several skirmishes on the mainland (Flor. Worc.). Their water was exhausted, and Henry sent to the duke representing his necessity, and bidding him decide their quarrel by arms and not by keeping him from water. Robert allowed the besieged to have water. After fifteen days Henry offered to surrender if he and his men might march out freely. He was accordingly allowed to evacuate the place honourably (Orderic, p. 697) The surrender of Mont St. Michel left Henry landless and friendless, and for some months he wandered about, taking shelter first in Brittany and then in the Vexin. In August he accompanied his two brothers to England, and apparently joined in the expedition against Malcolm of Scotland (Gesta Regum, iv. 310; HistoriÃ¦Dunelm. Scriptores Tres, p. xxii; William Rufus, ii. 535-8). Then he probably resumed his wandering life, travelling about attended only by a clerk, a knight, and three armed followers. Apparently at the end of 1092 he received a message from the men of Domfront inviting him to become their lord. He was received at Domfront by Archard, the chief man of the town, who had instigated his fellow-townsmen to revolt against Robert of BellÃªme, their former lord. Henry promised that he would never give up the town to any other lord, and would never change its laws and customs (Orderic, pp. 698, 788). Domfront, situated on the Varenne, dominated part of the border of Normandy towards Maine; lies not far to the east of Henry's old county, and was a place of great strength (for geographical description see William Rufus, i. 319). The interests of Henry and Rufus were now one; both alike desired to win all the parts of Normandy they could from the duke. Henry from his new fortress carried on constant war against the duke and Robert of BellÃªme; before long he regained a large part of his old territory in the west (ib. p. 321), and in doing so certainly acted with the goodwill of Rufus, though there appear to have been some hostilities between them (Orderic, p. 706; too much weight must not be given to this passage; in the first place it is rather vague and may apply to an earlier period, and in the second a war such as that which Henry was carrying on, consisting of attacks on single towns and castles, was certain to lead to quarrels with others besides those immediately concerned). Some places in his old county yielded to him out of affection, for, as the people of Domfront had discerned, he was a good lord, others he took by force of arms, and his old friends and followers again joined him. In 1094 he received an invitation from Rufus, who was then carrying on open war against Robert in Normandy, to meet him with Hugh of Chester at Eu, and because the duchy was in too disturbed a state for them to pass through it safely, Rufus sent ships to bring them (A.-S. Chron. sub an.). They sailed, however, to Southampton, and waited at London for the king, who met them there shortly after Christmas. Henry stayed with Rufus until Lent, and then returned to Normandy with a large supply of money, and carried on war against Robert with constant success (ib. an. 1095). When Normandy passed into the possession of Rufus in 1096, Henry joined him and remained with him, receiving from him the counties of Coutances and Bayeux, with the exception of the city of Bayeux and the town of Caen, and having further committed to his charge the castle of Gisors, which Rufus built on the frontier against France (Cont. William of JumiÃ¨ges, viii. 7). On 2 Aug. 1100 Henry was hunting in the New Forest, when men came hastening to him one after another telling him of the death of Rufus. According to popular belief he had shortly before gone into a hut to mend his bowstring, and an old woman had declared that she had learnt by augury that he would soon become king. When he heard of his brother's death, it is said that he grieved much, and went to where his body lay (Wace, ll. 10105-38). In reality he spurred at once to Winchester, where the royal treasure was kept, and demanded the keys of the treasury from the guards (Orderic, p. 782). William of Breteuil refused to deliver them, declaring that, as Robert was his father's first-born, he was the rightful heir. The dispute waxed hot, and men came running to the spot, and took the count's part (Professor Freeman's assumption that these men were Englishmen as opposed to Normans seems unwarranted). Henry clapped his hand on his sword, drew it, and declared that no one should stand between him and his father's sceptre. Friends and nobles gathered round him, and the treasury was delivered over to him. The next day such of the witan as were at hand met in council, and after some opposition chose Henry as king, chiefly owing to the influence of Henry Beaumont, earl of Warwick (Gesta Regum, v. 393). As king-elect he bestowed the see of Winchester, which Rufus had kept vacant since January 1098, on William Giffard [q.v.]; he then rode to London, and was crowned at Westminster on Sunday, 5 Aug., by Maurice, bishop of London, for Archbishop Anselm [q.v.] was then in exile. Thomas, archbishop of York, hastened from the north to perform the ceremony, but came too late. When he complained of this as an infringement of his right, the king and the bishops told him that it was necessary to hasten the coronation for the sake of the peace of the kingdom (Hugh the Chantor, ii. 107). At his coronation he swore to give peace to the church and people, to do justice, and to establish good law. On the same day he published a charter in which, after declaring that he had been made king by the âcommon concent of the barons,â he forbade the evil customs introduced during the last reign. The church was to be free, its offices and revenues neither sold nor farmed, and the feudal incidents of relief, marriage, and wardship were no longer to be abused by the king as instruments of oppression. As he did by his tenants-in-chief so were they to do by their tenants, a provision which may be said to have been founded on the law of his father that all men, of what lord soever they held, owed the king allegiance, a provision wholly contrary to the feudal idea. The coinage was to be reformed, and justice done on those who made or kept bad money. Wills of personalty were permitted. Men who incurred forfeiture were no longer to be forced to be at the king's mercy. Knights who held by knight-service were to have their demesne lands free of tax, and were to be ready both with horses and arms to serve the king and defend his realm. Good peace was to be kept throughout the kingdom, and the âlaw of King Edward,â with the amendments of the Conqueror, was restored. The forests were, with the common consent of the barons, to remain as they were in the days of the king's father (Select Charters, pp. 95-8). This charter was taken by the barons in the reign of John as the basis of their demands. Henry also wrote a letter to Anselm inviting him to return, and declaring that he committed himself to the counsel of the archbishop and of those others whose right it was to advise him (Epp. iii. 41). There was great joy among the people at his accession, and they shouted loudly at his coronation, for they believed that good times were at last come again, and saw in their new king the âLion of Justiceâ of Merlin's prophecy (Gesta Regum, v. 393; Orderic, pp. 783, 887). Henry was thirty-two at his accession. He was of middle height, broad-chested, strong, stoutly built, and in his later years decidedly fat (Orderic, p. 901). His hair was black and lay thickly above his forehead, and his eyes had a calm and soft look. On fitting occasions his talk was mirthful, and no press of business robbed him of his cheerfulness. Caring little what he ate or drank, he was temperate, and blamed excess in others (Gesta Regum, v. 412). He was, however, exceedingly licentious, and was the father of a large number of natural children by many mistresses. At the same time he was free from the abominable vices which Rufus had practised, and, sensual as he was, his accession was at once followed by a reform in the habits of the court (ib. p. 393). In common with all his house he was devoted to hunting, and one of his lords who quarrelled with him gave him the nickname of âPie-de-Cerf,â because of his love of slaying deer (Wace, l. 10566). From the studies of his youth he acquired an abiding taste for books. He formed a collection of wild beasts at Woodstock, where he often resided (Gesta Regum, v. 409; Henry of Huntingdon, pp. 244, 300). He was an active, industrious king, and when in England constantly moved about, visiting different places in the southern and central parts of the kingdom, though he seems very seldom to have gone north of the Humber. In his progresses the arrangements of his court were orderly, for he was a man of method; there were no sudden changes of plan, and people brought their goods to the places on his route, certain that the court would arrive and stay as had been announced, and that they would find a market. The morning he gave to affairs of state and to hearing causes; the rest of his day to amusement (De Nugis Curialium, p. 210). He was not without religion. Reading Abbey he founded (ib. p. 209; Gesta Regum, v. 413; Monasticon, iv. 28); he completed the foundation of the abbey of Austin canons at Carlisle; he formed the see of Carlisle (Creighton, Carlisle, pp. 31-5; John of Hexham, col. 257; Waverley Annals, ap. Annales Monast. ii. 223); Cirencester Abbey, and Dunstable (Dunstable Annals, ib. iii. 15) and Southwyke priories, all for Austin canons, were founded by him (Monasticon, vi. 175, 238, 243), together with some other houses. He was a benefactor to some older English foundations, and rebuilt many churches in Normandy which suffered during his wars. He was liberal to pilgrims and to the military orders in Palestine (Cont. William of JumiÃ¨ges, viii. 32), and seems to have treated clergy of holy life with respect. Contemporaries were much impressed by his wisdom; he did not love war, and preferred to gain his ends by craft. An unforgiving enemy, he was said to be an equally steadfast friend. He was, however, such a thorough dissembler that no one could be sure of his favour; and Robert Bloet [q.v.], bishop of Lincoln, declared that when he praised any one he was sure to be plotting that person's destruction (De Contemptu Mundi). He was cruel, and his cruelties proceeded from a cold-hearted disregard of human suffering. Policy rather than feeling guided his actions. Without being miserly, he was avaricious, and the people suffered much from his exactions, which, though apparently not exorbitant in amount, were levied with pitiless regularity alike in times of scarcity and plenty. His justice was stern. Unlike his father, he caused thieves, robbers, and other malefactors to be hanged, and sometimes inflicted such sweeping punishments that the innocent must have suffered along with the guilty. Criminals were constantly blinded and mutilated, though in his later years he often substituted heavy fines for these punishments. He strictly enforced the forest laws; no one was allowed, except as a special privilege, to hunt on his own land or to diminish the size of his woods; all dogs in the neighbourhood of a forest were maimed, and little difference was made between the slayer of a deer and of a man (Orderic, p. 813; William of Newburgh, i. c. 3). On the whole, however, Henry's harsh administration of justice was good for the country; while it brought suffering to the few, it gave peace and security to the many. His despotism was strong as well as stern; no offender was too powerful to be reached by the law. Private war he put down peremptorily, and peace and order were enforced everywhere. He exalted the royal authority, and kept the barons well under control, both by taking sharp measures against those who offended him, and by choosing his counsellors and chief officers from a lower rank, raising up a number of new men, whom he enriched and ennobled in order to make them a counterpoise to the power of the great houses of the Conquest (Orderic, p. 805). Although he kept a large number of stipendiary soldiers, to whom he was a liberal master (Cont. William of JumiÃ¨ges, viii. 22), he was persuaded by Anselm to sharply restrain them from injuring the people, as they had done in his brother's time, and as they did in the earlier years of his own reign (Eadmer, Historia Novorum, iv. col. 470). Trade was benefited by his restoration of the coinage, and the severity with which he punished those who issued bad money or used false measures; he is said to have made the length of his own arm the standard of measure throughout the kingdom (Gesta Regum, v. 411). The peace and order which he established were highly valued by the people, and the native chronicler, though he makes many moans over his exactions, yet, writing after his death, and looking back in a time of disorder to the strong government of the late reign, says of him: âGood man he was, and great awe there was of him. No one durst misdo another in his time. Peace he made for man and deer. Whoso bare his burden of gold and silver no man durst say to him aught but goodâ (Anglo-Saxon Chron. sub an. 1135; for Henry's character, both as a man and as a king, see more at large in Norman Conquest, v. 153-61, 839-45, where full references are given; also Stubbs, Constitutional History, vol. i. secs. 110-12). In the first days of his reign Henry imprisoned, in the Tower of London, Ranulf Flambard [q.v.], bishop of Durham, the evil minister of Rufus, and began to appoint abbots to the abbeys which his brother had kept vacant in order to enjoy their revenues. He met Anselm at Salisbury, on his return to England about Michaelmas, and required him to do homage as his predecessor had done, and receive back from him the temporalities of the see, which were then in the king's hands. Anselm refused, and Henry, who could not afford to quarrel with him, and would probably in any case have been unwilling to do so, agreed to delay the matter, in order that the pope might be consulted whether he could so far change his decrees as to bring them into accordance with the ancient custom of the kingdom. In this dispute as to the question of investiture [for which see under Anselm] Henry took his stand on the rights of his crown as handed down by his predecessors, and on the undoubted usages of his realm. He made no new demand; the innovation was introduced by Anselm, who, in obedience to papal instructions, refused to accept the temporalities from Henry, as he had accepted them from Rufus, and as former archbishops had accepted them from former kings. Nor did Henry make the quarrel a personal matter; he did not persecute the archbishop, or thwart him in the exercise of his office, as Rufus had done. He behaved throughout with a due regard to law, and on the whole acted fairly, though he naturally availed himself of every lawful means to gain his point. He was urged by his counsellors, and especially by the bishops, to marry and reform his life. He had for some time been in love with Eadygyth (Edith) or Matilda [q.v.], daughter of Malcolm Canmore, king of Scotland, by Margaret, daughter of Edward the Exile, son of Edmund Ironside [q.v.]. Matilda had been brought up in the convent at Romsey, and many people declared that she had taken the veil. Anselm, however, pronounced that she was not a nun, and married her to the king, and crowned her queen in Westminster Abbey on 11 Nov. 1100. The English were delighted to see their king take a wife of âEngland's right kingly kinâ (A.-S. Chronicle, a. 1100). Before long, his example was followed by others, and intermarriages between Normans and English became common. They were encouraged by Henry, who by this and other means did all he could to promote the amalgamation of the two races within his kingdom (De Nugis Curialium, p. 209). His efforts were so successful that he has been called the ârefounder of the English nationâ (William Rufus, ii. 455). For a while he devoted himself to his queen, but before long returned to his old mode of life. His marriage was not pleasing to the Norman nobles, who knew his early misfortunes, and as yet held him in little respect; they sneered at the domestic life of the king and queen, calling them by the English names Godric and Godgifu (Godiva). Henry heard their sneers but said nothing (Gesta Regum, v. 394; Henry of Huntingdon, p. 236). Already they were plotting against him in favour of Robert, who had returned from the crusade, and had again resumed his government, such as it was, of Normandy, though Henry kept the castles which he held in virtue of his grant from Rufus. Some hostilities were carried on in Normandy between his men and the duke's. At Christmas the king held his court at Westminster, and there received Louis, who had lately been made joint king of France by his father, Philip. While Louis was with him a letter came from Bertrada, Philip's adulterous wife, purporting to have been sent by Philip, and requesting Henry to keep Louis in lifelong imprisonment. Henry, however, sent his guest home with many presents (Symeon of Durham, ii. 232; Orderic, p. 813, places this visit under 1103. Symeon's date seems better; comp. Recueil des Historiens, xii. 878, 956). At Christmastide Flambard escaped from the Tower and fled to Normandy, where he stirred up Robert against his brother. During the spring of 1101 the conspiracy of the Norman nobles against the king spread rapidly, and when the Whitsun assembly met it was known that Robert was about to make an invasion. A large number both of nobles and of the people generally came to the assembly to profess their loyalty. Henry and the nobles met with mutual suspicions. Among the nobles only Robert FitzHamon, Richard of Redvers, Roger Bigot, Robert of Meulan, and his brother Henry, earl of Warwick, were steadfast to him; all the rest were more or less on Robert's side. The English people and the bishops were loyal, and by the advice of Anselm Henry renewed his promises of good government (Gesta Regum, v. 394; Eadmer, Historia Novorum, iii. col. 430). He gathered a large army, and was joined by Anselm in person. With him he went to Pevensey, and sent a fleet to intercept the invaders. Some of the seamen were persuaded to join the duke, who landed near Portsmouth on 20 July. Henry advanced to meet him, and though some of his lords, and among them Robert of BellÃªme, now earl of Shrewsbury, deserted him, many were kept from following their example by the influence of Anselm. The king and the duke met at Alton in Hampshire (Wace, l. 10393). Henry's army was largely composed of Englishmen. He rode round their battalions, telling them how to meet the shock of a cavalry charge, and they called to him to let them engage the Normans. No battle took place; for the brothers had an interview, were reconciled, and came to terms. Henry agreed to give up all he held in Normandy except Domfront, which he kept according to his promise to the townsmen, to restore the lands in England which Robert's adherents had forfeited, and to pay the duke three thousand marks a year. Robert renounced his claim on England and on homage from Henry, and both agreed that if either should die without leaving an heir born in wedlock the other should succeed to his dominions (A.-S. Chronicle, sub an.; Orderic, p. 788). The duke went back to Normandy, and Henry bided his time to take vengeance on the lords who had risen against him. By degrees one after another at various times and by various means he brought them to judgment and punished them (ib. p. 804). One of them, Ivo of Grantmesnil, began to carry on war in England on his own account, was cited before the king's court, and was forced to part with his lands for the benefit of the king's counsellor, Robert of Meulan, and to go on a crusade. Henry now prepared to deal with Robert of BellÃªme, the most powerful noble in his kingdom, and his enemy alike in England and in Normandy. He knew that while Robert remained lord of so many strong fortresses, and held an almost independent position in the Severn country, where he could easily find Welsh allies, it was hopeless to attempt to carry out his design of enforcing order and of humbling the great feudatories. His war with the earl [for particulars see BellÃªme, Robert of] was the principal crisis in his reign. Not only did Robert's wealth and dominions make him a dangerous foe, but the chief men in Henry's army also sympathised with him. Henry depended on the loyalty of men of lower degree. In fighting out his own quarrel he was also fighting against the foremost representative of a feudal nobility, which would, if triumphant, have trampled alike on the crown, the lesser landholders, and the nation generally. The shouts which were raised on the surrender of Shrewsbury, the earl's last stronghold in England, and the song which celebrated his banishment, show that the people knew that the king's victory insured safety for his subjects. During the early part of the war the earl received help from the Welsh under Jorwerth and his two brothers, who ruled as Robert's vassals in Powys and the present Cardigan. The king won Jorwerth over to his side by promising him large territories free of homage, and he persuaded his countrymen to desert the earl and uphold the king. When, however, he claimed the fulfilment of Henry's promise, it was refused, and in 1103 he was brought to trial at Shrewsbury and imprisoned. It is characteristic of the spirit in which Henry carried on his dispute with Anselm that while in 1102 he allowed the archbishop to hold his synod at Westminster, he in 1103 banished William Giffard [q.v.], the bishop-elect of Winchester, for refusing to receive consecration from Gerard [q.v.] of York. He was anxious for a settlement of the question, and willingly gave Anselm license to go to Rome. Henry was relieved from some anxiety by the death of Magnus Barefoot, king of Norway, who was slain while invading Ireland, and he enriched himself by seizing on 20,000l. deposited by the Norwegian king with a citizen of Lincoln. Some interference in the affairs of Normandy was forced on the king by the attacks made on his son-in-law, Eustace of Pacy, lord of Breteuil, the husband of his natural daughter, Juliana. Robert of Meulan was sent to threaten the duke and his lords with the king's displeasure unless they helped Eustace, and his mission was successful (Orderic, p. 811). Duke Robert came over to England, and was persuaded by the queen to give up the pension of three thousand marks which the king had agreed to pay him (Flor. Wig. ii. 52; Gesta Regum, v. 395). Normandy was in a state of confusion. Henry's enemies, and above all Robert of BellÃªme, who was now in alliance with the duke, were active, and were joined by William of Mortain, one of the king's bitterest foes, who claimed the earldom of Kent as heir of Bishop Odo. Since the overthrow of Robert of BellÃªme the king had become too strong for the nobles. William was tried in 1104 and sentenced to banishment. He went over to Normandy and attacked some of the castles belonging to men of the king's party. Henry himself crossed with a considerable fleet, and visited Domfront and other towns, apparently those held by the lords who also had English estates. In an interview with Robert he complained of his alliance with Robert of BellÃªme and of his general misgovernment. Robert purchased peace by ceding to him the lordship of the county of Evreux. Henry's lords seem to have fought with some success. The king returned before Christmas. It was a time of trouble in England; for he was determined to invade Normandy, and accordingly taxed his subjects to raise funds for his expedition. He was collecting an army, and, as he had not yet made his decree against military wrongdoing, his soldiers oppressed the people, plundering, burning, and slaying (A.-S. Chron. sub an.). He held his Christmas court at Windsor, and in Lent 1105 left England with a large force. He landed at Barfleur, and spent Easter day at Carentan. Thither came Serlo, bishop of Seez, who had been driven out of his see by Robert of BellÃªme, and prepared to celebrate mass. The king and his lords were sitting at the bottom of the church, among the goods and utensils which the country-folk had placed there to preserve them from plunder. Serlo called on the king to look at these signs of the misery of the people, and exhorted him to deliver them and the church from those who oppressed them. He wound up by inveighing against the custom of wearing long hair which prevailed among the men of the English court, and spoke to such good effect that the king allowed him then and there to shear off his locks, and the courtiers followed the king's example (Orderic, p. 816). Geoffrey, count of Anjou, and Elias, count of Maine, came to his help; Bayeux, with its churches, was burnt, and Caen, where the treasure of the duchy was kept, was bribed to surrender. On 22 July Henry met Anselm at Laigle. There was some talk of a possible excommunication, which would have damaged his position. The interview was amicable, and terms were almost arranged. Although he won many of the Norman barons over by gifts, he failed to take Falaise, and found it impossible to complete the conquest of the duchy that year. He returned to England in August. (For this expedition see ib. pp. 816-18; Henry of Huntingdon, p. 235; Versus Serlonis, Recueil des Historiens, xix. prÃ¦f. xcj; Norgate, Angevin Kings, i. 11.) On his return he laid a tax on the clergy, who kept their wives in disobedience to Anselm's canon, and, finding that it brought in little, extended it to all the secular clergy alike. A large number appeared before him at London in vestments and with bare feet, but he drove them from his presence. Then they laid their griefs before the queen, who burst into tears and said she dared not interfere (Eadmer, iv. col. 457). Robert of BellÃªme came over to endeavour to obtain the king's pardon, and was sent back indignant at his failure. Duke Robert also came early in 1106 and found the king at Northampton; he failed to persuade the king to give up his conquests and make peace. Contrary to his usual custom, Henry held no court at Easter or Whitsuntide, and spent the one feast at Bath and the other at Salisbury. In July he again went over to Normandy. On 15 Aug. he had a satisfactory interview with Anselm at Bec, and the archbishop returned to England. At Caen he received a visit from Robert of Estouteville, one of the duke's party, who offered to surrender the town of Dives to him, proposing that he should go thither with only a few men. Henry did so, and found that a trap had been laid for him, for he was attacked by a large number. Nevertheless, his men routed their assailants and burnt both castle and monastery (Orderic, p. 819). He raised a fort outside Tinchebray, a town between Vire and Flers, belonging to the Count of Mortain, and stationed one of his lords there to blockade the place. As the count succeeded in introducing men and stores, and the siege made no progress, Henry appeared before the town in person. Robert and his army found him there on 2 Sept. Henry's army, which comprised allies from Anjou, Maine, and Brittany, had the larger number of knights, while Robert had more foot-soldiers. The clergy urged the king not to fight with his brother. Henry listened to their exhortations, and sent to Robert, representing that he was not actuated by greed or by a desire to deprive him of his dukedom, but by compassion for the people who were suffering from anarchy, and offering to be content with half the duchy, the strong places, and the government of the whole, while Robert should enjoy the revenues of the other half in idleness. Robert refused. Both armies fought on foot, with the exception of the duke's first line, and Henry's Breton and Cenomannian cavalry, which he placed at some little distance from his main body under the command of Count Elias. The Count of Mortain, who led the first line of the ducal army, charged the king's first line under Ranulf of Bayeux and shook without routing it. Then Elias with his cavalry fell on the flank of the duke's second line of foot, and cut down 225. Thereupon Robert of BellÃªme, who commanded the rear of the army, fled, and the whole of the duke's forces were scattered (ib. p. 821; Henry of Huntingdon, p. 235). The duke, the Count of Mortain, Robert of Estouteville, and other lords were made prisoners, and the battle completed the conquest of the duchy. It was regarded as an English victory, and a reversal of the battle of Hastings, fought almost on the same day forty years before, for it made Normandy a dependency of the English crown (Will. of Malm. v. 398; Norman Conquest, v. 176). The war in Normandy helped on Henry's work of consolidating the Norman and English races in England, and this process was still further forwarded by his later wars with France. His subjects in England of either race were counted Englishmen as opposed to Normans or Frenchmen (Angevin Kings, i. 23, 24). Duke Robert was kept a prisoner until his death in 1134; there is no ground for the story current in the thirteenth century (Ann. Monast. ii. 50, iv. 15, 378) that he was blinded (Orderic, p. 823). Henry caused William of Mortain to be blinded, and kept him in prison until he died. In the middle of October he held a council of the Norman lords at Lisieux, in which he resumed the grants made by his brother, and ordered the destruction of all âadulterineâ or unlicensed castles, and at the same time held a council of the Norman church. In order to accustom the Norman lords to his rule he held a court at Falaise the following January, and it was there probably that he caused Robert of Montfort sur Risle to be tried for disloyalty and banished by legal process. In March he again held a council at Lisieux, and settled the affairs of the duchy, where he pursued the same policy as in England, depressing the baronage and protecting the lower classes from tyranny and violence (ib.). He returned to England in Lent, and according to his custom held courts at Easter and Whitsuntide, the first at Windsor, the second at Westminster. On 1 Aug. he held a council at Westminster, at which the terms of the compromise between the crown and the papacy were finally settled [see under Anselm]. The issue of the struggle was that the church was freed from the feudal character which had gradually, and especially in the reign of Rufus, been imposed upon it, and that the king tacitly recognised a limitation of secular authority. On the other hand, Henry surrendered a shadow and kept the substance of power; for the appointment of bishops remained as much as before in the king's hands. At this council five vacant sees were filled by the consecration of bishops, some of whom had been elected long before. One of the new bishops, Roger, consecrated to the see of Salisbury, formerly the king's chancellor, was now made justiciar. Henry used the revenues and offices of the church as a means of rewarding his ministers, whom he chose from the clergy rather than from the baronial class. He employed Bishop Roger to develope a system of judicial and fiscal administration. The curia regis, or king's court, became specially active in judicial matters, and while the three solemn courts were regularly held, at which the king came to decisions on more important judicial cases in the presence, and theoretically by the advice, of his counsellors, the permanent court of which he, or in his absence his justiciar, was the head, and which was composed of the great officers of the household and any others whom he might select, gained greater distinctness; the king further sent out justices to go on circuit to transact judicial business and to settle and enforce the rights of the crown. The court of exchequer was organised for the purpose of royal finance; it seems to have consisted of the justiciar and the other ordinary members of the curia regis, and to have been the body which received the royal revenue from the various officers appointed to collect it. Its business was recorded, and the earliest exchequer roll known to be in existence is that of the thirty-first year of Henry I. From this it appears that the royal revenue was then fully 66,000l. The ordinary direct taxes were the danegeld, the ferm, or composition paid by the shires, and certain fixed amounts paid by towns. Besides these sources of revenue there were, among others, the feudal incidents, the sale of offices, and the profits of the royal jurisdiction (see Constitutional History, i. 376-91; Angevin Kings, i. 25-7). In July 1108 Henry again crossed over to Normandy, where trouble was beginning. He had given Robert's son William, called âClito,â into the charge of Elias of Saint-Saen, and now, by the advice of his courtiers, wanted to get hold of the lad. An attempt to seize him in the absence of Elias failed, and his guardian refused to give him up, and when Henry took his castle from him, went from one lord to another asking help for his young charge. Many of the Norman nobles were ready to uphold their old duke's son, and his cause was favoured by several of the great French feudatories, and by Louis VI, who, after his father's death, was crowned king on 3 Aug. (Orderic, pp. 837, 838). During all the earlier part of 1109 Henry remained in Normandy, and in the course of the next year a quarrel broke out between him and Louis about the border fortress of Gisors. According to the French statement an agreement had been made between them, when Henry conquered the duchy, that Gisors should be a kind of neutral ground, and should belong to neither of them. Henry, however, turned out the castellan and made it his own. Louis gathered a large army and marched to meet him at the town of Neauffles; the Epte flowed between the two armies, and could only be crossed by a crazy bridge. Messengers came to Henry from Louis asserting his grievance and offering to decide the matter by combat. Henry would not hear of this. After some altercation Louis offered to fight the matter out if Henry would allow the French army to cross over the river, but Henry answered that if Louis came over to the Norman side he would find him ready to defend his land. The two armies retired each to its own quarters. This was the beginning of a long border warfare between the Normans and the French, during which Louis did much harm to the castles and lands on the Norman march (Suger, Vita Ludovici Grossi, ap. Recueil, xii. 27, 28). About 1111 Theobald, count of Blois, Henry's nephew, relying on his uncle's help, began to make war on Louis on his own account (ib. p. 35). Meanwhile Henry continued his work of repressing the baronage, and in 1110 banished from England Philip of Braiose, William Malet, and William Bainard, and confiscated their lands. While he was fighting in Normandy he kept England at peace. In 1111 Fulk V of Anjou joined Louis against him, for Fulk had married the daughter and heiress of Elias of Maine, and on the death of his father-in-law revived the old claim of his house on Maine; the war increased in importance, and Henry remained in Normandy for about two years. He seems to have acted warily, to have trusted much to good management and bribes, and to have avoided actual fighting as much as possible. He caught his old enemy, Robert of BellÃªme, sent him over to an English prison, and captured his town of AlenÃ§on. The Norman barons were not universally faithful, and Henry banished the Count of Evreux and William Crispin. By the beginning of 1113 the war seems to have died out. Henry spent the festival of the Purification (2 Feb.) at the monastery of Evroul, and early in Lent met Fulk at Pierre-PÃ©coulÃ©e, near AlenÃ§on, and there made peace with him, for, as he had by gifts won over to his side many of the nobles of Maine, the count was not unwilling to come to terms; he did homage to Henry for Maine, and promised to give his daughter in marriage to Henry's son William. Henry pardoned the Count of Evreux and some other banished lords. Shortly afterwards Henry and Louis made peace at Gisors. The amount of Henry's success may be gauged by the concessions of the French king, who acknowledged his right to BellÃªme, Maine, and all Brittany. He received the homage of the Count of Brittany, subdued the forces which held out in BellÃªme, and then returned to England. During Henry's reign the English power in Wales was strengthened by colonisation and conquest. The English regarded with dislike the large number of Flemish which had settled in their country since the Conquest, and Henry in 1111 settled them in the southern part of Dyfed or Pembrokeshire, where they formed a vigorous Teutonic colony, held their ground against the Welsh, and converted a land originally Welsh into an outlying English district, âLittle England beyond Walesâ (Gesta Regum, iv. 311, v. 401; Flor. Wig. ii. 64; Orderic, p. 900; Ann. CambriÃ¦, an. 1106; Freeman, English Towns and Districts, pp. 33-9). Barnard, an English bishop of Norman race, was appointed to the see of St. David's, and professed obedience to Canterbury (Councils and Eccl. Docs. i. 307); obedience was likewise professed by the Bishop of Llandaff, who was consecrated by Anselm in 1107. Owen, the prince of Powys, caused a good deal of trouble, and carried on constant wars against the Normans and Flemings until he was slain in 1116. After one of his raids Henry granted the present Cardiganshire to Gilbert of Clare, who subdued the district in 1111. After his return from Normandy, Henry, in the summer of 1114, led a large army into Wales against Gruffyd of North Wales and Owen. On his approach the Welsh made peace with him, and after ordering castles to be built he returned, and on 21 Sept. embarked at Portsmouth for Normandy, where he remained until the following July. His relations with Scotland, where three of his wife's brothers reigned in succession, were uniformly peaceful. David I [q.v.], the queen's youngest brother, passed his youth at the English court, and Henry gave him an English wife and an English earldom. At the same time he was careful to strengthen the borders against the Scots as well as against the Welsh. The eastern border he gave in charge to Ranulf Flambard, bishop of Durham, whom he reinstated in his see in 1107 (Orderic, p. 833); over the western border he first set an earl of Carlisle, and on his death divided the district of Carlisle into baronies, and gave it a county organisation. He also carried on the work begun by his brother of making Carlisle an English city by completing the monastery of Austin canons, and making it the cathedral church of a bishop of Carlisle. In 1114 he sent his daughter Matilda over to Germany to be the wife of the Emperor Henry V; at the time of her betrothal in 1110 he had levied an aid which the English chronicler says was specially burdensome because it came in a year of scarcity. When he was in Normandy in 1115 he made all the barons do homage and swear fealty to his son William as heir to the duchy, and on 19 March 1116 he caused the prelates, nobles, and barons throughout the whole of England to do the like at an assembly which he held at Salisbury (Anglo-Saxon Chron. a. 1115; Flor. Wig. ii. 69; Eadmer, Historia Novorum, v. col. 496; Dr. Stubbs considers this to have been a general muster of landowners, Constitutional History, i. 358; and William of Malmesbury says that the oath was taken by all freemen of every degree in England and Normandy, Gesta Regum, v. 419. In the face of the English chronicler and Florence this may perhaps be put down as merely rhetorical). After Easter Henry again visited Normandy, and, taking up the quarrel of his nephew Theobald with Louis VI, sent forces into France, took the castle of St. Clair, and did much damage. Provoked by this invasion, Louis adopted the cause of Robert's son William, and attacked Normandy, and, as he knew that the dukes had thoroughly fortified the border, seized by a clever stratagem a little town called Gue Nichaise, where there was a bridge across the Epte. Henry tried to blockade him by building two forts against his quarters, but Louis called them âMalassisâ and âhare's-formâ (trulla leporis), stormed Malassis, and carried on a desultory warfare (Suger, p. 43; Orderic, p. 842). The French king was joined by Baldwin of Flanders and Fulk of Anjou, who combined with him to place William Clito in possession of Normandy. Many of the Norman barons revolted, and Amaury of Montfort, who claimed Evreux, the fief of his uncle William, was active in gaining fresh adherents to the league against Henry. During 1117 Henry remained in Normandy, and in the following year matters became serious. While Count Baldwin was mortally wounded at Eu, and the king did not suffer any important defeat, the defection of his lords still continued. On 1 May of this year his queen, Matilda, died, and he also lost his faithful counsellor, Robert of Meulan. To this time also is to be referred a conspiracy which was made by one of his chamberlains to assassinate him. The plot was discovered, and the traitor punished by mutilation. It is said to have had a considerable effect on the king; he increased his guards, often changed his sleeping-place, and would not sleep without having a shield and sword close at hand (Suger, p. 44; Gesta Regum, v. 411). Hearing that Richer of Laigle had admitted the French into his town, he marched against it, but was stopped by William of Tancarville, who brought him false news that Hugh of Gournay, Stephen of Albemarle, and others of his rebellious lords were at Rouen. When he found that they were not there, he attacked Hugh of Gournay's castle, la FertÃ©, but heavy rain forced him to abandon the siege. Having laid waste the country he attacked and burnt Neubourg. In September he seized Henry of Eu and Hugh of Gournay at Rouen, imprisoned them, and reduced their castles. He held a council at Rouen in October, and endeavoured to make peace with his lords. While he was there Amaury of Montfort made himself master of Evreux. About the middle of November he attacked Laigle, and was hit on the head by a stone sent from the castle by the French garrison; his helmet, however, protected him. In December AlenÃ§on rebelled against his nephews Theobald and Stephen, and was occupied by Fulk of Anjou. Henry had caused Eustace de Pacy, the husband of his natural daughter Juliana and lord of Breteuil, to send him his two little daughters as hostages for his good faith, and had put a castellan, Ralph Harenc, in charge of his tower of Ivry, making him send his son as a hostage to Eustace. By the advice of Amaury of Montfort, Eustace, who was on the rebels' side, put out the boy's eyes. On this Henry, in great wrath, sent his two grand-daughters to Harenc that he might serve them in the same way. Harenc tore out their eyes, and cut off the tips of their noses. Their parents then fortified all their castles against Henry, and Juliana gathered a force, and shut herself in the castle of Breteuil. The townsmen who were loyal sent to Henry, and he appeared before the castle in February 1119. Juliana tried to kill her father by a shot from an engine. She failed, and was forced to offer to surrender. Her father would not allow her to leave the castle except by letting herself down into the moat and wading through the icy water (Orderic, p. 848; De Contemptu Mundi, p. 311; Lingard, ii. 12). During the early months of the year the war went on much as in the year before; the Norman lords still remained disloyal, Louis took Andelys, which was held by the king's natural son Richard, by surprise, and the French became masters of all the neighbouring country. Henry was losing ground, and Amaury of Montfort scornfully rejected his offer of reconciliation. In May 1120 Henry joyfully received his son William, who came over to him from England. The object of his coming was shown by the despatch of messengers to Count Fulk to propose that the marriage contract between William and Fulk's daughter Matilda should be fulfilled. Fulk agreed and made peace with Henry, offering to end the ancient dispute between the houses of Normandy and Anjou by settling Maine upon his daughter, and to give up AlenÃ§on provided that the king would restore it to William Talvas, son of Robert of BellÃªme, and heir of its ancient lords (Orderic, p. 851; Suger, p. 45; Gesta Regum, v. 419). This marriage, which was celebrated in June at Lisieux, changed the aspect of the war, for the alliance with Count Fulk enabled Henry to devote all his energies to repelling Louis and punishing his rebellious vassals. In the summer he made a terrible raid on the disloyal lords; he laid siege to Evreux, and finding it well defended called the Bishop Audoin to him, for Audoin, in common with the bishops and clergy of the duchy generally, was loyal to Henry, and asked him whether it would not be well for him to fire the town provided that if the churches were burnt he would rebuild them. As the bishop hesitated to give an answer, the king set fire to the town and burnt it, churches and all, he and his nobles giving the bishop ample pledges that he would rebuild the churches, which he afterwards did. When Amaury heard that his town was burnt, he sent to Louis for help. On 20 Aug. Henry, who had heard mass that morning at Noyon, was riding towards Andelys to make war, with five hundred of his best knights, when his scouts told him that the French king, who had ridden out from Andelys with four hundred knights, was close at hand. The two bands met on the plain of Brenneville. Besides William the Ãtheling two of Henry's natural sons, Robert and Richard, fought in their father's company; Richard with a hundred knights remained mounted, the rest of Henry's knights fought on foot. Among the knights of Louis fought William of Normandy. Louis neglected to marshal his force; William Crispin, a rebel Norman, charged Henry's forces with eighty horse. He and his men were surrounded, but he made his way to the king and struck him a deadly blow on the head, but Henry's headpiece saved him, though it was broken by the blow, and wounded his head so that the blood flowed. All the eighty knights were taken. A body of knights from the Vexin for a moment shook the Norman lines, but was quickly repulsed. When Louis saw that William Crispin and the knights whom he led did not return from their charge, he and his men took flight, and the Normans pursued some of the fugitives as far as Andelys. Henry's men took 140 prisoners and the banner of the French king. Henry returned this banner to Louis together with his charger, and William the Ãtheling sent back the charger of his cousin William of Normandy. Henry also sent back without ransom some knights who owed allegiance to Louis as well as to himself. Only three knights were slain out of the nine hundred engaged in the fight; for all were clad in complete armour, and on both sides there was a feeling of knightly comradeship which prevented any sanguinary conflict; indeed the aim of both sides was rather to make prisoners than to slay the enemy. The whole affair was more like a great tournament than a battle (Orderic, pp. 853-5; Suger, p. 45; Henry of Huntingdon, p. 241, where some details are probably untrustworthy). Louis raised a large force and overran part of Normandy and Chartres, gaining nothing by his raid, while Henry organised his army. In October Louis, who evidently felt himself overmatched, appeared before Calixtus II at the Council of Rheims, and made his complaints against the English king. Geoffrey, archbishop of Rouen, rose to reply to the charges brought against his lord, but the council would not hear him. The pope, however, was anxious to make peace with the emperor, and did not care to offend the father of the empress. Meanwhile Henry received the submission of several rebel lords, and was reconciled to Amaury of Montfort, Eustace, and Juliana, Hugh of Gournay, and others, who agreed, though against their wills, to let William Clito and Elias of St.-Saen remain in exile. In November he met the pope at Gisors, and replied in person to the charges brought against him by Louis of usurping the inheritance of his brother and nephew, declaring that he had offered to make William earl of three counties in England, and to bring him up with his own son. His answers on these and other points thoroughly satisfied the pope, by whose intercession a peace was arranged in 1120 between Henry and Louis and the Count of Flanders; all conquests were to be restored, captives liberated, and offences pardoned, and Louis accepted the homage of Henry's son, and thus gave a pledge that he should succeed to his father's fiefs (Orderic, p. 866; Norman Conquest, v. 193). Henry thus passed safely and honourably through the most dangerous crisis of his reign. After devoting some time to settling the affairs of the duchy, he embarked at Barfleur on 25 Nov. to return to England, from which he had been absent for four years. His only legitimate son, William, was to follow him, with his half-brother Richard, his half-sister the Countess of Perche, many young lords and ladies, and the king's treasure, in the White Ship. The ship foundered, and all were drowned except a butcher of Rouen. Although Henry's lords were mourning their own losses, they concealed the disaster from the king for a day after the news had come, for they feared to tell him. At last the young son of Count Theobald knelt before him and told him of his loss. Henry fell senseless to the ground, and though in a few days he restrained his grief, and applied himself to his kingly business, he was deeply affected by his son's death (Orderic, pp. 868 sq.; Gesta Regum, v. 419; Henry of Huntingdon, p. 242; Symeon, ii. 259; Wace, ll. 10203-10288; Benoit, ll. 41039-41152). The disaster ruined his schemes at the very moment when their success appeared certain, and when it seemed as though nothing could prevent his son from inheriting both his kingdom and duchy. All his dominions would now naturally pass at his death to his enemy, William Clito. By the advice of his counsellors he married again, taking to wife, on 29 Jan. 1121, Adela, or Adelaide, daughter of Godfrey VII, count of Louvain, in the hope of having a son by her, and also, it is said, to keep himself from disgraceful conduct (Gesta Regum, v. 419; Eadmer, col. 517). Unfortunately the marriage proved barren. After Whitsuntide Henry led an army into Wales, where the natives had taken advantage of the death of the Earl of Chester to rise in revolt. He marched as far as Snowdon (Symeon, ii. 264), and received the submission of the Welsh nobles, who gave him their sons as hostages, and paid him tribute, so that he is said to have fully subdued the land (Giraldus Cambrensis, iii. 152). While on this expedition, and as the army was passing through English territory, he was hit by an arrow which was shot at him secretly. His armour saved him from harm. The man who made the attempt was not discovered, and Henry swore âby God's death,â his favourite oath, that he was no Welshman, but one of his own subjects (Gesta Regum, v. 401). Shortly before this time Henry brought to a close a quarrel with Thurstan, archbishop of York. His rule was as despotic in ecclesiastical as in civil matters, and in both alike he maintained the principle of holding to the hereditary rights of the crown. After the death of Anselm in 1109, he broke the promise of his coronation charter by keeping the see of Canterbury vacant until 1114, when he summoned the suffragan bishops and the monks of Christ Church to Windsor, and allowed the election of Ralph, bishop of Rochester, to the archbishopric. This election led to a dispute with Pope Paschal II, who in 1115 wrote to Henry, complaining that his legates were shut out from the kingdom, and that he translated bishops without papal license. On the other hand, the king informed the bishops that the pope had infringed the privileges enjoyed by his father and brother. He commanded Thurstan, the archbishop-elect of York, to make profession to Archbishop Ralph. Thurstan refused, and was upheld in his refusal by Pope Paschal and his successors, Gelasius II and Calixtus II. A long quarrel ensued, in which Henry upheld the rights of Canterbury. He allowed Thurstan to attend the pope's council at Rheims in 1119, on his promising that he would not receive consecration from the pope, and so evade the profession, and allowed the English prelates to go thither also, warning them that, as he intended to abide by the ancient customs and privileges of his realm, they had better not bring back any idle innovations. Finding that Thurstan, in spite of his promise, was trying to obtain consecration from Calixtus, he charged the bishops to prevent it. They were too late, and the pope consecrated Thurstan, whereupon the king forbade him to enter England, and seized the estates of his see. Nor would Henry at Gisors assent to the pope's demand for his restoration. Thurstan, however, did Henry a service by forwarding the negotiations with Louis, and Henry allowed him to return, and gave him the temporalities (Eadmer, v. col. 499 sq.; Hugh the Chantor, pp. 129 sq.). Although Henry sent the young widow of his son back to her father against his own willÂ¾for, besides her importance as a kind of hostage for Count Fulk's conduct, he seems to have been fond of her (Orderic, p. 875)Â¾he did not return the money which formed part of her dower, nor would he satisfy the envoys from the count who came to his court, probably on this matter, at Christmas 1122. The settlement of the county of Maine, however, was broken by William's death, and Fulk was induced, partly by his anger at the retention of the dower, and partly by the persuasions of Louis of France and Amaury of Montfort, count of Evreux, to give the county to William Clito, to whom he betrothed his second daughter Sibyl. At the same time in 1123 a revolt was excited among the Norman lords, chiefly through the instrumentality of Amaury and of Waleran of Meulan, the son of Henry's late counsellor. Henry heard of the movement, and crossed over from Portsmouth immediately after Whitsuntide, leaving his kingdom under the care of his justiciar, Roger, bishop of Salisbury, who was at this period, after the king himself, all powerful both in church and state. In September the rebels met at Croix-St. Leuffroy, and arranged their plans. As soon as Henry knew of their meeting, he gathered his forces at Rouen, and took the field in October. His promptitude would have taken them by surprise had they not received timely warning from Hugh of Montfort, of whom the king required the surrender of his castle. Henry burnt Montfort, and forced the garrison to surrender the fortress, and then laid siege to Pont Audemer, the town of Waleran. The town was burnt, but the castle was held by a strong garrison, partly composed of men who had pretended to be on Henry's side, while some, the poet Luke de BarrÃ© among them, were fierce and valiant warriors. In spite of his age Henry was as active during this siege as the youngest soldier of his army, superintending everything himself, teaching the carpenters how to build a tower against the castle, scolding bad workmen, and praising the industrious, and urging them on to do more. At last, after a siege of six weeks, the castle was surrendered. On the other hand Gisors was taken by a treacherous stratagem. Henry at once hastened thither, and the rebels evacuated the town on his approach. In returning he seized Evreux. Heavy rains compelled him for a time to forbear further operations. While his rebellious lords seem to have been no match for him, their attempts gained importance from the fact that they were upheld by Louis, who was ready, if matters went ill with Henry, to take a prominent part in the war. In order to prevent this, Henry's son-in-law, the emperor, threatened France with an invasion, but did not advance further than Metz (Suger, pp. 49, 50; Otto of Freising, vii. 16). A decisive blow was struck on 25 March 1124, when Ranulf of Bayeux, who held Evreux for the king, defeated a large force led by Waleran, and took him and many others captive at BourgthÃ©roulde. This battle virtually ended the war, and after Easter Henry pronounced sentence on the rebel prisoners at Rouen. Many were imprisoned, Hugh of Montfort being confined miserably at Gloucester. Waleran, whose sister was one of the king's mistresses, was kept in prison in England until 1129, and then pardoned and received into favour. Two rebels who had forsworn themselves were condemned to lose their eyes. A like doom was pronounced against the warrior poet, Luke de BarrÃ©, for he had mortally offended the king by his satirical verses, as well as by his repeated attacks upon him. Charles, count of Flanders, who chanced to be at the court, and many nobles remonstrated at this, for, as they pleaded, Luke was not one of Henry's men, and was taken while fighting for his own lord. Henry acknowledged this, but would not remit his sentence, for he said that Luke had made his enemies laugh at him. Luke escaped his doom by dashing out his own brains (Orderic, pp. 880, 881). The king's success was crowned by the publication of a papal decree, obtained by his persuasion, annulling the marriage contract between William Clito and the daughter of the Count of Anjou, on account of consanguinity (ib. p. 838; D'Achery, Spicilegium, iii. 497). The war cost much money, and Englishmen moaned over the burdens which were laid upon them; âthose who had goods,â the chronicler writes, âwere bereft of them by strong gelds and strong motes; he who had none starved with hunger.â The law was enforced vigorously, and sometimes probably unjustly; at Huncote in Leicestershire the king's justices at one time hanged forty-four men as thieves, and mutilated six others, some of whom, it was generally believed, were innocent. At the end of the year Henry sent from Normandy, commanding that severe measures should be taken against debasers of the coin, which had deteriorated so much that it was said that a pound was not worth a penny in the market. The offenders were punished with mutilation. On the death of his son-in-law the emperor in 1125, Henry sent for his daughter Matilda, who went back to him, and in September 1126 he returned to England with his queen, his daughter, and his prisoners. Finding that it was unlikely that his queen would have children, he determined to secure the succession for his daughter, and at the following Christmas assembly at Westminster caused the prelates and barons to swear that if he died without a male heir they would receive Matilda as Lady both of England and Normandy. Among those who took this oath were David, king of Scots, who had come to the English court at Michaelmas, and Stephen, count of Boulogne, the king's nephew, and the brother of Count Theobald (Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, sub an. 1127; William of Malmesbury, Historia Novella, i. 2, 3; Symeon, ii. 281; Cont. William of JumiÃ¨ges, viii. 25). It was afterwards asserted by Bishop Roger of Salisbury that this oath was taken on the king's promise that he would not give his daughter in marriage to any one out of the kingdom without the advice of his chief men; this assertion was probably untrue. Henry's move must have seemed strange to the men of his time, for no woman had hitherto reigned in her own right either over England or Normandy; it was meant to put an end to the hopes of the party which supported William Clito, and so to give stability to Henry's position during the rest of his reign, as well as to secure the succession after his death. By way of answer to this oath of succession, Louis again took up the cause of William, who, since the papal decree against his marriage had been finally enforced, had been forsaken by his friends, gave him to wife Jane of Montferrat, the half-sister of his queen, and invested him with the grant of the French Vexin. Moreover, when Charles, count of Flanders, died on 1 March 1127, he gave the county to William as the heir of Baldwin V. Henry was himself one of the claimants, and sent his nephew Stephen, whose county of Boulogne was a Flemish fief, to press his claim. Stephen was unsuccessful, and the favour shown to William by the French king and the rapid rise in his nephew's fortunes forced him to take measures to prevent another combination being formed against him. Accordingly he made alliance with Fulk of Anjou, and at Whitsuntide sent his daughter and heiress to Normandy, under the charge of her half-brother, Robert, earl of Gloucester, to become the wife of Fulk's son Geoffrey. He also made alliance with Theodoric of Alsace, who claimed to succeed to the county, and with a strong party among the Flemings against William and the French king. In August he crossed over to Normandy, and in order to prevent Louis from giving help to William upheld Amaury of Montfort in a quarrel with the French king (Suger, p. 56); invaded France, though probably without any idea of making conquests; encamped for a week at Epernon, one of Amaury's chief possessions, without being attacked (Henry of Huntingdon, p. 247), and by this means kept Louis from marching into Flanders. At Whitsuntide 1128 he knighted Geoffrey with much ceremony at Rouen, and then proceeded with him and Matilda to Le Mans, where on the octave of the feast Geoffrey and Matilda were married in his presence in the cathedral (Historia Gaufredi ap. Recueil, xii. 520, 521; for date see Angevin Kings, i. 258). The marriage was unpopular in England, Normandy, and Maine; the English were not pleased at the heiress to the crown marrying out of the country, while the people of both Normandy and Maine had a long-standing hatred for the Angevin house. It promised, however, to turn the most dangerous of Henry's enemies into an assured friend, to put an end to the designs of the counts of Anjou on Maine, and to add Anjou to the inheritance of his descendants. In the last days of July he heard that his nephew was dead, and received a letter from him, asking his pardon, and praying that he would be gracious to such of his friends as might come to him. He agreed to this request, released some of his nephew's adherents from prison, and allowed them and others to have their lands again. William's death relieved him from all further attempts on the part of Louis to shake his power, and robbed the nobles of Normandy of the weapon which they had so often used against him. His good fortune was soon chequered, for shortly after he landed in England, in July 1129, he heard that Geoffrey had quarrelled with his wife, and that she had returned to Rouen (Symeon, ii. 283). Towards the end of the year he scandalised the English bishops by a trick to raise money. With his concurrence William of Corbeuil, archbishop of Canterbury, held a synod at Michaelmas 1127, at which it was ordered that married priests should put away their wives. Nevertheless after his return the king allowed the clergy to keep their wives by paying him a fine (Henry of Huntingdon, p. 251). On 4 May following, the repairs of Christ Church, Canterbury, being finished, he attended the consecration, and there is a story that when the anthem âTerribilis est locusâ was sung with a trumpet accompaniment, he was so much moved that he swore aloud that by God's death the place was indeed awful (Oseney Annals, p. 19). Four days later he went to Rochester, where another monastic and cathedral church was to be dedicated, and while he was there the city was almost destroyed by fire. At Michaelmas he went to Normandy to his daughter. Innocent II was then in France, having been forced to leave Rome by the supporters of his rival Anaclete. Henry was urged to take the side of Anaclete, who was, it is said, favoured by the English bishops. Bernard, abbot of Clairvaux, persuaded him otherwise, and he left his own dominions and came to Chartres to meet Innocent, promised him his support, and afterwards received him at Rouen with much honour, and used all his influence on his behalf (Henry of Huntingdon, p. 251; Historia Novella, i. 6; Arnulf of Seez ap. Muratori, iii. 436; Acta SS., Mabillon, ii., Vita S. Bernardi, ii. 4). He returned to England with Matilda in July 1131, and soon received a message from Geoffrey asking that his wife should come back to him. By the advice of a great council held at Northampton on 8 Sept., it was decided that his request should be granted, and Henry again required all the nobles who were present to swear fealty to Matilda as his successor. During 1132 he remained in England, and at Christmas lay sick at Windsor. The following Easter he kept at Oxford at the ânew hall,â which he had just completed; this was Beaumont Palace, outside the north gate of the city (Wood, City of Oxford, p. 366; Boase, Oxford, pp. 28, 62; the suggestion in Henry of Huntingdon, ed. Arnold, p. 253 n., that it was Oxford Castle is erroneous). The birth of his grandson, afterwards Henry II, on 5 March, seemed to secure the success of his policy, and in August he embarked, for the last time, for Normandy, to see the child. An eclipse of the sun which took place during his voyage was afterwards held to have been ominous (Anglo-Saxon Chron. a. 1135; Historia Novella, i. 8). Matilda joined him at Rouen, and there, at Whitsuntide 1134, bore a second son named Geoffrey. He took much delight in his little grandchildren, and stayed at Rouen contentedly until, in 1135, he heard that the Welsh had made an insurrection and had burnt a castle belonging to Pain Fitzjohn [q.v.]. In great wrath he bade his men prepare to return to England, and was thrice on the point of embarking, but was prevented by fresh troubles. His son-in-law claimed certain castles in Normandy, which he asserted had been promised to him at the time of his marriage; and, according to a later story (Robert of Torigni, a. 1135, which receives some confirmation from Orderic, p. 900; see Angevin Kings, i. 269), seems to have demanded to receive fealty for all Henry's strong places in England and Normandy. Henry indignantly declared that so long as he lived he would make no one his master or his equal in his own house. Geoffrey destroyed the castle of the viscount of Beaumont, the husband of one of Henry's natural daughters, and behaved so insultingly towards him that he threatened to take Matilda back with him to England. But he was unable to leave Normandy, for some of the nobles were disaffected and held with the count. Chief among these were William Talvas and Roger of Toesny. He kept Roger quiet by sending a garrison to Conches, and when Talvas, after disregarding several summonses, fled to Angers, he made an expedition into his country and compelled the surrender of his castles. Matilda made frequent attempts to persuade him to pardon Talvas, and when Henry refused quarrelled with her father, and went off to Angers to her husband (Cont. William of JumiÃ¨ges, viii. 34). Henry's health, which had now been failing for some time, was further impaired by the agitation brought on by these quarrels, and he fell sick while hunting in the forest of Lyons towards the end of November, his illness, it is said, being brought on by eating lampreys contrary to the orders of his physician (Henry of Huntingdon, p. 254). He became feverish, and, feeling that his end was near, sent for Hugh, archbishop of Rouen, by whose directions he remitted all sentences of forfeiture and banishment. To his son Robert, earl of Gloucester, the only one of his children who was with him, he gave 6,000l. from his treasury at Falaise, ordered that wages and gifts should be distributed among his household and mercenary soldiers (Orderic, p. 901), and declared Matilda heiress of all his dominions (Historia Novella, i. 8). He received absolution and the last sacrament, and died in peace (ib. c. 9), after a week's illness, on the night of 1 Dec., at the age of sixty-seven. It was afterwards asserted that he had on his deathbed repented of having caused his lords to swear to receive Matilda as his successor (Gesta Stephani, p. 7), and that he had on one occasion absolved them from their oath (Gervase, i. 94). His corpse was carried to Rouen, and was followed thither by twenty thousand men. There it was roughly embalmed, and his bowels having been buried in the church of St. Mary de Pre at Emandreville, near Rouen, which had been begun by his mother and finished by him, his body was taken to Caen, where it lay for a month in the church of St. Stephen, and thence, according to his orders, was brought over to England, and buried, on 4 Jan. 1136, in the church of the monastery which he had founded at Reading (ib. p. 95; Henry of Huntingdon, pp. 256, 257; Orderic, p. 901). Besides William and Matilda, his two legitimate children by his first wife, he had many natural children (for list see Cont. William of JumiÃ¨ges, viii. 29; Lappenberg, p. 348). Of these the most noteworthy was Robert, earl of Gloucester [see Robert, d. 1147], who is said on insufficient grounds to have been the son of Nest or Nesta [q.v.] daughter of Rhys ap Tewdwr (d. 1093), king of Deheubarth, one of Henry's mistresses, who afterwards married Gerald of Windsor, constable of Pembroke Castle, by whom she had four children: Robert was probably born at Caen before his father's accession, and was most likely the son of a French mother (Norman Conquest, v. 851). He was the eldest of Henry's sons (Continuat. William of JumiÃ¨ges, lib. viii. cap. 39). Of Henry's other natural children, Richard, and Matilda, wife of the Count of Perche, were both drowned in the White Ship; Reginald of Dunstanville, whose mother was Sibil, daughter and (in her issue) co-heir of Robert Corbet of Longden, Shropshire (Eyton, History of Shropshire, vii. 145, 159, 181), was created Earl of Cornwall in 1140, and died 1175 (Gesta Stephani, p. 65; see art. Reginald, Earl of Cornwall, d. 1175); Matilda was wife of Conan III of Brittany (Orderic, p. 544); Juliana, wife of Eustace of Pacy, lord of Breteuil; Constance, wife of Roscelin, viscount of Beaumont (Cont. William of JumiÃ¨ges, viii. 29; Orderic, p. 900); and Sybilla, born to him by a sister of Waleran, count of Meulan, married Alexander I, king of Scotland, fourth son of Malcolm Canmore and Margaret, grand-niece of Edward the Confessor (ib. p. 702; Skene, Celtic Scotland, i. 448). By his mistress Nest or Nesta he was father of Henry âfilius regis,â who was slain in Anglesey in 1157 (Itinerarium KambriÃ¦, p. 130), and was also father of Meiler Fitzhenry [q.v.] and of Robert Fitzhenry (d. 1180?; Expugnatio HiberniÃ¦, p. 354). Sources: For Henry's birth and education, see Freeman's Norman Conquest, iv. 790-5; for his life before his accession and his reign to 1104, Freeman's William Rufus, passim; for his personal character, Norman Conquest, v. 839-45; for sketch of reign, ib. pp. 148-243; for state of England under him, and for his relations with Anjou, Miss Norgate's England under Angevin Kings, i. 1-96, 230-44, 261-71; for reign, especially as regards continental policy, Lappenberg's Norman Kings, pp. 276-356, trans. Thorpe; for constitutional aspect, Stubbs's Constitutional History, i. 303-18, and chap. xi. passim; for summary of events relating to his doings on the continent, index with references to Recueil des Historiens, xii. 934-7 (the chronological sequence is occasionally incorrect, but this is a matter of much doubt and difficulty owing to the confused character of the work of Orderic); William of JumiÃ¨ges and Orderic, Hist. Norm. Scriptt. (Duchesne); Brevis Relatio (Giles); Anglo-Saxon Chron.; Henry of Huntingdon's Hist., with De Contemptu Mundi, Ann. CambriÃ¦, Descript. KambriÃ¦ap. Girald. Cambr. vol. iii., Annals of Waverley, Wykes, and Oseney ap. Ann. Monast. vols. ii. and iv., Hugh the Chantor ap. Archbishops of York, vol. ii., Symeon of Durham, and Gervase of Cant., all Rolls Ser.; Florence of Worc., William of Malm., Gesta Stephani, and William of Newburgh, all Engl. Hist. Soc.; Eadmer's Hist. Nov. and the Letters of S. Anselm, Patrol. Lat., Migne, vols. clviii. clix.; Map's De Nugis Curialium (Camd. Soc.); Hist. Dunelm. SS. tres (Surtees Soc.); Wace's Roman de Rou, ed. Andresen; BenoËit, ed. Fr. Michel; John of Hexham, ed. Twysden; Suger's Vita Lud. Grossi, and Hist. Gaufr. Ducis ap. Recueil des Historiens, vol. xii.; Arnulf of Seez, tractatus ap. Rer. Ital. Scriptt. Muratori, vol. iii.; Vita S. Bernardi ap. Acta SS. O.S.B., Mabillon, vol. ii.; for Henry's English foundations, Dugdale's Monasticon, index, and references; Boase's Oxford and Creighton's Carlisle (Hist. Towns Ser.); Wood's City of Oxford (Oxf. Hist. Soc.) Contributor: W. H. [William Hunt] Published: 1891 Henry I was born in the year 1068---a factor he himself regarded as highly significant, for he was the only son of the Conqueror born after the conquest of England, and to Henry this meant he was heir to the throne. He was not an attractive proposition: he was dissolute to a degree, producing at least a score of bastards; but far worse he was prone to sadistic cruelty---on one occasion, for example, personally punishing a rebellious burgher by throwing him from the walls of his town. At the death of William the Conqueror, Henry was left no lands, merely 5,000 pounds of silver. With these he bought lands from his elder brother Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy, only to see them taken back again a few years later by Robert, in unholy alliance with his brother William Rufus. Henry could do little to avenge such treatment, but in England he found numerous barons who were tired of the exactions and ambitions of their king. He formed alliances with some of these, notably with the important de Clare family. He and some of the de Clares were with William Rufus on his last hunting expedition, and it is thought that the king's death was the result of Henry's plotting. Certainly he moved fast to take advantage of it; leaving Rufus's body unattended in the woods, he swooped down on Winchester to take control of the treasury. Two days later he was in Westminster, being crowned by the Bishop of London. His speed is understandable when one realises that his elder brother, Robert [Curthose], was returning from the crusade, and claimed, with good reason, to be the true heir. Henry showed great good sense in his first actions as King. He arrested Ranulph Flambard, William's tax-gatherer, and recalled Anselm, the exiled Archbishop. Furthermore, he issued a Charter of Liberties which promised speedy redress of grievances, and a return to the good government of the Conqueror. Putting aside for the moment his many mistresses, he married the sister of the King of Scots, who was descended from the royal line of Wessex; and lest the Norman barons should think him too pro-English in this action, he changed her name from Edith to Matilda. No one could claim that he did not aim to please. In 1101 Robert Curthose invaded, but Henry met him at Alton, and persuaded him to go away again by promising him an annuity of Â£2,000. He had no intention of keeping up the payments, but the problem was temporarily solved. He now felt strong enough to move against dissident barons who might give trouble in the future. Chief amongst these was the vicious Robert of BellÃªme, Earl of Shrewsbury, whom Henry had known for many years as a dangerous troublemaker. He set up a number of charges against him in the king's court, making it plain that if he appeared for trial he would be convicted and imprisoned. Thus Robert and his colleagues were forced into rebellion at a time not of their own choosing, were easily defeated and sent scuttling back to Normandy. In Normandy Robert Curthose began to wreak his wrath on all connected with his brother, thus giving Henry an excellent chance to retaliate with charges of misgovernment and invade. He made two expeditions in 1104-5, before the great expedition of 1106 on which Robert was defeated at the hour-long battle of Tinchebrai, on the anniversary of Hastings. No one had expected such an easy victory, but Henry took advantage of the state of shock resulting from the battle to annex Normandy. Robert was imprisoned (in some comfort, it be said); he lived on for 28 more years, ending up in Cardiff castle whiling away the long hours learning Welsh. His son William Clito remained a free agent, to plague Henry for most of the rest of his reign. In England the struggle with Anselm over the homage of bishops ran its course until the settlement of 1107. In matters of secular government life was more simple: Henry had found a brilliant administrator, Roger of Salisbury, to act as Justiciar for him. Roger had an inventive mind, a keen grasp of affairs, and the ability to single out young men of promise. He quickly built up a highly efficient team of administrators, and established new routines and forms of organisation within which they could work. To him we owe the Exchequer and its recording system of the Pipe Rolls, the circuits of royal justiciars spreading the king's peace, and the attempts at codification of law. Henry's good relationships with his barons, and with the burgeoning new towns owed much to skilful administration. Certainly he was able to gain a larger and more reliable revenue this way than by the crude extortion his brother had used. In 1120 came the tragedy of the White Ship. The court was returning to England, and the finest ship in the land was filled with its young men, including Henry's son and heir William. Riotously drunk, they tried to go faster and faster, when suddenly the ship foundered. All hands except a butcher of Rouen were lost, and England was without an heir. Henry's only legitimate child was Matilda, but she was married to the Emperor Henry V of Germany, and so could not succeed. But in 1125 her husband died, and Henry brought her home and forced the barons to swear fealty to her---though they did not like the prospect of a woman ruler. Henry then married her to Geoffrey of Anjou, the Normans' traditional enemy, and the barons were less happy---especially when the newly-weds had a terrible row, and Geoffrey ordered her out of his lands. In 1131 Henry, absolutely determined, forced the barons to swear fealty once more, and the fact that they did so is testimoney of his controlling power. Matilda and Geoffrey were reunited, and in 1133 she produced a son whom she named for his grandfather. If only Henry could live on until his grandson was old enough to rule, all would be well. But in 1135, against doctor's orders, he ate a hearty meal of lampreys, got acute indigestion, which turned into fever, and died. He was buried at his abbey in Reading---some said in a silver coffin, for which there was an unsuccessful search at the Dissolution. [Source: Who's Who in the Middle Ages, John Fines, Barnes & Noble Books, New York, 1995] 24th great-grandfather of Queen Elizabeth II King Henry I (1068-1135) at Selby, Yorkshire West Riding King of England Died: 1st December 1135 at St. Denis-le-Fermont, Gisors, Normandy Henry was the youngest son of William the Conqueror and his only child born in England. He came into the World at Selby, in Yorkshire, while Queen Matilda was accompanying her husband on his expedition to subdue the North. Henry was always his motherâs favourite and, though his father held a life interest, he inherited all her English states upon her death in 1083. As a boy, Henry received an excellent education at Abingdon Abbey in Berkshire. Though a native speaker of Norman-French, as well as learning the usual Latin, he was taught to read and write in English. He also studied English law, possibly with a view to entering the Church, like so many other younger sons. Henry had a particular interest in natural history and, being far in advance of the times, eventually collected together the first zoo in the country, at his palace in Woodstock (Oxfordshire). His wide-ranging knowledge earned him the epithet of âBeauclercâ meaning âFine Scholarâ, a name of which he was extremely proud. In later years, he even declared that âan unlettered King was but a crowned ass.â Knighted by his father at Whitsun 1086, Henry became one of the barons who suffered from divided loyalties after the latterâs death the next year. The Conqueror left Normandy to his eldest son, Robert Curthose, and England to his second son, William Rufus. For nine years, this resulted in many disputes in which men like Henry, with lands in both realms, were obliged to take sides with one overlord while unintentionally antagonizing the other. Eventually, however, Robert renounced Normandy and set off on crusade, leaving Henry and the other barons to serve the monarch of a united kingdom. He was thus attending his brother, William, in the New Forest when he was accidentally (or otherwise) shot dead whilst out hunting on 2nd August 1100. Recognising the need for quick actions, the young prince left his brotherâs body on the forest floor and rode straight for Winchester to secure both the treasury and his election as King by a small band of available councilors. He then left for Westminster where Bishop Maurice of crowned him in the Abbey, four days later. Henry promised to return to the ways of his father and his first act as king was to restore the exiled St. Anselm to the Archdiocese of Canterbury. He then began his search for a suitable wife and quickly decided Princess Edith (later renamed Matilda), the eldest daughter of King Malcolm Canmore of Scots. Her mother was St Margaret, the grandaughter of the penultimate Saxon King of England, Edmund Ironside. So their children united the blood lines of both the old and new ruling houses. Anselmâs return was not without controversy and the monarch and prelate soon clashed over the question of lay investiture of ecclesiastical estates. Believing he held his estates from the Pope, for years, the Archbishop refused to do homage for them to King Henry, until the frustrated monarch finally forced him to flee into exile once more. The King's sister, the Countess of Blois, eventually suggested a compromise in 1107, by which the bishops paid homage for their lands in return for Henry allowing clerical investiture. King Henryâs elder brother, Robert, had returned from the Crusade in 1100, but proved such an ineffectual ruler in Normandy that the barons revolted against him and asked Henry, a wise monarch and a skilled diplomat, to take his place. The King crossed the Channel to aid their struggle and Duke Robert was prisoner at Tinchebrai. Disquiet continued to harass Henryâs rule in Normandy over the next few years, and this was not helped by war with France. However, in 1109, his foreign policy was triumphant in arranging the betrothal of his only legitimate daughter, Matilda, to the powerful German Emperor, Henry V. They were married five years later. Despite his numerous bastard progeny, King Henry had only one other legitimate child, his heir, Prince William, a boisterous young man whom the monarch completely idolized. Tragically, in 1120, the prince was needlessly drowned - along with many of his generation at court - while making a return trip from Normandy in the âWhite Shipâ which ran aground and sank. It is said that Henry never smiled again. His first wife having died in 1118, Henry took a second, Adeliza of Louvain, in 1122. But, despite the lady being many years his junior, the marriage remained childless. So, four years later, while staying for Christmas at Windsor Castle, the King designated as his successor, his widowed daughter, the Empress Matilda; and all the barons swore to uphold her rights after his death. The following May, Henry also found his daughter a new husband, in the person of Geoffrey, the rather young heir to the County of Anjou. Henry found it expedient to spent an equal amount of time in both his realms but, on 1st August 1135, he left England for the last time. An eclipse the next day was seen as a bad omen and by December, the King was dead. He apparently had a great love of lampreys (eels), despite their disagreeing with him intensely. He had been ordered not to eat them by his physician, but, at his hunting lodge at St Denis-le-Fermont, near Gisors, the monarch decided he fancied some for supper. A severe case of ptomaine poisoning ensued, of which gluttonous King Henry died. Several Norman monasteries wanted Henryâs body buried within their walls, but it was mummified for transportation back to England and only his bowels, brains, heart, eyes & tongue were interred at Rouen Cathedral. As he had wished, King Henry was laid to rest before the high altar of Reading Abbey, at the time, an incomplete Cluniac house he had founded in 1121. The Di	Henry I
Who is the patron saint of physicians and surgeons?	Henry I of England - Wikidata Henry I of England King Henry I of England (c.1068–1135) Henry Beauclerc Cite this page This page was last modified on 29 December 2016, at 15:18. All structured data from the main and property namespace is available under the Creative Commons CC0 License ; text in the other namespaces is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy.	i don't know
Turdus Merula is the scientific/Latin name for which bird?	Blackbird videos, photos and facts - Turdus merula \| ARKive Top Blackbird biology The blackbird feeds on fruits, berries, earthworms and a large range of insects (4) . Its active feeding behaviour, when leaves are thrown aside, is characteristic (7) , as is its careful stalking of a lawn whilst listening with the head cocked to one side for worms (2) . The nest, a stout cup of twigs, stems, mud and dry grass (8) is built in a tree or bush mainly by the female, although the male may assist by collecting materials (4) . From March between four and five bluish eggs, mottled with reddish brown are laid and incubated by the female for up to 17 days. After hatching, the young are fed by both parents and fledge after around 13 days (9) . Top Blackbird range The blackbird is very widespread throughout most of Britain, with the exception of the Scottish Highlands (5) . During winter there is massive immigration of blackbirds from Scandinavia, Germany, the Baltic States, and parts of Russia and Finland (5) . Certain populations of British blackbirds also have strong migratory tendencies, with many Scottish birds spending the winter in Ireland (5) . The British population has been declining since the 1970s, but may now be recovering (6) . The blackbird is distributed from Iberia throughout temperate Europe, to Russia, and through Turkey, northern Iran, and the Himalayas, reaching into China (4) .	The Blackbird
The leaves of which tree are used as a symbol for the National Trust?	blackbird - Wiktionary blackbird blackbird ‎(plural blackbirds ) A common true thrush , Turdus merula , found in woods and gardens over much of Eurasia , and introduced elsewhere. A variety of New World birds of the family Icteridae (26 species of icterid bird). ( slang , derogatory , historical , among slavers and pirates) A native of the South Pacific islands.	i don't know
What was the title of the first ever 'Carry On' film?	Carry on Sergeant (1958) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Sergeant Grimshaw wants to retire in the flush of success by winning the Star Squad prize with his very last platoon of newly called-up National Servicemen. But what a motley bunch they ... See full summary » Director: a list of 30 titles created 05 Nov 2011 a list of 31 titles created 26 Jan 2015 a list of 28 titles created 25 May 2015 a list of 31 titles created 16 Jul 2015 a list of 30 titles created 09 Dec 2015 Title: Carry on Sergeant (1958) 6.3/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Set in Haven Hospital where a certain men's ward is causing more havoc than the whole hospital put together. The formidable Matron's debut gives the patients a chill every time she walks ... See full summary » Director: Gerald Thomas The Helping Hands agency employs some very strange people to perform some very strange jobs! Even the simplest of tasks get bungled by the incompetent but lovable staff, as they get given ... See full summary » Directors: Gerald Thomas, Ralph Thomas Stars: Kenneth Connor, Sidney James, Charles Hawtrey With a flu epidemic running rife, three new bumbling recruits are assigned to Inspector Mills police station. With help from Special Constable Gorse, they manage to totally wreck the ... See full summary » Director: Gerald Thomas Pupils run amok at Maudlin Street School in an attempt to hang on to their headmaster. He has applied for a new job, but the students like him and don't want to lose him. They concoct a ... See full summary » Director: Gerald Thomas Captain Crowther's lot is not a happy one! Five of his crew have to be replaced and at such short notice before the voyage begins there isn't much to choose from. Not only does he get the ... See full summary » Directors: Gerald Thomas, Ralph Thomas Stars: Kenneth Williams, Sidney James, Kenneth Connor Speedee Taxis is a great success, which means its workaholic owner Charlie starts neglecting Peggy, his wife. Suddenly a fleet of rival taxis appears from nowhere and start pinching all the... See full summary » Director: Gerald Thomas This is the tale of Albert Poop-Decker, a newly commissioned Midshipman (although he took 8 1/2 years to qualify). He joins the frigate Venus, and adventures through Spanish waters, mutinee... See full summary » Director: Gerald Thomas A bogus legionnaire proves his mettle during an Arab attack. Director: Gerald Thomas A top secret chemical formula has been stolen by STENCH (the Society for the Total Extinction of Non-Conforming Humans), and so Agent Simpkins and his three trainees are hot on the trail, ... See full summary » Director: Gerald Thomas The Carry On team send up the Tarzan tradition in great style. Lady Evelyn Bagley mounts an expedition to find her long-lost baby. Bill Boosey is the fearless hunter and guide. Prof. Tinkle... See full summary » Director: Gerald Thomas The Wedded Bliss computer dating agency aims to bring together the lonely hearts of Much-Snoggin-in-the-Green. Its owner, Sidney Bliss, has enough complications in his own love life, but ... See full summary » Director: Gerald Thomas The time of the French revolution, and Citizen Robespierre is beheading the French aristocracy. When word gets to England, two noblemen, Sir Rodney Ffing and Lord Darcy take it upon ... See full summary » Director: Gerald Thomas Edit Storyline Sergeant Grimshaw wants to retire in the flush of success by winning the Star Squad prize with his very last platoon of newly called-up National Servicemen. But what a motley bunch they turn out to be, and it's up to Grimshaw to put the no-hopers through their paces. Written by Simon N. McIntosh-Smith <[email protected]> See All (20) » Taglines: Un-Ready, Un-Willing and Un-Able! Meet the riotous recruits who rule Britannia...and do battle with the enemy (their sergeant)! See more » Genres: 15 August 1958 (UK) See more » Also Known As: Ist ja irre - Kopf hoch, Brust raus! See more » Filming Locations: First film of James Villiers . See more » Goofs When Captain Potts pins the chart to the training progress board, the board has the intake as No.29 but when the prize giving is announced near the end of the film it is announced as the prize giving for the 60th intake See more » Quotes (London) – See all my reviews I have liked this movie since I was at least eight and that's been twelve years and still I like it. As a kid I liked most of the Carry On films but now have become browned off by the majority except for Sergeant. Sergeant is a heart-warming tale featuring William Hartnell -the first Doctor Who and with excellent bit roles such as in The Yangste Incident and his last platoon. It features some of the well known Carry On faces such as Terry Scott and Kenneth Connor who is my favourite in this one as Private Strong. Excellent lines that still make me laugh and scenes that do likewise. Also starring the late great legend that was Bob Monkhouse. This is in my opinion the greatest of the Carry On movies and right up there with comedies of the time such as Doctor in the House, Wrong Arm of the Law and The League of Gentlemen. 13 of 13 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	Carry On Sergeant
Purl, Plain, and Fisherman's Cable are all types of what?	Carry on Sergeant (1958) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Sergeant Grimshaw wants to retire in the flush of success by winning the Star Squad prize with his very last platoon of newly called-up National Servicemen. But what a motley bunch they ... See full summary » Director: a list of 30 titles created 05 Nov 2011 a list of 31 titles created 26 Jan 2015 a list of 28 titles created 25 May 2015 a list of 31 titles created 16 Jul 2015 a list of 30 titles created 09 Dec 2015 Title: Carry on Sergeant (1958) 6.3/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Set in Haven Hospital where a certain men's ward is causing more havoc than the whole hospital put together. The formidable Matron's debut gives the patients a chill every time she walks ... See full summary » Director: Gerald Thomas The Helping Hands agency employs some very strange people to perform some very strange jobs! Even the simplest of tasks get bungled by the incompetent but lovable staff, as they get given ... See full summary » Directors: Gerald Thomas, Ralph Thomas Stars: Kenneth Connor, Sidney James, Charles Hawtrey With a flu epidemic running rife, three new bumbling recruits are assigned to Inspector Mills police station. With help from Special Constable Gorse, they manage to totally wreck the ... See full summary » Director: Gerald Thomas Pupils run amok at Maudlin Street School in an attempt to hang on to their headmaster. He has applied for a new job, but the students like him and don't want to lose him. They concoct a ... See full summary » Director: Gerald Thomas Captain Crowther's lot is not a happy one! Five of his crew have to be replaced and at such short notice before the voyage begins there isn't much to choose from. Not only does he get the ... See full summary » Directors: Gerald Thomas, Ralph Thomas Stars: Kenneth Williams, Sidney James, Kenneth Connor Speedee Taxis is a great success, which means its workaholic owner Charlie starts neglecting Peggy, his wife. Suddenly a fleet of rival taxis appears from nowhere and start pinching all the... See full summary » Director: Gerald Thomas This is the tale of Albert Poop-Decker, a newly commissioned Midshipman (although he took 8 1/2 years to qualify). He joins the frigate Venus, and adventures through Spanish waters, mutinee... See full summary » Director: Gerald Thomas A bogus legionnaire proves his mettle during an Arab attack. Director: Gerald Thomas A top secret chemical formula has been stolen by STENCH (the Society for the Total Extinction of Non-Conforming Humans), and so Agent Simpkins and his three trainees are hot on the trail, ... See full summary » Director: Gerald Thomas The Carry On team send up the Tarzan tradition in great style. Lady Evelyn Bagley mounts an expedition to find her long-lost baby. Bill Boosey is the fearless hunter and guide. Prof. Tinkle... See full summary » Director: Gerald Thomas The Wedded Bliss computer dating agency aims to bring together the lonely hearts of Much-Snoggin-in-the-Green. Its owner, Sidney Bliss, has enough complications in his own love life, but ... See full summary » Director: Gerald Thomas The time of the French revolution, and Citizen Robespierre is beheading the French aristocracy. When word gets to England, two noblemen, Sir Rodney Ffing and Lord Darcy take it upon ... See full summary » Director: Gerald Thomas Edit Storyline Sergeant Grimshaw wants to retire in the flush of success by winning the Star Squad prize with his very last platoon of newly called-up National Servicemen. But what a motley bunch they turn out to be, and it's up to Grimshaw to put the no-hopers through their paces. Written by Simon N. McIntosh-Smith <[email protected]> See All (20) » Taglines: Un-Ready, Un-Willing and Un-Able! Meet the riotous recruits who rule Britannia...and do battle with the enemy (their sergeant)! See more » Genres: 15 August 1958 (UK) See more » Also Known As: Ist ja irre - Kopf hoch, Brust raus! See more » Filming Locations: First film of James Villiers . See more » Goofs When Captain Potts pins the chart to the training progress board, the board has the intake as No.29 but when the prize giving is announced near the end of the film it is announced as the prize giving for the 60th intake See more » Quotes (London) – See all my reviews I have liked this movie since I was at least eight and that's been twelve years and still I like it. As a kid I liked most of the Carry On films but now have become browned off by the majority except for Sergeant. Sergeant is a heart-warming tale featuring William Hartnell -the first Doctor Who and with excellent bit roles such as in The Yangste Incident and his last platoon. It features some of the well known Carry On faces such as Terry Scott and Kenneth Connor who is my favourite in this one as Private Strong. Excellent lines that still make me laugh and scenes that do likewise. Also starring the late great legend that was Bob Monkhouse. This is in my opinion the greatest of the Carry On movies and right up there with comedies of the time such as Doctor in the House, Wrong Arm of the Law and The League of Gentlemen. 13 of 13 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	i don't know
Who is the famous actress mother of the actress and playwright Amy Rosenthal?	Playwright Amy Rosenthal: 'Comedy and tragedy are the same' Author As Amy Rosenthal’s critically-acclaimed play Henna Night is performed again, the playwright tells Francine Wolfisz about the role of comedy in her life, her earlier ambitions and working with her famous mother A woman wanting to end her life doesn’t immediately make you think of good Jewish humour – but putting tragedy and comedy side by side “is very much in our DNA”, argues playwright Amy Rosenthal. We’re speaking ahead of the opening of her black comedy, Henna Night, which is directed by Peter James and runs at New Diorama Theatre from next week. Rosenthal, who is the daughter of acclaimed playwright Jack Rosenthal and actress Maureen Lipman, first penned the powerful two-hander 15 years ago, while finishing a masters in playwriting at Birmingham University. Playwright Amy Rosenthal Spurned by her former lover, Judith (Hatty Preston) leaves a desperate message on her ex-boyfriend Jack’s answerphone telling him she has bought a packet of henna and some razorblades – but hasn’t yet decided whether she will dye her hair or cut her wrists. Judith adds that she might be pregnant before hanging up and waiting for a knock at the door. But instead of Jack, her late-night visitor turns out to be Ros (Nicola Daley), the very woman he has left her for. The 39-year-old playwright explains: “I wanted to show these two women working through the stages of absolutely loathing each other to reaching an understanding where, perhaps in a different context, they might actually have liked each other. In another time and place, they might even have been in each other’s positions.” At the time of writing Henna Night, which picked up the Sunday Times Drama Award after its debut in 1999, Rosenthal admits the material came from “real feelings, real heartbreak.” She adds: “Because this theme was so prominent in my life and so raw, it seemed the natural thing to write. I always try to write from the heart, but I would never want my audience to leave without having laughed. Comedy is really important to me.” That sense of humour – and particularly Jewish sense of humour – comes in part from both her father Jack Rosenthal, who penned a string of critically-acclaimed comedies, including Bar Mitzvah Boy, and her mother, Maureen Lipman, famed for numerous light-hearted roles on stage and screen. “Comedy often gets treated as tragedy’s poor relation, but my upbringing taught me they are absolutely two sides of the same coin.” I ask Rosenthal if she has amended Henna Night since it was first performed in 1999 for this revival 15 years on – but she has not, and for good reason. “The fact is when I first wrote the script, although we all had mobile phones, we didn’t use them in the same way that we do now. It was still more likely that you would leave them a message on somebody’s landline. “So you can either change all those references or leave it as it is. But it really feels too long ago for me to start unpicking the script without the play falling apart.” Since writing Henna Night, which was Rosenthal’s second play, she has written several more for stage and radio to critical acclaim. I ask if she always knew she would follow in her late father’s footsteps. “Actually, I wanted to be an actress” muses Rosenthal. “I always liked writing, but it wasn’t a driving ambition like it is now. It took a while to realise I was just not cut out to be an actress emotionally – and I was also terrible at acting. My talents were clearly in another direction.” Maureen Lipman pictured with her late husband, Jack Rosenthal What of her mother – was she encouraging of her daughter to join her on stage? “She was encouraging of me to become a writer!” she quips, before adding that her upbringing encouraged her to view acting and playwriting as “wonderful and feasible”. While Rosenthal finally leaned towards writing, there have of course been “little moments of working together” with her talented mum, including a short film, That Woman, which premiered at the UK Jewish Film Festival in 2012. As for current projects, Rosenthal tells me there is more than one in the pipeline – making full use of her signature black humour, of course. One is The Ballad of Martha Brown, currently touring with Angel Exit Theatre, which tells the real-life story of the last woman hanged in Dorset (and apparently inspired Thomas Hardy to write Tess of the d’Urbervilles). The other Rosenthal describes as an opera libretto about Ruth Ellis, the last woman executed in Britain. “You could say I’m cornering the market in hanging women at the moment,” she observes wryly. Henna Night runs from 10 June to 28 June, 7.30pm, at New Diorama Theatre, Regents Place, London. No performances Sundays or Mondays. Details: 020 7383 9034 or http://newdiorama.com/whats-on/henna-night	Maureen Lipman
Which 1970s US TV comedy-drama featured two 'outlaws' trying to go straight?	Playwright Amy Rosenthal: 'Comedy and tragedy are the same' Author As Amy Rosenthal’s critically-acclaimed play Henna Night is performed again, the playwright tells Francine Wolfisz about the role of comedy in her life, her earlier ambitions and working with her famous mother A woman wanting to end her life doesn’t immediately make you think of good Jewish humour – but putting tragedy and comedy side by side “is very much in our DNA”, argues playwright Amy Rosenthal. We’re speaking ahead of the opening of her black comedy, Henna Night, which is directed by Peter James and runs at New Diorama Theatre from next week. Rosenthal, who is the daughter of acclaimed playwright Jack Rosenthal and actress Maureen Lipman, first penned the powerful two-hander 15 years ago, while finishing a masters in playwriting at Birmingham University. Playwright Amy Rosenthal Spurned by her former lover, Judith (Hatty Preston) leaves a desperate message on her ex-boyfriend Jack’s answerphone telling him she has bought a packet of henna and some razorblades – but hasn’t yet decided whether she will dye her hair or cut her wrists. Judith adds that she might be pregnant before hanging up and waiting for a knock at the door. But instead of Jack, her late-night visitor turns out to be Ros (Nicola Daley), the very woman he has left her for. The 39-year-old playwright explains: “I wanted to show these two women working through the stages of absolutely loathing each other to reaching an understanding where, perhaps in a different context, they might actually have liked each other. In another time and place, they might even have been in each other’s positions.” At the time of writing Henna Night, which picked up the Sunday Times Drama Award after its debut in 1999, Rosenthal admits the material came from “real feelings, real heartbreak.” She adds: “Because this theme was so prominent in my life and so raw, it seemed the natural thing to write. I always try to write from the heart, but I would never want my audience to leave without having laughed. Comedy is really important to me.” That sense of humour – and particularly Jewish sense of humour – comes in part from both her father Jack Rosenthal, who penned a string of critically-acclaimed comedies, including Bar Mitzvah Boy, and her mother, Maureen Lipman, famed for numerous light-hearted roles on stage and screen. “Comedy often gets treated as tragedy’s poor relation, but my upbringing taught me they are absolutely two sides of the same coin.” I ask Rosenthal if she has amended Henna Night since it was first performed in 1999 for this revival 15 years on – but she has not, and for good reason. “The fact is when I first wrote the script, although we all had mobile phones, we didn’t use them in the same way that we do now. It was still more likely that you would leave them a message on somebody’s landline. “So you can either change all those references or leave it as it is. But it really feels too long ago for me to start unpicking the script without the play falling apart.” Since writing Henna Night, which was Rosenthal’s second play, she has written several more for stage and radio to critical acclaim. I ask if she always knew she would follow in her late father’s footsteps. “Actually, I wanted to be an actress” muses Rosenthal. “I always liked writing, but it wasn’t a driving ambition like it is now. It took a while to realise I was just not cut out to be an actress emotionally – and I was also terrible at acting. My talents were clearly in another direction.” Maureen Lipman pictured with her late husband, Jack Rosenthal What of her mother – was she encouraging of her daughter to join her on stage? “She was encouraging of me to become a writer!” she quips, before adding that her upbringing encouraged her to view acting and playwriting as “wonderful and feasible”. While Rosenthal finally leaned towards writing, there have of course been “little moments of working together” with her talented mum, including a short film, That Woman, which premiered at the UK Jewish Film Festival in 2012. As for current projects, Rosenthal tells me there is more than one in the pipeline – making full use of her signature black humour, of course. One is The Ballad of Martha Brown, currently touring with Angel Exit Theatre, which tells the real-life story of the last woman hanged in Dorset (and apparently inspired Thomas Hardy to write Tess of the d’Urbervilles). The other Rosenthal describes as an opera libretto about Ruth Ellis, the last woman executed in Britain. “You could say I’m cornering the market in hanging women at the moment,” she observes wryly. Henna Night runs from 10 June to 28 June, 7.30pm, at New Diorama Theatre, Regents Place, London. No performances Sundays or Mondays. Details: 020 7383 9034 or http://newdiorama.com/whats-on/henna-night	i don't know
War and Remembrance was the sequel to which US TV World War 2 saga?	War and Remembrance (TV Mini-Series 1988) - IMDb War and Remembrance The trials of the Henry and the Jastrow families amid the events after the USA's entry into World War II. Stars: a list of 36 titles created 22 Jun 2011 a list of 46 titles created 17 Oct 2013 a list of 29 titles created 21 May 2014 a list of 24 titles created 02 Sep 2014 a list of 33 titles created 3 months ago Title: War and Remembrance (1988– ) 8.4/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Won 3 Golden Globes. Another 9 wins & 19 nominations. See more awards » Photos The trials of the Henry and Jastrow families in the early years of World War II. Stars: Robert Mitchum, Ali MacGraw, Jan-Michael Vincent Two friends, one northern and one southern, struggle to maintain their friendship as events build towards the American Civil War. Stars: Kirstie Alley, Georg Stanford Brown, David Carradine An examination of the trials and tribulations of the Jordache family, from the period following World War II to the late 1960s. Stars: Peter Strauss, Nick Nolte, Susan Blakely The saga of a Jewish family's struggle to survive the horror of Nazi Germany's systematic marginalization and extermination of their community. Stars: Joseph Bottoms, Tovah Feldshuh, Rosemary Harris This is the sequel to the mini-series, RICH MAN, POOR MAN. It begins with Rudy Jordache apprehending the man who killed his brother, Falconetti. He then also takes in his nephew, Wesley. He... See full summary » Stars: Peter Strauss, Gregg Henry, James Carroll Jordan The Thorn Birds (TV Mini-Series 1983) Drama This mini series covers 60 years in the lives of the Cleary family, brought from New Zealand to Australia to run their aunt Mary Carson's ranch. The story centers on their daughter, Meggie,... See full summary » Stars: Richard Chamberlain, Rachel Ward, Christopher Plummer America just before and during the Civil War, as seen through the eyes of an artist correspondent. Stars: Stacy Keach, John Hammond, Diane Baker An English navigator becomes both pawn and player in the deadly political games in feudal Japan. Director: Jerry London The Macahans (TV Movie 1976) Western Zeb Macahan, a pioneering westerner, help's move his brother's family to the wild west. They run into several obstacles including the breakout of the Civil War. This sends the father back ... See full summary » Director: Bernard McEveety Civil War has just finished, but things in the country aren't much better, especially in the South. Stars: Philip Casnoff, Kyle Chandler, Cathy Lee Crosby A English navigator becomes both a player and pawn in the complex political games in feudal Japan. Stars: Richard Chamberlain, Toshirô Mifune, Yôko Shimada The story of two friends and their families on opposite sides of the American Civil War. Stars: Kirstie Alley, David Carradine, Philip Casnoff Edit Storyline The saga of the Henry family, begun in "The Winds of War" continues as America is attacked by Japan and enters World War II. For Victor Henry, an upwardly mobile naval career sets him in command of a cruiser with sights on selection for the Admiralty. At the same time, however, Victor must struggle with a failing marriage as well as a love affair with the daughter of a prominent British radio news reporter. Victor's son Byron has equal success as a submarine officer, eventually selected to command his own ship, yet all the while must deal with the separation of his wife and son who are held in German custody as enemy alien Jews. Through other such characters as Professor Aaron Jastrow, Naval Pilot Warren Henry, and the noble German General Armin von Roon, "War and Remembrance" unfolds into an all encompassing and fascinating story of the Second World War. Written by Anthony Hughes <[email protected]> 13 November 1988 (USA) See more » Also Known As: A sas felszáll See more » Filming Locations: Did You Know? Trivia Most captains in the US Navy were in their thirties or forties during World War II. Robert Mitchum turned 70 during the filming of this series. See more » Goofs When Byron meets Rhoda in Hollywood the sign on the hill overlooking Hollywood should say "Hollywoodland" not simply Hollywood. The 'land' part of the sign wasn't torn down until 1948 or 49. See more » Quotes Capt. Victor 'Pug' Henry : [translates for Pamela his Russian comment] I just told him that we were good friends - that's all. Gen. Yevlenko : You are in Moscow dear lady because HE got you a visa. Henry... nebu durakom. [Laughs uproariously] Gen. Yevlenko : . Nebu durakom! NEBU DURAKOM! [exits] perhaps the greatest miniseries ever 16 September 2004 \| by blanche-2 (United States) – See all my reviews I actually saw this film not that long ago on History Channel, after seeing the entire Winds of War on network TV when I was down with a back injury years ago. Networks no longer make these sweeping miniseries. In one way, it's good, because so much of the time is spent on inconsequential scenes just to fill time. On the other hand, it's a shame. This particular miniseries brought the horrors of what the Jews suffered in World War II right into your living room, and it was pretty harrowing. Watching it on History Channel was an education, as historians discussed the movie during the break. They agreed that War and Remembrance was incredibly accurate in its depiction of the war. Of course, having John Gielgud in the cast didn't hurt! He was absolutely marvelous. I can only say that the entire story arc concerning Gielgud and his family was remarkable. The scene where Natalie eats the apple brought to the cattle cars by the Christians was incredible, as was the entire cattle car saga. The concentration camp scenes, the depiction of the commandant and his family, the entire cover-up aided and abetted by the Red Cross, Natalie's will to survive and be reunited with her son -- they are etched in my heart and will stay there forever. I heartily recommend this miniseries. Look for it on History Channel to get the commentary. This was superior work by Dan Curtis. 12 of 13 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	Winds of War
With which musical instrument does one associate Julian Lloyd Webber?	War and Remembrance: The Complete Epic Mini-Series 30306787398 \| eBay by trekbear2 Apr 21, 2016 Great Mini-Series, all that I remember and more! Seeing how it's been almost thirty years since I saw this, I can't believe how well it's held up! I miss the original actors from the first series Winds of War, but the new ones add a different dimension. I really enjoyed watching the tension between the characters and the action during the war scenes. Robert Mitchum and Polly Bergen really make it all work. It's always great to see them on screen. Watching it now makes me wonder what would have happened if there would have been a third book. Buy this you'll enjoy it if you're a fan of World War II literature. Herman Wouk wrote and weaves a great saga! Verified purchase: Yes \| Condition: pre-owned \| Sold by: tlog by zoreck1 Jul 02, 2014 A extremely well done series that is a must buy for so many reasons. As one who has been in combat since 1970 I can tell you with the highest level of honour, that this miniseries, along with the "Winds of War" are exceptional. While not totally accurate with their history, these film sets are the best I have ever seen. They rank right there with John Ford and Ken Burns. The script was clearly worked on for a long time as they got the essence of the two books very well. The acting was exceptional as was the attention to detail. You will feel like you are a part of the battles and more, you will understand more of WW ll then any other film can give you. Many say it is too long. Well people, wars are long. So, to recount them accurately is takes time. I was there in the film. I felt the emotions, I did the fighting, I was at the camps of horror. It was exhausting but then war is exhausting. In this series we see Hitler far more accurately then ever before. He was a serious mental case and the actor who played that role had a hard job and he pulled it off extremely well. Hitler helped end the war with his opening a second front when he shouldn't have, not paying to his generals and admirals, not deploying troops,supplies, tanks when he should have and more. This was well treated in series. If you want films that have exception adaptions, acting, musical score, a greater understanding of war and the horrors of this war, then this is the series to buy. It is expensive however in the end it is cheaper as you won't need to buy any more films on WW ll. I truly enjoyed it. Not for the War but for how it comes together. It is like a living thing you are in. It is well worth the money spend on the TWO miniseries as you will watch them again and again and each time seeing it in a different way, always learning more I used them to teach WW ll. by craigdavis1 Sep 05, 2014 A War Worth Remembering This is not a classic "War Movie", but rather the story of one family caught in the drama of World War II. From the growing inhumanity of Nazi Germany, to Pearl Harbor and years of war with the Japanese, Herman Wok's tapestry of lives provides a true picture of those at sea, and at home, during those turbulent times. . The central characters are Captain Victor "Pug" Henry, a career naval officer, his wife Rhoda, their two sons, one a aviator and the other a submariner, and their wives. All the human emotions come into play, fear, anger, joy, betrayal, sorrow and fast paced realistic war action, keep this saga compelling. . A wonderful story with likable,if flawed characters, make this one of my all time favorites.	i don't know
In 1901 who was first person to transmit radio signals across Atlantic?	Marconi sends first Atlantic wireless transmission - Dec 12, 1901 - HISTORY.com Marconi sends first Atlantic wireless transmission Share this: Marconi sends first Atlantic wireless transmission Author Marconi sends first Atlantic wireless transmission URL Publisher A+E Networks Italian physicist and radio pioneer Guglielmo Marconi succeeds in sending the first radio transmission across the Atlantic Ocean, disproving detractors who told him that the curvature of the earth would limit transmission to 200 miles or less. The message–simply the Morse-code signal for the letter “s”–traveled more than 2,000 miles from Poldhu in Cornwall, England, to Newfoundland, Canada. Born in Bologna, Italy, in 1874 to an Italian father and an Irish mother, Marconi studied physics and became interested in the transmission of radio waves after learning of the experiments of the German physicist Heinrich Hertz. He began his own experiments in Bologna beginning in 1894 and soon succeeded in sending a radio signal over a distance of 1.5 miles. Receiving little encouragement for his experiments in Italy, he went to England in 1896. He formed a wireless telegraph company and soon was sending transmissions from distances farther than 10 miles. In 1899, he succeeded in sending a transmission across the English Channel. That year, he also equipped two U.S. ships to report to New York newspapers on the progress of the America’s Cup yacht race. That successful endeavor aroused widespread interest in Marconi and his wireless company. Marconi’s greatest achievement came on December 12, 1901, when he received a message sent from England at St. John’s, Newfoundland. The transatlantic transmission won him worldwide fame. Ironically, detractors of the project were correct when they declared that radio waves would not follow the curvature of the earth, as Marconi believed. In fact, Marconi’s transatlantic radio signal had been headed into space when it was reflected off the ionosphere and bounced back down toward Canada. Much remained to be learned about the laws of the radio wave and the role of the atmosphere in radio transmissions, and Marconi would continue to play a leading role in radio discoveries and innovations during the next three decades. In 1909, he was jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in physics with the German radio innovator Ferdinand Braun. After successfully sending radio transmissions from points as far away as England and Australia, Marconi turned his energy to experimenting with shorter, more powerful radio waves. He died in 1937, and on the day of his funeral all British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) stations were silent for two minutes in tribute to his contributions to the development of radio. Related Videos	Guglielmo Marconi
By population, which is the largest state in the USA?	This Day in History… December 12, 1901 \| Mystic Stamp Discovery Center This Day in History… December 12, 1901 U.S. #1500 pictures Marconi’s spark coil and spark gap, which enabled him to transmit across the Atlantic Ocean by wireless radio. First Transatlantic Radio Transmission On December 12, 1901, Guglielmo Marconi successfully sent the first radio transmission across the Atlantic Ocean. Born in Italy in 1874, Marconi was a physicist before he became interested in the transmission of radio waves. He ran his first experiments in Bologna in 1894. Soon, Marconi was able to send radio signals up to one-and-a-half miles. However, many of his contemporaries in Italy didn’t see the merit in his experiments, so Marconi moved to England in 1896. After settling into his new home, Marconi established a wireless telegraph company. By this point, he was able to send radio transmissions over 10 miles. And in 1899 Marconi hit a major milestone – he sent a transmission across the English Channel from two points over 27 miles apart. That same year, Marconi outfitted two U.S. ships with his technology to transmit the progress of the America’s Cup yacht race back to newspapers in New York. This sparked widespread interest in his wireless company. U.S. #890 – Marconi’s first radio message used Morse Code, which was created by Samuel Morse in the 1830s. By the turn of the century, Marconi was convinced that radio waves could be transmitted over much longer distances. Many disagreed, citing that the waves wouldn’t travel along the earth’s curvature. He set out to prove them wrong. In 1901, Marconi set up two radio stations – one in Cornwall, England and the other in Newfoundland, Canada – some 2,000 miles away. On December 12, Marconi floated a kite above the station in Canada and waited at the receiver. At about 12:30 in the afternoon, he received a signal from his assistants at the England station. It was a series of three “pips” – Morse code for the letter “S.” Marconi excitedly called over his assistant, George Kemp, who confirmed he heard the weak signal as well. They heard it two more times that day and another 11 the next day. While Marconi had succeeded, the skeptics were also right. The signal couldn’t travel along the curvature of the earth. Instead, the waves traveled into the upper atmosphere and bounced back down. In fact, Marconi’s experiment led Arthur Kennelly and Oliver Heaviside to suggest a layer of ionized air existed in the upper atmosphere. Today we call this the ionosphere. Some doubted Marconi’s claim, as the only witness was his personal assistant. He repeated the experiment two months later, with additional witnesses, and received an even stronger signal. According to Marconi, “The result meant much more to me than the mere successful realization of an experiment… I now felt for the first time absolutely certain that the day would come when mankind would be able to send messages without wires not only across the Atlantic but between the farthermost ends of the earth.” And he was right. This “wireless telegraphy” led to the widespread use of radio around the world. Click the images to add this history to your collection. Did you like this article? Click here to rate: [Total: 273 Average: 4.8]	i don't know
By area, which is the largest state in the USA?	10 Largest States In The United States - 10 Most Today 10 Largest States In The United States Lists Of Countries The following list contains the 10 largest states in the USA, by area 1. Alaska – 1,723,337 km2 (665,384 mi2) – Alaska is by far the largest state in the USA. It’s also the largest state by land area and by water area Alaska – the largest state in the USA 2. Texas – 695,662 km2 (268,596 mi2) – The Lone Star State is the second largest state, but it’s less than half the size of Alaska Texas – second largest state in the USA 3. California – 423,967 km2 (163,694 mi2) – The Golden State is the third largest state in the United States The Golden State is the third largest state in the United States 4. Montana – 380,831 km2 (147,039 mi2) – Montana, nicknamed The Treasure State, is the fourth largest state Largest States In The United States: Montana is fourth largest 5. New Mexico – 314,917 km2 (121,590 mi2) New Mexico: 5th largest state 6. Arizona – 295,234 km2 (113,990 mi2) – The Copper State, home to the Grand Canyon, is the 6th largest state Arizona: 6th largest state 7. Nevada – 286,380 km2 (110,571 mi2) – The Silver State, home to Las Vegas, is the 7th largest state Nevada: 7th largest state in the United States 8. Colorado – 269,601 km2 (104,093 mi2) Largest States In The United States: 8th place: Colorado 9. Oregon – 254,799 km2 (98,378 mi2) – The Beaver State is less than 1/6 of Alaska Largest States In The United States: 9th place: Oregon 10. Wyoming – 253,335 km2 (97,813 mi2) – The Equality State closes our list with almost the same area as Oregon 10th largest state in the United States: Wyoming	Alaska
If you had pogonophobia what would you be afraid of?	United States of America USA Land Statistics and Landforms Hills Lakes Mountains Plains Rivers If you exclude Alaska and Hawaii... Most Northern Pt: Angle, Minnesota, at 49º 23'N Most Southern Pt: East Cape, Florida, at 25º 7'N Most Eastern Pt: West Quoddy Head, ME, at 66º 57'W Most Western Pt: Cape Alava, WA, at 124º 44 Coastlines: Coastlines: 12,383 miles (19,928 km) Atlantic coastline: 2,069 miles (3,330 km) Pacific coastline: + Hawaii: 7,623 miles (12,268 km) Gulf of Mexico coastline: 1,631 miles (2,625 km) Alaska coastline: 1,060 miles (1,706 km) Counties: Largest County: (by population) Los Angeles, 9.2 million	i don't know
Which vegetable, a gourd-like squash, derives its name from the Greek for 'large melon'?	pumpkin (vegetable) - Memidex dictionary/thesaurus Collins Dictionary: pumpkin any of several creeping cucurbitaceous plants of the genus "Cucurbita", especially "C. pepo" of North America and "C. maxima" of Europe \| the large ... (23 of 417 words, 4 definitions, 10 usage examples, pronunciation) Columbia Encyclopedia: pumpkin \| vegetable marrow common name for the genus "Cucurbita" of the family Cucurbitaceae (gourd family), a group that includes the pumpkins and squashes--the names may be ... (24 of 188 words)	Pumpkin
In the film 'Psycho', what was Norman Bates' hobby?	Pumpkin History - Pumpkins and More - University of Illinois Extension University of Illinois Extension En Español Pumpkin History References to pumpkins date back many centuries. The name pumpkin originated from the Greek word for "large melon" which is "pepon." "Pepon" was nasalized by the French into "pompon." The English changed "pompon" to "Pumpion." Shakespeare referred to the "pumpion" in his Merry Wives of Windsor. American colonists changed "pumpion" into "pumpkin." The "pumpkin" is referred to in The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, Peter, Peter, Pumpkin Eater and Cinderella. Native Americans dried strips of pumpkin and wove them into mats. They also roasted long strips of pumpkin on the open fire and ate them. The origin of pumpkin pie occurred when the colonists sliced off the pumpkin top, removed the seeds, and filled the insides with milk, spices and honey. The pumpkin was then baked in hot ashes. History of the Jack-o-Lantern People have been making jack-o-lanterns at Halloween for centuries. The practice originated from an Irish myth about a man nicknamed "Stingy Jack." According to the story, Stingy Jack invited the Devil to have a drink with him. True to his name, Stingy Jack didn't want to pay for his drink, so he convinced the Devil to turn himself into a coin that Jack could use to buy their drinks. Once the Devil did so, Jack decided to keep the money and put it into his pocket next to a silver cross, which prevented the Devil from changing back into his original form. Jack eventually freed the Devil, under the condition that he would not bother Jack for one year and that, should Jack die, he would not claim his soul. The next year, Jack again tricked the Devil into climbing into a tree to pick a piece of fruit. While he was up in the tree, Jack carved a sign of the cross into the tree's bark so that the Devil could not come down until the Devil promised Jack not to bother him for ten more years. Soon after, Jack died. As the legend goes, God would not allow such an unsavory figure into heaven. The Devil, upset by the trick Jack had played on him and keeping his word not to claim his soul, would not allow Jack into hell. He sent Jack off into the dark night with only a burning coal to light his way. Jack put the coal into a carved out turnip and has been roaming the Earth with it ever since. The Irish began to refer to this ghostly figure as "Jack of the Lantern," and then, simply "Jack O'Lantern." In Ireland and Scotland, people began to make their own versions of Jack's lanterns by carving scary faces into turnips or potatoes and placing them into windows or near doors to frighten away Stingy Jack and other wandering evil spirits. In England, large beets are used. Immigrants from these countries brought the jack o'lantern tradition with them when they came to the United States. They soon found that pumpkins, a fruit native to America, make perfect jack o'lanterns. Source: The History Channel	i don't know
Who became Vice-President of the USA in 2001?	Dick Cheney Biography (U.S. Vice President) Best known as: Vice president of the United States, 2001-2009 Name at birth: Richard Bruce Cheney Dick Cheney was elected vice president of the United States in 2000, as the running mate of George W. Bush , and served in that office from 2001-2009. Dick Cheney grew up in Wyoming, where he also earned his college degrees. A staff member in the administration of Richard Nixon , Cheney then became the White House chief of staff under Gerald Ford . Cheney was elected to the House of Representatives from Wyoming in 1978 and quickly rose in the ranks of the Republican party; he also served as vice chairman of the committee investigating the Iran-Contra scandal during the presidency of Ronald Reagan . Under President George Bush the elder, Cheney served as Secretary of Defense and played a major role in the Persian Gulf War. Cheney then worked in the oil industry as a top executive for the Halliburton Company before his return to government in 2000. His ties to Halliburton became a source of controversy in 2003, when the company received a major contract to help rebuild Iraq after the U.S. invasion there. Bush and Cheney were re-elected in 2004, narrowly beating a Democratic ticket of John Kerry and John Edwards . Dick Cheney did not choose to run for president in 2008. He was succeeded in 2009 by Democratic vice president Joe Biden . Extra credit: Dick Cheney’s wife, Lynne, served in the Reagan and Bush (the elder) administrations as chair of the National Endowment for the Humanities… Dick Cheney has suffered five heart attacks, the first at age 37, and his health issues were much publicized during his vice presidency; the surgical repairs to Cheney’s heart have included the placement of a stent originally designed by Segway inventor Dean Kamen . Cheney received a full heart transplant on 23 March 2012… Dick Cheney shot 78-year-old fellow hunter Harry Whittington while on a quail-hunting trip in Texas on 11 February 2006. According to the Corpus Christi Caller-Times, “Cheney turned to shoot quail that had just been flushed, accidentally peppering one side of Whittington’s body.” Whittington was hospitalized but did not seem seriously injured until two days later, when he suffered a minor heart attack reportedly caused by bird shot shifting in his body. He was released from the hospital a few days later. Copyright © 1998-2017 by Who2?, LLC. All rights reserved.	Dick Cheney
In which English city will you find the National Railway Museum?	George W. Bush - President of the United States (POTUS) George W. Bush Vice President: Richard B. Cheney (2001-09) Cabinet: Notable Events: 2001 On September 11 , terrorists flew hijacked airplanes into both towers of the World Trade Center and into the Pentagon. A fourth hijacked plane crashed in Pennsylvania. Internet Biographies: George W. Bush -- from The American President From the Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia, in addition to information on the Presidents themselves, they have first lady and cabinet member biographies, listings of presidential staff and advisers, and timelines detailing significant events in the lives of each administration.	i don't know
What is the main religion in Sri Lanka?	What is the main religion of Sri Lanka? \| Reference.com What is the main religion of Sri Lanka? A: Quick Answer The main religion of Sri Lanka is Theravada Buddhism, which is also the country's official religion. Around 70 percent of the population practices Buddhism. The second most common religion is Hinduism, which 15 percent of the population professes. Full Answer Around 8 percent of Sri Lankans are Christians, and they cluster in the western part of the country. Muslims make up around 7 percent of the population, and they congregate in the east. The north is predominantly Hindu. The Sinhalese majority is Buddhist. According to a recent Gallup poll, Sri Lanka is one of the most religious countries in the world, since 99 percent of Sri Lankans say religion plays a major part of their daily lives.	Theravada
What colour are the petals of the flower known as the Black-eyed Susan?	There Is Four Main Religions In Sri Lanka Religion Essay There Is Four Main Religions In Sri Lanka Religion Essay Published: Last Edited: 23rd March, 2015 This essay has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers. There is four main religions in Sri Lanka; Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam and Christianity. The maps on the right hand side show where, and percent proportion of each religion in Sri Lanka. Buddhism: Theravada Buddhism is the majority religion in Sri Lanka, with about 70% of the country's population as followers. Around 200 BC, Buddhism became the official religion of Sri Lanka. However, later on, Hindu and European colonial influences contributed to the decline of Buddhism in Sri Lanka. By the mid 19th century, a Buddhist monk started a revival movement in Sri Lanka. This movement eventually helped to return Buddhist dominance in Sri Lanka. Buddhism is a religion based on the teaching by Siddharta Gautama (Buddha). There are three different schools in Buddhism: Theravada, Mahayana and Vajrayana. In Sri Lanka they practise Theravada. Theravada means "the Teaching of the Elders" or "the Ancient Teaching", and is the oldest of the schools. It is relatively conservative, and generally closest to early Buddhism. In Theravada Buddhism Buddha is above all an enlightened teacher which can show you the path to Nirvana. The monks have a high status, and are the only ones who can accomplish full enlightening. The religious ideal is Arhat, which is someone who has gained full enlightening and can thereby reach Nirvana. Nirvana is the contradictory of affliction. Â The word means "to die out" and that hatred, desire and ignorance takes an end. Nirvana denotes the condition that takes place when all karma is exhausted. First and foremost, the Theravada philosophy is a continuous analytical process of life, not only a set of ethics and rituals. The ultimate theory of Theravada uses the Four Noble Truths; these can be described as the problem, the cause, the solution and the pathway to solution. TheÂ Noble Eightfold Path, the fourth of the Buddha'sÂ Noble Truths, is the way to the cessation of suffering. 1. Viewing reality as it is, not just as it appears to be. 2. Intention of renunciation, freedom and harmlessness. 3. Speaking in a truthful and non-hurtful way. 4. Acting in a non-harmful way. 5. A non-harmful livelihood. 6. Making an effort to improve. 7. Awareness to see things for what they are with clear consciousness; being aware of the present reality within oneself, without any craving or aversion. 8. Correct meditation or concentration. Buddha lived a life filled with love, compassion and charity. He formed five maxims to guide the people: 1.) I shall not kill any living being. 2.) I shall not steel. 3.) I shall not abuse sexually (only one partner). 4.) I shall not speak untrue. 5.) I shall not use drugs. Hinduism: Hindus make up 16% of Sri Lanka's population. As Buddhism, it experienced some decline during the European colonization. In modern times the religion is still dominant in the Northern and Eastern provinces. The most important Hindu religious figure in Sri Lankan modern history is, Satguru Siva Yogaswami of Jaffna. One of the greatest and most profound mystics of the twentieth century, Yogaswami was the official satguru and counseling sage of Sri Lanka's several million Tamil Hindu population. Satguru is a true guru, a master. Hindu practices generally involve seeking awareness of God. At home, Hindus often create a shrine with icons dedicated to their chosen form of God. Temples are usually dedicated to a primary deity along with associated subordinate deities. Visiting temples is not obligatory, and many visit temples only during religious festivals. Today three Gods are widely seen as all powerful: Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva. Brahma is regarded as the ultimate source of creation; Shiva also has a creative role alongside his function as destroyer. Vishnu is seen as the preserver or protector of the universe. Out of these three, Vishnu and Shiva are far more widely represented and have come to be seen as the most powerful and important in the belief of Sri Lankan followers. Islam: Today, about 8% of Sri Lankans handset to Islam. By the 15th century, Arab traders had controlled much of the trade on the Indian Ocean, including that of Sri Lanka's. Many of these traders settled down in Sri Lanka, encouraging the spread of Islam. However, when the Portuguese arrived at Sri Lanka during the 16th century, many of their Muslim descendants were persecuted, thus forcing them to migrate to the Central Highlands and to the east coast. In modern times, Muslims in Sri Lanka are handled by the Muslim Religious and Cultural Affairs Department, which was established in the 1980s to prevent the continual isolation of the Muslim community from the rest of Sri Lanka. There are two major denominations of Islam, the SunniÂ and Shia. The schism developed in the late 7th century following disagreements over the religious and political leadership of the Muslim community. Roughly 85 percent of Muslims are Sunni and 15 percent are Shia. Muslims believe that GodÂ revealedÂ the Qur'anÂ to Muhammad, God'sÂ final prophet, and regard the Qur'an and the SunnahÂ (words and deeds of Muhammad) as the fundamental sources of Islam. TheÂ Five Pillars of IslamÂ is the term given to the five duties incumbent on every Muslim. These five practices are essential to Muslims:Â 1. ShahadahÂ (profession of faith)Â 2. SalatÂ (prayers)Â 3. ZakatÂ (giving of alms/charity)Â 4. SawmÂ (fasting,Â specifically during Ramadan)Â 5. HajjÂ (pilgrimage toÂ Mecca) Christianity: Christianity make up 8% of Sri Lanka's population, most are Catholics. Christianity first came to Sri Lanka upon the arrival of the Portuguese in the sixteenth century. Under their rule, Roman Catholicism was spread out on the Island with many Roman Catholic schools for the Sinhalese and the Tamils. When the Dutch took control of Sri Lanka, they encouraged their own missionaries of the Dutch Reformed Church. Under their patronage, 21 percent of the population in the low country was officially Christian by 1722. The relative number of Christians in Sri Lanka has declined steadily since the end of colonial rule. The Catholic Church holds that there is one eternal God, who exists as aÂ mutual indwellingÂ of three persons:Â God the Father;Â God the Son; and theÂ Holy Spirit. There are seven sacraments in the Catholic Church that the Catholics go after:Â - Baptism: is the ritual act, with the use of water, by which a person is admitted to membership of theÂ Christian Church, - Confirmation:Â is one of the sevenÂ sacramentsÂ through which Catholics pass in the process of their religious upbringing. According to Catholic doctrine, in this sacrament they receive the Holy Spirit.Â - Eucharist: refers to both the celebration of the Mass, that is, the EucharisticÂ liturgy, and the consecrated bread and wine which according to the faith become the body and blood of Christ. Â - Penance (confession): Â is the method given by Christ to the Church by which individual men and women may be freed from sins committed after receivingÂ Baptism. - Anointing of the Sick:Â is the ritual anointing of a sick person. - Holy Orders: includes three orders:Â bishop,Â priest, andÂ deacon. - Matrimony: catholic marriage.	i don't know
Which London park lies between Horse Guards Parade and Buckingham Palace?	4 out of 5 stars Time Out says St James's Park was founded as a deer park for the royal occupants of St James's Palace, and remodelled by John Nash on the orders of George IV. The central lake is home to numerous species of wildfowl, including pelicans that have been kept here since the 17th century, when the Russian ambassador donated several of the bag-jawed birds to Charles II. The pelicans are fed between 2.30pm and 3pm daily, though they have been known to supplement their diet at other times of the day with the occasional pigeon. The bridge over the lake offers very snappable views of Buckingham Palace (head that way and you'll see Green Park, the beginning of a relaxing stroll that will take you under trees as far as Hyde Park Corner). Along the north side of the park, the Mall connects Buckingham Palace with Trafalgar Square. It looks like a classic processional route, but the Mall was actually laid out as a pitch for Charles II to play 'paille-maille' (an early version of croquet imported from France) after the pitch at Pall Mall became too crowded. On the south side of the St James's Park, Wellington Barracks contains the Guards Museum; to the east, Horse Guards contains the Household Cavalry Museum.	st james s park
Which fictional character has been played by the largest number of different actors?	Victorian London - Entertainment and Recreation - Parks, Commons and Heaths - St James's Park Victorian London - Entertainment and Recreation - Parks, Commons and Heaths - St James's Park In the forenoon it is interesting to observe the trains of children led by charming maidens of rigid deportment to the banks of the ornamental waters of St. James's Park. The lovely charges are left there to feed the downy swans, whilst their blooming conductors indulge in simpering conversations with downy "noblemen in disguise" who have been metamorphosed into very seedy apparel and magnificent tips. Upon the chairs intended for sitting on you can recline for the small charge of one penny; but if you want to rest your legs, it is twopence; if your arms also, three-pence. In short, the price is a penny for chairing each member. Punch, Jan.-Jun. 1842 St. James's Park was, in the reign of Henry VIII, little better than a morass; but that prince, on his building St. James's Palace, inclosed it, and laid it out in walks. It was afterwards much enlarged and improved by order of Charles II., under the direction of Le Notre, who planted it with rows of lime trees, laid out the Mall, which is half a mile long, and formed a canal in the centre of 2800 feet in length, and 100 feet in width. The rebuilding of Buckingham Palace in 1828 led to an entire remodelling of St. James's Park, when the interior, which previously presented the appearance of a common field, was converted into a beautiful pleasure ground, formed into walks interspersed with shrubberies tastefully disposed; the long straight canal was at the same time transformed into a sheet of ornamental water, with the addition of an island at its western, and a peninsula at its eastern extremity, both crowned with plantations. On the northern side a vast alteration took place upon the demolition of Carlton House and its appurtenances, and the formation on its site of the stately terraces and enclosures that, under the name of Carl ton Gardens, now exhibits one of the finest features of the metropolis. Upon the south side, the Bird Cage Walk, hitherto reserved exclusively for royalty, was converted into a road, rendered a thoroughfare for carriages at all hours during the sitting of Parliament; and in addition the Wellington Barracks and a chapel for the military have since been erected. On the extensive plot of ground between the east end of the enclosure and the Horse Guards the foot-guards parade daily in the summer season between ten and eleven o'clock; and a full band of music renders this an attractive spectacle. Here are two large pieces of ordnance which were thus placed at different periods of the late war, in commemoration of the splendid victories gained by the British soldiers in different parts of the world. One is a Turkish cannon of great length, brought from Alexandria in Egypt, and having on it various impressions emblematical of that country: the carriage which is of English construction, is ornamented by appropriate devices. The other is an immense mortar, which was employed by Marshal Soult at the siege of Cadiz, and left behind on the retreat of the French army after the battle at Salamanca: it was cast at Seville; and the Spanish Regency presented it to the Prince Regent, with a request that it might be placed in one of the royal parks. Mogg's New Picture of London and Visitor's Guide to it Sights, 1844 JAMES (ST.) PARK. A part of eighty-seven acres (shaped not unlike a boy's kite), originally appertaining to the Palace of St. James's ... A temporary Bridge surmounted by a Chinese Pagoda, erected across the Canal for a display of fireworks on the occasion of the arrival of the allied sovereigns in 1814, was taken down in 1825. Observe.- Fronting the Horse Guards, the mortar cast at Seville, by order of Napoleon, employed by Soult at Cadiz, and left behind in the retreat of the French army after the battle of Salamanca. It was presented to the Prince Regent by the Spanish government. I have been informed by an officer of the Royal Engineers (often fired upon by this very mortar) that the heaviest shell it carried weighed about 108lbs. and that its extreme range was 6200 yards. The same officer added, that he had seen a shell from this piece of ordnance range into Cadiz, when the whole of that splendid square, the Plaza de San Antonio, was crowded with the rank and fashion of the place, and fall most accurately in the centre of the square without injuring a single individual. The ducks in the Park belong to the Ornithological Society. In January 1846, the collection contained upwards of three hundred birds, including twenty-one species and fifty-one distinct varieties. The Park was lighted with gas in 1822; and the Wellington Barracks in the Birdcage-walk erected in 1834. Peter Cunningham, Hand-Book of London, 1850 The windows of almost all the club-houses in Pall Mall have the most charming views on St. James's Park. It is the smallest of all the parks; but it is a perfect jewel amidst the splendid buildings which surround it on all sides. On its glassy lake fine shrubs, and beeches, and ash-trees on the banks throw their trembling shadows; tame water-fowl of every description swim on it or waddle on the green sward near, and eat the crumbs which the children have brought for them. The paths are skirted with flower-beds, with luxurious grass-plots behind them; and on sunny days these grass-plots are crowded with - happy children, who prefer this park to all others, for the water-birds are such grateful guests, and look so amiable and stupid, and are so fond of biscuits, and never bite any one. And the sheep, too, are altogether different from all other sheep in the world; they are so tame and fat, and never think of running away when a good child pats their backs, and gives them some bread to eat. And there are green boats, and for one penny they take you over to the other side; and the water, too, is green, much greener than the boat; and there is no danger of horses and carriages, and children may run and jump about without let or hindrance, and - there are such numbers of children too. in short, there is no saying how much pleasure the London children take in St. James's Park. On the Continent, too, there are parks; they are larger, and are taken more care off, and by far more ornamental than the London parks. But all strangers who come to London must find that their imperial and royal palace gardens at home, with all their waterworks, and Chinese pagodas, Greek temples, and - artificial romanticisms, do not make anything like that cheerful, - refreshing, tranquillising, and yet exciting impression which the parks of England produce. It is certainly not the climate which works this miracle, nor is it a peculiarity of the soil, for fine meadow-land there is in plenty on the banks of the Rhine and the Danube. The English alone know how to handle Nature, so that it remains nature; they alone can here and there take off a tree, and in another place add some shrubs, without, therefore, forcing vegetation into the narrow sphere of arbitrary and artificial laws. Our great gardens at home want wide open grassplots; where such are, the shrubs and plantations encroach upon them; none are allowed to leave the paths and walk over the grass, and the public are confined to, and crowded on, the sand-covered paths, whence they may look at the clumps of trees, and the narrow empty clearances between them. On such spots in England you find the most splendid cattle; children are playing there, and men and women come and go, giving life, movement, and colouring to the landscape; and, since parks are but imitations of nature, life, movement, and colour are absolutely necessary to them. This life on the green sward in the very heart of the metropolis gives the parks a rural and idyllic aspect; while, on the other hand, it suggested the saying, that all England gives one the idea of a large park. Max Schlesinger, Saunterings in and about London, 1853 ST. JAMES'S PARK. St. James's Park (ninety-one acres) lies between Parliament Street and Buckingham Palace. It anciently belonged to St. James's Palace; was first enclosed by Henry VIII.; much improved by Charles II., who daily resorted to it; and finally reduced into its present form by George IV. The north side is called the Mall from a game once popular, and the south side, Birdcage Walk. "Milton lived in a house in Petty France, with a garden reaching into the Birdcage Walk; Nell Gwynne, in Pall Mall; and Lord Chancellor Jefferies, in the large brick house north of Storey's Gate. St. James's Park was, till the time of Charles II, little more than a grass park; he threw the several ponds (Rosamond's pond excepted) into one artificial canal, built a decoy for ducks, a small ring-fence for deer, planted trees in even ranks, and introduced broad - gravel-walks in place of narrow and winding footpaths. Charles I., attended by Bishop Juxon and a regiment of foot, walked, Jan. 30th, 1649, through this Park from St. James's Palace to the scaffold at Whitehall. He is said on his way to have pointed out a tree near Spring Gardens as planted by his brother, Prince Henry. Here Cromwell took Whitelocke aside, and sounded the Memorialist on the subject of a King Oliver. Some of the trees in this Park, planted and watered by King Charles II himself, were acorns from the royal oak at Boscobel; none, however, are now to be seen. St. Evremont, a French epicurean wit, was keeper of the ducks in St. James's Park in the reign of Charles II." -Cunningham. The rare aquatic birds which disport themselves in the "Ornamental Water," and incubate in its pleasant wooded islets, are the property of the Ornithological Society. To nursemaids and their youthful charges they are as great an attraction as their predecessors were to the "merry monarch." The long line of lofty houses which fences - in the Pall Mall side of the Park is called Carlton House Terrace, and occupies the site of the ill-famed palace of George IV., the Carlton House of the gamblers, beaux, wits, demireps, and courtiers of the Regency. Marlborough House (see p. 53) is the intended residence of the Prince of Wales; St. James's Palace, the scene of the royal Levees and Drawing. Rooms. The Gardens (open from 6 a.m. to 9 p.m. in summer, and 7 a.m. to 5 p.m. in winter), one of the pleasantest Arcadys in the Metropolis, were laid out by Regent Street Nash, in the reign of George IV. In 1857, a suspension bridge for foot-passengers was thrown across the lake, to the infinite comfort and delectation of the frequenters of the Park, who had been previously compelled to effect a wearisome circumambulation. The lake, at the same time, was cleared out, and the depth of water reduced to 4 feet. The Horse Guards Parade, where the Guards are "trooped" every morning, is ornamented with a large mortar, taken at the siege of Cadiz, and presented to the king of England by the Spanish Government; and a Turkish cannon, brought from Alexandria by the English, and mounted on a carriage of English manufacture. Constitution Hill skirts the western side of the Green Park, and connects St. James's with Hyde Park. Here Sir Robert Peel was fatally injured by a fall from his horse, 1860; and here, on three occasions, the Queen has been molested by the ill-directed pistols of silly wretches, whose wild passion for a wicked notoriety had degraded them into imbecility. Cruchley's London in 1865 : A Handbook for Strangers, 1865 As we take our lounge in the afternoon it is necessary to put on quite a different mental mood as we pass from one Park to another. We pass at once from turmoil into comparative repose as we enter the guarded enclosure encircled on all sides by a wilderness of brick and mortar. You feel quite at ease in that vast palatial garden of St. James. Your office coat may serve in St. James's, but your adorn yourself with all adornments for Hyde Park. You go leisurely along, having adjusted your watch by the Horse Guards, looking at the soldiers, and the nurses, and the children, glancing at the island, and looking at the ducks---the dainty, overfed ducks---suggesting all sorts of ornithological lore, not to mention low materialistic associations of green peas or sage and onions. Those dissipated London ducks lay their heads under their wings and go to roost at quite fashionable hours, that would astonish their primitive country brethren. I hope you like to feed ducks, my friends. All great, good-natured people have a "sneaking kindness" for feeding ducks. There is a most learned and sagacious bishop who won't often show himself to human bipeds, but he may be observed by them in his grounds feeding ducks while philosophising on things in general, and the University Tests in particular. Then what crowded reminiscences we might have of St. James's Park and of the Mall---of sovereigns and ministers, couriers and fops, lords and ladies, philosophers and thinkers! By this sheet of water, or rather by the pond that then was a favorite resort for intending suicides, Charles II would play with his dogs or dawdle with his mistresses; feeding the ducks here one memorable morning when the stupendous revelation of a Popish plot was made to his incredulous ears; or looking grimly towards the Banqueting Hall where his father perished, when the debate on the Exclusion Bill was running fiercely high. But the reminiscences are endless which belong to St. James's Park. Only a few years ago there was the private entrance which Judge Jeffreys used to have by special licence into the Park, but now it has been done away. There were all kinds of superstitions floating about in the uninformed Westminster mind about Judge Jeffreys. What Sydney Smith said in joke to the poaching lad, "that he had a private gallows," was believed by the Westmonasterians to be real earnest about Jeffreys---that he used after dinner to seize hold of any individual to whom he might take a fancy and hang him up in front of his house for his own personal delectation. I am now reconciled to the bridge that is thrown midway across, although it certainly limits the expanse of the ornamental water. But standing on the ornamental bridge, and looking both westward and eastward, I know of hardly anything comparable to that view. That green neat lawn and noble timber, and beyond the dense foliage the grey towers of the Abbey, and the gold of those Houses of Parliament, which, despite captious criticism, will always be regarded as the most splendid examples of the architecture of the great Victorian era, and close at hand the paths and the parterres, cause the majesty and greatness of England to blend with this beautiful oasis islanded between the deserts of Westminster and Pimlico. Looking westward, too, towards Buckingham Palace---the palace, despite exaggerated hostile criticism, is at least exquisitely proportioned; but then one is sorry to hear about the Palace that the soldiers are so ill stowed away there; and the Queen does not like it; and the Hanoverian animal pecularly abounds. We recollect that once when her Majesty was ill, a servant ran out of the palace to charter a cab and go for the doctor, because those responsible for the household had not made better arrangements. In enumerating the Parks of London, we ought not to forget the Queen's private garden of Buckingham Palace, hardly less than the Green Park in extent, and so belonging to the system of the lungs of London. for the rest of this book, click here W.S.Gilbert, London Characters and the Humorous Side of London Life, 1870? ENGLISH PARK SCENERY.ï¿½The things which please me most are the trees. Every day, after leaving the Athenaeum, I go and sit for an hour in St. Jamesï¿½s Park; the lake shines softly beneath its misty covering, while the dense foliage bends over the still waters. The rounded trees, the great green domes, make a kind of architecture far more delicate than the other. The eye reposes itself upon these softened forms, upon these subdued tones. These are beauties, but tender and touching, those of foggy countries, of Holland. Yesterday, at eight oï¿½clock in the evening, although the weather was fine, everything seen from the suspension-bridge appeared vapoury; the last rays disappeared in whitish smoke ; on the right, the remains of redness ; over the Thames, and in the rest of sky, a pale slate tint. There are tones like these in the landï¿½scapes of Rembrandt, in the twilights of Van der Neer the subdued light, the air charged with vapour, the insensible and continuous changes of the vast exhalation which softens, imparts a bluish tint to, and dims the contours, the whole producing the impression of a great life, vague, diffused, and melancholyï¿½the life of a humid country. The Leisure Hour, 29th June 1872 quoting the 'M.Taine's Notes on England' St. Jamesï¿½s Park joins the southeast corner of the Green-park, and is little more than an enclosed garden, nearly half of which is occupied by a shallow piece of ornamental water, proably the safest for skating in London. The Mall, a broad walk planted with elms, limes, and planes, runs along the north side, and gets its name from the game formerly played there. On the east side is the parade-ground of the Horse Guards, where the guard is trooped daily at 11 a.m. One of the oddest sights in London is afforded by the colony of gingerbread and sweetstuff stalls in the north-east corner of the park, at the back of Carlton House-terrace. There is a large consumption of curds and whey, and of milk fresh from the cow, at these primitive restaurants, and the cows which are tethered to the stalls give an air of reality to the promises of their proprietors. NEAREST Railway Station, St. Jamesï¿½s-pk; Omnibus Route Regent-street, Parliament-street, and Victoria-street. Charles Dickens (Jr.), Dickens's Dictionary of London, 1879 fresh milk on sale, from Old and New London, c.1880	i don't know
What was the title of the first feature film made in Cinemascope?	Widescreen Museum - The CinemaScope Wing 1 The CinemaScope Wing is dedicated to our good friend Rick Mitchell. He was one of the good guys. The first departure that the Hollywood based film industry made from the conventional Academy format was 3-D. The biggest studios had the least participation, with MGM, and Warner Bros producing only a few films each. The independents and smaller studios, such as Paramount, Columbia and Universal-International, produced a good many more and they were the sort of films that would have been bombs without 3-D to draw in the crowds. At 20th Century-Fox, Darryl F. Zanuck had complete faith in the wide screen system his boss, Spyros Skouras, acquired in Paris, thus Fox produced but one film in 3-D. Inferno wasn't a bad picture, but it was no worse without the 3-D, and while Fox produced just one "deepie", they were simultaneously shooting three major features in CinemaScope. One other 3-D film was released by Fox, Panoramic Pictures' Gorilla At Large . Cast and crew were all Fox contractors. Is it any wonder that 3-D came to be associated with schlock? Despite Fox's participation, minor as it was, in the 3-D craze, something bigger was happening in Paris... Prof. Henri Chrétien demonstrates his bent glass. 20th Century-Fox president Spyros Skouras in Paris with Chrétien. The rear element of the Hypergonar lens is visible, clearly showing why it was useable only with a very limited range of prime lenses. If Cinerama was the star that guided the film industry into wide screen presentations, CinemaScope was the rudder that steered the course. Studio executives ran for the doors after seeing Cinerama's premiere in New York. Representatives of 20th Century Fox and Warner Bros. literally raced to France to meet with Prof. Henri Chrétien, the inventor of a filming process that he called Anamorphoscope. Fox beat out Warners by just a few hours, so the story goes. Chrétien had developed and patented his process in the late 1920's. Efforts to interest not only his native French but foreign film makers in his wide screen process had been unfruitful for over 25 years. In fact, his patents had expired. So why were two major studios keenly interested in negotiating with Chrétien? The answer is simple, they needed the lenses that Chrétien had built. Those lenses, which he named hypergonar (nothing to do with overactive reproductive organs), were the basis for the primary surge into true widescreen feature film making. Chrétien's hypergonar lenses were based on an optical "trick" called anamorphosis, in which an image contains a distortion that is removed with a complementary viewer. In the case of Chrétien's lenses, a horizontal squeeze of 100% was imparted into the image on film resulting in a picture twice as wide as an image taken and projected through conventional lenses. In addition to the anamorphic adapters being used on the motion picture camera, a similar lens on the projector is required to expand the squeezed image on the screen. Pictured at left is an original set of lenses circa 1927. The square lens in the foreground is mounted in front of a conventional 50mm camera lens to provide the squeeze. The projection lens shown has the anamorphic adapter attached to the standard projector lens. 20th Century Fox secured world rights to Anamorphoscope, (with the exception of France and its possessions) and Chrétien's small inventory of lenses. They immediately put them to use in Hollywood by resuming pre-production on The Robe, which had been halted while the old Chrétien lenses were being evaluated. When the film finally went before the cameras it was simultaneously shot in the standard Academy format for release in theatres not equipped for anamorphic projection in addition to the anamorphic lenses, though the resounding popularity of both CinemaScope and The Robe made it unnecessary for the standard version ever to be shown in a theatre. The size of the original anamorphic adapters limited photography to the use of only 50mm and longer prime lenses. Fox presented Chrétien's company, S.T.O.P., with a contract to build and ship additional lenses. There appears to have been delays and quality problems associated with the new lenses and Fox turned to Bausch & Lomb optical company to produce additional anamorphic adapter lenses based on Chrétien's designs. Camera assistant Lee Crawford demonstrated how the 25 year old anamorphic lens is mounted on the camera during the production of The Robe. The lens must be focused separately from the camera lens. Even while shooting The Robe, Fox demonstrated their process to the other motion picture studios. Darryl F. Zanuck announced that 20th Century Fox would produce all future films in the new process and invited the other studios to license its use on their productions. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer immediately climbed aboard the bandwagon as did Walt Disney. Shortly Warner Bros., Universal, and Columbia decided to use the new, and as yet unproven, process in major productions. Paramount declined and began work on VistaVision. RKO passed for the time being, as did Republic. Several independent producers also announced plans to shoot some of their planned productions in CinemaScope. Even before the first CinemaScope feature film premiered before paying audiences the success of the system was insured for the next several years. No other technical advance in the history of motion pictures, including sound and color, gained such a high degree of acceptance among American film makers in such a short period of time. Film makers in the U.K. and the European continent were a bit slower to adopt CinemaScope as a mainstream technical advancement, for valid economic reasons following an economically devastating World War, but it wasn't long before the new stretched image became popular despite the costs associated with production and presentation. Chrétien's company, S.T.O.P., worked to improve their own manufacturing capability after being granted the right to use the CinemaScope trademark in France and its possessions. This appears to be design "B". More modifications were to come just as Bausch & Lomb and other optics companies refined their own designs and manufacturing techniques used to produce anamrophic lenses for both photography and projection. The word "S.T.O.P." does not mean desist. It's the abbreviation of Chrétien's French optical company, SOCIETÉ TECHNIQUE OPTIQUE de PRECISION. S.T.O.P. was the official manufacturer of CinemaScope camera and projection optics for France and her worldwide possessions, like Viet Nam. Sorry, I couldn't resist that. The significance of that arrangement insured that France's other major early 1950s contribution to the motion picture, Brigitte Bardot, was filmed in CinemaScope with S.T.O.P. lenses. Here we have some examples of French CinemaScope films featuring the most luscious Mlle. Bardot. To be fair and balanced, Bardot also did some VistaVision films, typically French-British co-productions made by Rank. From the LIFE Magazine archives The sole Chrétien made CinemaScope anamorphic lens used to photograph The Robe is seen mounted on a Fox Simplex silent camera. For purposes of clarity, the lens is shown positioned slightly away from the Baltar prime camera lens. In use the anamorphic adapter is slid right up to the Baltar to preclude any light shining in between the two optics which could kill image contrast and potentially ruin a shot. Courtesy of William Hooper If you happened to have nothing better to do at 9:30AM on June 23, 1953, you might want to run down to the Saenger Theatre in New Orleans to see that CinemaScope demonstration. The demo would have been to the then existing specifications of a picture measuring 2.66:1, using the full 35mm silent aperture, and the sound would be 3-track interlock stereo. Literally within days Fox would be experimenting in-house with a new print format combining picture and 4-track stereo sound on a specially perforated film. Selling CinemaScope Fox's big gamble on CinemaScope required the use of salesmanship of the highest order to get tight fisted theatre operators to go into hock to support the new system. Everything that made up the motion picture theatre was going to have to be changed out. Fox's engineers and their suppliers did everything possible to make CinemaScope backwards compatible with the technology that had been the standard since the late 1920s. Below you can select to view either of two of Lichtman's promotional announcements for the trade. Click either image to view larger copies of the documents. W hile Zanuck was doing the selling job in the U.S., Fox chairman Spyros Skouras handled areas outside North America. Skouras was self-conscious of the heavy Greek accent that colored his English and was more comfortable handling public events in Europe. At right is the cover of The September, 1953 issue of Bauer Filmpost . According to Christian Appelt, who provided the photo, "It shows the METRO IM SCHWAN cinema in Frankfurt on the Main where the Fox CinemaScope demonstrations took place on August 25 to 27 1953. The booth was equipped with Bauer B12 projectors fitted with unmarked Hypergonar anamorphic adapters, Spiros Skouras attended the showings and talked to German film technicians and theatre owners.The marquee has a rather strange CinemaScope logo, the subtitle says 'The new revolutionary film system' ". The CinemaScope logo seen on the marquee was used by Fox prior to standardizing on the more familiar logo. Photo courtesy of Christian Appelt Above left, a Fox camera is pictured with the Bausch & Lomb anamorphic adapter lens, which incorporated significant improvements on Chrétien's original design. To its right is the same camera fitted with a 50mm combination anamorphic lens which allowed simultaneous focusing of the anamorphic and spherical elements, reduced distortion, transmitted more light, and were available in a wider range of focal lengths than could be used with the adapter. Clearer photos of the Bausch & Lomb auxiliary and combination lenses appear on subsequent pages. While preparations for production on The Robe progressed, the studio had not yet finalized all aspects of their new process, dubbed CinemaScope. The word "Cinemascope" was already a registered trademark for a video product. An expenditure of $50,000 bought the name for 20th Century-Fox. Initial plans, and photography on The Robe, consisted of returning to the original full frame 1.33:1 silent camera aperture, which would provide a projected image with an extremely wide 2.66:1 screen ratio. Sound, like Cinerama, would be carried on a separate 35mm magnetic film synchronized with the picture projector. The stereophonic sound consisted of three channels behind the new wide screen and a forth channel fed speakers on the side walls and rear of the auditorium. By the time The Robe was ready to premiere, the system had been altered to include the sound on the picture film in the form of four magnetic stripes, two located on either side of the picture and two outside the new reduced width sprocket holes, (which were dubbed "Fox Holes"). The magnetic sound striping on many CinemaScope and other widescreen formats was done by Reeves Soundcraft, owned by Hazard Reeves, the man responsible for Cinerama's impressive stereophonic sound system. As a touch of irony, Reeves, then president of Cinerama, Inc. as well as his other ventures, was awarded a technical Oscar for the development of the magnetic striping used on CinemaScope films. He did not receive an Academy Award for his substantial involvement with Cinerama. While a good many companies competed with Reeves to produce magnetic sound stripes on films, Reeves' process had the unique advantage of having the stripes actually stay on the film. Looking into an anamorphic lens Peering into an anamorphic lens shows that it magnifies (projection lenses), or compresses (camera lenses) the image only in one direction. While all the elements in this Bausch & Lomb CinemaScope projection lens are round, they appear more and more elliptical as light passes through one element to the next. Make no mistake, the introduction of CinemaScope was a critically important event in film history. It was the first viable weapon in the effort to get audiences back into theatres. Seen above is the special CinemaScope marquee mounted at the front of the courtyard at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood. Click Here For A Simple Answer To What Should Be a Simple Question You are on Page 1 of	The Robe
In the Winnie the Poo stories, what is Kanga's baby called?	CinemaScope films in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka - Indpaedia CinemaScope films in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka From Indpaedia Pardesi (1957) : Nargis (left) and Oleg (third from left) Readers can send additional information, corrections, photographs and even complete articles on new subjects to our Facebook page, Indpaedia.com . If found suitable, this additional information will be incorporated into the related Indpaedia article (with an acknowledgement) or a new entry will be created (also with due acknowledgement). Readers will be able to edit existing articles and post new articles directly on Indpaedia.com only after its formal launch. Contents Part 1: CinemaScope films in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka By P. Dewan CinemaScope films in India Pardesi (1957) :Padmini in India's first widescreen (SovScope) film; it was in colour as well. India's second CinemaScope film, Kaagaz ke Phool, has acquired a cult status because of sequences like this. Kaagaz ke Phool was not a low-budget arthouse film (though it is sometimes seen as one). It was, instead, a stately, lavishly produced film, as sophisticated as the best French, Italian and Swedish films of the era. It preceded by a few years B&W—CinemaScope classics like Federico Fellini’s La Dolce Vita (1960/ Italy) and Alain Resnais’ Last Year at Marienbad (1961/ France). B&W=black and white. Pyar Ki Pyas (1961) was India's third film in CinemaScope and the second that was in colour as well. Son of India: Nanha munha rahi hoon Leader In ka naam Pakeezah hai (1972/ Eastmancolor): Meena Kumari Alluri Seetharamaraju Sonbai ni Chundadi Welikathara A frame from The Robe. Above: As the frame looks naturally. Below: The same image projected through an anamorphic lens. peplums Above: An image projected through an anamorphic lens, i.e. a CinemaScope image. Below: What the film containing the same image would look like when held before the naked eye. commons Roots in the USA and the USSR ‘The Robe’ (USA, 1953/ 20th Century-Fox/ Colour) was the world’s first motion picture to be filmed in wide-screen 35mm, CinemaScope. The original trailer had Darryl F. Zanuck, Vice President, Production, 20th Century-Fox, explaining what CinemaScope was and how it worked. In 1956, Aleksandr Ptushko (born in Lugansk, Ukraine) released Il'ia Muromets, the first Soviet film shot in stereo and for the wide-screen (SovScope). Indian cinema got off to a very early start with this new technology, thanks to a collaboration with the USSR's Mosfilm Studios. The 1950s Pardesi The bilingual Indo-Soviet film Pardesi (1957) (Hindi-Urdu/ Russian/ dirs: Khwaja Ahmad Abbas, Vasili M. Pronim) was released in 1957. The film is called ‘Khozhdenie za tri morya’ (Хождение за три моря) in Russian and its subtitled English version is known as ‘Journey Beyond Three Seas.’ India’s first wide-screen film was in SovColor. (CinemaScope is a brand name. SovScope has the same aspect ratio and uses similar technology.) Can Pardesi (1957) be considered an Indian film? True, it was a co-production but it was released in India first. Its Indian Censor Certificate states ‘Colour, Scope’ and gives the name of its filmmakers as ‘Meera Movies’ and ‘Son[?]a Sansar International.’ Even in the Russian version Naya Sansar's name appears before Mosfilm's. Guru Dutt In 1957 actor-director Guru Dutt purchased from 20th Century Fox the technology needed to make a CinemaScope film—Gouri, a Bengali film with him in the lead opposite his real-life wife, the singer-actress Geeta Dutt. According to a cinema historian, “By 1957, [their] marriage had run into rough weather and was on the rocks. Guru Dutt had fallen for his new leading lady Waheeda Rehman. The breaking up of [their] marriage also began having repercussions on [Geeta Dutt’s] career. To quieten things down Guru Dutt launched a film Gauri (1957).” [1] Some of the film was shot in and around Calcutta and two songs were recorded. However, Guru Dutt decided to stop making Gouri, presumably because of the domestic situation. He launched Kaagaz ke Phool instead, with Waheeda Rehman. ‘Kaagaz Ke Phool’ (Hindi-Urdu, 1959) was India’s second CinemaScope film and was filmed in black and white (B&W), in technical collaboration with 20th Century Fox. It had an aspect ratio of 2.35: 1. This film was widely released, got excellent reviews from the minuscule literati--and scathing ones from vastly more influential bimbos like Babubhai Patel. Its soundtrack album was a success (and, like the film itself, a cult favourite to this day). However, ‘Kaagaz Ke Phool’ flopped at the box office, because the subject was considered too heady (and, to quote Dutt's friend Dev Anand, depressing) for the 1950s. CinemaScope,thus, had a very shaky start in India. Cine historian Sudhir on how the technology was distributed within India CinemaScope was and still is an inexpensive technology To Shoot the Film: One needs an 'Attachment' for the camera, which compresses the view from 2.35 : 1 aspect to 1.35 : 1 for 35 mm frame. 2oth Century Fox loaned out this attachment for a small rental fee The Cinema Hall operators needed two items: i) An 'Attachment for the Projector', which expanded the compressed image back to an ‘aspect ratio’ of 2.35 : 1. The film producer bought this item from 20th Century and with each print released included this Lens Attachment. The distributor in turn, sent this Attachment to the Cinema Hall. 2 - The Cinema Hall owner had to modify the screen, which was done by increasing the width of the screen and then adding Flaps on each side. For projecting a CinemaScope film, these flaps were opened with a hook-type fixture affixed to the wall. 20th Century was quite liberal in terms of licensing. The studios (i.e. film producer/s could add any name to this technology, as long as it ended in Scope. SovScope, FilmalyaScope, MetroScope are all same items The Aspect Ratio need not have to be 2.35 : 1. Many films have been made with an 1.85: 1 aspect ratio For many years from the start of this technology, only a few prints would be made in the Wide Screen format. A large number of these CinemaScope films were released in the ‘un-compressed’ Format (i.e.: the regular 4:3 Aspect). This type of dual standard was used for SHOLAY (1975). Mr Sudhir on Pardesi Mr Sudhir seems to recall that Pardesi (1957) was released in India in the Non-CinemaScope format-though in colour. Indpaedia, however, has in its possession a DVD with a B&W/ CinemaScope print in Hindi-Urdu. YouTube has Colour, CinemaScope and Hindi-Urdu songs. Therefore, the film was released in India in multiple formats. Mr Sudhir adds: The Russian version is available on YouTube. It is in Color + CinemaScope (2.35 : 1 aspect). However, the [amateur] at MOSFilm, who was given the job of converting the 'Source Files' to Mp4 format for YouTube stretched the video by 33% (the video file size is640 x 208= 3.07 : 1 pixel) The URL for the 2 parts are: (Part 1) and (Part 2) It has more or less all the songs. However, except for 'Na Ja Na Ja Balam / Lata' all other were mutilated by the director. For this song, one can view the perfect file (2.35 ratio + Color) at URL Pardesi: the correct print Mr Sudhir on the first 5 Indian CinemaScope films Mr Sudhir adds: Unfortunetly, all 5 initial films made in CinemaScope failed. His views on these 5 films are: Except for KAAGAZ KE PHOOL, for the rest sincere efforts were made to present idiotic films. PARDESI - Except for 1 film (ANHONEE featuring: Main Dil Hoon Ik Arman Bhara), all of K A Abbas films have been flops PYAR KI PYAS - Mahesh Bhat generally made un-interesting and dated films SON OF INDIA – Mr Sudhir calls it a ‘Gujrati Thaali. Idiotic story and twists’ LEADER- Mr Sudhir writes, ‘Produced by S Mukherji with funds from moneyed people, who wanted some vehicle for tax deduction Hence, instead of getting it directed by any of dozen of directors, SK could ask for, the job was was given to RAM Mukherji, who was a green-horn Like SON OF INDIA, it too has [Quixotic] characters. The 1960s Initially, CinemaScope was an expensive technology--not so much for the film's makers (who only needed to hire a fancier camera) as for the cinema halls, each of which had to get new projection lenses and, more important, invest in new widescreens. Only such Indian cinema halls as screened English-language films (and, therefore, catered to the Indian elite) had CinemaScope projectors, lenses and widescreens. Therefore, it is a curious fact that India’s third 'CinemaScope' (i.e. widescreen) film, ‘Pyar ki Pyas’ (Hindi-Urdu, 1961),which was in Gevacolour, was a low-budget family weepie. This film, too, tanked without the new screen technology getting noticed by the Indian public. (The film's credit titles specify that the film is in 'CinemaScope.') That was when the Moguls of Indian cinema stepped in. Mehboob Khan was a communist (his company’s logo was the hammer-and-sickle) who used to make the biggest budget films of the era. His ‘Aan’ (Hindi-Urdu, 1953), was the first Indian film to be printed in the extremely expensive Technicolor.(Aan was shot in 16 mm and later blown up to 35 mm.) Khan followed it up with the 172-minute, 'Color by Technicolor,' multi-star blockbuster ‘Mother India’ (Hindi-Urdu,1957). Therefore, it was only logical that his next film, ‘Son of India’ (Hindi-Urdu,1962) would marry the two pricey technologies to become India’s fourth widescreen film and the first in 'Print by Technicolor.' However, ‘Son of India’ was another arthouse film and, uncharacteristically for a Mehboob Khan opus, featured only unknown actors. Once again widescreen failed to draw audiences. The Indian film industry gave widescreen one last chance. ‘Leader’ (1964) featured the biggest star of the era, was shot in Eastmancolor and was a mega-budget entertainer. However, the jinx surrounding widescreen (renamed Filmalayascope for this film) continued. (Son of India's credits only inform us that the film is in 'Scope' and Leader's that it is in Filmalayascope. This suggests that both films might have used one of CinemaScope's unbranded substitutes. CinemaScope is a brand name owned by 20th Century Fox.) If ‘Son of India’ was Mehboob Khan’s first disaster (and the last film that he ever made), ‘Leader’ was the first of a series of flops for the thitherto hyper-successful Dilip Kumar. (Incidentally, the failure of ‘Kaagaz Ke Phool’ had shattered its director Guru Dutt.) Indian cinema gave up on CinemaScope—for the rest of the decade. The 1970s: Hindi-Urdu cinema Then, in 1972, came Kamal Amrohi's ‘Pakeezah’(Hindi-Urdu), which was the second biggest grosser of the year and the first Indian CinemaScope film to make money. However, its mega success was attributed to other factors and CinemaScope continued to have no takers in Hindi-Urdu cinema. (Amrohi had always been something of an innovator. He made the offbeat Daera (1953)in which the lead pair do not so much as meet till the film's last sequence. Such lack of romance was unthinkable in Indian cinema till the 21st century. Thus, only Amrohi could have had the nerve to revive CinemaScope when the Moguls of the Indian film industry had banished it.) Other Indian cinemas Raja Raja Cholan (Tamil) Allavidheenum Arputha Vilakkum (Tamil/ Malayalam) India’s Tamil and Telugu film industries are, on some counts, as big as the commercially better-known Hindi-Urdu cinema. Like their counterparts in Bombay (now Mumbai) they make big-budget entertainers. Filmmakers in Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh were more impressed by the success of ‘Pakeezah’ and it was in South India that CinemaScope ultimately struck roots. Tamil The historical epic, Raja Raja Cholan (1973) was the first CinemaScope film in Tamil, in South India and, indeed, in any Indian language other than Hindi-Urdu. Producer: G. Umapathy/ Anand Theatres , Chennai; Director: A. P. Nagarajan; Music: Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan; Cinematography: W.R. Subba Rao. The film had a huge, super-A list star cast: Sivaji Ganesan, R. Muthuraman, Sivakumar, M.N.Nambiar, Lakshmi, Manorama,Vijayakumari,S. Varalakshmi. It also featured the singing stars T. R. Mahalingam and Sirkazhi Govindarajan. And yet, the jinx surrounding CinemaScope in India throttled Raja Raja Cholan as well. The film tanked. As had happened in Hindi-Urdu cinema, this failure deterred Tamil filmmakers from making another CinemaScope film for many years. Cinematographer Ramachandra Babu feels that his Allavidheenum Arputha Vilakkum (Tamil and Malayalam/ 1979/ Dir: I.V.Sasi) was the next Tamil film in CinemaScope. This was a magic- and fantasy-filled period costume drama. Other Indian cinemas However, the success of Sholay (70mm) had created a huge market for the widescreen format in other Indian cinemas. The freedom struggle blockbuster ‘Alluri Seetharama Raju’ (1974) the first CinemaScope film in Telugu , 'Sonbai ni Chundadi' (1976, dir Girish Manukant) the first in Gujarati, ‘Sose Thanda Soubhagya’ (1977) the first in Kannada , ‘Thacholi Ambu’ (1978) the first in Malayalam, ‘Hisab Nikas’ (1982, d Prashanta Nanda)the first in Odiya and 'Jeevan Surabhi' (1984/ dir: Naresh Kumar) the first in Assamese. Vairi-Jatt (1985) is arguably India’s first Punjabi language film in CinemaScope; Jaspal Bhatti’s Mahaul Theek Hai (1999) claims to be the first CinemaScope comedy in Punjabi (India). The first CinemaScope film to be made in Marathi was Dhadakebaaz (1990) by Mahesh Kothare. Hal Ta Bhaji Haloon was perhaps India’s first colour and CinemaScope Sindhi film. By the late 1970s the majority of big-budget Tamil and Telugu films, and many in Kannada, were being made in CinemaScope. Hindi-Urdu cinema, which had started the trend, was slow to catch on this time around.This started changing with the success of ‘Dulhan Wahi Jo Piya Man Bhaaye’ (Hindi-Urdu, 1977) a low budget CinemaScope film that was the 8th biggest hit of the year. By the mid 1980s all big-budget films in India, and by the early 1990s all Indian films (and most South Asian films) irrespective of language, genre or budget, were being made in CinemaScope. CinemaScope films in Bangladesh and Pakistan This could be a rare surviving frame from Bahana, Pakistan’s first CinemaScope film. Mala is said to have been in colour and CinemaScope. However, all sequences from the film available on YouTube, in Bengali or Urdu (Poorbi, as it was then called), are in B&W. East Pakistan is credited with the two major film-technology firsts of Pakistan (and, therefore, Bangladesh). Not only was East Pakistan (the present Bangladesh) more populous than the then undivided nation’s western wing, almost everyone in the East spoke Bengali, giving it a market several times as big as West Pakistan's. West Pakistan (the present Pakistan), on the other hand, was divided into four major languages, with a fifth, Urdu, enjoying importance disproportionate to the number of its speakers. Urdu was the official language, the language that linked the five linguistic groups of undivided Pakistan and the language (wrongly) considered more sophisticated and suitable-for-literature than the other languages of at least West Pakistan. Zahir Raihan (1935-c.1972) was an unlikely pioneer of Pakistan’s Urdu cinema. Not only was he a Bengali, he graduated with BA (Honours) in Bangla (Bengali) from the University of Dacca (now Dhaka). On the 21st February 1952 he was one of ten students who defied the ban on the now-historic Language Movement—which had since 1948 been demanding that Bangla be made one of the state languages of Pakistan. Many youths were killed on that fateful day. Zahir was sent to jail. And yet when Zahir made Pakistan’s first colour film Sangam(April 23, 1964), and also its first CinemaScope film Bahana (1965/ black & white), both were in Urdu. (The Indian magnum opus Sangam, in the making since 1962, was released a few weeks after its Pakistani namesake.) Mala (Bengali/ 1965), also produced in erstwhile East Pakistan (by Dosani and Mustafiz), was the first film made in CinemaScope and colour in undivided Pakistan (and, thus, Bangladesh). Released on Dec 3, it was directed by Mustafiz and produced by him and Dossani Its music was by Ataur Rahman and starred Sultana, Azeem, Irfan and Khalil. Lakkha (September 22, 1978) was the first CinemaScope film in Pakistan’s most widely spoken language, Punjabi. By then almost all Pakistani films were being shot in colour. Syed Kamran Haider’s Zero Point (2012) was the first Sairaiki film in CinemaScope and Dolby Stereo. Yousaf Khan Sher Bano (1970/ 71; writer: Ali Hyder Joshi; director: Aziz Shamim)) was the first Pashto film. Today most Pashto films are released in CinemaScope. CinemaScope films in Nepal If this frame is indeed from the credit tiles of Paral ko Aago then this was Nepal's first CinemaScope film Which was Nepal's first CinemaScope film? Wiki.answers gives this honour to Paral ko Aago (1978), a black and white film directed by Pratap Subba. However, all three songs from the film available on YouTube are in the normal 3:4 format of 35mm, and not in CinemaScope. Shop.muncha on the other hand says that Bishnu Gopal Shrestha's Ranko (colour) was the First Nepali CinemaScope Movie. We checked out the lone song from this film available on YouTube. It, too, is in the normal 3:4 format of 35mm, and not in CinemaScope. One single image, which seems to be from the credit tiles of Paral ko Aago, suggests that the film might indeed have been Nepal’s first in CinemaScope. If readers have more authentic information could they please send it to our Facebook page Indpaedia.com CinemaScope films in Sri Lanka Thaththi in Welikathara The only video available on YouTube is in the normal 4:3 format, not CinemaScope. Dr. Diego Badaturuge Nihalsinghe brought CinemaScope to Sri Lanka through Ketikathava, a short film. In 1971 he made Welikathara , the country’s first 35mm CinemaScope feature film See also	i don't know
"In the nursery rhyme 'Who Killed Cock Robin', ""Who saw him die?""?"	Who Killed Cock Robin? 'I' said the sparrow, 'with my little bow and arrow, I killed Cock-Robin'. 'I' said the fly, 'with my little eye, I saw him die'. 'I' said the owl, 'with my spade and trowel, I'll dig his grave'. 'I' said the rook, 'with my little book, I'll be the parson'. And all the birds of the air, Fell sighing and a sobbin' When they heard the bell toll for poor Cock-Robin. Who will be chief mourner? 'I' said the dove, 'for I mourn my love, I'll be chief mourner'. Who will sing the psalm? 'I' said the thrush, 'as I sit in a bush, I'll sing the psalm'. Who will carry the coffin? 'I' said the kite, 'if it's not in the night, I'll carry the coffin'. 'I' said the bull, 'because I can pull, I'll toll the bell'. For all the birds of the air, Fell sighing and a sobbin' When they heard the bell toll for poor Cock-Robin. Music by Ian Watts	i said fly with my little eye
Attributed to Saint Piran, the flag of which English county is a white cross on a black field?	Who Killed Cock Robin? 'I' said the sparrow, 'with my little bow and arrow, I killed Cock-Robin'. 'I' said the fly, 'with my little eye, I saw him die'. 'I' said the owl, 'with my spade and trowel, I'll dig his grave'. 'I' said the rook, 'with my little book, I'll be the parson'. And all the birds of the air, Fell sighing and a sobbin' When they heard the bell toll for poor Cock-Robin. Who will be chief mourner? 'I' said the dove, 'for I mourn my love, I'll be chief mourner'. Who will sing the psalm? 'I' said the thrush, 'as I sit in a bush, I'll sing the psalm'. Who will carry the coffin? 'I' said the kite, 'if it's not in the night, I'll carry the coffin'. 'I' said the bull, 'because I can pull, I'll toll the bell'. For all the birds of the air, Fell sighing and a sobbin' When they heard the bell toll for poor Cock-Robin. Music by Ian Watts	i don't know
Which temple is depicted on the flag of Cambodia?	Cambodian Flag History This page is part of © FOTW Flags Of The World website Cambodian Flag History Bibliography on Cambodian flags Flag History This presentation is mainly based on an article in Flag Bulletin [tfb] (No. 133, p. 3-15; title: "New flags - State of Cambodia"; author: presumably Whitney Smith [smi90] ). Further sources: Flaggenbuch [neu39] , Die Zeichen der Menschen und V�lker: Unsere Welt in Fahnen und Flaggen and Lexikon Flaggen und Wappen [smi75d] . Especially difficult are, of course, the political circumstances leading to the fact, that at certain times (at least) three flags of different governments and counter-governments had been used to represent Cambodia. Marcus Schm�ger, 9 November, 2001 Flag during French Protectorate, 1863-1948 image by P. Mattew, adapted by Marcus Schm�ger ca. 1863-1948 (Kingdom of Cambodia under French protection): The first Cambodian flag probably came into existence around 1863 and was used, with only variations, until 1948. It was a red field with a blue border and a white representation of Angkor Wat in the center. The image is based on the image in Flaggenbuch; a different variant is shown in the Flag Bulletin article: the Angkor Wat is drawn like in the current flag. Marcus Schm�ger, 9 November, 2001 Kingdom of Cambodia, 1948-1970 image by P. Mattew and Eugene Ipavec, 8 October 1996 On 20 October 1948 a new flag was adopted, namely a horizontal triband (1+2+1) of blue, red and blue with the Angkor Wat in white in the centre. The Angkor Wat is usually shown outlined in red (Flags Through the Ages and Across the World). This is basically the flag in use again now. This flag was used until Norodom Sihanouk was overthrown in 1970. However, it was used after that in exile and in parts of the country under the control of Sihanouk troops. According to the Flag Bulletin article it also appeared for a short time again at the UN headquarters from about April 1975 to January 1976. It was reestablished in Cambodia itself 30 June 1993. Marcus Schm�ger, 9 November, 2001 Khmer Republic, 1970-1975 image by P. Mathew, adapted by Marcus Schm�ger Lon Nol overthrew Sihanouk in 1970 and on 9 October 1970 a new flag was introduced. It showed a blue field with a red canton; in the canton a white representation of Angkor Wat (three towers), in the upper fly corner three white stars. This flag was used until April 1975. Obviously this had not been used afterwards in exile or by anti-government forces. In April 1975 the Khmer Rouge forces had established control of most of Cambodia, including the capital Phnom Penh. For a while Norodom Sihanouk acted as a puppet head-of-state of the "Democratic Kampuchea". At least at the UN the 1948-1970 flag was reestablished until January 1976. Inside the country plain red flags seem to have been used (according to Flag Bulletin article). Marcus Schm�ger, 9 November, 2001 Democratic Kampuchea, 1975-1979 image by Željko Heimer In January 1976 the new constitution of "Democratic Kampuchea" established a new flag. It was a red field with a three-towered yellow representation of Angkor Wat; however, this was much stylized and only called "monument", not "Angkor Wat" in the constitution. This flag was used until January 1979, when the Khmer Rouge government was deposed. However, it continued to be in use in the parts of the country, where Khmer Rouge forces waved a guerilla war against the government. Furthermore, as the "Democratic Kampuchea" government was the internationally recognized government, it was also used abroad, e.g. at UN headquarters, until 1991. It is unclear to me, however, when this flag had been used for the first time. It was definitely not a new invention in 1976, but had been used previously by the Khmer Rouge. It was used in Germany during demonstrations against the war in Vietnam and Cambodia (17 March 1973 and 29 April 1973). The demonstrators were members of the Maoist KPD, that also displayed Pathet Lao and Vietcong flags (Rote Fahne Vol. 4, iss. 12, p. 1 and vol. 4, iss. 18, p. 3). Marcus Schm�ger, 9 November, 2001 People's Republic of Kampuchea, 1979-1989 image by Marcus Schm�ger In December 1978 a Khmer Rouge dissident faction (under Heng Samrin and Hun Sen) invaded Cambodia together with Vietnamese troops, and deposed the Khmer Rouge government in Phnom Penh in January 1979. The new People's Republic of Kampuchea introduced a flag based on the 1976-1979 flag, but having five towers instead of three. This flag was used until 1989 in the country, but was not recognized internationally (e.g. at the UN). Marcus Schm�ger, 9 November, 2001 State of Cambodia, 1989-1991 image by Marcus Schm�ger On 1 May 1989 a new flag was introduced, together with an alteration of the name to "State of Cambodia" and a new constitution. The new flag was a bicolour of red over blue, showing a yellow representation of Angkor Wat (five towers) in the centre; the flag Bulletin article and [heh90] show the Angkor Wat very detailed (similar to the 1948-1970 flag) and not stylized as in the 1979-1989 flag. The stylized version might have been in existence, though. Marcus Schm�ger, 9 November, 2001 1991-1993 (UN administration) image by Mario Fabretto, 25 July 1996 Under the UN administration (UNTAC = United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia) Cambodia used a UN blue flag with a white map of the country in the centre (and the blue inscription of the country's name). However, I'm not sure when this flag was introduced. The claim that it was from 24 June 1991 seems a bit early to me. The most important steps to peace in Cambodia happened only in October 1991 (peace treaty in Paris; decision of UN security council to send UN peace forces). Marcus Schm�ger, 9 November, 2001 Kingdom of Cambodia, 1993- image by P. Matthew and Eugene Ipavec, 8 October 1996 On 30 June 1993 the old 1948-1970 flag has been reestablished as the flag of Cambodia. However, obviously the Angkor Wat is now usually outlined black, not red. Marcus Schm�ger, 9 November, 2001 Additional Information I have only two comments: 1. The exile government of Democratic Kampuchea changed its flag from the Khmer Rouge one to the royal flag (Blue-Red-Blue, White Angkor Wat with 3 towers) in 1990 (spring? I'm not sure as concerns the date). 2. The flag of the State of Cambodia (Red-Blue, Yellow Angkor Vat with 5 towers) was used in 1991-1993 period as well, together with the UN administration flag. During the first visit of Norodom Sihanouk to Phnom Penh, both flags were visible. Jan Zrzavy, 9 November 2001 The first protection treaty was signed on 11 August 1863. A second treaty, more drastic, was signed on 17 June 1884. There was an uprising in 1885, and administrative and financial reforms were implemented in 1904. The territory of Cambodia was enlarged in 1904 (provinces of Meloupre and Tonle-Repou) and 1907 (provinces of Siemreap, Battambang, and Sisophon). These provinces were given back by the kingdom of Siam , whose expansionism in Cambodia had given a 'legitimate' motive to France for establishing the protection regime. In the early 30's, the area of Cambodia was 175.000 sq.. km. The country was inhabited by 2.402.000 Cambodians and 1.270 French. The kingdom was divided into 14 provinces, each of them being administrated by a French resident. Cambodia was part of Union Indochinoise , the Gouvernement G�n�ral of Indochina established by decree of 17 October 1887. The powers of the Gouverneur G�n�ral were prescribed by the decree of 20 October 1911. Other members of the Union were the colony of Cochinchina , the protectorates of Annam , Laos and Tonkin, and the territory of Kouang-tcheou-wan (Guangzhouwan). Source: Grand Larousse Illustr� du XXe si�cle (1932). The flag shown in the same source is close to the flag shown in Flaggenbuch, but with a black border and a smaller temple, whose design is more stylized (the image is small, so several details might have been simplified or deleted). After Second World War, French Indochina was administrated by a High-Commissioner and progressively dissolved (1946-1954). Cambodia received limited independence on 8 November 1947. Its complete independence, signed on 9 July 1953, was confirmed by the Geneva agreements (July 1954), which ended the French presence in Indochina. Cambodia was member of Union Francaise but left it in 1955. Ivan Sache, 9 November 2001 Jaume Oll� has written me saying this was the flag adopted by Cambodia on 1st May 1989, as a result of the new Constitution approved 29th-30th April 1989 by the National Assembly. The flag was based on that of the FUNSK (the pro-Vietnamese guerrilla) and on that of the Vietcong (identical to that of the 1973-1975 Republic of South Vietnam ). Santiago Dotor, 8 November 2001 Flags depicted as used in the Cambodian Civil War (1978-1982) In December 1978 a Khmer Rouge dissident faction (under Heng Samrin After the alleys of the USA (Gen. Lon Nol) had been defeated, the effective rule of the Khmer Rouge movement began in 1975. Meanwhile the Vietnamese neighbours tried to re-establish Indochina under their own leadership. The installed special relations with Laos and tried to do the same with Cambodia. Cambodian government under Pol Pot and his Khmer Rouge however refused and Vietnam was told, that �normal relations� would be sufficient. This answer was considered to be an offensive and so in 1978 Cambodia suffered under a new civil war. Heng Samrin had established the �Kampuchean National United Front for National Salvation� (KNUFNS) and invaded the country, supported by Vietnamese troops. Heng was said having been a high cadre of Khmer Rouge itself and having been secretary of the XX.District. But no one knew exactly. Playing this game, Pol was backed by the Peoples Republic of China , the KNUFNS by Soviet-Russia . Having expelled the US both communist powers tried to strengthen their own influence. Though having committed serious crimes, the government of Pol (CM: Khieu Samphan) remained being recognized by the UN as the �official representative of the people of Cambodia�. The Khmer Rouge never had been defeated totally but they joined a coalition under Prince Sihanouk on 22 June 1982. Both factions used red flags with a yellow of the temple of Angkor in its centre The Khmer-rouge government of "Democratic Kampuchea" used a variant with three towers, the KNUFSN with five towers, both obviously inspired by the flags of Peoples Republic of China and the Soviet-Union. Kampuchean National United Front for National Salvation (KNUFNS) image by Klaus-Michael Schneider, 14 August 2008 A red flag with five yellow towers in its centre of different height. The central tower is the longest. Source: Its difficult to give source here. Fischer Weltalmanach, a German annual, mentions in its 1983 edition (which is usually completed in September of the previous year) in column 377, the first time a description of the KNUFNS-flag. The description is �a red field with a 5-towered yellow temple (Angkor)�. That is not the same like �5 towers�. My images point out a distinction of the 3-tower-flag with basement and the 5-tower-flag without basement. I probably redrew both flags from an image. It might be possible, that I used the depiction from Hvam? Hvar? Hvad? (is probably What? Who? When?), a Norwegian annual edited by a newspaper, which had a new flag chart every year. Another contradiction is shown as the image was captioned �SR Kambodscha� for �socialist republic�. But there has never been any �socialist republic� but only a �peoples republic� instead.	Angkor Wat
Percy Bysshe Shelley, Brian Jones and Emperor ‘Barbarossa’ all died in what manner?	The Temples of Cambodia - Arts And Culture - TravelChannel.com The Temples of Cambodia Cambodia Asia Pacific Arts and Culture Angkor is a region in Cambodia that served as the seat of the Khmer Empire, the largest empire of Southeast Asia that flourished between the 9th and 15th centuries. This ancient and revered Cambodian province is home to astonishing and enduring architectural evidence of the Khmer Empire's Hindu and Mahayana Buddhist beliefs; the temples of Angkor are awe-inspiring reminders of what was the largest preindustrial urban center in the world, larger than modern day New York. Angkor Wat While there are over 100 stone temples scattered throughout the Angkor region, the 5 listed here are the definite must-sees. Unquestionably topping this list is the temple at Angkor Wat, built by Suryavaram II to honor the Hindu god Vishnu. The enormous temple consists of 5 concentric rectangular walls and moats, symbolizing a cosmic chain of mountains and ocean. Angkor Wat is the best-preserved temple in Angkor; it appears on the country's national flag and is the prime attraction for tourists. The construction of Angkor Wat lasted at least 37 years. The main tower of the central temple represents the mountain Meru, the center of the Hindu and Buddhist universe. When touring Angkor Wat and the surrounding temples and religious monuments, it's also possible to visit nearby Siem Reap, a small colonial town just north of Southeast Asia's largest lake, Tonle Sap. If you'd like to stay a day or 2 to bask in the Angkor's spiritual sanctity, Siem Reap has many hotels offering reasonable prices. Banteay Srei Banteay Srei, or the Temple of Women, has been called a jewel of Khmer art. Its great reliefs depict many mythological Hindu events including the duel between the monkey princes, Bali and Sugreeva; Narasimha's slaying of the demon Hiranyakasipu; and the burning of Khandava Forest. Banteay Srei is unique among Angkor's noble temples because it was built by a wealthy courtier and scholar who served as an advisor to the Cambodian king, and not the monarch himself. Banteay Srei was dedicated to the Hindu god, Siva in 967; the temple is therefore considerably older than the other Angkor sites. The grounds, buildings and layout at Banteay Srei are small, contrasting with the monumental scale of Angkor Wat and Angkor Thom. While the buildings may be compact, they don't feel crowded, and the structural layout enhances the narrative relief carvings covering Banteay Srei's red sandstone walls and passageways. Preah Khan Preah Khan is another of King Jayavarman's creations and an inscription on the temple suggests he built it on the site where he defeated invaders from Champa, a region that is now Southern Vietnam. The successive rectangular galleries surrounding the Buddhist sanctuary have largely been left untouched. This large complex not only functioned as a monastic house of worship, it was also a university including elements of Buddhist, Vaishnava and Shaiva worship. When visiting this hallowed ground, make sure to explore the Prasat Preah Stung, a central tower with 4 ornate Bayon-like carvings. Once inside, meander through the galleries and 2 libraries. This is another Angkor site you can explore while staying in Siem Reap. The Preah Khan hotel takes its name from the site and offers guests modern luxuries near this enduring cultural landmark. Ta Prohm The Khmer monarch completed the construction of this royal monastery in the 12th century and dedicated the grounds both to his mother and the goddess of wisdom, Prajnaparamita. The central stone pillar, called a foundational stele, chronicles the dedication and urges successors to protect the revered site. The location of the temple, set amidst the lush Cambodian jungle, makes it extremely popular for tourists. Ta Prohm was home to more than 12,500 people, and the temple served as a place of worship for thousands of souls in surrounding villages. Now this peaceful town stands as a reminder of Cambodia's early spirituality and religious beliefs. Bayon Another of Angkor's sacred temple sites is Bayon is a walled capital city known especially for its jungle of face towers. These towers bear massive stone carvings depicting the face of the king and a message of spiritual worship. This is a place where the teachings of Hinduism and Buddhism exist in a unique spiritual balance, most visibly evident in the massive stone faces carved into Bayon's many towers. To explore these sacred Cambodian sites, it's possible to book a temple tour . History and spirituality combine in this ancient land where mythology and religion share the same stone face, and cultural customs wait to be discovered at every turn. The Hot List	i don't know
In which English city would you find The Mathematical Bridge?	Myths but fun - Mathematical Bridge, Cambridge Traveller Reviews - TripAdvisor Reviewed 1 January 2016 via mobile It is fascinating to see the unique arrangement of straight pieces of wood makes this twelve metre long bridge appear arched. Myth has it that the structure had no bolts to hold the wood together. They were clearly visible at the time of this review. It's a lovely sight to behold when in a punt getting under the bridge along river Cam, then it becomes clearer as you approach the bridge that they are actually straight pieces of wood rather than an arch. All in all, it's preservation contributes to the rich heritage of Cambridge that you wouldn't find anywhere else. Visited January 2016	Cambridge
Chennai is the capital and chief city of which Indian state?	The Mathematical Bridge - YouTube The Mathematical Bridge Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Dec 6, 2009 James May standing on the Mathematical Bridge! This model of the wooden bridge over the River Cam in Cambridge was built by Chris Warrell. Subscribe to our YouTube channel to see models built by London's Meccano enthusiasts, plus occasional coverage of Meccano events elsewhere in the UK. YOUTUBE	i don't know
In which European capital city is the Amalienborg Palace the main royal residence?	Amalienborg Palace in Copenhagen, \| Expedia Amalienborg Palace Amalienborg Palace, current page Previous image, 12 total items. Next image, 12 total items. Amalienborg Palace See the changing of the guard or peek inside two of the four identical estates where the Danish Royal family officially resides. A trip to Amalienborg Palace is a must for those who are curious to see how the Danish royals live. Enjoy the chance to see the interior of the grand palace and browse the museum to learn the history of the successive kings and Denmark’s first queen. Kids will likely be impressed by the daily ceremony for the changing of the guard. Amalienborg was never intended to become the home of the royal family. When construction began in 1750, the complex was designed to be the home of nobles. A fire at the royal palace forced the royal family out and Amalienborg was purchased. The four palaces have been the main residence of the queen of Denmark, Margrethe II, for over 40 years. While in Copenhagen, you will regularly see the Danish Royal Guard marching through the city streets. Each morning they make their way from Rosenborg Castle to perform the changing of the guard here. Arrive early to get the best spot, or find a café en route to relax and watch the guards pass by. Enjoy the sounds of the Royal Guards’ band accompanying the change while the queen is in residence. Look for the large statue of King Frederick V between the four identical palaces. It is said to be one of the most notable examples of equestrian statues in the world. The buildings are fine examples of Danish rococo architecture. Two are open to the public: Christian VIII’s palace houses a royal museum, while Christian VII’s palace is used for receiving dignitaries. Visit the palace museum to see historic artifacts, paintings and documents. Almost 400 years of royal history is documented. Take advantage of this rare opportunity to see the inside of an active royal residence. Walk between the rooms of the palace as you admire the ornate interior architecture. Amalienborg Palace is located near the waterfront north of the center of Copenhagen and is best reached on foot or by bike. It is closed Mondays during the winter months; however, the changing of the guard takes place daily without fail. An admission fee applies. Explore More of Copenhagen	Copenhagen
"Which Elton John hit of 1972 contains the line: ""I miss the Earth so much, I miss my wife""?"	Historical Landmarks in Copenhagen, Denmark \| Trails.com Historical Landmarks in Copenhagen, Denmark Tweet When you are looking for some historic landmarks in Copenhagen, Denmark, there are several locations that can provide you with some interesting examples of Danish culture. There are also many outdoor adventures like sailing in the harbor or walking tours of the landmarks that you can enjoy during your visit to the capital city. Amalienborg Palace - Copenhagen The main residence of the Royal Family since 1794, the Amalienborg Palace is a complex of four separate palaces named after Queen Sophie Amalie who lived from 1628 to 1685. The palaces were built on an octagonal square with an equestrian statue of King Frederik V, the ruler from 1723 to 1766 in the center. King Frederik was also the designer and builder of the area of Copenhagen where the Palace sits, originally known as Frederiksstad. The Amalienborg Palace features a rococo interior decor with classical exterior facades surrounded by the Danish gardens overlooking the harbor leading to the Baltic Sea. The guided tour of the Amalienborg Palace will take you through areas of the castle where you will see the Study of King Christian IX, royal possessions in the museum area as well as the furnishings of the Royal Castle. Amalienborg Palace - Copenhagen 011 (+45) 03 392 6451 copenhagenet.dk/CPH-Amalienborg.htm The Little Mermaid Denmark Visit one of the most popular tourist attractions in Copenhagen when you tour the Little Mermaid Statue. Set up on a rock near the Copenhagen Bay, the Little Mermaid Statue was designed after the fairy tale character in Hans Christian Andersons' book the Little Mermaid, written in 1837. Known as a National Symbol of Denmark, the statue receives millions of visitors every year and is responsible for numerous sales of souvenirs as well. The Statue of the Little Mermaid is made of bronze and stands 1.6 m high. It was given to the city of Copenhagen by its sculptor, Carl Jacobsen in 1913. The Little Mermaid Statue is located 10 minutes from the Copenhagen Pier on the Langelinie. The Little Mermaid Denmark denmarkfacts.com/the_little_mermaid_denmark.html Tivoli Gardens Opened in 1843 in the heart of Copenhagen, Tivoli Gardens has been a favorite location for locals and visitors alike. Featuring a Concert Hall, the Pantomime Theatre, an Open Air Stage and Tivoli Lake all surrounded by acres of flowers and plants as well as the Tivoli Aquarium with hundreds of exotic fish. Tivoli Gardens also features adventure rides for children and adults and is illuminated by thousands of lamps during the summer and about two million lights at Christmas time. The Gardens are open every day and there are also several places inside the park where you can get something to eat. There are fast food places, casual restaurants, several bars and lounges and even some fine dining locations like The Paul, which has an International menu. Tivoli Gardens	i don't know
Hold Me Close and Gonna Make You a Star were UK No1 singles for which singer?	Follow David on @DavidEssexNews Biography DAVID ESSEX enjoys a remarkable career that has combined concerts, records, theatre, composing, films and television with striking success. He has written, reco...rded and produced albums and singles that have sold millions of copies worldwide - twenty-three Top 30 singles in Britain alone. David went to an audition for the London production of the musical “Godspell” and was chosen by enthusiastic US producers for the role of Jesus - which shot him to fame. For this show he received two major awards and some ecstatic reviews. Harold Hobson of “The Sunday Times” compared his performance with the Christs of El Greco and Rubens and declared it “the best in London”. At the Roundhouse, and for two years in the West End at Wyndham’s, David led a cast among who were Jeremy Irons, Julie Covington and Marti Webb. Movie producer David Puttnam saw him in “Godspell” and asked him to play the lead in “That’ll Be The Day”, co-starring Ringo Starr, and its sequel “Stardust”, co-starring Larry Hagman and Adam Faith. These two films about the rise and fall of pop star Jim Maclaine are still among the most acclaimed about the rock scene and enjoy a wide cult following. They have recently been issued as a double bill on Warner Home Video. For “Godspell” David won the Variety Club of Great Britain’s “most promising newcomer” award and was nominated by S.O.F.T.A. for the movie “That’ll Be The Day”. While filming “That’ll Be The Day” David wrote and recorded “Rock On” which topped the charts in Britain and the USA. David wrote and recorded some very successful singles and albums for CBS Records, including “All The Fun of the Fair”. On his first tour of Britain for top promoter Mel Bush, who is now also his manager, mayhem broke loose and David achieved a huge fan following which has never deserted him. “Rock On” was followed by such diverse hits as “Lamplight”, “Hold Me Close” and “Gonna Make You A Star”. The last two went to No.1 in Britain. Throughout the UK crowd scenes for his concerts resembled Beatlemania. David’s picture was on posters in households everywhere. In many cities he stopped the traffic when he appeared. In the USA he was nominated for a Grammy award for “Rock-On”. At an awards ceremony attended by John Lennon, Paul Simon and Aretha Franklin, David joined Sarah Vaughan to sing a tribute and present an award to jazz giant Woody Herman. John Lennon told David how much he liked “Rock On” which sold a million in the USA and went Gold. Feted by American TV and radio, guest of chat show hosts such as Johnny Carson, Dinah Shore and Merv Griffin, David turned down several huge offers in Los Angeles as they could have kept him there for up to seven years. Homesick, he returned to Britain and did many T.V.’s including his own series for the BBC and many “Top of the Pops”. He went on to produce several albums including “Imperial Wizard” and later “Stage Struck” and “Touching The Ghost”. Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice then asked David to play Che in the musical “Evita”. Directed by giant Broadway producer Hal Prince (“West Side Story”), it was the hit of the season. David recorded “Oh What A Circus” on Phonogram - his new record company - and enjoyed a No.3 hit. The theatre was his oyster again. In Los Angeles to record Jeff Wayne’s musical version of H.G. Wells’ “War Of The Worlds” with Richard Burton, who always encouraged him in legit acting, David saw a play in Greenwich Village which appealed to him. It was “Childe Byron”, dealing with the life of Lord Byron. He asked Frank Dunlop to direct this at the Young Vic and it enjoyed success, showing him to be an ambitious straight actor. He starred in and wrote the score for his next movie, “Silver Dream Racer”. It co-starred Americans Beau Bridges and Cristina Raines and was a love triangle with a motorcycle racing backdrop. David, in his element on motorbikes, topped the charts with “Silver Dream Machine”. A new departure came when David wrote, with the National Theatre’s Richard Crane, his own musical, “Mutiny!” with Frank Finlay as Captain Bligh to his Fletcher Christian. It was first a concept album and had chart success. Then it ran at the Piccadilly Theatre, London, for sixteen months. “Tahiti” - No 7 - was one of three hit singles. The show was nominated for “Best Musical” in the Ivor Novello awards. On the pop scene Tim Rice and Mike Batt wrote “A Winter’s Tale” especially for David and this shot up to No.2 in the charts, with many TV appearances. Back in movies, David appeared in a Japanese medieval action film with Toshiro Mifune, John Rhys-Davies and Sho Kosugi, “Shogun Mayeda” (renamed Shogun Warrior for English T.V. audiences). He played a swashbuckling villain Don Pedro, a Spanish Duke. Early in 1993 Sir Peter Hall, long an admirer, invited David to play Tony Lumpkin in a production of Oliver Goldsmith’s classic “She Stoops To Conquer”. Delighted to be working with Sir Peter, David appeared with Donald Sinden and Miriam Margolyes on tour and at the Queen’s Theatre for seven months. Sir Peter plans to do another production with David when time permits for both of them. A 53 date tour in the Autumn of 1994 coincided with a new Polygram album “Back to Back”, produced by Jeff Wayne. David’s albums on Polygram “David Essex - His Greatest Hits” (1992) and “Cover Shot” (1993) both went Gold. David enjoyed working on a ballet score (a version of “Beauty and the Beast” with book by David Wood) for the Russian All Stars Company, an international ice skating ensemble, which was staged in 1995/1996. This proved a delightful entertainment much enjoyed by the public. A very exciting night on 5th December 1995. The premiere of the ice-skating ballet “Beauty & The Beast” took place at the Royal Albert Hall - a gala charity performance in aid of Elton John’s Aids Foundation. David, as composer, took his bow at the end of the performance, a red carpet was rolled onto the ice and Michael Aspel walked on the “arrest” for “This Is Your Life”! In November 1995 his album “Missing You” was released by Polygram T.V. - this went gold in early 1996. Concurrently an album in the U.S.A. “Living In England” released on the Cleveland International label. March 1996 saw the beginning of a long UK tour which ended in May with two performances at the Odeon, Leicester Square, the first time this prestigious venue has housed a rock concert. The album “A Night At The Movies” which was produced by Mike Batt with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra and released by Phonogram in April 1997 went to number 14 in the charts. He continues his close association with the Aid Organisation Voluntary Service Overseas as a Council Member. During his long stint as their Ambassador he recorded an LP “Under Different Skies” for their world music fund and spent time in Zimbabwe, two months in Uganda conducting a music and drama workshop for student teachers and visited Malawi in June 1995 to make a film of the volunteer projects there. He returned to Africa in April 1996, this time for Comic Relief who took a team of celebrities to play football with local teams. The team included David Baddiel, Frank Skinner, Nick Hancock, Angus Deayton and “Casualty’s” Patrick Robinson - three half-hour TV programmes were filmed and were shown in March 1997 at the beginning of Comic Relief week. He has also become patron of the Gypsy Council which aims to improve conditions for Gypsies and Travellers in Britain. He narrated and appeared in a video of Gypsy life and traditions early in 1999 – this is to be sold to aid their cause. 1998 was an exciting year - it marked 25 years since David’s first number one hit “Rock On” and was celebrated by a double tour – Spring and Autumn. A Polygram TV double album called “The Very Best Of David Essex” was released in May and an album of new David Essex songs called “Here We Are All Together” was released in October. Produced by Ian Wherry “Here We Are All Together” marked a swing away from the recent big orchestral albums and back to a more band orientated style - 25 years after the first No.1. 1999 began in great style – David was awarded an OBE in recognition of his services to charity, especially to VSO. His investiture took place in February at Buckingham Palace and the OBE was presented by the Queen. He found this a very interesting and moving occasion. For the first time a collection of David’s videos, appropriately called ‘David Essex A Video Collection’ was released in February of this year. David spent most of 1998 writing the songs for his new album “I Still Believe”, which was released prior to his 54 date UK tour in the Autumn. 2000 – In April David went to Australia to star in ‘Tim Rice’s Musical Spectacular’ which visited Brisbane, Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide and Perth. He returned to the UK to record his new album – ‘Thank You’ which was released to co-incide with his 53 date UK Tour 2000. 2001- Kept David very busy writing and recording tracks for his new album released prior to his UK Tour. The album was called “Wonderful” and a few of the tracks were previewed on his Autumn 2000 tour, with great success. 2002 – On Valentine’s Day David released his live album ‘ Theatre Of Dreams’ recorded at Bournemouth during his 2001 UK Tour. This was followed by a mini-tour in March and then the release of his autobiography – A Charmed Life – 29th August, published by Orion Books – which was one of the most successful autobiographies of the year. 2002 ended with a 55 date UK tour. David released a new album, ‘Forever’, to coincide with the tour which was available from the David Essex website and of course at each venue on his Autumn Tour. 2003 – Began with a mini Spring Tour in March and then straight in to the recording studio for the new album ‘Sunset’. May 8th saw the release of the paperback of David’s highly successful Autobiography ‘A Charmed Life’. The new album ‘Sunset’ was released through the website in June. He did an extensive Autumn Tour which began at Nottingham and finished at the Bournemouth International Centre. 2004 – David recorded his last album ‘It’s Gonna Be Alright’ which is available from his web site www.davidessex.com. He starred in the new musical “Boogie Nights 2” which opened in Bromley in August 2004 and performed to packed houses around the country. David played St. Peter and it was set in the 80’s. 2005 – Boogie Nights II finished in Blackpool in October 2005 but David took time out in June and July to perform at all the UK Arenas on the ‘Once In A Lifetime Tour’ with David Cassidy, The Osmonds and Les Mckeown 2006 - Saw David returning to Wolverhampton for one week in Boogie Nights II. Also in Feb and March ‘The River’ & ‘Silver Dream Racer’ DVD’s were released and the CD ‘David Essex Greatest Hits’ went Gold,. He appeared in the hit Musical ‘Footloose’ from May to September and broke all box office records for this show. His album ‘Beautiful Day’ was released through his web site and to coincide with his 48 date tour of the UK. 2007 - David toured with The Osmonds, David Cassidy and Showaddywaddy in April on the ‘Once In A lifetime’ Tour. This was followed by a season touring in the Andrew Lloyd Webber hit musical ‘Aspects Of Love’ which opened in Newcastle in September and continued until December. From there he appeared in the Peter Pan Pantomime in Northampton as Captain Hook. David wrote and recorded his latest album ‘Happy Ever After’ which was again released through his web site. 2008 - Aspects of Love continued until March finishing at Nottingham Theatre Royal, having played in 21 towns and cities to record breaking audiences. During this time David continued to work with Jon Conway on his new Musical ‘All The Fun Of The Fair’. His UK tour started on 25th April in Plymouth and ended in Bournemouth on 21st June. On Sunday 10th August he appeared at Central Park, Dagenham along side Status Quo in a Charity Concert held in aid of Cancer Research and St Dunstan’s For the Blind. September saw the start of the ‘All The Fun Of The Fair’ Musical, which is a very exciting project David has been working on for a few years. It contains many of David’s hits and was inspired by his track ‘All The Fun Of The Fair’. The Director is Nikolai Foster who was also the Director for Aspects Of Love. It began in Bromley in September and at the moment is booking through until May 2009. On the12th September the album ’All The Fun Of The Fair’ was released by Universal Records containing all the original recordings of the tracks from the musical. 2009 - ‘All The Fun Of The Fair’ Musical’ toured the UK until May 09 playing to record breaking audiences. He then undertook a tour of the UK commencing in Norwich on the 12th Oct, ending in Bournemouth on the 29th November. A Cast Cd was released for All the Fun Of the Fair also to coincide with the tour an ‘Unplugged’ EP. 2010 – ‘All The Fun Of The Fair’ had a very successful run in the West End in the Garrick Theatre from April until September with Christopher Timothy and Louise English starring alongside David Essex. David took a short break to tour Arenas around the UK with The Osmonds, Leo Sayer and Les McKeown’s Bay City Rollers in June. 2011 - David will join Albert Square this year, playing Eddie Moon, the charismatic father of Michael and uncle to Alfie, in BBC One's EastEnders. Eddie is the head of the family and will arrive with his children in tow heralding a new era for the Moon clan. Later in the year ‘All The Fun Of The Fair’ will take to the road again, commencing in Birmingham in September. David Essex is the only artiste in the world to have achieved success in all areas of entertainment as a singer, writer, producer, director, actor in theatre, films, television, stage and recording. A unique talent who continues to break boundaries and a success story that goes on and on and on...............	David Essex
A Scottish river, an English river and a Russian river all share which name ?	UK MUSIC CHARTS, No.1 Singles 1: Al Martino - Here In My Heart - 14/11/1952. 1953 2: Jo Stafford : You Belong To Me - 16/1/1953 3: Kay Starr : Comes A-Long A-Love - 23/1/1953. 4: Eddie Fisher: Outside Of Heaven - 30/1/1953. Feb 5: Perry Como: Don't Let The Stars Get In Your Eyes - 6/2/1953 March 6: Guy Mitchell: She Wears Red Feathers - 13/3/1953 April 7: Stargazers: Broken Wings - 10/4/1953 8: Lita Roza: (How Much Is) That Doggie In The Window - 17/4/1953 9: Frankie Laine: I Believe - 24/4/1953 June 10: Eddie Fisher: I'm Walking Behind You - 26/6/1953 Aug 11: Mantovani Song: from 'The Moulin Rouge' - 14/8/1953 Sept 12: Guy Mitchell: Look At That Girl - 11/9/1953 Oct 13: Frankie Laine: Hey Joe - 23/10/1953 Nov 14: David Whitfield: Answer Me - 6/11/1953 15: Frankie Laine: Answer Me - 13/11/1953 1954 16: Eddie Calvert: Oh Mein Papa 8/1/1954 March 17: Stargazers: I See The Moon 12/3/1954. April 18: Doris Day: Secret Love 16/4/1954 19: Johnnie Ray: Such A Night 30/4/1954 July 20: David Whitfield: Cara Mia 2/7/1954 Sept 21: Kitty Kallen: Little Things Mean A Lot 10/9/1954 22: Frank Sinatra: Three Coins In The Fountain 17/9/1954 Oct 23: Don Cornell: Hold My Hand 8/10/1954 Nov 24: Vera Lynn: My Son My Son 5/11/1954 25: Rosemary Clooney: This Ole House 26/11/1954 Dec 26: Winifred Atwell: Let's Have Another Party 3/12/1954 1955 27: Dickie Valentine: Finger Of Suspicion 7/1/1955. 28: Rosemary Clooney: Mambo Italiano 14/1/1955 Feb 29: Ruby Murray: Softly, Softly 18/2/1955 March 30: Tennessee Ernie Ford: Give Me Your Word, 11/3/1955 April 31: Perez Prez Prado & His Orchestra: Cherry Pink And Apple Blossom White 29/4/1955 May 32: Tony Bennett: Stranger In Paradise 13/5/1955 33: Eddie Calvert: Cherry Pink And Apple Blossom White 27/5/1955 June 34: Jimmy Young: Unchained Melody 24/6/1955 July 35: Alma Cogan: Dreamboat 15/7/1955 36: Slim Whitman: Rose Marie 29/7/1955 Oct 37: Jimmy Young: The Man From Laramie 14/10/1955 Nov 38: Johnston Brothers: Hernando's Hideaway 11/11/1955 39: Bill Haley & His Comets: Rock Around The Clock 25/11/1955 Dec 40: Dickie Valentine: Christmas Alphabet 16/12/1955 1956 41: Tennessee Ernie Ford: Sixteen Tons 20/1/1956. Feb 42: Dean Martin: Memories Are Made Of This 17/2/1956 March 43: Dream Weavers: It's Almost Tomorrow 16/3/1956 44: Kay Starr: Rock And Roll Waltz 30/3/1956 April 45: Winifred Atwell: Poor People Of Paris 13/4/1956 May 46: Ronnie Hilton: No Other Love 4/5/1956 June 47: Pat Boone: I'll Be Home 15/6/1956 July 48: Frankie Lymon And The Teenagers - Why Do Fools Fall in Love 20/7/1956 Aug 49: Doris Day - Whatever Will Be Will Be (Que Sera, Sera) 10/8/1956 Sept 50: Anne Shelton - Lay Down Your Arms 21/9/1956 Oct 51: Frankie Laine - A Woman In Love 19/10/1956 Nov 52: Johnnie Ray - Just Walking In The Rain 16/11/1956 1957 53: Guy Mitchell.. Singing The Blues 4/1/1957 54: Tommy Steele.. Singing The Blues 11/1/1957 55: Frankie Vaughan.. The Garden Of Eden 25/1/1957 Feb 56: Tab Hunter.. Young Love 22/2/1957 April 57: Lonnie Donegan.. Cumberland Gap 12/4/1957 May 58: Guy Mitchell.. Rock-A-Billy 17/5/1957 59: Andy Williams.. Butterfly 24/5/1957 June 60: Johnnie Ray.. Yes Tonight Josephine 7/6/1957 61. Lonnie Donegan.. Puttin' On The Style / Gamblin' Man 28/6/1957 July 62. Elvis Presley.. All Shook Up 12/7/1957 Aug 63. Paul Anka.. Diana 30/8/1957 Nov 64. The Crickets.. That'll Be The Day 1/11/1957 65. Harry Belafonte.. Mary's Boy Child 22/11/1957 1958 66. Jerry Lee Lewis.. Great Balls Of Fire 10/1/1958 67. Elvis Presley.. Jailhouse Rock 24/1/1958 Feb 68. Michael Holliday.. The Story Of My Life 14/2/1958 69. Perry Como.. Magic Moments 28/2/1958 April 70. Marvin Rainwater.. Whole Lotta Woman 25/4/1958 May 71. Connie Francis.. Who's Sorry Now 16/5/1958 June 72. Vic Damone.. On The Street Where You Live 27/6/1958 July 73. Everly Brothers.. All I Have To Do Is Dream / Claudette 4/7/1958 Aug 74. Kalin Twins.. When 22/8/1958 Sept 75. Connie Francis.. Carolina Moon / Stupid Cupid 26/9/1958 Nov 76. Tommy Edwards.. All In The Game 7/11/1958 77. Lord Rockingham's XI.. Hoots Mon 28/11/1958 Dec 78. Conway Twitty.. It's Only Make Believe 19/12/1958 1959 79. Jane Morgan 'The Days The Rains Came' 23/1/1959 80. Elvis Presley 'I Got Stung / One Night' 30/1/1959 Feb 81. Shirley Bassey 'As I Love You' 20/2/1959 March 82. The Platters 'Smoke Gets In Your Eyes' 20/3/1959 83. Russ Conway 'Side Saddle' 27/3/1959 April 84. Buddy Holly 'It Doesn't Matter Anymore' 24/4/1959 May 85. Elvis Presley 'A Fool Such As I / I Need Your Love Tonight' 15/5/1959 June 86: Russ Conway 'Roulette' 19/6/1959 July 87: Bobby Darin 'Dream Lover' 3/7/1959 88: Cliff Richard 'Living Doll' 31/7/1959 Sept 89: Craig Douglas 'Only Sixteen' 11/9/1959 Oct 90: Jerry Keller 'Here Comes Summer' 9/10/1959 91: Bobby Darin 'Mack The Knife' 16/10/1959 92: Cliff Richard 'Travellin' Light' 30/10/1959 Dec 93: Adam Faith 'What Do You Want' 4/12/1959 94: Emile Ford & The Checkmates: What Do You Want To Make Those Eyes At Me For 18/12/1959 1960 95: Michael Holliday 'Starry Eyed' 29/1/1960 Feb 96: Anthony Newley 'Why' 5/2/1960 March 97: Adam Faith 'Poor Me' 10/3/1960 98: Johnny Preston 'Running Bear' 17/3/1960 99: Lonnie Donegan 'My Old Man's A Dustman' 31/3/1960 April 100: Anthony Newley 'Do You Mind' 28/4/1960 May 101: Everly Brothers 'Cathy's Clown' 5/5/1960 June 102: Eddie Cochran 'Three Steps To Heaven' 23/6/1960 July 103: Jimmy Jones 'Good Timin' 7/7/1960 104: Cliff Richard 'Please Don't Tease' 28/7/1960 Aug 105: Johnny Kidd & The Pirates 'Shakin' All Over' 4/8/1960 106: Shadows 'Apache' 25/8/1960 107: Ricky Valence 'Tell Laura I Love Her' 29/9/1960 Oct 108: Roy Orbison 'Only The Lonely' 20/10/1960 Nov 109: Elvis Presley 'It's Now Or Never' 3/11/1960 Dec 110: Cliff Richard 'I Love You' 29/12/1960 1961 111: Johnny Tillotson: Poetry In Motion, 12/1/1961 112: Elvis Presley: Are You Lonesome Tonight, 26/1/1961 Feb 113: Petula Clark: Sailor, 23/2/1961 March 114: Everly Brothers: Walk Right Back, 2/3/1961 115: Elvis Presley: Wooden Heart, 23/3/1961 May 116: The Marcels: Blue Moon, 4/5/1961 117: Floyd Cramer: On The Rebound, 18/5/1961 118: The Temperance Seven: You're Driving Me Crazy, 25/5/1961 June 119: Elvis Presley: Surrender, 1/6/1961 120: Del Shannon: Runaway, 29/6/1961 July 121: Everly Brothers: Temptation, 20/7/1961 Aug 122: Eden Kane: Well I Ask You, 3/8/1961 123: Helen Shapiro: You Don't Know, 10/8/1961 124: John Leyton: Johnny Remember Me, 31/8/196 Sept 125: Shirley Bassey: Reach For The Stars / Climb Ev'ry Mountain, 21/9/1961 Oct 126: Shadows: Kon Tiki - 5/10/1961 127: The Highwaymen: Michael - 12/10/1961 128: Helen Shapiro: Walkin' Back To Happiness - 19/10/1961 Nov 129: Elvis Presley: His Latest Flame - 9/11/1961 Dec 130: Frankie Vaughan: Tower Of Strength - 7/12/1961 131: Danny Williams: Moon River - 28/12/1961 1962 132. Cliff Richard 'The Young Ones' 11/1/1962 Feb 133. Elvis Presley 'Can't Help Falling In Love / Rock-A-Hula Baby' 22/2/1962 March 134. Shadows 'Wonderful Land' 22/3/1962 May 135. B.Bumble & The Stingers 'Nut Rocker' 17/5/1962 136. Elvis Presley 'Good Luck Charm' 24/5/1962 June 137. Mike Sarne with Wendy Richard 'Come Outside' 28/6/1962 jJuly 138. Ray Charles 'I Can't Stop Loving You' 12/7/1962 139. Frank Ifield 'I Remember You' 26/7/1962 Sept 140. Elvis Presley 'She's Not You' 13/9/1962 Oct 142. Frank Ifield 'Lovesick Blues' 8/11/1962 Dec 143. Elvis Presley 'Return To Sender' 13/12/1962 1963 144. Cliff Richard 'The Next Time / Bachelor Boy' 3/1/1963 145. Shadows 'Dance On' 24/1/1963 146. Jet Harris & Tony Meehan 'Diamonds' 31/1/1963 147. Frank Ifield 'Wayward Wind' 21/2/1963 March 148. Cliff Richard 'Summer Holiday' 14/3/1963 149. Shadows 'Foot Tapper' 29/3/1963 April 150. Gerry & The Pacemakers 'How Do You Do It?' 11/4/1963 May 151. Beatles' From Me To You' 2/5/1963 June 152. Gerry & The Pacemakers 'I Like It' 20/6/1963 July 153. Frank Ifield 'Confessin' (That I Love You)' 18/7/1963 Aug 154. Elvis Presley '(You're The) Devil In Disguise' 1/8/1963 155. Searchers 'Sweets For My Sweet' 8/8/1963 156. Billy J. Kramer & The Dakotas 'Bad To Me' 22/8/1963 Sept 157. Beatles 'She Loves You' 12/9/1963 Oct 158. Brian Poole & The Tremeloes 'Do You Love Me' 10/10/1963 159. Gerry & The Pacemakers 'You'll Never Walk Alone' 31/10/1963 Dec 160. Beatles 'I Want To Hold Your Hand' 12/12/1963 1964 161 Dave Clark Five.. Glad All Over 16/1/1964 162 Searchers.. Needles & Pins 30/1/1964 Feb 164 Cilla Black.. Anyone Who Had A Heart 27/2/1964 March 165 Billy J. Kramer & The Dakotas.. Little Children 19/3/1964 April 166. Beatles.. Can't Buy Me Love 2/4/1964 167. Peter & Gordon.. A World Without Love 23/4/1964 May 168. Searchers.. Don't Throw Your Love Away 7/5/1964 169. Four Pennies.. Juliet 21/5/1964 170. Cilla Black .. You're My World 28/5/1964 June 171. Roy Orbison.. It's Over 25/6/1964 July 172. Animals.. The House Of The Rising Sun 9/7/1964 173. Rolling Stones.. It's All Over now 16/7/1964 174. Beatles.. A Hard Day's Night 23/7/1964 Aug 175. Manfred Mann.. Do Wah Diddy Diddy 13/8/1964 176. Honeycombes.. Have I The Right 27/8/1964 Sept 177. Kinks.. You Really Got Me 10/9/1964 178. Herman's Hermits.. I'm Into Something Good 24/9/1964 Oct 179. Roy Orbison.. Oh Pretty Woman 8/10/1964 180. Sandie Shaw.. (There's) Always Something There To Remind Me 22/10/1964 Nov 181. Supremes.. Baby Love 19/11/1964 Dec 182. Rolling Stones.. Little Red Rooster 3/12/1964 183. Beatles.. I Feel Fine 10/12/1964 1965 184. Georgie Fame & The Blue Flames 'Yeh Yeh' 14/1/1965 185. Moody Blues 'Go Now!' 28/1/1965 Feb 186. Righteous Brothers 'You've Lost That Loving Feeling' 4/2/1965 187. Kinks 'Tired Of Waiting For You' 18/2/1965 188. Seekers 'I'll Never Find Another You' 25/2/1965 March 189. Tom Jones 'It's Not Unusual' 11/3/1965 190. Rolling Stones 'The Last Time' 18/3/1965 April 191. Unit Four Plus Two 'Concrete & Clay' 8/4/1965 192. Cliff Richard 'The Minute You're Gone' 15/4/1965 193. Beatles 'Ticket To Ride' 22/4/1965 May 194. Roger Miller 'King Of The Road' 13/5/1965 195. Jackie Trent 'Where Are You Now (My Love)' 20/5/1965 196. Sandie Shaw 'Long Live Love' 27/5/1965 197. Elvis Presley 'Crying In The Chapel' 17/6/1965 198. Hollies 'I'm Alive' 24/6/1965 July 199. Byrds 'Mr Tambourine Man' 22/7/1965 Aug 201. Sonny & Cher 'I Got You Babe' 26/8/1965 Sept 202. Rolling Stones '(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction' 9/9/1965 203. Walker Brothers 'Make It Easy On Yourself' 23/9/1965 204. Ken Dodd 'Tears' 30/9/1965 Nov 205. Rolling Stones 'Get Off Of My Cloud' 4/11/1965 206. Seekers 'The Carnival Is Over' 25/11/1965 Dec 207. Beatles 'Day Tripper / We Can Work It Out' 16/12/1965 1966 208. Spencer Davis Group 'Keep On Running' 20/1/1966 209. Overlanders 'Michelle' 27/1/1966 210. Nancy Sinatra 'These Boots Are Made For Walking' 17/2/1966 March 211. Walker Brothers 'The Sun Ain't Gonna Shine Anymore' 17/3/1966 April 212. Spencer Davis Group 'Somebody Help Me' 14/4/1966 213. Dusty Springfield You 'Don't Have To Say You Love Me' 28/4/1966 May 214. Manfred Mann 'Pretty Flamingo' 5/5/1966 215. Rolling Stones 'Paint It Black' 26/5/1966 June 216. Frank Sinatra 'Strangers In The Night' 2/6/1966 217. Beatles 'Paperback Writer' 23/6/1966 July 218. Kinks 'Sunny Afternoon' 7/7/1966 219. Georgie Fame & The Blue Flames 'Get Away' 21/7/1966 220. Chris Farlowe 'Out Of Time' 28/7/1966 Aug 221. Troggs 'With A Girl Like You' 4/8/1966 222. Beatles 'Yellow Submarine / Eleanor Rigby' 18/8/1966 Sept 223. Small Faces 'All Or Nothing' 15/9/1966 224. Jim Reeves 'Distant Drums' 22/9/1966 Oct 225. Four Tops 'Reach Out I'll Be There' 27/10/1966 Nov 226. Beach Boys 'Good Vibrations' 17/11/1966 Dec 227. Tom Jones 'Green Green Grass Of Home' 1/12/1966 1967 228. Monkees 'I'm A Believer' 19/1/1967 Feb 229. Petula Clark 'This Is My Song' 16/2/1967 March 230. Engelbert Humperdink 'Release Me (And Let Me Love Again)' 2/3/1967 April 231. Frank Sinatra & Nancy Sinatra 'Somethin' Stupid' 13/4/1967 232. Sandie Shaw 'Puppet On A String' 27/4/1967 May 233. Tremeloes 'Silence Is Golden' 18/5/1967 June 234. Procol Harum 'A Whiter Shade Of Pale' 8/6/1967 July 235. Beatles 'All You Need Is Love' 19/7/1967 Aug 236. Scott McKenzie 'San Francisco (Be Sure To Wear Some Flowers In Your Hair)' 9/8/1967 Sept 237. Engelbert Humperdink 'The Last Waltz' 6/9/1967 Oct 238. Bee Gees 'Massachusetts' 11/10/1967 Nov 239. Foundations - 'Baby Now That I've Found You' 8/11/1967 240. Long John Baldry - 'Let The Heartaches Begin' 22/11/1967 Dec 241. Beatles - 'Hello Goodbye' 6/12/1967 1968 242. Georgie Fame - 'The Ballad Of Bonnie & Clyde' 24/1/1968 243. Love Affair - 'Everlasting Love' 31/1/1968 Feb 244. Manfred Mann - 'The Mighty Quinn' 14/2/1968 245. Esther & Abi Ofarim - 'Cinderella Rockefella' 28/2/1968 March 246. Dave Dee, Dozy, Beaky, Mick & Tich - 'Legend Of Xanadu' 20/3/1968 247. Beatles - ''Lady Madonna' 27/3/1968 April 248. Cliff Richard - 'Congratulations' 10/4/1968 249. Louis Armstrong -'What A Wonderful World / Cabaret' 24/4/1968 May 250. Union Gap featuring Gary Puckett -'Young Girl' 22/5/1968 June 251. Rolling Stones- 'Jumpin' Jack Flash' 19/6/1968 July 252. Equals - 'Baby Come Back' 3/7/1968 253. Des O'Connor - 'I Pretend' 24/7/1968 254. Tommy James & The Shondells - 'Mony Mony 31/7/1968 Aug 255. Crazy World of Arthur Brown - 'Fire' 14/8/1968 256. Beach Boys - ''Do It Again' 28/8/1968 Sept 257. Bee Gees - 'I've Gotta Get A Message To You' 4/9/1968 258. Beatles -'Hey Jude' 11/9/1968 259. Mary Hopkin - 'Those Were The Days' 25/9/1968 Nov 260. Joe Cocker - 'With A Little Help From My Friends' 6/11/1968 261. Hugo Montenegro Orchestra - 'The Good The Bad And The Ugly' 13/11/1968 262. Scaffold - 'Lily The Pink' 11/12/1968 1969 263. Marmalade - 'Ob-La-Di Ob-La-Da' 1/1/1969 264. Fleetwood Mac - Albatross 29/1/69 Feb 265. Move - Blackberry Way 05/2/69 266. Amen Corner '(If Paradise Is) Half As Nice' 12/2/1969 267. Peter Sarstedt 'Where Do You Go To My Lovely?' 26/2/1969 March 268. Marvin Gaye 'I Heard It Through The Grapevine' 26/3/1969 April 269. Desmond Dekker & The Aces 'Israelites' 16/4/1969 270. Beatles 'Get Back' 23/4/1969 June 271. Tommy Roe 'Dizzy' 4/6/1969 272. Beatles 'The Ballad Of John & Yoko' 11/6/1969 July 273. Thunderclap Newman 'Something In The Air' 2/7/1969 274. Rolling Stones 'Honky Tonk Women' 23/7/1969 Aug 275. Zager & Evans 'In The Year 2525' (Exorium & Terminus) 30/8/1969 Sept 276. Creedence Clearwater Revival 'Bad Moon Rising' 20/9/1969 Oct 277. Jane Birkin & Serge Gainsbourg 'Je T'Aime... Moi Non Plus' 11/10/1969 278. Bobby Gentry 'I'll Never Fall In Love Again' 18/10/1969 279. Archies 'Sugar Sugar' 25/10/1969 Dec 280. Rolf Harris 'Two Little Boys' 20/12/1969 1970 281. Edison Lighthouse 'Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)' 31/1/1970 March 282. Lee Marvin - 'Wandrin' Star' 7/3/1970 283. Simon & Garfunkel - 'Bridge Over Troubled Water' 28/3/1970 April 284. Dana .. 'All Kinds Of Everything' 18/4/1970 May 285. Norman Greenbaum - 'Spirit In The Sky' 2/5/1970 286. England World Cup Squad -'Back Home' 16/5/1970 June 287. Christie - 'Yellow River' 6/6/1970 288. Mungo Jerry - 'In The Summertime' 13/6/1970 Aug 289. Elvis Presley - 'The Wonder Of You' 1/8/1970 Sept 290. Smokey Robinson & The Miracles 'Tears Of A Clown' 12/9/1970 291. Freda Payne 'Band Of Gold' 19/9/1970 Oct 292. Matthew's Southern Comfort 'Woodstock' 31/10/1970 Nov 293. Jimi Hendrix 'Voodoo Chile' 21/11/1970 294. Dave Edmunds 'I Hear You Knockin' 28/11/1970 1971 295. Clive Dunn - Grandad 9/1/1971 296. George Harrison - 'My Sweet Lord' 30/1/1971 March 297. Mungo Jerry - 'Baby Jump' 6/3/1971 298. T Rex - 'Hot Love' 20/3/1971 May 299. Dave & Ansil Collins - 'Double Barrel' 1/5/1971 300. Dawn - 'Knock Three Times' 15/5/1971 June 301. Middle Of The Road 'Chirpy Chirpy Cheep Cheep' 19/6/1971 July 302. T Rex 'Get It On' 24/7/1971 Aug 303. Diana Ross 'I'm Still Waiting' 21/8/1971 Sept 304. Tams 'Hey Girl Don't Bother Me' 18/9/1971 Oct 305. Rod Stewart 'Maggie May' 9/10/1971 Nov 306. Slade 'Coz I Luv You' 13/11/1971 Dec 307. Benny Hill 'Ernie (The Fastest Milkman In The West)' 11/12/1971 1972 308. New Seekers - 'I'd Like To Teach The World To Sing' 8/1/1972 Feb 309. T Rex 'Telegram Sam' 5/2/1972 310. Chicory Tip 'Son Of My Father' 19/2/1972 March 311. Nilsson' Without You' 11/3/1972 April 312. The Pipes & Drums & Military Band of The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards 'Amazing Grace' 15/4/1972 May 313. T Rex 'Metal Guru' 20/5/1972 June 314. Don McLean 'Vincent' 17/6/1972 July 315. Slade 'Take Me Back 'Ome' 1/7/1972 316. Donny Osmond 'Puppy Love' 8/7/1972 Aug 317. Alice Cooper 'School's Out' 12/8/1972 Sept 318. Rod Stewart 'You Wear It Well' 2/9/1972 319. Slade 'Mama Weer All Crazee Now' 9/9/1972 320. David Cassidy 'How Can I Be Sure' 30/9/1972 Oct 321. Lieutenant Pigeon 'Mouldy Old Dough' 14/10/1972 Nov 322. Gilbert O'Sullivan 'Clair' 11/11/1972 323. Chuck Berry 'My Ding-A-Ling' 25/11/1972 Dec 324. Little Jimmy Osmond 'Long Haired Lover From Liverpool' 23/12/1972 1973 326. Slade 'Cum On Feel The Noize' 3/3/1973 327. Donny Osmond 'The Twelfth Of Never' 31/3/1973 April 328. Gilbert O'Sullivan 'Get Down' 7/4/1973 329. Dawn featuring Tony Orlando 'Tie A Yellow Ribbon Round The Old Oak Tree' 21/4/1973 May 330. Wizzard 'See My Baby Jive' 19/5/1973 June 331. Suzi Quatro 'Can The Can' 16/6/1973 332. 10 CC 'Rubber Bullets' 23/6/1973 333. Slade 'Skweeze Me Pleeze Me' 30/6/1973 July 334. Peters & Lee 'Welcome Home' 21/7/1973 335. Gary Glitter 'I'm The Leader Of The Gang (I Am)' 28/7/1973 Aug 336. Donny Osmond 'Young Love' 25/8/1973 Sept 337. Wizzard 'Angel Fingers (A Teen Ballad)' 22/9/1973 338. Simon Park Orchestra 'Eye Level' 29/9/1973 Oct 339. David Cassidy 'Daydreamer / The Puppy Song' 27/10/1973 Nov 340. Gary Glitter 'I Love You Love Me Love' 17/11/1973 Dec 341. Slade 'Merry Xmas Everybody' 15/12/1973 1974 342. New Seekers 'You Won't Find Another Fool Like Me' 19/1/1974 343. Mud 'Tiger Feet' 26/1/1974 Feb 344. Suzi Quatro 'Devil Gate Drive' 23/2/1974 March 345. Alvin Stardust 'Jealous Mind' 9/3/1974 346. Paper Lace 'Billy Don't Be A Hero' 16/3/1974 April 347. Terry Jacks 'Seasons In The Sun' 6/4/1974 May 349. Rubettes 'Sugar Baby Love' 18/5/1974 June 350. Ray Stevens 'The Streak 15/6/1974 351. Gary Glitter 'Always Yours' 22/6/1974 352. Charles Aznavour 'She' 29/6/1974 July 353. George McCrae 'Rock Your Baby' 27/7/1974 Aug 354. Three Degrees 'When Will I See You Again' 17/8/1974 355. Osmonds 'Love Me For A Reason' 31/8/1974 Sept 356. Carl Douglas 'Kung Fu Fighting' 21/9/1974 Oct 357. John Denver 'Annie's Song' 12/10/1974 358. Sweet Sentation 'Sad Sweet Dreamer' 19/10/1974 359. Ken Boothe 'Everything I Own' 26/10/1974 Nov 360. David Essex 'Gonna Make You A Star' 16/11/1974 Dec 361. Barry White 'You're The First, The Last, My Everything' 7/12/1974 362. Mud 'Lonely This Christmas' 21/12/1974 1975 363. Status Quo 'Down Down' 18/1/1975 364. Tymes 'Ms Grace' 25/1/1975 Feb 366. Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel 'Make Me Smile (Come Up And See Me)' 22/2/1975 March 367. Telly Savalas ''If'' 8/3/1975 368. Bay City Rollers 'Bye Bye Baby 22/3/1975 May 369. Mud 'Oh Boy 3/5/1975 370. Tammy Wynette 'Stand By Your Man 17/5/1975 June 371. Windsor Davies & Don Estelle 'Whispering Grass' 7/6/1975 372. 10 CC 'I'm Not In Love' 28/6/1975 July 373. Johnny Nash 'Tears On My Pillow' 12/7/1975 374. Bay City Rollers 'Give A Little Love' 19/7/1975 Aug 375. Typically Tropical 'Barbados' 9/8/1975 376. Stylistics 'Can't Give You Anything (But My Love)' 16/8/1975 Sept 377. Rod Stewart 'Sailing' 6/9/1975 Oct 378. David Essex 'Hold Me Close' 4/10/1975 379. Art Garfunkel 'I Only Have Eyes For You' 25/10/1975 Nov 380. David Bowie 'Space Oddity' 8/11/1975 381. Billy Connolly 'D.I.V.O.R.C.E'. 22/11/1975 382. Queen 'Bohemian Rhapsody' 29/11/1975 1976 383. Abba 'Mamma Mia' 31/1/1976 Feb 384. Slik 'Forever And Ever' 14/2/1976 385. Four Seasons 'December '63' 21/2/1976 March 386. Tina Charles 'I Love To Love (But My Baby Loves To Dance)' 6/3/1976 387. Brotherhood Of Man ''Save Your Kisses For Me' 27/3/1976 May 396. Chicago 'If You Leave Me Now' 13/11/1976 Dec 397. Showaddywaddy 'Under The Moon Of Love'' 4/12/1976 398. Johnny Mathis 'When A Child Is Born' (Soleado) 25/12/1976 1977 399. David Soul ''Don't Give Up On Us 15/1/1977 Feb 400. Julie Covington 'Don't Cry For Me Argentina 12/2/1977 401. Leo Sayer 'When I Need You 19/2/1977 March 402. Manhattan Transfer 'Chanson D'Amour 12/3/1977 April 403. Abba 'Knowing Me Knowing You 2/4/1977 May 404. Deniece Williams 'Free 7/5/1977 405. Rod Stewart 'I Don't Want To Talk About It / First Cut Is The Deepest 21/5/1977 June 406. Kenny Rogers 'Lucille 18/6/1977 407. Jacksons Show 'You The Way To Go 25/6/1977 July 408. Hot Chocolate 'So You Win Again 2/7/1977 409. Donna Summer 'I Feel Love 23/7/1977 Aug 410. Brotherhood Of Man 'Angelo 20/8/1977 411. Floaters 'Float On 27/8/1977 Sept 412. Elvis Presley 'Way Down 3/9/1977 Oct 413. David Soul 'Silver Lady 8/10/1977 414. Baccara 'Yes Sir I Can Boogie 29/10/1977 Nov 415. Abba 'The Name Of The Game 5/11/1977 Dec 416. Wings 'Mull Of Kintyre / Girls' School 3/12/1977 1978 417. Althia & Donna 'Up Town Top Ranking 4/2/1978 418. Brotherhood Of Man 'Figaro 11/2/1978 419. Abba 'Take A Chance On Me 18/2/1978 March 420. Kate Bush 'Wuthering Heights 11/3/1978 April 421. Brian & Michael 'Matchstalk Men And Matchstalk Cats And Dogs 8/4/1978 422. Bee Gees 'Night Fever 29/4/1978 423. Boney M - 'Rivers Of Babylon / Brown 'Girl In The Ring 13/5/1978 June 424. John Travolta & Olivia Newton John 'You're The One That I Want 17/6/1978 Aug 425. Commodores 'Three Times A Lady 19/8/1978 Oct 426. 10 CC 'Dreadlock Holiday 23/9/1978 427. John Travolta & Olivia Newton 'John Summer Nights 30/9/1978 Nov 428. Boomtown Rats .. 'Rat Trap 18/11/1978 Dec 429. Rod Stewart.. 'Da Ya Think I'm Sexy 2/12/1978 430. Boney M .. 'Mary's Boy Child - Oh My Lord 9/12/1978 1979 431. Village People , Y.M.C.A. 6/1/1979 432. Ian Dury & The Blockheads , Hit Me With Your Rhythm Stick 27/1/1979 Feb 433. Blondie , Heart Of Glass 3/2/1979 March 434. Bee Gees , Tragedy 3/3/1979 435. Gloria Gaynor , I Will Survive 17/3/1979 April 436. Art Garfunkel , Bright Eyes 14/4/1979 May 437. Blondie, Sunday Girl 26/5/1979 June 438. Anita Ward , Ring My Bell 16/6/1979 439. Tubeway Army , Are 'Friends' Electric 30/6/1979 July 440. Boomtown Rats , I Don't Like Mondays 28/7/1979 Aug 441. Cliff Richard , We Don't Talk Anymore 25/8/1979 Sept 442. Gary Numan , Cars 22/9/1979 443. Police , Message In A Bottle 29/9/1979 Oct 444. Buggles - Video Killed The Radio Star 20/10/1979 445. Lena Martell , One Day At A Time 27/10/1979 Nov 446. Dr Hook , When You're In Love With A Beautiful Woman 17/11/1979 Dec 447. Police ,Walking On The Moon 8/12/1979 448. Pink Floyd , Another Brick In The Wall 15/12/1979 1980 449. Pretenders 'Brass In Pocket' 19/1/1980 Feb 450. The Special AKA (Specials) The Specials Live EP (main track: Too Much Too Young) 2/2/1980 451. Kenny Rogers 'Coward Of The County' 16/2/1980 March 453. Fern Kinney 'Together We Are Beautiful '15/3/1980 454. Jam 'Going Underground / Dreams Of Children' 22/3/1980 April 455. Detroit Spinners 'Working My Way Back To You - Forgive Me Girl' 12/4/1980 456. Blondie 'Call Me' 26/4/1980 May 457. Dexy's Midnight Runners 'Geno' 3/5/1980 458. Johnny Logan 'What's Another Year' 17/5/1980 459. Mash 'Suicide Is Painless (Theme from MASH)' 31/5/1980 June 460. Don McLean 'Crying' 21/6/1980 July 461. Olivia Newton John & Electric Light Orchestra 'Xanadu' 12/7/1980 462. Odyssey 'Use It Up And Wear It Out' 26/7/1980 Aug 463. Abba 'The Winner Takes It All' 9/8/1980 464. David Bowie 'Ashes To Ashes' 23/8/1980 Sept 466. Kelly Marie 'Feels Like I'm In Love' 13/9/1980 467. Police 'Don't Stand So Close To Me' 27/9/1980 Oct 468. Barbra Streisand 'Woman In Love' 25/10/1980 Nov 469. Blondie 'The Tide Is High' 15/11/1980 470. Abba 'Super Trouper' 29/11/1980 Dec 471. John Lennon '(Just Like) Starting Over' 20/12/1980 472. St Winifred's School Choir 'There's No One Quite Like Grandma' 27/12/1980 1981 473. John Lennon 'Imagine' 10/1/1981 Feb 474. John Lennon 'Woman' 7/2/1981 475. Joe Dolce Music Theatre 'Shaddup You Face' 21/2/1981 March 476. Roxy Music 'Jealous Guy' 14/3/1981 477. Shakin' Stevens 'This Ole House' 28/3/1981 April 478. Bucks Fizz 'Making Your Mind Up' 18/4/1981 May 479. Adam & The Ants 'Stand And Deliver' 9/5/1981 June 480. Smokey Robinson 'Being With You' 13/6/1981 481. Michael Jackson 'One Day In Your Life' 27/6/1981 July 482. Specials 'Ghost Town' 11/7/1981 Aug 483. Shakin' Stevens 'Green Door' 1/8/1981 484. Aneka 'Japanese Boy' 29/8/1981 Sept 485. Soft Cell 'Tainted Love' 5/9/1981 486. Adam & The Ants 'Prince Charming' 19/9/1981 Oct 487. Dave Stewart & Barbara Gaskin 'It's My Party' 17/10/1981 Nov 488. Police ''Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic' 14/11/1981 489. Queen & David Bowie ''Under Pressure' 21/11/1981 Dec 490. Julio Iglesias ''Begin The Beguine (Volver A Empezar) 5/12/1981 491. Human League ''Don't You Want Me' 12/12/1981 1982 492. Bucks Fizz - Land Of Make Believe 16/1/1982 493. Shakin' Stevens - Oh Julie 30/1/1982 Feb 494. Kraftwerk - The Model / Computer Love 6/2/1982 495. Jam - A Town Called Malice / Precious 13/2/1982 March 496. Tight Fit - The Lion Sleeps Tonight 6/3/1982 497. Goombay Dance Band Seven - Tears 27/3/1982 April 498. Bucks Fizz - My Camera Never Lies 17/4/1982 499. Paul McCartney & Stevie Wonder - Ebony And Ivory 24/4/1982 May 500. Nicole- A Little Peace 15/5/1982 501. Madness - House Of Fun 29/5/1982 June 502. Adam Ant - Goody Two Shoes 12/6/1982 503. Charlene - I 've Never Been To Me 26/6/1982 July 504. Captain Sensible - Happy Talk 3/7/1982 505. Irene Cara - Fame 17/7/1982 Aug 506. Dexy's Midnight Runners - Come On Eileen 7/8/1982 Sept 507. Survivor - Eye Of The Tiger 4/9/1982 Oct 508. Musical Youth - Pass The Dutchie 2/10/1982 509. Culture Club - Do You Really Want To Hurt Me 23/10/1982 Nov 510. Eddy Grant - I Don't Wanna Dance 13/11/1982 Dec 511. Jam - Beat Surrender 4/12/1982 512. Renee & Renato - Save Your Love 18/12/1982 1983 513. Phil Collins 'You Can't Hurry Love' 15/1/1983 514. Men At Work 'Down Under' 29/1/1983 Feb 515. Kajagoogoo 'Too Shy' 19/2/1983 March 516. Michael Jackson 'Billie Jean' 5/3/1983 517. Bonnie Tyler 'Total Eclipse Of The Heart' 12/3/1983 518. Duran Duran 'Is There Something I Should Know' 26/3/1983 April 519. David Bowie 'Let's Dance' 9/4/1983 520. Spandau Ballet 'True' 30/4/1983 May 521. New Edition 'Candy Girl' 28/5/1983 June 522. Police 'Every Breath You Take' 4/6/1983 July 523. Rod Stewart 'Baby Jane' 2/7/1983 524. Paul Young 'Wherever I Lay My Hat' 23/7/1983 Aug 525. K C & The Sunshine Band 'Give It Up' 13/8/1983 Sept 526. UB 40 'Red Red Wine' 3/9/1983 527. Culture Club 'Karma Chameleon' 24/9/1983 Nov 528 Billy Joel 'Uptown Girl 5/11/1983 Dec 529 Flying Pickets 'Only You 10/12/1983 1984 530. Paul McCartney - Pipes Of Peace 14/1/1984 531. Frankie Goes To Hollywood - Relax 28/1/1984 March 532. Nena - 99 Red Balloons 3/3/1984 533. Lionel Richie - Hello 24/3/1984 May 534. Duran Duran - The Reflex 5/5/1984 June 535. Wham! - Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go 2/6/1984 536. Frankie Goes To Hollywood - Two Tribes 16/6/1984 Aug 537. George Michael - Careless Whisper 18/8/1984 Sept 538. Stevie Wonder - I Just Called To Say I Love You 8/9/1984 Oct 540. Chaka Khan - I Feel For You 10/11/1984 Dec 541. Jim Diamond - I Should Have Known Better 1/12/1984 542. Frankie Goes To Hollywood - The Power Of Love 8/12/1984 543. Band Aid - Do They Know It's Christmas 15/12/1984 1985 544. Foreigner 'I Want To Know What Love Is 19/1/1985 Feb 545. Elaine Paige & Barbara Dickson 'I Know Him So Well 9/2/1985 March 546. Dead Or Alive 'You Spin Me Round (Like A Record) 9/3/1985 547. Philip Bailey & Phil Collins 'Easy Lover 23/3/1985 April 548. USA For Africa 'We Are The World 20/4/1985 May 549. Phyllis Nelson 'Move Closer 4/5/1985 550. Paul Hardcastle '19' 11/5/1985 June 551. Crowd ''You'll Never Walk Alone 15/6/1985 552. Sister Sledge ''Frankie 29/6/1985 July 553. Eurythmics 'There Must Be An Angel (Playing With My Heart) 27/7/1985 Aug 554. Madonna 'Into The Groove 3/8/1985 555. UB 40 & Chrissie Hynde 'I Got You Babe 31/8/1985 Sept 556. David Bowie & Mick Jagger 'Dancing in the Street 7/9/1985 Oct 557. Midge Ure 'If I Was 5/10/1985 558. Jennifer Rush 'The Power Of Love 12/10/1985 Nov 559. Feargal Sharkey 'A Good Heart 16/11/1985 560. Wham! 'I'm Your Man 30/11/1985 Dec 561. Whitney Houston 'Saving All My Love For You 14/12/1985 562. Shakin' Stevens 'Merry Christmas Everyone 28/12/1985 1986 563. Pet Shop Boys 'West End Girls 11/1/1986 564. A-Ha 'The Sun Always Shines On TV 25/1/1986 Feb 565. Billy Ocean 'When The Going Gets Tough, The Tough Get Going 8/2/1986 March 566. Diana Ross 'Chain Reaction 8/3/1986 567. Cliff Richard & The Young 'Ones Living Doll 29/3/1986 The first official Comic Relief single April 568. George Michael 'A Different Corner 19/4/1986 May 569. Falco 'Rock Me Amadeus 10/5/1986 570. Spitting Image 'The Chicken Song 17/5/1986 June 571. Doctor & The Medics 'Spirit In The Sky 7/6/1986 572. Wham! 'The Edge Of Heaven 28/6/1986 July 573. Madonna 'Papa Don't Preach 12/7/1986 Aug 574. Chris de Burgh 'The Lady In Red 2/8/1986 575. Boris Gardiner 'I Want To Wake Up With You 23/8/1986 Sept 576. Communards 'Don't Leave Me This Way 13/9/1986 Oct 577. Madonna 'True Blue 11/10/1986 578. Nick Berry 'Every Loser Wins 18/10/1986 Nov 579. Berlin 'Take My Breath Away 8/11/1986 Dec 580. Europe 'The Final Countdown 6/12/1986 581. Housemartins 'Caravan Of Love 20/12/1986 582. Jackie Wilson 'Reet Petite 27/12/1986 1987 583. Steve 'Silk' Hurley 'Jack Your Body 24/1/1987 Feb 584. George Michael & Aretha Franklin 'I Knew You Were Waiting (For Me) 7/2/1987 585. Ben E King 'Stand By Me 21/2/1987 March 586. Boy George 'Everything I Own 14/3/1987 587. Mel & Kim 'Respectable 28/3/1987 April 588. Ferry Aid 'Let It Be 4/4/1987 589. Madonna 'La Isla Bonita 25/4/1987 May 590. Starship 'Nothing's Gonna Stop Us Now 9/5/1987 June 591. Whitney Houston 'I Wanna Dance With Somebody (Who Loves Me) 6/6/1987 592. The Firm 'Star Trekkin' 20/6/1987 July 593. Pet Shop Boys' It's A Sin 4/7/1987 594. Madonna 'Who's That Girl 25/7/1987 Aug 595. Los Lobos 'La Bamba 1/8/1987 596. Michael Jackson ''I Just Can't Stop Loving You 15/8/1987 597. Rick Astley 'Never Gonna Give You Up 29/8/1987 Oct 598. M/A/R/R/S ''Pump Up The Volume / Anitina (The First Time I See She Dance) 3/10/1987 599. Bee Gees 'You Win Again 17/10/1987 Nov 600. T'Pau 'China In Your Hand 14/11/1987 Dec 601. Pet Shop Boys 'Always On My Mind 19/12/1987 1988 602. Belinda Carlisle 'Heaven Is A Place On Earth 16/1/1988 603. Tiffany 'I Think We're Alone Now 30/1/1988 Feb 604. Kylie Minogue 'I Should Be So Lucky 20/2/1988 March 605. Aswad 'Don't Turn Around 26/3/1988 April 606. Pet Shop Boys 'Heart 9/4/1988 607. S'Express 'Theme from S'Express 30/4/1988 May 608. Fairground 'Attraction Perfect 14/5/1988 609. Wet Wet Wet 'With A Little Help From My Friends 21/5/1988 June 610. Timelords 'Doctorin The Tardis 18/6/1988 611. Bros 'I Owe You Nothing 25/6/1988 July 612. Glenn Medeiros 'Nothing's Gonna Change My Love For You 9/7/1988 Aug 613. Yazz & The Plastic Population 'The Only Way Is Up 6/8/1988 Sept 614. Phil Collins 'A Groovy Kind Of Love 10/9/1988 615. Hollies 'He Ain't Heavy He's My Brother 24/9/1988 Oct 617. Whitney Houston 'One Moment In Time 15/10/1988 618. Enya 'Orinoco Flow (Sail Away) 29/10/1988 Nov 619. Robin Beck 'The First Time 19/11/1988 Dec 620. Cliff Richard 'Mistletoe & Wine 10/12/1988 1989 621. Kylie Minogue & Jason Donovan - Especially For You 7/1/1989 622. Marc Almond with Gene Pitney - Somethings Gotten Hold Of My Heart 28/1/1989 Feb 623. Simple Minds - Belfast Child 25/2/1989 March 624. Jason Donovan - Too Many Broken Hearts 11/3/1989 625. Madonna - Like A Prayer 25/3/1989 April 626. Bangles - Eternal Flame 15/4/1989 May 627. Kylie Minogue - Hand On Your Heart 13/5/1989 628. Gerry Marsden, Paul McCartney, Holly Johnson & Christians - Ferry 'Cross The Mersey 20/5/1989 June 629. Jason Donovan - Sealed With A Kiss 10/6/1989 630. Soul II Soul featuring Caron Wheeler - Back To Life 24/6/1989 July 631. Sonia - You'll Never Stop Me Loving You 22/7/1989 Aug 632. Jive Bunny & The Mastermixers -Swing The Mood 5/8/1989 Sept 633. Black Box - Ride On Time 9/9/1989 Oct 634. Jive Bunny & The Mastermixers - That's What I Like 21/10/1989 Nov 635. Lisa Stansfield - All Around The World 11/11/1989 636. New Kids On The Block - You Got It (The Right Stuff) 25/11/1989 Dec 637. Jive Bunny & The Mastermixers - Let's Party 16/12/1989 638. Band Aid II - Do They Know It's Christmas 23/12/1989 1990 639. New Kids On The Block - Hangin' Tough 16/1/1990 640. Kylie Minogue - Tears On My Pillow 27/1/1990 Feb 641. Sinead O'Connor - Nothing Compares 2 U 3/2/1990 March 642. Beats International Dub Be Good To Me 3/3/1990 643. Snap - The Power 31/3/1990 April 646. England New Order - World In Motion 9/6/1990 647. Elton John - Sacrifice / Healing Hands 23/6/1990 July 648. Partners In Kryme Turtle Power 28/7/1990 Aug 649. Bombalurina - Itsy Bitsy Teeny Weeny Yellow Polka Dot Bikini 25/8/1990 Sept 650. Steve Miller - Band The Joker 15/9/1990 651. Maria McKee - Show Me Heaven 29/9/1990 Oct 652. Beautiful South - A Little Time 27/10/1990 Nov 653. Righteous Brothers - Unchained Melody 3/11/1990 Dec 654. Vanilla Ice - Ice Ice Baby 1/12/1990 655. Cliff Richard - Saviour's Day 22/12/1990 1991 656. Iron Maiden - Bring Your Daughter To The Slaughter 5/1/1991 657. Enigma - Sadness Part 1 19/1/1991 658. Queen - Innuendo 26/1/1991 659. KLF - 3 AM Eternal 2/2/1991 660. Simpsons - Do The Bartman 16/2/1991 March 661. Clash - Should I Stay Or Should I Go 9/3/1991 662. Hale & Pace - The Stonk 23/3/1991 The official Comic Relief single 663. Chesney Hawkes - The One And Only 30/3/1991 . May 664. Cher - Shoop Shoop Song (It's In His Kiss) 4/5/1991 June 665. Color Me Badd - I Wanna Sex You Up 8/6/1991 666. Jason Donovan - Any Dream Will Do 29/6/1991 . July 667 Bryan Adams - (Everything I Do) I Do It For You 13/7/1991 Nov 668. U2 - The Fly 2/11/1991 669. Vic Reeves & The Wonder Stuff - Dizzy 9/11/1991 670. Michael Jackson - Black Or White 23/11/1991 Dec 671. George Michael & Elton John - Don't Let The Sun Go Down On Me 7/12/1991 672. Queen - Bohemian Rhapsody / These Are The Days Of Our Lives 21/12/1991 1992 673. Wet Wet Wet.. Goodnight Girl 25/1/1992 Feb 674. Shakespears Sister.. Stay 22/2/1992 April 675. Right Said Fred.. Deeply Dippy 18/4/1992 May 676. KWS.. Please Don't Go / Game Boy 9/5/1992 June 677. Erasure Abba-esque EP 13/6/1992 July 678. Jimmy Nail.. Ain't No Doubt 18/7/1992 Aug 679. Snap.. Rhythm Is A Dancer 8/8/1992 Sept 680. Shamen.. Ebeneezer Goode 19/9/1992 Oct 681. Tasmin Archer.. Sleeping Satellite 17/10/1992 682. Boyz II Men .. End Of The Road 31/10/1992 Nov 683. Charles & Eddie.. Would I Lie To You 21/11/1992 Dec 684. Whitney Houston.. I Will Always Love You 5/12/1992 . 1993 685. 2 Unlimited.. No Limit 13/2/1993 March 686. Shaggy.. Oh Carolina 20/3/1993 April 687. Bluebells.. Young At Heart 3/4/1993 May 688. George Michael & Queen with Lisa Stansfield - Five Live (EP) 1/5/1993 689. Ace Of Base.... All That She Wants 22/5/1993 June 690. UB 40.. (I Can't Help) Falling In Love With You 12/6/1993 . 691. Gabrielle.. Dreams 26/6/1993 . 692. Take That.. Pray 17/7/1993 August 693. Freddie Mercury.. Living On My Own 14/8/1993 694. Culture Beat.. Mr Vain 28/8/1993 Sept 695. Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince (Will Smith).. Boom! Shake The Room 25/9/1993 Oct 696. Take That featuring Lulu.. Relight my Fire 9/10/1993 697. Meat Loaf.. I'd Do Anything For Love (But I Won't Do That) 23/10/1993 . Dec 698. Mr Blobby.. Mr Blobby 11/12/1993 699. Take That.. Babe 18/12/1993 1994 700. Chaka Demus & Pliers - Twist & Shout 8/1/1994 701. D:Ream - Things Can Only Get Better 22/1/1994 Feb 702. Mariah Carey - Without You 19/2/1994 703. Doop - Doop 19/3/1994 704. Take That - Everything Changes 9/4/1994 705. Prince - The Most Beautiful Girl In The World 23/4/1994 May 706. Tony Di Bart - The Real Thing 7/5/1994 707. Stiltskin - Inside 14/5/1994 708. Manchester United 1994 Football Squad - Come On You Reds 21/5/1994 June 709. Wet Wet Wet - Love Is All Around 4/6/1994 Sept 710. Whigfield - Saturday Night 17/9/1994 Oct 711. Take That - Sure 15/10/1994 712. Pato Banton (with Robin & Ali Campbell) - Baby Come Back 29/10/1994 Nov 713. Baby D - Let Me Be Your Fantasy 26/11/1994 Dec 714. East 17 - Stay Another Day 10/12/1994 1995 715. Rednex.. Cotton Eye Joe 14/1/1995 Feb 716. Celine Dion.. Think Twice 4/2/1995 March 717. Cher,Chrissie Hynde,Neneh Cherry & Eric Clapton.. Love Can Build A Bridge 25/3/1995 April 718. Outhere Brothers.. Don't Stop (Wiggle Wiggle) 1/4/1995 719. Take That.. Back For Good 8/4/1995 May 720. Oasis Some.. Might Say 6/5/1995 721. Livin' Joy.. Dreamer 13/5/1995 722. Robson Green & Jerome Flynn.. Unchained Melody / White Cliffs Of Dover 20/5/1995 June 723. Outhere Brothers.. Boom Boom Boom 8/7/1995 Aug 724. Take That.. Never Forget 5/8/1995 725. Blur.. Country House 26/8/1995 Sept 726. Michael Jackson.. You Are Not Alone 9/9/1995 727. Shaggy - Boombastic 23/9/1995 728. Simply Red - Fairground 30/9/1995 Oct 729. Coolio featuring LV Gangsta's.. Paradise 28/10/1995 Nov 730. Robson & Jerome.. I Believe / Up On The Roof 11/11/1995 Dec 731. Michael Jackson.. Earth Song 9/12/1995 1996 732. George Michael - Jesus To A Child 20/1/1996 733. Babylon Zoo, Spaceman 27/1/1996 March 734. Oasis, Don't Look Back In Anger 2/3/1996 735. Take That, How Deep Is Your Love 9/3/1996 . 736. Prodigy, Firestarter 30/3/1996 737. Mark Morrison, Return Of The Mack 20/4/1996 May 738. George Michael, Fastlove 4/5/1996 . 739. Gina G Ooh Aah Just A Little Bit 25/5/1996 June 740. Baddiel, Skinner & Lightning Seeds.. Three Lions 1/6/1996 . 741. Fugees, Killing Me Softly 8/6/1996 July 742. Gary Barlow, Forever Love 20/7/1996 . 743. Spice Girls, Wannabe 27/7/1996 Sept 744. Peter Andre, Flava 14/9/1996 745. Fugees, Ready Or Not 21/9/1996 Oct 746. Deep Blue Something - Breakfast At Tiffany's 5/10/1996 747. Chemical Brothers, Setting Sun 12/10/1996 748. Boyzone, Words 19/10/1996 749. Spice Girls, Say You'll Be There 26/10/1996 Nov 750. Robson & Jerome, What Becomes Of The Broken Hearted / Saturday Night At The Movies / You'll Never Walk Alone 9/11/1996 751. Prodigy, Breathe 23/11/1996 752. Peter Andre, I Feel You 7/12/1996 753. Boyzone, A Different Beat 14/12/1996 754. Dunblane, Knockin' On Heaven's Door / Throw These Guns Away 21/12/1996 755. Spice Girls, 2 Become 1 28/12/1996 1997 756. Tori Amos, Professional Widow (It's Got To Be Big) 18/1/1997 757. White Town, Your Woman 25/1/1997 Feb 759. LL Cool J,, Ain't Nobody 8/2/1997 760. U2, Discotheque 15/2/1997 761. No Doubt, Don't Speak 22/2/1997 March 762. Spice Girls - Mama / Who Do You Think You Are 15/3/1997 "Who Do You Think You Are" was the official Comic Relief single and sold 672,577 copies. April 763. Chemical Brothers - Block Rockin' Beats 5/4/1997 764. R Kelly - I Believe I Can Fly 12/4/1997 May 765. Michael Jackson, Blood On The Dance Floor 3/5/1997 766. Gary Barlow, Love Won't Wait 10/5/1997 . 767. Olive, You're Not Alone 17/5/1997 768. Eternal ft. Bebe Winans - I Wanna Be The One 31/5/1997 . June 770. Puff Daddy & Faith Evans, I'll Be Missing You 28/6/1997 July 771. Oasis, D'you Know What I Mean 19/7/1997 Aug 772. Will Smith, Men In Black 16/8/1997 Sept 773. Verve, The Drugs Don't Work 13/9/1997 774. Elton John, Candle In The Wind 97 / Something About The Way You Look Tonight 20/9/1997 Oct 775. Spice Girls, Spice Up Your Life 25/10/1997 Nov 776. Aqua, Barbie Girl 1/11/1997 777. Various Artists, Perfect Day 29/11/1997 Dec 778. Teletubbies, Teletubbies Say Eh-oh! 13/12/1997 779. Spice Girls, Too Much 27/12/1997 1998 780. All Saints - Never Ever 17/1/1998 781. Oasis - All Around The World 24/1/1998 782. Usher - You Make Me Wanna... 31/1/1998 Feb 783. Aqua - Doctor Jones 7/2/1998 784. Celine Dion - My Heart Will Go On 21/2/1998 785. Cornershop - Brimful Of Asha 28/2/1998 March 787. Run DMC vs Jason Nevins- It's Like That 21/3/1998 May 788. Boyzone - All That I Need 2/5/1998 789. All Saints - Under The Bridge / Lady Marmalade 9/5/1998 790. Aqua - Turn Back Time 16/5/1998 791. Tamperer featuring Maya - Feel It 30/5/1998 June 792. BWitched - C'est La Vie 6/6/1998 793. Baddiel, Skinner & Lightning Seeds - Three Lions '98 20/6/1998 . July 794. Billie - Because We Want To 11/7/1998 795. Another Level - Freak Me 18/7/1998 796. Jamiroquai - Deeper Underground 25/7/1998 Aug 797. Spice Girls - Viva Forever 1/8/1998 798. Boyzone - No Matter What 15/8/1998 Sept 799. Manic Street Preachers - If You Tolerate This Your Children Will Be Next 5/9/1998 800. All Saints - Bootie Call 12/9/1998 801. Robbie Williams - Millennium 19/9/1998 802. Melanie B featuring Missy Elliott - I Want You Back 26/9/1998 Oct 803. BWitched - Rollercoaster 3/10/1998 804. Billie - Girlfriend 17/10/1998 805. Spacedust - Gym & Tonic 24/10/1998 806. Cher - Believe 31/10/1998 807. BWitched - To You I Belong 19/12/1998 808. Spice Girls - Goodbye 26/12/1998 1999 809. Chef - Chocolate Salty Balls (PS I Love You) 2/1/1999 810. Steps - Heartbeat / Tragedy 9/1/1999 811. Fatboy Slim - Praise You 16/1/1999 812. 911 - A Little Bit More 23/1/1999 813. Offspring Pretty Fly (For A White Guy) 30/1/1999 Feb 814. Armand Van Helden featuring Duane Haeden - You Don't Know Me 6/2/1999 815. Blondie - Maria 13/2/1999 816. Lenny Kravitz - Fly Away 20/2/1999 817. Britney Spears - Baby One More Time 27/2/1999 . March 818. Boyzone - When The Going Gets Tough 13/3/1999 The official Comic Relief single 819. BWitched - Blame It On The Weatherman 27/3/1999 April 820. Mr Oizo - Flat Beat 3/4/1999 821. Martine McCutcheon - Perfect Moment 17/4/1999 May 822. Westlife - Swear It Again 1/5/1999 823. Backstreet Boys - I Want It That Way 15/5/1999 824. Boyzone - You Needed Me 22/5/1999 825. Shanks & Bigfoot - Sweet Like Chocolate 29/5/1999 June 826. Baz Luhrmann - Everybody's Free (To Wear Sunscreen): The Sunscreen Song (Class of 99) 12/6/1999 827. S Club 7 - Bring It All Back 19/6/1999 828. Vengaboys - Boom Boom Boom Boom!! 26/6/1999 July 829. ATB - 9PM (Till I Come) 3/7/1999 830. Ricky Martin - Livin' La Vida Loca 17/7/1999 831. Ronan Keating - When You Say Nothing At All 7/8/1999 Aug 832. Westlife - If I Let You Go 21/8/1999 833. Geri Halliwell - Mi Chico Latino 28/8/1999 Sept 834. Lou Bega - Mambo No 5 4/9/1999 835. Vengaboys - We're Going To Ibiza 18/9/1999 836. Eiffel 65 Blue (Da Ba Dee) 25/9/1999 Oct 837. Christina Aguilera - Genie In A Bottle 16/10/1999 838. Westlife - Flying Without Wings 30/10/1999 Nov 839. Five - Keep On Movin' 6/11/1999 840. Geri Halliwell - Lift Me Up 13/11/1999 841. Robbie Williams - She's The One / It's Only Us 20/11/1999 842. Wamdue Project - King Of My Castle 27/11/1999 Dec 843. Cliff Richard - Millennium Prayer 4/12/1999 844. Westlife - I Have A Dream / Seasons In The Sun 25/12/1999 2000 845. Manic Street Preachers - The Masses Against The Classes 22/1/2000 846. Britney Spears - Born To Make You Happy 29/1/2000 Feb 848. Oasis - Go Let It Out 19/2/2000 849. All Saints - Pure Shores 26/2/2000 March 850. Madonna - American Pie 11/3/2000 851. Chicane featuring Bryan Adams - Don't Give Up 18/3/2000 852. Geri Halliwell - Bag It Up 25/3/2000 April 853. Melanie C with Lisa 'Left Eye' Lopes - Never Be The Same Again 1/4/2000 854. Westlife - Fool Again 8/4/2000 855. Craig David - Fill Me In 15/4/2000 856. Fragma Toca's Miracle 22/4/2000 May 857. Oxide & Neutrino - Bound 4 Da Reload (Casualty) 6/5/2000 858. Britney Spears - Oops!... I Did It Again 13/5/2000 859. Madison Avenue - Don't Call Me Baby 20/5/2000 860. Billie Piper - Day & Night 27/5/2000 June 861. Sonique - It Feels So Good 3/6/2000 (3 weeks) 862. Black Legend - You See The Trouble With Me 24/6/2000 July 863. Kylie Minogue - Spinning Around 1/7/2000 864. Eminem - Real Slim Shady 8/7/2000 865. Corrs - Breathless 15/7/2000 866. Ronan Keating - Life Is A Rollercoaster 22/7/2000 867. Five and Queen - We Will Rock You 29/7/2000 Aug 868. Craig David - 7 Days 5/8/2000 869. Robbie Williams - Rock DJ 12/8/2000 870. Melanie C- I Turn To You 19/8/2000 871. Spiller - Groovejet (If This Ain't Love) 26/8/2000 Sept 873. A1 - Take On Me 9/9/2000 874. Modjo - Lady (Hear Me Tonight) 16/9/2000 875. Mariah Carey & Westlife - Against All Odds 30/9/2000 Oct 876. All Saints - Black Coffee 14 Oct 877. U2 - Beautiful Day 21/10/2000 878. Steps - Stomp 28/10/2000 879. Spice Girls - Holler / Let Love Lead The Way 4/11/2000 880. Westlife - My Love 11/11/2000 881. A1 - Same Old Brand New You 18/11/2000 882. LeAnn Rimes - Can't Fight The Moonlight 25/11/2000 Dec 883. Destiny's Child - Independent Women Part 1 2/12/2000 884. S Club 7 - Never Had A Dream Come True 9/12/2000 885. Eminem Stan 16/12/2000 886. Bob The Builder - Can We Fix It 23/12/2000 (3 weeks) 2001 887. Rui Da Silva featuring Cassandra.. Touch Me 13/1/2001 888. Jennifer Lopez.. Love Don't Cost A Thing 20/1/2001 889. Limp Bizkit.. Rollin' 27/1/2001 Feb 890. Atomic Kitten.. Whole Again 10/2/2001 (4 weeks) March 891. Shaggy featuring Rikrok.. It Wasn't Me 10/3/2001 892. Westlife.. Uptown Girl 17/3/2001 893. Hear'Say.. Pure And Simple 24/3/2001 April 894. Emma Bunton.. What Took You So Long 14/4/2001 895. Destiny's Child.. Survivor 28/4/2001 May 896. S Club 7.. Don't Stop Movin' 5/5/2001 897. Geri Halliwell.. It's Raining Men 12/5/2001 June 898. DJ Pied Piper Do You Really Like It 2/6/2001 899. Shaggy featuring Rayvon.. Angel 9/6/2001 900. Christina Aguilera / Lil' Kim, Mya & Pink.. Lady Marmalade 30/6/2001 July 901. Hear'Say.. The Way To Your Love 7/7/2001 902. Roger Sanchez .. Another Chance 14/7/2001 903. Robbie Williams.. Eternity/The Road To Mandalay 21/7/2001 Aug 904. Atomic Kitten.. Eternal Flame 4/8/2001 905. So Solid Crew.. 21 Seconds 18/8/2001 906. Five.. Let's Dance 25/8/2001 Sept 907. Blue.. Too Close 8/9/2001 908. Bob The Builder.. Mambo No 5 15/9/2001 909. DJ Otzi.. Hey Baby 22/9/2001 910. Kylie Minogue.. Can't Get You Out Of My Head 29/9/2001 Oct 911. Afroman.. Because I Got High 27/10/2001 Nov 912. Westlife.. Queen of My Heart 17/11/2001 913. Blue.. If You Come Back 24/11/2001 Dec 914. S Club 7.. Have You Ever 1/12/2001 915. Daniel Bedingfield.. Gotta Get Thru This 8/12/2001 916. Robbie Williams and Nicole Kidman.. Somethin' Stupid 22/12/2001 2002 917. Aaliyah.. More Than A Woman 19/1/2002 918. George Harrison.. My Sweet Lord 26/1/2002 Feb 919. Enrique Iglesias.. Hero 2/2/2002 (4 weeks) March 920. Westlife.. World Of Our Own 2/3/2002 921. Will Young.. Anything Is Possible / Evergreen 9/3/2002 922. Gareth Gates.. Unchained Melody 30/3/2002 (4 weeks) April 923. Oasis.. The Hindu Times 27/4/2002 May 924. Sugababes.. Freak Like Me 4/5/2002 925. Holly Valance.. Kiss Kiss 11/5/2002 926. Ronan Keating.. If Tomorrow Never Comes 18/5/2002 927. Liberty X.. Just a Little 25/5/2002 June 928. Eminem.. Without Me 1/6/2002 929. Will Young.. Light My Fire 8/6/2002 930. Elvis vs JXL.. A Little Less Conversation 22/6/2002 (4 weeks) July 931. Gareth Gates.. Anyone Of Us (Stupid Mistake) 20/7/2002 Aug 933. Sugababes.. Round Round 24/8/2002 934. Blazin' Squad.. Crossroads 31/8/2002 Sept 935. Atomic Kitten.. The Tide Is High (Get The Feeling) 7/9/2002 936. Pink.. Just Like A Pill 28/9/2002 Oct 937. Will Young & Gareth Gates.. The Long And Winding Road / Suspicious Minds 5/10/2002 938. Las Ketchup.. The Ketchup Song (Asereje) 19/10/2002 939. Nelly feat. Kelly Rowland.. Dilemma 26/10/2002 Nov 940. DJ Sammy & Yanou feat. Do Heaven 9/11/2002 941. Westlife.. Unbreakable 16/11/2002 942. Christina Aguilera.. Dirty 23/11/2002 Dec 943. Daniel Bedingfield.. If You're Not The One 7/12/2002 944. Eminem.. Lose Yourself 14/12/2002 945. Blue feat. Elton John.. Sorry Seems To Be The Hardest Word 21/12/2002 946. Girls Aloud.. Sound Of The Underground 28/12/2002 (4 weeks) 2003 947: David Sneddon: Stop Living The Lie 25/1/2003 Feb 948: Tatu: All The Things She Said 8/2/2003 March 949: Christina Aguilera: Beautiful 8/3/2003 950: Gareth Gates: Spirit In The Sky 22/3/2003 April 951: Room 5 feat. Oliver Cheatham: Make Luv 5/4/2003 May 952: Busted: You Said No 3/5/2003 953: Tomcraft: Loneliness 10/5/2003 954: R Kelly: Ignition 17/5/2003 June 955: Evanescence: Bring Me To Life 14/6/2003 July 956: Beyonce: Crazy In Love 12/7/2003 Aug 957: Daniel Bedingfield: Never Gonna Leave Your Side 2/8/2003 958: Blu Cantrell Feat. Sean Paul: Breathe 9/8/2003 Sept 959: Elton John: Are You Ready For Love? 6/9/2003 960: Black Eyed Peas: Where Is The Love? 13/9/2003 (6 weeks) Oct 961: Sugababes: Hole In The Head 25/10/2003 Nov 962: Fatman Scoop: Be Faithful 1/11/2003 963: Kylie Minogue: Slow 15/11/2003 964: Busted: Crashed The Wedding 22/11/2003 965: Westlife: Mandy 29/11/2003 966: Will Young: Leave Right Now 6/12/2003 967: Kelly & Ozzy Osbourne: Changes 20/12/2003 968: Michael Andrews feat. Gary Jules: Mad World 27/12/2003 2004 969: Michelle McManus: All This Time 17/1/2004 February 970: LMC V U2: Take Me To The Clouds Above 7/2/2004 971: Sam & Mark: With A Little Help From My Friends / Measure Of A Man 21/2/2004 972: Busted: Who's David 28/2/2004 March 973: Peter Andre: Mysterious Girl 6/3/2004 974: Britney Spears: Toxic 13/3/2004 975: DJ Casper Cha Cha Slide 20/3/2004 976: Usher: Yeah 27/3/2004 977: McFly: Five Colours In Her Hair 10/4/2004 978: Eamon: Fk It (I Don't Want You Back) 24/4/2004 (4 weeks) May 979: Frankee: F.U.R.B (F U Right Back) 22/5/2004 June 980: Mario Winans feat. Enya & P.Diddy: I Don't Wanna Know 12/6/2004 981: Britney Spears: Everytime 26/6/2004 July 984: Shapeshifters: Lola's Theme 24/7/2004 985: The Streets: Dry Your Eyes 31/7/2004 August 986: Busted: Thunderbirds / 3AM 7/8/2004 987: 3 Of A Kind: Babycakes 21/8/2004 988: Natasha Bedingfield: These Words 28/8/2004 September 989: Nelly: My Place / Flap Your Wings 11/9/2004 990: Brian McFadden: Real To Me 18/9/2004 991: Eric Prydz: Call On Me 25/9/2004 October 992: Robbie Williams: Radio 16/10/2004 November 993: Ja Rule feat. R.Kelly & Ashanti: Wonderful 6/11/2004 994: Eminem: Just Lose It 13/11/2004 995: U2: Vertigo 20/11/2004 996: Girls Aloud: I'll Stand By You 27/11/2004 December 997: Band Aid 20: Do They Know It's Christmas 11/12/2004 (4 weeks) 2005 998: Steve Brookstein - Against All Odds ..8/1/2005 X Factor winner 999: Elvis Presley - Jailhouse Rock .. 15/1/2005 (No.1 Jan 24th 1958) 1000: Elvis Presley - One Night .. 22/1/2005 (No.1 Jan 30th 1959) 1001:Ciara feat. Petey Pablo - Goodies .. 29/1/2005 February 1002: Elvis Presley - It's Now Or Never .. 5/2/2005 (No.1 Nov 3rd 1960) 1003: Eminem - Like Toy Soldiers .. 12/2/2005 1004: U2 - Sometimes You Cant Make It On Your Own .. 19/2/2005 1005: Jennifer Lopez - Get Right .. 26/2/2005 March 1006: Nelly featuring Tim McGraw - Over and Over .. 5/3/2005 1007: Stereophonics - Dakota .. 12/3/2005 1008: McFly - All About You / You've Got A Friend 19/3/2005 Official Comic Relief single 1009: Tony Christie feat. Peter Kay (Is This The Way To) Amarillo .. 26/3/2005 (7) The 2nd Comic Relief single May 1010: Akon - Lonely .. 14/5/05 (2) 1011: Oasis - Lyla .. 28/5/05 (1) June 1012: Crazy Frog - Axel F .. 05/6/2005 (4) in@ No.1 (First RINGTONE to chart in UK) July 1013: 2Pac feat. Elton John - Ghetto Gospel .. 2/7/2005 1014: James Blunt - You're Beautiful .. 23/7/2005 August 1015: McFly - I'll Be OK .. 27/8/2005 September 1016: Oasis - The Importance Of Being Idle .. 3/9/2005 1017: Gorillaz - Dare .. 10/9/2005 1018: Pussycat Dolls Ft Busta Rhymes - Don't Cha .. 17/9/2005 October 1019: Sugababes - Push The Button .. 8/10/2005 (3) 1020: Arctic Monkeys - I Bet You Look Good On The Dancefloor .. 29/10/2005 (1) .. November 1021: Westlife - You Raise Me Up ..5/11/05 (2) 1022: Madonna - Hung Up .. 19/11/05 (3) December 1023: Pussycat Dolls - Stickwitu ..10/12/05 (2) 1024: Nizlopi - JCB Song .. 24/12/05 (1) 1025: Shayne Ward - That's My Goal .. 31/12/05 (4) in@ No.1 X Factor winner 2006 1026: Arctic Monkeys - When The Sun Goes Down .. 28/1/06 (1) in@ No.1 .. February 1027: Notorious BIG/ P Diddy/ Nelly - Nasty Girl .. 4/2/06 (2) 1028: Meck Ft Leo Sayer - Thunder In My Heart Again .. 18/2/06 (2) in@ No.1 .. March 1029: Madonna - Sorry .. 4/3/06 (1) in@ No.1 1030: Chico - It's Chico Time .. 11/3/06 (2) in@ No.1 1031: Orson - No Tomorrow .. 25/3/06 (1) .. April 1032: NeYo - So Sick .. 1/4/06 (1) 1033: Gnarls Barkley - Crazy .. 8/4/06 (9) in@ No.1 June 1034: Sandi Thom - I Wish I A Punk Rocker .. 10/6/06 (1) .. 1035: Nelly Furtado - Maneater .. 17/6/06 (3) July 1036: Shakira Ft Wyclef Jean - Hips Don't Lie .. 8/7/06 (1) 1037: Lily Allen - Smile .. 15/7/06 (2) 1038: McFly - Don't Stop Me Now/please Please .. 29/7/06 (1) in@ No.1 .. August r/e. : Shakira Ft Wyclef Jean - Hips Don't Lie .. 5/8/06 (4) September 1039: Beyonce Ft Jay-z - Deja Vu .. 2/9/06 (1) 1040: Justin Timberlake - Sexyback .. 9/9/06 (1) in@ No.1.. 1041: Scissor Sisters - I Don't Feel Like Dancin' .. 16/9/06 (4) October 1042: Razorlight - America .. 14/10/06 (1).. 1043: My Chemical Romance - Welcome To The Black Parade .. 21/10/06 (2).. November 1044: McFly - Star Girl .. 4/11/06 (1) in@ No.1 .. 1045: Fedde Le Grand - Put Your Hands Up For Detroit ..11/11/06 (1) .. 1046: Westlife - The Rose .. 18/11/06 (1) in@ No.1 1047: Akon Ft Eminem - Smack That .. 25/11/2006 (1) December 1048: Take That - Patience .. 2/12/2006 (4) 1049: Leona Lewis - A Moment Like This .. 30/12/2006 (4) in@ No.1 .. X Factor winner 2007 1050: Mika - Grace Kelly .. 27/01/07 (5) .. March 1051: Kaiser Chiefs - Ruby .. 03/03/07 (1) .. 1052: Take That - Shine .. 10/03/07 (2) 1053: Sugababes Vs Girls Aloud - Walk This Way .. 24/03/07 (2) The official Comic Relief single 1054: Proclaimers/B.Potter/A.Pipkin - I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles) .. 31/03/07 (3) in@ No.1 also released for the Comic Relief charity. Its sales were double that of the "official" Comic Relief single. April 1055: Timbaland/Nelly Furtado/Justin Timberlake - Give It To Me .. 21/04/07 (1) 1056: Beyonce & Shakira - Beautiful Liar .. 28/04/07 (4) .. May 1057: McFly - Baby's Coming Back/Transylvania .. 19/05/07 (1) in@ No.1 1058: Rihanna ft Jay.Z - Umbrella .. 26/05/07 (10) in@ No.1 August 1059: Timbaland Ft Keri Hilson - The Way I Are .. 4/08/07 (2).. 1060: Robyn With Kleerup - With Every Heartbeat .. 18/08/2007 (1) 1061: Kanye West - Stronger .. 25/08/2007 (2) September 1062: Sean Kingston - Beautiful Girls .. 08/09/2007 (4) October 1063: Sugababes - About You Now .. 06/10/2007 (4) November 1064: Leona Lewis - Bleeding Love .. 03/11/2007 (7) in@ No.1 .. December 1065: Eva Cassidy & Katie Melua - What A Wonderful World .. 22/12/2007 (1) in@ No.1 .. 1066: Leon Jackson - When You Believe .. 29/12/2007 (3) in@ No.1 X Factor winner 2008 1067: Basshunter Ft. Dj Mental Theo - Now You're Gone .. w/e 19/01/2008 (5) February 1068: Duffy - Mercy .. w/e 23/02/2008 (5) in@ No.1 March 1069: Estelle Ft Kanye West - American Boy .. w/e 29/03/2008 (4) in@ No.1 .. April 1070: Madonna Ft Justin Timberlake - 4 Minutes .. w/e 26/04/2008 (4) May 1071: Ting Tings - That's Not My Name .. w/e 24/05/2008 (1) in@ No.1 1072: Rihanna - Take A Bow .. 31/05/2008 (2) June 1073: Mint Royale - Singin' In The Rain .. 14/06/2008 (2) in@ No.1 .. 1074: Coldplay - Viva La Vida .. 28/06/2008 (1) in@ No.1 July 1075: Ne-Yo . - Closer .. 05/07/2008 (1) 1076: Dizzee Rascal /Calvin Harris /Chrome - Dance Wiv Me .. 12/07/2008 (4) in@ No.1 August 1077: Kid Rock - All Summer Long .. 09/08/2008 (1) .. 1078: Katy Perry - I Kissed A Girl .. 16/08/2008 (5) September 1079: Kings Of Leon - Sex On Fire .. 20/09/2008 (3) in@ No.1 .. October 1080: Pink - So What .. 11th Oct (3) November 1081: Girls Aloud - The Promise .. 1st Nov (1) in@ No.1 1082: X Factor Finalists - Hero .. 7th Nov (3) in@ No.1 1083: Beyonce - If I Were A Boy .. 29 Nov (1) December 1084: Take That - Greatest Day .. 06 Dec (1) in@ No.1 .. 1085: Leona Lewis - Run .. 13 Dec (2) in@ No.1 1086: Alexandra Burke - Hallelujah .. 27 Dec (3) [email protected] X Factor winner 2009 1087: Lady Gaga - Just Dance .. w/e Jan 17th (3) February 1088: Lily Allen - The Fear.. w/e Feb 07th (4) in@ No.1 March 1089: Kelly Clarkson - My Life Would Suck Without You.. w/e March 07 (1) in@ No.1 1090: Flo Rida Ft Kesha - Right Round.. w/e March 14 (1) in@ No.1 .. No.2 in the charts .. "Just Can't Get Enough" - The Saturdays .. the first official Comic Relief single not to reach No.1 in 14 years. 1091: Jenkins/West/Jones/Gibb - Islands In The Stream.. w/e March 21 (1) in@ No.1 ..The second Comic Relief 2009 single. 1092: Lady Gaga - Poker Face.. w/e March 28 (3) April 1093: Calvin Harris - I'm Not Alone.. w/e April 18 (2) in@ No.1 May 1094: Tinchy Stryder Ft N-dubz - Number 1.. w/e May 02 (3) in@ No.1 1095: Black Eyed Peas - Boom Boom Pow.. w/e May 23 (1) in@ No.1 1096: Dizzee Rascal / Armand Van Helden - Bonkers.. w/e May 30 (2) in@ No.1 June r/e.. : Black Eyed Peas - Boom Boom Pow.. w/e June 13 (1) 1097: Pixie Lott - Mama Do.. w/e June 20 (1) in@ No.1 1098: David Guetta Ft Kelly Rowland - When Love Takes Over.. w/e June 27 (1) .. July 1099: La Roux - Bulletproof.. w/e July 4 (1) in@ No.1 1100: Cascada - Evacuate The Dancefloor.. w/e 11 July (2) in@ No.1 1101: JLS - Beat Again.. w/e 25 July (1) in@ No.1 August 1102: Black Eyed Peas - I Gotta Feeling.. w/e 08 Aug (1) 1103: Tinchy Stryder Ft Amelle - Never Leave You.. w/e 15 Aug (1) in@ No.1 r/e ..: Black Eyed Peas - I Gotta Feeling.. w/e 22 Aug (1) 1104: David Guetta Ft Akon - Sexy Chick.. w/e 29 Aug (1) in@ No.1 .. September 1105: Dizzee Rascal - Holiday.. w/e 05 Sept (1) in@ No.1 1106: Jay-Z Ft Rihanna & Kanye West - Run This Town.. w/e 12 Sept (1) in@ No.1 .. 1107: Pixie Lott - Boys & Girls.. w/e 19 Sept (1) 1108: Taio Cruz - Break Your Heart.. w/e 26 Sept (3) in@ No.1 October 1109: Chipmunk - Oopsy Daisy.. w/e 17 Oct (1) in@ No.1 .. 1110: Alexandra Burke ft. Flo Rida - Bad Boys .. w/e 24 Oct (1) in@ No.1 .. 1111: Cheryl Cole - Fight For This Love.. w/e 31 Oct (2) in@ No.1 .. November 1112: JLS - Everybody In Love.. w/e 14 Nov (1) in@ No.1 .. 1113: Black Eyed Peas - Meet Me Halfway.. w/e 21 Nov (1) .. 1114: X Factor Finalists 2009 - You Are Not Alone.. w/e 28 Nov (1) in@ No.1 December 1115: Peter Kay's Animated All Star Band - BBC Children In Need Medley.. w/e 05 Dec (2) 1116: Lady Gaga - Bad Romance.. w/e 19 Dec (1) 1117: Rage Against the Machine - Killing In The Name.. w/e 26 Dec (1) in@ No.1 2010 1118: Joe McElderry - The Climb.. w/e 02 Jan (1) X Factor winner r/e....: Lady Gaga - Bad Romance.. w/e 09 Jan (1) .. 1119: Iyaz - Replay.. w/e 16 Jan (2) in@ No.1 1120: Owl City - Fireflies.. w/e 30 Jan (3) .. February 1121: Helping Haiti - Everybody Hurts.. w/e 20 Feb (2) in@ No.1 March 1122: Jason Derulo - In My Head.. w/e 06 March (1) in@ No.1 1123: Tinie Tempah - Pass Out.. w/e 13 March (2) in@ No.1 .. 1124: Lady Gaga ft. Beyoncé - Telephone.. w/e 27 March (2) April 1125: Scouting for Girls - This Ain't A Love Song.. w/e 10 April (2) in@ No.1 .. 1126: Usher ft. will.i.am - OMG.. w/e 24 April (1) May 1127: Diana Vickers - Once.. w/e 01 May (1) in@ No.1 1128: Roll Deep - Good Times.. w/e 08 May (3) in@ No.1 .. 1129: B.o.B ft Bruno Mars - Nothin' On You.. w/e 29 May (1) in@ No.1 June 1130: Dizzee Rascal - Dirtee Disco.. w/e 05 June (1) in@ No.1 .. 1131: David Guetta ft. Chris Willis - Gettin' Over You.. w/e 12 June (1) in@ No.1 .. 1132: Shout ft. Dizzee & James Corden - Shout For England.. w/e 19 June (2) in@ No.1 .. July 1133: Katy Perry ft.Snoop Dogg - California Gurls.. w/e 03 July (2) in@ No.1 .. 1134: JLS - The Club Is Alive.. w/e 17 July (1) in@ No.1 .. 1135: B.o.B ft. Hayley Williams - Airplanes.. w/e 24 July (1) .. 1136: Yolanda Be Cool Vs D Cup - We No Speak Americano.. w/e 31 July (1) .. August 1137: Wanted - All Time Low.. w/e 07 Aug (1) in@ No.1 .. 1138: Ne-Yo - Beautiful Monster.. w/e 14 Aug (1) in@ No.1 .. 1139: Flo Rida Club ft. David Guetta - Can't Handle Me.. w/e 21 Aug (1) 1140: Roll Deep - Green Light.. w/e 28 Aug (1) in@ No.1 .. September 1141: Taio Cruz - Dynamite.. w/e 04 Sept (1) in@ No.1 1142: Olly Murs - Please Don't Let Me Go.. w/e 11 Sept (1) in@ No.1 1143: Alexandra Burke ft. Laza Morgan - Start Without You.. w/e 18 Sept (2) in@ No.1 .. October 1144: Bruno Mars - Just the Way You Are (Amazing).. w/e 02 Oct (1) in@ No.1 .. 1145: Tinie Tempah - Written In The Stars.. w/e 09 Oct (1) in@ No.1 .. 1146: Cee Lo Green - Forget You.. w/e 16 Oct (2) in@ No.1 r/e...: Bruno Mars - Just the Way You Are (Amazing).. w/e 30 Oct (1) .. November 1147: Cheryl Cole - Promise This.. w/e 06 Nov (1) in@ No.1 1148: Rihanna - Only Girl (In The World).. w/e 13 Nov (2) .. 1149: JLS - Love You More.. w/e 27 Nov (1) in@ No.1 . December 1150: The X Factor Finalists 2010 - Heroes.. w/e 04 Dec (2) in@ No.1 . 1151: The Black Eyed Peas - The Time (Dirty Bit).. w/e 18 Dec (1). 1152: Matt Cardle - When We Collide.. w/e 25 Dec (3) in@ No.1 X Factor winner 2011 1153: Rihanna ft. Drake - What's My Name.. w/e 15 Jan (1). 1154: Bruno Mars - Grenade.. w/e 22 Jan (2) in@ No.1. February 1155: Kesha - We R Who We R.. w/e 05 Feb (1) 1156: Jessie J ft. B.o.B - Price Tag.. w/e 12 Feb (2) in@ No.1 1157: Adele - Someone Like You.. w/e 26 Feb (4) March 1158: Nicole Scherzinger - Don't Hold Your Breath.. w/e 26 March (1) in@ No.1 April r/e.,.: Adele - Someone Like You.. w/e 02 April (1) 1159: Jennifer Lopez ft. Pitbull - On The Floor.. w/e 09 April (2) in@ No.1 1160: LMFAO - Party Rock Anthem.. w/e 23 April (4). May 1161: Bruno Mars - The Lazy Song.. w/e 21 May (1). 1162: Pitbull ft. Ne-Yo, Afrojack & Nayer - Give Me Everything.. w/e May 28 (3) June 1163: Example - Changed The Way You Kiss Me.. w/e 18 June (2) in@ No.1. July 1164: Jason Derulo - Don't Wanna Go Home.. w/e 02 July (2) in@ No.1. 1165: DJ Fresh ft. Sian Evans - Louder.. w/e 16 July (1) in@ No.1 1166: The Wanted - Glad You Came.. w/e 23 July (2) in@ No.1 August 1167: JLS ft. Dev - She Makes Me Wanna.. w/e 06 Aug (1) in@ No.1 1168: Cher Lloyd - Swagger Jagger.. w/e 13 Aug (1) in@ No.1 1169: Nero - Promises.. w/e 20 Aug (1) in@ No.1 1170: Wretch 32 ft.Josh Kumra - Don't Go.. w/e 27 Aug (1) in@ No.1 September 1171: Olly Murs ft. Rizzle Kicks - Heart Skips A Beat.. w/e 03 Sept (1) in@ No.1. 1172: Example - Stay Awake.. w/e 10 Sept (1) in@ No.1 1173: Pixie Lott - All About Tonight.. w/e 17 Sept (1) in@ No.1. 1174: One Direction - What Makes You Beautiful.. w/e 24 Sept (1) in@ No.1. October 1175: Dappy - No Regrets.. w/e 01 Oct (1) in@ No.1 1176: Sak Noel - Loca People .. w/e 08 Oct (1) in@ No.1. 1177: Rihanna ft.Calvin Harris - We Found Love .. w/e 15 Oct (3) in@ No.1 . November 1178: Professor Green ft.Emeli Sande - Read All About It .. w/e 05 Nov (2) [email protected] . R / E: Rihanna ft.Calvin Harris - We Found Love .. w/e 26 Nov (3) December 1179: The X Factor Finalists 2011 - Wishing On A Star .. w/e Dec 10 (1) [email protected] 1180: Olly Murs - Dance With Me Tonight .. w/e Dec 17 (1) 1181: Little Mix - Cannonball .. w/e Dec 24 (1) [email protected] X Factor winner 1182: Military Wives with Gareth Malone - Wherever You Are .. w/e Dec 31 (1) [email protected] 2012 1183: Coldplay - Paradise .. w/e Jan 7 (1) 1184: Flo Rida - Good Feeling .. w/e Jan 14 (1) 1185: Jessie J - Domino .. w/e Jan 21 (2) February 1186: Cover Drive - Twilight .. Feb 04 (1) [email protected] 1187: David Guetta ft Sia - Titanium .. Feb 11 (1) 1188: Gotye Somebody ft Kimbra - That I Used To Know .. Feb 18 (1) 1189: DJ Fresh ft. Rita Ora - Hot Right Now .. Feb 25 (1) March R / E: Gotye ft Kimbra - SomebodyThat I Used To Know .. March 03 (4) 1190: Katy Perry - Part Of Me .. March 31 (1) in@ No.1 April 1191: Chris Brown - Turn Up The Music .. April 07 (1) [email protected] 1192: Carly Rae Jepsen - Call Me Maybe .. April 14 (4) May 1193: Tulisa - Young .. w/e May 12 (1) [email protected] 1194: Rita Ora ft.Tinie Tempah - R.I.P .. w/e May 19 (2) [email protected] June 1195: fun ft. Janelle Monae - We Are Young .. w/e June 2 (1) 1196: Rudimental ft. John Newman - Feel The Love .. w/e June 9 (1) [email protected] 1197: Gary Barlow & The Commonwealth Band - Sing .. w/e June 16 (1) 1198: Cheryl - Call My Name .. w/e June 23 (1) [email protected] 1199: Maroon 5 ft. Wiz Khalifa - Payphone .. w/e June 30 (1) [email protected] July 1200: will.i.am ft. Eva Simons - This Is Love .. w/e July 7 (1) [email protected] R / E: Maroon 5 ft.Wiz Khalifa - Payphone .. w/e July 14 (1) 1201: Florence + the Machine (Calvin Harris Mix) - Spectrum (Say My Name) .. w/e July 21 (3) August 1202: Wiley ft. Rymez & Ms D - Heatwave .. w/e Aug 11 (2) [email protected] 1203: Rita Ora - How We Do (Party) .. w/e Aug 25 (1) [email protected] September 1204: Sam and The Womp - Bom Bom .. w/e Sept 01 (1) [email protected] 1205: Little Mix - Wings .. w/e Sept 08 (1) [email protected] 1206: Ne-Yo - Let Me Love You (Until You Learn To Love Yourself) .. w/e Sept 15 (1) [email protected] 1207: The Script feat. will.i.am - Hall Of Fame .. w/e Sept 22 (2) October 1208: PSY - Gangnam Style .. w/e Oct 06 (1) 1209: Rihanna - Diamonds .. w/e Oct 13 (1) [email protected] 1210: Swedish House Mafia ft.John Martin - Don't You Worry Child .. w/e Oct 20 (1) [email protected] 1211: Calvin Harris ft.Florence Welch - Sweet Nothing .. w/e Oct 27 (1) [email protected] November 1212: Labrinth ft. Emeli Sande - Beneath Your Beautiful .. w/e Nov 03 (1) 1213: Robbie Williams - Candy .. w/e Nov 10 (2) [email protected] 1214: One Direction - Little Things .. Nov 24 (1) [email protected] December 1215: Olly Murs ft. Flo Rida - Troublemaker .. Dec 01 (2) [email protected] 1216: Gabrielle Aplin - The Power Of Love .. Dec 15 (1) 1217: James Arthur - Impossible .. Dec 22 (1) [email protected] the fastest-selling X Factor single of all time (to date) reaching 255,000 downloads within 48 hours 1218: The Justice Collective - He Ain't Heavy He's My Brother .. Dec 29 (1) [email protected]. 2013 R/E .: James Arthur - Impossible .. Jan 05 (2) 1219: will.i.am feat. Britney Spears - Scream & Shout .. Jan 19 (2) February 1220: Bingo Players ft. Far East Movement - Get Up (Rattle) .. Feb 02 (2) [email protected] 1221: Macklemore - Thrift Shop .. w/e Feb 16 (1) 1222: Avicii vs Nicky Romero - I Could Be The One .. w/e Feb 23 (1) [email protected] March 1223: One Way Or Another (Teenage Kicks) - One Direction .. w/e March 02 (1) [email protected] The official Comic Relief 2013 single. 1224: Justin Timberlake - Mirrors .. w/e March 09 (3) 1225: The Saturdays ft Sean Paul - What About Us .. March 30 (1) [email protected] April 1226: PJ & Duncan - Let's Get Ready To Rhumble .. April 06 (1) first released July 11th 1994 peaking at No.9. ~ re-released in March 2013, with royalties from sales to be donated to the charity ChildLine. 1227: Duke Dumont ft. AME - Need U (100%) .. April 13 (2) [email protected] 1228: Rudimental ft. Ella Eyre - Waiting All Night .. April 27 (1) [email protected] May 1229: Daft Punk ft. Pharrell Williams - Get Lucky .. May 04 (4) June 1230: Naughty Boy ft. Sam Smith - La La La .. June 01 (1) [email protected] 1231: Robin Thicke ft. Pharrell Williams & T.I. - Blurred Lines .. June 08 (4) [email protected] July 1232: Icona Pop ft. Charli XCX - I Love It .. July 06 (1) [email protected] 1233: John Newman - Love Me Again .. July 13 (1) [email protected] R/E .: Robin Thicke ft. Pharrell Williams & T.I. - Blurred Lines .. July 20 (1) 1234: Avicii - Wake Me Up .. July 27 (3) [email protected] August 1235: Miley Cyrus - We Can't Stop .. Aug 17 (1) [email protected] 1236: Ellie Goulding - Burn .. Aug 24 (3) [email protected] September 1237: Katy Perry - Roar .. Sept 14 (2) [email protected] 1238: Jason Derulo ft. 2 Chainz - Talk Dirty .. Sept 28 (2) [email protected] October 1239: OneRepublic - Counting Stars .. Oct 12 (1) 1240: Miley Cyrus - Wrecking Ball .. Oct 19 (1) [email protected] R/E .: OneRepublic - Counting Stars .. Oct 26 (1) November 1241: Lorde - Royals .. Nov 02 (1) [email protected] 1242: Eminem ft Rihanna - The Monster .. Nov 09 (1) [email protected] 1243: Storm Queen - Look Right Through .. Nov 16 (1) 1244: Martin Garrix - Animals .. Nov 23 (1) [email protected] 1245: Lily Allen - Somewhere Only We Know .. Nov 30 (1) December 1246: Calvin Harris/Alesso/Hurts - Under Control .. Dec 07 (1) [email protected] R/E .:.Lily Allen - Somewhere Only We Know .. Dec 14 (2) 1247: Sam Bailey - Skyscaper .. Dec 28 (1) [email protected] Xmas No.1 2014 1248: Pharrell Williams - Happy .. Jan 04 (1). 1249: Pitbull ft Kesha - Timber .. Jan 11 (1) [email protected]. R/E .: Pharrell Williams - Happy .. Jan 18 (2). February 1250: Clean Bandit ft. Jess Glynne - Rather Be .. Feb 01 (4) [email protected] March 1251: Sam Smith - Money On My Mind .. March 01 (1) [email protected]. R/E .: Pharrell Williams - Happy .. March 08 (1). 1252: Route 94 ft. Jess Glynne - My Love .. March 15 (1) [email protected]. 1253: DVBBS & Borgeous ft Tinie Tempah - Tsunami (Jump) .. March 22 (1) [email protected]. 1254: Duke Dumont ft Jax Jones - I Got U .. March 29 (1) [email protected] April 1255: 5 Seconds Of Summer - She Looks So Perfect .. April 05 (1) [email protected]. 1256: Aloe Blacc - The Man .. April 12 (1) [email protected]. 1257: Sigma - Nobody To Love .. April 19 (1) [email protected]. 1258: Kiesza - Hidaway .. April 26 (1) [email protected] May 1259: Mr Probz - Waves .. May 03 (1) [email protected]. 1260: Calvin Harris - Summer .. May 10 (1) [email protected]. R/E .: Mr Probz - Waves .. May 17 (1). 1261: Rita Ora - I Will Never Let You Down .. May 24 (1) [email protected]. 1262: Sam Smith - Stay With Me .. May 31 (1) [email protected] June 1263: Secondcity - I Wanna Feel .. June 07 (1) [email protected] 1264: Ed Sheeran - Sing .. June 14 (1) [email protected] 1265: Ella Henderson - Ghost .. June 21 (2) [email protected] July 1266: Oliver Heldens & Becky Hill - Gecko (Overdrive) .. July 05 (1) [email protected] 1267: Ariana Grande ft Iggy Azalea - Problem .. July 12 (1) [email protected] 1268: Will.i.am ft. Cody Wise - It's My Birthday .. July 19 (1) [email protected] 1269: Rixton - Me And My Broken Heart .. July 26 (1) [email protected] August 1270: Cheryl Cole ft Tinie Tempah - Crazy Stupid Love .. Aug 02 (1) [email protected] 1271: Magic - Rude .. Aug 09 (1) 1272: Nico & Vinz - Am I Wrong .. Aug 16 (2) 1273: David Guetta ft. Sam Martin - Lovers On The Sun .. Aug 30 (1) [email protected] September 1274: Lilly Wood & Robin Schulz - Prayer in C .. Sept 06 (2) . 1275: Calvin Harris ft. John Newman - Blame .. Sept 20 (1) [email protected] 1276: Sigma ft. Paloma Faith - Changing .. Sept 27 (1) October 1277: Jesse J / Grande / Minaj - Bang Bang .. Oct 04 (1) [email protected] . 1278: Meghan Trainor - All About That Bass .. Oct 11 (4) . November 1279: Ed Sheeran - Thinking Out Aloud .. Nov 08 (1) 1280: Cheryl - I Don't Care - Cheryl .. Nov 15 (1) [email protected] 1281: Gareth Malone's All Star Choir - Wake Me Up .. Nov 22 (1) [email protected] 1282: Band Aid 30 - Do They Know It's Christmas .. Nov 29 (1) [email protected] December 1283: Take That - These Days .. Dec 06 (1) [email protected] R/E:.: Ed Sheeran - Thinking Out Aloud .. Dec 13 (1) 1284: Mark Ronson ft. Bruno Mars - Uptown Funk .. Dec 20 (1) [email protected] 1285: Ben Haenow - Something I Need .. Dec 27 (1) [email protected] 2015 R/E:.: Mark Ronson ft. Bruno Mars - Uptown Funk .. Jan 03 (6) February 1286: Ellie Goulding - Love Me Like You Do .. Feb 14 (4) [email protected] March 1287: Years & Years - King .. March 14 (1) [email protected] 1288: Sam Smith ft.John Legend - Lay Me Down .. March 21 (2) [email protected] April 1289: Jess Glynne - Hold My Hand .. April 04 (3) [email protected] 1290: Wiz Khalifa ft. Charlie Puth - See You Again .. April 25 (2) May 1291: OMI - Cheerleader .. May 09 (4) June 1292: Jason Derulo - Want To Want Me .. June 06 (4) [email protected] July 1293: Tinie Tempah ft Jesse Glynne - Not Letting Go .. July 04 (1) WEEK ENDING DATE CHANGES TO FRIDAYS 1294: Lost Frequences - Are You With Me .. July 09 (1) 1295: David Zowie - House Every Weekend .. July 16 (1) 1296: Little Mix - Black Magic .. July 23 (3) [email protected] August 1297: One Direction - Drag Me Down .. Aug 13 (1) [email protected] 1298: Charlie Puth ft Meghan Trainor - Marvin Gaye .. Aug 20 (1) 1299: Jess Glynne - Don't Be So Hard on Yourself .. Aug 27 (1) September 1300: Rachel Platten - Fight Song .. Sept 03 (1) 1301: Justin Bieber - What Do You Mean .. Sept 10 (1) [email protected] 1302: Sigala - Easy Love .. Sept 17 (1) R/E:.: Justin Bieber - What Do You Mean .. Sept 24 (2) October 1303: Sam Smith - Writing On The Wall .. Oct 08 (1) [email protected]. R/E:.: Justin Bieber - What Do You Mean .. Oct 15 (2) 1304: KDA ft Tinie Tempah & Katy B - Turn The Music Louder (Rumble) .. Oct 29 (1) [email protected] November 1305: Adele - Hello .. Nov 05 (3) [email protected] 1306: Justin Bieber - Sorry .. Nov 26 (2) December 1307: Justin Bieber - Love Yourself .. Dec 10 (3) 1308: Lewisham & Greenwich NHS Choir - A Bridge Over You .. Dec 31 (1) [email protected] 2016 January R/E:.: Justin Bieber - Love Yourself .. Jan 07 (3) Jan 8th - Jan 14th Justin Bieber holds the 1st, 2nd, 3rd position on the charts; a first in UK chart history 1309: Shawn Mendes - Stitches . . Jan 28 (2) February 1310: Zayn - Pillowtalk . . Feb 11 (1) in@ No.1 1311: Lukas Graham - 7 Years . . Feb 18 (5) March 1312: Mike Posner - I Tool A Pill In Ibiza .. March 24 (4) April 1313: Drake ft. Wizkid & Kyla - One Dance .. April 21 (15) August 1314: Major Lazer/Justin Beiber/Mo - Cold Water .. Aug 04 (5) September 1315: Chainsmoker ft Halsey - Closer .. Sept 08 (4) October 1316: James Arthur - Say You Won't Let Go .. Oct 06 (3) 1317: Little Mix - Shout Out To My Ex .. Oct 27 (3) [email protected] November 1318: Clean Bandit - Rockabye .. Nov 17 (9) Christmas No.1 2017 January 1319: Ed Sheeran - Shape Of You .. w/e Jan 19 (1) [email protected] "Shape of You" and Ed Sheeran's "Castle on the Hill" debuted on UK Singles Chart at No1 & No.2, the first time in history an artist has taken the top two chart positions with new releases. UPDATED: January 13th 2016. A FEW FACTS (UK Singles charts) Most Consecutive Weeks at No.1 16 weeks: Bryan Adams - (Everything I Do) I Do It For You .. 1991 Most Weeks at No.1 18 weeks: Frankie Laine's - I Believe In 1953 it topped the chart on three separate occasions Longest Time For A Track To Get To No.1 33 Years, 3 Months, and 27 Days. Tony Christie "(Is This The Way To) Amarillo" w/e November 27th 1971 - it reached No.18. w/e March 26th 2005 - it reached No.1 with the re-release, after comedian Peter Kaye sung the song and made an amusing video with it, featuring many other celebrities. It was in aid of Comic Relief. it beat the previous record of 29 Years, 1 Month, and 11 Days Jackie Wilson -"Reet Petite (The Sweetest Girl in Town)" the original subtitle: (The Finest Girl You Ever Want To Meet) w/e November 15th 1957 - it reached No.6 in the UK charts w/e December 29th 1986 - it reached No.1 , two years after his death, when it was re-released after being used on an advert for Levi Jeans . Until 1983, the chart was made available on Tuesdays. Due to improved technology, from January 1983 it was released on the Sunday. The convention of using Saturday as the 'week-ending' date has remained constant throughout. JULY 2015 .. WEEK-ENDING DATE CHANGES TO THURSDAYS AND RELEASED ON FRIDAYS Information up to 2004 is from the "Guinness Book of British Hit Singles & Albums" 2004 onwards from BBC Radio 1 *****************************************	i don't know
In which country does the Zambezi River reach the sea?	Zambezi River Zambezi River T he Zambezi is Africa’s fourth largest River system, after the Nile, Zaire and Niger Rivers. It runs through six countries on it’s journey from central Africa to the Indian Ocean. Its unique value is that it is less developed than others in terms of human settlement and many areas along it’s banks enjoy protected status. It’s power has carved the spectacular Victoria Falls and the zigzagging Batoka Gorge. The Zambezi has been harnessed at various points along the way including the massive Kariba Dam between Zambia and Zimbabwe and Cabora Bassa Dam in Mozambique. Plans for another dam at the Batoka gorge have fortunately been shelved. The River’s beauty has attracted tourists from all over the world providing opportunities for a myriad of water sports and game viewing. Running for a length of 2700kms, it begins it’s journey as an insignificant little spring in the corner of north-west Zambia in the Mwinilunga District. It bubbles up between the roots of a tree, very close to the border where Zambia, Angola and Zaire meet. It enters Angola for about 230kms, where it accumulates the bulk of its headwater drainage, and re-enters Zambia again at Cholwezi rapids flowing due south but substantially enlarged by the entry of various tributaries. This upper part of the river is thinly populated by pastoralists, farmers and fishermen and although wildlife is sparse it is remarkably free of pollution. This is also the scene of the remarkable Ku-omboka Ceremony where thousands of inhabitants move annually to higher ground as the Zambezi floods into the low lying plains. It passes through the flat sandy country of the Western Province, then traverses the broad, annually flooding Barotse Plains, where much of the water is lost to evaporation, then over more rocky country where it’s tranquil course is interrupted by the Ngonye falls and rapids. As it turns to an easterly direction it forms the border between Zambia and Namibia and eventually joins up with the Chobe River in the Caprivi Swamps, briefly forming a border with Botswana. For the next 500kms it serves as the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe thundering over the Victoria Falls and through the narrow, steadily deepening Batoka Gorge, providing a fantastic playground for white water rafting, kayaking, river boarding and jet boating. From here the steep sides of the gorge eventually flatten out at the broad Gwembe Valley. Then it flows into the Kariba dam for 281kms – it’s width at one point being 40kms. From the dam wall the river travels due north, heading east again at Chirundu. Here it is flanked by the Lower Zambezi National Park on the Zambian side and Mana Pools National Park on the Zimbabwean side. This middle zone supports one of Africa’s most important wilderness areas. After the Luangwa confluence, it’s a much larger Zambezi that flows into Mozambique and out towards the Indian Ocean, having provided power, food, pleasure and transport for many and a home for untold numbers of wildlife along it’s journey. Fishing Trips on the Zambezi River	Mozambique
On which river does Winchester stand?	Zambia Geography Geography Z ambia takes its name from the Zambezi River, which rises in the north-west corner of the country and forms its southern boundary. This landlocked country lies between the latitudes 10o and 18o South and longitudes 22o and 33o East. It’s neighbours are: Congo DR to the north and north west, Tanzania to the north east, Malawi to the east, Mozambique to the south east, Zimbabwe to the south, Botswana and Namibia to the south west and Angola to the West. Zambia’s 752,000 square kilometres makes it a large country about the size of France, the Netherlands, Belgium and Switzerland combined. It consists for the most part of a high plateau, with an average height of between 1060 and 1363 meters above sea level. (3500 and 4500 ft). Isolated mountain ridges rise to more than 6000 ft with an occasional peak above 7000 ft on the eastern border, called Nyika Plateau. Over most of the country the surface tends to be flat, broken by small hills, the result of countless ages of undisturbed erosion of the underlying crystalline rocks. These rocks contain the bulk of the country’s wealth in the form of minerals, and the 90 mile long corridor known as the Copperbelt, along the north-western part of the country, is the mainstay of the Zambian economy. The level of the land falls southward from the Congo DR / Zambezi divide in the north towards the Zambezi depression in the South. The plateau is broken by the huge valleys of the Upper Zambezi and its major tributaries, of which the Kafue and Luangwa Rivers are the largest. One result of the plateau formation of Africa generally is the swift discharge of water towards the coast and the interruption of the rivers by waterfalls and rapids. This has made them of little value for transport over their length, but very suitable for hydroelectric schemes and white water rafting adventures. With the exception of the Northern and Luapula Provinces which are part of the Congo DR basin, Zambia lies on the watershed between the Congo DR and Zambezi River systems. The three great natural lakes of the country, Bangweulu, Mweru and the southern end of Lake Tanganyika are all in the north and are part of the headwaters of the Zaire River. Lake Tanganyika is the second deepest natural lake in the world. Lake Bangweulu, which with its swamps covers an area of about 3800 square miles, is drained by the Luapula River. This river starts flowing south, then turns west and northwards to pass through Lake Mweru on its way to Congo DR. Along the southern border of the country stretches Lake Kariba, the largest man-made lake in Africa and the second largest in the world. It is about 280kms long and 40kms across at its widest point.	i don't know
Which TV celebrity chef's Jack Russell Terrier, Chalky, died aged 17 in January 2007?	Brewing up tribute to famous dog - Jack Russell Terrier UK Brewing up tribute to famous dog Story sourced from the BBC - Visit here . Originally reported on Thursday, 21 June 2007 Story posted on 26 June 2007 Chalky died in January, aged 17 TV Stars: Rick Stein and constant companion Chalky Chalky's Bite is named after the chef's well-known companion, who died in January aged 17, and will soon be sold in Sainsbury's stores across the UK. Cornwall-based brewery Sharp's worked with Stein to come up with a beer which would go well with seafood. The beer was created before Chalky's demise but Joe Keohane, from the brewery, said it now provided a fitting tribute to a "much-loved" dog. 'A wonderful find' The beer was created when Stein challenged Sharp's head brewer Stuart Howe to create a beer to drink with seafood dishes. Mr Howe came up with the brew using wild Cornish fennel, Cornish malted barley and three different hops and Stein says it is an impressive beer which is "distinctively English and very much a product of Sharp's Brewery". The Rock-based brewery was founded in 1994 and now employs 52 people. Trish Penn, Sainsbury's beer buyer, said: "I am so excited to offer so many of our customers this unique product, visitors to the South West kept on telling me what a wonderful find it was for them." Chalky, who died in January, became well-known through his appearances on Stein's television series and a House of Commons motion was even tabled to pay tribute to him.	Rick Stein
In Hindu myth, which creature is associated with the god Hanuman?	Chalky's Bark and Chalky's Bite Beer \| The Brew Club Written by Bob the Brit An interesting post to finish up British Beer Month here at The Brew Club ! I’m not sure how well known Rick Stein is outside the UK, so I’ll work on the basis that nobody else has ever heard of and take it from there. Rick Stein is a British ‘celebrity chef’, he is well known for his love of fish and sea-food and has a clutch of very popular seafood restaurants down in Padstow (Cornwall – which is the bit of Britain that sticks out at the bottom, into the Atlantic). Additionally he has made a number of very successful TV series, mostly concentrating on the aforementioned fish and sea-food. For several of those TV series he was accompanied by his dog – ‘Chalky’ – a Jack Russell Terrier, but sadly Chalky died in 2007 aged 17. Later that year Stein engaged the Cornish brewer Sharp’s (best known for their ‘Doom Bar’ ale) to brew a beer to ‘go’ with seafood. The ensuing brew was named “Chalky’s Bite” in memory of the terrier. Chalky’s Bite Beer Stein himself describes the beer “I challenged Stuart Howe, the Head Brewer at Sharp’s in Rock, to create an English beer with the character, individuality and quality to stand alongside the Belgian greats. The ingredients for Chalky’s Bite are relatively short and simple with just Cornish floor malted barley and wheat, three varieties of whole hop, two strains of yeast, pure water and Cornish wild fennel. The hint of fennel gives the beer a great flavouring and makes it an ideal accompaniment to mussel dishes and seafood.” The brewery adds that “a maturation period of over three months the beer is allowed ample time to develop a high level of carbonation, its own distinctive flavour and a beautiful light golden colour.” Okay, so that’s the theory, let’s investigate the beer. After the head, which quickly dissipates, there isn’t too much evidence of carbonation, the colour is indeed light and golden, but I was disappointed with the nose, I was expecting something hoppy, but the nose just isn’t there. Similarly the flavour, well yes it has certain hints of ‘Belgian-ness’ there’s an underlying hint of the strength of this beer – it’s brewed to a hearty 6.8% ABV – but there’s a missing bite for me. I was hoping for an IPA style ‘bite’ but overall I found it a bit cloying and generally unsatisfying. And I’m sorry, the wild Cornish Fennel was lost in the mix. Overall I’d give it two stars, it just didn’t do it for me. However I noted it won Gold in the Specialty Beers category at the Quality Drinks Awards 2008, so I tried another bottle with a grilled Trout (don’t say I don’t make sacrifices for The Brew Club (I don’t normally do fish) and okay, it worked quite well, but still only two stars. Rating: Chalky’s Bark Beer Rick Stein’s most recent TV outing was a fascinating ‘odyssey’ around the far east, exploring the cuisines of Thailand, Indonesia, Sri Lanka and Bangla Desh. Anybody who knows me will have rightly surmised that I would be glued to my TV and now have the recipe book ready to try some of the recipes. Particularly the Pad Thai! To tie in with Stein’s newly announced passion for Asian cuisines he went back to Sharp’s to commission a second beer – Chalky’s Bark. The brewery describes is as “a beer fragrant with the flavour of hops At, 4.5% abv, it has great thirst quenching capabilities, ideal for drinking on its own but it goes particularly well too with fiery, chili hot food, something to cool the heat of a monkfish Vindaloo or Singapore Chilli crab. It’s got a dry, bitter finish with a subtle hint of ginger to compliment spicy curries. It’s a beer with a lot of bark but not quite so much Chalky’s Bite.” Again, not much carbonation and a head that quickly subsides, but there is a distinct hint of lemon in the nose, again no noticeable hops. The flavour kicks in distinct ginger notes that compensate (almost) for the lack of hops, it’s bottle conditioned and leaves a lot of sediment, the 4.5% ABV strength is evident, but not excessive. Whether it stands up against a spicy meal is another matter, frankly and at the risk of being unpatriotic if presented with a Biryani I think I’d go for a Cobra , Tsing Tao or a Singha Beer before ordering this one. For the record Chalky’s Bark won gold in the Speciality Beer Category of the Quality Drinks Awards 2009, following on from Chalky’s Bite’s victory the previous year – clearly the judges palates were in a different place to mine. I suppose the inevitable question is, is Chalky’s Bark worse than his Bite? Well, on reflection I think the Bark is slightly preferable to the Bite… the flavour just works for me. I’d give the Bark two and half stars over the two stars I gave the Bite. Rating:	i don't know
Who had a UK Top 10 chart hit in 1976 with 'Devil Woman'?	Cliff Richard Song Database - Cliff Richard - Devil Woman song analysis Produced By: Bruce Welch Engineered By: Tony Clark & John Barrett Performed By: Cliff Richard (vocals), Terry Britten (guitar), Alan Tarney (bass), Clem Cattini (drums), Graham Todd (keyboards), Tony Rivers (backing vocals), John Perry (backing vocals), Ken Gold (backing vocals) Initially Released On: I'm Nearly Famous LP album (1976 May ï¿½ UK ï¿½ EMI EMC 3122) Comments and Observations Recording the Song: Devil Woman was recorded at Abbey Road in London on September 8 and 9, 1975, at sessions which also produced the popular Miss You Nights song. It was the first session produced by Bruce Welch exclusively and the first session recording with backing vocalists Tony Rivers, John Perry and Ken Gold, whom Cliff would use for many years to come. (Despite what is written in the album's liner notes and various books, Tony Harding did not perform on the song.) The song had been presented to Cliff months earlier by writer Terry Britten, but Cliff had rejected it. It was at producer Bruce Welch's persistence that Cliff finally recorded the song. The song was presented to Cliff again at the same time as Miss You Nights and I Can't As For Any More Than You. It was at this point that Cliff finally agreed to recorded it, although he remained reluctant. It is unclear why Cliff was resistant to recording the song af first, but it has been suggested that he primarily did not like the lyrics and their fortune-telling theme. Bruce Welch persisted and Cliff finally relented after changing some of the lyrics to more overtly suggest that the "devil woman" was dangerous and should be avoided. It is unknown what the original lyrics were that Cliff changed. The lyrics as performed on the Kristine I'm A Song album, are sung in third person ("He's had nothing but bad luck..."), use the lyrics "I can see me a gypsy woman" instead of "I can see me a tall dark stranger" and "and he knew what he came there for" instead of and "I wonder what I came there for" in the second verse, and excludes the "stay away" and "look out" lyrics from the second bridge. It is known that Cliff added the "Stay away! Look out!" parts, however if this and the aforementioned changes are all that Cliff changed, then he changed very little at all for his version. He also likely changed the line to "I wonder what I came there for" which clearly obscures the meaning of what he, the singer, was doing there. During the recording, Tony Clark apparently enthused that the song would be a hit in America. Perhaps the other didn't believe him, but Tony's words turned to be prophetic. Releases: The song was released as a 7" single in the UK by EMI on May 1976 with stock number "EMI 2448" and having the Cliff Richard-penned song Love On (Shine On), a song unique to this single, on the B-side. It was also the 8th track on the I'm Nearly Famous album and the second single taken from that album (with the first being Miss You Nights). It is Cliff's 66th single release (approximately, as the counting of Cliff's singles varies depending upon how they are counted). The single was reissued in 1981 with the same stock number, but this time with an original picture sleeve and a new record label. It was released in the USA as a 7" single on a Rocket Record Company single (PIG-40574) with the same Love On (Shine On) song on the B-side and on the I'm Nearly Famous LP, the first Cliff LP release in the US since the Two A Penny soundtrack in 1968. Devil Woman was released during a period when Cliff's popularity and chart success were waning. It was the first top ten hit since 1973 and the third top ten hit of the 1970s. It entered the UK Top 50 chart on May 8, 1976, peaked at #9 on June 5, 1976, and spent 8 weeks in the chart. Although it was not a monster hit in the UK, it had big international success. It is also significant that it was a breakout hit for Cliff in the USA, being his first USA charting song since 1968's Congratulations (which peaked at a meager #99). It entered the Billboard Hot 100 chart on July 4, 1976, reached #6 for three consecutive weeks on September 26, October 3 and October 10, 1976, spending 22 weeks in the chart. It is Cliff's highest charting hit on the USA charts ever, being certified gold (having sold a million copies) on October 20, 1976. The song has a curious distinction of being the only Cliff Richard song that charted higher in the USA than it did in Cliff's home country of the UK. The song is a truely pivotal song, ushering in a renaissance for Cliff. The I'm Nearly Famous LP is the first LP of many successful LPs that featured exclusive production by Shadow Bruce Welch. The album was also picked up by Rocket Record Company in the USA thanks to the insistance of Cliff's friend, Elton John, where a major push behind the album and Devil Woman single was able to propel them both to great success. Today, the I'm Nearly Famous album is considered by fans and critics to be one of Cliff's finest, with both Devil Woman and Miss You Nights still being played on the radio and performed in concerts today. Cliff found out about the song's success in America while performing a concert in Hong Kong. He was on stage, speaking to the audience during the concert, when Bruce walk across the stage and whispered the song had "made it" in America. Surely Cliff was chuffed at the news, although it's unclear how he reacted while on stage. Writing the Song: The song was written based upon a riff that Terry Britten had developed. The riff had a mysterious vibe to it, like I Heard It Through The Grapevine, but Terry had not yet developed it into a song. He met Christine Holmes and played her the riff. Hearing the mysterious vibe of the song, she had to idea to use the theme from her book of ideas about a fortune telling seductress. Thus the pair went to her flat in Kensington and wrote the song together, with Terry writing the music and Christine writing the words. This song is the only collaboration they did together. There has been a lot of confusion over exactly who wrote the song. Although Britten's authorship has never been questioned, Holmes' has varied greatly because of the many stage names she has used over the years. Her birth name is Christine Hodgson, for a while she was using the stage name Kristine Sparkle, and she was married to Barry Authors and sometimes using his family name professionally. Thus the writing credits vary radically, with the first name sometimes written as "Christine" or "Kristine" combined with variable last names, including "Holmes", "Hodgson", "Sparkle", "Authors" and "Anchor". One source even credits the song to Barry Authors himself, which is clearly an error. But the most proper credit is for Christine Holmes as that is the name she finally settled on using. Curiously, although Cliff went on to record many Terry Britten songs, he never recorded any other songs written by Christine Holmes. Christine Holmes recorded the song herself under the stage name "Kristine" (no last name) on her 1976 I'm A Song album (it was a single in Canada only), although it remains unclear if she recorded the song before or after Cliff released and had a hit with his version. A sample of the Kristine version can be heard HERE . USA Single Mix: On the strength of the material for I'm Nearly Famous, particularly Devil Woman and Miss You Nights, Cliff was signed to the Rocket Record Company in the USA. A decision was made to slightly remaster the song Devil Woman, giving the song more punch with a stronger bass and drum. It was this mix that was used on the USA single, while the album had the standard worldwide single/album mix. A comparison of these mixes can be heard HERE . The first part heard is the original album version, followed by the USA single mix (both the intro and the fade are heard). Years later, this mix appeared on the 1989 CD issue of 40 Golden Greats. Why was this mix used for this compilation? It remains a mystery why, but when this 1989 CD compilation was prepared of the original 1978 LP compilation, it is clear that the compilers chose to recompile the tracks and not use the original masters prepared for the LP. Where the LP had several mock stereo versions of the early songs that were recorded only in mono, the CD reverted to the original mono versions as mock stereo was no longer in fashion by the late 1980s. It is assumed the that compilers went looking for what they thought was the best master of Devil Woman and inadvertantly picked up the USA single mix. This USA single mix next appeared on the 1998 compilation simply called 1970s. (Several decade-themed compilations were released in 1998). As 1998 was Cliff's 40th anniversary in show business, his catalog had undergone a major overhaul under engineer Keith Bessey. The idea was to remaster the best versions of Cliff's hit songs and use them for all releases from then on. The only 40th anniversary compilation with Devil Woman was the 1970s set and once again, the USA single mix was picked for it. This mix, next appearing on 2000's The Whole Story - His Greatest Hits compilation, has been used on all releases since then, completely replacing the original album mix. The USA single mix was even used on the 2001 remaster of the I'm Nearly Famous album. The Song's Meaning: Cliff believes the song to be about the occult and serves as a warning against it, which is the reason he changes the song's lyrics. Songwriter Christine Holmes states is not really about the occult, simply about a fortune telling woman seducing a man. Bruce Welch agrees, stating that it's about a seductress using her sexual prowess to seduce the song's antagonist. The seductress just happens to be a mystical fortune teller, which fits the song's theme of the evil seductress. Indeed, the song's lyrics never explicitly mention the occult; the implication of the occult can be derived in the song's divination theme and the "evil" and "devil" references. Divination is explicitly forbidden in Christian teachings from the Bible (Deuteronomy 18:10), but other than this reference, divination is not necessarily Satanic or evil. In interviews, Cliff very often accounts a story of the song for which he is very proud. He tells of having been contacted by a fan in Australia who told of being lost and having no direction in life. She had been considering and dabbling in the occult as a means to finding her needed direction. Upon hearing Cliff's recording of Devil Woman and taking the lyrics to heart, she turned away from the occult and became a Christian very involved in her church. Cliff has told this story many, many times over the years and apparently it's a great source of pride. Structure and Lyrics Below is the structure of the fullest, most complete version of the originally released song as available on the standard issues of the I'm Nearly Famous album. -Guitar Intro Sheet music as published in the USA. Promotional Videos and TV Performances There was a promotional video made of Devil Woman that features just Cliff and a microphone on a black soundstage. The entire video uses optical effects to show repeated images of Cliff singing the song that often fade into the background. The performance is a lip synch of the album/version of the song. And the video has never been commercially released. Televised performances of the song will be documented at length at a future date. Fan Comments Enter comments only about this song. (Inappropriate comments will be removed.) Does anyone know about the version that appears on the NZ comp "Their 40 Big Ones?"?? I can provide a sample if it helps. It fades out very early, earlier than any other version i've ever heard. Tell the world what you think of Devil Woman. What do you think of Cliff singing such a scandalous song? :) Quotations Devil Woman (Standard Release) "The visit did me a lot of good. I've had a top-five hit over there with Devil Woman. I did a lot of radio stations... [...] Actually the lyric is anti-spiritualism. It's a warning: beware. I'm not trying to preach at anyone but black magic and spiritualism are very dangerous areas. When we recorded I was worried about one line that said 'And I knew what I came here for' so I altered it to 'I wondered what I came here for'." Cliff Richard (circa 1976 [published 2008 May] - The Bachelor Boy) "[Devil Woman is] still No. 1 in my chart!" Cliff Richard (1985 - liner notes for From The Heart album) "I record a song, even a track like Devil Woman, for instance, with no apparent Christian message, and offer it to the Lord and let him do the rest. I heard of two people, would you believe, who became Christians as an indirect result of listening to that particular song. [...] Here I am, having spent more time in the UK charts than any other artist (The Beatles included)-- with the sole exception of Elvis-- yet the average American will never have heard of me. He or she will probably recognise a song title-- Devil Woman, We Don't Talk Anymore, Dreamin', Daddy's Home and others were all decent-sized Top Thirty hits over the years. But as for Cliff Richard, the name won't mean a light." Cliff Richard (1988 - Single-Minded) "I've had eleven top thirty hits [in America], but no album success. That's where you get the hits with the albums. I mean, Devil Woman was number five. We Don't Talk Anymore was in the top ten. Dreamin', A Little In Love, Carrie, Suddenly with Olivia Newton-John. I had a lot of hit records like that, but there was no albums. So this year we're not signed with EMI in America." Cliff Richard (circa 1987 - unknown interview from the Baktabak interview disc (BAK 2063)) "I think Devil Woman is the best record I ever made. [...] And in fact, that's when I did Devil Woman. The first thing I did after I made up my mind which way to go [whether to be an actor or a singer], was I'm Nearly Famous which had Miss You Nights, Devil Woman... So I was really glad I did that." Cliff Richard (circa 1989 - unknown interview from interview disc (The Young1)) "At #10 [in the BBC Radio 2 Cliff Toppers program] is Cliff's all time favourite song, Devil Woman, which gave him a special thrill in 1976 when it nearly helped him to make it in America." Mike Read (May 1992 - Cliff Toppers BBC radio special) "We were doing a concert tour of the east. And we were starting Hong Kong. And it was about the third night, the last night in Hong Kong and Bruce Welch was in the band. And somehow they must have got word to him because while I was [on stage] talking into the mike to introduce a song, he just came over and he whispered, '18 with a bullet.' But it was that phraseology and I knew exactly what he meant. There's only one country in the world that uses bullets and I knew that we'd made the States. But, of course, I didn't think it was going to get to #5. And I didn't think we were going to get a gold disc out of it too. I think it sold about a million and a half." Cliff Richard (May 1992 - Cliff Toppers BBC radio special) "When I went to America with Devil Woman it sold 1.4 million copies. When I came back people said to me, 'You've cracked America!' The only thing I could think of was that 249 million people did not buy it." Cliff Richard (circa 1993 [published 2008 May] - The Bachelor Boy) "The most successful of [the 1976 singles], Devil Woman reached No.9 and Miss You Nights No.15... For the September 1975 sessions at Abbey Road, three songs had been channelled to Cliff through Bruce Welch, who was producer for Devil Woman, I Can't Ask For Anymore Than You and Miss You Nights. Collectively these singles showed that Cliff had not only caught up with the contemporary scene, but was breaking new ground as well. April 23, 1976: Cliff's 66th single, Devil Woman/Love On [sic], is released. One reviewer, Bob Edmonds, asks: 'Has Cliff been caught up again? He cut a previous single, Honky Tonk Angel, without apparently knowing what it was about. This time someone may have forgotten to tell him what the words devil and woman mean. You see, Cliffie, a devil is a naughty person and a woman is more or less a person of the opposite sex. Now, is it right for an upstanding young man to sing about naughtiness and sex? Isn't this just setting a bad example to his followers?' June 26, 1976: Devil Woman picks up heavy 'FM' air-play on San Fanciscan radio stations. August 1976: In America, Devil Woman enters the Cashbox and Billboard charts to give Cliff his third-ever hit Stateside and his first since It's All In The Game in 1964. October 1976: His single Devil Woman becomes Cliff Richard's biggest-ever hit on the other side of the Atlantic, making both the No.6 position in the Billboard charts and the No. 5 spot in the rival Cash Box chart." Mike Read, Nigel Goodall & Peter Lewry (1995 - The Complete Chronicle) "...there is a common misconception that Cliff had no success in the United States until Devil Woman in 1976. Although it is true that the Rocket Records release was his first American Top Tenner, Living Doll did reach the US Top 30 [in 1959]." Paul Gambaccini (1997 - liner notes for The Rock 'n' Roll Years 1958-1963 album) "The song always dictates the way you record it. Miss You Nights and Devil Woman fit on the same album because they were by the same artist and used the same producer. There is cohesion because we did them all at the same time. In the end, the song tells you what to do." Cliff Richard (circa 1997 [published 2008 May] - The Bachelor Boy) "It would be difficult to decide whether Devil Woman or We Don't Talk Anymore [as one of my greatest experiences]. Devil Woman, I think, is the record I'd most like to be remembered for. But We Don't Talk Anymore is the biggest single I ever sung. [...] Yeah, [Devil Woman was about the occult], but it was a warning against the occult. In fact, I added some words... I just changed... You don't have to change many words to make it positive. Originally, it was just the story of a man who goes and meets with a woman who can read the future. And he had nothing but bad luck. And that's okay, but I thought to myself, I don't want to sing about the occult unless I speak against it. And so all I did was change a few lyrics and said, 'You'd better stay away. Beware the devil woman. If you find yourself with her, then get out of there fast.' And I changed it and made it really positive. And the really good part of this story is that when I was in Australia a girl came to me... She wrote a letter saying, 'I was about to become involved with the occult and I heard Devil Woman.' And she said, 'I listened to the lyrics and I listened to the warning and I didn't go.' And she said, 'I'm only writing to tell you now that I'm a Christian in this church in Melbourne and God has entered my life.' And I thought, isn't that fantastic. Devil Woman may have been recorded... I know I like it. I'm sure a lot of you would have liked Devil Woman. But I like to think that this song was written for her because it saved her life." Cliff Richard (December 26, 1998 - Musikbutikken TV show) "It is ironic that what is arguably the most significant recording date of Cliff Richard's post rock 'n' roll career came about almost by accident, when, in one forty-eight hour period in September 1975, Cliff made the decision to record, under the production guidance of Bruce Welch, Devil Woman and Miss You Nights. It was these two recordings, later released as top side singles in February and May 1976 respectively, that would set the tone for what many would call the renaissance of Cliff Richard's recording career. Cliff had already been given... Devil Woman, the story of a seductive fortune teller, not by Welch, but by the writer Terry Britten, some months earlier but had done nothing with it. It was only through Welch's sheer persistence and a no let-up pressure that Cliff ended up recording the song, exactly as the demo had sounded... Although Miss You Nights, the first single to be released [from the I'm Nearly Famous sessions] sold well enough to place Cliff back in the top twenty for the first time in two years, ever since Hangin' On [sic] charted just outside the ten in May 1974, it was Devil Woman, released two months later that re-established his chart presence once more, eventually becoming Cliff's biggest selling single since The Young Ones in 1961. He was also given another chance of a stab at the American singles market, thanks to Elton John and manager John Reid's Rocket label releasing the track that June. [...] With Devil Woman, things momentarily changed. The record entered the Billboard charts at number eighty-four, and over the coming two months slowly crept its way into the top ten eventually peaking at number six, becoming in the process Cliff's first American million seller. Released in May 1976 this single gave Cliff his first top ten single since Power To All Our Friends back in 1973. After entering the chart on 8 May 1976 at #41 it climbed to #9 during a run of 12 weeks. The single qualified for a gold award from the Record Industry Association of America." Peter Lewry & Nigel Goodall (July 2001 - liner notes for I'm Nearly Famous remaster album) "And then, of course, there's Devil Woman. I mean, I think Devil Woman again is much more contemporary than Move It, but I love songs that tell stories with hooks in the chorus line. And it's got a hook guitar." Cliff Richard (April 2002 - Top Of The Pops internet interview) "As [Terry] Britten has previously done with Devil Woman [songwriters], the riff came from him, the story from someone else. With Devil Woman, it was from Christine Holmes, a singer and children's television presenter who came up with the title and wrote the story." Peter Lewry & Nigel Goodall (July 2001 - liner notes for Rock 'n' Roll Juvenile remaster album) "...If a Martian came down and said, 'What dod you do?' I'd want to play him Devil Woman." Cliff Richard (2003 October 28 - interview on Radio 96.4, The Eagle) "In the case of Devil Woman, for instance... You know, it's interesting, when I first recorded Devil Woman, the press in Britain said, 'Oh!' They tutted their tongues and said, 'Oh my goodness! Here's Christian Cliff Richard singing about the devil and you know, devil is Satan and woman is sex. Sex and Satan! Oh, Cliff!' And I guess they were just having fun. But they kind of missed the point as quite often critics do miss the point. Particularly if they're not necessarily fans of yours. And I can understand that people aren't fans of everybody that they criticize. Devil Woman in fact, was a song that is anti-the occult. So it was easy for me to agree to sing it. It was-- I did change some of the lyrics to make sure that it was anti-occult. And I don't know whether I've told you this Steve and Johnnie, when I went to Australia once, I got a letter from a girl saying she was about to become involved with the occult, when a friend of hers said, 'Look, I know your a fan of Cliff's. Just listen to this new record, Devil Woman.' And she said in her letter, 'I listened to the song and I heeded the warning in the lyrics. And I'm now a member of a church in Melbourne and helping run the Sunday school...' And I'm thinking, 'Oh my goodness. That record may well have been recorded just for her.'" Cliff Richard (February 18, 2005 - WGN Radio 720 Chicago interview) "Well, there was [a bit of controversy about the lyrics], but the controversy shouldn't have been there 'cause I'd already dealt with the lyrics before I ever recorded it. I don't record anything I'd ever find dangerous-- I mean dangerous in a bad way. I mean, Heathcliff was dangerous for me to do as an artist. But I don't like doing songs that are negative in some sense or [are] dangerous to people. Now Devil Woman was written just strictly about a song about somebody who got involved with the occult. Now I wasn't as a Christian going to say 'let's just leave it like that and if people want to dabble in the occult, they can.' The truth is, of course, they can if they want to. But I turned it into a warning against the occult. That's why it says, 'beware the devil woman. Stay away. And if you're in her company, you'd better get out of there fast.' And so, I turned it into a positive thing. And in fact, I know it worked because I got a letter from a woman in Australia who said she was a fan and she says, 'I was about to get dabbling in the occult.' There's something happening in her life, she's depressed and all that. A friend of hers said, 'Okay, you're a fan of Cliff's. Listen to this!' And she said, 'I heard Devil Woman. I heeded the warning in the lyrics. And I want to tell you now, I didn't get involved with the occult and I'm now a member of the St. John's church or whatever it is and I run the school choir.' I can't remember what it was. And I thought, 'Isn't it fantastic that one song can do that-- can turn someone's life around.' It actually turned her life around. And so, the controversy was because people are always dying for me to sing about the devil and women. And they took Devil Woman-- Because journalist tend to-- they don't really dig deep enough. And I don't think that they really quite know what we're doing. They ought to know what we're doing, really, but they don't." Cliff Richard (2005 March 27 - interview on 107.7 Splash FM with Dave Hunt) "The intro to Devil Woman - I got that idea from Heard It through the Grapevine [sic]. Without a doubt. 'Cause I was so fascinated with the mystery of [Sings intro melody to Grapevine] and the atmosphere it created straight away. When you listen to Devil Woman at the start it's got the real mystery to it. You don't know quite what's going to happen. It's a bit of a riff, yeah. I like riffs. I can use it a few times. Carrie was another one. Actually it was quite involved, that one, but still had that mystery. I love creating atmosphere, it's really important. Yeah [Devil Woman was quite a radical departure for Cliff Richard in 1976] I had that riff for quite a while and at sound checks I'd just work on it. And then I got together with somebody who did a few lyrics and I don't know how that came about, we've only ever written the one song together. But these odd things happen in your life which are fantastic. You suddenly find yourself in a flat in Kensington, co-writing. You think 'Why the hell am I doing this? I don't want to work with this person.' And then you find yourself there. I said, 'Well, let's write a song for Cliff. I've got this riff.' And she came up with a title, and I thought, well it's not a very original title, it's been done. There had already been a song called Devil Woman, a country song. Marty Robbins. But it worked. And it was commercial. Christine Holmes, her name was. She was a TV presenter at one time. Oh yeah, [Cliff liked it straight away and] Bruce Welch went crazy. We had a great time recording it at Abbey Road. It was fantastic. And then it all went horribly wrong. 'Cause Cliff had this Honky Tonk Angel song out and somebody said, 'Oh, Cliff obviously doesn't know what a honky tonk angel is, a prostitute, and here is Cliff Richard, the Christian, singing about a prostitute.' And poor old naive Cliff, as soon as he realise, he pulled the record. Killed it off. And of course what's the next thing you do after that? Well you can't do that, you see. So it sat on the shelf for a year. We recorded it in '74 at Abbey Road, Allan Clarke from the Hollies was walking down the corridor, came in, put his head around and went, 'That's a hit.' And the engineer went, 'America. This is going to be a hit in America.' And Cliff's never had a hit in America, so I'm going, 'Ah, people, what do they know?' Mr Confidence, you know. But when they brought it out, I remember I was in Epsom in the kitchen, I was making my breakfast, it was eight o'clock in the morning, and it came on and he said, 'Listen to this! You're never going to guess who this is!' He said, 'I'll play it again! I'll tell you what, let's have a competition. You ring in and tell me who you think this is singing this song.' And I don't believer this - twice he's played it. Then he played it three times in a row, and I'm going, 'Wow!' It sounded fantastic on the radio. And there was this buzz. It was huge in America. Even now, it gets played in America. I would have liked to do more like that, but Cliff being the beast that he is has got this thing about always trying something different. Which is accepted here, but in America you had Devil Woman out and in America if that's what you do, that's what you do. But he came out next with this falsetto, funny, lightweight track, and I thought, why on earth are they wasting this opportunity by not following through with a similar vibe?" Terry Britten (2005 - Songwriters Speak by Debbie Kruger) "And Cliff Richard reveals that Devil Woman (No 41) is his favourite vocal performance 'because it is my kind of rock'n'roll.'" Mark Brown (August 2, 2006 - The Guardian) "'I know I made the US Top 10 only thrice, Devil Woman went to No. 6 while both Dreamin' and We Don't Talk Anymore made it to 7,'ï¿½ he said, but was quick to point out that nothing could have made him any happier than he is with his career. " Author Unknown (2007 February 11 - The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka)) "One of the most successful of the 1970s singles was Devil Woman, which although it missed the coveted chart position in the UK, it was #1 in South Africa. It was one of several singles from the I'm Nearly Famous ground-breaking album that saw Cliff return to the contemporary music scene." Nigel Goodall & Peter Lewry (2008 - liner notes for The Hits: Number Ones Around The World album in the ...And They Said It Wouldn't Last! {My 50 Years In Music} set) "In May 1976 I'm Nearly Famous, the first of three albums to be produced by Bruce Welch, gave Cliff his first Top 5 album of new material in over a decade and spawned three Top 10 hits including Devil Woman." Peter Lewry & Nigel Goodall (July 2010 - liner notes for The Collection album) "[Cliff Richard had] his comeback as a rock star in 1976 with the release of Devil Woman..." Author Unknown (December 18, 2011 - The Sunday Times) Steve Turner: "In one 48-hour period in September 1975, Welch produced Devil Woman and Miss You Nights. These two records, more than any others, were to set the tone for the rest of his career. It was [the demo] version of [Miss You Nights] that Welch took down to Cliff's home in Weybridge one summer evening along with Devil Woman written by Terry Britten and I Can't Ask For Anything More Than You by Ken Gold and Michael Denne. 'Cliff put the cassette of Miss You Nights on in his music room and the hairs stood up on his arms,' remembers Welch. He'd already been given Devil Woman some months before but he hadn't done anything with it. I pushed him. I said, 'Why on earth haven't you recorded this song?' Devil Woman had started off as a riff which Terry Britten couldn't find words for and then he linked up with Christine Holmes, a singer and children's television presenter who had been produced by Dave Mackay, and she gave it a title and wrote the story of a seductive fortune teller. 'I had my ideas about this fortune teller song in my notebook and Terry had this guitar riff and we just put them together,' says Holmes. 'We wrote it together in my flat.' 'I knew it had to be a rock number. Helen Reddy had done a song called Angie Baby which was a really spooky song and used sounds in the mix that hadn't been used too much in pop music. In my mind I knew that I wanted Devil Woman to sound similarly spooky. We both very much knew what we wanted and Cliff copies the demo exactly.' When Cliff went into Abbey Road to record the three songs, Welch, as producer, retained Alan Tarney and Terry Britten from Dave Mackay's rhythm section but added Graham Todd on keyboards and Tony Rivers, John Perry and Ken Gold on backing vocals. 'It was a great session the day we did Devil Woman,' remembers Terry Britten. The engineer Tony Clark was standing in front of the speakers as it was played back and as quick as a flash he said, America! This is gonna be a smash in America!' Tony Clark remembers the emotion of the session. 'You could feel something was happening,' he says. 'The actual groove of the track was something instant. When I said it was made for America I was probably more excited than anyone else. In those days it wasn't normal to stand up in the control room and shout out loud.' Three months later, with Devil Woman and Miss You Nights still unreleased as singles, the same team returned to the studio to complete an album of the songs that Welch had gathered. Miss You Nights was to be the first single released, in February 1976, because there was some concern that Devil Woman might get confused with the Electric Light Orchestra's Evil Woman which had entered the charts in January. It sold impressively and returned Cliff to the top twenty for the first time in two years, but it was Devil Woman, released two months later, which re-established him as a chart force. 'I was sitting in my kitchen in Espom and the DJ said he was going to play a record and we should try and guess who it was,' remembers Terry Britten of the first radio play he heard. 'He played this record and my ears went up when I heard the first couple of bars. Then everyone started ringing in and getting it wrong and he played it again and there was this tremendous excitement that this was Cliff Richard. No one could believe that Cliff could make a record like this.' 'Devil Woman sound like something that the Rolling Stones or at least Elton John would record. The voice was as clean as ever but the sound of the track was dirty and swampy. Cliff had never worked around a riff like this before and this story of seduction conjured up images of dark backstreets in New Orleans; of a world a million miles away from Take Me High.' The writer, Christine Holmes, says the song is about a man who is seduced by a fortune teller. 'It's a very rude song actually,' admits Holmes. 'But I'm not sure Cliff was aware how rude it was. My whole thing was to convey that women can be very spooky and clever when they try to snare a guy. They can force a guy into doing things he wouldn't normally do. They can be witches when they want to be.' Cliff has indeed interpreted the lyrics in a different way, believing it to be a warning against dabbling in the occult. This view was endorsed for him when a young woman from Australia wrote to him to say that the song had been instrumental in her Christian conversion. 'I heeded the warning,' she told him. The music press was enthusiastic about the single, seeing it as a definite return to form. There was talk of the Cliff Richard Renaissance. The record climbed into the top ten, eventually becoming his biggest international seller since The Young Ones. Elton John's manager, John Reid, heard Miss You Nights and wanted to release it in America on his three-year-old record label, Rocket. Elton has long been a fan (he could remember seeing him in pantomime at the Palladium) and it was thought that maybe Rocket could launch Cliff in America in the way that it had recently reversed the fortunes of Neil Sedaka in his home country. Rocket's Executive Vice President in America was Tony King, a flamboyant English bachelor who had once worked for the Beatles' Apple label, and was closely acquainted with almost everyone who mattered in the rock industry. He listened to the album and concluded that although Miss You Nights was a good song, it was Devil Woman that stood the better chance of becoming a hit. He had the track remastered to match the sound quality of American radio and it was released in June. 'We cut it really hot,' says King. 'Then I brought in publicist Sharon Lawrence who said that if we really want to crack America, Cliff would have to be brought over for a month to do press and radio. Peter Gormley agreed and so I went on the road with Cliff. 'We had to promote him as someone fresh,' says Tony King. Devil Woman started picking up interest and getting added to secondary stations in each area but we still needed to crack a primary station. Within a month it began to edge in at the lower end of the charts and then we knew there was a chance it could make it.' 'The most important radio stations to get on were those controlled by RKO. If you got on an RKO station it looked as though you were going to make it. The chain was run by a man named Paul Drew who was a friend of mine and of Elton John and of John Lennon but he was a tough guy and he wouldn't do anything to give me a break.' 'However because he was a friend, if he saw that I has something that looked as if it had legs he would maybe tip it a little in my direction. But only if the evidence was that he couldn't be accused of helping out a friend.' 'When Devil Woman looked as though it was really happening he gave us the break that really cracked it. He gave us the number one station in Boston and that gave us a good chart position the next week. Once it performed well on that station the rest fell like dominoes.' The record entered the US charts at number 88 at the end of June and slowly began to climb through July and August. When it finally broke into the top ten Cliff was playing in Leningrad and Moscow on a ground-breaking Russian visit-- the first by a Western rock artist. It was a strange experience of playing to a mixture of sober-suited party officials and excited teenagers, with security leaping into action every time anyone showed any physical signs of appreciation. 'We were calling back home to get the Billboard chart positions all the time,' remembers Terry Britten. 'The news that it was going up really kept us going out there.' Devil Woman went on to reach number five in the Billboard charts and to become an American million-seller. [...] When Devil Woman entered the Billboard charts Bruce Welch walked across the stage during a concert in Hong Kong and whispered the news in [Cliff's] ear." Steve Turner (2008 January - Cliff Richard - The Biography (revised edition)) "The single Devil Woman became a hit in America and it suddenly became OK to like Cliff again." Steve Turner (2008 May - The Bachelor Boy) "When Terry Britten gave me a demo cassette of Devil Woman, I thought, 'Crikey! That's fantastic!' I had it for a year-and-a-half before I recorded it. I thought I could never do it because it would have been such a change for me. [...] Bruce knows what I can and can't do. I can't sing like Robert Plant, so I don't even try. But I can do a rocky number like Devil Woman and a soft ballad like Miss You Nights. Those are the two extremes of any type of music. Bruce knew what I was capable of, it was just a matter of finding the right material. the trouble was, people were still sending me songs that sounded like Congratulations and so Bruce didn't tell anyone who he was collecting for. He knew what he wanted and he went out looking for it. [...] I've come to the conclusion that in England in particular, the middle-of-the-road audience is much larger than the audiences at either extreme. It's an incredible market. So I think it would be stupid for me to say that all I was ever going to do from now on was Devil Woman. That song crossed the line somewhere because neighbours of mine have come up to me when I've been walking the dog and told me what a great song they thought it was. You don't expect that from that age group, but it came. I think that's because Devil Woman was a classic rock song. I get sick of singing Living Doll, but I don't think I'll ever tire as easily of Devil Woman because of it's qualities as a song. I don't want to cut the grandparents out. It's good if they hear what I'm doing now and enjoy it like I do." Cliff Richard (2008 May - The Bachelor Boy) "Cliff has a great voice-- it has great quality. All his fans are women and they think he's singing only to them. That's the way it was for Elvis and Sinatra. That's what a song like Miss You Nights does. I took him Devil Woman, Miss You Nights and I Can't Ask For Any More Than You; when we recorded them no one could believe it was Cliff. [...] Cliff thought Devil Woman was about something else. That's because he didn't know. There was a line in it about 'neighborhood strays' and he thought it was about cats! [...] Those three songs [Devil Woman, Miss You Nights and I Can't Ask For Any More Than You] turned into I'm Nearly Famous and gave him credibility." Bruce Welch (2008 May - The Bachelor Boy) "I had the music for Devil Woman and didn't quite know what I was going to do with it. Someone introduced it to a writer who was stronger on lyrics, Christine Holmes, and she gave it the title and came up with the story." Terry Britten (2008 May - The Bachelor Boy) "I had the idea of doing a fortune-telling song and it was going to be the story of a guy going to a fortune-teller and the fortune-teller predicting that he would meet a tall, dark stranger and that she would be that stranger. In other words, the fortune-teller fancied him. It was based on my observation of women. I'm Piscean, so I'm the most sensitive sun sign. I'm a very good observer. I watch relationships very closely. Devil Woman is an observation of what women can be like when they're trying to get a guy." Christine Holmes (2008 May - The Bachelor Boy) "Elton John absolutely loved Miss You Nights. He thought that would be the hit that would help Cliff crack America. He has to negotiate with EMI to allow Rocket to release the record in America and EMI was happy because they'd never really been able to do anything with Cliff in America. I was put in charge of promoting the record. [...] After I listened to I'm Nearly Famous, I realized that Devil Woman as the better track for America. We tinkered with it a little bit to master it a little hotter for American radio, and then I hired a press officer to promote him." Tony King (2008 May - The Bachelor Boy) "I have had nine Top 30 hits over here [in the US] and two of them were million sellers-- We Don't Talk Anymore [and] Devil Woman. There were a success. [...] If you said to me now, a Martian is going to land (and who knows, he might now that we're there)... A Martian might come down and you have to play him something that lets him know what you do, I would play him Devil Woman. Yeah, I would. To me that's iconic type rock 'n' roll-- guitar, fabulous guitar riff, great melody, unbelievable chorus, and it's got a storyline. And I think to myself, that's what I would play him. And I've had bigger hits, of course, sometimes that's not the point." Cliff Richard (2012 September 8 - Wired For Sound Radio) "Bruce [Welch] got me to do [the backing vocal arrangements] for this first session he fixed up for Abbey Road, which I was fairly used to because the Castaways made all their-- most of their singles at Abbey Road, there was one we made independently. So Abbey Road was a good place for us to go back to because it had now become Abbey Road-- the world knew about Abbey Road. So to go there and start recording in the same studio that The Beatles made all their classic stuff... And that's where we made Miss You Nights, Devil Woman and I Can't Ask For Anymore Than You, all on the first session I ever did for him. All three were hits. [...] Devil Woman was a great record. And we were on it! You know, it's simple harmonies, nothing clever like Miss You Nights which is a little bit more full, you know, harmony wise. We just did the three part harmony behind Cliff on Devil Woman. He sang the chorus, he used [unintelligible]. That just the four of us standing there going 'she's just a devil woman with evil on her...' That in unison. And at the end, Cliff goes off into his falsetto astronomical direction and that's us doing 'she's just a devil...'" Tony Rivers (2012 September 8 - Wired For Sound Radio) "[In regards to my favourite song I would say] if a Martian landed here, at this moment, and asked us what we did for a living, I'm not sure what you would tell him, but I wouldn't say a word. I would give him a copy of Devil Woman and say, 'here.' [pantomimes handing something over] So Devil Woman is what I like." Cliff Richard (2013 September 4 - Channel 5 News) "It's a shame, but it's a fact that we sometimes get compartmentalized. And I've been very careful... For instance, no one thought I should ever record Devil Woman because I wasn't the type of person to do that. I'm the Summer Holiday, Living Doll, Bachelor Boy guy. And I thought, 'I've got this fantastic rock 'n' roll song.' And I thought about it for a long time and then Bruce Welch said to me, 'Look, we're going to do an album together and we don't want anything like Congratulations or Summer Holiday or anything like it on it.' And I said, 'I've got the very song.' So we daringly did it along with a whole bunch of new stuff. And we were lucky. It was a good album. It sold well. And the public liked it. And it lead me on, so not only do I have old songs like Bachelor Boy, I've got really old songs like Devil Woman [and] We Don't Talk Anymore which will never get old. You know, these are crï¿½me de la crï¿½me pop songs. I am so lucky to have met people like Terry Britten and Alan Tarney who wrote those songs for me. I mean... although I write, I never wrote like that. I came from a generation slightly before them. Even though they're my age. But they gave me great songs to sing and the public accepted them, which means I was able to take the oldies and bring them... bring myself on a bit so that my oldies now aren't 55 years old, they can be 20 years old and they were hits." Cliff Richard (September 9, 2013 - Time Out With Phillip Silverstone) "Morrissey's obsessive dislike of the former PM [Margaret Thatcher]... is equally well documented. He said the media coverage of her funeral last year was 'rubbing salt in the wounds' and also once wrote and performed a song called Margaret On The Guillotine. Perhaps he could vent his spleen further by singing a cover version of Cliff's Devil Woman and dedicating it to Lady T's memory." Author Unknown (2014 February - Unidentified UK newspaper clipping) "I came to America eight or nine times, and each time I left, I had a record in the Top 30. Living Doll made Top 30 in the States; We Don't Talk Anymore, Devil Woman, Suddenly with Olivia [Newton-John], Dreamin' and Daddy's Home were all hits. [...] With Devil Woman, I moved away from EMI America and went to Rocket Records, Elton John's label. Elton got me, and he was right behind it and that song became a huge hit. So that proved to me given the same amount of support of my other records, I could possibly have made it bigger in America. But we made it to No. 4 with Devil Woman, and We Don't Talk Anymore got to No. 6. I was really thrilled those both made the Top 10. [...] [When Bruce came to produce my music], in my hands I had a song called Devil Woman written for me by Terry Britten. Bruce already had songs, too, and they were fabulous. So we worked together on the album, I'm Nearly Famous. When I played Bruce Devil Woman he went, 'Oh my God; that is fantastic. That is exactly what I need!' So we got together and made that album, and it brought me back with album sales again.My albums had not been selling that great compared to how my singles had been selling. Devil Woman was a big break for me. The press called it my 'renaissance' period (laughs). Somehow, even though I hadn't been anywhere, I'd kind of made a comeback. We thought Devil Woman would work on American radio, and we were right. Terry Britten went on to bigger things too, writing the song What's Love Got to do with It for Tina Turner. " Cliff Richard (2015 January 15 - Goldmine) "The hits continued during the 1970s, with Devil Woman and We Donï¿½t Talk Anymore as particular highlights." Unknown (October 10, 2015 - The Oxford Times) "Wired for Sound and Devil Woman, obviously [are on the 75 At 75 compilation]. Move It of course. We Donï¿½t Talk Anymore and Some People are there. Because, yes, they are wonderful." Simon Sweetman (December 7, 2015 - Off The Tracks website) Devil Woman (USA Single Version) In the USA, it was decided that Devil Woman was a good single, but it needed a little more punch. So it was remastered, giving the bass and drums more kick. In addition, the song's fade out was changed to slightly earlier, cutting the last two lines of the fifth chorus-- it's assumed that this earlier fade was inadvertant and done by an engineer who was a little too fast on the knob. This version was on the USA single only (Rocket Record Company PIG-2210) with the I'm Nearly Famous album that was issued in the US having the standard master that was released worldwide. This version first appeared elsewhere on the 1989 40 Golden Greats CD, then reappeared on the 1998 1970s album and has been released on all compilations and reissues since. It's not entirely clear why the USA mix was used on all these compilations and has since supplanted the original mix, however, it is thought that this was done in error when the 40 Golden Greats CD was first compiled. Several songs on that CD were slightly remastered from the album's LP counterpart, so the wrong master may have been accidentally chosen for the project. A comarison of these mixes can be heard HERE . The first part heard is the original album version, followed by the USA single mix (both the intro and the fade are heard). "We tinkered with [Devil Woman] a little bit to master it a little hotter for American radio, and then I hired a press officer to promote him." Tony King (2008 May - The Bachelor Boy) Devil Woman (Gastroli Cliffa Richarda v Leningrade - August 1976) Devil Woman (Musik Extra 3 - June 14, 1977) This performance is a live vocal and some live instrumentation to a tape backing. Devil Woman (Gouden Zeezwaluw-Festival - July 7, 1977) 40 Golden Greats Sampler #4 The B-side of the second disc of the 40 Golden Greats promo only double EP set (EMI PSR 415) includes excerpts from the songs: Congratulations Sing A Song Of Freedom Power To All Our Friends (You Keep Me) Hangin' On Miss You Nights I Can't Ask For Anymore Than You My Kinda Life Each track plays approximately the first 30 seconds of the song before it fades and the next track begins. Devil Woman (London Palladium - March 4, 1978) "[For the Thank You Very Much concert and album] the old hits were mainly drawn from the sixties repertoire while, for new material, naturally the recent his Devil Woman was chosen..." Mike Read, Nigel Goodall & Peter Lewry (1995 - The Complete Chronicle) "But with Cliff's older material, [John] Tobler continued in his review, things were somewhat different. '...more contemporary hits like Miss You Nights and Devil Woman were unsurprisingly very similar to the recorded versions, which is a tribute to the ability of Cliff and his band to reproduce their recorded sound in a live environment.'" Peter Lewry & Nigel Goodall (July 2004 - liner notes for Thank You Very Much remaster album) Devil Woman (Edited Version) (London Palladium - March 4, 1978) This edit appears on the Thank You Very Much videotape release. It is an edit of the album version, with a short portion of the repeated ending cut. Devil Woman (Apollo Victoria Theatre - October 18, 1980) Devil Woman (Unidentified American TV Studio - 1981) While promoting his I'm No Hero album in America, Cliff and his band played a small set in a TV studio as some sort of promotion. Segments of this appeared in the third episode of the 1981 BBC Cliff series. Only the last quarter of Devil Woman is actually heard with the first half of that obscured with an interview with Dave Lee Travis. Devil Woman (Savoy, New York - April 2, 1981) This performance, as heard in the fourth episode of the 1981 BBC Cliff series, is interrupted in the middle by an interview with Cliff. Devil Woman (Royal Albert Hall, London - November 23. 1982) As tracked on the Dressed For The Occasion albums (including the remaster), the Devil Woman instrumental reprise is tracked with the full Devil Woman song as one track. Devil Woman (Promo Banded Version - Royal Albert Hall, London - November 23, 1982) This version, available only on the promo LP (EMI PSLP 372) fades in and quickly fades out on the audience cheering at the end. Unlike the original LP, it does not have the reprise portion attached at the end, but ends on the song proper. Devil Woman (Single Version - Royal Albert Hall, London - November 23, 1982) d with the full Devil Woman song as one track. The single actually labeled as Mujer Diabï¿½lica/Repeticiï¿½n to include the reprise. Devil Woman (Reprise) (Royal Albert Hall, London - November 23, 1982) As tracked on the Dressed For The Occasion albums (including the remaster), the Devil Woman instrumental reprise is tracked with the full Devil Woman song as one track. Devil Woman (Reprise) (Remaster Version - Royal Albert Hall, London - November 23, 1982) As tracked on the Dressed For The Occasion albums (including the remaster), the Devil Woman instrumental reprise is tracked with the full Devil Woman song as one track. The version on the 2004 remaster, however, does not fade but continues into the next song, Daddy's Home and, as tracked on the 2004 album, also includes the introduction to Daddy's Home at the end. Devil Woman (Reprise) (Single Version - Royal Albert Hall, London - November 23, 1982) As tracked on the Spanish Mujer Diabï¿½lica single, the Devil Woman instrumental reprise is tracked with the full Devil Woman song as one track. The single actually labeled as Mujer Diabï¿½lica/Repeticiï¿½n to include the reprise. Devil Woman (Reprise) (TV Edit Version - Royal Albert Hall, London - November 23, 1982) The version of this track, as broadcast on TV on July 1983 under the title Cliff Richard At The Royal Albert Hall is extended from the album versions, repeating the main riff a few more times. The Best Of Cliff Richard And The Shadows Mix This is available only on a promo flexi-disc, meant to promote the Reader's Digest compilation called The Best Of Cliff Richard And The Shadows. It includes a medley of Cliff and The Shadows songs, interspersed with Alan Freeman talking about them. The songs, in order of appearance, are: Bachelor Boy, Move It, Living Doll, Please Don't Tease, It'll Be Me, The Young Ones, Summer Holiday, In The Country, The Day I Met Marie, All My Love, Congratulations, Power To All Our Friends, Apache, Wonderful Land, Dance On!, Foot Tapper, Devil Woman, Miss You Nights, We Don't Talk Anymore, Carrie and finally Visions. Devil Woman (Sydney, Australia - November 1984) Devil Woman (Rockspell - February 18, 1985) Devil Woman (Cliff From The Hip - November 16, 1986) Devil Woman (Ohne Filter Extra - October 14, 1987) Devil Woman (Odense, Denmark - May 1988) During this performance (and all performances on this tour), backing vocalist Rosemarie Ford came forward on stage and danced about Cliff while he sang, playing the song's antagonist and pretending to try and seduce Cliff. Devil Woman (My Kinda Life Version) This version uses the original 1975 take of the song, but adds new guitars over the existing backing track and the fade out is extended by an additional 15 seconds. Devil Woman (Access All Areas Tour - 1992) Devil Woman (Royal Albert Hall - September 1998) Carrie/Devil Woman (An Audience With Cliff Richard - November 13, 1999) This is the first verse and chorus of Carrie combined with a nearly complete Devil Woman. Backing Vocalist Medley: Green Light / Devil Woman / Carrie (World Tour - February 22, 2003) Devil Woman (Live And Kicking Tour - April/May 2004) Devil Woman/Green Light (Wembley Arena - November 14, 2008) Devil Woman (Royal Albert Hall - October 17, 2010) Devil Woman (O2 Arena - October 26, 2011) This page is intended to be a complete record of information on the Cliff Richard song Devil Woman. If you notice any errors or omissions, please contact me at [email protected] and let me know. I strive for accuracy. Robert Porter	Cliff Richard
In 1969, which category was added to the Nobel Prizes?	The Greatest Hits of 1976 Here they are, the absolutely greatest top hits from the history of popular music in the USA. The very best music. Abba - I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do - 04-76 - Atlantic Abba - Fernando - 11-76 - Atlantic Aerosmith - Dream On - 03-76 - Columbia The Andrea True Connection - More, More, More (Pt. 1) - 06-76 - Buddah The Bay City Rollers - Money Honey - 03-76 - Arista The Bay City Rollers - I Only Want To Be With You - 10-76 - Arista The Beach Boys - Rock And Roll Music - 07-76 - Brother The Beatles - Got To Get You Into My Life - 07-76 - Capitol The Bee Gees - Fanny (Be Tender With My Love) - 03-76 - RSO The Bee Gees - You Should Be Dancing - 08-76 - RSO The Bee Gees - Love So Right - 10-76 - RSO The Bellamy Brothers - Let Your Love Flow - 03-76 - Warner George Benson - This Masquerade - 08-76 - Warner Elvin Bishop - Fooled Around And Fell In Love - 04-76 - Capricorn Blue Oyster Cult - (Don't Fear) The Reaper - 10-76 - Columbia Boston - More Than A Feeling - 11-76 - Epic David Bowie - Golden Years - 03-76 - RCA Boz Scaggs - Lowdown - 09-76 - Columbia Brass Construction - Movin' - 06-76 - UA Brick - Dazz - 12-76 - Bang The Brothers Johnson - I'll Be Good To You - 06-76 - A&M Glen Campbell - Country Boy (You Got Your Feet In L.A.) - 01-76 - Capitol The Captain & Tenille - Lonely Night (Angel Face) - 02-76 - A&M The Captain & Tenille - Shop Around - 06-76 - A&M The Captain & Tenille - Muskrat Love - 11-76 - A&M Eric Carmen - All By Myself - 02-76 - Arista Eric Carmen - Never Gonna Fall In Love Again - 06-76 - Arista The Carpenters - There's A Kind Of Hush (All Over The World) - 04-76 - A&M Keith Carradine - I'm Easy - 08-76 - ABC Chicago - If You Leave Me Now - 09-76 - Columbia The Commodores - Sweet Love - 04-76 - Motown The Commodores - Just To Be Close To You - 11-76 - Motown Alice Cooper - I Never Cry - 11-76 - Warner Burton Cummings - Stand Tall - 12-76 - Portrait Rick Dees & His Cast Of Idiots - Disco Duck - 09-76 - RSO John Denver - Fly Away - 01-76 - RCA Barry DeVorzon & Perry Botkin - Nadia's Theme (The Young & The Restless) - 11-76 - A&M Neil Diamond - If You Know What I Mean - 07-76 - Columbia The Doobie Brothers - Takin' It To The Streets - 06-76 - Warner Dr. Hook - Only Sixteen - 04-76 - Capitol Dr. Hook - A Little Bit More - 09-76 - Capitol The Eagles - Take It To The Limit - 02-76 - Asylum Earth, Wind & Fire - Sing A Song - 01-76 - Columbia Earth, Wind & Fire - Getaway - 09-76 - Columbia The Electric Light Orchestra - Evil Woman - 01-76 - UA The Electric Light Orchestra - Strange Magic - 05-76 - UA Yvonne Elliman - Love Me - 12-76 - RSO England Dan & John Ford Coley - I'd Really Love To See You Tonight - 08-76 - Big Tree England Dan & John Ford Coley - Nights Are Forever Without You - 11-76 - Big Tree Firefall - You Are The Woman - 11-76 - Atlantic Fleetwood Mac - Rhiannon (Will You Ever Win) - 05-76 - Reprise Fleetwood Mac - Say You Love Me - 08-76 - Reprise The Four Seasons - December '63 (Oh What A Night) - 02-76 - Warner Peter Frampton - Show Me The Way - 04-76 - A&M Peter Frampton - Baby, I Love Your Way - 08-76 - A&M Peter Frampton - Do You Feel Like We Do - 11-76 - A&M Marvin Gaye - I Want You - 07-76 - Tamla Larry Groce - Junk Food Junkie - 03-76 - Warner Henry Gross - Shannon - 05-76 - Lifesong Daryl Hall & John Oates - Sara Smile - 05-76 - RCA Daryl Hall & John Oates - She's Gone - 10-76 - Atlantic Heart - Magic Man - 10-76 - 10-76 - Mushroom Hot Chocolate - You Sexy Thing - 01-76 - Big Tree Engelbert Humperdinck - After The Lovin' - 12-76 - Epic Jefferson Starship - With Your Love - 09-76 - Grunt Elton John - Grow Some Funk Of Your Own/I Feel Like A Bullet - 02-76 - MCA Elton John - Sorry Seems To Be The Hardest Word - 12-76 - MCA/Rocket Elton John & Kiki Dee - Don't Go Breaking My Heart - 07-76 - Rocket KC & The Sunshine Band - (Shake, Shake, Shake) Shake Your Booty - 08-76 - TK Kiss - Rock And Roll All Nite (Live Version) - 01-76 - Casablanca Kiss - Beth - 11-76 - Casablanca Gordon Lightfoot - Wreck Of The Edmund Fitzgerald - 10-76 - Reprise The Manhattans - Kiss And Say Goodbye - 06-76 - Columbia Barry Manilow - Tryin' To Get The Feeling Away - 05-76 - Arista Marilyn McCoo & Billy Davis Jr. - You Don't Have To Be A Star (To Be In My Show) - 12-76 - ABC Harold Melvin & The Blue Notes - Wake Up Everybody (Pt. 1) - 02-76 - Philly Int. The Miracles - Love Machine - 01-76 - Tamla Dorothy Moore - Misty Blue - 05-76 - Malaco Walter Murphy & The Big Apple Band - A Fifth Of Beethoven - 08-76 - Private Stock Nazareth - Love Hurts - 02-76 - A&M Maxine Nightingale - Right Back Where We Started From - 03-76 - UA Orleans - Still The One - 09-76 - Asylum Donnie & Marie Osmond - Deep Purple - 03-76 - MGM Pratt & McClain - Happy Days - 05-76 - Reprise Queen - Bohemian Rhapsody - 04-76 - Elektra Lou Rawls - You'll Never Find Another Love Like Mine - 08-76 - Philly Int. Rhythm Heritage - Theme From S.W.A.T. - 02-76 - ABC Cliff Richard - Devil Woman - 09-76 - Rocket Vicki Sue Robinson - Turn The Beat Around - 08-76 - RCA The Rolling Stones - Fool To Cry - 05-76 - Rolling Stone Linda Ronstadt - That'll Be The Day - 10-76 - Asylum Diana Ross - Love Hangover - 05-76 - Motown Rufus Featuring Chaka Khan - Sweet Thing - 03-76 - ABC David Ruffin - Walk Away From Love - 01-76 - Motown Leo Sayer - You Make Me Feel Like Dancing - 12-76 - Warner Seals & Crofts - Get Closer - 07-76 - Warner John Sebastian - Welcome Back - 04-76 - Reprise Neil Sedaka - Breaking Up Is Hard To Do - 02-76 - Rocket Silver Convention - Get Up And Boogie - 05-76 - Midland Int. Paul Simon - 50 Ways To Leave Your Lover - 01-76 - Columbia The Spinners - The Rubberband Man - 11-76 - Atlantic Starbuck - Moonlight Feels Right - 07-76 - Private Stock The Starland Vocal Band - Afternoon Delight - 06-76 - Windsong The Steve Miller Band - Take The Money And Run - 07-76 - Capitol The Steve Miller Band - Rock'n Me - 10-76 - Capitol Rod Stewart - Tonight's The Night (Gonna Be Alright) - 11-76 - Warner Donna Summer - Love To Love You Baby - 01-76 - Oasis Sylvers - Boogie Fever - 04-76 - Capitol Sylvers - Hot Line - 12-76 - Capitol Tavares - Heaven Must Be Missing An Angel - 09-76 - Capitol Johnnie Taylor - Disco Lady - 03-76 - Columbia Thin Lizzy - The Boys Are Back In Town - 07-76 - Mercury John Travolta - Let Her In - 07-76 - Midland Int. War - Summer - 09-76 - UA Wild Cherry - Play That Funky Music - 08-76 - Epic Wings - Silly Love Songs - 05-76 - Capitol Wings - Let 'Em In - 08-76 - Capitol Stevie Wonder - I Wish - 12-76 - Tamla Gary Wright - Dream Weaver - 02-76 - Warner Gary Wright - Love Is Alive - 06-76 - Warner	i don't know
"Who, going through US customs said ""I have nothing to declare but my genius""?"	Oscar Wilde in America :: I Have Nothing To Declare Except My Genius DUBIOUS QUOTATION: I have nothing to declare except my genius. There is no primary source evidence that Wilde made this statement. commentary One of the most celebrated quotations by anyone is the remark attributed to Oscar Wilde at New York Customs at the start of his lecture tour of America in 1882. But what exactly did he say, and what is the source of the quotation? Until my research some years ago the earliest source typically cited (if a source was given at all) was Frank Harris' Oscar Wilde: His Life and Confessions (1916), Vol. 1, Chap. V. For example, this is the source given in The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations (1999) p. 819, and in Beckson . However, in 2002 (in a review for the OWSOA now superseded by this article) I identified what is still the earliest known allusion to the remark in print or otherwise. It appeared in a book published by Arthur Ransome a year earlier than Harris; the source is: The date of this book (1912) immediately provides us with a primary reason for doubt: The first reference to the quotation appeared thirty years after it was allegedly made. Not only is it suspicious that it took thirty years for the quotation to emerge, it is equally surprising that there is no contemporary evidence for it, as many of Wilde's remarks were seized upon by the press in 1882 and widely, often immediately, reported. There is also no mention of it in interviews given by Wilde, including approximately a hundred given to American journalists in 1882, many soon after his arrival where he was widely quoted. Neither does Wilde make any reference to the remark in any of the over 1500 letters of his that survive, including those at the time from New York that are often detailed. Indeed, there is no other written or oral record of the remark by anyone else during Wilde's time. When Wilde died in November, 1900, it did not take long for the first biography to be published. This was: Oscar Wilde; the story of an unhappy friendship, (1902) by his devoted friend Robert Sherard. The biography does not mention the incident, but does report the " disappointed in the Atlantic " comment that Wilde did make upon arrival. Another biography In Memoriam, Oscar Wilde (1905) by André Gide, Franz Blei, and Ernest La Jeunesse, refers to Wilde's genius several times (pp. 49, 87, 91, 101) and even quotes Wilde on French customs officers (p. 55); but still there is no mention of the New York incident. The only biographical references to the remark are post-Ransome. So it is to him we must return. Below is what Ransome wrote and, unfortunately, he gave no source: Arthur Ransome (1884-1967) Arthur Michell Ransome was an English author and journalist, best known for the Swallows and Amazons series of children's books. Ransome wasn't alive at the time of the alleged remark and, indeed, never met Wilde. In 1912, he wrote his Critical Study of Wilde with the assistance and support of Robert Ross, Wilde's literary executor. Can we take Ransome at face value? On balance I believe we can take Ransome at face value. There is no reason to suspect that the unassuming son of a history professor would have fabricated the incident. After all, his book, A Critical Study, is just that: a literary study—it is not primarily autobiographical nor makes any attempt at levity or sensation. However, we should note that Ransome cites the remark as reported speech and not as a direct quotation. Should we make anything of this? Does it, perhaps, hint at a conversational origin for the quote? Or is Ransome implying a figurative 'announcement' that Wilde was making by his presence, rather than a spoken one? I think neither: Ransome places the remark amid three statements, two of which are factual, including a known quotation ( disappointed in the Atlantic ) and he is specific about the circumstances. It is safe to infer that Ransome intended the remark to be an actual quotation, so he appears to be as good as his source. So what was Ransome's source? It is reasonable to assume that Ransome came across the incident in his research for the book. It is unlikely that the story was in writing at the time—at least no prior printed or manuscript evidence has been found. It is more likely that Ransome learned of the story orally. He talked to Wilde's two sons, as well to others who had known Wilde, from whom, as he put it in the Preface, he gained "valuable reminiscence". Could the story have come from Ross? Ross generously allowed Ransome access to Wilde's correspondence and Ross' influence is apparent in the book, indeed Ransome dedicated to him. A good example of this influence can be seen in the relevant passage itself, in which Ransome cites a Wilde lecture 'Art and the Handicraftsman', which was a title never used by Wilde but erroneously created by Ross for his Complete Works some years earlier (see Lecture Titles ). As an intimate friend of both Ransome and Wilde, Ross, even though he did not meet Wilde himself until well after 1882, is the most likely source. Unfortunately, no one to whom Ransome is likely to have spoken, including Ross, could have known about an incident at New York harbor first-hand. Thus we have a second major reason for doubt: The remark was based on hearsay. What possibilities exist? It is just possible that the story might have existed for some time before Ransome, perhaps with an element of urban mythology, having undergone a corruption or misattribution similar to several of Wilde's remarks. One is reminded that much history, especially quotation, is apocryphal: too good not to have been said. It would be a seductive notion if any oral history of the incident included Wilde himself, but there is no evidence for it. However, the idea introduces the possibility that Wilde, even if he did not make the remark at New York Customs, might later have claimed to have done, or perhaps wished that he had. It would not be unlike Wilde to revel in the public's belief of a rumor about himself. But if this is so, why did the rumor not emerge until 1912? More likely is that the story emerged as Ransome was preparing his book, either intentionally created as apropos to Wilde (perhaps by Ross) or innocently misremembered. But lacking contemporary evidence it is not possible to be definitive about whether the remark is genuine, and reasonable inference must be towards doubt. Research for an earlier source is ongoing. © John Cooper, OWIA	Oscar Wilde
Which 'school' has witnessed: 'Blue Murder', 'Pure Hell' and a 'Train Robbery'?	No additional details to show Favorite Quotes When Oscar Wilde was going through US customs, he said, "I have nothing to declare but my genius." Favorites	i don't know
Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull were born in what would become which US state?	Crazy Horse And Sitting Bull Were Born In Which Us State Crazy Horse And Sitting Bull Were Born In Which Us State Which state were Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull born : Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse were Sioux who fought at Little Bighorn. In the 1860s Sitting Bull fought U.S. troops who wanted to move Lakota tribes west onto Sitting Bull : Native name, TÈatÈÃ¡Åka ÃyotÈake (born Hoka Psice) During the Dakota War of 1862, in which Sitting Bull's people were not involved, several bands of eastern Despite being embroiled in the Ame Sitting Bull Biography Facts Birthday Life Story : Sitting Bull was a Native American chief. and perhaps famous of all Native American chiefs, Sitting Bull was born in 1831 in what In June 1863 took up arms against the United States for the first time. rules didn't apply, and where sco Sitting Bull Biography : Sitting Bull was born in March, 1831 near the site of presentday Bullhead, South Dakota. In 1865, Sitting Bull's warriors routed United States troops at the Battle of Powder all the Teton Sioux, with Crazy Horse, chief of the Oglala Sioux, Crazy Horse Biography Facts Birthday Life Story : Crazy Horse was a Lakota Indian who fought with Sitting Bull against way of life, Crazy Horse was born with the Native American name Tashunka Witco around The details of how he came to acquire the name Crazy Horse are up for debate. th Sitting Bull surrenders History This Day in History 7/20/1881 : Born in the Grand River Valley in what is now South Dakota, Sitting Bull in the U.S. defeat at Little Bighorn, but his spiritual influence inspired Crazy Horse and 1881, with his people starving, he returned to the United States and surren Sitting Bull : Such were the fateful words of Hunkpapa Lakota Sitting Bull, born in 1831 near the . to the United States and surrender to the Army in exchange for a full pardon. including some of the followers of Oglala Sioux Chief Crazy Horse, who had Biography for Kids Sitting Bull : Sitting Bull was born a member of the Lakota Sioux tribe in South Dakota. As Sitting Bull grew older, white men from the United States began to enter his He felt that reservations were like prisons and he would not be shut up in a cor Crazy Horse : He was born in approximately 1842 and died in 1877. There are many photographs that are allegedly of Crazy Horse, but historians doubt Crazy Horse first encountered U.S. Soldiers on the Oregon Trail July 25,1865 where he In the followi Sitting Bull : The role of Sitting Bull in the history of the United States of America. Sitting Bull was born on the Grand River in presentday South Dakota in 1831. He gave the meat away to elders who were unable to hunt for themselves. Inspired by Sitting Bull : After the pardon, Sitting Bull returned to the United States in 1881, and was held . The general consensus of opinion now is that Sitting Bull was born at a such as Red Cloud and Crazy Horse, and some minor chiefs were Sitting Bull : He was born in 1831 in the Grand River region of presentday South Dakota . The Indians were preparing war and Sitting Bull sent Crazy Horse to lead an attack on Wild West Show and travelled throughout the United States and Canada . Sitting Bulls Way of Life : Born in l83l, born free to roam over the prairies, to hunt, to survive by . The treaties with Indians were never taken seriously by the U. S. government. . Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse, and all the warriors had been through this many times. . to American arms in the history of the United States, pointing out the differences in the Encyclopedia of the Great Plains : Sitting Bull (Tantanka Iyotanka) was born in the early 1830s along the Grand River at Minneconjou, Sihasapa, and a loose alliance of Oglalas under Crazy Horse, the army and the Sitting Bull people, as they came to be known, were frequent. Sitting Bull and 200 followers crossed into the United States and handed Indian Heroes and Great Chieftains : A large calf turned viciously on Sitting Bull, whose pony had thrown him, but the alert Sitting Bull was a born diplomat, a ready speaker, and in middle life he . Crazy Horse led his forces in the field as for him, he applied his energies to state Here, too, they were followed by United States commissioners, headed by The Battle of the Little Bighorn 1876 : They gathered in Montana with the great warrior Sitting Bull to fight for their lands. Meanwhile, another force, largely Oglala Sioux under Crazy Horses command, In less than an hour, Custer and his men were killed in the worst American The American Scholar Tour de Horse : The Killing of Crazy Horse, by Thomas Powers, Knopf, 568 pp., $30 the eponymous war he fought against the United States between 1866 and 1868, which many Indian leaders of his time, including Sitting Bull, who toured with Buffalo Bills Crazy Horse was born sometime around 1840 in presentday South Dakota. Montanakids : Montanas Indian reservations are rich strongholds of Native American heritage. FIND OUT The fascinating history of the state will lead you down many roads. It describes a buffalo bull sitting in a defiant position, a position Sitting Bull held his entire life. He sent Crazy Horse to lead an attack on the US troops nearby. PBS THE WEST : 1871, More than 100 Apaches most of them women and children are have too often wrongly assumed that a tribal chief is also that tribes chief of state. Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse and others defiant of the American government refuse. Sitting Bulls Life Facts and Biography : On this page, you can find a list of interesting facts about Sitting Bull: Sitting Bull was born in todays South Dakota. The original name Sitting Bull was a very good friend of another wellknown Native American, Crazy Horse. Later, in 1844 This was one of the reasons the Indians came back to the United States. Upon his Editor's Pick	South Dakota
What type of creature is a Coalmouse?	Sitting Bull Sitting Bull Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake was a Hunkpapa Lakota Sioux holy man and tribal chief during years of resistance to United States government policies leading to the defeat of George A. Custer and his 7th Calvery at Little Big Horn. He was killed by Indian agency police on the Standing Rock Indian Reservation during an attempt to arrest him. Pages Click Here to Visit our Sponsor SITTING BULL, Sioux chief, born about 1830. He was the principal chief of the Dakota Sioux, who were driven from their reservation in the Black Hills by miners in 1876, and took up arms against the whites and friendly Indians, refusing to be transported to the Indian territory. In June, 1876, they defeated and massacred Gen. George A. Custer's advance party of Gen. Alfred H. Terry's column, which was sent against them, on Little Big Horn River. They were pursued northward by General Terry. Sitting Bull, with a part of his band, made his escape into British Territory, and, through the mediation of Dominion officials, surrendered on a promise of pardon in 1880. After the pardon, Sitting Bull returned to the United States in 1881, and was held prisoner at the Standing Rock Reservation in the Dakota territory. He was allowed to travel with the permission of the reservation's Indian Agent, and on one of those trips in 1884 he met Annie Oakley, whose marksmanship so impressed the Sioux warrior that he offered $65 for a photograph of the two of them together. Phoebe Ann Oakley ("Annie") (1860-1926) signed and inscribed cabinet photograph, "Yours Sincerely "Annie Oakley". In this photo "LITTLE SURE-SHOT" takes aim in a very striking three-quarter length standing portrait dressed in fringed buckskin and Stetson. Oakley, dubbed "Little Sure-Shot" by the famous Sioux chief Sitting Bull, was a headline performer in Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show from 1885 to 1897. The feats of this pint-sized (4' 11") marksman were truly astounding: she could split a playing card held on edge at thirty paces, shot cigarettes from her husband's mouth, and, on one occasion, from the mouth of Crown Prince Wilhelm of Germany. Students and Teachers of US History this is a video of Stanley and Christopher Klos presenting America's Four United Republics Curriculum at the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School. The December 2015 video was an impromptu capture by a member of the audience of Penn students, professors and guests that numbered about 200. The next year Sitting Bull joined Buffalo Bill Cody's Wild West show. His parts in the show was limited but Sitting Bull rode in the show's opening procession. He was well compensated, earning 50 dollars a week plus the money he made from selling autographs. He was treated kindly by Oakley, who said the Sioux warrior "made a great pet of me." Sitting Bull was fond of Oakley naming her "Little Sure Shot." During the show's tour Sitting Bull met "new White Father at Washington," President Grover Cleveland. Life on the road was often unpleasant with Crowds often hissing while the newspapers termed him "as mild mannered a man as ever cut a throat or scalped a helpless woman." During a show in Pittsburgh the brother of a Little Big Horn casulty attacked him. Sitting Bull often commented on the poverty, he witnessed in his travels along the rail lines, especially among children. When the 1885 season ended, the Sioux warrior decided to return to the reservation stating that "The wigwam is a better place for the red man" In 1886 When Sitting Bull sought and was denied permission to return to the Wild West Show. William F. “Buffalo Bill” Cody Buffalo Bill’s Wild West program. The show's first opening was on May 19, 1883 at Omaha, Nebraska. Sitting Bill did not join the show until 1885 and performed for only one season. In July and August, 1888, in a conference at Standing Rock, Dakota, he influenced his tribe to refuse to relinquish Indian lands. in 1889, during a solar eclipse, a mystic named Wovoka begin having visions that the white man would vanish if Indians would perform "ghost dances." The movement spread across Indian reservations, and Sitting Bull joined in performing the sacred dances. Alarmed federal officials feared a general uprising, and Buffalo Bill Cody was recruited to negotiate with his friend but the two never met. On December 14, 1890, a group of Indian police were sent to arrest him but fight erupted, and within minutes several men were dead. Six policemen were killed immediately and two more died shortly after the fight. Sitting Bull and seven of his supporters lay dead, along with two horses. In the midst of the gunfire, Sitting Bull's stage horse, a gift from Cody, began performing its old routine, lifting its leg as if to shake hands. Sitting Bull's body was taken to Fort Yates and was buried in an Army wooden coffin. In 1953 Lakota family members exhumed what was believed to be his remains, to be reinterred near Mobridge, South Dakota, his birthplace. Tribe: Hunkpapa Lakota Parents: Jumping Bull (father) and Her-Holy-Door (mother) Relatives: Big Foot (half brother) and White Bull (nephew) 1891 Account of Sitting Bull Shortly after his Death by W. FLETCHER JOHNSON The fragmentary and often contradictory narratives rehearsed in the foregoing chapter contain much fiction and some fact. The general consensus of opinion now is that Sitting Bull was born at a camp on Willow Creek, near the mouth of the Cheyenne River, and near old Fort George, about 1830. He was the son of Jumping Bull, a Sioux chief, and a nephew of Four Horns and Hunting His Lodge, who were also chiefs. His father was, for an Indian, a wealthy man, and was " the owner of a great many ponies in four colors." Although not destined to be a warrior, Sitting Bull, who was at first called Sacred Standshot, soon became a famous hunter. At ten years old he was famous all through the tribe as a killer of buffalo calves. As his father was rich and did not need the meat, the boy gave away all the game he killed to the poorer members of the tribe, and thus gained great popularity. When he was thirteen years old his father died, and he thereupon " killed buffaloes and fed his people." The next year he fought with and killed a young Indian a few years older than himself, and his name was then changed to Lame Bull or Sitting Bull, on account of a wound which he then received, which made him permanently lame. Before he reached his fifteenth year Sitting Bull began to develop those traits which afterward made him a terror to the white settlers of the frontier. He is described by an old Western scout as a boy of rather stocky appearance, not " straight as an arrow" like the traditional Indian. He was fearless under all circumstances, a magnificent rider, an accurate shot, and capable of enduring an extraordinary amount of fatigue. He was three times married, one of his wives dying soon after the wedding. The other two wives were named She That Was Seen by the Nation, and She That Had Four Robes. They bore in all nine children, including a pair of twins—a most unusual thing among Indians. When, after the Custer massacre, Sitting Bull at last surrendered at Fort Buford, one of his sons, a young man of 18, was at school in Chicago. Another, a boy of six years, was with the chief, and at the formal pow-wow the chief put his heavy rifle in the little fellow's hands and ordered him to give it to Major Brotherton, saying : " I surrender this rifle to you through my young son, whom I now desire to teach in this way that he has become a friend of the whites. I wish him to live as the whites do and be taught in their schools. I wish to be remembered as the last man of my tribe who gave up his rifle. This boy has now given it to you, and he wants to know how he is going to make a living." Sitting Bull is commonly thought of as a warrior. In point of fact he was not. He was a " medicine man;" which means that he included within himself the three professions of the priesthood, medicine and law. He inherited from his father the chieftanship of a part of the Sioux tribe. But his remarkable ascendancy over the whole tribe or nation was due to his miracle-working and to his talents as a politician. He played upon the credulity of the Sioux with his " medicine " or "miracles", until they believed him to possess supernatural powers, and were ready to follow his lead in everything. Some other chiefs inherited wider authority, such as Red Cloud and Crazy Horse, and some minor chiefs were inclined now and then to dispute his sway, such as Gall, Rain-in-the-face, and Broad Trail. But when Sitting Bull made an appeal to the religious fanaticism of the people, there was no withstanding him. To the day of his death he was the principal chief of all the Sioux and leader of 6,000 braves, who at all times were ready at his command. Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake autographed photo "Sitting Bull" Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake (Tatanka Iyotaka) By: ~Anonymous Lakota Saturday, December 15th, 2002 was the 112th Memorial anniversary of the assassination of Tatanka Iyotaka, more commonly known as Sitting Bull. This inspirational leader was murdered deep within Lakota Nation territory, a vast area encompassing much of the central and northern Great Plains. Tatanka Iyotaka in his day was one of the most influential leaders on the prairie. Today, he is the most recognizable Indian in the world. Tatanka Iyotaka was not impressed by white society and their version of civilization. He was shocked and saddened to see the number of homeless people living on the streets of American cities. He gave money to hungry white people many times when he was in the large cities. He counseled his people to be wary of what they accept from white culture. He saw some things which might benefit his people; but cautioned Indian people to accept only those things that were useful to us, and to leave everything else alone. Tatanka Iyotaka was a man of clear vision and pure motivation. Sitting Bull autograph dated on card's reverse June 12th 1889. As is often the case with extraordinary people, Tatanka Iyotaka was murdered by his own people. The colonial force set the weak of his own race against him. A tactic they continue to use. Indian police today carry on the tradition started by the assassins of Tatanka Iyotaka and Tasunke Witko. Indian police harassing, arresting, even killing other Indian people keeps the colony in control. Seeing that their paychecks, just like those of the elected tribal/band councilors, come from the colonial government points to that quite clearly. The unrelenting love for his land and his people caused the enemies of the Lakota to fear Tatanka Iyotaka. The Hunkpapa Oyate and the Titonwan Lakota had many powerful leaders, but Tatanka Iyotaka will forever remain the icon of traditional, full-blood strength and dignity. THE DEATH OF SITTING BULL, AND A TRAGEDY AT WOUNDED KNEE by Warren K. Morehead 1914 Edited by Stanley L. Klos 1999 It seems that the Indian police brought Major McLaughlin information as to the intentions of the famous medicine man. The Major became convinced that Sitting Bull must be arrested and confined, and he therefore sent a squad of police under Lieutenant Bull Head. Among the thirtynine Indian policemen who made the arrest were four relatives. Aside from the officer in charge, Bull Head, Red Tomahawk and Shave Head seem to have been the most prominent. Sitting Bull's settlement consisted of a number of houses stretched on the banks of the Grand River for a distance of four or five miles. The group surrounding Sitting Bull's cabin was comprised of half a dozen log cabins and a corral. The police entered upon their mission in the night and arrived at daylight. " Many of the houses were deserted, the Indians having been engaged in dancing the greater part of the previous night. The entrance of the policemen awakened the camp, but they saw no one, as Bull Head wheeled his men between the Sitting Bull houses and ordered them to dismount. Ten policemen, headed by Bull Head and Shave Head, entered one of the houses, eight policemen the other. In the house entered by Bull Head's party they found the old medicine man, his two wives, and Crow Foot his son, a youth of seventeen years. "The women were very much frightened and began to cry. Sitting Bull sat up and asked what was the matter. 'You are under arrest and must go to the agency,' said Bull Head. " 'Very well,' said Sitting Bull, 'I will go with you.' And he told one of his wives to go to the other house and bring him his best clothes. He showed no concern at his arrest, but evidently wanted to make a good impression and dressed himself with some care. He had also asked that his best horse, a gray one, be saddled, and an Indian policeman had the animal at the door by the time Sitting Bull was dressed and ready to leave. "There had been no trouble in the house, and the police, when they walked out, were surprised at the extent of the demonstration. They came out of the building in a little knot, Bull Head on one side of Sitting Bull, Shave Head on the other, and Red Tomahawk directly behind. They had been twenty minutes or more in Sitting Bull's house, and it was in the gray of the morning when they came out. They stepped out into a mass of greatly excited Ghost dancers, nearly all armed and crowding about the main body of the police, who had held the way clear at the door. As Sitting Bull stepped out with his captors he walked directly toward the horse, with the evident intention of mounting and accompanying the police. He was some distance from the door when his son, Crow Foot, seeing that the old man intended to make no resistance, began to revile him: — " 'You call yourself a brave man and you have declared that you would never surrender to a blue-coat, and now you give yourself up to Indians in blue uniforms,' the young man shouted. "The taunt hit Sitting Bull hard. He looked into the mass of dark, excited faces, and commenced to talk volubly and shrilly, and there was a menacing movement in the crowd. "The last moment of Sitting Bull's life showed him in a better light, so far as physical courage goes, than all the rest of it. He looked about him and saw his faithful adherents — about 160 crazed Ghost dancers— who would have gone through fire at his bidding; to submit to arrest meant the end of his power and his probable imprisonment; he had sure news from Pine Ridge that he, only, was needed to head the hostiles there in a war of extermination against the white settlers. He made up his mind to take his chance, and screamed out an order to his people to attack the police. "Instantly Catch-the-Bear and Strikes-the-Kettle, who were in the front rank of the crowd, fired at point-blank range, Catch-the-Bear mortally wounding First Lieutenant Bull Head, and Strikes-the-Kettle shooting First Sergeant Shave Head in the abdomen. Lieutenant Bull Head was a few yards to the left and front of Sitting Bull when hit, and immediately wheeling, he shot Sitting Bull through the body, and at the same instant Second Sergeant Red Tomahawk, who with revolver in hand was rearguard, shot him in the right cheek, killing him instantly; the lieutenant, the first sergeant, and Sitting Bull falling together. "Sitting Bull's medicine had not saved him, and the shot that killed him put a stop forever to the domination of the ancient regime among the Sioux of the Standing Rock reservation. "The tale of the bloody fight that ensued has been told, and the world knows how those thirty-nine Indian policemen, with four of their relatives who volunteered to accompany them,— a total of forty-three in all — fought off 160 Ghost dancers, eight of whom were killed and five wounded; how Second Sergeant Red Tomahawk, after the two higher ranking police officers had been mortally wounded, took command and drove the Indians to the timber; how Hawk Man No. 1 ran through a hail of bullets to get the news to the cavalry detachment, and how six faithful friends of the Whites, policemen of the Standing Rock reservation, laid down their lives in doing their duty that morning. Two days later, on December 17, 1890, we buried Shave Head and four other Indian policemen with military honors in the cemetery at Standing Rock, and, while Captain Miner's entire company of the Twenty-Second U. S. Infantry fired three volleys over the graves of these red heroes, and a great concourse of the Sioux of the reservation stood in the chill bright sunlight of a fair winter's day, mourning aloud for their dead, I quietly left the enclosure and joined a little burial-party in the military cemetery at Fort Yates, situated about five hundred yards south of the agency cemetery. Four military prisoners dug the grave, and in the presence of A. R. Chapin, Assistant Surgeon, U. S. A., H. M. Deeble, Acting Assistant Surgeon, U. S. A., Lieutenant P. G. Wood, U. S. A., Post Quartermaster, now Brigadier General, retired, and myself, the body of Sitting Bull, wrapped in canvas and placed in a coffin, was lowered into the grave."* Naturally the death of Sitting Bull caused great commotion and many Indians joined the Ghost dancers. In spite of promises to the contrary, they imagined that all those who had incurred the ill will of the authorities were to be killed. About this time Major Brooke sent out American Horse with Two Strike and others to persuade the rest of the Ghost dancers to come in. There were a number of skirmishes in which a few persons were killed on each side. On December 28th, Major Whitside in charge of the Seventh Cavalry came up with Big Foot's band. This same Indian, Big Foot, and his people were traveling toward Pine Ridge agency. According to Mooney's account, Whitside demanded unconditional surrender which was at once given. The Indians and the soldiers went into camp twenty miles northeast of Pine Ridge agency. All of this was communicated to Major Brooke, who sent Colonel Forsythe with four companies of the Seventh Cavalry to join Whitside. This gave Whitside a total of 470 men as against 106 warriors and a number of women and children, frequently estimated from 200 to 250. The other Ghost dancers under Kicking Bear and Short Bull had been persuaded by American Horse and Little Wound to come in to the agency and were encamped at the Catholic mission, five miles out. December 29th (the next day) the officers ordered the Indians to be disarmed. In the center of the camp of the Indians a white flag had been erected. Early in the morning a battery of four Hotchkiss guns had been posted,and these were trained on the Indian camp. The cavalry was placed in squads at various angles, almost entirely surrounding the Indians, or at least on the flank. Chief Big Foot was ill with pneumonia, and the troops had provided him with a tent warmed by a camp stove. About eight o'clock in the morning the men were ordered to give up their guns. Following Mooney's account further, twenty of them came out with only two guns. The Indians seemed unwilling to give them up, and some of the soldiers were ordered to go into the tents and secure them. Mooney says that this search consumed time and created excitement. My information is to the effect that the soldiers threw things about in the tents and took guns away from those who had them; many children were badly frightened and began to cry, and the Indians were now told by the shaman, Yellow Bird, that they were to be disarmed and then killed. I was told that the medicine man threw dust high in the air and it broke like a little cloud and then the massacre began. Mooney presents the same idea, in a little different form. While this searching had continued, a large part of the soldiers had been ordered up to within ten yards of the Indians, which further added to their terror and convinced them that Yellow Bird spoke the truth, that they were all to be shot down. RUDOLF CRONAU (1855-1939), graphite and ink wash on paper of Tatanka Iyotake, Sitting Bull, signed, dated and inscribed 'Rud. Cronau - 1881 Fort Randall S. Dac.' and inscribed 'Sitting Bull' 15½ x 12¼ inches One or two Indians drew revolvers or rifles and fired upon the soldiers, who returned the fire, killing almost half the warriors at the first discharge of their guns Many sticks were afterwards set up at this place by the Indians. The survivors sprang to their feet, seized knives, clubs or the few remaining guns, and fought desperately. While this was going on, other troops operated the Hotchkiss guns and sent a storm of shells and bullets among the women and children standing or running about the tipis. Mooney says "the guns poured in two-pound explosive shells at the rate of fifty per minute, mowing down everything alive. " The terrible effect may be judged from the fact that one woman survivor, Blue Whirlwind, with whom the author conversed, received fourteen wounds, while each of her two little boys were also wounded by her side. In a few minutes 200 Indian men, women and children, with sixty soldiers, were lying dead and wounded on the ground, the tipis had been torn down by the shells and some of them were burning above the helpless wounded, and the surviving handful of Indians were flying in wild panic to the shelter of the ravine, pursued by hundreds of maddened soldiers and followed up by a raking fire from the Hotchkiss guns, which had been moved into position to sweep the ravine. "There can be no question that the pursuit was simply a massacre, where fleeing women, with infants in their arms, were shot down after resistance had ceased and when almost every warrior was stretched dead or dying on the ground. On this point such a careful writer as Herbert Welsh says: 'From the fact that so many women and children were killed, and that their bodies were found far from the scene of action, and as though they were shot down while flying, it would look as though blind rage had been at work, in striking contrast to the moderation of the Indian police at the Sitting Bull fight when they were assailed by women.' The testimony of American Horse and other friendlies is strong in the same direction. Commissioner Morgan in his official report says that 'Most of the men, including Big Foot, were killed around his tent, where he lay sick. The bodies of the women and children were scattered along a distance of two miles from the scene of the encounter'." I agree with Mooney, that a man should not criticize the soldiers of his own country. As for the shooting of armed warriors, we will all give assent. As to the murder of women and children, whose only thought was to escape with their lives, one may not trust himself to write in moderation. The Indians told me that many of the Seventh Cavalry troops cried out, "Remember Custer," as they pursued little boys and girls and destroyed them. We might as well draw the veil of charity over the concluding scene — the pursuit and the butchery. There was one heroic character, Father Kraft, of the Catholic mission, Pine Ridge. He spoke Sioux fluently and endeavored to stop the fight. He was stabbed through the lungs, yet with bullets flying about him, he administered the last rites of the church to the dying until he fell unconscious. Mooney pays him a deserved tribute. The Indians were so excited that they did not recognize him, claiming that he had on a soldier's overcoat because of the cold. Mooney affirms this is not correct, but that he wore his priestly robes. The immediate result of the massacre of Wounded Knee was the stampeding of all the Indians into the hills. They believed that they were to be murdered. General Miles adopted harsh measures against the Indians and they soon surrendered all their guns and came in to the agency. Doctor McGillicuddy, the former Agent at Pine Ridge, who was entirely familiar with the events, stated to Mooney on January 15, 1891, "Up to date there has been neither a Sioux outbreak nor war. No citizen in Nebraska or Dakota has been killed, molested, or can show the scratch of a pin, and no property has been destroyed off the reservation. Only a single non-combatant was killed by the Indians, and that was close to the agency. The entire time occupied by the campaign, from the killing of Sitting Bull to the surrender at Pine Ridge, was only thirty-two days. The late hostiles were returned to their homes as speedily as possible." The Indians quit, but the white people did not. On January llth, some white people led by three brothers named Culbertson,* pursued an aged Oglala, who was a very friendly Indian, for many miles. His name was Few Tails, and he was accompanied by his wife, another Indian named One Feather, his wife and two children. They had been hunting in the Black Hills and had a pass from the agency. They were returning in two wagons loaded with meat. The Culbertson brothers and these other white men fired on Few Tails, killing that Indian and both ponies attached to that wagon. His wife jumped out and received two bullets, bringing her down. Mooney says that the murderers then attacked the other wagon shooting the wife of One Feather, but as she was not badly hurt, she drove away as rapidly as possible and the Indian leaped upon one of the spare ponies and held off the white men for eight or ten miles. They again came up, and he turned and fought them off while his wife drove ahead with the wagon. Cabinet photograph signed "Sitting Bull" in Sitting Bull's square hand in lower portion of the mount. Circa 1882 The senseless panic had seized upon all settlers in the country because of the Ghost dance and the Wounded Knee fight. This is illustrated by Mooney's concluding description of the first part of the fight. "As they drove they passed near a house, from which several other shots were fired at the flying mother, when her husband again rode up and kept off the whole party until the wagon could get ahead. Finally, as the ponies were tired out, this heroic man abandoned the wagon and put the two children on one of the spare ponies and his wounded wife and himself upon another and continued to retreat until the Whites gave up the pursuit. He finally reached the agency with the wife and children." To give readers an adequate conception of what has too frequently occurred in the West, I desire to state that while One Feather and his family escaped, wounded, the wife of the other Indian, Few Tails, was shot twice, and lay helpless on the ground all night. In the morning she found one of the ponies alive, and mounted it and reached a settler's house fifteen miles away. "Instead of meeting help and sympathy, however, she was driven off by the two men there with loaded rifles, and leaving her horse in her fright, she hurried away as well as she could with a bullet in her leg and another in her breast, passing by the trail of One Feather's wagon with the tracks of his pursuers fresh behind it, until she came near a trader's store about twenty miles farther south. Afraid to go near it on account of her last experience, the poor woman circled around it, and continued, wounded, cold, and starving as she was, to travel by night and hide by day until she reached the Bad Lands. The rest may be told in her own words: " 'After that I traveled every night, resting daytime, until I got here at the beef corral. Then I was very tired, and was near the military camp, and early in the morning a soldier came out and he shouted something back, and in a few minutes fifty men were there, and they got a blanket and took me to a tent. I had no blanket and my feet were swelled, and I was about ready to die. After I got to the tent a doctor came in—a soldier doctor, because he had straps on his shoulders — and washed me and treated me well." "A few of the soldiers camped near the scene of the attack had joined in the pursuit at the beginning, on the representations of some of the murderers, but abandoned it as soon as they found their mistake. According to all the testimony, the killing was a wanton, unprovoked, and deliberate murder, yet the criminals were acquitted in the local courts. The apathy displayed by the authorities of Meade county, South Dakota, in which the murder was committed, called forth some vigorous protests. Colonel Shafter, in his statement of the case, concludes, referring to the recent killing of Lieutenant Casey: 'So long as Indians are being arrested and held for killing armed men under conditions of war, it seems to me that the white murderers of a part of a band of peaceful Indians should not be permitted to escape punishment.' The Indians took the same view of the case, and when General Miles demanded of Young-man-afraid-ofhis-horses the surrender of the slayers of Casey and the herder Miller, the old chief indignantly replied: 'No; I will not surrender them, but if you will bring the white men who killed Few Tails, I will bring the Indians who killed the white soldier and the herder; and right out here in front of your tipi I will have my young men shoot the Indians and you have your so'diers shoot the white men, and we will be done with the whole business." "In regard to the heroic conduct of One Feather, the officer then in charge of the agency says: 'The determination and genuine courage, as well as the generalship he manifested in keeping at a distance the six men who were pursuing him, and the devotion he showed toward his family, risking his life against great odds, designate him as entitled to a place on the list of heroes'." I present as an illustration in this book, the little monument erected on the Wounded Knee battlefield by the Sioux themselves some years after the massacre. It was dedicated in the presence of a great concourse of Indians. The inscription is given in Sioux on one side of the shaft, in English on the other. The War Department rather objected to it, so I was told, but it still stands as a monument typifying our treatment of the Indian in these modern days. Some of the Sioux are still backward, and there are quite a number who do not attend the Protestant or Catholic missions. If one will talk with these so-called "non-progressives," one may hear them say, "We have not forgotten Wounded Knee." A few brief concluding statements are in order. A perusal of this long narrative indicates that at the first the dance was a purely religious ceremony. The Sioux were deadly in earnest, they were sincere. They danced day and night until they dropped from exhaustion. There was nothing like it, so far as I can ascertain, in recent times in North America. They were in a frenzy. Yet there was no thought of war. Revivals among Protestant denominations in this country (especially in remote districts) frequently develop religious mania. Many older persons remember the "Camp Meetings" of the West and South in which people "got religion." The interference of police or troops at such a gathering would bring on a riot among the white Christians participating in the services. Negroes of the South have been known to become insensible for hours — to enter a cataleptic state — and to relate visions on recovering. Hysteria at religious gatherings in the South is common among Negroes. In view of these facts, a religious mania is not surprising among Indians, who sought, as we have seen, salvation out of troubles. In fact the craze was induced by their wretched condition. There was no danger at any time at Pine Ridge. What we did, not once, but on many nights, is proof of the assertion. There were a number of newspaper men in the little log hotel at Pine Ridge, and they sent many sensational accounts to the Eastern papers. Not one of them ever left the agency, until the battle of Wounded Knee had occurred, when a few went out to look over the field. Mr. Bartlett, who spoke Sioux quite well, and myself, were the only men to my knowledge who left the agency and visited the camps in the valley, one or two miles distant. The fact that we were able to do so, is sufficient refutation of the statement that the Indians desired to fight, or were savages. Both of us would have been killed were this statement true. We never experienced the slightest trouble, but on the contrary were afforded every facility. We often felt guns and revolvers under the blankets on which we reclined in the tipis. Force caused Wounded Knee. Humanity would have prevented it. -- The American Indian in the United States 1850-1914, A Plea For Justice, Andover Press: 1914 by Warren K. Morehead 1914 and Edited by Stanley L. Klos 1999	i don't know
What does an omophagic creature eat?	Eat - definition of eat by The Free Dictionary Eat - definition of eat by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/eat v. ate (āt), eat·en (ēt′n), eat·ing, eats v.tr. 1. a. To take into the body by the mouth for digestion or absorption. b. To take in and absorb as food: a plant that eats insects; a cell that eats bacteria. c. To include habitually or by preference in one's diet: a bird that eats insects, fruit, and seeds; stopped eating red meat on advice from her doctor. 2. To destroy, ravage, or use up by or as if by ingesting: "Covering news in the field eats money" (George F. Will). 3. To erode or corrode: waves that ate away the beach; an acid that eats the surface of a machine part. 4. To produce by eating: Moths ate holes in our sweaters. 5. Slang To absorb the cost or expense of: "You can eat your loss and switch the remaining money to other investment portfolios" (Marlys Harris). 6. Informal To bother or annoy: What's eating him? 7. Vulgar slang To perform cunnilingus or anilingus on. Often used with out. v.intr. a. To consume food. b. To have or take a meal. 2. To exercise a consuming or eroding effect: a drill that ate away at the rock; exorbitant expenses that were eating into profits. 3. To cause persistent annoyance or distress: "How long will it be before the frustration eats at you?" (Howard Kaplan). Phrasal Verb: 1. To receive or enjoy enthusiastically or avidly: She really eats up the publicity. 2. To believe without question: He'll eat up whatever the broker tells him. Idioms: To be forced to accept a humiliating defeat. eat (one's) heart out 1. To feel bitter anguish or grief. 2. To be consumed by jealousy. eat (one's) words To retract something that one has said. eat out of (someone's) hand To be manipulated or dominated by another. eat (someone) alive Slang To overwhelm or defeat thoroughly: an inexperienced manager who was eaten alive in a competitive corporate environment. [Middle English eten, from Old English etan; see ed- in the Appendix of Indo-European roots.] eat′er n. Synonyms: eat, consume, devour, ingest These verbs mean to take food into the body by the mouth: ate a hearty dinner; greedily consumed the sandwich; hyenas devouring their prey; whales ingesting krill. eat (iːt) vb, eats, eating, ate or eaten 1. (Physiology) to take into the mouth and swallow (food, etc), esp after biting and chewing 2. (tr; often foll by away or up) to destroy as if by eating: the damp had eaten away the woodwork. 3. (often foll by into) to use up or waste: taxes ate into his inheritance. 4. (often foll by: into or through) to make (a hole, passage, etc) by eating or gnawing: rats ate through the floor. 5. to take or have (a meal or meals): we always eat at six. 6. (tr) to include as part of one's diet: he doesn't eat fish. 7. (tr) informal to cause to worry; make anxious: what's eating you?. 8. (tr) slang to perform cunnilingus or fellatio upon 9. I'll eat my hat if informal I will be greatly surprised if (something happens that proves me wrong) 10. eat one's heart out to brood or pine with grief or longing 11. eat one's words to take back something said; recant; retract 12. eat out of someone's hand to be entirely obedient to someone 13. eat someone out of house and home to ruin someone, esp one's parent or one's host, by consuming all his food [Old English etan; related to Gothic itan, Old High German ezzan, Latin edere, Greek edein, Sanskrit admi] ˈeater n [from E(ast) A(frica) T(anganyika) or E(ast) A(frica) Z(anzibar)] eat v. ate (eɪt; esp. Brit. ɛt) eat•en (ˈit n) eat•ing, v.t. 1. to take into the mouth and swallow for nourishment; chew and swallow (food). 2. to consume gradually; wear away; corrode. 3. to use up, esp. wastefully (often fol. by away, into, or up): Unexpected expenses ate up their savings. 4. to make (a hole, passage, etc.), as by gnawing or corrosion. 5. to ravage or devastate. 6. to absorb or pay for: The builder had to eat the cost of the repairs. 7. to cause anxiety or irritation in; worry; bother: What's eating you now? v.i. 8. to consume food; have a meal. 9. to make a way, as by gnawing or corrosion: Acid ate through the linoleum. 10. eat in, to eat or dine at home. 11. eat out, to have a meal at a restaurant rather than at home. 12. eat up, b. to show enthusiasm for; take pleasure in. c. to believe without question. n. [before 900; Middle English; Old English etan] eat′er, n. I will have been eating you will have been eating he/she/it will have been eating we will have been eating you will have been eating they will have been eating Past Perfect Continuous Verb 1. eat - take in solid food; "She was eating a banana"; "What did you eat for dinner last night?" ingest , consume , have , take in , take - serve oneself to, or consume regularly; "Have another bowl of chicken soup!"; "I don't take sugar in my coffee" eat - eat a meal; take a meal; "We did not eat until 10 P.M. because there were so many phone calls"; "I didn't eat yet, so I gladly accept your invitation" wash down - eat food accompanied by lots of liquid; also use metaphorically; "She washed down her dinner with a bottle of red wine"; "He washes down his worries with a nightly glass of whisky" fress , gluttonise , gluttonize - eat a lot and without restraint wolf , wolf down - eat hastily; "The teenager wolfed down the pizza" slurp - eat noisily; "He slurped his soup" fare - eat well pitch in , dig in - eat heartily; "The food was placed on the table and the children pitched in" peck at , pick at , peck - eat like a bird; "The anorexic girl just picks at her food" peck , pick up - eat by pecking at, like a bird gobble , bolt - eat hastily without proper chewing; "Don't bolt your food!" garbage down , gobble up , shovel in , bolt down - eat a large amount of food quickly; "The children gobbled down most of the birthday cake" nibble , piece , pick - eat intermittently; take small bites of; "He pieced at the sandwich all morning"; "She never eats a full meal--she just nibbles" ruminate - chew the cuds; "cows ruminate" eat , feed - take in food; used of animals only; "This dog doesn't eat certain kinds of meat"; "What do whales eat?" dip , dunk - dip into a liquid while eating; "She dunked the piece of bread in the sauce" guttle , pig , raven , devour - eat greedily; "he devoured three sandwiches" eat up , polish off , finish - finish eating all the food on one's plate or on the table; "She polished off the remaining potatoes" consume , down , devour , go through - eat immoderately; "Some people can down a pound of meat in the course of one meal" fill up , fill - eat until one is sated; "He filled up on turkey" 2. eat - eat a meal; take a meal; "We did not eat until 10 P.M. because there were so many phone calls"; "I didn't eat yet, so I gladly accept your invitation" ingest , consume , have , take in , take - serve oneself to, or consume regularly; "Have another bowl of chicken soup!"; "I don't take sugar in my coffee" take away , take out - buy and consume food from a restaurant or establishment that sells prepared food; "We'll take out pizza, since I am too tired to cook" victual - take in nourishment dine out , eat out - eat at a restaurant or at somebody else's home dine - have supper; eat dinner; "We often dine with friends in this restaurant" picnic - eat alfresco, in the open air; "We picnicked near the lake on this gorgeous Sunday" eat - take in solid food; "She was eating a banana"; "What did you eat for dinner last night?" break bread - have a meal, usually with company; "The early Christian disciples broke bread together" nosh , snack - eat a snack; eat lightly; "She never loses weight because she snacks between meals" mess - eat in a mess hall lunch - take the midday meal; "At what time are you lunching?" brunch - eat a meal in the late morning; "We brunch in Sundays" breakfast - eat an early morning meal; "We breakfast at seven" dine in , eat in - eat at home dine out , eat out - eat at a restaurant or at somebody else's home eat up , polish off , finish - finish eating all the food on one's plate or on the table; "She polished off the remaining potatoes" 3. eat - take in food; used of animals only; "This dog doesn't eat certain kinds of meat"; "What do whales eat?" feed ingest , consume , have , take in , take - serve oneself to, or consume regularly; "Have another bowl of chicken soup!"; "I don't take sugar in my coffee" eat - take in solid food; "She was eating a banana"; "What did you eat for dinner last night?" forage - wander and feed; "The animals forage in the woods" raven - feed greedily; "The lions ravened the bodies" suckle - suck milk from the mother's breasts; "the infant was suckling happily" graze , pasture , browse , crop , range - feed as in a meadow or pasture; "the herd was grazing" 4. vex , worry - disturb the peace of mind of; afflict with mental agitation or distress; "I cannot sleep--my daughter's health is worrying me" 5. eat - use up (resources or materials); "this car consumes a lot of gas"; "We exhausted our savings"; "They run through 20 bottles of wine a week" run out - exhaust the supply of; "We ran out of time just as the discussion was getting interesting" drain - deplete of resources; "The exercise class drains me of energy" luxuriate , indulge - enjoy to excess; "She indulges in ice cream" expend , spend , drop - pay out; "spend money" spend - spend completely; "I spend my pocket money in two days" take , use up , occupy - require (time or space); "It took three hours to get to work this morning"; "This event occupied a very short time" play out , sap , tire , exhaust , run down - deplete; "exhaust one's savings"; "We quickly played out our strength" 6. eat - cause to deteriorate due to the action of water, air, or an acid; "The acid corroded the metal"; "The steady dripping of water rusted the metal stopper in the sink" corrode , rust damage - inflict damage upon; "The snow damaged the roof"; "She damaged the car when she hit the tree" rust , corrode - become destroyed by water, air, or a corrosive such as an acid; "The metal corroded"; "The pipes rusted" eat verb 1. consume , swallow , chew , hoover (informal), scoff (slang), devour , munch , tuck into (informal), put away , gobble , polish off (informal), wolf down She was eating a sandwich. 2. have a meal, lunch , breakfast , dine , snack , feed , graze (informal), have lunch, have dinner, have breakfast, nosh (slang), take food, have supper, break bread , chow down (slang), take nourishment Let's go out to eat. eat something away destroy , dissolve , crumble , rot , decay , erode , wear down , corrode , bite into , waste away , wear away The rot is eating away the interior of the house. Related words "One should eat to live, and not live to eat" [Molière L'Avare] Specific eating habits other members of the same species carnivorous relatively large pieces of food monophagous Idioms: break bread , have a bite. 2. To do away with completely and destructively.Also used with up: there's nothing to eat → no hay nada de or que comer would you like something to eat? → ¿quieres comer algo? he won't eat you → no te va a morder what's eating you? → ¿qué mosca te ha picado ? to eat one's fill → hartarse to eat one's way through the menu → pedir todos los platos de la carta he's eating us out of house and home → come por ocho to eat one's words → tragarse las palabras he always eats well → siempre tiene buen apetito I've got him eating out of my hand → lo tengo dominado eat away VT + ADV (= wear away) → desgastar ; (= corrode) → corroer ; [mice etc] → roer eat away at VI + PREP eat in VI + ADV → comer en casa eat into VI + PREP (= wear away) → desgastar ; [+ metal] [acid] → corroer ; [+ savings] → mermar ; [+ leisure time] → reducir eat out A. VI + ADV → comer fuera B. VT + ADV to eat one's heart out → consumirse I've written a novel: Marcel Proust, eat your heart out! → he escrito una novela : ¡chúpate esa, Marcel Proust! eat up A. VT + ADV [+ food] → comerse it eats up electricity → consume mucha electricidad to eat up the miles → tragar los kilómetros to be eaten up with envy → consumirse de envidia B. VI + ADV eat up! → ¡venga, come!, ¡apúrate! (LAm) eat [ˈiːt] [ate] (pt) [eaten] (pp) vt Would you like something to eat? → Est-ce que tu veux manger quelque chose ? to eat lunch (US) → déjeuner to have sb eating out of one's hand (under one's control) → faire manger qn dans sa main vt fus [+ time, profit] → ronger , entamer eat out eat your heart out, Howard → Howard peut aller se rhabiller eat up [+ food] (= eat) → manger (= finish) → finir Eat up your lunch → Finis ton déjeuner . It eats up electricity → Ça bouffe du courant . , Ça consomme beaucoup d'électricité. vi come along, eat up! → allons , mangez ! eat vb: pret <ate>, ptp <eaten> vt (person) → essen , fressen (pej inf); (animal) → fressen ; to eat one’s breakfast → frühstücken ; to eat one’s lunch/dinner → zu Mittag / Abend essen ; he ate his way through … → er aß sich durch …; he’s eating us out of house and home (inf) → der isst or frisst uns noch arm or die Haare vom Kopf (inf); to eat one’s words → (alles,) was man gesagt hat, zurücknehmen ; he was forced to eat his words → er musste alles zurücknehmen ; he won’t eat you (inf) → er wird dich schon nicht fressen (inf); what’s eating you? (inf) → was hast du denn? ? alive a vi → essen , fressen (pej inf); (animal) → fressen ; I haven’t eaten for ages → ich habe schon ewig nichts mehr gegessen n (inf) eats pl → Fressalien pl (inf); time for eats! → Fütterung der Raubtiere ! (inf) eat [iːt] (ate (vb: pt) (eaten (pp))) 1. vt (food) → mangiare to eat one's fill → mangiare a sazietà he's eating us out of house and home (fam) → è un mangiapane a tradimento he won't eat you (fam) → non ti mangia mica 2. vi → mangiare he eats like a horse → mangia come un lupo I've got him eating out of my hand → pende dalle mie labbra , fa tutto quello che voglio io eat away vt + adv (subj, sea) → erodere ; (acid) → corrodere ; (mice) → rosicchiare eat away at vi + prep → rodere eat in vi + adv → mangiare a casa eat into vi + prep → rodere ; (subj, acid) → corrodere ; (savings) → intaccare eat out 1. vi + adv → mangiare fuori 2. vt + adv to eat one's heart out → mangiarsi or rodersi il fegato eat up it eats up electricity → consuma un sacco di corrente this car eats up the miles → questa macchina macina i chilometri 2. vi + adv eat up! → finisci di mangiare ! eat (iːt) – past tense ate (et eit; (American) eit) : past participle ˈeaten – verb to (chew and) swallow; to take food. They are forbidden to eat meat; They ate up all the cakes; We must eat to live. eet, geëet, moet eet يَأْكُل ям comer jíst, sníst essen spise τρώω comer sööma خوردن syödä manger לֶאֱכוֹל खाना jesti eszik makan borða mangiare 食べる (음식을) 먹다, 씹어 삼키다 valgyti ēst makan eten spise, fortære , ete jeść خورل comer a mânca есть jesť jesti jesti äta กิน; ทาน yemek 喫，吃 їсти منہ میں ڈالنے ، چبانے اور کھانے کا عمل ăn 吃 ˈeatable (negative uneatable) adjective fit to be eaten. The meal was scarcely eatable. eetbaar صالِح لِلأْكل годен за ядене comestível k jídlu; jedlý eßbar spiselig εδώδιμος comestible söödav قابل خوردن؛ خوراکی syömäkelpoinen mangeable אכיל खाद्य jestiv ehető layak dimakan ætur mangiabile , commestibile 食べられる 먹을 수 있는 valgomas ēdams boleh dimakan eetbaar spiselig jadalny خورا كى شيان، خواړه comestível bun de mâncat съедобный jedlý užiten jestiv ätlig สามารถทานได้ yenebilir 可食用的 їстівний کھانے کے لائق ăn được 可食用的 noun (in plural) food. Cover all eatables to keep mice away. eetbare أطْعِمَه، مأْكولات храни víveres potraviny Eßwaren (pl.) madvarer φαγώσιμα (πληθ.) comestibles , víveres toit مواد غذایی ruoka victuailles אוכל भोजन jestvine ennivaló makanan matvæli vivande , viveri 食料品 식료품 maistas pārtika; ēdamais makanan eetwaren matvarer żywność خورا كى شيان víveres mâncăruri съестное potraviny jestvine hrana matvaror อาหาร yiyecek 食物 їжа, харчі کھانا thức ăn 食物 eat into to destroy or waste gradually. Acid eats into metal; The school fees have eaten into our savings. opeet, invreet يَأْكُل، يُذيب، يُحَطِّمُ разяждам gastar zažrat se; sáhnout hluboko zerfressen , zehren gøre indhug i; æde op κατατρώγω, καταστρέφω σταδιακά corroer , comer sööbima, ära sööma از بین بردن؛ خوردن kuluttaa attaquer , ronger לְכָלוֹת बरबाद करना progristi, nagrizanjem se uvući beleeszi magát menghancurkan tæra; minnka, ganga á corrodere ～に食い込む 조금씩 소비하다 įsiėsti (par skābi) ieēsties; notērēt (līdzekļus) musnah wegvreten ete seg inni , etse , tære på wżerać się, nadwyrężać خورل gastar a ataca; a înghiţi разъедать ; растрачивать zažrať sa; siahnuť hlboko zajedati se (v kaj) nagrizati tära (nöta, fräta) på, förstöra ค่อย ๆ ทำลายหรือกำจัด aşındırmak 腐蝕，逐漸耗盡 роз'їдати ضائع کرنا ăn mòn; tiêu phí 腐蚀，耗掉 eat one's words to admit humbly that one was mistaken in saying something. I'll make him eat his words! jou woorde insluk يَرْجِعُ في كَلامِهِ принуден съм да си взема думите назад engolir as (suas) palavras odvolat seinen Fehler eingestehen tage ordene i sig igen παίρνω πίσω τα λόγια μου tragarse lo dicho oma sõnu sööma حرف خود را پس گرفتن syödä sanansa rétracter לְהוֹדוֹת בְּטָעוּת povući riječ visszaszívja amit mondott mengaku salah éta ofan í sig, taka orð sín aftur ritrattare , rimangiarsi ciò che si è detto 前言を取消す 자신의 잘못을 인정하다 atsiimti savo žodžius ņemt atpakaļ savus vārdus makan kata-kata zijn woorden inslikken ta ordene i seg igjen odszczekać coś خپله خبره بیرته واخیستل یا تصحیح کول engolir as (suas) palavras a-şi retrage cuvintele взять свои слова назад odvolať preklicati poreći få äta upp ngt man har sagt ยอมรับว่าพูดผิด tükürdüğünü yalamak 承認失言 брати свої слова назад جھک مار کر غلطی کا اعتراف کرنا thừa nhận sai lầm 认错道歉，食言 eat	M.E.A.T.
Which creature produces the epicurean delicacy known as 'green fat'?	Which Animals Does the Bible Designate as 'Clean' and 'Unclean'? \| United Church of God United Church of God Which Animals Does the Bible Designate as 'Clean' and 'Unclean'? You are here Which Animals Does the Bible Designate as 'Clean' and 'Unclean'? Posted on Aug 20, 2013 Login or Create an Account With a UCG.org account you will be able to save items to read and study later! Which Animals Does the Bible Designate as 'Clean' and 'Unclean'? Downloads list-clean-vs-unclean-meats-color (273.35 KB) × God reveals which animals - including fish and birds - are suitable and unsuitable for human consumption in Leviticus 11 and Deuteronomy 14. Although the lists aren't exhaustive, He reveals guidelines for recognizing animals that are acceptable for food. Paula Borowska/Unsplash Raw oysters are considered a delicacy in many places but the Bible says water creatures without fins and scales should not be eaten. God states that cud-chewing animals with split hooves can be eaten ( Leviticus 11:3 Leviticus 11:3Whatever parts the hoof, and is cloven footed, and chews the cud, among the beasts, that shall you eat. American King James Version × ). These specifically include the cattle, sheep, goat, deer and gazelle families ( Deuteronomy 14:4-5 Deuteronomy 14:4-5 4 These are the beasts which you shall eat: the ox, the sheep, and the goat, 5 The hart, and the roebuck, and the fallow deer, and the wild goat, and the pygarg, and the wild ox, and the chamois. American King James Version × ). He also lists such animals as camels, rabbits and pigs as being unclean, or unfit to eat ( Leviticus 11:4-8 Leviticus 11:4-8 4 Nevertheless these shall you not eat of them that chew the cud, or of them that divide the hoof: as the camel, because he chews the cud, but divides not the hoof; he is unclean to you. 5 And the coney, because he chews the cud, but divides not the hoof; he is unclean to you. 6 And the hare, because he chews the cud, but divides not the hoof; he is unclean to you. 7 And the swine, though he divide the hoof, and be cloven footed, yet he chews not the cud; he is unclean to you. 8 Of their flesh shall you not eat, and their carcass shall you not touch; they are unclean to you. American King James Version × ). He later lists such “creeping things” as moles, mice and lizards as unfit to eat ( Leviticus 11:29-31 Leviticus 11:29-31 29 These also shall be unclean to you among the creeping things that creep on the earth; the weasel, and the mouse, and the tortoise after his kind, 30 And the ferret, and the chameleon, and the lizard, and the snail, and the mole. 31 These are unclean to you among all that creep: whoever does touch them, when they be dead, shall be unclean until the even. American King James Version × ), as well as four-footed animals with paws (cats, dogs, bears, lions, tigers, etc.) as unclean ( Leviticus 11:27 Leviticus 11:27And whatever goes on his paws, among all manner of beasts that go on all four, those are unclean to you: whoever touches their carcass shall be unclean until the even. American King James Version × ). He tells us that salt and freshwater fish with fins and scales may be eaten ( Leviticus 11:9-12 Leviticus 11:9-12 9 These shall you eat of all that are in the waters: whatever has fins and scales in the waters, in the seas, and in the rivers, them shall you eat. 10 And all that have not fins and scales in the seas, and in the rivers, of all that move in the waters, and of any living thing which is in the waters, they shall be an abomination to you: 11 They shall be even an abomination to you; you shall not eat of their flesh, but you shall have their carcasses in abomination. 12 Whatever has no fins nor scales in the waters, that shall be an abomination to you. American King James Version × ), but water creatures without those characteristics (catfish, lobsters, crabs, shrimp, mussels, clams, oysters, squid, octopi, etc.) should not be eaten. God also lists birds and other flying creatures that are unclean for consumption ( Leviticus 11:13-19 Leviticus 11:13-19 13 And these are they which you shall have in abomination among the fowls; they shall not be eaten, they are an abomination: the eagle, and the ossifrage, and the ospray, 14 And the vulture, and the kite after his kind; 15 Every raven after his kind; 16 And the owl, and the night hawk, and the cuckow, and the hawk after his kind, 17 And the little owl, and the cormorant, and the great owl, 18 And the swan, and the pelican, and the gier eagle, 19 And the stork, the heron after her kind, and the lapwing, and the bat. American King James Version × ). He identifies carrion eaters and birds of prey as unclean, plus ostriches, storks, herons and bats. Birds such as chickens, turkeys and pheasants are not on the unclean list and therefore can be eaten. Insects, with the exception of locusts, crickets and grasshoppers, are listed as unclean ( Leviticus 11:20-23 Leviticus 11:20-23 20 All fowls that creep, going on all four, shall be an abomination to you. 21 Yet these may you eat of every flying creeping thing that goes on all four, which have legs above their feet, to leap with on the earth; 22 Even these of them you may eat; the locust after his kind, and the bald locust after his kind, and the beetle after his kind, and the grasshopper after his kind. 23 But all other flying creeping things, which have four feet, shall be an abomination to you. American King James Version × ). Why does God identify some animals as suitable for human consumption and others as unsuitable? God didn’t give laws to arbitrarily assert control over people. He gave His laws (including those of which meats are clean or unclean) “that it might be well” with those who seek to obey Him ( Deuteronomy 5:29 Deuteronomy 5:29O that there were such an heart in them, that they would fear me, and keep all my commandments always, that it might be well with them, and with their children for ever! American King James Version × ). Although God did not reveal the specific reasons some animals may be eaten and others must be avoided, we can make generalized conclusions based on the animals included in the two categories. In listing the animals that should not be eaten, God forbids the consumption of scavengers and carrion eaters, which devour other animals for their food. Animals such as pigs, bears, vultures and raptors can eat (and thrive) on decaying flesh. Predatory animals such as wolves, lions, leopards and cheetahs most often prey on the weakest (and at times the diseased) in animal herds. When it comes to sea creatures, bottom dwellers such as lobsters and crabs scavenge for dead animals on the sea floor. Shellfish such as oysters, clams and mussels similarly consume decaying organic matter that sinks to the sea floor, including sewage. A common denominator of many of the animals God designates as unclean is that they routinely eat flesh that would sicken or kill human beings. When we eat such animals we partake of a food chain that includes things harmful to people. As nutritionist David Meinz observes: “Could it be that God, in His wisdom, created certain creatures whose sole purpose is to clean up after the others? Their entire ‘calling’ may be to act exclusively as the sanitation workers of our ecology. God may simply be telling us that it’s better for us believers not to consume the meat of these trash collectors”. Eating by the Book , 1999, p. 225 The following list, based on Leviticus 11 and Deuteronomy 14, identifies many of the animals God designates as clean and unclean. The list uses their common names. Clean Animals Mammals That Chew the Cud and Part the Hoof Antelope, Bison (buffalo), Caribou, Cattle (beef, veal), Deer (venison), Elk, Gazelle, Giraffe, Goat, Hart, Ibex, Moose, Ox, Reindeer, Sheep (lamb, mutton) Fish With Fins and Scales Anchovy, Barracuda, Bass, Black pomfret (or monchong), Bluefish, Bluegill, Carp, Cod, Crappie, Drum, Flounder, Grouper, Grunt, Haddock, Hake, Halibut, Hardhead, Herring (or alewife), Kingfish, Mackerel (or corbia), Mahimahi (or dorado, dolphinfish [not to be confused with the mammal dolphin]), Minnow, Mullet, Perch (or bream), Pike (or pickerel or jack), Pollack (or pollock or Boston bluefish), Rockfish, Salmon, Sardine (or pilchard), Shad, Silver hake (or whiting), Smelt (or frost fish or ice fish), Snapper (or ebu, jobfish, lehi, onaga, opakapaka or uku), Sole, Steelhead, Sucker, Sunfish, Tarpon, Trout (or weakfish), Tuna (or ahi, aku, albacore, bonito, or tombo), Turbot (except European turbot), Whitefish Birds With Clean Characteristics Chicken, Dove, Duck, Goose, Grouse, Guinea fowl, Partridge, Peafowl, Pheasant, Pigeon, Prairie chicken, Ptarmigan, Quail, Sagehen, Sparrow (and other songbirds), Swan, Teal, Turkey In the King James Version, Leviticus 11:18 Leviticus 11:18And the swan, and the pelican, and the gier eagle, Boar, Peccary, Pig (hog, bacon, ham, lard, pork, most sausage and pepperoni) Canines Coyote, Dog, Fox, Hyena, Jackal, Wolf Felines Cat, Cheetah, Leopard, Lion, Panther, Tiger Equines Donkey (ass), Horse, Mule, Onager, Zebra (quagga) Other Animals Armadillo, Badger, Bat, Bear, Beaver, Camel, Elephant, Gorilla Groundhog, Hippopotamus, Kangaroo, Llama (alpaca, vicuña), Mole, Monkey, Mouse, Muskrat, Opossum, Porcupine, Rabbit (hare), Raccoon, Rat, Rhinoceros, Skunk, Slug, Snail (escargot), Squirrel, Wallaby, Weasel, Wolverine, Worm, All insects except some in the locust family Marine Animals Without Fins and Scales Fish Bullhead, Catfish, Eel, European Turbot, Marlin, Paddlefish, Shark, Stickleback, Squid, Sturgeon (includes most caviar), Swordfish Shellfish Abalone, Clam, Conch, Crab, Crayfish (crawfish, crawdad), Lobster, Mussel, Oyster, Scallop, Shrimp (prawn) Soft body Cuttlefish, Jellyfish, Limpet, Octopus, Squid (calamari) Sea mammals Dolphin, Otter, Porpoise, Seal, Walrus, Whale Birds of Prey, Scavengers and Others Albatross, Bittern, Buzzard, Condor, Coot, Cormorant, Crane, Crow, Cuckoo, Eagle, Flamingo Grebe, Grosbeak, Gull, Hawk, Heron, Kite, Lapwing, Loon, Magpie, Osprey, Ostrich, Owl, Parrot, Pelican, Penguin, Plover, Rail, Raven, Roadrunner, Sandpiper, Seagull, Stork, Swallow, Swift, Vulture, Water hen, Woodpecker Reptiles Alligator, Caiman, Crocodile, Lizard, Snake, Turtle Amphibians Blindworm, Frog, Newt, Salamander, Toad Clean vs. Unclean Meats Infographics The images below are available to download as PDF in color and black & white. Click on the “Downloads” box featured on the right side of this webpage. UCG.org List: Clean vs Unclean Meats	i don't know
Which London market was moved in November to a new site at Nine Elms?	End of an era \| Covent Garden Market Moves Out \| Covent Garden - 400 Years of History \| Covent Garden Memories Covent Garden - 400 Years of History Covent Garden Market Moves Out End of an era Covent Garden, 1726 Peter Angelis The Market was just as much a mess in 1824 as it was over a hundred years later Copyright Westminster City Archives The hustle and bustle of Covent Garden Market in 1864 Copyright Westminster City Archives A view of Russell Street circa 1900 - it's easy to see how crowded it was even then! Copyright Westminster City Archives An empty Jubilee Hall, which had housed the Flower Market Copyright Westminster City Archives A proposal for the new site at Nine Elms, Battersea Copyright Westminster City Archives A view of the old Flower Market today Copyright Westminster City Archives Covent Garden Market has been central to London life since 1670, when King Charles II granted the Earl of Bedford a private charter to hold a market every day but Sunday and Christmas Day (this charter was passed down with the title). People from all over the city would gather in the Piazza, dominated by St. Paul’s Church, to buy and sell all sorts of commodities, both legal and illegal. In earlier centuries the area had been renowned for seedy activity – prostitution had come in with the market, and the theatre crowd made its home in the area – but by the 1900s the main products were fresh produce and flowers brought in from local farms as well as by boats along the coast. In the 20th century, products were shipped in from places like California, Marrakesh, and Holland and trucked in overnight from as far as the border with Scotland. Covent Garden was the premier price-setting market in Britain: at its height the market was the destination for almost a third of all the fruit and vegetables imported into the country. The annual turnover was about one million tons and the sale of all this produce is estimated to have been worth £65 million. A fifth of the produce consigned there was then shipped out to other markets around the country. An anonymous online commentator describes his experience of the market as a young man: “The Garden, like Spitalfields and the Borough, were places where people worked bloody hard and in all weathers…I remember as a young lad in 1970 unloading onions off our lorries on cold winter nights – all around the markets untying ropes and soaking ice wet canvas sheets. It was hard graft but the night porters would be singing some Matt Monro or Sinatra ballad; the wonderful smells of fruit barrows on cobbles, Hessian sacks on lorry radiators, the old tea stalls, bacon and [hot] dog rolls – Heaven.” The 1957 film Every Day Except Christmas documents what the market was like in a fantastically vivid and engaging way, allowing the viewer to get a sense of the hustle and bustle of Covent Garden. Over the centuries the market had flourished – so much so that by the late 1800s the space could no longer accommodate the explosion of commerce within. Even after the construction of the Covered Market in 1834 and the Jubilee Hall in 1904, the market remained unsuited to the sheer volume of traffic. Maps of the time show the bottlenecks caused by the lack of access to the Strand and Long Acre. The Bedford Estate did what it could to relieve some of the pressure, but because of Covent Garden’s central London location there was precious little room to expand. In the face of increasing public dissatisfaction (encouraged by the rise of socialist ideas) with the private aristocratic ownership of London’s, and indeed England’s, most important produce market, the 11th Earl of Bedford sold the entire Covent Garden Estate to the Beecham family in 1918. The new management of the market ran into the same problems that the Earls had faced. In 1920 there was an attempt to turn responsibility for the market over to the London County Council, but the sale was turned down for a recurring issue: lack of room for expansion. The next attempt to solve the problem of the choked and crowded market was to consider its removal to a different site. A Bill of Parliament was introduced to relocate the market to a site at the Foundling Hospital at St. Pancras, but this was withdrawn in 1927 in the face of opposition from public, private, professional, and commercial interests. Left with seemingly no other choice, the Covent Garden Property Company (run by the Beechams) prepared a 1928 plan to attempt development, but even this was blocked. Rival developers in Spitalfield Market objected that the proposed alterations were in violation of the original 1670 charter. The events of World War II and post-war empty coffers delayed even further any attempt to solve Covent Garden’s problems. Sadly, business in the market was left to suffer for a few more decades. The quantity of commodities and thus the congestion flowing through Covent Garden had doubled between 1910 and 1929, and the market only continued to grow. Finally, in 1955 the government set up a committee to look into the current methods of produce marketing in London and to make recommendations for improvements. In regard to Covent Garden, the committee advised the creation of a new wholesale market to free the old market from its burdens of over-crowding; the Covent Garden Market could then be reorganized with facilities more appropriate to its role as the central price-setting market in the UK. While this part of the recommendation was rejected, the need for a municipal Covent Garden Market Authority (GGMA) was agreed upon and in 1962 the market passed into public ownership. One of the Authority’s main duties was to reduce fire risk, traffic congestion, and the volume of produce passing through the market while simultaneously increasing commercial exchange. To resolve this, the idea of moving the market surfaced once again. With the implicit support of Parliament, the Authority investigated the removal of the market to an alternative site, hiring Fantus Company International Division, to research possible locations. Initially, five sites were examined: Seven Dials (within the Covent Garden area), Nine Elms, Wood Lane, Beckton, and King’s Cross. The Fantus Company’s first report selected Beckton as the most suitable location for the new market, but there were objections from the Authority’s Market Management and Market Worker’s Committees. Then, British Railways made it known that a different site at Nine Elms would soon become available. All parties eventually settled on this location in Battersea. Between 1964 and 1966, Parliament debated the Bill for the official transplant of the market. Finally, Royal Assent was granted on 10 March 1966 for the market to be moved by the early 1970s. Once this formal decision had been made, plans for the new market were developed. New Covent Garden Market was to be a 70-acre site (45 for fruit and veg, 16 for flowers) with its own Waterloo line railway approach, improved roads and lorry access, expansive loading bays, a 21-storey administrative building for offices of businesses involved in the market, and, most importantly, room to expand. In 1974 the Sheffield Morning Telegraph reported that nearly all the trading space in the markets had been let before the move, demonstrating high levels of excitement for new business opportunities in the improved space. The same article expressed a widely-held sentiment toward the move:“For reasons of co mmonsense and business efficiency, the old Covent Garden, partially the product of 17th century town planning, had to go, but a part of London life dies with it”. Philip Howard of TheTimes mourned that “the centre of London will not be the same without its sweet smell of ripe fruit, its strange vegetable night life, and those midnight lorries roaring in with a breath of the West Country, of Kent, and of the whole wide world”. The market was relocated on 11 November 1974 and Covent Garden was left empty. Brewerton, David. "Plan for Covent Garden about to Blossom at Last." The Daily Telegraph [London] 2 Aug. 1977: n. pag. Print. "Nine Elms Site for Covent Garden." The Sunday Times [London] 8 Mar. 1964: n. pag. Print. Every Day Except Christmas . Dir. Lindsay Anderson. Vimeo. N.p., Mar. 2012. Web. 3 Oct. 2012. “Covent Garden Market”, Survey of London: volume 36: Covent Garden (1970), pp. 129-150. URL: http://british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=46106 Date accessed: 18 September 2012 Mackenzie, Andrew. "Just a Silent Finale for My Fair Lady's Tradition." Sheffield Morning Telegraph 17 Sept. 1974: n. pag. Print. Howard, Philip. "Philip Howard Looks at London." The Times [London] 6 May 1970: n. pag. Print. This page was added by Anne Bransford on 07/11/2012.	Covent Garden
Born 1780 in Norwich, Which Englishwoman famously campaigned for prison reform?	Vinci St. Modwen granted planning permission for redevelopment of New Covent Garden Market Site \| Nine Elms on the South Bank Vinci St. Modwen granted planning permission for redevelopment of New Covent Garden Market Site Thursday, 13 November 2014 VINCI St. Modwen (VSM), the 50/50 joint venture between St. Modwen Properties PLC (LSE: SMP) and VINCI PLC, and its partner the Covent Garden Market Authority (CGMA), last night received resolution to grant planning permission to deliver the landmark redevelopment of the 57 acre New Covent Garden Market site in Nine Elms, London. This major, multi-phased project will modernise and secure the future of the iconic market whilst delivering one of the largest schemes in London’s Nine Elms regeneration area. This major 10-year project will see the delivery of over 500,000 sq ft of new state-of-the-art market facilities across a 37 acre site. The remaining 20 acres of land will be transformed into three high quality residential neighbourhoods comprising approximately 3,000 new homes, 135,000 sq ft of office space and 100,000 sq ft of retail, leisure and new community facilities, including shops, cafés and restaurants. Bill Oliver, Chief Executive, St. Modwen and director of VSM said: “This landmark scheme is another example of VSM’s ability to progress large scale, nationally important, developments that create both jobs and homes and attract investment in areas ready for regeneration. “Wandsworth Council’s decision allows us to contribute to the long-term transformation of London’s newest residential and commercial quarter whilst securing the future of New Covent Garden Market by delivering vitally important world-class market facilities. The VSM and CGMA teams have worked closely with the Council, local businesses and the local community to ensure that the scheme benefits all stakeholders and we look forward to continuing our work with them to enable a start on site in the first half of 2015.” Pam Alexander, Chair of CGMA, said: “I am grateful to Wandsworth Council and all who have worked so hard to ensure the future of New Covent Garden Market as a key landmark at the heart of Nine Elms on the South Bank in the week that the market celebrates 40 years here at Nine Elms. New Covent Garden Market is central to supplying London’s fresh produce. With our development partners VSM, we can now deliver the modern facilities that will enable our 200 business to grow and thrive whilst welcoming the public to a new Food Quarter for London.” – ENDS – Notes to Editors VINCI St. Modwen (VSM), the 50/50 joint venture between St. Modwen Properties PLC (LSE: SMP) and VINCI PLC, was selected by the Covent Garden Market Authority in March 2012 to deliver the regeneration of New Covent Garden Market site (NCGM) in Nine Elms, London, including the provision of a modern new market. This landmark, multi-phased project is the largest proposed regeneration scheme in Nine Elms on the South Bank, itself one of London’s key development areas for new mixed-use development. It will secure the long-term future of New Covent Garden Market, the UK’s largest fruit, vegetable and flower market, through the delivery of new 21st century facilities. There will also be a new Food Quarter for London on the wider site, providing a busy and attractive new food destination including facilities to support food businesses both on and off the market such as incubation spaces for food start ups and a new public market. In May 2014, VSM submitted a planning application to deliver over 500,000 sq ft of modern market facilities consolidated on one 37 acre site for the 200 tenant businesses, which in total employ over 2,500 people. The development releases 20 acres of surplus land across three separate sites which will be transformed into a high quality residential neighbourhood benefitting from excellent riverside and Central London views. VSM’s planning application also includes proposals for approximately 3,000 new homes, 135,000 sq ft of new office space and 100,000 sq ft of retail, leisure and new community facilities, including shops, cafes and restaurants. Development work on the new market will commence in 2015 and on the first phase of the surplus land in 2017. ENQUIRIES:	i don't know
Which young woman fatally stabbed Jean Paul Marat while he was in his bath?	Jean-Paul Marat Jean-Paul Marat Location of death: Paris, France Cause of death: Assassination Remains: Buried, Saint Etienne-du-Mont, Paris, France Gender: Male Nationality: France Executive summary: French revolutionary French revolutionary leader, eldest child of Jean-Paul Marat, a native of Cagliari in Sardinia, and Louise Cabrol of Geneva, was born at Boudry, in the principality of Neuch�tel, on the 24th of May 1743. His father was a designer, who had abandoned his country and his religion, and married a Swiss Protestant. On his mother's death in 1759 Marat set out on his travels, and spent two years at Bordeaux in the study of medicine, after which be moved to Paris, where he made use of his knowledge of his two favorite sciences, optics and electricity, to subdue an obstinate disease of the eyes. After some years in Paris he went to Holland, and then on to London, where he practiced his profession. In 1773 he made his first appearance as an author with a Philosophical Essay on Man. The book shows a wonderful knowledge of English, French, German, Italian and Spanish philosophers, and directly attacks Helvetius , who had in his De l'Esprit declared a knowledge of science unnecessary for a philosopher. Marat declares that physiology alone can solve the problems of the connection between soul and body, and proposes the existence of a nervous fluid as the true solution. In 1774 he published The Chains of Slavery, which was intended to influence constituencies to return popular members, and reject the king's friends. Its author declared later that it procured him an honorary membership of the patriotic societies of Carlisle, Berwick and Newcastle. He remained devoted to his profession, and in 1775 published in London a little Essay on Gleets, and in Amsterdam a French translation of the first two volumes of his Essay on Man. In this year he visited Edinburgh, and on the recommendation of certain Edinburgh physicians was made an M.D. of St. Andrews. On his return to London he published an Enquiry into the Nature, Cause, and Cure of a Singular Disease of the Eyes, with a dedication to the Royal Society. In the same year there appeared the third volume of the French edition of the Essay on Man, which reached Ferney, and exasperated Voltaire , by its onslaught on Helvetius, into a sharp attack which only made the young author more conspicuous. His fame as a clever doctor was now great, and on the 24th of June 1777, the comte d'Artois, afterwards Charles X of France, made him by brevet physician to his guards with 2000 livres a year and allowances. Marat was soon in great request as a court doctor among the aristocracy; and even Brissot, in his M�moires, admits his influence in the scientific world of Paris. The next years were much occupied with scientific work, especially the study of heat, light and electricity, on which he presented memoirs to the Acad�mie des Sciences, but the academicians were horrified at his temerity in differing from Newton , and, though acknowledging his industry, would not receive him among them. His experiments greatly interested Benjamin Franklin , who used to visit him and Goethe always regarded his rejection by the academy as a glaring instance of scientific despotism. In 1780 he had published at Neuch�tel a Plan de l�gislation criminelle, founded on the principles of Beccaria. In April 1786 he resigned his court appointment. The results of his leisure were in 1787 a new translation of Newton's Optics, and in 1788 his M�moires acad�miques, ou nouvelles d�couvertes sur la lumi�re. His scientific life was now over, his political life was to begin in the notoriety of that political life his great scientific and philosophical knowledge was to be forgotten, the high position he had given up denied, and he himself scoffed at as an ignorant charlatan, who had sold quack medicines about the streets of Paris, and been glad to earn a few sous in the stables of the comte d'Artois. In 1788 the notables had met, and advised the assembling of the states-general. The elections were the cause of a flood of pamphlets, of which one, Offrande � la patrie, was by Marat, and, though now forgotten, dwelt on much the same points as the famous brochure of the Abb� Si�y�s: Qu'est-ce que le tiers �tat? When the states-general met, Marat's interest was as great as ever, and in June 1789 he published a supplement to his Offrande, followed in July by La constitution, in which he embodies his idea of a constitution for France, and in September by his Tableau des vices de la constitution d'Angleterre, which he presented to the Assembly. The latter alone deserves remark. The Assembly was at this time full of anglomaniacs, who desired to establish in France a constitution similar to that of England. Marat had seen that England was at this time being ruled by an oligarchy using the forms of liberty, which, while pretending to represent the country, was really being gradually mastered by the royal power. His heart was now all in politics; and he decided to start a paper. At first appeared a single number of the Moniteur patriote, followed on the 12th of September by the first number of the Publiciste parisien, which on the 16th of September took the title of L'Ami du peuple and which he edited, with some interruptions, until the 21st of September 1792. The life of Marat now becomes part of the history of the French Revolution. From the beginning to the end he stood alone. He was never attached to any party; the tone of his mind was to suspect whoever was in power. About his paper, the incarnation of himself, the first thing to be said is that the man always meant what he said; no poverty, no misery or persecution, could keep him quiet; he was perpetually crying, "Nous sommes trahis." Whoever suspected any one had only to denounce him to the Ami du peuple, and the denounced was never let alone until he was proved innocent or guilty. Marat began by attacking the most powerful bodies in Paris -- the Constituent Assembly, the ministers, the corps municipal, and the court of the Ch�telet. Denounced and arrested, he was imprisoned from the 8th of October to the 5th of November 1789. A second time, owing to his violent campaign against Lafayette, he narrowly escaped arrest and had to flee to London (January 1790). There be wrote his D�nonciation contre Necker, and in May dared to return to Paris and continue the Ami du peuple. He was embittered by persecution, and continued his vehement attacks against all in power, and at last, after the day of the Champs du Mars (July 17, 1790), against the king himself. All this time he was in hiding in cellars and sewers, where he was attacked by a horrible skin disease, tended only by the woman Simonne Evrard, who remained true to him. The end of the Constituent Assembly he heard of with joy and with bright hopes for the future, soon dashed by the behavior of the Legislative Assembly. When almost despairing, in December 1791, he fled once more to London, where he wrote his Ecole du citoyen. In April 1792, summoned again by the Cordeliers' Club, he returned to Paris, and published No. 627 of the Ami. The war was now the question, and Marat saw clearly that it was to serve the purposes of the Royalists and the Girondins, who thought of themselves alone. Again denounced, Marat had to remain in hiding until the 10th of August. The early days of the war being unsuccessful, the proclamation of the Duke of Brunswick excited all hearts; who could go to save France on the frontiers and leave Paris in the hands of his enemies? Marat, like Georges Jacques Danton , foresaw the massacres of September. After the events of the 10th of August he took his seat at the commune, and demanded a tribunal to try the Royalists in prison. No tribunal was formed, and the massacres in the prisons were the inevitable result. In the elections to the Convention, Marat was elected seventh out of the twenty-four deputies for Paris, and for the first time took his seat in an assembly of the nation. At the declaration of the republic, he closed his Ami du peuple, and commenced, on the 25th, a new paper, the Journal de la R�publique Fran�aise, which was to contain his sentiments as its predecessor had done, and to be always on the watch. In the Assembly Marat had no party; he would always suspect and oppose the powerful, refuse power for himself. After the battle of Valmy, Dumouriez was the greatest man in France; he could almost have restored the monarchy; yet Marat did not fear to denounce him in placards as a traitor. His unpopularity in the Assembly was extreme, yet he insisted on speaking on the question of the king's trial, declared it unfair to accuse Louis for anything anterior to his acceptance of the constitution, and though implacable towards the king, as the one man who must die for the people's good, he would not allow Malesherbes, the king's counsel, to be attacked in his paper, and speaks of him as a "sage et respectable vieillard." The king dead, the months from January to May 1793 were spent in an unrelenting struggle between Marat and the Girondins. Marat despised the ruling party because they had suffered nothing for the republic, because they talked too much of their feelings and their antique virtue, because they had for their own virtues plunged the country into war; while the Girondins hated Marat as representative of that rough red republicanism which would not yield itself to a Roman republic, with themselves for tribunes, orators and generals. The Girondins conquered at first in the Convention, and ordered that Marat should be tried before the Revolutionary Tribunal. But their victory ruined them, for on the 24th of April Marat was acquitted, and returned to the Convention with the people at his back. The fall of the Girondins on the 31st of May was a triumph for Marat. But it was his last. The skin disease he had contracted in the subterranean haunts was rapidly closing his life; he could only ease his pain by sitting in a warm bath, where he wrote his journal, and accused the Girondins, who were trying to raise France against Paris. Sitting thus on the 13th of July he heard in the evening a young woman begging to be admitted to see him, saying that she brought news from Caen, where the escaped Girondins were trying to rouse Normandy. He ordered her to be admitted, asked her the names of the deputies then at Caen, and, after writing their names, said, "They shall be soon guillotined", when the young girl, whose name was Charlotte Corday, stabbed him to the heart. His death caused a great commotion at Paris. The Convention attended his funeral, and placed his bust in the hall where it held its sessions. Jacques-Louis David painted "Marat Assassinated", and a veritable cult was rendered to the Friend of the People, whose ashes were transferred to the Panth�on with great pomp on the 21st of September 1794 -- to be cast out again in virtue of the decree of the 8th of February 1795. Marat's name was long an object of execration on account of his insistence on the death penalty. He stands in history as a bloodthirsty monster, yet in judging him one must remember the persecutions he endured and the terrible disease from which he suffered. Father: M. Jean-Paul Marat Brother: Henri Mara ("M. de Boudry") Sister: Albertine Marat	Charlotte Corday
In which city were the crime series 'Homicide: Life on the Street' and 'The Wire' both set?	Charlotte Corday assassinates Marat - Jul 13, 1793 - HISTORY.com Charlotte Corday assassinates Marat Publisher A+E Networks Jean Paul Marat, one of the most outspoken leaders of the French Revolution, is stabbed to death in his bath by Charlotte Corday, a Royalist sympathizer. Originally a doctor, Marat founded the journal L’Ami du Peuple in 1789, and its fiery criticism of those in power was a contributing factor to the bloody turn of the Revolution in 1792. With the arrest of the king in August of that year, Marat was elected as a deputy of Paris to the Convention. In France’s revolutionary legislature, Marat opposed the Girondists–a faction made up of moderate republicans who advocated a constitutional government and continental war. By 1793, Charlotte Corday, the daughter of an impoverished aristocrat and an ally of the Girondists in Normandy, came to regard Marat as the unholy enemy of France and plotted his assassination. Leaving her native Caen for Paris, she had planned to kill Marat at the Bastille Day parade on July 14 but was forced to seek him out in his home when the festivities were canceled. On July 13, she gained an audience with Marat by promising to betray the Caen Girondists. Marat, who had a persistent skin disease, was working as usual in his bath when Corday pulled a knife from her bodice and stabbed him in his chest. He died almost immediately, and Corday waited calmly for the police to come and arrest her. She was guillotined four days later. Related Videos	i don't know
Which city is the setting for the original crime series 'CSI: Crime Scene Investigation'?	CSI:Crime Scene Investigation \| CSI \| Fandom powered by Wikia CSI CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (commonly referred to as CSI or CSI: Las Vegas) is a popular, Emmy Award-winning CBS television series that trails the investigations of a team of Las Vegas forensic scientists as they unveil the circumstances behind mysterious and unusual deaths and crimes committed. The show has spawned two spinoffs, each enjoying their own success. The first spin-off, which debuted in September 2002, is set in Miami ( CSI: Miami ), the show's second is set in New York City ( CSI: NY ) debuted in September 2004, and the third (CSI: Cyber) debuted in March 2015. CSI is produced in partnership with the Canadian media company Alliance Atlantis . The series concluded its run with a two-part series finale (aired as season 16, episodes 1 and 2), that aired on September 27, 2015, and starred Ted Danson, Marg Helgenberger, and William Petersen. Contents Edit The show follows the cases of the Crime Scene Investigation division of the Las Vegas Police Department, usually referred to by officers as the "Las Vegas Crime Lab". Anthony E. Zuiker chose to set the series in Las Vegas because—as mentioned in the pilot episode—that city's crime lab is the second most active in the United States , after the FBI lab in Quantico, Virginia . [1] The division solves crimes almost entirely through the means of forensic evidence, which may or may not come to the conclusion of a murder or accidental death. Keeping in theme with the setting, investigations often lead to taboo subjects, such as sexual deviations. The bizarre conclusions of these cases often force one to question morals and beliefs and possibly human nature in general. Style Edit Stylistically, the show has drawn favorable comparisons to Quincy and The X-Files . The show's gadgets and occasional usage of yet-to-be-invented technology have moved the show nominally into the genre of science fiction and garnered it a Saturn Award nomination for best network television series. The series also occasionally lapses into the realm of fantasy , such as a 2006 episode, Toe Tags which is told from the point of view of several corpses in the CSI lab who reanimate and discuss their deaths with each other. The series is known for its unusual camera angles, percussive editing techniques, hi-tech gadgets, detailed technical discussion, and graphic portrayal of bullet trajectories, blood spray patterns, organ damage, methods of evidence recovery (e.g. fingerprint's from the inside of latex gloves), and crime reconstructions. This technique of shooting extreme close-ups, normally with explanatory commentary from one of the characters is referred to in the media as the "CSI shot". Many episodes feature lengthy scenes in which experiments, tests, or other technical work is portrayed in detail, usually with minimal sounds effects and accompanying music — a technique reminiscent of Mission Impossible . Often the lighting, composition, and mise-en-scene elements are heavily influenced byavant-garde film. Although violence plays an important role in the series, in terms of the investigators' actual conduct, the series is actually less violent (but more sexual) than its immediate spin-off, CSI: Miami in that the Las Vegas investigators rarely use deadly force. In fact, Gil Grissom , supervisor of the crime lab, has expressed distaste for carrying a firearm, and Warrick Brown and Nick Stokes are hinted at as having barely passable firearms expertise. Although most episodes cover the solving of two (usually unrelated) cases, a few episodes focus on a single case. In general, the crime is solved, but in some cases, they fail (which makes the story more realistic). Opening Theme Edit The season 8 cast of CSI, after the departure of Jorja Fox . The opening credits feature clips for every main cast from previous seasons. Since the start, CSI 's theme song has been "Who Are You", written by Pete Townshend with vocals by lead singer Roger Daltrey of The Who. Daltrey made a special appearance in a season seven episode, " Living Legend ". 00:29 Lauren Lee Smith as Riley Adams; main cast 9.03-9.24 Liz Vassey as Wendy Simms; main cast 10.01-10.23, recurring 6.06-9.24, guest star 11.02 David Berman as David Phillips; main cast 10.01-16.02, recurring 1.05-9.24 Elisabeth Harnois as Morgan Brody; main cast 12.01-16.02, guest star 11.21 Jon Wellner as Henry Andrews; main cast 13.01-16.02, recurring 5.23-12.22 Paul Guilfoyle as Jim Brass; main cast 1.01-14.22, guest star 16.01-16.02 Reception Edit CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, along with CBS' hit franchise Survivor , was instrumental in CBS instantly becoming a major competitor on Thursday nights, as well as becoming the most-watched network on U.S. television. It was announced on that CBS was going to move CSI (from Fridays) and Survivor (from Wednesdays) to Thursday nights starting in February 2001 to challenge NBC 's long-standing and popular lineup, which included the hit shows, Friends and Will & Grace . As a result, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation was the most-watched program on television for the 2002–2003 TV season [2] and has been the most-watched scripted show for five consecutive seasons, from the 2002–2003 season through the 2006–2007 season. Ranked first in the June 2005 Nielsen Ratings with an average viewership of 16 million a night, the show serves as the backbone of CBS' leading Thursday lineup. The 2004–2005 season finale, directed by Quentin Tarantino and entitled " Grave Danger ", was watched by over 35 million viewers on May 19 2005, twice that of the nearest competition. [3] . CSI: The Experience Edit The exhibit, CSI: The Experience, immerses guests in hands-on science while leading them through the challenge of solving a crime mystery. The hands-on exhibit brings to life fundamental scientific principles, numerous scientific disciplines, and the most advanced technology and techniques used today by crime scene investigators and forensic scientists. Through hands-on activities featuring real equipment and multimedia presentations, guests will sample the following science fields and understand the significance of each in cracking crimes. Chicago’s Museum of Science opened an exhibit in CSI's honor on May 25, 2007 called: "CSI: The Experience". [4] MGM Grand Las Vegas also opened a permanent exhibit called "CSI:The Experience" on September 12, 2009. [5] Criticism Edit CSI has often been criticized for the level and gratuitousness of graphic violence, images, and sexual content. The CSI series (along with its spinoff shows) have pushed the boundary of what is considered acceptable viewing for primetime network television. [6] The series had numerous episodes on sexual fetishism and other forms of sexual pleasure; see especially the recurring character of Lady Heather , a professional dominatrix. CSI has been ranked as among the worst prime-time shows for family viewing by the Parents Television Council nearly every season since its debut. [7] [8] [9] [10] , this series being ranked the worst show for family prime-time viewing after the 2002-03 season. [11] The PTC has also targeted certain CSI episodes for its weekly "Worst TV Show of the Week" feature. [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] In addition, the episode "King Baby" aired in February 2005, which the PTC named the most offensive TV show of the week, also led the PTC to start a campaign to file complaints with the FCC with the episode [17] ; to date, nearly 13,000 PTC members complained to the FCC about the episode. [18] Another criticism of the show is the depiction of police procedure, which is decidedly lacking in realism. [19] For instance, the show's characters not only investigate crime scenes (as their real-world counterparts would), but they also solve cases, which falls under the responsibility of detectives, not CSI personnel. However, some Detectives are also registered CSI's, although this is exceedingly rare in actual life. Police and District Attorneys in particular dislike the show as it gives members of the public an inaccurate perception of how police solve crimes. District Attorneys state that the conviction rate in cases with little physical evidence has decreased, largely due to the influence of CSI on jury members. [20] For more information, see the article CSI Effect . The LGBT community has criticized the show for its negative representation of LGBT characters. [21] However, as the majority of the non-regular characters in the show are - by the show's very nature - criminals or suspects, it is only natural that all of the aforementioned guest characters are portrayed in a less than positive light. Furthermore, the fifth season episode " Ch-Ch-Changes " was received positively by the transgender community in particular. [22] Furthermore, the season 5 episode " Iced " featured one of very few openly gay characters that was not a victim or criminal, as the victim's neighbour. [23] Episodes	Las Vegas
What is the name of the evil wizard who is always trying to catch the Smurfs?	CSI: Crime Scene Investigation TV Review What parents need to know Positive messages While every episode of the show is about law enforcement officials using science and creativity to solve crimes and stop criminals, the series' relentlessly dark, violent tone overshadows positive take-aways. Repeated focus on violence against women. Positive role models Although the main characters are strong and smart, they're also flawed -- as well as not very deeply developed. Female characters are just as integral (and important) to the drama as men. Violence Very bloody and gruesome. Lots of graphic inside-the-body shots. Many dead bodies. Occasional episodes feature the CSI crew in peril. Sex Varies from episode to episode; some installments have focused on sadomasochism, infantilism, etc. Some romance between characters, though very little explicit sexual content. Language Review this title! What's the story? Set against the flashy backdrop of Las Vegas, CSI: CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION follows a smart, good-looking crime lab crew as they use science and technology to solve the city's most gruesome crimes. Most episodes begin shortly before a victim is found dead, giving viewers a hint of what happened before the crime lab gets involved. Then the steel-stomached investigators arrive: Brainy, bug-obsessed Gil Grissom (William Petersen) is the original head of the team; former exotic dancer and single mother Catherine Willows (Marg Helgenberger) began the series as a supervisor and took over as boss when Grissom retired; and Warrick Brown (Gary Dourdan), Nick Stokes (George Eads), and Sara Sidle (Jorja Fox), Greg Sanders (Eric Szmanda) round out the rest of the cast. Rubber gloves, cotton swabs, fingerprint lifters, and keen senses play key roles in the initial evidence collection. Back at the lab, the crew tries to reconstruct the crime scene, testing theories against the evidence until the truth is revealed. Is it any good? QUALITY Regularly staking out the top spot in the Nielsen ratings, CSI has had a broader affect on the real world. Universities across the country have seen an increase in enrollment in forensic science programs, and lawyers are finding that jurors are more familiar with DNA evidence and other forensic processes. This documented phenomenon is called "the CSI effect." People love the show because of its voyeuristic appeal; plus, no matter how bizarre the crime, the CSI team can always solve it, offering a satisfying conclusion each week. The show's success has resulted in two CBS offshoots to date (as well as numerous imitators on other networks): CSI: Miami and CSI: NY . While both of these shows have strong followings, neither rises to the level of the original in casting, characterization, or complexity. Families can talk about... Families can talk about why the show repeatedly focuses on abuse against vulnerable people. Is this a reflection of reality? How do kids feel when they see gory images , even in the context of scientific discovery? What fascinates kids about the methods the investigators use to solve the crimes? Do you think the show's use of technology is realistic? TV details	i don't know
Via Italian from Latin meaning 'goddess', what do we call a distinguished female singer?	diva \| Definition, meaning & more \| Collins Dictionary It < L, goddess, fem. of divus, god: see deity Example sentences containing 'diva' As the last of the applause evaporated , I pulled Lorraine out of her seat so we could go backstage and meet this golden diva. Shell, Ray ICED Danlo squeezed between a shivering autist and a beautiful , black-skinned woman whom he recognized as the diva , Nirvelli. Zindell, David THE BROKEN GOD Twenty minutes later she padded downstairs in her disco diva slippers . Cecelia Ahern 2004 PS, I LOVE YOU Suddenly , she was no longer Renee Rothchild, international jazz diva. Bill Adler and Mel Watkins WHO KILLED TIFFANY JONES? Trends of 'diva' You can refer to a successful and famous female opera singer as a diva. Brazilian Portuguese: diva	Diva (disambiguation)
Who’s the only major deity to have the same name in both Greek and Roman mythology?	Diva \| Definition of Diva by Merriam-Webster play \-(ˌ)vā\ 1a music : prima donna 1b : prima donna 2 < … if a team asks me to play somewhere else, I'm not going to be a diva about it. — Ettore Lattanzio> 2 : a usually glamorous and successful female performer or personality (see personality 4b) <a fashion diva>; especially : a popular female singer <pop divas>	i don't know
"""Cor, stinks in here"" was the first line spoken in the first episode of which UK TV series?"	As Peggy Mitchell makes her tragic exit, here are 13 memorable EastEnders departures (From East London and West Essex Guardian Series) As Peggy Mitchell makes her tragic exit, here are 13 memorable EastEnders departures As Peggy Mitchell makes her tragic exit, here are 13 memorable EastEnders departures / Press Association 2014 There won’t be a dry eye in the house as EastEnders bids a fond farewell to matriarch Peggy Mitchell, played by Dame Barbara Windsor. The EastEnders stalwart, 78, is leaving the show for good and her famous character will be killed off in Tuesday’s episode. Dame Barbara Windsor as Peggy Mitchell (BBC) In the long-running BBC One soap, the clock is ticking down for terminally-ill Peggy. The cancer she thought she had beaten has spread and nothing more can be done. https://youtu.be/RHeu8Qa51oo To mark the occasion, BBC Store is making a collection of 15 classic Albert Square exit stories available for fans to buy. As Peggy heads out of Albert Square for the very last time, here is our pick of BBC Store’s memorable departures by bad boys, soap vixens, villains and other residents in the London borough of Walford. 1. Tiffany dies Martine McCutcheon and Ross Kemp (The BBC Store EastEnders Iconic Exits Collection is available from 17 May www.bbcstore.com) At the time of her death on New Year’s Eve in 1998, Tiffany Mitchell (Martine McCutheon) was experiencing marital difficulties with husband Grant (Ross Kemp). The couple argued over custody of baby daughter Courtney and as Tiffany tried to flee from Grant, she ran straight into the path of a car driven by neighbour Frank Butcher (the late Mike Reid). 2. Goodbye to Grant Ross Kemp as Grant Mitchell (The BBC Store EastEnders Iconic Exits Collection is available from 17 May www.bbcstore.com) In 1999, Grant left Walford with his daughter Courtney after an altercation with his sibling. Phil (Steve McFadden) pulled a gun on his younger brother after hearing about Grant’s tryst with Phil’s then-wife Kathy (Gillian Taylforth). The dramatic story culminated with the brothers’ car plunging into the River Thames. 3. Den Watts’ first ‘murder’ Leslie Grantham as Den (The BBC Store EastEnders Iconic Exits Collection is available from 17 May www.bbcstore.com) In 1989, ‘dirty’ Den (played by Leslie Grantham) was famously shot by a hitman with a gun which was concealed in a bunch of daffodils. Years later, Den came back from the dead. Turns out he’d faked his death. 4. Goodbye Arthur Bill Treacher (The BBC Store EastEnders Iconic Exits Collection is available from 17 May www.bbcstore.com) In 1996, troubled Arthur Fowler (Bill Treacher) was in prison for a crime he didn’t commit. Arthur received a blow to his head during a prison fracas. On his release, he suffered a brain haemorrhage at his beloved allotment. He died later in hospital, leaving the Fowler family heartbroken. 5. David Wicks legs it Michael French as David Wicks and Adam Woodyatt as Ian Beale (The BBC Store EastEnders Iconic Exits Collection is available from 17 May www.bbcstore.com) David Wicks (Michael French) was another of Walford’s wide-boy womanisers. David had an affair with his half-brother Ian Beale’s (Adam Woodyatt) wife Cindy (Michelle Collins) and then arranged to have Ian shot before then embarking on another affair with old flame Carol Jackson (Lindsey Coulson). When the truth about his actions came out, David was ostracised by his family and decided to leave the Square in 1996. 6. Ethel Skinner’s death Gretchen Franklin and June Brown (The BBC Store EastEnders Iconic Exits Collection is available from 17 May www.bbcstore.com) The death of veteran Albert Square resident Ethel (Gretchen Franklin) in 2000 was one of the most moving ever depicted in the BBC soap. It raised issues about euthanasia and dying with dignity. Ethel knew she was terminally ill, and having kept a stash of morphine hidden away, she begged her best friend Dot (June Brown) to help end her life. After wrestling with her conscience, Dot agreed. 7. Trevor Morgan holds Little Mo hostage Fire at the Slaters’ house (The BBC Store EastEnders Iconic Exits Collection is available from 17 May www.bbcstore.com) Evil Trevor (Alex Ferns) made poor Little Mo’s (Kacey Ainsworth) life hell. Even after they had split, he began a campaign of abuse against her, culminating in taking Mo and his son Sean hostage in 2002 and setting fire to the house. Tom, the fiance of Sharon Watts (Letitia Dean), saved Mo and Sean, but a powerful explosion killed both Trevor and Tom. 8. Mark Fowler rides into the sunset Todd Carty as Mark Fowler (The BBC Store EastEnders Iconic Exits Collection is available from 17 May www.bbcstore.com) Mark (Todd Carty) was one of the first soap characters to be diagnosed as HIV positive. Viewers saw him live with the condition for many years, but after being told by doctors that his body was rejecting his medication, Mark decided he would leave Walford and spare his family from watching his decline. He rode off on his motorbike in 2003. 9. Den’s second death Leslie Grantham and Tracy-Ann Oberman (The BBC Store EastEnders Iconic Exits Collection is available from 17 May www.bbcstore.com) When Den returned to Albert Square alive, everyone was shocked. But he was soon back to his dirty ways and it was affair with Zoe Slater (Michelle Ryan) that ultimately led to his downfall, with both his wife Chrissie (Tracy-Ann Oberman) and lover Zoe helping to kill him and bury him under The Queen Vic pub in 2005. 10. Dennis Rickman dies Letitia Dean and Nigel Harman (The BBC Store EastEnders Iconic Exits Collection is available from 17 May www.bbcstore.com) Dennis (Nigel Harman) was the son Den didn’t know he had. But that didn’t stop the romance with his adopted sister Sharon (Letitia Dean). Unfortunately, their happiness was short-lived when Dennis beat up local gangster Johnny Allen (Billy Murray), leading to a revenge attack. Dennis was stabbed in 2005 and died in Sharon’s arms. 11. Au Revoir, Janine Butcher Charlie Brooks (The BBC Store EastEnders Iconic Exits Collection is available from 17 May www.bbcstore.com) Janine (Charlie Brooks) was at the centre of a number of dramatic storylines including pushing husband Barry Evans (Shaun Williamson) over a cliff and embarking on a relationship with evil Archie Mitchell (Larry Lamb). Her exit came shortly after she’d been imprisoned for her part in the murder of former lover Michael Moon (Steve John Shepherd). But being Janine she once again managed to worm her way out of trouble and headed off to France with her daughter Scarlett in 2014. 12. ‘Nasty’ Nick Cotton’s Death John Altman and June Brown (The BBC Store EastEnders Iconic Exits Collection is available from 17 May www.bbcstore.com) ‘Nasty’ Nick (John Altman) was the original villain of the Square. He murdered Reg Cox in the very first episode, and accidentally caused the death of his own son Ashley. As if that wasn’t enough, Nick even tried to kill his own mother Dot. Nick returned to Walford in 2014, but had to live in hiding in a derelict building. He persuaded Dot to score heroin to feed his addiction, but died from an overdose, with Dot beside him in 2015. 13. The discovery of Reg Cox EastEnders’ Reg Cox played by Johnnie Clayton (The BBC Store EastEnders Iconic Exits Collection is available from 17 May www.bbcstore.com) The very first episode of EastEnders in 1985 started with the death of character Reg Cox (played by Johnnie Clayton). Den Watts (Leslie Grantham), Pete Beale (Peter Dean) and Ali Osman (Nejdet Salih) broke into his flat and found the missing old man, with Den uttering the immortal first line: “Cor! Stinks in ‘ere, dunnit?” The BBC Store EastEnders Iconic Exits Collection is released on Tuesday 17 May	EastEnders
A deficiency in which trace element is a major cause of the condition called goitre?	Eastenders At 20! But Who Spoke The First Words Ever In Eastenders? - Soaps - Digital Spy Forums Eastenders At 20! But Who Spoke The First Words Ever In Eastenders? Posts: 6,561 Eastenders At 20! But Who Spoke The First Words Ever In Eastenders? A question I just thought of, can anyone remember the first ever scene of EastEnders, who was in it, where did it take place and more importantly, who spoke the first line? Very little on my mind today I know lol Please sign in or register to remove this advertisement. 26-01-2005, 12:08 Well it wasn't Reg Cox! I think it was either Pete or Arthur (whoever discoved the body) Join Date: Nov 2002 Posts: 3,615 I thought it was Den who uttered the first words in the first episode...something like "stinks in here" if I recall correctly... EE being 20 suddenly makes me feel very, very old... Location: Stalking David and Neal Posts: 38,098 Quote: Originally Posted by trendygirl I thought it was Den who uttered the first words in the first episode...something like "stinks in here" if I recall correctly... EE being 20 suddenly makes me feel very, very old... That rings a bell, I thought it was Pete, but could easily have been Den. Join Date: Sep 2004 Posts: 731 another question- when was the first ever colour episode of EE (or was it always in colour?) LOL Trendy girl i know just what you mean.. If my old memory serves me right I believe that Den spoke first words as he and arthur and i think pete opened the flat door to Reg Cox's place to discover him dead. In the good old days when Den was an ok bloke who didnt make your flesh creep !! Location: Stalking David and Neal Posts: 38,098 Quote: Originally Posted by Brooke another question- when was the first ever colour episode of EE (or was it always in colour?) The first episode was in 1985 and was certainly in colour. Quote: Originally Posted by Brooke another question- when was the first ever colour episode of EE (or was it always in colour?) It was always in colour. Every UK programme made in 1985 was in colour (unless made in B & W for visual atmosphere) When you follow that link the pictures are in black and white. Why??? Join Date: Dec 2003 Posts: 576 The first scene saw a door being kicked in and Den, Ali and Arthur going in to see Reg Cox in the chair. Den spoke the first words. Originally Posted by Brooke When you follow that link the pictures are in black and white. Why??? Well a lot of black and white pictures were still used in magazines and books in those days...but that one in the link looks like somebody has just taken the colour out by computer. Its probably there as an artistic thing...you know, give the reader the sense that it was such a long time ago. Originally Posted by Agent Krycek The first episode was in 1985 and was certainly in colour. Tuesday Feb 19th 1985 to be exact. I am going to be 20 soon too!!! Tuesday Feb 19th 1985 to be exact. I am going to be 20 soon too!!! At 7pm to be exact.... Location: Walford, E20 Posts: 6,561 Cool thanks guys, Den dying on the 20th anniversary will be a bit poetic really. It began with a death and will end in a death. Hopefully the show doesn't die a death in the next 20 years lol Originally Posted by bronze bully At 7pm to be exact.... Did it used to be on that time?!? Didn't know that part, I was too busy giving my mum hell Location: Ipswich Posts: 1,632 Yeah EE used to be on Tuesday's and Thursday's at 7! Can't think why they moved it to 7.30 as Emmerdale only appeared in the 7pm slot on ITV from the 1990s... So what used to be on at 7 on ITV on those days to cause the BBC to move the start time of EE? Quote: Originally Posted by simonipswich Yeah EE used to be on Tuesday's and Thursday's at 7! Can't think why they moved it to 7.30 as Emmerdale only appeared in the 7pm slot on ITV from the 1990s... So what used to be on at 7 on ITV on those days to cause the BBC to move the start time of EE? Nothing - Julia wanted 7.30 because by this time the whole family would be settled in front of the box after tea etc - also I guess as Corrie was 7.30, EE would be simalar to that. I think they should all return to 2x a week	i don't know
What name is given to an adult, Red Deer stag aged six years or older?	Red Deer – Stag Antlers The Red Deer Red Deer Where do they come from? The Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) is distributed throughout Europe, with a British sub-species native to the UK. Highest population density in Scotland, but also present in the Lake District and other parts of England. Antler size: Large and impressive, Red Deer antlers are the kind usually seen in Scottish sporting lodges and country hotels. The average antler length is between 31” and 34”. The spread (measured inside the antler beams at the widest place) ranges from 27” to 31” in Scotland and 29” to 34” elsewhere in the UK. What else should I know? Red Deer antlers are dark brown, with polished white tips to the tines. A Royal Stag has 12 points or tines; an Imperial Stag has 14 points; and a Monarch has 16 points. While Red Deer antlers from English parks may be bigger, wild Scottish Red Deer antlers are prized for their place of origin. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Donec feugiat ultricies vulputate. Suspendisse quis lacinia erat, eu tincidunt ante. Pellentesque aliquet feugiat tellus, et feugiat tortor porttitor vel. Nullam id scelerisque magna. Curabitur placerat sodales placerat. Nunc dignissim ac velit vel lobortis. - Jane Doe Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Donec feugiat ultricies vulputate. Suspendisse quis lacinia erat, eu tincidunt ante. Pellentesque aliquet feugiat tellus, et feugiat tortor porttitor vel. Nullam id scelerisque magna. Curabitur placerat sodales placerat. Nunc dignissim ac velit vel lobortis. Nam luctus mauris elit, sed suscipit nunc ullamcorper ut. - John Doe Where can I buy Red Deer antlers? To see a wide selection of deer antlers for sale, from exotic species right through to impressive Red Deer stag antlers, visit the UK Taxidermy website. Forestry Commission Background information . . . The Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) is Britain’s largest land mammal. It has a reddish-brown coat which darkens in winter, and the adult males or stags carry large, highly branched antlers. Widespread throughout Europe, the Red Deer has several sub-species. These include Cervus elaphus scoticus, found in Scotland; Cervus elaphus elaphus in Western Europe; and Cervus elaphus hippelaphus in Eastern Europe. It is the only native deer species present in Ireland. A native British species, the Red Deer first migrated here from Europe 11,000 years ago. Mesolithic people hunted Red Deer for food, using their hides for clothing and their antlers for tools. As the forests were cleared to make way for agriculture, the Red Deer population became confined to the Scottish Highlands, south-west England, and a few other areas. Today, the Red Deer is distributed widely across the UK, its population boosted by animals that have escaped from deer parks. It is a herbivore, grazing on a wide variety of plants such as heather, grasses, shrubs and trees. The Red Deer’s natural predators – bears and wolves – are extinct from Britain, but vulnerable calves are sometimes killed by eagles and foxes. Red Deer stags range in weight from 90 to 190 kg, measuring between 107 and 137 cm at the shoulder. The hinds (females) can weigh between 63 and 120 kg, and measure up to 122 cm at the shoulder. In general, the Red Deer that roam the open mountains of Scotland are smaller in size than those found in lowland parts of England. The lifespan of a Red Deer can be as long as 18 years, but among young deer there is a high mortality rate, especially in Scotland where many calves are lost shortly after birth or during their first winter. A Red Deer stag is also known as a hart, an old English word which specifically describes a male Red Deer that is more than five years old. How Red Deer antlers grow . . . Red Deer have always been prized for their antlers, which are collected by deer stalkers to commemorate a successful day on the mountain. Traditionally, fine sets of Red Deer antlers are mounted on a shield to decorate the walls of a shooting lodge or country house. A Red Deer’s antlers start growing in the spring from the age of 10 months, and they are shed or cast when testosterone levels fall in mid-March and April. Each successive year sees the Red Deer stag’s antlers become longer and wider, with more points or ‘tines’. Antlers are made of bone, and can grow at the rate of an inch per day. While they are growing, the antlers are covered with ‘velvet’ which is a soft, blood-filled, bone-forming tissue and is very sensitive. In July, the Red Deer’s antlers have stopped growing and the velvet is shed by rubbing against trees and posts. Technical terms . . . Each antler grows from an attachment on the skull called a pedicle, which develops in the first year. The beam is the central stalk or trunk of the antler. Pearling refers to the antler surface, where small rounded beads or ‘pearls’ sometimes form in parallel lines; and the burr is the ring around the base of the beam. Young Red Deer with their first set of short, simple, unbranched antlers are referred to as brockets; thereafter the antlers continue to grow in length, weight and number of tines until the seventh to the ninth year, when the full classical head of antlers should be developed. The tines on a Red Deer’s antlers have special names. Working up from the pedicle, these are called the brow, bey, trey, sur-royal and crown, which may consist of a number of tines at the top. If there are two tines at the top, it’s called a fork; if there are three or more, it’s called a palm. A Red Deer stag in his prime may carry up to 16 points on his antlers. The following terms are given to Red Deer antlers to denote the number of tines on the head: Royal Stag – 12 points Monarch – 13 points or more Imperial Stag – 14 points From the age of about 10 years, the number of tines on a Red Deer stag’s antlers starts to decline, and the animal is considered to be in the stage of ‘going back’. On a managed estate, a Red Deer stag in this condition would be removed through stalking or culling to ensure that a good breeding herd of deer is left on the mountain. Choosing Red Deer antlers . . . Size: The average antler length for a mature Scottish Red Deer is between 31” and 34”, but antlers as long as 45” have been recorded. English Red Deer antlers may be some two or three inches longer. It has been proven that the size and number of tines of Red Deer antlers is influenced by quality of feeding, weather and health; care should therefore be taken in comparing two sets of antlers from Red Deer of a similar age, especially if one has lived in the Scottish highlands and the other in an English deer park. Although size is important to some collectors, others prefer a particular origin – for example, the antlers of Scottish Red Deer are highly prized, even though they might be slightly smaller. Colour: The colour should be dark brown varying to dark brownish-grey, ideally with white polished tips to the tines. Source: You may wish to know how the antlers were obtained. Shed antlers (or cast antlers) have been shed naturally by the deer at the end of the winter season. Cut antlers are removed from live animals for practical reasons, for example when they are being transported. If you are looking for antlers with a skull but you would prefer the deer to have died naturally, make sure that you look for the word ‘fatality’ or ‘winter fatality’ in the description. You can find out more about the different sources of antlers and skull cuts here. Schedule a Consultation Now! Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Donec feugiat ultricies vulputate. Suspendisse quis lacinia erat, eu tincidunt ante.	HART
Who became President of France in the early summer of 2007?	Meaning of hart Hart HMS Hart was a British modified Black Swan Class sloop of 1430 tons displacement launched in 1943. HMS Hart was powered by two 3-drum type boilers providing a top speed of 20 knots and carried a complement of 192. She was armed with six 4 inch dual purpose guns and eight 2 pdr anti-aircraft guns. Hart [deer] The word hart is an old alternative word for `stag` (from Old English heorot, `deer` – compare with modern Dutch hert and Swedish/Norwegian/Danish hjort, also `deer`). Specifically, the word `hart` was used of a red deer stag more than five years old. In medieval hunting terms, a stag in its first year was called a `calf` or `calfe... Hart [tree] The Hart tree is a giant sequoia in California`s Sierra Nevada. It was once claimed to be the fourth largest giant sequoia in the world but is now considered the 24th largest. The tree, which is named for Michael Hart who discovered it sometime around 1880, is in the Redwood Mountain Grove of giant sequoias in Kings Canyon National P... Hart Hart is a English boy name. The meaning of the name is `a stag or male deer` The name Hart doesn`t appear In the US top 1000 most common names over de last 128 years. The name Hart seems to be unique! Hart Hart is the name given to a male deer (a stag) of five or six years or older. The term is also applied to the stag of the red deer species (Cervus elaphus). The very rare white hart was a mystical beast in ancient British Celtic tradition, and was adopted as the badge or emblem of king Richard II. Hart [surname] Hart is a nickname surname for a fast runner. Notable people with the surname include: ==A== ==B== ==C== ==D== ==E== ==F== ==G== ==H== ==I== ==J== ==K== ==L== ==M== ==N== ==O== ==P== ==R== ==S== ==T== ==V== ==W== == See also == == Deceased or presumed so == === Died by 1880 === === Presumably died late 19th or early 20th century =... hart adult male red deer, technically of five years old [but see H and M following], with antlers rated at ten or more; the most highly esteemed hunting quarry (BG 224-7); adult male red deer of the sixth year (H), male red deer of any age, but particularly in its sixth and later years (M 39 (r) and 42 (r)). See hart adult male red deer, technically of five years old [but see H and M following], with antlers rated at ten or more; the most highly esteemed hunting quarry (BG 224-7); adult male red deer of the sixth year (H), male red deer of any age, but particularly in its sixth and later years (M 39 (r) and 42 (r)). See Hart [Sussex cricketer] Hart (first name and dates unknown) was an English professional cricketer who made 1 known appearance in first-class cricket. He played for Sussex (aka Brighton) against Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) at Lord`s Old Ground in 1792, scoring 26 in his only innings. ==Bibliography== ...	i don't know
Which country was formerly nicknamed 'The Cockpit of Europe'?	Which country is called Cockpit of Europe? Information of the world Which country is called Cockpit of Europe? Home » Sciences » Geography » Which country is called Cockpit of Europe? Belgium is usually called as the cockpit of Europe. Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union. Belgium	Belgium
Which European country has often been referred to as the 'Playground Of Europe'?	The Region... The meaning of the Caribbean - Stabroek News By David A. Granger Is the Caribbean nothing more than a geographical expression? The word ‘Caribbean’ conjures diverse meanings. Caribbean cuisine, Caribbean rum and Caribbean vacation are expressions that may be recognised instantly anywhere in the world. Equally diverse are the sources of the word’s emergence and the purpose of its use. In order to achieve a standard definition of the Caribbean that is widely accepted and understood, a range of relevant factors – cultural, economic, geographical, historical, political, social and strategic background – of the area must be considered. An examination of all these factors will help to show why it is difficult but desirable to arrive at a comprehensive concept and an agreed definition of the Caribbean. The political Caribbean CARICOM Heads of Government Conference The loose use of various expressions with their different meanings over the years has been confusing. In reviewing a number of books on the Caribbean, Aaron Segal identified, as the first weakness of authors and editors, their “failure to provide a consistent and defensible geographic definition of the Caribbean”. In fact, in only six books under review, he found four definitions. He cited, as his first example, the ‘Caribbean Basin’ that includes Central America, Panama, Mexico, Colombia and Venezuela but excludes the USA. He wrote that, among the 30 countries in the Basin, “…there was little in common except a Caribbean shoreline.” Second, the term ‘Caribbean Islands’ includes the islands of the Caribbean Sea. Third, the concept of the ‘Caribbean Culture Area’ includes the Caribbean Islands, Belize, Guyana, Suriname and Guyane (French Guiana). Finally, the ‘Core Caribbean’ consists of the Commonwealth countries. Segal acknowledges the difficulty in having to decide whether to rely on geography, culture, history, language or other criteria to define such a fragmented region. Equally, he feels that failure to provide criteria “leads to confusion, misunderstanding and distortion.” The Historical Caribbean The Caribbean islands were the first European acquisitions in this hemisphere. At the time of the Spanish irruption they were already inhabited by indigenous peoples – mainly the Arawak (including the Borequino, Lucayano and Taino) and the Carib. Spanish suzerainty remained unchallenged throughout the 16th century during which the Amerindian population was nearly exterminated. The Dutch, English and French started to penetrate the area in the early years of the 17th century. Danish and Swedish settlers followed. The plantation system which European colonisation spawned was based initially on various forms of forced labour – encomienda, enslavement or indentureship – first of Amerindians and, later, of peoples from Europe, Africa and Asia. Each group brought its own customs and culture. This gave rise to the concept of the ‘creolisation’ which signifies a phemonenon (whether of birth, culture, food or speech) that combines elements inherited from the ‘Old World’ but given new meaning in the ‘New World’ of which the Caribbean was the crucible. Christopher Columbus’s maritime expedition established regular contact between Europe and America. Simultaneously, various names came to be used to refer to the territories based, first of all, on the mistaken Spanish notion that they had reached India. The Indies was the term used by the Spanish to describe the territories at which they arrived and which they acquired by going west from Europe. To emphasise their different position relative to the territories that the Portuguese seized in the east which were called the “East Indies,” the new acquisitions came to be called the “West Indies.” The expression is now employed almost exclusively to refer to British, and former British, possessions in the Caribbean Islands and in the north coast of South and Central America − for example, the University of the West Indies or the West Indies Cricket Team. The “Antilles” is an expression that dates traditionally from before the European entry into the New World. The ‘Antilles’ referred to semi-mythical lands located somewhere West of Europe across the Atlantic. After Columbus’s arrival, the Spanish term ‘Las Antillas’ (French ‘Les Antilles’) was commonly assigned to the new lands. The expression is now employed to describe all of the West Indian islands except the Bahamas. They are divided into two major groups − the Greater Antilles which include Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica and Puerto Rico and the Lesser Antilles which include the rest of the islands. The word “Caribbean” is derived from the name of the supposedly aggressive tribe of Amerindians who were called ‘Caribes’ and were equated by Columbus, mistakenly, to ‘cannibales’. This term was understood by Oveido (1555) to mean ‘brave and daring’ and again was used to describe one of the native races which occupied the southern islands of the West Indies. The term is used loosely today to refer to the islands, sea, states on the American mainland and diverse political, economic and cultural areas. The Geopolitical Caribbean The Caribbean is a sub-region of the Western Hemisphere, located largely on the ‘Caribbean Plate.’ At its simplest, the sub-region is a chain of islands surrounding the Caribbean Sea. That sea is approximately 2,640,000 km² in extent and contains over 7,000 cays, islands, islets and reefs. Within a century of the Spanish conquest, the clash of warlike Western European powers, particularly the Dutch, English and French, transformed the Caribbean into the ‘cockpit of Europe.’ Interstate conflicts in Europe frequently triggered intercolonial ‘cockfights.’ This led, inevitably, to the seizure, surrender or swapping of territories which had strategic value mainly because of their perceived economic value. The decline of the sugar industry in the 19th century coincided with the rise of the United States as the leading hemispheric power. The American-Spanish war, the acquisition of naval bases, the purchase of the Virgin Islands and the penetration of US capital exemplified the era of the USA’s hegemony and revived the area’s strategic importance throughout the 20th century. As Harold Mitchell observed, “Located at the approaches to the heart of the Western Hemisphere, the Antilles command the sea routes and Cuba is less than 100 miles from Florida.” In the earlier part of the last century, the Panama Canal added to the importance of this region and, even in recent memory, the USA still found it necessary to invade the Dominican Republic in 1965; Grenada in 1983 and Panama in 1989. It also intervened militarily in Nicaragua in the 1980s in pursuit of its strategic objectives. Andrés Serbin suggests that the expression ‘Caribbean Basin’ was employed within the context of the Cold War. The United States’ responses to Cuban revolution, the decolonisation of the Anglophone territories and the Central American crises were gave rise to the formulation of the Caribbean Basin Initiative. This definition, like the initiative itself, emphasised the military-strategic perception of the Caribbean as a potential arena of conflict. At the Western and Eastern extremities of the Caribbean are located two of the most strategically important aerospace centres on earth – the United States centre at Cape Canaveral, Florida and the European space centre at Kourou in Guyane. Despite the end of the Cold War, the North Atlantic allies – France, The Netherlands, the UK and the USA – continued to maintain possessions in the area which is regarded as the Alliance’s vulnerable southern flank. During the second half of the last century, two great efforts were made to integrate the Anglophone Caribbean. The first was the creation of the political proto-state called the West Indies Federation in 1958. The second was the establishment of the economic entity called the Caribbean Community which succeeded the Caribbean Free Trade Area in 1973. In addition, the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States that comprises the Commonwealth states of the Lesser Antilles and the Association of Caribbean States comprising all the states which surround the sea, as well as El Salvador, which lies on the Pacific Coast, were established in 1981 and 1994, respectively. Both for the purposes of the Federation and the Community, Guyana and Belize (formerly British Guiana and British Honduras respectively) were considered part of the Caribbean and were invited to participate. The economies of most of these states, including Guyana and Belize have similar characteristics of underdevelopment and poverty and, as a result, they were regarded as natural partners. The ethno-cultural Caribbean A survey of the Caribbean suggests that, to be meaningful, any definition should attempt to describe one of the most varied geographical, historical and anthropological regions on earth. Samuel J. Crowley attempted to do just that by examining five characteristics. The most visible characteristic is the diversity of ethnicity. In addition to the dozens of indigenous ‘nations’ that existed at the time of the arrival of the Europeans, the region is now home to the descendants of the original British, Danish, Dutch, French, Spanish and Swedish settlers and to the subsequent migration of Africans, Asians and other groups such as the Javanese and Lebanese. Within each of these national groups, there are several other ethnic sub-groups. In the course of time, there was such pervasive miscegenation that most Caribbean people today are of mixed blood. Ethnic differentiation was accompanied by the Babel of languages − Spanish; Papiamento (Spanish Creole spoken in Aruba and Curacao); English; Sranan (English Creole of Suriname) French; (French Creole in 3 dialects) Dutch, Hindi-Urdu; Chinese; Maya; Tupi-Guarani and various other indigenous languages. Cultural divisions are reinforced by political differences. First, in terms of political status, some states are independent republics; others such as Barbados and Jamaica are fully independent but with the British monarch as the Constitutional Head of State. Puerto Rico is described as a self-governing, unincorporated territory of the USA. There are also Crown Colonies and Associated States with the UK and Départments of Metropolitan France. In terms of ideological differentiation, single-party socialism still prevails in Cuba and parliamentary democracies elsewhere. Charles Wagley identified ‘three cultural spheres’ of the New World. In one sphere, however, he found so many common traits − derived from the physical environment; sources of post-Columbian immigration; historical processes; the complexity of native societies and cultures and other features − that he gave the title ‘Plantation-America’ to separate and distinguish it from the other two spheres, Euro-America and Indo-America. “Plantation-America’ conforms, very broadly, to the Caribbean culture-area. Historically, common cultural experiences, derived from life on the plantations populated by African and Asian labourers and dominated by distant European economic and political powers, are evident. Societies tend to be stratified − vertically by ancestry or horizontally by classes − and matri-focal households are widespread. Religious beliefs include Christianity, Hinduism, Islam and a variety of sects derived from Shango, Roda, Voodoo and other cults, especially in the African-Caribbean community . Music − such as the Afro-Cuban Rhumba, the Haitian Merengue, the Jamaican Reggae and the Trinidadian Calypso − represents the fusion of European and African forms. The importance of definition Given these conditions, it is clear that definitions of the Caribbean can be problematic. Their usefulness, however, should not be underestimated. According to Andrés Serbin: “…definitions structured the thinking of political élites (and some intellectuals) in the region; often, they accorded a leading role to the more powerful and extra-regional states. Hence, the dominant definition of the ‘Caribbean Basin’ gave priority to strategic security on line with the national interests of the United States while the other definitions took more account of the self-determination and autonomy of the states of the region and placed greater emphasis on political economy or culture.” Byron Blake suggests that definitions depend “on the user and purpose.” Hence, the expression ‘Caribbean’ can be regarded as a political construct that can mean precisely what sovereign states agree that it should mean. Adopting a standard definition of the Caribbean, therefore, can be a useful instrument in charting the course towards ultimate purpose of Caribbean nationhood no matter how far-fetched the notion may seem today.	i don't know
Which country was formerly known as the 'Sugar Bowl of the World'?	Which Country Known as Sugar Bowl of the World? Which Country Known as Sugar Bowl of the World? 0 0 Cuba Cuba country is known as Sugar bowl of the world. It’s officially the Republic of Cuba an Island country in the Caribbean. Havana is the capital of Cuba. Total area of Cuba is 109, 884 km2. The Population of Cuba is 11,210,064 according to the 2013 census. Raul Castro is currently the president of Cuba. Bacardi rum was originally manufactured in Cuba. Cuba is the 17th largest Island in the world. Rio Cauto is the longest river in Cuba. Cuba is famous for its cigars. The Official language of Cuba is Spanish even though many Cubans speak English. Literacy rate in Cuba is 99.8%. 1st January is celebrated as Cuban National day. Christmas was not an official holiday in Cuba until 1997, When Pope Paul ll came to visit. Only 5% Cubans have access to the Internet. Cuba has the highest doctor-to-patient ratio in the world, that doctors are often sent abroad to countries by the Cuba government where needed. During the 1950s, Cuba published 58 daily newspaper, the number has been down to a little under 20. Cuba is home to the Bee Hummingbird, which is the world’s smallest bird. Only two countries in the world are not allowed to sell Coca-Cola officially: North Korea and Cuba. Own cell phones were prohibited until 2008. Update	Cuba
Dante Gabriel Rossetti's mistress, Jane Burden, was the wife of which artist and poet?	Which Country is called Sugar Bowl of the world? Information of the world Which Country is called Sugar Bowl of the world? Home » Sciences » Geography » Which Country is called Sugar Bowl of the world? Cuba is called Sugar Bowl of the world because one of their main products is the sugar cane which is used to produce sugar. Cuba	i don't know
Which Russian man designed the legendary AK-47 assault rifle?	Inventor of AK-47 rifle Mikhail Kalashnikov dies at 94 — RT News "Mikhail Kalashnikov's entire life is a shining example of dedication to serving your country," said a statement from Defense Minister Sergey Shoigu. Russian President Vladimir Putin expressed "deep condolences" over the death of the engineer. Kalashnikov who continued working well into his nineties, had been suffering from heart and intestinal problems, and on November 17 was admitted into intensive care in Izhevsk in central Russia - where the plant that produces the eponymous rifles is located. The official cause of death will be revealed following a mandatory autopsy. A public funeral will be organized by the regional administration, in consultation with surviving relatives, though no date has been named so far. Patriot, genius, villain? For most of his life, Kalashnikov, who was famous for his frugal lifestyle, was feted as a straightforward hero. The self-taught peasant turned tank mechanic who never finished high school, but achieved a remarkable and lasting feat of engineering while still in his twenties. He was forever asked if he regretted engineering the weapon that probably killed more than any other in the last fifty years. "I invented it for the protection of the Motherland. I have no regrets and bear no responsibility for how politicians have used it," he told them. On a few occasions, when in a more reflective mood, the usually forceful Kalashnikov wondered what might have been. "I'm proud of my invention, but I'm sad that it is used by terrorists," he said once. "I would prefer to have invented a machine that people could use and that would help farmers with their work – for example a lawnmower." Indeed, at his museum in Izhevsk, where he spent most of his life working at the factory that was eventually named after him, there is an ingenious mechanical lawnmower Kalashnikov invented to more easily take care of the lawn at his country house. It’s not what he will be remembered for. Considering his age and circumstances, it was hardly surprising that Kalashnikov felt he could best serve his country by creating weapons. Born in 1919, Mikhail was the seventeenth child of well-off peasants. When he was eleven, during Joseph Stalin’s collectivization campaign his parents had their land confiscated, and the whole family was exiled to Siberia (a fact rarely mentioned in fawning Soviet-era biographies). As the country began to mobilize ahead of a war that seemed inevitable, but was as yet undeclared, Kalashnikov chose to go into a tank brigade. His aptitude for engineering was immediately apparent. He was allowed to create several modifications – a tank shot counter, a running time meter – that were to be adopted for the whole Red Army, and made him famous. He was destined to go on an engineering course, when Operation Barbarossa intervened. Kalashnikov’s own career as a tank commander was cut short in the first few months of the conflict on the Eastern Front, when an explosive shell ripped open his shoulder. Kalashnikov says the germ of the idea came to him as he recuperated in hospital. But the invention of the AK-47 was not a Eureka moment, but a trial-and-error process of modifications and improvements undertaken by a team over six years. While for propaganda purposes Kalashnikov’s invention was presented as a radically new development, it was based on several principles that had already been seen in British, Russian and Italian weapons to which the inventor had easy access as he drew up his blueprints. AK-47 Length: 880 mm Cyclic rate of fire: 600 rounds per minute Price: Between $15 in some post-war African states and up to $1,000 at height of regional conflicts. Official prices somewhere in the middle. Total quantity produced: approximately 100 million. Its main precursor was the German StG 44, the first truly effective automatic weapon of World War II. But at the same time, Kalashnikov’s masterstroke was to combine the mechanisms of previous weapons to create something with a completely new function. AK-47 is not a weapon designed for accuracy tests at the firing range. It is a weapon for firefights at close quarters, in harsh Russian conditions. It can be assembled by a person with no military training, is fired by simply pointing at a target, and it can be easily looked after without a cleaning kit. It does not jam by itself (due to the generous allowances between moving parts, which also explain its mediocre accuracy at range) and it does not stop functioning in any weather conditions. The AK-47 fulfilled its design brief to perfection, even though there is no way Kalashnikov could have known who it would be used by in the end. More than 60 years after its invention, it remains the world's most ubiquitous weapon.	Mikhail Kalashnikov
Awarded by Congress; which is the highest military decoration given in the U.S.A.?	LEGENDARY AK 47 assault rifle inventor Mikhail Kalashnikov dies at 94 - YouTube LEGENDARY AK 47 assault rifle inventor Mikhail Kalashnikov dies at 94 Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Dec 24, 2013 The inventor of the iconic AK-47 assault rifle, Mikhail Kalashnikov, has died at the age of 94. His ingenuity earned him widespread admiration, but his legacy became more controversial when his weapons were used in some of the world's bloodiest conflicts. "Mikhail Kalashnikov's entire life is a shining example of dedication to serving your country," said a statement from Defense Minister Sergey Shoigu. Russian President Vladimir Putin expressed "deep condolences" over the death of the engineer. Kalashnikov who continued working well into his nineties, had been suffering from heart and intestinal problems, and on November 17 was admitted into intensive care in Izhevsk in central Russia - where the plant that produces the eponymous rifles is located. The official cause of death will be revealed following a mandatory autopsy. A public funeral will be organized by the regional administration, in consultation with surviving relatives, though no date has been named so far. Patriot, genius, villain? For most of his life, Kalashnikov, who was famous for his frugal lifestyle, was feted as a straightforward hero. The self-taught peasant turned tank mechanic who never finished high school, but achieved a remarkable and lasting feat of engineering while still in his twenties. He was forever asked if he regretted engineering the weapon that probably killed more than any other in the last fifty years. "I invented it for the protection of the Motherland. I have no regrets and bear no responsibility for how politicians have used it," he told them. On a few occasions, when in a more reflective mood, the usually forceful Kalashnikov wondered what might have been. "I'm proud of my invention, but I'm sad that it is used by terrorists," he said once. "I would prefer to have invented a machine that people could use and that would help farmers with their work -- for example a lawnmower." Indeed, at his museum in Izhevsk, where he spent most of his life working at the factory that was eventually named after him, there is an ingenious mechanical lawnmower Kalashnikov invented to more easily take care of the lawn at his country house. It's not what he will be remembered for. Considering his age and circumstances, it was hardly surprising that Kalashnikov felt he could best serve his country by creating weapons. Born in 1919, Mikhail was the seventeenth child of well-off peasants. When he was eleven, during Joseph Stalin's collectivization campaign his parents had their land confiscated, and the whole family was exiled to Siberia (a fact rarely mentioned in fawning Soviet-era biographies). As the country began to mobilize ahead of a war that seemed inevitable, but was as yet undeclared, Kalashnikov chose to go into a tank brigade. His aptitude for engineering was immediately apparent. He was allowed to create several modifications -- a tank shot counter, a running time meter -- that were to be adopted for the whole Red Army, and made him famous. He was destined to go on an engineering course, when Operation Barbarossa intervened. Kalashnikov's own career as a tank commander was cut short in the first few months of the conflict on the Eastern Front, when an explosive shell ripped open his shoulder. Kalashnikov says the germ of the idea came to him as he recuperated in hospital. But the invention of the AK-47 was not a Eureka moment, but a trial-and-error process of modifications and improvements undertaken by a team over six years. While for propaganda purposes Kalashnikov's invention was presented as a radically new development, it was based on several principles that had already been seen in British, Russian and Italian weapons to which the inventor had easy access as he drew up his blueprints. Its main precursor was the German StG 44, the first truly effective automatic weapon of World War II. But at the same time, Kalashnikov's masterstroke was to combine the mechanisms of previous weapons to create something with a completely new function. AK-47 is not a weapon designed for accuracy tests at the firing range. It is a weapon for firefights at close quarters, in harsh Russian conditions. It can be assembled by a person with no military training, is fired by simply pointing at a target, and it can be easily looked after without a cleaning kit. It does not jam by itself (due to the generous allowances between moving parts, which also explain its mediocre accuracy at range) and it does not stop functioning in any weather conditions. The AK-47 fulfilled its design brief to perfection, even though there is no way Kalashnikov could have known who it would be used by in the end. More than 60 years after its invention, it remains the world's most ubiquitous weapon. Mikhail Timofeyevich Kalashnikov (Russian: Михаил Тимофеевич Калашников; 10 November 1919 -- 23 December 2013) was a Russian general and small arms designer, most famous for developing the AK-47 assault rifle, Category	i don't know
"Which animal is ""Me"" in Roald Dahl's book, 'The Giraffe And The Pelly And Me'?"	The Giraffe and the Pelly and Me - Roald Dahl Roald Dahl The Giraffe and the Pelly and Me Published in 1985 Synopsis The Giraffe and the Pelly and Me is another of Roald's books for younger readers. It started out with three characters, but no story. Background Background The Ladderless Window-Cleaning Company has just moved in to the old wooden house not far from where Billy lives. He'd rather have a wonderful sweet-shop, but when he meets the members of the Company - the Giraffe, the Pelican and the Monkey - he can't believe his eyes. The Giraffe and the Pelly and Me is another of Roald's books for younger readers. It started out with three characters, but no story. Quentin Blake liked the idea of a giraffe, as he'd never drawn one before. He also knew he could have fun with a pelican's beak. And Roald Dahl loved the monkey previously drawn by Quentin for The Enormous Crocodile , so insisted he was included too. The Giraffe and the Pelly and Me was published in 1985. At the end of the story, the monkey sings Billy a song, the words of which are carved into stone slabs around the base of a bench which sits just near Roald Dahl's grave: "We have tears in our eyes As we wave our goodbyes, We so loved being with you, we three. So do please now and then Come see us again, The Giraffe and the Pelly and me." You can visit Roald Dahl's grave in the parish church of St Peter and St Paul in Great Missenden. It's just down the road from the Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre . Quote	Monkey (song)
What is the name of the traditional boat used for transport on the River Nile?	The Giraffe and the Pelly and Me (Dahl Fiction): Amazon.co.uk: Roald Dahl, Quentin Blake: 9780141346663: Books The Giraffe and the Pelly and Me (Dahl Fiction) Add all three to Basket Buy the selected items together This item:The Giraffe and the Pelly and Me (Dahl Fiction) by Roald Dahl Paperback Â£5.99 In stock. Sent from and sold by Amazon. FREE Delivery on orders over Â£10. Details The Enormous Crocodile (Dahl Fiction) by Roald Dahl Paperback Â£4.79 In stock. Sent from and sold by Amazon. FREE Delivery on orders over Â£10. Details The Magic Finger (Dahl Fiction) by Roald Dahl Paperback Â£5.99 In stock. Sent from and sold by Amazon. FREE Delivery on orders over Â£10. Details Customers Who Bought This Item Also Bought Page 1 of 1 Start over Page 1 of 1 This shopping feature will continue to load items. In order to navigate out of this carousel please use your heading shortcut key to navigate to the next or previous heading. Enter your mobile number or email address below and we'll send you a link to download the free Kindle App. Then you can start reading Kindle books on your smartphone, tablet, or computer - no Kindle device required. Apple To get the free app, enter your mobile phone number. or Don't have a Kindle? Get your Kindle here , or download a FREE Kindle Reading App . Product details Age Range: 5 - 7 years Publisher: Puffin (4 July 2013) Language: English Product Dimensions: 12.7 x 0.8 x 19.7 cm Average Customer Review: Product Description Review "A Roald Dahl, Quentin Blake classic" (Junior) --This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title. Book Description The utterly delightful tale of the world's most unusual window-cleaning company. --This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title. By A Customer on 20 Nov. 2001 Format: Paperback Personly i loved this book it was full of thrills i found it helariously funny and rather smart.This has to be one of my faverout books ever. My faverou charector has to bethe pelly he was the bucket and he cought a famous robber and he was also like a helecopter air lifting Gorge up.I espesially liked the end how the the geraffe got is speshale tree and the pelly got his faverout fish the monkey got his nuts and Gorge got his sweet shop.Ialso liked how he made the animals go together as a window cleaning company.It has een a while since i read this book but i shal lways remember it.	i don't know
In which country was the world's first international Air show held in 1909?	Chronology of Aviation History for 1909 Speed: 47.82-mph, Louis Blériot, Blériot XII, 28 August, 1909, France Distance: 145.53-miles, Henry Farman, HF.1 N° III, 3 November 1909, France Altitude: 1,486-feet, Hubert Latham, Antoinette VII, 1 December 1909, France Weight: 1,367-lbs, Blériot, Blériot Model XII, France Engine Power: 89-hp, De Dion, Bouton, France (undated) 1909 1909 (Omaha, Nebraska) — Fort Omaha Balloon School becomes the first United States Army school for balloon observers. January 1909 January 7 (Paris, France) — The Aéro-Club de France grants its first 15 pilots' licenses: number 1 is Louis Blériot and number 15 is Wilbur Wright. January 23 (Baddeck Bay, Nova Scotia) — John McCurdy flies the Aerial Experiment Association's Silver Dart biplane 40 feet over the frozen Bras d'Or lake at Baddeck Bay, thus becoming the first flight of a heavier-than-air machine in Canada. February 23 (Baddeck, Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, Canada) — John McCurdy makes the first aeroplane flight in Canada in the Silver Dart. He flies 2640 feet at Baddeck, Cape Breton. February 1909 February 24 (Montgomery, Alabama) — The Wright Brothers found a school in the USA to train pilots for exhibition flights. March 1909 March (Germany) — The Zeppelin LZ.3 entered service into the German Army as the Z1. April 1909 April 6 (Bouy, France) — The first machine wholly designed by air pioneer Henry Farman took to the air at Buoy, France for its initial test flight. The HF.1 biplane is the first aircraft to incorporate practical ailerons attached to the trailing edges of the wings. May 1909 May 1 (Fulham, London, England) — The de Havilland N°1 is unveiled by Geoffrey de Havilland, a bus engineer. The aircraft is a single-seat biplane with two pusher propellers. May 14 (England) — Samuel Cody makes the first aeroplane flight in the UK longer than 1 mile (1.6 km) in British Army Aeroplane No. 1. June 1909 5 June (England) — First flight of the Roe I Triplane. June 12 (Paris, France) — Louis Blériot flies his Blériot XII monoplane at Issy-les-Moulineaux with two passengers, Santos-Dumont and André Fournier. This marks the first time a pilot has flown with two passengers. July 1909 July (Frankfurt, Germany) — The International Exhibition of Aviation opens in Frankfurt-am-Main (now known as ILA and regularly held in Berlin). July 13 (France) — Flying 25.6 miles in his Blériot XI, Louis Blériot wins the Aéro-Club's Prix du Voyage of 4,500 FF. July 19 (Calais, France) — Hubert Latham makes the first attempt to cross the English Channel. He flies 11 miles from Calais and lands in the water. July 23 (Essex, England) — On this date, Alliott Verdon Roe, took his triplane out from its hangar under an arch of a railroad bridge, over to the river Lea at Walthamstow, near London for its initial test flight. The Avroplane took off from Lea marshes on an initial straight-line flight of 899 feet. This triplane aircraft thus made history by being the first airworthy machine designed and piloted by a Briton. July 25 (Sangatte, France) — Louis Blériot takes off from Sangatte, France at 4:35 am for his history making flight across the English Channel. Thirty-seven minutes later he lands his Blériot XI monoplane at Dover, Kent, England. Louis Blériot therefore wins the £1,000 Daily Mail prize for the first Channel crossing by airplane in daylight. Blériot also received an additional £3,000 from the French government. July 25 (Odessa, Russia) — First official aeroplane flight in Russia, made by Van den Schkrouff flying a Voisin biplane at Odessa. July 29 (Sweden) — First official aeroplane flight in Sweden, made by French pilot Legagneux flying a Voisin biplane. July 30 (Fort Myer, Virginia) — Orville Wright flies with passenger Lt. Benjamin Foulois at an average 42.58 mph over a measured round-trip course, successfully completing flight tests in the Wright Military Flyer for the U.S. Army at Fort Myer, Virginia. The Army buys the airplane for $30,000. August 1909 August (Reims, France) — First International Air Races held in Reims. Glenn Curtiss wins Major Prize. August 1 (Washington, DC) — The Wright Military Flyer entered into service of the U.S. Army as Aeroplane No. 1. August 2 (Washington, DC) — The United States Army bought its first aeroplane, the Wright Military Flyer from the Wright brothers. August 22-29 (Reims, France) — World's first international aviation meeting held at Reims, France. August 28 (Reims, France) — Hubert Latham, who came in second to Henry Farman in the distance race at Reims with a 96-mile flight, had the crowd gasping when he soared to a new record altitude of 512-feet in his monoplane, the 1909 Lavavasseur Antoinette VII, and carrying off a FF10,000 prize. September 8 (Aldershot/Farnborough, England) — Samuel Cody flies from Aldershot to Farnborough and Back (46 miles in 1 hour and 3 minutes). The first recorded cross-country flight in the United Kingdom. September 1909 September 16 (Saint-Cyr, France) — Santos-Dumont takes off in his Demoiselle in 300 feet and in 6 seconds, thus beating by 32 feet the record distance for take-off set by Glenn Curtiss. October (Germany) — Die Deutsche Luftschiffahrt Aktiengessellschaft (DELAG) becomes the world's first airline, founded at Frankfurt-am-Main. October 1909 October 7 (United States) — Glenn Curtiss becomes the first American to hold an FAI airplane certificate. October 15/October 23 (Doncaster, England) — Britain's first Aviation Meeting held at Doncaster Racecourse. October 22 (France) — Raymonde de Laroche becomes the first woman to officially pilot and solo in an aeroplane. October 26 (France/England) — Marie Marvingt becomes the first woman to pilot a balloon across the North Sea and the English Channel from Europe to England. October 27 (College Park, Maryland) — Mrs. Ralph H. van Deman flies with Wilbur Wright for four minutes at College Park, MD, thus becoming the US's first woman passenger. October 30 (Romania) — First official aeroplane flight in Romania made by Louis Blériot flying a Blériot monoplane. October 30 (England) — John Moore-Brabazon in a Short Brothers aircraft flies the first circular mile in the UK and wins £1,000 from the Daily Mail newspaper. November 1909 November 3 (England) — Alec Ogilvie patents the first airspeed indicator. November 4 (England) — John Moore-Brabazon makes the first live cargo flight by airplane when he puts a small pig in a waste-paper basket tied to a wing-strut of his airplane. November 16 (Germany) — Foundation of the first air transport company in the world, DELAG (German Aviation Company). December 1909 December 5 (Australia) — George Taylor becomes the first person to fly a heavier-than-air craft in Australia, in a glider he designed. On the same day Florence Taylor becomes the first woman in Australia to fly a heavier-than-air craft, in the glider designed by her husband. December 9 (Sydney, Australia) — First official aeroplane flight in Australia. Colin Defries flew an imported Wright biplane over the Victoria Park Racecourse at Sydney. Works Cited Gunston, Bill, et al. Chronicle of Aviation. Liberty, Missouri: JL Publishing Inc., 1992. 14-17 Parrish, Wayne W. (Publisher). "United States Chronology". 1962 Aerospace Yearbook, Forty-Third Annual Edition. Washington, DC: American Aviation Publications, Inc., 1962, 446-469. Shupek, John (photos and card images), The Skytamer Archive. Skytamer.com, Whittier, CA Copyright © 1998-2016 Skytamer Images, Whittier, California ALL RIGHTS RESERVED	France
The story setting of which Puccini opera is Paris in the 1830s?	air racing \| sport \| Britannica.com Air racing Air racing, sport of racing airplanes , either over a predetermined course or cross-country up to transcontinental limits. Air racing dates back to 1909, when the first international meet was held at Reims, France. British pilot Steve Jones flying his aircraft between air gates during the Red Bull Air Race World … Denis Poroy—AP Images for Red Bull Air Race Sporting aviation dates back to the early days of flying, when aviation pioneers used distance and speed contests as a means of developing and testing airplanes. Early manufacturers also encouraged such events as a forum to demonstrate their most advanced airplane designs. Most of the early aviation meets were held in France and were attended by many famous aviators. The strong competitive rivalry between contestants proved very good for the advancement of flying. World War I interrupted these sporting events, but during the 1920s and ’30s air racing came to the fore as a result of some now famous events and trophies. For example, the Pulitzer Trophy (1920), the Thompson Trophy (1929), and the Bendix Trophy (1931) in the United States and the Kings Cup (1922) in England attracted some of the best pilots from around the world. The most famous event, though, was the series of races for the Schneider Trophy , a truly international speed contest for seaplanes, which was held at various locations around the world, starting with Monaco (1913). The racing series ended in 1931, following three consecutive victories by the English entrant (in 1927, 1929, and 1931), as under the trophy rules the first country to win three times within five years would permanently retain the trophy. French aviator Jules Védrines turning the pylon in the James Gordon Bennett Cup Race, … Rare Book and Special Collections Division/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (digital. id. cph 3b52232) The U.S. Navy team at the seaplane races for the Schneider Trophy, August 1926. Rare Book and Special Collections Division/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (digital. id. cph 3b52232) Similar Topics Daytona 500 With the outbreak of World War II in 1939, sporting races halted again, and aeronautic pioneers and manufacturers put their efforts into the development of highly complex military aircraft. By the end of the war, the cost of sport racing with open (unrestricted), or state-of-the-art, airplanes had become prohibitive. The best option for resuming sport air racing seemed to be in the development of formula racing (competitions organized according to factors such as engine size), using surplus military aircraft, which could be bought quite cheaply, and small, fast planes built specially for racing. Formula races around pylons originated in the United States in 1947, the principle being that aircraft of a similar performance would race round a fixed course defined by pylons, rather like an automobile racetrack. The Air Racing Council of the United States (ARCUS) recognizes several fixed-race classes, including Formula 1, Formula V, Biplane, T-6, T-28, Sport Class, and Unlimited. Formula 1 pylon races are held regularly, mainly at Reno, Nev. The United Kingdom also runs some Formula 1 races. The Royal Aero Club is almost unique in continuing to organize prewar-type handicap air races, including the famous Kings Cup. Handicap races have a staggered start time, calculated to get theoretically the whole field over the finish line together, which allows aircraft of very different sizes and powers to race fairly together and produces an exciting spectacle. A few Formula 1 races are held in France also, but most European countries instead favour air rallies and precision flying events.	i don't know
Which vegetable is available in varieties such as 'Bok Choy' and 'Savoy'?	Types of Cabbage: Red Cabbage, Savoy Cabbage, Napa Cabbage \| Berkeley Wellness Print Hundreds of varieties of cabbage are grown throughout the world. This cruciferous vegetable is a hearty staple on tables from China to Italy and Ireland. But in American markets you will find three basic types: green, red, and Savoy. Green cabbage: This cabbage has smooth, dark to pale green outer leaves. The inner leaves are pale green or white. Sometimes the outer leaves of cabbage are tied around the head as the cabbage grows to keep the interior white. Cabbage also turns white if it is kept in cold storage. Three types of green cabbage—Danish, domestic, and pointed—account for most commercially marketed cabbage. Danish types, which are grown for late-fall sale, and for storage over the winter, are very compact and solid, with round or oval heads. Domestic types form slightly looser, round or flattened heads, with curled leaves that are more brittle than any of the Danish types. Pointed varieties, which are grown mainly for spring marketing, have small, rather conical heads and smooth leaves. Red cabbage: Similar in flavor to green cabbage, red cabbage has deep ruby-red to purple outer leaves, with white veins or streaks on the inside. Its texture may be somewhat tougher than green, but red cabbage has more vitamin C, providing 56 percent of the RDA in a 1-cup serving. Savoy cabbage: This cabbage has crinkled, ruffly, yellow-green leaves that form a less compact head than other types. Savoy cabbage has a more delicate texture and milder flavor than other varieties, making it a good choice for salads and coleslaw. Tuscan cabbage: Relatively new to this country, Tuscan cabbage is available mostly at farmers’ markets and specialty produce stores. It’s a mild-flavored cabbage, with long, narrow, almost feathery leaves that are dark green with white ribs. It looks like a narrow version of kale, which is a close relative. There is also a black Tuscan cabbage, known as cavalo nero in Italy, whose leaves are such a dark purple that they appear black. Chinese cabbages are actually connected to American cabbage more by the market term “cabbage” than by any botanical relationship. Every market and every region will have a slightly different name for the same vegetable, and the Chinese names for these vegetables areno help: They are all some form of choy, a word that simply means vegetable. Many of the so-called cabbages, though, do share some flavor characteristics. They all have pungent, sometimes mustardy or cabbagey flavors. The following is a list of some of the more common Chinese cabbages that you may find in your local supermarket or at a farmer’s market. Bok choy: Bok choy is a loose, bulbous cluster of white to light green stems topped with darker green leaves. Look for firm, white stems and crisp, dark green, glossy leaves. Avoid any with brown spots on the leaves, as these have not been stored at a low enough temperature to prevent some loss in flavor. Separate the leaves from the stalks. Slice the stalks and steam or sauté. The leaves can be sautéed or steamed, either whole or sliced. Baby bok choy: This miniature bok choyis shaped just like the big boy, but its stems and leaves are a more uniform green. Its taste is fresh, clean, sweet, and not very cabbage-like. Choy sum: This member of the Chinese cabbage family is also known as flowering cabbage, and in Japan it’s called saishin. It has small yellow flowers and slim stalks with rounded leaves. Select firm stalks with crisp leaves. Gai choy: This broad-leafed cabbage has curved stems, a semi-enclosed head, and a strong, pungent, mustardy flavor. It is entirely edible, yet with some varieties of gai choy (such as dai gai choy), the leafy part is discarded while the stems are used for salting, pickling, or drying. Napa cabbage: The market name for this cabbage comes from a Japanese word (nappa), but it has been so absorbed into American cuisine that most people probably think that the name comes from California’s Napa Valley. There are several varieties of napa cabbage, but the two most common are michihili, a long cylindrical head with slightly open leaves at the top, and wong bok, the more familiar napa cabbage head, which is large and barrel-shaped, with tightly packed leaves. The leaves on both varieties are crinkly and white to light green. Napa cabbage should feel compact when you press on it. Like regular cabbage, it can be eaten raw or cooked and has a mild cabbagey flavor. How to choose the best cabbage Look for solid, heavy heads of cabbage, with no more than three or four loose “wrapper” (outer) leaves. These wrapper leaves should be clean and flexible but not limp. They should also be free of discolored veins or worm damage, which may penetrate the interior of the head. The stems should be closely trimmed and healthy looking, not dry or split. The inner and outer leaves should be tightly attached to the stems. A head of cabbage should not look puffy, although Savoy types are normally looser and lighter than smooth-leaved types. Fall and winter cabbage from storage is usually firmer than the fresh-picked types sold in spring and summer. Don’t buy halved or quartered heads of cabbage, even if well wrapped: As soon as the leaves are cut or torn, the vegetable begins to lose vitamin C.	Thirteen (Teenage Fanclub album)
Which classic French sauce is made by whisking clarified butter into warm egg yolks?	Chinese Cabbage Napa 包心大白菜 \| Tainong Seeds Inc. Resources Chinese Cabbage Napa 包心大白菜 Chinese Cabbage Napa sold at a Taiwanese open market vegetable stand. Tropical napa varieties, such as seen above, are smaller, round in shape and highly tolerant to heat. N-55 Extra early maturity, 50~55 days from sowing. Dark green outer leaves with light yellow inner leaves. Oval shape with excellent overwrapping. Weight is 3 lbs. Summer use, heat tolerant Taiwan Napa type. Wide adaptability with strong disease resistance. Round shaped head with medium green leaves. ~60 days to harvest, ~1.5 kg in weight. Long Napa Tainong Nanjing Michihili Product Details: Medium early maturity, ready 70~75 days, weight 5.5~6.5 lbs. 16~18 in tall. Strong tolerance to cold and many diseases. SF-65 三季包心大白菜 Slow bolting type for spring/autumn sowing. Mid-early maturity, ~65 days after sowing. Medium green outer leaves with light yellow interiors. Blocky, barrel shaped heads weigh ~5.5 lbs. Best harvesting season from fall to early winter. Tolerant to Virus, Soft rot and leaf spot. Very strong against cold weather. N-60 Slow bolting hybrid for Spring/Autumn sowing. Early maturity, 60~65 days from seeding. Big barrel shaped head, beautiful green outer leaves with yellow interiors. Spring Sprinter Early maturity, very late bolting characteristic suitable for spring & autumn sowing, ~60 days after sowing. Barrel shaped heads with deep green outer leaves and rich yellow interior hearts. Heavy yielder, easily produces 5~6 lbs heads. Spring Early Early maturity, ~60 days after sowing. Medium sized plants with dark green leaves. Blocky, barrel shaped heads are ~5.5 lbs. Compact outer leaves suitable for dense planting. Late bolting variety suitable for early spring to spring sowing. F1 Chinese Cabbage Mini Napa Product Details: New! mini Napa. Extra early maturity, 50~55 days after seeding. Small compact plants, called “Wa Wa Cai” when all outer leaves are removed, leaving only yellow interior hearts. China Express Widely adapted and utilized variety. Attractive, medium sized, barrel shaped heads, well wrapped and uniform. ~62 days. Tolerance to turnip mosaic virus, tipburn and bolting. Sakata Seed Weight is 4~5 lbs. Maturity in ~67 days. Club root resistance, tolerant to Tipburn and pepperspot. Sakata Seed. Bright green, 2.5 kgs (5.5 lbs.) Harvest Fall to early winter. ~65 days after sowing. Resistant to Clubroot. Tolerant to Virus, Soft rot and Downy mildew. Avoid dry conditions at heading stage. by Takii Seed Medium maturity, 80 days after sowing. Head size is 2.0 kgs, bright green, cylindrical, 45 cm tall. Harvest Fall to Winter. High tolerance to multiple diseases. Takii Seed Extra early, ~57 days after sowing. Medium green, 2.0 kgs (4.4 lbs.) Best for spring to early summer in areas where bolting is a problem. Good also for summer to early winter. Highly tolerant to virus, Downy mildew and Bacterial soft rot. by Takii Seed Mid early maturity, 65~70 days after sowing. Very tall, upright heads cylindrical in shape. Good wrapping habit, heads ~3 kgs. Cold tolerant for fall and late fall crop. Close planting produces smaller sized heads. Sakata Seed.	i don't know
Which city is the home of the Spanish football team Real Betis?	Real Betis Balompie \| Andalucia.com REAL BETIS BALOMPIE Buy Real Betis football Tickets EARLY DAYS Betis, full name Real Betis Balompie, followed in 1907, founded by students from the Polytechnic. They were led by another Brit, Henry Jones - known as Papa Jones - who was their first chairman; their inaugural match was also against Huelva, in 1908. With royal decree from Alfonso XIII (he of the Seville luxury hotel) in 1915, they gained the 'Real'. Betis is generally considered the more working-class team, since it was founded as a breakaway from Seville, who refused to allow a player in because he was 'just a simple worker'. Betis Tickets Online Buy Real Betis ticket on line from Ticket Bureau. Hotel or House delivery or local collection options available. WEHRE'S THEIR STADIUM AND WHAT HAVE THEY WON? The Betis stadium, Benito Villamarin (built for the 1929 Expo, also named after a former president), is in Heliopolis district, to the south of the city centre - at the far end of Avenida de la Palmera. The stadium seats 51,700. You can get to the Betis stadium by bus – all the following routes go there: 1, 2, 6, 34, 37. Fans are called 'Beticos' or ´verdiblancos' (green whites). Betis won the Liga in 1935 and their first Copa del Rey in 1977 and was the first Andalucian club to make it into the UEFA Champions League. They won their second Cup in 2005. Ver mapa más grande TRIVIA Betis' name is derived from Baetica, the Roman name for the Guadalquivir river , which runs through Seville. Balompie is the literal Spanish word for football, as opposed to the anglicized version, futbol. The colours originated when one of the club's founders returned from Glasgow with a Celtic strip, and it was decided to adopt the same green and black stripes; the black was subsequently changed for white, making their colours the same as the Andalucian flag. Their stadium is named after their chairman, Manuel Ruiz de Lopera, a colourful and controversial character. His pet dog, Hugo the 'singing' Husky, is a star in his own right. SEVILLA AND BETIS: HEAD TO HEAD To say it is a fierce rivalry is an understatement: recently, fans have even celebrated their own defeat, if it causes the relegation of the other team. Their first derby took place in 1915, with Seville winning 4-3, which more or less set a precedent: Betis lost again the following year in the first Copa Andalucia. Since then, Seville has won around 65 per cent of their derbies. In 2007, a Seville-Betis Copa del Rey quarter-final had to be suspended after a Betis supporter threw a projectile at the then-Seville manager, Juande Ramos, and knocked him unconscious. Betis were sanctioned by having to play their next three home matches at another venue. In 2009 Betis beat Seville at home for the first time in 13 years. Sevilla FC - REAL BETIS BALOMPIE: A CENTURY OF FOOTBALL RIVALRY Spurs and Arsenal, West Ham and Chelsea, Rangers and Celtic, AC Milan and Inter - many cities have rival football clubs whose fans have maintained years of animosity, or friendly debate. It may be geographical, it may religious, but there's nothing like a derby to get a city's blood rising to boiling point. Probably the most famous rivalry in Andalucian, if not Spanish football , is Seville and Betis - the red-and-whites vs the green-and-whites. Search Hotels in Andalucia	Seville
According to the nursery rhyme, in which London street did the Muffin Man live?	Sevilla Football Club \| Andalucia.com Sevilla Football Club Buy Sevilla football Tickets EARLY DAYS Seville was started first - officially in 1905, but the earliest football match took place in the city before then, in 1890, against the newly-founded Huelva club Deportivo , which was started by British mineworkers who brought the game to Spain, along with British sailors and Spanish students returning from Britain. Its name, Sevilla FC (Football Club, rather than CF - Club de Futbol) reflects its British origins. Buy Seville Football Tickets Online Tickets for the Seville FC matches in Spanish League are available for sale at excellent prices from Hot Football Tickets. Secure your seats, tickets delivered to your Home or Hotel few days prior to the match date. WHERE'S THEIR STADIUM AND WHAT HAVE THEY WON? Named after the club’s former president, Estadio Sanchez Pijuan is situated in Nervion district, to the south-east of the city centre; its capacity is 45,500. The stadium is right next to Nervion Metro station; this is the best form of transport to use on match days, as parking is very difficult. The following buses also stop near the stadium: 5, 22, 23, 24, 27, 29, 32, B3, B4 and C2. The club is owned by its fans, who are called 'Sevillistas'. They won the Copa del Rey in 1934, 1938 and 1948, and the Liga in 1945; then, after a half-century without titles, won the UEFA Cup in both 2005 and 2006, becoming the first Andalucian team to win a European final, and only the second club to defend the title successfully. This winning streak continued with the Copa del Rey in 2007, as well as the Super Cup that year, when they beat the Liga champions, the mighty Real Madrid. Ver mapa más grande TRIVIA Seville fans clap through the 16th minute of every home game in honour of Antonio Puerta, the young player with number 16 shirt, who died after collapsing during the first match of the 2007 season. Seville has its own radio and TV stations, Sevilla FC Radio and SFC TV. The ´Biris' are hardcore Sevilla fans, or 'ultras', named after Gambian player Alhaji Momodo Njle, known as Biri-Biri. They sit in their own area - in the north stand - and officially claim to be antiracist and antifascist. Sevilla FC - REAL BETIS BALOMPIE: A CENTURY OF FOOTBALL RIVALRY Spurs and Arsenal, West Ham and Chelsea, Rangers and Celtic, AC Milan and Inter - many cities have rival football clubs whose fans have maintained years of animosity, or friendly debate. It may be geographical, it may religious, but there's nothing like a derby to get a city's blood rising to boiling point. Probably the most famous rivalry in Andalucian, if not Spanish football , is Seville and Betis - the red-and-whites vs the green-and-whites. Search Hotels in Seville	i don't know
In which country are the headquarters of the high-street clothing retailers H&M?	How Zara Grew Into the World’s Largest Fashion Retailer - The New York Times The New York Times Magazine \|How Zara Grew Into the World’s Largest Fashion Retailer Search How Zara Grew Into the World’s Largest Fashion Retailer By SUZY HANSEN Continue reading the main story Photo Jackets from Zara’s fall 2012 collection await inspection at a factory in Arteixo, Spain. Credit Pedro Guimarães for The New York Times Galicia, on the Atlantic coast of northern Spain, is the homeland of Generalissimo Francisco Franco, but is otherwise famous for being a place people try to leave. For much of the 20th century, hundreds of thousands of gallegos, as they are called, emigrated to countries as far away as Argentina to escape Galicia’s rural poverty. Today, however, even as Spain teeters on the edge of economic catastrophe, the Galician city La Coruña has attracted notice as the hometown of Amancio Ortega Gaona, the world’s third-richest man — he displaced Warren Buffett this year on the Bloomberg billionaire index — and the founder of a wildly successful fashion company, Inditex, more commonly known by its oldest and biggest brand, Zara. Ortega has never given an interview, according to his communications department, nor does he attend award ceremonies or parties. He rarely allows his picture to be taken. Pablo Isla, who took over the company when the 76-year-old Ortega stepped down as chairman last year, rarely gives interviews or waves to the camera, either. In fact, the public face of Inditex is its soft-spoken communications director, Jesus Echevarría, who, as I discovered during a recent visit to the Inditex complex, is perhaps the only communications director on the planet who all but apologizes whenever he must answer questions about Inditex’s runaway success. The company’s outward modesty reflects its surroundings. La Coruña is a quiet place, typically European in its humdrum perfection: tidy highways and compact cars, clean taxis, no need to worry about tipping. The week I visited in late July, the conservative national government was threatening to implement a new austerity plan, and unemployment among people under 30 in Spain hit 50 percent, but the city seemed calm. Restaurants were busy, beaches packed. People dozed on La Coruña’s seaside boulders, while their dogs leapt in the water. The city is a little more than 300 miles from Madrid and 555 miles from Barcelona. It’s an odd location for an aggressive, global company like Inditex. The campus (located in the industrial area of Arteixo, next door to La Coruña) consists of corporate headquarters for the entire company, as well as headquarters for Zara and Zara Home, two of Inditex’s eight brands. There are also factories and a distribution center where clothes are loaded onto trucks to be sent around the world. The factories are directly across from the corporate offices. The main building, where I waited for my hosts, somewhat resembled a hospital waiting room, with rows of plain boxy black chairs and little else. Apart from a single poster of a fashion model, nothing adorned its white walls. No flowers, no words, no ads, no fashion magazines, no style. The setting felt appropriate for the age of austerity, even if Inditex is one company in Spain that is actually thriving. Continue reading the main story Inditex is a pioneer among “fast fashion” companies, which essentially imitate the latest fashions and speed their cheaper versions into stores. Every one of Inditex’s brands — Zara, Zara Home, Bershka, Massimo Dutti, Oysho, Stradivarius, Pull & Bear and Uterqüe — follow the Zara template: trendy and decently made but inexpensive products sold in beautiful, high-end-looking stores. Zara’s prices are similar to those of the Gap: coats for $200, sweaters for $70, T-shirts for $30. Advertisement Continue reading the main story Inditex now makes 840 million garments a year and has around 5,900 stores in 85 countries, though that number is always changing because Inditex has in recent years opened more than a store a day, or about 500 stores a year. Right now there are around 4,400 stores in Europe, and almost 2,000 in Spain alone. Inditex’s main rivals are way behind. Arcadia Group, which owns Topshop, among others, has about 3,000 stores worldwide; H&M, based in Sweden, has 2,500 (when you include its smaller lines of stores); and Mango, based in Spain, 2,400. In an Inditex conference room, Echevarría gave me a multimedia presentation about the company. The number of stores in different countries popped up on the screen — including 289 in China and 45 in the United States. Since the time of our meeting, in late July, Inditex has reached 350 stores in China and opened another in the United States. The company’s march appears to be as inexorable as the passage of the seasons. But can Inditex survive its own expansion? “When we open a market, everyone asks, ‘How many stores will you open?’ ” he said. “Honestly, I didn’t know. It depends on the customer and how big the demand is. We must have the dialogue with the customers and learn from them. It’s not us saying you must have this. It’s you saying it.” The roots of Inditex go back to 1963, when Ortega, the son of a railway worker, started a business making housecoats and robes in La Coruña. In 1975, he opened his own store in town. He called it Zorba, after the 1964 film “Zorba the Greek.” Photo The complex in Arteixo, Spain, that houses Inditex headquarters and some Zara factories. Credit Pedro Guimarães for The New York Times “I don’t think they were thinking of making history, just that it was a nice name,” Echevarría said. “But apparently there was a bar that was called the same, Zorba, like two blocks away, and the owner of the bar came and said, ‘This is going to confuse things to have two Zorbas.’ They had already made the molds for the letters in the sign, so they just rearranged them to see what they could find. They found Zara.” The holding company Inditex was created in 1985. Ortega wanted to maintain his own manufacturing business in La Coruña, so from the beginning his business model differed from the norm. A traditional ready-to-wear fashion company in the West sends the designs for its clothes to independent factories in countries like China and India, where the labor to make them is cheap. These clothes are then shipped back and stocked in stores in spring and fall, with smaller shipments throughout the year. But a brand at Inditex will make a fall collection, for example, and then ship only three or four dresses or shirts or jackets in each style to a store. There’s very little leftover stock, few extra-smalls or mediums hiding in the back. But store managers can request more if there’s demand. They also monitor customers’ reactions, on the basis of what they buy and don’t buy, and what they say to a sales clerk: “I like this scooped collar” or “I hate zippers at the ankles.” Inditex says its sales staff is trained to draw out these sorts of comments from their customers. Every day, store managers report this information to headquarters, where it is then transmitted to a vast team of in-house designers, who quickly develop new designs and send them to factories to be turned into clothes. More than half of Inditex’s manufacturing takes place either in the factories it owns or within proximity to company headquarters, which is to say in Europe or Northern Africa. Inditex owns factories in Spain and outsources production to factories in Portugal, Morocco and Turkey — considered costly labor markets, typically. The rest of its clothes are produced in China, Bangladesh, Vietnam and Brazil, among other countries. The trendiest items are made closest to home, however, so that the production process, from start to finish, takes only two to three weeks. Inditex’s higher labor costs are offset by greater flexibility — no extra inventory lying around — and on faster turnaround speed. Advertisement Continue reading the main story That means that if Inditex stores in London, Tokyo and São Paulo all have customers responding enthusiastically to, let’s say, sequined cranberry-colored hot pants, Inditex can deliver more of these, or a variation on hot pants, sequins or that cranberry color, to stores within three weeks. The company tries to keep the stock fresh; one promise its stores make is that you will always be buying something nearly unique. Merchandise moves incredibly quickly, even by fast-fashion standards. All those thousands of Inditex stores receive deliveries of new clothes twice a week. In this way, says Masoud Golsorkhi, the editor of Tank, a London magazine about culture and fashion, Inditex has completely changed consumer behavior. “When you went to Gucci or Chanel in October, you knew the chances were good that clothes would still be there in February,” he says. “With Zara, you know that if you don’t buy it, right then and there, within 11 days the entire stock will change. You buy it now or never. And because the prices are so low, you buy it now.” Inditex owes none of its success to advertising. That’s because Inditex doesn’t advertise. It hardly even has a marketing department, and it doesn’t engage in flashy campaigns, as its competitors do, teaming up with fashion designers like Stella McCartney, Karl Lagerfeld, Martin Margiela and Marni. Zara’s designers are completely anonymous; some would say this is because they are copiers rather than designers. The marketing Inditex does do is all about real estate. The company invests heavily in the beauty, historical appeal and location of its shops. Photo Zara’s palette of thread at a factory in Spain. Credit Pedro Guimarães for The New York Times “The high street is really divided according to brand value,” says Golsorkhi, who is also a consultant for fashion brands. “Prada wants to be next to Gucci, Gucci wants to be next to Prada. The retail strategy for luxury brands is to try to keep as far away from the likes of Zara. Zara’s strategy is to get as close to them as possible.” For example, in Istanbul, where I live, Zara, Uterqüe and Massimo Dutti can all be found on Tesvikiye Caddesi, a tony and heavily trafficked avenue. They are one street away from Cartier and Hermès and Chanel. But Inditex is even more ambitious than that when it comes to finding valuable real estate. In 2003, Inditex built a Zara in the San Antonio el Real, an 18th-century convent in Salamanca, and in a historic cinema in Elche (also in Spain). The company likes special buildings. Last year, it paid $324 million to buy space at 666 Fifth Avenue in New York, according to the company, a building best known for being the most expensive ever sold in Manhattan. “In New York, they did one page saying they were opening — in The New York Times,” Echevarría said. “But it’s not a campaign; it’s an announcement; it’s information. The company does not talk about itself. The idea was that the client was to talk about the company. It was not to say how good it could be. The customer would say that if it was deserved.” Advertisement Continue reading the main story In the last five years, Inditex’s overall sales have grown to 13.8 billion euros a year from 9.4 billion euros. Profit has risen to almost 2 billion euros a year. The company expanded to 110,000 employees in 2011, from around 80,000 in 2007. In short, while Spain has been suffering through real estate and debt crises (following the global financial crisis), Inditex has prospered. Echevarría said that is because the customer is always determining production — not the other way around. Every piece of clothing the company makes has, in a way, been requested. A business model that is so closely attuned to the customer does not share the cycle of a financial crisis. Fast fashion has also become more hip in recent years; even celebrities like Kate Middleton have been photographed wearing Zara. “It’s generally the way the retail market is going — it’s not just Zara,” says Isabel Cavill, a senior analyst with Planet Retail , a consulting firm based in London. “There’s a bit of cachet in picking up something that looks like £500 for £50.” If people compliment your nice dress, you can proudly boast that you got it for a steal. Increasingly, H&M and Mango have raced to keep up with Zara. But the Inditex effect is not confined to cheap, fast fashion. It has forced — or inspired, depending on how you look at it — people to spend their money in a different manner. In Zara, every purchase is an impulse buy; there’s no longer any saving up for that gorgeous leather jacket in the window. You are buying clothes not because you love them, but because, at $50, those hot pants are as cheap as Sunday brunch for two — and likely to be gone in a matter of days. It’s a way of consumption that has conditioned buyers to expect this up-to-the-minute trendiness and variety in higher-end labels as well. Please verify you're not a robot by clicking the box. Invalid email address. Please re-enter. You must select a newsletter to subscribe to. Sign Up Privacy Policy “They broke up a century-old biannual cycle of fashion,” Golsorkhi says. “Now, pretty much half of the high-end fashion companies” — Prada and Louis Vuitton, for example — “make four to six collections instead of two each year. That’s absolutely because of Zara.” The Inditex brands exist in a dizzying fashion time frame, where the latest trend seems to be wilting on a woman a few hours after she buys into it. The public relations person who gave me the rest of my tour of the Inditex premises — and requested not to be named, presumably in accordance with Inditex’s modesty rules — wore sleek black pants with zippered ankles, a loose yellow blouse and a black blazer with an upside-down V cut out of the back. She looked sharp and shiny as a penknife. I wore a dress that was at least six years old, which basically means I showed up for my fast-fashion tour in a poodle skirt. The Zara headquarters is a huge airplane-hangar-size open space, with regional sales managers sitting at a line of desks running down the middle, designers on either side of them. The managers field calls from China or Chile to learn what’s selling, then they meet with the designers and decide whether there’s a trend. In this way, Inditex takes the fashion pulse of the world. “The manager will say, ‘My customers are asking for red trousers,’ and if it’s the same demand in Istanbul, New York and Tokyo, that means it’s a global trend, so they know to produce more red pants,” the P.R. person said. Photo Workers collect and separate cloth pieces that were trimmed by an automated machine. Credit Pedro Guimarães for The New York Times I remarked that it must be interesting to see what is fashionable in Turkey but not in New York and vice versa. I imagined that different nationalities still had different tastes, at least in terms of fashion. But I was wrong. “Actually, the customer is more or less the same in New York and Istanbul,” she said. “There are differences, like Brazilian girls like more brilliant colors, whereas in Paris they use more black. But in general when you find a fashion trend, it’s global.” Earlier, Echevarría told me that neighborhoods share trends more than countries do. For example, the store on Fifth Avenue in Midtown New York “is more similar to the store in Ginza, Tokyo, which is an elegant area that’s also touristic,” he said. “And SoHo is closer to Shibuya, which is very trendy and young. Brooklyn now is a wildly trendy place to go, while Midtown — well, no New Yorker is actually shopping on Fifth Avenue now.” The buyers there are suburban tourists, he meant. Advertisement Continue reading the main story I recalled how I returned to my hipsterish Istanbul neighborhood after a trip to Brooklyn not long ago and discovered that the Turks were all also wearing those huge scarves wrapped around their necks eight times. I was surprised by how fast a style traveled across the globe, because I don’t see many Turks reading fashion magazines. But it isn’t just magazines that tell us what to wear. People like Ortega do. Or, more accurate, we tell each other, through the conduit of his Inditex stores and others like them. On my tour, I also visited the mock Zara and Zara Home stores that were set up inside the headquarters. The fall collection, about to be introduced around the world, sat in the storefront. There were lots of studs in brassy gold, military colors, skulls, white lace shirts and animal prints that, the spokeswoman said, “have been trendy since last season and will continue a little bit, but just until Christmas.” A trend can last a half a year, but some are finished in a month. “They thought that animal prints would finish by summer, but it kept going,” she said. “In the beginning of this season we had fluorescent colors. It was a trend in April and May, and it was very successful and then that was it.” We stopped in at Zara Home, which the representative said operated just like the clothing stores. (Last month, the company introduced Zarahome.com in the United States, as well as Massimo Dutti, a higher-end clothing brand.) I was dubious that people throw away and replenish dishes and rugs the way they do miniskirts, but she assured me they do, especially when it was trendy. (I noticed skull-patterned stuff again.) Then we went to Zara Kids. It occurred to me that the avalanche of inexpensive clothing would likely put an end to the custom of hand-me-down baby clothes. Why deal with someone else’s stains when you can buy new (and on-trend) for $25? “The trends for kids are the same for adults,” the spokeswoman said. I looked at a jacket. “So I guess these Chanel-looking boxy things are in style for everyone.” She nodded. “Skulls for kids, too, huh?” Inditex denies that it copies other designers. Yet in The New York Times last March, Alexandra Jacobs described a visit to the new Zara store on Fifth Avenue in New York, where she was reminded of Prada, Alexander Wang, Balmain and many other high-end brands. Christian Louboutin took Inditex to court for selling the company’s signature red-soled shoes but lost, mainly because Inditex takes care to change its designs just enough to evade copyright laws. Video Spain’s Inditex Spins Gold The parent company of Zara has reinvented fashion production and distribution, becoming the world’s largest and, some say, trendiest retailer. By Channon Hodge on Publish Date November 9, 2012. . Watch in Times Video » embed “To the luxury brands, they are copycats, they are like mushrooms feeding off the main body of fashion,” Golsorkhi says. “I was of the same mind myself, but I have grown out of that because I realize that the fashion companies also copy each other. In the end, no one’s original.” H&M also delivers frequent shipments of new items and imitates the latest trends. But even H&M offers original collections by famous fashion designers. Inditex has discovered it doesn’t need to. Advertisement Continue reading the main story “They have done process innovation very well,” says Nelson Fraiman, a professor at Columbia Business School who has studied the Inditex model. “Product innovation? No. But tell me one Chinese company that has done product innovation very well. They are brilliant at process. I think you should give a cheer for process innovation.” Expansion, however, poses a threat to Zara’s process by putting stores far from the factories and logistics center in Europe. Echevarría said the company very carefully selects the cities where it opens new stores. Remember the slide presentation showing only 45 stores in the United States compared with hundreds in other countries? There are reasons for that. Foreign brands have a long history of failing miserably here. “The United States is a graveyard of European retailers,” says José Luis Nueno, a professor of marketing at I.E.S.E. Business School in Madrid. “Everyone who has gone there has struggled. Laura Ashley has shut down and even Benetton is declining. The U.S. is really complex because it’s about putting stores in shopping malls in the middle of nowhere. Fashionistas live on the East and West coasts. Then everyone else dresses in the Gap and Walmart and T. J. Maxx. If you really wanted to cover the U.S., you would have to open 300 stores, and they would have to focus all their energy to make it work.” There’s also the delicate matter of sizing. “Would you expand in the United States?” Fraiman asks. “Zara to me is a European store for European style; it’s very fashion forward. And what is the problem in America? They don’t fit in the clothes. So why do it? Having to make larger sizes makes production so much more complex.” Expanding in China, however, will make production more complex and also require heavy investment. The company plans to open more than 400 stores there this year. “Even opening three stores a week is very aggressive,” Fraiman says. “Their factories in La Coruña have a finite capacity to respond quickly. You open more and more stores, and you don’t have flexibility of the last-minute response. Once they have a big thrust in China, then what happens is that they will have to take the whole model” — the processing of customer reactions, the quick-turnaround design teams, the logistics platform — “and replicate it in China.” But the bigger Inditex gets, he says, the more it will lose control over quality and efficiency. Still, Asia remains central to Inditex’s plans, and the prospect of more than a billion Chinese consuming clothes at the fast-fashion clip worries some critics of the industry model. According to Elizabeth Cline, the author of “Overdressed: The Shockingly High Cost of Cheap Fashion,” Americans buy 20 billion garments a year, an average of 64 garments a person. When the Chinese are consuming at the same rate, that’s more than 80 billion garments a year. Golsorkhi says that fast fashion hasn’t changed the amount of labor needed to make clothes or the waste created by their production. Your new fluorescent miniskirt might only cost $40, but Bangladeshi workers still work for low pay in poor conditions to make it. Inditex says it works with unions and other organizations “to have the most respectful supply chain” and audits all of its partners every year, but like most major fashion companies that outsource the manufacturing of their clothes, it has received its share of complaints about factory conditions. “The reality is: a T-shirt is a T-shirt is a T-shirt,” Golsorkhi says. “It costs the planet the same thing whether you have paid £200 for it or £1 for it. It does the same amount of damage. A T-shirt is equivalent to 700 gallons of water, gallons of chemical waste, so much human labor. But it used to be that we could do with three T-shirts a year. Now we need 30. Sometimes it’s actually cheaper to throw away clothes than to wash them. That has got to be wrong.” It also may not be good for business in the long run. “Eventually, there aren’t going to be resources to sustain fast fashion, so to me it seems to be a very vulnerable business model,” says Alex McIntosh, the business and research manager at the London College of Fashion’s Center for Sustainable Fashion . “Production costs will also get more expensive, and they won’t be able to keep this up. Value-based companies don’t have margins to absorb that additional cost. And then they will need to convince customers to spend more for clothes again.” At the end of my tour, I went to one of the Inditex factories. There were about 100 workers, I was told; huge machines do much of the work. Hundreds of bright red three-quarter-length coats were hanging throughout the building, almost ready to be shipped. A line of women stood at ironing boards, smoothing out the wool-blend, looking for defects and, the spokeswoman told me with emphasis, attaching security tags. Inditex had discovered that if that task was left to the employees in the stores, it would take an extra few intolerable hours to get that trendy red coat from Galicia into your closet. Correction: November 25, 2012 An article on Nov. 11 about the Spanish clothing chain Zara and its parent company Inditex misspelled the surname of Inditex’s communications director. He is Jesus Echevarría, not Echeverría.	Sweden
Skagboys is a prequel to which novel by Irving Welsh?	Department Store Mission Statements Department Store Mission Statements Nordstrom Stores Mission Statement — Support the Employees Who Service Customers Mission Statement Vision, Headquarters and Founders Facts For Nordstrom Stores. Barbara Farfan for About.com It seems like every retail company in the world would have the same mission statement — to crush the competition and make as much profit as possible. And while that is the written or unwritten goal of 98 percent of all members of the U.S. retail industry this is not the only "mission" that defines their businesses. Dell , Best Buy, Target , Staples, Circuit City , CompUSA, and Blockbuster all want to dominate their retail categories and create profits, but each of them has a distinct way of doing their retail business, which should be aligned with and defined by their respective mission statements. The mission of the Nordstrom Department Stores is all about customers and supporting the employees who deliver service to those customers. (See the Nordstrom mission, vision, and values below.) Nordstrom Department Stores Founders Facts and Trivia: Nordstrom retail stores have their roots in 1901, when John W. Nordstrom and Carl Wallin opened a shoe store in Seattle Washington. In 1928 John Nordstrom retired and sold his share of the store to two of his sons. In 1929 Wallin retired and sold his share of the business to the Nordstrom sons as well. Nordstrom Department Stores Headquarters: Target Company Mission Statement and Purpose Reveal Values of Founders Customers Expect More Innovation, Service and to Pay Less. ©Barbara Farfan for About.com The Target Company Mission Statement and official “Purpose” reveals the military and religious values of the Target founders, John Geisse and George Dayton. (Scroll down for Target's complete mission statement below.) See the Target Company Mission Statement (below) and see why Target is promising customers that they can Expect More innovation and customer service, and still expect to Pay Less Target Mission/Vision Statement: Today Target refers to its Mission statement as its "Purpose." The current Target Purpose is: "We fulfill the needs and fuel the potential of our guests. That means making Target your preferred shopping destination in all channels by delivering outstanding value, continuous innovation, and exceptional experiences—consistently fulfilling our Expect More. Pay Less.® brand promise." Although not substantially, the Target Mission Statement has changed in wording from the version published in 2012, which was: "Our mission is to make Target the preferred shopping destination for our guests by delivering outstanding value, continuous innovation and an exceptional guest experience by consistently fulfilling our Expect More. Pay Less.® brand promise." Two subtle changes reveal an important shift in focus for Target employees, who are charged with the responsibility of fulfilling the Target mission each day. The first difference is the addition of the sentence: "We fulfill the needs and fuel the potential of our guests." It's unclear how Target intends to "fuel the potential" of its customers/guests, but the addition of a completely customer-centric statement at the beginning of its Purpose communicates that Target puts the needs of its customers/guests before anything else. The second change is the phrase "in all channels." This communicates Target's commitment to providing a seamless, consistent, branded Target customer experience , no matter what retail channel — brick-and-mortar store, Internet shopping website, mobile app — those customers/guests are using to connect with Target's products and services. Target Stores History and Founders Target was founded as part of the Dayton Department Stores. The Dayton retailing company was founded in 1881 by George Draper Dayton in Minneapolis as the Dayton Dry Goods Company. John Geisse is the Dayton company executive credited with founding the Target concept for Dayton. Target Headquarters: 3 Costco Wholesale Mission Statement — Profits and Prices Revolve Around Ethics Mission, Vision, and Values of Costco From Founders Sinegal and Brotman. Creative Commons public domain photo Costco Wholesale founders and leaders believe that ethical business creates profits, so its mission statement revolves around four corporate values. (See the complete Costco mission statement below.) The Costco Code of Ethics is as straightforward as the Costco founders who created it, and the corporate guiding documents created by the founders still guide the company in its global retailing success today. The inspirational nature of the Costco company mission statement, vision, and values and the successful execution of them, has led the Costco Wholesale Warehouse chain to be one of the world's largest retailing companies , with one of the most fanatically loyal customer bases the U.S. retail industry has ever seen. The Costco phenomenon around the world has been appropriately referred to as " The Costco Craze " The Mission Statement of Costco Wholesale: "Costco's mission is to continually provide our members with quality goods and services at the lowest possible prices. In order to achieve our mission we will conduct our business with the following Code of Ethics in mind: Obey the law Victoria's Secret Mission Statement — As Captivating as the Merchandise Mix Mission Statement Vision, Headquarters and Founders Facts For Victoria's Secret. Barbara Farfan for About.com The mission statement of the Victoria's Secret women's lingerie retail stores and catalog is as "captivating" as the Victoria's Secret merchandise mix. (See the Victoria's Secret mission statement below.) Victoria's Secret Founders Facts and Trivia: The first Victoria's Secret women's lingerie retail store was opened in Palo Alto, California in 1977 by Roy Raymond because he was embarrassed when shopping for lingerie in typical department stores. The first Victoria's Secret mail order catalog was mailed in 1978. Raymond sold four Victoria's Secret stores and the mailorder catalog business to The Limited retail company in 1982 for $4 million. Victoria's Secret Headquarters: The company headquarters for Victoria's Secret, which is also the headquarters for its parent company Limited Brands, is located in Columbus, Ohio. Victoria's Secret Lingerie Stores Mission Statement: The mission statement for the Victoria's Secret retail chain is the same as its parent company, Limited Brands, and as "captivating" as the merchandise mix in the Victoria's Secret stores and catalog. The Limited mission statement is... "Limited Brands is committed to building a family of the world's best fashion brands offering captivating customer experiences that drive long-term loyalty and deliver sustained growth for our shareholders." More About U.S. Company Mission Statements, History, and Headquarters: Chanel Mission Statement — Designed to Ensure the Future of Coco Chanel's Style Mission, Values, Headquarters & History of Chanel Designs and Retail Stores. © Barbara Farfan for About.com The mission of the Chanel company and Chanel retail stores is designed to ensure the defining style of its founding designer Coco Chanel far into the future. (See the complete Chanel company mission statement below.) Chanel Founders Facts, History, and Trivia: Chanel fashions and the Chanel brand were created by Gabrielle Bonheur “Coco” Chanel, who first learned how to sew while living in a nunnery where she was raised after her mother died. The first Chanel retail store was opened in Paris in 1910 and exclusively sold hats. Chanel's next two stores in France also sold clothing which she designed and sewed herself. The Chanel brand is best known for its little black dress, tweed suit, quilted handbag two-tone shoes and “the perfect red lipstick.” Chanel No.5 is credited as being the first perfume to be branded with a fashion designer’s name and is reportedly is still the best selling fragrance in history. Coco Chanel died on January 10, 1971, and Karl Lagerfeld took over leadership as chief designer of the Chanel business in 1983. More than 40 years after the death of Coco Chanel, the Chanel brand is one of the World's Most Valuable Retail Brands. Currently, Chanel has international retail store locations in more than 120 countries, with separate Chanel retail stores for fashion and accessories, fine jewelry, beauty, and eyewear. Chanel Global Headquarters: Abercrombie & Fitch Mission Statement — Relationship With Brand, Not Customers Mission, Values, Headquarters & History of Abercrombie & Fitch Retail Stores. Public Domain Photo The mission of the Abercrombie & Fitch retail stores chain is focused more on the management of the Abercrombie & Fitch brand than on the merchandise sold, the operational execution of its employees, or the experience of its customers. (See the complete Abercrombie & Fitch mission and brand values below.) Abercrombie & Fitch Founders Facts and Trivia: The first Abercrombie & Fitch retail store was a sporting goods store opened by David Abercrombie and Ezra Fitch in 1892 in New York City. After Abercrombie & Fitch dissolved their business partnership in 1907, Fitch continued the retail business and retained the name. The first Abercrombie & Fitch catalog had 456 pages and was mailed to 50,000 people in 1909. The orders received justified the expense of producing and mailing the catalogs, which almost bankrupted the company. Abercrombie & Fitch branded itself as "The Greatest Sporting Goods Store in the World" in 1939, with just the original store and a mail order business generating millions of dollars in sales. It wasn't until the 1960's that Abercrombie & Fitch retail stores were opened in other cities outside of New York. Abercrombie & Fitch filed for Chapter 11 in 1976 and Oshman's Sporting Goods purchased the Abercrombie & Fitch name, trademark and mailing list as part of the company's bankruptcy proceedings. The Limited purchased 25 Abercrombie & Fitch stores in 1988 from Oshman's and merchandised the store mostly with apparel that were branded with an Abercrombie & Fitch label. Mike Jeffries became president of Abercrombie & Fitch in 1992 and skewed the store's merchandise towards a much younger demographic. The Limited spun off Abercrombie & Fitch as a separate company in 1999. Abercrombie & Fitch became a publicly traded company in 1996. Abercrombie & Fitch Stores Headquarters: 7 Zappos.com Mission Statement — Nothing About Products, All About Customers Mission, Core Values, Headquarters and Founders Facts - Zappos Shopping Website. © Zappos, Reprinted with permission from Zappos.com The mission statement of Zappos.com Internet Store has nothing to do with the products it sells and everything to do with who it sells to — the customers. (See the complete Zappos.com mission statement below.) Zappos.com Internet Store Founders Facts and Trivia: Many people think that Zappos.com was founded by its current well-known leader Tony Hsieh, but that isn't the whole story. In 1999 Nick Swinmurn came up with the idea of selling shoes in an Internet store. Tony Hsieh then invested $500,000 in Nick's idea and the two founded and ran the company together, which was originally called ShoeSite.com. When Swinmurn left Hsieh completely in charge of the company in 2006, the annual sales were $252 million. Zappos.com Corporate Headquarters: Louis Vuitton Mission Statement — Luxury, Elegance, Creativity & Art de Vivre Mission, Values, Headquarters & History of Louis Vuitton Retail Stores & LVMH. © Barbara Farfan for About.com The mission of Louis Vuitton and the more than 60 luxury brands under the management of the LVMH Group is about providing the world with luxury products, elegance, creativity, and “Art de Vivre.”. (See the complete Louis Vuitton company mission statement and corporate values below.) Louis Vuitton Founders Facts and Trivia: Louis Vuitton was born on August 4, 1821 in the hamlet of Anchay, France, the son of a farmer. After his mother died, Louis left home at age 13 to head for Paris. It took Louis two years to travel 292 miles to Paris, because he stopped many times along the way to work and earn money. Vuitton’s first job when he arrived in Paris was as a box maker, and a packer for items for shipment and travel. Vuitton became a well-known and award-winning box maker and was appointed as the personal box maker for the wife of Napoleon Bonaparte. In 1854 Vuitton opened his own box making and packing business and his first retail store that sold travel trunks of his own design which were covered in canvas rather than leather. Reportedly Vuitton’s business was immediately successful, and he continued to create innovative luggage which he manufactured and sold out of his Paris retail store. The first Louis Vuitton retail store outside of Paris was opened in 1885 on Oxford Street in London. In 1886 Louis Vuitton luggage featured an “unpickable” locking system which was considered to be revolutionary at the time, and further distinguished the Louis Vuitton brand of trunks and travel bags. In 1987, Louis Vuitton merged with Moet Hennessy, forming the LVMH Group, which is the parent company of Louis Vuitton today. As of 2013, the LVMH Group owned more than 60 luxury brands including Donna Karan, Ginvenchy, Marc Jacobs, TAG Heuer, Bulgari, and Sephora retail brands. Louis Vuitton Headquarters: The Gap Stores Mission Statement — A Global Purpose and Values Build the Brand Mission Statement, Headquarters & Founders Facts About The Gap Retail Stores. Barbara Farfan for About.com The Gap has mission, purpose, and values statements which guide its global retail operations and help build The Gap brand around the world. (See The Gap stores mission statement below.) The Gap Stores Founders Facts and Trivia: The Gap retail stores chain was founded by Donald and Doris Fisher, who opened their first store in San Francisco on August 21, 1969. Corporate Headquarters for The Gap Stores: The headquarters of The Gap are located in the city where the company was founded, San Francisco, California. The Mission Statement of The Gap Stores: According to the Gap.com corporate website, the mission statement of The Gap stores is: “Gap, Inc. is a brand-builder. We create emotional connections with customers around the world through inspiring product design, unique store experiences, and compelling marketing." In addition to its mission statement, The Gap also has a purpose statement, which is designed to guide the daily actions of its employees. The Gap Purpose is: "Our purpose? Simply, to make it easier for you to express your personal style throughout your life. We have more than 150,000 passionate, talented people around the world who help bring this purpose to life for our customers." One more piece of guidance provided by Gap Inc. to its employees is its Key Values. These specifically defined values are meant to create a socially responsible retail operation in all of its stores and offices throughout the world. The Gap stores key values are: Ingetrity H&M Stores Mission Statement, Company Values About Fashion, Quality and Price Hennes and Mauritz History, Headquarters, Founders Facts, Trivia, Vision. © Barbara Farfan for About.com The mission statement of H&M (Hennes & Mauritz) retail clothing stores reflects the company’s vision for fashion, quality and price that has made it one of the most popular fast fashion apparel retailers around the world. (See the complete H&M mission statement below.) H&M (Hennes & Mauritz) Clothing Stores Founders Facts and Trivia: The Hennes & Mauritz company began in 1947 when the founder, Erling Persson opened a Hennes retail store selling women’s clothes in Vaseras, Sweden. In 1968 Persson purchased a retail store which sold hunting equipment and clothing named Mauritz Widforss. This was when sales of men’s and children’s clothes began and this is also when the name of the retail stores was first changed to Hennes & Mauritz, or H&M for short. The first H&M retail clothing store opened in the U.S. in 2000 on Fifth Avenue in New York. The U.S. dedicated retail store was launched in 2013. Other H&M retail brands operating around the world include COS, Monki, Weekday, Cheap Monday, Other Stories, and H&M Home. As of February 2015 H&M operated 3,500 retail stores in 55 countries throughout the world, with plans to increase the size of its chain 10-15% per year. H&M Retail Chain Headquarters: The global headquarters for the H&M retail chain are located in Stockholm, Sweden. The U.S. headquarters for H&M American retail operations is located on Fifty Avenue in New York City. H&M Retail Stores Mission Statement: H&M refers to its company mission statement as a “business concept.” But in the way that every mission statement is the foundational and fundamental belief upon which everything is built, the H&M Business Concept and the H&M mission statement are one in the same. That H&M mission is simple, straightforward, and easy for employees at all levels to remember... "Fashion and quality at the best price." While this could be the mission statement for any fashion retailer in the world, H&M defines its own particular brand of “quality” with corporate values that it refers to as the “H&M Spirit” and with very specific business guidelines that it refers to as the “H&M Way.” The H&M Spirit (Values) We believe in people UNIQLO Retail Stores Mission Statement, Vision to Change Clothes and the World The UNIQLO Corporate Values, Principles, History, Headquarters and Trivia. © Barbara Farfan for About.com The UNIQLO retail stores mission statement, vision, and values are about changing the world by changing clothes changing retail processes, and changing ideas in the global fashion industry. (See the complete UNIQLO mission statement below.) UNIQLO Retail Clothing Stores History, Founders Facts and Trivia: The history of the UNIQLO retail business extends back to 1949 when the Ogori Shoji Men’s Shop was opened in Ube City, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan by founder Hitoshi Yanai. The retail predecessor to today’s UNIQLO branded retail stores was the Fukuromachi Store, which opened in Hiroshima, Japan in 1984. A roadside retail location called the Yamanota Store opened in the Yamaguchi Prefecture in 1985. The first UNIQLO branded urban retail store opened in 1998 in Tokyo, Japan. Reportedly, the name UNIQLO evolved as a contraction of “unique clothing.” The first U.S. UNIQLO store opened in New Jersey in 2005. The parent company of the UNIQLO global retail chain is Fast Retailing, which is now run by the founder’s son, Tadashi Yanai. UNIQLO retail stores account for more than half of Fast Retailing’s annual sales. The other global retail brands owned and operated by Fast Retailing include GU, Theory, Comptoir des Contonniers, Princesse Tam.Tam and J Brand. UNIQLO has two flagship stores in New York City, NY. The first U.S. UNIQLO flagship store opened in Soho, NY and the second opened on Fifth Avenue. A new flagship store is scheduled to open in Chicago in the fall of 2015. As of February 2015, there were more than 1,400 UNIQLO retail stores operating in 16 countries worldwide. UNIQLO Global and U.S. Headquarters: The world headquarters for Fast Retailing and UNIQLO retail stores are located in Tokyo Japan. The U.S. headquarters for the American retail operations of UNIQLO are located in New York City, NY. Fast Retailing and UNIQLO Retail Stores Mission Statement: The Fast Retailing and UNIQLO mission statement begins with an overarching “corporate statement” which is... "Changing clothes. Changing conventional wisdom. Change the world.” This is what might be traditionally referred to as the Fast Retailing and UNIQLO vision statement. The mission statement, then, clearly states why the company exists and what it intends to accomplish. The Fast Retailing and UNIQLO mission statement is... "To create truly great clothing with new and unique value, and to enable people all over the world to experience the joy, happiness and satisfaction of wearing such great clothes... AND... To enrich people’s lives through our unique corporate activities, and to seek to grow and develop our company in unity with society.” Fast Retailing provides even more clarity about with its Values and Principles, which provide UNIQLO retail employees specific guidelines for taking actions and making decisions and why those guidelines are important to follow. The Values and Principles of Fast Retailing and UNIQLO are... VALUES Zara Retail Stores Mission Statement, Values for Globally Sustainable Business Inditex Corporate Environmental Values & Zara Co. History, Headquarters, Trivia. © Barbara Farfan for About.com The Zara retail stores mission statement, is largely the vision for a globally sustainable business of its parent company, Inditex and its overarching commitment to the environment. (See the complete Zara mission statement below.) ZARA Retail Fashion Chain History, Founders Facts and Trivia: The history of the Zara retail fashion chain extends back to 1963 when Amancio Ortega started a garment manufacturing company called Confecciones GOA. In the 1970’s Ortega’s wife Rosalia Mera started designing lingerie and quilted robes in their living room in A Coruna, Spain. The couple jointly opened first Zara retail store location in A Coruna, Spain in 1975. Reportedly the founders had decided to name their retail chain stores “Zorba” after the movie “Zorba the Greek.” After the molds for a “Zorba” sign had already been made, the couple discovered that a local bar was already named Zorba. So the name of the retail Mera and Ortega’s retail chain was changed to Zara because it could easily be fashioned from the existing sign molds. Ortega established the holding company Inditex in 1985, and Zara became a brand within that holding company. Today the Inditex global retail brands also include Pull&Bear, Massimo Dutti, Bershka, Stradivarius, Oysho, Zara Home and Uterqüe. The first Zara store outside of the company’s home country of Spain was opened in Porto, Portugal in 1988. The first U.S. Zara store opened in 1989 on Lexington Avenue in New York City. As of 2015, there were Zara retail stores in 88 different countries. Zara is credited with giving birth to fast fashion, cutting the standard fashion industry mass production process from six months to just two weeks. This was accomplished with a vertical integrate business model in which Zara designed, produced, distributed and sold its own fashion designs in its own retail stores. This was a radical business model for both the fashion and retail apparel industries at the time. Mera and Ortega separated in 1986, and officially divorced in the 1990s. Mera made $600 million when the company went public in 2001. As of 2015 Ortega was designated by Forbes magazine as the World’s Richest Retailer, with an estimated net worth of $66 billion. Zara Global and U.S. Headquarters: The world headquarters for Zara retail stores and its parent company Inditex are located in A Coruna, Spain, where everything originally began. The U.S. offices for Zara and Inditex are located on Fifth Avenue in New York City. Inditex and Zara Retail Stores Mission Statement: From the beginning, founder Ortega has two rules which guided the operations of the Zara retail chain, and created the business model for the Inditex fast fashion company. These two rules can be considered the company’s founding mission statement... "Give customers what they want, and get it to them faster than anyone else.” Today Inditiex, Zara retail stores, and all of the Inditex retail brands are committed to integrating sustainability into the every facet of operations from design concept to retail customer sales. That commitment is clearly reflected in what Inditex refers to as its Mission Statement and Environmental Policy... "Through Zara’s business model, we aim to contribute to the sustainable development of society and that of the environment with which we interact.” For more about how the Inditex mission statement translates into specific values and operational policies with its product development, transportation and retail store activities, click here . More About Retail Company Mission Statements, History, and Headquarters: Dick's Sporting Goods Mission Statement — Become #1 With Relentless Improvement Mission, Values, Headquarters & Founders Facts - Dick’s Sporting Goods Stores. Getty Images Embraces the mindset of the athletic and sports customers the retail chain serves, the Dick’s Sporting Goods mission statement is about becoming #1 by applying the sports philosophy of “relentless improvement” to retailing. (See the complete Dick’s Sporting Goods mission and values below.) Dick’s Sporting Goods History, Founders Facts and Trivia: The history of Dick’s Sporting Goods retail chain extends back to 1948 when 18-year-old Dick Stack opened a bait and tackle shop in Binghamton, New York with $300 from his Granmother’s cookie jar. Dick’s son, Edward, starting working for his father when he was just 13 years old. Even though Edward went away to college with the intention of becoming a lawyer, he returned before going to law school to help with the store while his father was ill. Ed ended up falling in love with the business and bought his father’s two stores in 1977 with the intention of expanding the business into a major competitive retail sporting goods chain. Dick’s Sporting Goods Corporate Headquarters: The corporate headquarters of Dick’s Sporting goods is located in Binghamton, New York, where founder Dick’s original bait and tackle shop began. Dick’s Sporting Goods Mission Statement and Values: The mission statement of Dick’s Sporting Goods retail stores chain came straight from CEO Edward Stack, who is the son of the founder. He explained the Dick’s Sporting Goods mission statement in this way... “Our mission statement is to be the No. 1 sports and fitness specialty retailer for all athletes and outdoor enthusiasts through the relentless improvement of everything we do,” he said. “We need to improve everything we do all the time, just like athletes do.” In order to help guide its employees in making their “relentless improvement,” Dick’s provides them with a set of corporate values to guide their actions and decisions. The Dick’s Sporting Goods Values are... We work together. We are collaborative, accountable, trusted, and we recognize and celebrate each other's accomplishments. We work smart. We are friendly, available, customer focused, and excited about what we do. We are authentic, rooted in sports, cutting edge, exclusive and first to market with our products and services. IKEA Stores Mission Statement — A Global Vision and a Branded Business Idea Mission Statement Vision, Headquarters & History of IKEA Home & Furniture Stores. Barbara Farfan for About.com The mission of IKEA stores is a global vision too large to accomplish, backed by a business idea which makes the IKEA brand real and the IKEA mission attainable. (See the IKEA stores mission, vision, and business idea below.) IKEA Stores Founders Facts and Trivia: Ingvar Kamprad started his own business in 1943 in Agunnaryd, Sweden with money his father gave him for succeeding with his schooling at age 17. When combining the initials in his name with the initial of his hometown farm and village ("E" stands for Elmtaryd and "A" stands for Agunnaryd), the name of Kamprad's business became IKEA. Kamprad first sold products like pens, picture frames, table runners and jewelry door-to-door. IKEA expanded to be a mail order business in 1945, and its first catalog was published in 1951. The first retail brick-and-mortar store was opened in 1953 in Älmhul, Sweden. The first IKEA store was opened in the U.S. in 1985 in Philadelphia, PA. IKEA Headquarters: The International Headquarters of IKEA are located in Delft, Netherlands. The U.S. headquarters are located in Conshohocken, PA. IKEA Stores Mission, Vision, and Branded Business Idea: The official IKEA mission statement is so large and global that it seems impossible to achieve... "Our vision is to create a better everyday life for the many people." That overarching mission statement is backed up, however, by a "business idea" which defines the IKEA brand to its customer and makes the IKEA mission attainable with the masses. The IKEA Business Idea is... "Offering a wide range of well-designed, functional home furnishing products at prices so low that as many people as possible will be able to afford them." More About U.S. Company Mission Statements, History, and Headquarters: Anthropologie Mission Statement & — Passionate Employees, Customer Connection Mission, Values, Headquarters and Founders Facts - Anthropologie Retail Stores. Barbara Farfan for About.com Anthropologie, Urban Outfitters, and Free people are part of the same company, which is why they have the same passionate employees and a similar emotional connection with their customers (See the Anthropologie stores mission statement below.) Antrhopologie Retail Stores Founders Facts and Trivia: Anthropologie was first a brand sold in Urban Outfitters stores. The first Antrhopologie retail store was opened in Wayne, Pennsylvania in 1992. The Urban Outfitters company was started by Cick Hayne in 1970 with the opening of the first store which he called Free People. Antrhopologie Retail Stores (Urban Outfitters) Headquarters: The headquarters for the Urban Outfitters company (which includes the Anthropologie and Free people retail chains) is located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where the first Free People store was opened. Mission Statement of Anthropologie Retail Stores (and the Urban Outfitters Company): The Anthropologie brand evolved into the Antrhopologie stores, and as part of the Urban Outfitters retail organization, the mission statement for both Anthropologie retail stores and the Urban Outfitters company is the same. The Mission Statement of Antrhopologie retail stores is... “Lifestyle merchandising is our business and our passion. The goal for our brands is to build a strong emotional bond with the customer. To do this we must build lifestyle environments that appeal emotionally, and offer fashion correct products on a timely basis. Our customers are the reason and the inspiration for everything we do.” More About U.S. Company Mission Statements, History, and Headquarters: Kohl's Mission Statement — Niche, Products, and Customer Shopping Experience Mission Statement, Headquarters & Founders Facts About Kohl's Discount Stores. © Barbara Farfan for About.com The mission statement of Kohl's discount department stores clearly defines its competitive niche, its products, its shopping environment, and the Kohl's customer experience. (See the Kohl's mission statement below.) Kohl's Discount Department Stores Founders Facts and Trivia: After running the largest supermarket chain in greater Milwaukee, Max Kohl opened his own department store, appropriately named Kohl’s, in Brookfield, Wisconsin in 1962. Corporate Headquarters of Kohl's Corporation: The corporate headquarters of the Kohl's Corporation are located in Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin. The Mission Statement of Kohl's Discount Department Stores: In one short mission statement, Kohl's attempts to define the most important aspects of the Kohl's brand and what differentiates it from its competitors... “To be the leading family-focused, value-oriented, specialty department store offering quality exclusive and national brand merchandise to the customer in an environment that is convenient, friendly and exciting.” More About U.S. Company Mission Statements, History, and Headquarters: Tiffany Mission Statement — Fine Jewelry Success With Social Responsibility Mission, Values, Headquarters & History of Tiffany Company and Retail Stores. © Barbara Farfan for About.com The mission of Tiffany & Co. is about fine jewelry success with social and environmental responsibility. (See the complete Tiffany company mission statement below.) Tiffany & Co. Founders Facts, History, and Trivia: Tiffany & Co. was co-founded by Charles Lewis Tiffany and John Young in 1837 when they opened a retail store in New York City, NY which sold stationery and “fancy goods.” The company then began designing and selling hand-crafted sterling silver items, jewels, and timepieces. In 1886, Tiffany's introduced the diamond engagement ring to the U.S., and became well-known around the world for the “Tiffany setting.” As of 2013, there were more than 200 Tiffany international retail locations. Approximately 90 percent of its annual revenue of $3.8 billion came from jewelry sales in fiscal year 2012. Tiffany & Co. Global Headquarters: The Chanel global headquarters are still located where the company first began, in New York City, New York. Company Mission Statement of Tiffany & Co. and Tiffany Retail Stores: The official company mission statement of Tiffany’s is not much different from the mission statement that any fine jewelry manufacturer and retailer would be expected to have. The Tiffany & Co. company mission statement is: "To be the world’s most respected and successful designer, manufacturer and retailer of the finest jewelry." Beyond that basic mission statement, Tiffany defines itself with its social and environmental responsibility mission as well. According to an official statement from Tiffany & Co. CEO and Chairman Michael Kowalski further defined the Tiffany corporate mission by saying, "Tiffany & Co. is committed to obtaining precious metals and gemstones, and crafting our jewelry in ways that are socially and environmentally responsible." More About U.S. Company Mission Statements, History, and Headquarters: H-E-B Mission Statement — Slogan, Commitments and Values Reveal H-E-B's Mission Mission, Values, Headquarters & Founders Facts - H.E. Butt Grocery Stores Chain. Barbara Farfan for About.com The slogan, commitments, and values of the H.E. Butt Grocery Company reveal what the daily mission is in the H-E-B grocery stores. (See the complete H-E-B mission statement, vision, and values below.) H.E. Butt (H-E-B) Grocery Company Facts and Trivia: The first H-E-B (H.E. Butt) grocery store was opened by Florence Butt in Kerrville, Texas. Her initial investment in the business was $60. H.E. Butt (H-E-B) Headquarters: The headquarters for the H.E. Butt Grocery Company and H-E-B grocery stores are located in San Antonio, Texas. H.E. Butt (H-E-B) Mission Statement: Although no official mission statement is available, the combination of the H-E-B slogan, commitments, and values reveals what the daily mission that is H-E-B employees have every day. The H-E-B slogan, which has the same H-E-B acronym, is... "Here Everything's Better." To make "everything better," H-E-B has a "commitment to exceptional service, low prices, and friendly shopping." to expand on that commitment, H-E-B has this to say about its values... "We've always believed in the value of hard work and the importance of taking care of people. And we've always dreamed big. We hire great people, offer Customers the best service and sell only the freshest, safest products. Moreover, we always look for great products for today and tomorrow, and make sure to give Customers low prices with the best value." More About U.S. Company Mission Statements, History, and Headquarters: Lululemon Mission Statement — A Manifesto of Healthy Ideas & Life Philosophies Manifesto, Headquarters & Founders Facts for Lululemon Athletica Retail Stores. Barbara Farfan for About.com The mission statement of Canadian-based Lululemon Athletica retail stores is really a "manifesto" of ideas and life philosophies which can create a unique and health-centered retail operation, if embraced in the workplace. (See the Lululemon Athletica manifesto below.) Lululemon Athletica Retail Stores Founders Facts and Trivia: Lululemon Athletica was founded by surfer and snowboarder Chip Wilson, who first fell in love with yoga as a physical activity, and then became interested in designing clothing that was better suited for yoga comfort, using some of the same fabrics and construction that he was accustomed to wearing for his surfing and snowboarding activities. The combination of retail yoga clothing and yoga classes that is the basic business model for Lululemon Athletica stores was born out of necessity in the company's early days when Wilson used his design studio as a yoga studio at night in order to pay the rent. The first Lululemon retail store was opened in 1998 in Kitsilano, British Columbia. Lululemon Athletica Headquarters: The headquarters of Lululemon Athletica are the stores themselves, Lululemon leaders say. They refer to their headquarters offices as a "support centre," and their main support centre is located in Vancouver, British Columbia in Canada, overlooking Kitsilano Beach, where the retail operations began. Mission Statement of Lululemon Athletica: The mission statement of Lululemon Athletica is really "the Lululemon manifesto," which is a list of 31 ideas and life philosophies for healthy and positive living. If the Lululemon manifesto is embraced by all Lululemon Athletica employees in the workplace, it would create a definite culture and a unique way of doing business and interacting with the public. And since that is one of the primary purposes of a mission statement, the Lululemon manifesto is positioned to guide the company in creating a unique niche and future retailing success. Some of the key statements in the Lululemon manifesto are... "Do one thing a day that scares you." Listen, listen, listen, and then ask strategic questions. Life is full of setbacks. success is determined by how you handle setbacks. Your outlook on life is a direct reflection of how much you like yourself. That which matters the most should never give way to that which matters the least. The world is changing at such a rapid rate that waiting to implement changes will leave you 2 steps behind. DO IT NOW, DO IT NOW, DO IT NOW! Breathe deeply and appreciate the moment. Living in the moment could be the meaning of life." For the complete Lululemon manifesto, click here . More About U.S. Company Mission Statements, History, and Headquarters: Walgreens Mission Statement — It's About Wellness, Not Just Sick People Drugs Mission Statement, Headquarters & Founders Facts About Walgreens Drug Stores. Barbara Farfan for About.com The mission statement of Walgreens is about more than just drugs for sick people and positions the company as a retailer of wellness. (See the Walgreens mission statement below.) Walgreens Drug Stores and Pharmacies Founders Facts and Trivia: Walgreens was founded by Charles R. Walgreen Sr. in Chicago, Illinois in 1901. Corporate Headquarters of Walgreens: The corporate headquarters of Walgreens is in Deerfield, Illinois, not far from where the retail chain first began. Mission Statement of Walgreens Drug Stores and Pharmacies: According to the Walgreens website, the mission statement of Walgreens Drug Stores and Pharmacies is... “To be the most trusted, convenient multichannel provider and advisor of innovative pharmacy, health and wellness solutions, and consumer goods and services in communities across America. A destination where health and happiness come together to help people get well, stay well and live well.” More About U.S. Company Mission Statements, History, and Headquarters: Lowe's Mission Statement — Home Improvement Value and Valuable Solutions Mission Statement, Vision, Headquarters and Founders Facts About Lowe's Stores. Reprinted with permission from Lowes.com The mission of Lowe's is to provide home improvement product values and valuable solutions to its customers. (See the Lowe's mission statement below.) Lowe's Home Improvement Stores Founders Facts and Trivia: The Lowe's North Wilkesboro Hardware store opened in Wilkesboro, NC in 1921 by Lucius S. Lowe. The business changed hands between family members and was eventually purchased by Carl Buchanan, the brother-in-law to James Lowe. Even though Buchanan wasn't a blood relative, he kept the Lowe's name in the purchase deal. Lowe's Home Improvement Stores Headquarters: The headquarters of the Lowe's Home Improvement chain is located in Mooresville, NC, about 60 miles from where the first store was located. The Vision of Lowe's Home Improvement Stores: Although not labeled as a "mission statement," Lowe's publishes a vision statement... "We will provide customer-valued solutions with the best prices, products and services to make Lowe's the first choice for home improvement." In order to make their vision a reality, Lowe's focuses its employees on these values... Lowe's Values: DSW Shoe Stores Mission Statement — Shoe Shoppers' Needs, Desires, and Emotions Mission, Values, Headquarters, Founders Facts - Designer Shoe Warehouse Chain. Barbara Farfan for About.com The mission of the DSW (Designer Show Warehouse) shoe stores is a core focus on the needs, desires, and emotions of its shoe shopping customers. (See the complete DSW retail chain mission statement below.) Designer Shoe Warehouse (DSW) Stores Founders Facts and Trivia: The Shonac Corporation was founded in 1969 by Jerome Schottenstein and his family and the Nacht family. From 1969 to 1991, the primary focus of the Shonac Corporation was managing leased shoe departments in a number of different retail operations, including Value City, which was owned by the Schottenstein family. The first Designer Shoe Warehouse (DSW) store was opened in July, 1991 in Dublin, Ohio. DSW Retail Shoe Stores Headquarters: The DSW headquarters are located in Columbus, Ohio. DSW Retail Shoe Stores Chain Mission Statement: Not labeled as an official mission statement, DSW defines the mission that it has in its daily operations as a "core focus." The Core Focus of the DSW retail shoe store chain is... "Our core focus is to create a distinctive shopping experience that satisfies both the rational and emotional shopping needs of our DSW customers by offering them a vast, exciting assortment of in-season styles combined with the convenience and value they desire." Another statement which describes the mission and vision of DSW stores is... "DSW strives to be the retailer of choice for branded footwear and accessories, by exceeding customers' expectations for selection, convenience and value." More About U.S. Company Mission Statements, History, and Headquarters: Bed Bath and Beyond Mission Statement — How to Be the First Choice of Customers Mission, Values, Headquarters & Founders Facts - Bed Bath and Beyond Stores. Barbara Farfan for About.com The mission statement of Bed Bath and Beyond is to the first choice of customers and it also tells employees how to achieve that mission. (See the Bed Bath and Beyond retail stores chain mission statement below.) Bed Bath and Beyond Founders Facts and Trivia: The first store selling specialty linens and bath products was opened by Warren Eisenberg and Leonard Feinstein in 1971 in Springfield, New Jersey. Today the Bed Bath and Beyond retail store brands also include Christmas Tree Shop, Harmon Health and Beauty, and BuyBuy Baby. Bed Bath and Beyond Retail Chain Headquarters: The Bed Bath and Beyond retail headquarters are located in Union, New Jersey. Bed Bath and Beyond Retail Stores Mission Statement: Not only does the Bed Bath and Beyond mission statement define its intention to be the customers' first choice for products and services, it also defines five ways that Bed Bath and Beyond employees can achieve that mission. The mission statement of Bed Bath and Beyond is... "The Company’s objective is to be the customer’s first choice for products and services in the categories offered, in the markets in which the Company operates. The Company’s strategy is to achieve this objective through excellent customer service, an extensive breadth and depth of assortment, everyday low prices, introduction of new merchandising offerings and development of its infrastructure." More About U.S. Company Mission Statements, History, and Headquarters: Free People Stores Mission Statement — Passion, People, and Emotional Connection Mission, Values, Headquarters and Founders Facts - Free People Retail Stores. Barbara Farfan for About.com Free People retail stores are part of the Urban Outfitters company and the mission statement for both revolves around passion, people, and creating an emotional connection. (See the Free People stores mission statement below.) Free People Retail Stores Founders Facts and Trivia: The first Free People retail store was opened in Philadelphia, by Dick Hayne in 1970. With the opening of the second store, the name was changed to Urban Outfitters. For the next 14 years, the stores that were opened were called Urban Outfitters stores. In 1984 stores with the Free People name were opened once again. Free People Retail Stores (Urban Outfitters) Headquarters: The Urban Outfitters headquarters is located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where the first Free People store was opened. Mission Statement of Free People Retail Stores (and the Urban Outfitters Company): The Urban Outfitters company first started as a single store named Free People, and as part of the same retail organization, the mission statement for both Free People retail stores and the Urban Outfitters company is the same. The Mission Statement of Free People retail stores is... “Lifestyle merchandising is our business and our passion. The goal for our brands is to build a strong emotional bond with the customer. To do this we must build lifestyle environments that appeal emotionally, and offer fashion correct products on a timely basis. Our customers are the reason and the inspiration for everything we do.” More About U.S. Company Mission Statements, History, and Headquarters: Hobby Lobby Stores Mission Statement — Christian-Based With Biblical Principles Mission, Values, Headquarters & Founders Facts - Hobby Lobby Arts & Crafts Store. Barbara Farfan for About.com The mission of Hobby Lobby arts, crafts, and home decorating stores is Christian-based and centered around biblical principles. (See the complete Hobby Lobby mission statement below.) Hobby Lobby Stores Founders Facts and Trivia: Hobby Lobby has its origins in 1970 when David Green opened Greco Products, a miniature picture frame company. On August 3, 1972 the first Hobby Lobby store was opened in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma in a 300 square foot retail space. Hobby Lobby Retail Chain Headquarters: Hobby Lobby Headquarters are located where the stores first began in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Hobby Lobby Arts, Crafts & Home Stores Mission Statement: The Hobby Lobby mission statement is a set of "commitments," which are openly Christian-oriented, and intended to align all stakeholders with biblical principles... "In order to effectively serve our owners, employees, and customers the Board of Directors is committed to: Honoring the Lord in all we do by operating the company in a manner consistent with Biblical principles. Offering our customers an exceptional selection and value. Serving our employees and their families by establishing a work environment and company policies that build character, strengthen individuals, and nurture families. Providing a return on the owners' investment, sharing the Lord's blessings with our employees, and investing in our community. We believe that it is by God's grace and provision that Hobby Lobby has endured. He has been faithful in the past, we trust Him for our future." More About U.S. Company Mission Statements, History, and Headquarters: Coach Retail Stores Mission Statement — Values Define the Unique Coach Brand Mission, Vision, Values, Headquarters and Founders Facts for Coach Retail Stores. © Barbara Farfan for About.com The mission statement of Coach retail stores seems mundane and obvious, but the Coach Values define the uniqueness of the Coach retail brand. (See the complete Coach mission statement below.) Coach Retail Stores Founders Facts and Trivia: Coach started as Gail Manufacturing Company, the manufacturer of leather goods in 1941 in Manhattan, New York. The name of the company changed to Coach Leatherware in 1980. The first Coach retail boutiques which exclusively sold Coach products were opened in the 1980's. Coach Retail Stores Headquarters: The headquarters of Coach is located in Manhattan, New York in a building that was originally a Coach manufacturing facility. Sample products are still made in a small manufacturing area. Mission Statement of Coach Retail Stores: The mission statement of Coach retail stores seems obvious, mundane, and much less inspiring than the Coach retail offerings... "Coach seeks to be the leading brand of quality lifestyle accessories offering classic, modern American styling." The Coach Values are what really defines the uniqueness of the Coach brand... The Brand Is Our Touchstone. Customer Satisfaction Is Paramount. American Apparel Mission Statement, Values for Retail Made in America Products History, Headquarters, Trivia About Dov Charney and American Apparel Company. © Barbara Farfan for About.com The American Apparel mission statement is a vision for Made in America products and retailing that changes the trend of offshore manufacturing. (See the complete American Apparel mission statement below.) American Apparel History, Trivia, and Dov Charney Founders Facts: The history of American apparel began in 1986 when founder, Dov Charney , was a high school senior and started importing t-shirts from the U.S. to sell in his hometown of Montreal, Quebec. Charney continued to conduct business when he went to college at Tufts University in Boston, where he created and sold silkscreened t-shirts using the American Apparel business name. In 1990 Charney first began manufacturing t-shirts in South Carolina. On July 4, 1997 Charney moved himself to Los Angeles, and then moved his manufacturing operations to California shortly after that. The first American Apparel retail store opened in November, 2003 in the Echo Park neighborhood of Los Angeles. The first international retail store also opened in 2003 in Charney’s Canadian hometown of Montreal. As of 2015, American Apparel retail stores were operating in 18 international companies. Dollar General's Mission Statement Focuses on More than Just Money and Savings Mission Statement, Vision, Headquarters and Founders Facts About Dollar General. Reprinted with permission from DollarGeneral.com Dollar General customers focus on value, but its mission statement and values focus on more than just money. (See Dollar General's mission statement below.) Dollar General (DG) Founders Facts and Trivia: In 1939 J.. Turner and Cal Turner, Sr. started what would eventually become the Dollar General chain when it opened J.L. Turner and Son Wholesale in Scottsville, KY. That store was renamed "Dollar General" in 1955 and carried only merchandise that cost $1.00 or less. Dollar General Headquarters: 7-Eleven Convenience Stores Mission Statement - Impacting A Customer’s Day Mission, Headquarters & History of 7-Eleven Retail Convenience Stores Chain. Public domain photo The mission of the 7-Eleven retail stores chain doesn’t focus on what it can sell, but rather how a 7-Eleven experience can impact a customer’s day. (See the complete 7-Eleven mission statement below.) 7-Eleven Convenience Stores Founders Facts and Trivia: The concept of convenience stores was born in 1927 when Jefferson Green started selling milk, bread, and eggs from the Southland Ice plant in Dallas, Texas where he was an employee in order to make them available to the ice customers who found it convenient to buy some grocery staples while doing their ice-buying errand. Joe Thompson, Jr. saw the opportunity in Green’s idea and began selling grocery staples at eight other ice plants and 21 ice docks. The Southland Ice docks started selling gasoline in 1928, and offered drive-thru curbside service for groceries and ice. The original name for these Southland “convenience” stores was Tote’m stores. The 7-Eleven name was used in 1946 when the standard operating hours for the stores changed to 7:00 AM - 11:00 PM. The first 7-Eleven to stay open for 24 hours was located in Austin, Texas and catered to a college town customer base. The first international 7-11 convenience store was opened on June 29, 1969 in Calgary, Alberta. The franchise model was adopted in the same year. 7-Eleven is credited for starting and/or branding these retail trends and self-service practices: Self-service gasoline Ashley Furniture Mission Statement - Pursuit of Best Products, Prices, Service Mission, Vision, Headquarters & History of Ashley Home Furniture Retail Chain. © Barbara Farfan for About.com Ashley Furniture says its mission statement is really a "mantra" that guides all aspects of the Ashley Furniture business including design, production, retailing, and delivery. (See the complete Ashley Furniture mission statement below.) Ashley Furniture Company History, Founders Facts, and Trivia: Ashley Furniture was founded by Carlyle Weinberger, who started the company in 1945 in Chicago, Illinois and Goshen, Indiana as a sales organization which sold wooden furniture manufactured by local companies. In 1970 a furniture manufacturing company was started in Arcadia, Wisconsin, specializing in occasional tables and wall entertainment and storage systems. Six years later, Arcadia merged with Ashley Furniture, putting Ashley Furniture Industries into the furniture manufacturing business for the first time in its 31-year history. In 1999 the company began selling its furniture in its own retail stores. Ashley Furniture HomeStores began as licensed retail stores operated by independent dealers. As of 2013, Ashley Furniture was advertising itself as “The #1 selling home furniture brand in North America and also had licensed Ashley Furniture HomeStores operating in nine different international countries. Ashley Furniture Corporate Headquarters: Carter’s Inc. Mission Statement - Celebrating Childhood and Supporting Families Mission, Headquarters, History & Founders of Carter’s Children’s Clothing Stores. © Barbara Farfan for About.com The company mission statement of Carter’s Inc. is a little bit about the children’s clothes it manufactures, and a lot about supporting the parents who buy the clothes and celebrating the children who wear them. (See the complete Carter’s company mission statement below.) Carter’s Children’s Clothing Founders Facts and Trivia: The history of Carter’s Inc. began in 1865 when William Carter founded The William Carter Company in Needham, Massachusetts. Carter’s first products were mittens that he knitted in his kitchen. In the 1870’s Carter’s product line grew to include adult underwear and the “union suit,” which is basically one-piece long underwear that Carter produced for babies, children, and adults. It wasn’t until the 1950’s that Carter’s main product line shifted from underwear to children’s clothing. As of 2012, there are company-owned Carter’s children’s clothing retail stores in all 50 states, and Carter’s stores in 35 countries outside of the United States. Carter’s Inc. Headquarters: L.L.Bean Mission Statement - Golden Rule, Customer Satisfaction & Value Added Mission, Values, Headquarters & Founders Facts - L.L. Bean Stores and Catalogs. Reprinted with permission from LLBean.com The mission statement of L.L. Bean stores and catalogs is a combination of the L.L.Bean Golden Rule, complete customer satisfaction, and values added to all interactions. (See the complete L.L.Bean mission statement, vision, and values below.) L.L.Bean Founders Facts and Trivia: L.L. Bean was founded in 1912 by Leon Leonwood Bean, a hunter who designed and manufactured a hunting boot which he then sold by mail order to a mailing list of hunting license holders. Retail sales were all done by catalog until the flagship L.L.Bean store was opened in Freeport Maine in 1951. The first L.L.Bean store was a 24/7 operation, which was definitely not a common retail practice at the time. L.L.Bean Headquarters: Ann Taylor Stores Mission Statement - Inspiration, Values & Brand Commitment Mission, Values, Headquarters and Founders Facts - Ann Taylor Women's Clothing. Barbara Farfan for About.com The mission statement for Ann Taylor Stores is lofty in its inspiration, but a specific set of values and a strong brand commitment make the Ann Taylor mission real for employees. (See the Ann Taylor stores mission statement below.) Ann Taylor Women's Clothing Stores Founders Facts and Trivia: The first Ann Taylor store was opened in 1954 in New Haven, Connecticut by founder Richard Liebeskind. The store was not named after a person, but rather, after a dress design created by Liebeskind's father. The "Ann Taylor" dress design was popular, and the style of that dress immediately established the well-dressed brand of Ann Taylor stores. Ann Taylor Stores Headquarters: The headquarters for Ann Taylor stores are located in Times Square on the island of Manhattan in New York City. Mission Statement of Ann Taylor Retail Stores Chain: The mission statement of Ann Taylor retail chain is lofty, and meant to be inspirational. The Ann Taylor stores mission statement is... "To inspire and connect with our clients to put their best selves forward every day." "The mission statement is made real for Ann Taylor employee associates, however, with a clearly defined set of values and a strong commitment to the Ann Taylor brand and Ann Taylor customers. The Ann Taylor Values are... "We are passionately committed to our brands. Our associates know that our brand heritage lives and brows by exceeding our clients' expectations. We are driven to perform. Personal accountability for results is at the heart of how associates contribute to our grown - as well as what ensures our overall integrity. We work as a team. We embrace the diversity of our associates and their ideas, and we collaborate and communicate openly. We are constantly improving. Party City Stores Mission Statement - A Company Culture of Celebration and Fun Mission, Values, Headquarters & Founders Facts - Party City Party Supply Stores. Barbara Farfan for About.com The description of the Party City company culture gives Party City employees a mission of fun and celebration. (See the complete Party City mission statement below.) Party City Party Supply Stores Founders Facts and Trivia: The first Party City store was opened in East Hanover, NJ in 1986 by Steve Mandell. Party City Retail Chain Headquarters: The headquarters of the Party City Retail Chain are located in Rockaway, New Jersey. Party City Retail Stores Mission Statement: Although not labeled an "official" mission statement, the description of the Party City Company Culture guides its employees on a mission of celebration and fun... "Party City loves to celebrate. We pride ourselves on making it easy and fun for our customers to celebrate the special times in the lives of their family and friends by offering a complete selection of fresh and exciting merchandise at great value in a fun shopping environment." Further clarification of the Company Culture describe the Party City Store atmosphere and the customer experience... "We are Creative At Party City we give customers the opportunity to be special, to sensationalize every aspect of their party. We are Customer Focused We get to know our shoppers and help plan their celebrations. We are the pros and we make a difference in people's lives. We are Team Players We work in a collaborative environment. While we each accept responsibility to be the best we can be, we actively help each other towards our common goals." Academy Sports + Outdoors Mission Statement - Trust, Respect, Unique Experiences Mission, Values, Headquarters & History of Academy Sports + Outdoors Stores. © Barbara Farfan for About.com The three-part mission of the Academy Sports + Outdoors retail stores chain focuses on customer trust, employee respect, and creating a unique shopping experience (See the complete Academy Sports + Outdoors mission statement below.) Academy Sports + Outdoors History, Founders Facts, and Trivia: Academy Sports + Outdoors began as the Academy Tire Shop, founded by Max Gochman in San Antonio, Texas in 1938. Military surplus, sports equipment, and outdoors items were added to its product line over the next 50 years, and then the military surplus merchandise was dropped in 1991. The company name was changed to Academy Sports + Outdoors in 1995, and its e-commerce retail website was not launched until 2011. As of 2013 the Academy Sports + Outdoors had retail stores in 13 states throughout the southeast U.S. Academy Sports + Outdors Stores Headquarters: The Academy Sports + Outdoors company headquarters are located in Katy, Texas, which is not far from where the company first began. The Mission Statement, Vision, and Values of the Academy Sports + Outdoors Retail Chain: The mission statement of Academy Sports + Outdoors focuses employees at all levels on the three things that the company values most - customer trust, employee respect, and creating a superior and unique shopping experience. The complete Academy Sports + Outdoors mission statement is: "The Academy Sports + Outdoors vision is to be the premier sports, outdoor and lifestyle store of choice, continuously adapting to our customers' changing needs. The company's mission is comprised of three parts. "The first is to deliver an unparalleled shopping experience by providing convenience, offering a broad selection of quality products, delivering exceptional customer service, and selling at everyday low prices. "The second is to know our customers. Customers are our number one priority as we strive to be the retail destination they can trust. "The third is to respect our associates by creating opportunities for personal growth and career advancement, while promoting teamwork in an enjoyable and rewarding work environment." More About U.S. Company Mission Statements, History, and Headquarters: Pottery Barn Mission Statement - Exceptional Style and Outstanding Service Mission, Vision, Headquarters and History of Pottery Barn Stores and Catalogs. Barbara Farfan for About.com The mission of Pottery Barn home stores and catalogs is all about exceptional style, outstanding service, and exceeding customer expectations. (See the Pottery Barn mission, vision, and values below.) Pottery Barn Stores and Catalogs Founders Facts and Trivia: The first Pottery Barn store was opened in Manhattan in 1949 by Paul and Morris Secon in a rented space that cost $35 per month. The merchandise in this first Pottery Barn store was discontinued and slightly damaged ceramics. The first Pottery Barn stores were sold to the Gap, and that chain subsequently sold them to Williams-Sonoma in 1986 for $6 million. Pottery Barn has expanded its brand first by establishing a customer base through niche catalogs, and then opening physical retail stores based on the popularity of those niches. The Pottery Barn namesake catalog was launched in 1987, and its annual distribution is bigger than all the catalogs of its U.S. retail competitors combined. The Pottery Barn Kids niche brand was launched in January, 1999 as a catalog. The first Pottery Barn Kids retail store was then opened in September, 2000 in Costa mesa, California The Pottery Barn Bed + Bath niche was launched as a catalog in 2000. Pottery Barn.com was also launched in the same year. The PBTeen niche brand was launched in 2003 as a catalog. The first PBTeen store was then opened in November 2008 in Atlanta, Georgia. Pottery Barn Stores Headquarters: The headquarters for Pottery Barn stores and catalogs are located along with parent company Williams-Sonoma in San Francisco, CA Pottery Barn Stores and Catalogs Mission, Vision, and Values: The mission of Pottery Barn stores and catalogs is aligned with the mission of Williams-Sonoma, its parent company, which is about product, service, and customer engagement. Specifically, though, the mission of the Pottery Barn brand is defined by this vision statement... "Pottery Barn is founded on the idea that home furnishings should be exceptional in comfort, style and quality." The Pottery Barn employees are given more specific guidance about their mission with these specific values statements... "Pottery Barn Associates are dedicated to providing our customers with an outstanding level of service, knowledge and assistance. We strive to exceed your expectations whenever possible, and are available 24 hours a day to help you find the perfect fit." More About U.S. Company Mission Statements, History, and Headquarters: Family Dollar Mission Statement - Compelling Shoppers With More Than Discounts Mission, Values, Headquarters and Founders Facts - Family Dollar Discount Stores. Barbara Farfan for About.com Family Dollar's mission is to be a compelling place to shop, and discount prices are only one way to compel shoppers to shop. (See the Family Dollar mission statement below.) Family Dollar Founders Facts and Trivia: The first Family Dollar store was opened by Leon Levine in Charlotte, North Carolina in November 1959 as a self-service, cash-and-carry discount store in middle and low income areas, the same concept that the chain operates with today. Family Dollar Retail Chain Corporate Headquarters: The corporate headquarters for the Family Dollar retail chain are located in Matthews, North Carolina. Mission Statement of Family Dollar Discount Stores: The concept for the initial Family Dollar store was "the customers are boss, and you need to keep them happy." The mission of Family Dollar stores today seems to embrace that initial philosophy in a very specific way. The mission of Family Dollar discount retail chain is... "Our mission is to be a compelling place to shop for our customers. Being a compelling place to shop means we strive to offer our customers a unique mix of products ranging from food and beverages to household cleaners, laundry products, housewares and apparel." Rite Aid Mission Statement - Making Health & Happiness with Care & Friendliness Mission, Values, Headquarters,Founders Facts of Rite Aid Retail Drugstore Chain. © Barbara Farfan for About.com The mission of the Rite Aid retail drugstore chain is about both the what and how of Rite Aid’s business, which it defines as contributing to health and happiness in a caring and friendly way. (See Rite Aid’s complete mission statement below.) Rite Aid Pharmacy Founder Facts and Trivia: The Rite Aid history extends back to September 1962 when a Thrif D Discount Center store was opened in Scranton, Pennsylvania by founder Alexander Grass. The company was not named Rite Aid until 1968, when it became a publicly traded company on the American Stock Exchange. CEO Martin Grass, son of Rite Aid’s founder, was convicted of accounting fraud and sentenced to eight years in prison in 2004, along with five other Rite Aid executives. Rite Aid Drugstores Corporate Headquarters: The Rite Aid corporate headquarters are located in Camp Hill, Pennsylvania. Rite Aid Mission Statement and Core Values: The mission statement of the Rite Aid retail drugstore chain is constructed in a way that paints a clear picture for Rite Aid employees about the kind of customer experience it wants to create in its retail stores, and how Rite Aid employees contribute to that creation. The Rite Aid drugstores mission statement is... "To be a successful chain of friendly, neighborhood drugstores. Our knowledgeable, caring associates work together to provide a superior pharmacy experience, and offer everyday products and services that help our valued customers lead healthier, happier lives.” Additionally, Rite Aid provides its employees with a set of Core Values, which helps Rite Aid employees at all levels to prioritize their tasks, make decisions, and take actions in alignment with Rite Aid’s desired way of doing business. The Core Values of Rite Aid are... "Passion for our Customers – We create unmatched levels of loyalty through our associates by being passionately committed to our customers and all we serve. Encouragement for our Associates – We provide an environment that inspires and motivates the best people to choose to work here…where they can reach their fullest potential... Winning Through Teamwork – We work for the good of the company, not just an individual business or function, by freely offering help and assistance to others and seek it when needed... Commitment to Diversity and Respect for the Individual –We display behaviors that clearly show respect for others and with all their diversity. Accountability for our Actions and Results – We consistently guide and lead teams to extraordinary results... Integrity in all We do - We demonstrate high integrity and develop organizations with unquestioned levels of integrity – never compromising on the pressures of the day.... Value for our Shareholders - We are fiscally responsible and committed to consistently deliver value for our investors. Caring Neighbors - We are caring neighbors, involved in community activities in meaningful ways and committed to reflecting the diversity of each community we serve." The Container Store Mission Statement - 7 Foundation Principles To Guide Actions Mission, Values, Headquarters and Founders Facts - Container Store Retail Chain. Barbara Farfan for About.com Instead of a corporate mission statement, The Container Store retail chain has a more casual set of 7 Foundation Principles which guide the actions of its employees. (See the Container Store Foundation Principles below.) The Container Store Founders Facts and Trivia: The first Container Store was opened in Dallas, Texas by Kip Tindell, Garrett Boone, and John Mullen on July 1, 1978. The Container Store Corporate Headquarters: The corporate headquarters of The Container Store are located not far from the first Container Store location, in Coppell, Texas. The Mission Statement (Foundation Principles) of The Container Store: Instead of a static and traditional corporation mission statement, The Container Store operated for ten years with a loosely defined philosophy. In 1988 a set of seven Foundation Principles were formalized in order to make expansion of the Container Store chain possible, with a consistent philosophy and culture. The Foundation Principles of The Container Store are... "1 Equals 3 We hire only about 3% of all who apply. If you indeed believe that with one great employee, you get three times the productivity of a good employee, you can afford to extensively train them and communicate to them, empower them and pay them 50 to 100% more than what other retailers might pay them." Fill the other guy's basket to the brim. Making money then becomes an easy proposition. With this sentiment guiding us, The Container Store has been successful in creatively crafting mutually beneficial relationships with our vendors by doing everything possible to truly “fill their baskets to the brim.” We know that in return, our business and our bottom line will benefit as well. Man in the Desert Selling We don’t just stop with the obvious. Providing our customers with a complete solution through our Man in the Desert selling philosophy has been key to achieving one of our main goals of having our customers dancing in their organized closet, pantry, home office, etc., because they are so delighted and thrilled with the complete solution we provided them. Communication IS Leadership The Container Store knows the importance of executing every day, consistent, reliable, predictable, effective, thoughtful, compassionate and yes even courteous communication. Intuition Does Not Come to An Unprepared Mind We want our employees to use their intuition — to anticipate the needs of our customers and recommend product solutions... But we know that in order to help employees do this, we have to provide them with the information — the training — to know how best to apply their intuition. The Best Selection, Service, and Pricing It’s hard for most retailers to offer low pricing and provide exceptional service. A few great retailers have achieved a combination of the best selection and the best service. To add the best price to that equation is generally unheard of, but The Container Store diligently achieves all three simultaneously Air of Excitement In retail, customers can sense when employees are having fun, when they love their jobs and are excited about helping customers. It’s an attitude that’s contagious and makes customers want to spend more time in our stores." Claire’s Accessory Stores Mission Statement - Value, Assortment, Fashion and Fun Mission, History, Headquarters and Founders Facts for Claire’s Stores Chain. © Barbara Farfan for About.com The mission statement of Claire’s Stores accessory chain is all about value assortment, fashion and fun that it provides for its target kids, tweens, teens, and young female market. (See the complete Claire’s Stores mission statement below.) Claire’s Stores Founders Facts and Trivia: The history Claire’s Stores extends back to 1961 when Rowland Schaefer started a company called Fashion Tress Industries, which sold wigs and hair pieces. Also in the 1960’s a chain of retail stores called Claire’s Boutiques was operating in Chicago and the midwest. In 1973 Rowland Schaefer purchased the Claire’s Boutiques chain, and then changed the name of the company to Claire’s Stores. Other stores that have been owned and operated by Claire’s Stores include Tokpkapi, Dara Michelle, Arcadia, Art Explosion and Icing. Claire’s Accessory Stores Headquarters: The headquarters of Claire’s Stores are located in Pembroke Pines, Florida. The Mission Statement of the Claire’s Stores Chain: The mission statement of Claire’s Stores accessory chains is chocked full of words to excite and inspire the employee team that is responsible for making accessory shopping at Claire’s compelling and engaging. The Mission Statement of Claire’s is: "To be a fashion authority and the fun destination, building a comprehensive value proposition, offering a compelling, focused assortment of accessories, costume jewelry and emerging categories targeted to the lifestyles of kids, tweens, teens and young women.” More About U.S. Company Mission Statements, History, and Headquarters: 53 Crate and Barrel Mission Statement - People + Product + Presentation = Happiness Mission, Vision, Headquarters and History of Crate and Barrel Home Stores Chain. Barbara Farfan for About.com The mission of Crate and Barrel home and furniture stores are focused on 3 P's - People, Product, and Presentation. (See the Crate and Barrel mission, vision, and values below.) Crate and Barrel Home and Furniture Stores Founders Facts and Trivia: The first Crate and Barrel home store was opened in December, 1962 by Gordon & Carole Segal in Chicago, Illinois. The Segal’s first store was named Crate and Barrel because the founders spent all their money on merchandise they purchased directly from factories and artists in Europe and had no money left for retail display fixtures. All the merchandise had to be stacked on the crates and barrels that had been used for shipping. In 1998, 70% of the company was sold to a German catalog mogul named Otto Versand so that the Crate and Barrel chain could expand, but still remain privately-owned. Crate and Barrel Stores Headquarters: The headquarters for Crate and Barrel retail chain are located in Northbrook, Illinois. Crate and Barrel Mission, Vision, and Values: The mission of Crate and Barrel comes directly from founder, Gordon Segal... “We went into this business to make customers happy, to satisfy their needs. That’s still our mission, 40 years later." In order to make customers happy, the company focuses on 3 P's - People, Product and Presentation, which all reflect the vision and personal style of founder and CEO Segal. The uniqueness of Segal's retail philosophy were expressed by Segal after he received the the Corporate Design Leadership Award in 2009 and he said, "You only do beautiful work slowly and carefully. Don't rush. Stay humble. Stay nervous." More About U.S. Company Mission Statements, History, and Headquarters: Bare Escentuals Mission Statement - Business Is Community, Beauty Is a Force Mission Statement Vision, Headquarters and History of Bare Escentuals Stores. Barbara Farfan for About.com The mission of Bare Escentuals beauty products stores reflects the company's unconventional view of business as community and beauty as a force of energy. (See the Bare Escentuals mission, vision, and values below.) Bare Escentuals Founders Facts and Trivia: Diane Ranger created Bare Escentuals mineral makeup in 1976 and was selling it at Bloomingdales. When Ranger's company went bankrupt, investors Barrie Bergman and John Hansen purchased Bare Escentuals, which then had four retail stores. Bare Escentuals became a publicly traded company in 2006 and was then sold to Shiseido in 2010 for $1.7 billion. Bare Escentuals Headquarters: Kirkland's Stores Mission Statement - Engaging Shopping, Unique Style and Value Mission, Values, Headquarters, Founders Facts - Kirdkland's Home Decor and Gifts. Barbara Farfan for About.com Official documents define the Kirkland's customers and the Kirkland's retail shopping experience that intends to keep them engaged in a way that provides a mission for its employees. (See the complete Kirkland's retail chain mission statement below.) Kirkland's Home Decor and Gift Stores Founders Facts and Trivia: Kirkland's was founded by Carl Kirkland in 1966 when he opened the first Kirkland's store in Jackson, Tennessee. Kirkland's Retail Store Chain Headquarters: The Kirkland's headquarters are located where the company was founded, in Jackson, Tennessee. Kirkland's Retail Stores Chain Mission Statement: Not identified formally as a "mission statement," this identification verbiage is used in annual reports and other official documents enough that serves the same purpose that an official mission statement would… "We provide our predominantly female customers an engaging shopping experience characterized by a diverse, ever-changing merchandise selection at prices which provide discernible value to the customer. Our stores offer a unique combination of style and value that has led to our emergence as a leader in home décor and has enabled us to develop a strong customer franchise." More About U.S. Company Mission Statements, History, and Headquarters: Chico's FAS Mission Statement - Values and Guiding Principles of Customer Care Mission, Headquarters & Founders Facts for Chico's and Black House White Market. © Barbara Farfan for About.com The mission statement of the Chico's company and Black House White Market stores are the values and guiding principles which shape the customer experience. (See the Chico's FAS and White House Black Market mission statement below.) Chico's and Black House White Market Facts and Trivia: Originally selling Mexican art and cotton sweaters, Chico's was founded in 1983 in Sanibel Island, Florida by Helene and Marvin Gralnick. White House\|Black Market was acquired by Chico's FAS Inc. in 2003, afer the separate monocrhomatic merchandising concepts were merged in 1997. Chico's FAS Headquarters: Belk Department Store Mission Statement - Southern Style, Customer Care & Value Belk Department Store Mission Statement - Southern Style, Customer Care & Value. Reprinted with permission from Belk.com The mission statement of Belk department stores embraces the company's heritage with Southern style, and a brand of customer care which includes good shopping value. (See the Belk mission, vision, and values below.) Belk Company Founders Facts and Trivia: The Belk company is one of the oldest U.S. retail companies still in operation today. Belk was founded in 1888 by William Henry Belk in Monroe, North Carolina with $1,250 and $3,000 worth of merchandise on consignment. Considering the pride it has in its southern heritage today, it's surprising to know that the first store opened by Belk was called New York Racket. The business changed names to Belk Brothers after Belk's brother, Dr. John Belk joined as a partner. In the 125 years that it has been among the largest private retail chains in the U.S., Belk has expanded its chain with the help of acquisitions of existing Proffitt's, McRae's, Parisian retail store locations. Belk is primarily Southern regional chain with stores operating in 16 states, all south of the Mason-Dixon line. The largest privately held department store chain in the U.S., Belk has largely stuck to its original retail roots and as of August, 2013 had no international store locations, and limited e-commerce on its Belk.com shopping website. The Belk Department Stores Company Headquarters: The company headquarters of Belk department stores have been located in Charlotte, North Carolina since 1908. The Mission Statement, Vision, and Values of Belk Department Stores: The mission statement of Belk department stores embraces the company's long legacy and strong Southern roots. The Belk company mission statement is: ”To satisfy the modern Southern lifestyle like no one else, so that our customers get the fashion they desire and the value they deserve.” Additionally, Belk has a larger vision which defines its desire to create strong customer loyalty. The Belk company Vision is: "For the modern Southern woman to count on Belk first. For her, for her family, for life.” How Belk intends to achieve its Vision and Mission and conducts its business on a daily basis is more specifically defined in its Values, which are: "Our Values Be encouraging of growth and change. Be proud of our rich heritage. Be involved in our communities. Be relentless with customer care. Be committed to the success of our associates. Be the best at what we do." More About U.S. Company Mission Statements, History, and Headquarters: OshKosh B’Gosh Mission Statement - Fun, Play, Imagination & Comfortable Clothes Mission, Headquarters, History & Founders of OshKosh B’Gosh Children’s Stores. Getty Images The mission of OshKosh B’Gosh retail stores is aligned with its parent company, but also uniquely distinct because of its beliefs in fun, play, imagination, expression, and the comfortable clothes that makes all these things possible for children. (See the complete OsKosh B’Gosh mission and beliefs below.) OshKosh B’Gosh Children’s Clothing Founders Facts and Trivia: The history of OshKosh B’Gosh extend back to 1895 when the Grove Manufacturing Company in OshKosh, Wisconsin began manufacturing overalls for farmers and railroad workers. In the early 1900’s William Pollock purchased the company, and changed the name to OshKosh B’Gosh in 1911 after hearing it in a Vaudeville act. The OshKosh B’Gosh brand gained widespread popularity after the company made child-size overalls and received 10,000 orders for them from a national mail order catalogue in 1962. The company expanded its “small-fry” line, and OshKosh B’Gosh then became a well-known children’s clothing brand in 1971 when Bloomingdale’s called with an order. In 2005 OshKosh B’Gosh was purchased by Carter’s Inc. for $312 million. As of 2012, there were OshKosh B’Gosh children’s retail stores in 40 states and 35 countries. OshKosh B’Gosh Headquarters: The headquarters of the OshKosh B’Gosh brand and retail stores is still located in OshKosh, Wisconsin where the company began. The Mission and Beliefs of OshKosh B’Gosh Retail Stores Chain: The mission statement of OshKosh B’Gosh is the same as its parent company, Carters, Inc., which the company refers to as its “philosophy.” The “Philosophy” of OshKosh B’Gosh and Carters, Inc. is: "We believe that childhood is a celebration, and the colorful prints and cute characters we design are inspired by the joy and love children bring into our lives. We celebrate childhood by supporting babies, children, and families with thoughtful designs, quality materials and construction, and convenient shopping options.” Although OshKosh B’Gosh is part of Carters, Inc., the brand also has its own distinct personality, which is described by a set of beliefs that are appropriately referred to as “What We Believe”... "We believe that fun and play are the center of a kid’s universe. We believe imagination should be uninhibited, creativity encouraged, and that comfort should reign supreme. We believe in the power of play, of make believe, and of genuine expression.” 62 The Buckle Mission Statement - Total Focus on the Customer Shopping Experience Mission Statement, Vision, Headquarters and Founders Facts About The Buckle. Reprinted with permission from Microsoft Office The Buckle mission statement keeps all employees completely focused on creating The Buckle customer experience. (See The Buckle's mission statement below.) The Buckle Clothing Stores Founders Facts and Trivia: David Hirschfeld founded The Buckle when he opened the first Mills Clothing store in Kearney, Nebrasks in 1948. A second store named Brass Buckle was also opened in Kearney. In 1991 all stores in the chain began operating under the current name, The Buckle. The Buckle Stores Headquarters: The Buckle corporate headquarters are still located in the city where its first store opened, in Kearney, NE The Mission Statement of The Buckle: The mission statement of The Buckle keeps employees at all levels completely focused on The Buckle customers and the shopping experience in The Buckle stores. The mission statement of The Buckle is: "To create the most enjoyable shopping experience possible for our guests.." More About U.S. Company Mission Statements, History, and Headquarters: Jos. A. Bank Mission Statement - Classic Style, Service, & Appropriate Solutions Mission, Values, Headquarters and Founders Facts - Jos. A. Bank Clothiers Chain. Barbara Farfan for About.com Classic style, service, and appropriate business wear solutions are part of the mission statement that guides Jos. A. Bank leaders and employees. (See the Jos. A. Bank mission statement below.) Jos. A. Bank Clothiers Founders Facts and Trivia: Charles Bank was a Lithuanian immigrant, and a tailor in Baltimore, Maryland in 1866. His grandson Joseph A. Bank joined his grandfather in business in 1898 at the age of 11 and became a wholesale pants salesman. The business was focused on manufacturing and wholesale supply and the first JoS. A. Bank retail store was not opened until after World War II. Jos. A. Bank, Inc. Corporate Headquarters: The corporate headquarters of Jos. A. Bank, Inc. are located in not far from where the company was first founded more than a century ago Hampstead, Maryland. The Mission Statement of Jos. A. Bank Clothiers Retail Chain: Any retail company that has survived and thrived for more than a century likely has a strong foundation guided by a strong mission statement. Classic style, service, and appropriate solutions are some of the important traditional elements included in the Jos. A. Bank mission statement, which is... "Become known and trusted as 'The Expert in Men’s Apparel' and a leading menswear brand by designing and contract-manufacturing classically styled career and casual apparel sold in a nationwide chain of service-oriented retail stores, in a direct response catalog business and on an interactive internet site, with an emphasis on value, service, convenience, and appropriate business wear solutions." 65 Stage Stores Mission Statement - Take Name Brands to Small Towns & Neighborhoods Mission Statement, Headquarters and Founders Facts About the Stage Stores Chain. Creative Commons Public Domain Photo Stage Stores uses five storefronts in its mission to bring brand name clothes to small towns and neighborhoods. (See the Stage Stores mission statement below.) Stage Stores Founders Facts and Trivia: The Stage Stores chain can trace its history back to the founders of several different clothing store chains. In 1867 H.C. Uhlman became a partner in a general store in Weston, OH, which would eventually become the Uhlman's chain of stores. - In 1891, W.S. Peebles, Sr. opened a retail store in Lawrenceville, VA, which grew to be the Peebles chain. - In 1921 Isadore Erlich founded a store which eventually became the Palais Royal chain. - In 1922 C.R. Anthony opened a retail store in Cushing, OK, which grew to become the Anthony's chain. - In 1923, Archie and Robbie Beall opened a retail store in Henderson, TX which would become the Bealls chain. - In 1923 Beauregard Crawford Moore opened the first store in the B.C. Moore and Sons chain in Wadesboro, NC. - In 1933, Jack Levy and his sister Hannah Levy opened up a hosiery shop in Denver, CO, which would grow to be the Fashion Bar chain. - In 1953 M.D. Goodfriend opened the first Athens Outlet Store in Athens, TN, which would eventually become the Goody's chain of stores. Through a series of mergers, acquisitions, and a bankruptcy, all of these chains became part of today's Stage Stores organization. Stage Stores Headquarters: Stein Mart Mission Statement - Vision & Mission Reveal the Retailer's Struggles Mission, Values, Headquarters & Founders Facts - Stein Mart Discount Store Chain. Barbara Farfan for About.com The mission statement of Stein Mart is no different than any other off-price retailer would have, which reveals the root of Stein Mart's struggles in the discount retailing niche. (See the complete Stein Mart mission statement, vision, and values below.) Stein Mart Founders Facts and Trivia: The first Stein Mart store was opened in 1908 by Sam Stein in Greenville, Mississippi. Originally Stein Mart was a general merchandise store until 1932 when Stein's son, Jake, started running the company and shifted the inventory focus to discount clothing. Stein Mart Headquarters:	i don't know
The three principal Uralic languages are Finnish, Estonian, and which other?	Uralic languages \| Britannica.com Uralic languages Ob-Ugric languages Uralic languages, family of more than 20 related languages, all descended from a Proto-Uralic language that existed 7,000 to 10,000 years ago. At its earliest stages, Uralic most probably included the ancestors of the Yukaghir language . The Uralic languages are spoken by more than 25 million people scattered throughout northeastern Europe , northern Asia, and (through immigration) North America . The most demographically important Uralic language is Hungarian , the official language of Hungary . Two other Uralic languages, Estonian (the official language of Estonia ) and Finnish (one of two national languages of Finland —the other is Swedish, a Germanic language), are also spoken by millions. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Attempts to trace the genealogy of the Uralic languages to periods earlier than Proto-Uralic have been hampered by the great changes in the attested languages, which preserve relatively few features and therefore provide little evidence upon which scholars may base meaningful claims for a more distant relationship. Most commonly mentioned in this respect is a putative connection with the Altaic language family (including Turkic and Mongolian ). This hypothetical language group, called Ural-Altaic , is not considered by most scholars to be soundly based. Although the Uralic and Indo-European languages are not generally thought to be related, more speculative studies have suggested a connection between them. Relationship with the Eskimo languages , Dravidian (e.g., Telugu ), Japanese , Korean , and various American Indian groups has also been proposed. The most radical of these claims is the massive Dené-Finnish grouping of Morris Swadesh, which encompasses , among others, Sino-Tibetan (e.g., Chinese ) and Athabaskan (e.g., Navajo ). The Uralic language family in its current status consists of two related groups of languages, the Finno-Ugric and the Samoyedic , both of which developed from a common ancestor, called Proto-Uralic, that was spoken 7,000 to 10,000 years ago in the general area of the north-central Ural Mountains . At its very earliest stages Uralic most probably included the ancestors of the Yukaghir languages (formerly listed as a Paleo-Siberian stock with no known relatives). Similar Topics creole languages Over the millennia, both Finno-Ugric and Samoyedic branches of Uralic have given rise to more or less divergent subgroups of languages, which nonetheless have retained certain traits from their common source. For example, the degree of similarity between two of the least closely related members of the Finno-Ugric group, Hungarian and Finnish, is comparable to that between English and Russian (which belong to the Indo-European family of languages). The difference between any Finno-Ugric language and any Samoyedic tongue would be even greater. On the other hand, more closely related members of Finno-Ugric, such as Finnish and Estonian, differ in much the same manner as greatly diverse dialects of the same language. The distribution of Uralic languages Establishment of the family Determining the geographic location, material culture , and linguistic characteristics of the earliest stages of Uralic at a period thousands of years prior to any historical record is a problem beset with enormous difficulties; consensus among Uralic scholars is limited to a handful of general hypotheses . The original homeland of Proto-Uralic is considered to have been in the vicinity of the north-central Urals , possibly centred west of the mountains. Following the dissolution of Uralic, the precursors of the Samoyeds gradually moved northward and eastward into Siberia . The Finno-Ugrians moved to the south and west, to an area close to the confluence of the Kama and Volga rivers. Shared cognates Several kinds of indirect evidence support the above supposition. One approach attempts to reconstruct the natural environment of these groups on the basis of shared cognates (related words) for plants, animals, and minerals and on the distribution of these words in the modern languages . For example, cognates designating certain types of spruce are found in all the Uralic languages except Hungarian ( Finnish kuusi, Sami [Lapp] guossâ, Mordvin kuz, Komi koz, Khanty kol, Nenets xādy, Selkup kūt). Because the range of this type of fir tree is restricted to more northern climates , it is generally assumed that the widespread consistent association of the name and the tree suggests a period in which Proto-Uralic was spoken within that zone. Several other terms for plants (e.g., Finnish muurain ‘ cloudberry ’ [Rubus arcticus]), a term for metal ( Estonian vask ‘copper,’ Hungarian vas ‘iron,’ Nganasan basa ‘iron’), and a word for ‘ reindeer ’ (Sami boaƷo) are also consistent with a northern Ural location. Great caution is necessary in such matters, because the association of words and objects also can result from borrowing, perhaps long after the period of Uralic unity; especially such culturally mobile items as “metal” and “reindeer” cannot be traced with certainty to a Proto-Uralic community . The central Volga location of Proto-Finno-Ugric is strongly supported by an abundance of shared terminology dealing with beekeeping , which constitutes a significant part of the culture of this region. Contacts with unrelated languages Editor Picks: Exploring 10 Types of Basketball Movies The political history of the various Uralic groups largely has been one of resisting encroachment from adjacent European (especially Germanic and Slavic) and Turkic groups and from other Uralic neighbours. Only the three largest and westernmost groups— Hungary , Finland , and Estonia —have succeeded in achieving political independence. The political status of the Uralic groups within Russia generally reflects their demographic significance. The five largest minority groups, with populations ranging from 100,000 to almost 1,000,000 speakers, are centred in the largely autonomous republics of Mordoviya , Mari El , Udmurtiya , Komi , and Karelia . Four other groups possess autonomy to a lesser degree: the Khanty and the Mansi (in Khanty-Mansi autonomous okrug [district]), the speakers of Permyak (in Komi-Permyak autonomous okrug), and the Nenets (in Taymyr , Nenets , and Yamalo-Nenets okrugs). The Sami , who are widely distributed across four countries ( Norway , Sweden , Finland , and Russia ), have achieved only local political recognition. A number of the smaller Uralic language communities, such as Votic, face extinction through cultural assimilation. Because the names designating many of the Uralic peoples have never been standardized, a wide range of appellations is encountered in references to these groups. Earlier designations , especially in the case of the groups in Russia, tended to be taken from derogatory names used by neighbouring peoples—e.g., Cheremis, now Mari. Several names are identical to the word for ‘man’ in these languages. (Finnish mies ‘man’ also has been etymologically related to the names Magyar and Mansi.) It is important that Khanty (Ostyak) be differentiated from Selkup (Ostyak Samoyed) and from Ket (Yenisey Ostyak, a non-Uralic tongue), which should not be confused with Enets (Yenisey). Languages of the family The two major branches of Uralic are themselves composed of numerous subgroupings of member languages on the basis of closeness of linguistic relationship. Finno-Ugric can first be divided into the most distantly related Ugric and Finnic (sometimes called Volga-Finnic) groups, which may have separated as long ago as five millennia. Within these, three relatively closely related groups of languages are found: the Baltic-Finnic , the Permic , and the Ob-Ugric . The largest of these, the Baltic-Finnic group, is composed of Finnish , Estonian , Livonian, Votic , Ingrian, Karelian , and Veps. The Permic group consists of Komi, Permyak, and Udmurt. The Ob-Ugric group includes Mansi and Khanty. Trending Topics Open Door policy The Ugric group comprises the geographically most distant members of the family—the Hungarian and Ob-Ugric languages. Finnic contains the remaining languages: the Baltic-Finnic languages, the Sami (or Lapp) languages , Mordvin , Mari , and the Permic tongues. There is little accord on the further subclassification of the Finnic languages, although the fairly close relationship between Baltic-Finnic and Sami is generally recognized (and is called North Finnic); the degree of separation between the two may be compared to that between English and German . Mordvin has most frequently been linked with Mari (a putative Volga language group), but comparative evidence also suggests a bond with Baltic-Finnic and Sami (that is, West Finnic). The extinct Merya, Murom, and Meshcher tongues, known only from Old Russian chronicles, are assumed to have been spoken by Finnic peoples and, from their geographic location northwest of Mordvin, must have belonged to West Finnic. One hypothesis for the internal relationships of the Uralic family as a whole is given in the figure . The precursor of the modern Samoyedic languages is thought to have divided near the beginning of the 1st century ce into a northern and a southern group. North Samoyedic consists of Nenets, Enets, and Nganasan. South Samoyedic contains a single living language, Selkup, and numerous other dialects now extinct: Kamas, Motor, Koibal, Karagas, Soyot, and Taigi. Ugric Hungarian Hungarian , the official language of Hungary , remains the primary language of the fertile Carpathian Basin. Bounded by the Carpathian Mountains to the north, east, and southwest, the Hungarian language area is represented by several million speakers outside the boundaries of Hungary—mostly in Romanian Transylvania and in Slovakia . To the south a substantial Hungarian population extends into Croatia and Serbia , and other large Hungarian populations exist in Austria and Ukraine . Hungarian emigrant communities are found in many parts of the world, especially in North America, Israel , and Australia . The ancestors of the Hungarians, following their separation from the other Ugric tribes, moved south into the steppe region below the Urals . As mounted nomads, in contact with and often in alliance with Turkic tribes, they moved westward, reaching and conquering the sparsely settled Carpathian Basin in the period 895–896. The Hungarians came under the influence of Rome through their first Christian king, Stephen (István) I , in 1001, and the use of Latin for official purposes continued into the 19th century. Following a Hungarian defeat at the Battle of Mohács in 1526, Hungary was occupied by Turkish forces, who were replaced by German Habsburg domination in the late 17th century. Concern for a common literary medium, closely tied with Hungarian nationalism , began in the late 18th century. More recent foreign influences on the language were suppressed and replaced by native words and constructions. The literary form received a broad dialect base, facilitating its use as a national language. Modern Hungarian has eight major dialects, which permit a high degree of mutual intelligibility. Budapest , the nation’s capital, is located near the junction of three dialect areas: the South, Trans-Danubian, and Palóc (Northwestern). As a result of unfavourable treaties following both world wars, especially the Treaty of Trianon , two dialects (Central Transylvanian and Székely) lie almost entirely within Romania , and the remaining six dialects radiate outward into neighbouring countries. The Hungarians’ own name for themselves is magyar. Other Western appellations, such as the French hongrois, German Ungar, and Russian vengr, all stem from the name of an early Turkic tribal confederation, the on-ogur (meaning ‘10 tribes’), which the Hungarians joined in their wanderings toward the west, and does not indicate relationship with the ancient Huns , a Turkic tribe. One of the earliest recorded references to the Hungarians, a Byzantine geographic survey of Constantine VII (Porphyrogenitus; died 959) entitled De administrando imperio , lists the megyer as one of the Hungarian tribes, but, as was typical in early reports, the Hungarians were not distinguished from their Turkish allies. Ob-Ugric: Khanty and Mansi Widely dispersed along the Ob River and its tributaries, the so-called Ob-Ugric peoples, the Khanty and the Mansi , are among the least demographically significant of the Finno-Ugric groups. Although the Khanty have decreased in number over the past few centuries, their language is still maintained by about 9,500 speakers (2010 census). The Mansi, by contrast, had only some 12,300 ethnic representatives by the early 21st century; of these, fewer than 1,000 claimed Mansi as their mother tongue. To a large extent both groups have been assimilated by their Russian and Tatar neighbours. It is likely that the precursors of the Ob-Ugric tribes were still centred west of the Urals well within historic times, long after the division of Proto-Ugric into distinct languages. The Russian Primary Chronicle of Nestor , which assigned to the Khanty and Mansi the common name jugra, places them in the vicinity of the Pechora River in 1092; they did not shift to the Ob waterways until several centuries later. Both groups live for the most part within the Khanty-Mansi autonomous okrug , which has its administrative centre in Khanty-Mansiysk at the confluence of the Ob and Irtysh rivers. The Khanty are concentrated along the Ob and its eastern tributaries, while the Mansi are found along the western tributaries primarily north of the Irtysh and just east of the Urals; a few Mansi speakers are also found in the Arctic lands west of the Urals. Because of the great distances between the various groups, the dialects of both languages show considerable divergence. They are usually designated by the name of the river on which they are spoken. Mansi has four main dialect groups, of which one (Tavda) is practically extinct and another (Konda) is spoken only by individuals above a certain age. The largest dialect group (Northern) is centred on the Sosva and serves as the basis for the literary language. Khanty is divided into three main dialects: a northern dialect in the general area of the mouth of the Ob, an eastern dialect extending from east of the Irtysh to the Vakh and Vasyugan tributaries, and a southern dialect lying between the other two. Literary Khanty has been based primarily on the northern group, but standardization remains weak, and since 1950 other dialects have also been used. Both of the Ob-Ugric languages first appeared in printed form in 1868 as a result of Gospel translations published in London , but it was not until after the formation of their autonomous okrug in 1930 that any sort of literary form of either language really existed. Until 1937 numerous books were published using a modified Latin (roman) alphabet ; since then Cyrillic has been used. Some elementary education is conducted in the native languages within the okrug. Finnic Finnish Finnish , together with Swedish (an unrelated North Germanic language), serves as a national language of Finland . It is now spoken by more than 5,000,000 people, including about 95 percent of the inhabitants of Finland plus some 265,000 Finns in North America, Sweden, and Russia. It is also recognized as an official language in Russia’s Karelian region, alongside Russian. Finnish as the common language of the Finns is not the direct descendant of one of the original Baltic-Finnic dialects; rather, it arose through the interaction of several separate groups in the territory of modern Finland. These included the Häme; the southwestern Finns (originally called Suomi), who appear to be close relatives to the Estonians because they arrived directly from across the Gulf of Finland ; and the Karelians, perhaps themselves a blend of Veps and more western Finnic groups. Early Russian chronicles refer to these as jemj, sumj, and korela. The intermixture of the three groups is still reflected in the distribution of the five main modern dialects, which form a western and an eastern area. The western area contains the southwestern dialect (near Turku ), Häme (south-central), and a northern dialect subgroup (largely a mixture of the other two plus eastern traits). The eastern area consists of the Savo dialect (perhaps a blend of the original Karelian and Häme dialects) and a southeastern dialect, which strongly resembles Karelian . The Finnish word for their land and their language is suomi, the original meaning of which is uncertain. The first use of the term Finn (fenni) is found in the 1st century ce in Tacitus ’s Germania, but this usage is generally considered to refer to the ancestors of the Sami , who have also been labeled Finns at various times. (The province of Norwegian Lappland is called Finnmark.) The first book in Finnish was an alphabet book from 1543 by Mikael Agricola , founder of the Finnish literary language; Agricola’s translation of the New Testament appeared five years later. Finnish was accorded official status in 1809, when Finland entered the Russian Empire after six centuries of Swedish domination. The publication of the national folk epic, the Kalevala , created from folk songs collected among the eastern dialects by the folklorist and philologist Elias Lönnrot (first edition in 1835; substantially expanded in 1849), gave increased impetus to the movement to develop a common national language encompassing all dialect areas. Estonian Estonian serves as the official language of Estonia, located immediately south of Finland across the Gulf of Finland . Most of the more than 1,000,000 speakers of Estonian live within Estonia , but others can be found in Russia , North America , and Sweden . Modern Estonian is the descendant of one or possibly two of the original Baltic-Finnic dialects. The modern language has two major dialects, a northern one, which is spoken in most of the country, and a southern one, which extends from Tartu to the south. The northernmost dialects share many features with the southwestern Finnish dialect. The Estonians’ own name eesti came into general use only in the 19th century. The name aestii is first encountered in Tacitus , but it is likely that it referred to neighbouring Baltic-Finnic peoples. The first connected texts in Estonian are religious translations from 1524; the Wanradt-Koell Catechism, the first book, was printed in Wittenberg in 1535. Two centres of culture developed— Tallinn (formerly Revel) in the north and Tartu (Dorpat) in the south; in the 17th century each gave rise to a distinct literary language. Influenced by the Finnish Kalevala , the Estonian author F. Reinhold Kreutzwald fashioned a national epic, Kalevipoeg (“The Son of Kalevi”), which appeared in 20 songs between 1857 and 1861. As with the Kalevala, this was instrumental in kindling renewed interest in a common national literary language in the late 19th century. Smaller Baltic-Finnic groups The five less-numerous Baltic-Finnic groups— Karelian , Veps , Ingrian , Votic , and Livonian —lie within Russia and the Baltic nations, largely in the general vicinity of the Gulf of Finland . The Karelians, Veps, and Livonians were among the original Baltic-Finnic tribes; Votic is considered to be an offshoot of Estonian, and Ingrian a remote branch of Karelian. None of these languages currently has a literary form, although unsuccessful initial attempts to establish one have been made for all but Votic (for Livonian as early as the 19th century, for the others during the 1930s). Since the beginning of the 20th century, the numbers of these Baltic-Finnic speakers have been drastically reduced. The last known speaker of Livonian died in 2013, and, with the exception of Karelian and Veps, the extinction of the others within several generations seems certain. Ingrian and Votic each have fewer than 200 speakers. Karelian, the largest of these groups, with some 25,000 speakers—not counting those Karelians who emigrated into Finland following World War II —lies along a broad zone just east of the Finnish border from just north of St. Petersburg to the White Sea . A separate group of Karelians is found far to the south near Tver (formerly Kalinin) on the upper Volga . Karelian has two major dialects, Karelian proper and Olonets (aunus in Finnish), which is spoken northeast of Lake Ladoga . One of the first historical mentions of the Karelians is found in a report of the Viking Ohthere to King Alfred of Wessex at the end of the 9th century; this indicates that they were already on the southern Kola Peninsula as neighbours of the Sami and gives their name as beorma. The language of one of the original Baltic-Finnic tribes, Veps, is spoken southeast on a line connecting lower Lake Ladoga with central Lake Onega . In the early 21st century, only slightly more than one-fourth of the ethnic population of some 6,000 Veps still consider the language their native tongue—a sharp decline from the 26,172 speakers reported in the mid-1800s. A small Baltic-Finnic group, composed of the Ludic dialects, is found between Veps and Karelian and is generally considered a blend of the two major groups rather than a separate language; the dialects are more closely akin to Karelian. The Ingrians and the Votes live on the southern Gulf of Finland in the border area between Estonia and Russia , where they survived because the border area was for many years closed to outsiders, even to visitors from other parts of the Soviet Union . Livonian persisted in a few villages on the northernmost tip of Latvia , on the Courland Peninsula, but the language is now considered extinct. Sami and other Finnic groups The Sami (Lapp) languages The Sami are widely distributed, inhabiting territory from central Norway northward and eastward across northern Sweden and Finland to the Kola Peninsula . Their numbers have increased over the past century to more than 30,000, but the number of Sami speakers has declined rapidly since 1950 as the language has given way to the various official national languages. Sami is generally divided into three main dialect groups, each comprising various subtypes. These dialects are virtually mutually unintelligible, so that when speakers of different Sami groups meet they generally converse in Finnish , Swedish , or Norwegian . To speak of a single Sami (or Lapp) language is therefore misleading. Sami represents a group of at least four or five languages at least as diverse as the separate Baltic-Finnic languages. The largest group, North Sami (with approximately two-thirds of all speakers), is centred in northern Norway, Sweden, and Finland. East Sami consists of two small groups in eastern Finland—Inari and Skolt—in addition to Kola Sami in Russia. South Sami is still represented by a few speakers scattered from central Norway to north-central Sweden. North Sami has had a literary tradition that began with the 17th-century Swedish Sami Bible and other religious translations; in the mid-20th century elementary schools that used Sami as the language of instruction were found in many larger North Sami communities. Two basic variants of the literary language are in use. One, in Norway and Sweden, employs a special Sami orthographic system devised to accommodate a wide range of dialectal variation; a second, in Finland, is based on a narrower adaptation of Finnish orthography. Each of the two types has numerous local variants, and progress toward a common Sami orthography has been slow. It is clear that the Sami were already present north of the Gulf of Finland prior to the arrival of the first Baltic-Finnic tribes, and from there they may have extended over much of the Scandinavian Peninsula. They have been mentioned as the northern neighbours of the north Germanic tribes in numerous historical sources of the 1st millennium of the Common Era. The Sami were taxed by the Norwegians in the 9th century and by the Karelians in the 13th century and since that time have continually retreated northward under pressure from their southern neighbours. The Sami’s own name for themselves, sabme, is etymologically related to the Finnish dialect name, häme. Other Finnic languages Mordvin , Mari , and two of the Permic languages —Udmurt and Komi—are recognized by separate republics within Russia (respectively Mordoviya , Mari El , Udmurtiya , and Komi ). They also share official status with the Russian language . Mordvin, Mari, and Udmurt are centred on the middle Volga River , in roughly the area considered to have been the original home of Proto-Finno-Ugric. Because of their location, the history of these groups over the past millennium has been closely tied to that of the Turkic Bulgars , the Tatars (until 1552), and then the Russians. The Komi , having moved far to the north, eventually reaching into the Arctic tundra , did not come under Bulgar or Tatar influence. Old Permic, a written form of early Komi, was used in religious manuscripts in the 14th century, and a native Komi literary tradition stems from the 19th century. Grammars of Mari and Udmurt prepared by Russian linguists appeared in 1775, but native literary development in these languages, as well as in Mordvin, is of relatively recent origin. Although those groups enjoyed the status of large minorities during the Soviet era, their numbers have increased over the past century, and they have maintained ethnic consciousness . Mordvin Mordvin , with some 393,000 speakers (of the 843,000 Mordvins reported in 2010), is the fourth largest Uralic group. The Mordvins are widely scattered over an area between the Oka and Volga rivers, some 200 miles southwest of Moscow . Less than half of their number live within the republic of Mordoviya . Mordvin has two main dialects, Moksha and Erzya, which are sometimes considered separate languages. Both have literary status. Although the Mordvins do not have a common designation for themselves beyond the two dialect names, the name Mordens appears in the 6th-century Getica of Jordanes and is no doubt related to the Permic word for ‘man,’ murt/mort. Mari Mari (formerly known as Cheremis) is currently maintained by more than 500,000 speakers (approximately three-fourths of the ethnic Mari). They live primarily in an area north of the Volga between Kazan and Nizhny Novgorod , northeast of the Mordvin area, especially within Mari El republic. Mari El’s three main dialects are the Meadow dialect, used by the largest group north of the Volga and the basic dialect of the republic; Eastern Mari, used by a small group near Ufa , originally speakers of the Meadow dialect who emigrated in the late 18th century; and the Mountain dialect, to the west and on the south bank of the Volga. The Mountain and Meadow dialects both serve as literary languages and differ from each other only in minor details. The Permic languages Speakers of the three closely related Permic languages , Udmurt , Komi, and Permyak, number some 600,000. Udmurt is concentrated largely in the vicinity of the lower Kama River just east of Mari El republic, in Udmurtiya . Only very minor dialectal differences are found within Udmurt. The Komi language area extends into the Nenets and Yamalo-Nenets autonomous okrugs far to the north. Lesser groups of Komi are found as far west as the Kola Peninsula and east of the Urals . Two major dialects are recognized, although the differences are not great: Komi (Zyryan), the largest group, which serves as the literary basis within Komi republic; and Komi-Yazva, spoken by a small, isolated group of Komi to the east of Komi-Permyak autonomous okrug and south of Komi republic. Permyak (also called Komi-Permyak) is spoken in Komi-Permyak, where it has literary status. Samoyedic Nenets , with the largest number of speakers of all the Samoyed languages, has grown substantially in size over the past century, from some 9,200 speakers in 1897 to about 22,000 in 2010. Two distinct groups of Nenets differ in dialect as well as in cultural traditions: the Forest Nenets, a smaller, more-concentrated group in the wooded area north of the central Ob River ; and the Tundra Nenets, a group whose territory stretches roughly 1,000 miles eastward from the White Sea . These are the “Samoyadj” of Nestor ’s chronicles, but little is known of the history of any of the Samoyed peoples until recent centuries. Nenets alone among the Samoyedic languages can claim a native literature, although both it and Selkup have been in written form since the 1930s. Evidence of the cultural prestige of certain Nenets tribes is seen in the adoption of a Samoyed language by Khanty speakers on the Yamal Peninsula . Enets is spoken by a dwindling group of fewer than a hundred Samoyeds near the mouth of the Yenisey River , just east of the Nenets. Nganasan , spoken by the northernmost Eurasian people, is found north and east of the Enets-speaking group, centring on the Taymyr Peninsula . The number of Nganasans has remained fairly constant, and they seem to have a high degree of ethnic identity, though less than 20 percent of some 900 Nganasans still claimed Nganasan as their mother tongue in the 2010 census. Selkup , the last of the southern Samoyed languages, is represented by scattered groups of speakers who live on the central West Siberian Plain between the Ob and the Yenisey. Less than half of the 4,200 Selkup recorded in the 2010 census spoke Selkup. Yukaghir: a probable relative The Yukaghir , in two small areas of Sakha republic and Magadan oblast (province) of northeastern Siberia , had reached 1,600 by the 2010 census. But at the same time the number of Yukaghir speakers had dwindled to 370. Page 1 of 2	Hungarian
What was the title of Status Quo’s first UK hit single, a tribute to L. S. Lowry?	Finnish-Estonian intelligibility \| Antimoon Forum Finnish-Estonian intelligibility Skippy Fri Jun 05, 2009 4:28 pm GMT I was told by a Finnish friend that they don't have significant amounts of vocabulary in common, but my Estonian friend said Finnish wasn't too tough to learn. So how much does knowing one help in learning the other? Are suffixes relatively similar or is the grammar as different as the vocab? Obviously, being related, I understand their grammar will be similar... Thanks! apple Fri Jun 05, 2009 8:36 pm GMT I've heard mixed reviews about their intelligibility. It also depends on the region that the speaker is from. But yes one will help with the other, but not as much, say, as Spanish and Portuguese. Skippy Sat Jun 06, 2009 5:53 am GMT That sounds right to me. But do their morphologies overlap significantly or is it just the general understanding of grammatical concepts that help one with the other? apple Sat Jun 06, 2009 6:28 pm GMT Since there is some intelligibility, yes it is certainly more than just the grammatical concepts that overlap. Compare the numbers: yksi, kaksi, kolme, neljï¿½, viisi vs: ï¿½ks, kaks, kolm, neli, viis. to apple Sun Jun 07, 2009 3:50 pm GMT Compare: English:one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine ten. Are English,German and Dutch intelligible languages? Maybe German and Dutch,but not English. apple Sun Jun 07, 2009 4:33 pm GMT Compare Finnish numbers without the final vowel to Estonian ones: yks - ï¿½ks nelj - neli viis - viis Absolutely identical, if you realize that ï¿½ is the same sound as y, and j = i. cool Sun Jun 07, 2009 4:45 pm GMT Estonian belongs to the Baltic Finnic branch of the Uralic languages. Estonian is thus closely related to Finnish, spoken on the other side of the Gulf of Finland, and is one of the few languages of Europe that is not Indo-European. Despite some overlaps in the vocabulary due to borrowings, in terms of its origin, Estonian is not related to its nearest neighbours, Swedish, Latvian and Russian, which are all Indo-European languages. Estonian is distantly related to Hungarian (there is no mutual intelligibility between the two). It has been influenced by Swedish, German (initially Middle Low German, later also standard German), Russian, and Latvian, though it is not related to them genetically. Like Finnish and Hungarian, Estonian is an agglutinative language, but unlike them, it has lost the vowel harmony of Proto-Uralic, although in older texts the vowel harmony is still to be recognized. Furthermore, the apocope of word-final sounds is extensive and has caused a shift from a purely agglutinative to an inflected language. The basic word order is Subject Verb Object. pear Sun Jun 07, 2009 5:00 pm GMT Compare: Finnish: Jokaisella on tï¿½ysin tasa-arvoisesti oikeus siihen, ettï¿½ hï¿½ntï¿½ oikeudenmukaisesti ja julkisesti kuullaan riippumattomassa ja puolueettomassa tuomioistuimessa hï¿½nen oikeuksiaan ja velvollisuuksiaan mï¿½ï¿½rï¿½ttï¿½essï¿½ tai hï¿½ntï¿½ vastaan nostettua rikossyytettï¿½ selvitettï¿½essï¿½. Estonian: Igal inimesel on tema ï¿½iguste ja kohustuste mï¿½ï¿½ratlemiseks ja temale esitatud kriminaalsï¿½ï¿½distuste pï¿½hjendatuse kindlakstegemiseks tï¿½ieliku vï¿½rdsuse alusel ï¿½igus sellele, et tema asi vaadataks avalikult ja kï¿½iki ï¿½igluse nï¿½udeid jï¿½rgides lï¿½bi sï¿½ltumatu ja erapooletu kohtu poolt. pi Sun Jun 07, 2009 6:04 pm GMT According to this (unreliable source): "Finnish and Estonian ARE mutually intelligible with each other. Estonians tend t understand Finnish better than Finns understand Estoinan though" Brennus Wed Jun 10, 2009 7:35 am GMT Intelligibility between Finnish and Estonian is not very good. Just because two languages are closely related to each other does not mean that their speakers will be able to understand each other. For example, how many speakers of Modern English can understand Old English or Middle English? Even a strong Scots will give speakers of standard English a problem. Also, the split between Finnish and Estonian is not recent. There are studies by historical linguists who specialize in Uralic languages which indicate that Finnish and Estonian began separating from each other as far back as the first century A.D.. This would have been about a century before Anglo-Saxon began separating from German on the European continent. gram Wed Jun 10, 2009 3:44 pm GMT >> Obviously, being related, I understand their grammar will be similar... Thanks << Well yes the grammar of the two is similar, but it's not "obvious" just because they are related. English and Russian are also related, but their grammar is not very similar.	i don't know

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